schede ANALITICHE

SCHEDA ANALITICA 1
Desert storm
Chronology: Important Events
1990
1990
1990
Hussein accuses Kuwait on 17 July of oil overproduction and theft of oil from the Rumailia Oil
Field.
On 25 July US Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, tells Hussien that the Iraq/Kuwaitt dispute is
an Arab matter, not one that affects the United States.
Hussein invades Kuwait on August 2. President Bush freezes Iraqi and Kuwatti assets. The
United Nations calls on Hussien to withdraw.
Aug
Economic sanctions are authorized.
6,1990
Aug 7, Secretery of Defense Cheny visits Suadi Arabia. The 82nd Airborne and several fighter
squadrons are dispatched.
1990
Aug 8.
Iraq annexes Kuwait
1990
Aug 9,
The UN declare's Iraq's annexation invailid
1990
Aug 12,
The USA announces interdiction program of Iraq shipping.
1990
Aug 22,
President Bush authorizes call up of reserves.
1990
Aug 25,
Military interdiction authorized by the UN
1990
Sep 14,
Iraqi forces storm a number of diplomatic missions in Kuwait City.
1990
Nov 8,
Bush orders aditional deployments to give "offensive option" to US forces.
1990
Nov 20, 45 Democrats file suit in Washington to have President Bush first seek Congressional approval
of military operations. (eventually thrown out)
1990
Nov 22,
President Bush visits the troops for Thanksgiving.
1990
Nov 29, UN Security Council authorizes force if Iraq doesnt withdraw from Kuwait by midnight EST Janu.
15.
1990
Nov 30, Bush invites Tariq Aziz to Washington and offers to send Secretary of State James Baker to
Baghdad.
1990
Jan 9,
Baker and Aziz meet in Geneva. The meeting is 6 hrs, but no results.
1991
Jan 12,
Congress votes to allow for US troops to be used in offensive operations.
1991
Jan 15,
The deadline set by the UN Resolution 678 for Iraq to withdraw.
1991
First US government statement of Operation Desert-Storm made.
Marlin Fitzwater announces, "The liberation of Kuwait has begun..."
Jan 16,
The air war started Jan 17 at 2:38 a.m. (local time) or January 16 at 6:38PM EST due to an 8
1991
hour time difference, with an Apache helicopter attack.
US warplanes attack Baghdad, Kuwait and other military targets in Iraq.
Jan 17,
Iraq launches first SCUD Missle attack.
1991
Jan 30,
US forces in the Gulf exceed 500,000.
1991
Feb 6,
Jordan King Hussein lashes out against American bombardments and supports Iraq.
1991
Feb 13, US Bombers destroy a bunker complex in Baghdad with several hundred citizens inside. Nearly
1991
Feb 17,
1991
Feb 22,
1991
Feb 23,
1991
Feb 25,
1991
Feb 26,
1991
Feb 27,
1991
Mar 3,
1991
Mar 4,
1991
Mar 5,
1991
Mar 8,
1991
300 die.
Tariq Aziz travels to Moscow to discuss possible negotiated end to the war.
President Bush issues an ultimatum of Feb 23 for Iraqi troops to withdraw from Kuwait.
Ground war begins with Marines, Army and Arab forces moving into Iraq and Kuwait.
Iraqi SCUD missle hits a US barracks in Saudi Arabia killing 27.
Kuwaiti resistence leaders declare they are in control of Kuwait City.
President Bush orders a cease fire effective at midnight Kuwaiti time.
Iraqi leaders formally accept cease fire terms
Ten Allied POWs freed
35 POWs released
First US combat forces return home.
Tratto da www.desert-storm.com, sito della GulfWar Veterans.
SCHEDA ANALITICA 2
La guerra Iran-Iraq
Iran-Iraq War (1980-90), prolonged military conflict between Iran and Iraq during the 1980s. The war
began on Sept. 22, 1980, when Iraqi armed forces invaded western Iran along the countries' joint border.
The roots of the war lay in a number of territorial and political disputes between Iraq and Iran. Iraq wanted
to seize control of the rich oil-producing Iranian border province of Khuzestan. Iraqi president Saddam
Hussein wanted to reassert his country's sovereignty over both banks of the Shatt al-'Arab, a river formed
by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that was historically the border between the two
countries. Hussein was also concerned over attempts by Iran's new Islamic revolutionary government to
incite rebellion among Iraq's Shi'ite majority. He decided on a preemptive strike against Iran. By attacking
when it did, Iraq took advantage of the apparent disorder of Iran's new government and of the
demoralization of Iran's regular armed forces.
