CT - Centro Fermi

SECONDA CONFERENZA
DEI PROGETTI DEL CENTRO FERMI
19 – 20 APRILE 2012
SALONE DELLE CONFERENZE DEL MINISTERO DELL'INTERNO
ROMA, PIAZZA DEL VIMINALE 1
Progetto Strumenti Diagnostici
Innovativi per i Beni Artistici e Culturali
Roma, 19 Aprile 2012
Rosa Brancaccio
Project Leader: Franco Casali
Project Coordinators: Franco Casali (CT), Paola Fantazzini (NMR)
Department of Physics, University of Bologna
The Cultural Heritage Project
Italian cultural heritage is the
largest in the world (Unesco)
Archeometry: science for
diagnostics and preservation
From medicine to arts:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
and Computed Tomography (CT)
The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
for fluids in porous media
Usually the NMR signal of 1H nuclei of fluid
(usually water) in the pore space is detected
Imaging (MRI): visualization and quantification
of the spatial distribution of liquid water in any
internal section of the porous material
Relaxometry: allows the quantification of water
content, porosity, distributions of local S/V
ratios (pore-sizes)
B0
Performance of treatments (NMR)
For very effective treatments with hydrophobic products important factors are:
high penetration depth
uniform distributions of products
MRI permits localization of the products indirectly, by water visualization
Consolidation
Protection
Very good water-repellency Very good water-repellency
Poor permeability
Good permeability
Protective performance (NMR Imaging)
Sample before the treatment
Capillary water absorption
wet filter paper
Untreated
sample
Sample after the treatment
Treated surface
days
NMR Images of internal sections of a sample of Lecce Stone during water
capillary absorption, providing new insight into the performances of
hydrophobic treatments, giving information on the depth of penetration of the
product inside the sample
For more information: M. Camaiti, P. Fantazzini et al., Studies in Conservation, 48, 2003, 217
Protective performance (NMR Imaging)
treated sample
non-treated sample
Four adjacent sections of two samples of Lecce Stone after 1 hour of
water capillary absorption:
top: Sample treated by PMA (in situ polymerization)
bottom: Non-treated sample
Traditional drilling penetration tests (destructive tests) showed
uniform distribution of the polymer!
For more information:
M. Camaiti, P. Fantazzini et al., Comunicazione Multimediale per i Beni Culturali, Addison Wesley, 2003, 241-261
Porosity estimation (NMR Imaging)
Sections of marble
samples after 80
minutes of capillary
water absorption
Santa Maria del Fiore,
Florence
bottom=normal sample, top=decayed sample
a)
b)
c)
d)
For more information: M. Camaiti, P. Fantazzini et al., Giornale delle Prove non Distruttive Monitoraggio Diagnostica, XXIV, 2003, 69
Quantitative absorption kinetics
Height reached by the front (mm)
(NMR Imaging)
50
before treatment
40
Treatment
with PB72
z(t)
30
20
10
0
after treatment
0
30
60
z(t)
For more information:
V. Bortolotti, M. Camaiti, P. Fantazzini et al.,
J Appl Phys, 103, 2008, 094913;
Height reached by the front (mm)
Time
90
1/2
(s
120
150
1/2
)
50
z(t) before treatment
40
Treatment
with Silirain 50
30
after treatment
20
10
0
0
100
200
300
1/2
Time
(s
1/2
)
400
500
Pore-size distribution (NMR Relaxometry)
Three different lithotypes with the same
composition and different pore-space structures
Lecce stone
Pore-size by NMR Relaxometry
Vicenza stone
Angera stone
For more information: M. Camaiti, P. Fantazzini, ARKOS, 24, 2010, 32;
,
P. Fantazzini, M. Camaiti V. Bortolotti et al., J Phys Chem, 113, 2009, 10580
Pore-size by Hg Injection Porosimetry
Water vapor absorption in porous media
polluted by calcium nitrate (NMR Relaxometry ) /1
Ca(NO3)2 is a deliquescent salt that is found, as a pollutant, mainly in
sheltered porous substrates not directly exposed to acid rain, i.e. wall
paintings, buildings, statues, and other stone artifacts
Lecce Stone polluted with 6 mg of salt
(2.6% of pore space filled with salt)
and then exposed under controlled
conditions to water vapor absorption
The shift of the distributions shows
that any part of the fluid, originally
condensed in layers or in large pores,
seems to migrate by capillarity over
time to smaller pores
P. Fantazzini, M. Camaiti, V. Bortolotti et al., J Physical Chemistry B, 113, 2009, 10580
Water vapor absorption in porous media
polluted by calcium nitrate (NMR Relaxometry ) /2
Three different carbonate
lithotypes, having similar
composition but different pore
space structures, have been
treated with salt
The larger the amount of salt in the
rock, the larger and the faster is the
water vapor absorption and there are
differences in the rate and amount of
absorption by different rocks even with
the same amounts of salt
The difference between absorption
on a flat surface and inside the
pore-space cannot be explained by
the amount of absorption by the
rocks in the absence of salt
Samples treated with 6 mg of salt at
20 min (Lecce), 48 h (Angera)
and 2 h (Vicenza).