In September 1980 the Iraqi army carefully advanced along a broad front into Khuzestan province, taking
Iran by surprise. Iraq's troops captured the city of Khorramshahr but failed to take the important oilrefining centre of Abadan, and by December 1980 the Iraqi offensive had bogged down about 50-75 miles
(80-120 km) inside Iran after meeting unexpectedly strong Iranian resistance. Iran's counterattacks using
the revolutionary militia (Revolutionary Guards) to bolster its regular armed forces began to compel the
Iraqis to give ground in 1981. The Iranians first pushed the Iraqis back across Iran's Karun River and then
recaptured Khorramshahr in 1982. Later that year Iraq voluntarily withdrew its forces from all captured
Iranian territory and began seeking a peace agreement with Iran. But under the leadership of Ruhollah
Khomeini, who bore a strong personal animosity toward President Hussein, Iran remained intransigent
and continued the war in an effort to overthrow Hussein. Iraq's defenses solidified once its troops were
defending their own soil, and the war settled down into a stalemate with a static, entrenched front running
just inside and along Iraq's border. Iran repeatedly launched fruitless infantry attacks, using human
assault waves composed partly of untrained conscripts, which were repelled by the superior firepower
and air power of the Iraqis. Both nations engaged in sporadic air and missile attacks against each other's
cities and military and oil installations. They also attacked each other's oil-tanker shipping in the Persian
Gulf, and Iran's attacks on Kuwait's and other Gulf states' tankers prompted the United States and several
western European nations to station warships in the Persian Gulf to protect those tankers.
The oil-exporting capacity of both nations was severely reduced at various times owing to air strikes and
to pipeline shutoffs, and the consequent reduction in their income and foreign-currency earnings brought
the countries' massive economic-development programs to a near standstill. Iraq's war effort was openly
financed by Saudi Arabia and other moderate Arab states and was tacitly supported by the United States
and the Soviet Union, while Iran's only major allies were Syria and Libya. Iraq continued to sue for peace
in the mid-1980s, but its international reputation was damaged by reports that it had made use of lethal
chemical weapons against Iranian troops. In the mid-1980s the military stalemate continued, but in
August 1988 Iran's deteriorating economy and recent Iraqi gains on the battlefield compelled Iran to
accept a United Nations-mediated cease-fire that it had previously resisted.
In August-September 1990, while Iraq was preoccupied with its invasion of Kuwait, Iraq and Iran restored
diplomatic relations, and Iraq agreed to Iranian terms for the settlement of the war: the withdrawal of Iraqi
troops from occupied Iranian territory, division of sovereignty over the Shatt al-'Arab waterway, and a
prisoner-of-war exchange.
Dal sito www.britannica.com
Sull’utilizzo delle armi chimiche
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
CHEMICAL WARFARE IN THE IRAQ-IRAN WAR
Allegations of the use of chemical weapons have been frequent during the Iraq-Iran War. One of the
instances reported by Iran has been conclusively verified by an international team dispatched to Iran by
the UN Secretary-General.
Both Iran (1929) and Iraq (1931) are parties to the Geneva ProtocoI, which prohibits the use of
asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices, as well as the
use of bacteriological methods of warfare.
The UN Security Council has issued a statement condemning the use of chemical weapons during the
Gulf War. It remains uncertain whether the sources of supply were indigenous or external. Export controls
have been placed on certain chemicals that could be used in the production of mustard and nerve gases.
In this Fact Sheet, SIPRI provides background information on the international law which has been
violated, the two poison gases which the UN team identified in its samples, and the possible origins of the
chemical weapons used in the Iraq-Iran War.
INTRODUCTION
Allegations
There have been reports of chemical warfare from the Gulf War since the early months of Iraq s invasion
of Iran. In November 1980, Tehran Radio was broadcasting allegations of Iraqi chemical bombing at
Susangerd. Three and a quarter years later, by which time the outside world was listening more seriously
to such charges, the Iranian Foreign Minister told the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva that there
had been at least 49 instances of Iraqi chemical-warfare attack in 40 border regions, and that the
documented dead totalled 109 people, with hundreds more wounded. He made this statement on 16
February 1984, the day on which Iran launched a major offensive on the central front, and one week
before the start of offensives and counter-offensives further south, in the border marshlands to the
immediate north of Basra where, at Majnoon Islands, Iraq has vast untapped oil reserves. According to
official Iranian statements during the 31 days following the Foreign Minister's allegation, Iraq used
chemical weapons on at least 14 further occasions, adding more than 2200 to the total number of people
wounded by poison gas.
Verification
One of the chemical-warfare instances reported by Iran, at Hoor-ul-Huzwaizeh on 13 March 1984, has
since been conclusively verified by an international team of specialists dispatched to Iran by the United
Nations Secretary General. The evidence adduced in the report by the UN team lends substantial
credence to Iranian allegations of Iraqi chemical warfare on at least six other occasions during the period
from 26 February to 17 March.
The efficiency and dispatch with which this UN verification operation was mounted stand greatly to the
credit of the Secretary General. His hand had presumably been strengthened by the announcement on 7
March by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) that 160 cases of wounded combatants
visited in Tehran hospitals by an ICRC team "presented a clinical picture whose nature leads to the
presumption of the recent use of substances prohibited by international law". The casualties visited were
reportedly all victims of an incident on 27 February. The ICRC statement came two days after the US
State Department had announced that "the US Government has concluded that the available evidence
indicates that Iraq has used lethal chemical weapons". Iraq had denounced the Washington statement as
"political hypocrisy", "full of lies", a fabrication by the CIA, and had suggested that the hospital patients
examined by the ICRC had "sustained the effects of these substances in places other than the war front".
On 17 March, at almost the same moment as the UN team was acquiring its most damning evidence, the
general commanding the Iraqi Third Corps, then counter-attacking in the battle for the Majnoon Islands,
spoke as follows to foreign reporters: "We have not used chemical weapons so far and I swear by God's
Word I have not seen any such weapons. But if I had to finish off the enemy, and if I am allowed to use
them, I will not hesitate to do so".
ORIGIN OF THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS
The UN report provides only negative evidence of the origin of the mustard gas sample. The absence in
the sample analysed in Sweden and Switzerland of polysulphides and of more than a trace of sulphur
indicates that it is not of past US-government manufacture, for all US mustard was made by the
Levinstein process from ethylene and mixed sulphur chlorides. That process is also said to have been the
one used by the USSR. From similar reasoning, British-made mustard, too, can probably be ruled out,
even though substantial stocks were once held at British depots in the Middle East. For more positive
evidence other sources of information must be used. Over the years since the mid-1960s quite a lot of
information has been published purporting to describe Iraqi chemical weapons, but much of it is
contradictory and all of it is of a reliability which SIPRI is in no position to judge. A major caveat must be
entered: chemical warfare is such an emotive subject that it lends itself very readily to campaigns of
disinformation and black propaganda, campaigns which the politics both of the Gulf War and of the
current chemical-weapons negotiations have unquestionably stimulated to no small degree.
We may look first at the nature of the chemical-weapons technology which Iraq has been reported to
have acquired.
In addition to bulk-filled free-fall aircraft bombs, at least two other categories of chemical munition have
reportedly been employed: artillery shell and air-to-ground rockets. Iranians sent for hospital treatment in
London who were suffering from what must almost certainly have been mustard-gas burns have
attributed their injuries to all three categories of munition. There is no evidence that mustard-filled air-toground rockets have ever been stockpiled by Western countries. The rockets whose use was described
by one of the Iranians apparently had submunition warheads, a relatively sophisticated design.
Indigenous or external sources of supply?
With the exceptions, maybe, of the last two of these different categories of putative Iraqi agent, sources of
supply might as well be indigenous as external to Iraq, given the technology implied. Involvement of the
last three categories would, in some circles, implicate the USSR as supplier, for the reason that the USSR
is said, on evidence that has yet to be solidly substantiated but which has nonetheless attracted some
firm believers, to have weaponized all three of them in recent years. For its part, the USSR has expressly
denied supplying Iraq with toxic weapons. Reports of Soviet supply attributed to US and other intelligence
sources have nonetheless recurred. The earliest predate reports of Iraqi use of chemical weapons in the
Gulf War.