At these times the three samples
show about the same amount of signal
P. Fantazzini, M. Camaiti, V. Bortolotti et al., J Physical Chemistry B, 113, 2009, 10580
Porosity and pore-size distribution,
combination of Imaging with Relaxometry
Santa
Maria del
Fiore
in Firenze
For more information: P. Fantazzini, M. Camaiti, V. Bortolotti, et al., Atti III Congresso AIAR, Patron Editore, 2005, 157
Quantitative determination of porosity
T1 LUT
and T1
Surface-to-Volume ratio
in different sections and ROIs
T1
For more information: P. Fantazzini, M. Camaiti, V. Bortolotti et al, Atti III Congresso AIAR, Patron Editore, 2005, 157
NMR Portable instruments
Sensitive volume
NMR-MOUSE Profile PM10 ACT GmbH
Comparison MRI – NMR-MOUSE Profile
Work in progress
Images processed in order
to preserve the linearity, by
an in-house software
Two adjacent sections of a
Maastricht stone, treated
with a consolidant, after
capillary water absorption
through the untreated face
Relaxation time distributions
obtained with NMR-MOUSE
Profile at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mm
from the untreated face
SF6 gas as saturating fluid MRI of 19F
around the tip of a crack a dispersed
network of small cracks appear;
imaging of the cracks would supply
information about origin and
mechanics of the cracks
D.O.Kuethe, M. D. Sholtz, P. Fantazzini, Imaging inert fluorinated gases in cracks – perhaps in David’s ankles,
Magn Reson Imaging 25, 2007, 505
NMR Imaging:
3D Fractures chatacterization
after water saturation, inside
a cilinder containing water
fractures
microporosity
For more information: V. Bortolotti, P. Fantazzini et al, Proceedings OMC 2005, Ravenna
The MRPM Bologna Conferences
The International Bologna Conferences
on Magnetic Resonance in Porous Media
MRPM1 Bologna 1990
MRPM2 Canterbury UK 1993
MRPM3 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium 1995
MRPM4 Trondheim Norway 1997
MRPM5 Bologna 2000
MRPM6 Ulm Germany 2002
MRPM7 Palaiseau-Paris France 2004
MRPM8 Bologna 2006
MRPM9 Cambridge-Boston USA 2008
MRPM10 Leipzig Germany 2010
MRPM11 Guildford UK 2012
Computed Tomography (CT)
Small clay head, copy
of a find from Pompei
Digital radiographs
3D CT
Virtual
cuts
For more information: M.Rossi, E.Querzola, M.Giacometti, T.DiDonato, D.Vernelli, P.Chirco, M.Zanarini, F.Casali: "High Resolution 3d Computed
Tomography Of Small Archeological Sculptures". 7th European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Copenhagen 26-29 May 1998.
CT of a mineral rock sample
Helical/Spiral CT
Eclogitic Micaschist rock sample
Western Alps glacier
Diameter
20 mm
Height
28 mm
Scanned height
15 mm
X-ray parameters:
Emax
180 keV
Int
1 mA
Exp2 s / view
For more information: “Development of high resolution X-ray DR and CT systems for non medical applications”, F.Casali, A.Pasini,
M.Bettuzzi, R.Brancaccio, S.Cornacchia, M.Giordano, M.P.Morigi, D.Romani, proceedings of International Symposium on Computed Tomography
and Image Processing for Industrial Radiology, Berlin, 23-25 June 2003.
Collaboration: ENI-AGIP
CT of a mineral rock sample
3D volume reconstruction
of the rock sample
3D volume segmentation:
mineral crystals extraction
For more information: “Development of high resolution X-ray DR and CT systems for non medical applications”, F.Casali, A.Pasini,
M.Bettuzzi, R.Brancaccio, S.Cornacchia, M.Giordano, M.P.Morigi, D.Romani, proceedings of International Symposium on Computed Tomography
and Image Processing for Industrial Radiology, Berlin, 23-25 June 2003.
Collaboration: ENI-AGIP
3D CT of an Egyptian cat shaped coffin
X-ray parameters
Emax
70 keV
I
3 mA
Exp
200 ms / view
CT parameters
Size:
37×
×10×
×20 cm3
Views:
360
Voxel:
600 µm
Detector:
Ebccd
Collaboration: Archaeological Museum - Bologna, Italy
3D CT of an Egyptian cat shaped coffin
360 degrees
radiographs
Inside the coffin there is a mummy of cat: the bones are visible!