Official Iranian commentaries, too, have pointed to the USSR as a supplier of the Iraqi weapons. These
sources have also accused Brazil, France and, most conspicuously, Britain of supplying the weapons. No
basis for any of these Iranian accusations has been disclosed. France, alongside Czechoslovakia and
both Germanies, is reportedly also rumoured, among "foreign military and diplomatic sources" in
Baghdad, to have supplied Iraq with chemical precursors needed for an indigenous production effort.
Unofficial published sources have cited Egypt as a possible supplier of actual chemical weapons. In the
mid-1960s, when Iraq was alleged to be using chemical weapons against insurgent Kurdish forces, Swiss
and German sources of supply were reported in the Western press.
Production capability in Iraq
Increasingly persuasive evidence is now emerging in published sources that, whether Iraq has or has not
been receiving chemical weapons from abroad, it has been acquiring a development and production
capability for them of its own. An official Iranian commentry dates the beginning of this effort back to
1976, claiming that information to that effect had been provided to Iran by West German intelligence
officials. Unidentified US intelligence sources have been quoted as saying that Iraq began making
mustard gas in the early 1970s. Such sources have been quoted as believing that Iraq is now attempting
to produce sarin nerve gas. Associated with this belief is the assessment, it was reported in the US press
at the end of March, that, while Iraq has already been using nerve gas in the Gulf war, this has been on
an experimental scale using stocks accumulated during the development programme; supplies of nerve
gas from large-scale production facilities were expected--the reporting continued--to be available within a
matter of months, even weeks. Further, the press has reported US government sources as having
identified three, possibly five, chemical-agent production sites in Iraq. The locations that have been
specified in the press are Samawa, Ramadi, Samarra and Akashat. The last of these has, however, been
toured by foreign correspondents, including a British journalist who has reported finding only contraindicative evidence of a nerve gas plant being there.
Export controls
On 30 March, the US government announced the imposition of 'foreign policy controls' on the export to
the Gulf-War belligerents of five chemicals that could be used in the production of mustard and nerve
gases. US officials told the press that this had been done in response to an unexpected volume of recent
orders from Iraq for those chemicals. They also said that Japan, FR Germany and other unspecified
European countries had been exporting the chemicals to Iraq. The British government took action similar
to that of Washington on 12 April, adding three more chemicals to the control list (see table). Since then,
other European governments have also announced embargoes of varying scope, and on 15 May the
Foreign Ministers of the European Community agreed in principle on a common and complementary
policy. There are Western press reports of suspicions in Western diplomatic circles in the Middle East that
the USSR is shipping intermediates to Iraq through Jordan.
Postscript
The origin of the chemical weapons used in the Gulf War is a matter which warrants more attention than
space in this Fact Sheet permits--it has an immediate bearing on the negotiations in Geneva for a
Chemical Weapons Convention: a treaty which, among other things, must be designed so as to place
effective constraints on the proliferation of the weapons.
Tratto dal sito: http://projects.sipri.org
Il punto di vista iraniano
Iran-Iraq War
I - On September 22, 1980, Iraq invaded Iran with the aim of seizing control of the strategic Arvand Rood,
gaining control of Khuzestan's oil fields, and establishing a puppet government in the occupied territories
of Iran. In fact, Iraq provoked and supported by governments that had lost their economic advantage and
political influence in Iran - was among those who attempted to exploit situation in Iran in the aftermath of
the Revolution
II - Within months, however, Iraqi troops had come mired in intense combat in the Khuzestan province.
And, within less than two years, the Iranian military forces along with a mobilized popular army, had
pulsed most of the Iraq forces from Khuzestan. withstanding the outrageous Iraqi invasion, the
international community failed at the time, to identify Saddam Hussein as the aggressor, and did not help
to restore peace in the region.
III - Moreover, the pro-Iraqi position of the U.S States, the former Soviet Union, and some countries of the
Arab world enabled Baghdad to continue its aggression. By initiation the "tankers war" in the Persian Gulf
in February 1984, the Iraqi regime sought to internationalize the conflict in order to intensify the pressure
on Iran to accept negotiations on Iraqi terms. Meanwhile, in gross violation of international law, Iraq
resorted to widespread use of chemical weapons and ballistic missiles against Iran.
IV - In 1987, the Security Council adopted resolution 598 in which, for the first time, the question of
responsibility for the conflict was raised. Iran did not reject the resolution because, from the beginning of
the Iraqi aggression, she had been calling for the identification of the aggressor and its punishment. Iran's
agreement with the "Implementation plan" of the resolution, proposed by then UN Secretary - General,
showed Iran's sincerity in finding a solution to the conflict on the basis of justice.
The re-flagging of Kuwait oil tankers by the US and the Soviet Union in Spring 1987 and the US attacks
against Iranian oil installations in the Persian Gulf as well as the US covert and overt assistance to Iraqi
on intelligence matters during 1987-88 represented the sharpest tilt by the superpowers, particularly the
US, towards Iraq.
V - The shooting down of an Iranian civil airliner by the USS Vincennes in the territorial waters of Iran in
the Persian Gulf in which more than 290 innocent civilians were killed added a new dimension to the war.
The continued Iraqi use of chemical weapons and missiles attacks against the civilian areas coupled with
the super- powers' support for the Iraqi war efforts proved that Iraq and its supporters had decided to
spread the war at any price. Therefore, on July 18, 1988, Iran officially declared its acceptance of
resolution 598, and subsequently the cease-fire became effective. In 1991, Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar,
then UN Secretary- General, in implementation of paragraph 6 of resolution 598, declared Iraq as the
responsible party for the conflict.
The Post-War Period
In the post-war era, the Government has directed its energies towards the tasks of rebuilding the warravaged economy. In August 1989, the Majlis approved a list of priorities as the first five-year Plan. This
plan undertook policies to increase Industrial production and fortify Iran's infrastructure by offering
Incentives to the private sector, to repair the petroleum sector and expand exports. With considerable
achievements resulted from the implementation of the First Five Years Plan, the government has
proposed the Second Five Years Plan to the parliament in 1993. According to this plan, the government
will continue to pursue its main policies and strategies to reforming the country's economy by revitalizing
market mechanisms, reforming the government sector and decreasing its dependence on oil exports.
In the context of the regional relations, following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Iran has adopted a
foreign policy which undertakes to minimize the instability that has been expected from the break of the
USSR in the newly independent states. Iran views the socio-economic development in these new states
as crucial to regional security and has already established bilateral ties with all of these Republics. Iran
has also initiated a shuttle diplomacy with conflict prevention and dispute settlement phases in Karabakh,
Tajikistan, and Afghanistan.
Iran has been the driving force behind multi-lateral initiatives as well. In 1992, at President Rafsanjani's
suggestion, Iran, Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan formed the Caspian Sea Littoral
States Cooperation Council. .These five states hope to stabilize the region of Central Asia through trade
and cooperation in fisheries, shipping, and environmental protection. Iran has also strived to reinvigorate
the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO). Originally founded by Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey, the
ECO now includes six former Soviet Republics and Afghanistan. With due regards to the critical
importance of the Persian Gulf for the country's security and economic development, Iran has constantly
supported ideas for closer cultural, economic, and security cooperation in promoting the regional selfreliance. Iran views the promotion of rules and principles of international law as the foundation for the
regional security arrangements in the Persian Gulf. Hence, Iran played a crucial stabilizing role in the
region during the crisis over Kuwait through full cooperation with the United Nations.
SCHEDA ANALITICA 3
Le prime organizzazioni operaie
In sede locale, la nascita del periodico Il Popolo segna il passaggio dalle organizzazioni democratiche
radicali a quelle socialiste; esso ben si presta ad un lavoro di approfondimento condotto direttamente
sulle fonti.
Per una scheda su Il Popolo si legga: Mauro Gelfi, Repertorio dei periodici editi e stampati a Bergamo:
1662-1945, Bergamo, Sistema Bibliotecario Urbano, 1993; per approfondire il tema dei primi scioperi in
sede locale: Mauro Gelfi, Renato Magni, Dall’Associazione democratico-radicale alla Lega socialista.
L’esperienza de “Il Popolo” (1891-1894), in “Studi e ricerche di storia contemporanea”, n. 21, 1984 e Ivo
Lizzola, Elio Manzoni, Proletariato bergamasco e organizzazioni cattoliche: lo sciopero di Ranica (1909) ,
in “Studi e ricerche di storia contemporanea”, n. 15, 1981.
La bibliografia segnalata è consultabile presso il Museo storico della Città e l’ISREC. I periodici segnalati
nei saggi sono consultabili presso la Biblioteca Civica Angelo Mai.
I conflitti del lavoro 1900 - 1945
Indicazioni per i docenti
Periodizzazione
Per lavorare su questa tematica, è bene operare una trasgressione nei termini cronologici, prendendo in
considerazione “il secolo lungo”, più che “il secolo breve”, e in secondo luogo è bene giungere, per il caso
italiano, agli anni Cinquanta, alle soglie della grande trasformazione dell’Italia a paese industriale, alla
maturazione dei grandi processi di modernizzazione che mutano alle radici una parte notevolissima della
nostra società.
●Charles S. Maier, Secolo corto o epoca lunga? L’unità storica dell’età industriale e le trasformazioni
della territorialità, in ‘900. I tempi della storia, a cura di Claudio Pavone, Roma, Donzelli, 1997, pp. 29-56.
Localizzazione
I documenti esposti si riferiscono alla realtà locale, ma si prestano tutti a essere inseriti in un più ampi a
articolati contesti territoriali, per una lettura delle relazioni tra le varie dimensioni e i piani che si prendono
in considerazione.
Un suggerimento: partire dal presente, in un quadro nazionale con riferimenti alla realtà locale, tuttavia
segnato dai nuovi processi di globalizzazione e dalla presenza di nuovi soggetti provenienti
dall’immigrazione extracomunitaria, per poi procedere alla ricostruzione passato/presente secondo uno
dei percorsi scelti.
●Biblioteca “Di Vittorio” Cgil Bergamo – Istituto bergamasco per la storia della Resistenza e dell’età
contemporanea, Lavoro/lavori. Attività impiego mestiere professione fatica impegno. Fotografie di Uliano
Lucas. Con una appendice di testi sul lavoro, Bergamo, Il filo di Arianna, 2000.
Scegliendo ad esempio un percorso sul lavoro dei minori e sulla condizione dell’infanzia, si può
agevolmente raccogliere documentazione sullo sfruttamento legato ai processi di globalizzazione e di
immigrazione clandestina (lavoro nero, lavoro minorile diffuso anche localmente). Si veda:
● Lavoro e lavori minorili. L’inchiesta Cgil in Italia, a cura di G. Paone e A. Teselli, Roma, Ediesse, 2000.
La consultazione dei testi sotto citati offre poi abbondanti materiali per la ricostruzione storica. Si
possono utilmente interrogare le immagini fotografiche e le fonti a stampa, monografie specifiche.
Per il decollo industriale, ad esempio:
●MAIC, Sul lavoro delle donne e dei fanciulli, in “Annali dell’industria e del commercio”, n.15, Roma,
1880;
●E. Gallavresi, Il lavoro delle donne e dei fanciulli, Bergamo, Gatti, 1900),
● S. Merli, Proletariato di fabbrica e capitalismo industriale. Il caso italiano: 1880-1900, 2 volumi [il
secondo raccoglie un’ampia antologia di documenti], Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1972.
Uso delle fonti: la fotografia
L’immagine fotografica, considerata come rappresentazione e interpretazione dei molteplici aspetti del
mondo del lavoro (insediamenti e territorio; processi produttivi e tecnologie; condizioni di lavoro;
rappresentazioni e autorappresentazioni dei lavoratori e così via) è una fonte di grande ricchezza e
potenzialità didattica. Si può partire da una raccolta tematizzata secondo i percorsi e le periodizzazioni
prescelte, utilizzando un’ampia gamma di pubblicazioni, oltre a quelle qui indicate.
Di particolare utilità in tal senso lo spoglio della collana “Storia fotografica della società italiana” (Roma,
Editori Riuniti), di cui si segnalano almeno due opere di interesse specifico:
●Liliana Lanzardo, Dalla bottega artigiana alla fabbrica, Roma, Editori Riuniti, 1999
●Franco Cazzola, L’Italia contadina, Roma, Editori Riuniti, 2000
e inoltre:
●Storia fotografica del lavoro in Italia, a cura di A. Accornero, G. Sapelli, U.Lucas, Bari, De Donato, 1981
●La fatica dell’uomo. Condizioni di lavoro nei campi e nelle officine dall’unità d’Italia alla prima guerra
mondiale, a cura di C. Colombo, M. Falzone Del Barbaro, Milano, Fotolibri Longanesi, 1979.
Molte altre pubblicazioni riguardano vicende del lavoro e del movimento operaio in varie località: per una
bibliografia specifica si veda L.Lanzardo, Dalla bottega artigiana alla fabbrica, cit.
Sull’industria:
●La fabbrica di immagini. L’industria italiana nelle fotografie d’autore, a cura di C. Colombo, Firenze,
Alinari, 1988;
●Cento anni di industria, a cura di V. Castronovo, Milano, Electa, 1988.
Numerose le opere fotografiche da archivi aziendali, ad es.:
●Immagini dell’Archivio Fiat. 1900 e 1940, e Immagini dell’Archivio Fiat. 1940-1980, a cura di C. De Seta
e C. Bertelli, Milano, Fabbri, 1989 e 1990
●Ansaldo 1843-1953, a cura di V. Castronovo e L. Borzani, Genova, Ansaldo, 1992.
Su Bergamo:
●A. Bendotti e E. Valtulina, Uomini, macchine, lavoro. Immagini fotografiche dalla fine Ottocento agli anni
Cinquanta, Bergamo, Il filo di Arianna, 1989;
Degli stessi autori, dall’angolatura dell’emigrazione: Il pane degli altri. Emigrati ed immigrati nella
provincia di Bergamo dalla fine dell’Ottocento ai giorni nostri, Bergamo, Il filo di Arianna, 1995.
Uso delle fonti: le fonti orali
■ vedi Fonti orali, storia orale. Introduzione per i docenti
■cassetta con stralci da interviste a Ernesto Frigerio e scheda di accompagnamento.
Bergamo. Sviluppo industriale, movimento operaio e contadino, conflittualità
Dalle indicazioni che seguono, ciascuno potrà ricavare ulteriori riferimenti bibliografici per individuare i
testi più adatti alle piste di approfondimento prescelte.
Sullo sviluppo industriale:
•Storia economica e sociale di Bergamo, vol. V, tomo I, Tradizione e modernizzazione, e tomo II, Il
decollo industriale, a cura di V. Zamagni e S. Zaninelli, Bergamo, Fondazione per la storia economica e
sociale di Bergamo, 1996 e 1997
Sulle condizioni dei lavoratori tra Ottocento e primo Novecento:
●Primo saggio di inchiesta industriale nella provincia di Bergamo, a cura dell’Unione diocesana delle
istituzioni sociali cattoliche, Bergamo, 1900
●E. Gallavresi, Il lavoro delle donne e dei fanciulli, Bergamo, Gatti, 1900
●F.Maironi, La condizione dei contadini della provincia di Bergamo, Bergamo, Galeazzi, 1902.
Per uno sguardo generale sulle vicende del movimento operaio:
● Il movimento operaio e contadino bergamasco dall’Unità al secondo dopoguerra, a cura di A. Bendotti,
Bergamo, La Porta, 1981.
Sul movimento operaio e le organizzazioni sindacali dalle origini all’avvento del fascismo:
● A. Bendotti e G. Bertacchi, Liberi e uguali. La Camera del lavoro di Bergamo dalle origini alla prima
guerra mondiale, Bergamo, Il filo di Arianna, 1985
●Aroldo Buttarelli, Metallurgici, meccanici ed affini. Per una storia della Fiom di Bergamo dalle origini
all’avvento del fascismo, Bergamo, Il filo di Arianna, 1998
● L.Reduzzi e E. Ronchi, Alle radici di una zona bianca. Mezzadri e filandiere nel Trevigliese tra Otto e
Novecento, Roma, Edizioni Lavoro, 1989
●I.Lizzola e E.Manzoni, Dall’azione sociale al sindacato. Proletariato bergamasco e leghe bianche. L’età
giolittiana, Roma, Edizioni Lavoro, 1982.
Sul primo dopoguerra e la conflittualità operaia:
●A. Scalpelli, Dalmine 1919. Storia e mito di uno sciopero rivoluzionario, Roma, Editori Riuniti, 1973
● M. Franzinelli, Lotte operaie in un centro industriale lombardo. Il proletariato loverese dal “biennio
rosso” ai primi anni Cinquanta, Milano, Angeli, 1987.
Sul periodo fascista e sugli anni della seconda guerra mondiale:
● A. Cento Bull, Capitalismo e fascismo di fronte alla crisi; industria e società bergamasca 1923-1937,
Bergamo, Il filo di Arianna, 1983
● G. Della Valentina, Le campagne insubri dal fascismo alla Resistenza, in Agricoltura e contadini in
Lombardia tra guerra e Resistenza, Annali dell’Istituto “Alcide Cervi”, 4/1982, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1984
Sulla Resistenza e l’immediato dopoguerra:
● A.Bendotti e G. Bertacchi, Bergamo 1943-1945. Conflittualità operaia e Resistenza, in Cgil Cisl Uil
Bergamo e Comitato bergamasco antifascista, Per un più giusto domani, Bergamo, Stefanoni, 1995
● G. Bertacchi, Epurazione, pane e lavoro. Il CLN e la conflittualità operaia tra la primavera e l’autunno
del 1945, “Studi e ricerche di storia contemporanea”, n. 19, maggio 1983.
◘ Per un approfondimento tematico allargato al quadro nazionale, risulta particolarmente utile la
consultazione del volume Tra fabbrica e società. Mondi operai nell’Italia del Novecento, a cura di Stefano
Musso, Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, Annali, anno XXXIII- 1997, Milano, 1999 [tra gli argomenti
affrontati nei saggi qui raccolti: associazionismo operaio; paternalismo aziendale; industrializzazione e
condizione femminile; operai e guerre mondiali, ecc.].
(a cura ISREC Bergamo)
SCHEDA ANALITICA 4
Gli armeni
Se escludiamo gli interessi d’area, che hanno portato in questo ultimo secolo il popolo
armeno ad essere “protetto” da una o dall’altra potenza, scarsissimo è stato l’interesse
sulle sue sorti; e ciò nonostante l’eliminazione del popolo armeno sia stata organizzata
dalla Turchia con spirito “scientifico”, tanto da ricordare, nella logica concentrazionaria e
nelle modalità tecniche del genocidio, quello ebraico.
Nei libri di testo di storia le vicende del popolo armeno sono pressochè neglette.
Segnaliamo di seguito un sito che può essere utile ad un approfondimento:
•
www.armenian-genocide.org/
SCHEDA ANALITICA 5
Le guerre
Presso il Museo storico della Città e l'Istituto per la storia della resistenza e dell'età
contemporanea sono disponibili numerosi diari di guerra; alcuni di questi sono già
trascritti e quindi possono essere utilizzati con maggior facilità. Per quanto riguarda il
Museo, in particolare segnaliamo il Fondo Marco Tiraboschi: una originale raccolta di
lettere scritte dal fronte durante la prima guerra mondiale dagli operai della ditta Greppi
al "padrone"; il fondo è già stato studiato dalla dott.ssa Lucia Citerio per una tesi di
laurea (depositata presso il Museo).
Tra i tanti siti web segnalabili, ne ricordiamo alcuni meno noti:
• http://pavonerisorse.to.it/storia900/ contiene ottimi materiali per la didattica, un
laboratorio didattico in rete realizzato da insegnanti e studenti (vi sono anche
percorsi di verifica e alcune schede di valutazione) e una sintetica, ma efficace
sitografia sulla storia del Novecento
• http://digilander.iol.it/wwIItour è un sito realizzato da una studentessa per la tesina di
maturità. Di particolare interesse la mappatura della guerra
• www.museostorico.tn.it/ è il sito ufficiale del Museo storico di Trento. Si segnala in
particolare l'interessante "capitolo" riguardante la prima guerra mondiale vista dal
"nemico" (ovvero i trentini che si arruolarono con l'Austria)
• www.iwm.org.uk è il sito dell'Imperial War Museum di Londra e permette di leggere
la seconda guerra mondiale con gli occhi del "nemico-alleato"
• www.SchoolHistory.co.uk, www.learningcurve.gov.uk (The national archives
Learning curve) e www.historytoday.com sono siti dedicati alla didattica della storia,
interessanti per i materiali e per i possibili confronti con l'esperienza didattica inglese