“Innovative systems for digital radiography and computed tomography: applications to cultural heritage diagnostics”, M.Bettuzzi,
R.Brancaccio, F.Casali, S.Cornacchia, M.Giordano, M.P.Morigi, A.Pasini, D.Romani, in Physics Methods in Archaeometry, Proceedings of the
International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi”, edited by M.Martini, M Milazzo and M.Piacentini, pp. 461-470, IOS PRESS, Amsterdam, 2004
Collaboration: Archaeological Museum - Bologna, Italy
3D CT of an Egyptian cat shaped coffin
3D CT
3D virtual opening of the coffin to “extract” the bones
"X-ray and Neutron Digital Radiography and Computed Tomography for Cultural Heritage", F. Casali, Chapter 2 of: "Physical Techniques in the
Study of Art, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage" Elsevier 2006
Collaboration: Archaeological Museum - Bologna, Italy
3D CT of an Egyptian cat shaped coffin
The skeleton of a cat can be examined by anatomists
“High resolution X-ray Digital Radiography and Computed Tomography systems for applications in the field of Cultural Heritage”,
M.P.Morigi, F.Casali, B.Barbieri, M.Bettuzzi, R.Brancaccio, S.Cornacchia, M.Giordano, A.Pasini, D.Romani, proceedings of 3th International
Conference on Non Destructive Testing in Antiquity and in Nowadays, 15-18 October 2003, Chania-Crete, Greece.
Collaboration: Archaeological Museum - Bologna, Italy
Hidden "treasures"
The archaeological finds are often hidden to the public, they can be
revealed and valorised if "rediscovered" thanks to the modern
technologies (X-ray tube > 300 kV)
Museo Nazionale Romano, Roma
Hidden "treasures"
The CT is able to recover virtually (reverse engineering) hidden
objects in the "clods" and to assess their conservation conditions
Museo Nazionale Romano, Roma
3D CT system made on demand
of “Getty Conservation Institute”
Los Angeles - CA
Installation of a CT system at the
Getty Conservation Institute - LA
CT of the “Statue of the Infant Cupid”
65 cm
Roman, A.D. 1 ÷ 50,
bronze, silver, copper
Collaboration: Getty Conservation Institute – Los Angeles
CT of the “Statue of the Infant Cupid”
Collaboration: Getty Conservation Institute – Los Angeles
CT of the “Statue of the Infant Cupid”
"Computed Tomography of Bronze: the case study of the statue of Eros at the Getty Conservation Institute", M.Bettuzzi, F.Casali,
M.P.Morigi, R.Brancaccio, G.Chiari, D.Carson, J.Marshall, ART'11, 10th International Conference on non-destructive investigation and microanalysis
for the diagnostics and conservation of cultural and environmental heritage, 13-15 April, Florence, Italy
Collaboration: Getty Conservation Institute – Los Angeles
CT of the “Statue of the Infant Cupid”
Dear Prof. Casali,
My father and I have seen the work done by you at Getty
Museum: the results are astonishing!
The CTs give an impressive number of information even
with a fast look of your results.
We were able to identify with confidence the fusion
technique, the realization of wax, the defects restored, the
structural problems, the thickness difference and other
information.
We did not expect so high a resolution of internal structure
and a so easy understanding of details, readable better
than looking at the original.
It would very interesting to apply this method to
Renaissance bronzes too.
Morigi
(restorer of very important bronze monuments in Italy)
Collaboration: Getty Conservation Institute – Los Angeles
What is the health of our monuments?
“A transportable computed tomography system for in situ investigation of art objects”, M.P.Morigi, F.Casali, M.Bettuzzi, R.Brancaccio,
A.Berdondini, V.D’Errico, A.Aldrovandi, R.Bellucci, M.Ciatti, C.Frosinini, P.Riitano, 2nd International Topical Meeting on Optical Sensing and Artificial
Vision (OSAV'2008), Saint Petersburg, Russia, 12-15 May 2008, pages 25-32
David’s ankle cracks CT ANALYSIS
"X-ray computed tomography for damage assessment of cultural heritage assets",
F.Casali, M.P.Morigi, R.Brancaccio, L.Montefusco, I.Jerjen, A.Flisch, U.Sennhauser, I.Liritzis,
I.Tiseanu, in the book "Protection Of Historical Buildings", a cura di Federico Mazzolani, edited
by CRC Press Inc,Vol. 1 , pp. 847-852, June 2009
Future project: CT of David’s ankles
David’s ankle cracks - Preliminary Results
Phantom of Carrara
marble of the smaller
ankle (23 cm diameter)
Collaboration: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA
Future project: CT of David’s ankles
David’s ankle cracks - Preliminary Results
CT of the induced diagonal cut on the Phantom
Collaboration: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA
Future project: CT of David’s ankles
David’s ankle cracks - Preliminary Results
Angled slice from 3D data shows test grooves cut in
marble piece to simulate large cracks
Large grooves are not
visible in radiographs
unless sample precisely
aligned along unknown
axes.
3.2 mm
1.6 mm
Collaboration: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA
Parallel Reconstruction Tests
Microsoft HPC Cluster,
Redmond, WA, USA
Parallel CT Reconstruction
29
Kongo Rikishi
31
30
32
Wooden Japanese statue
of Kamakura period (XIII
century),
in
cypress
wood (hinoki).
2,30 m
The yosegi-zukuri (joined
block) technique.
1,14 m
“Kongo Rikishi – La tomografia computerizzata”, Franco Casali, Maria Pia Morigi, Matteo Bettuzzi, Andrea Berdondini, Rosa Brancaccio,
Vincenzo D’Errico, Restaurare L’Oriente - Sculture lignee giapponesi per il MAO di Torino, Nardini Editore, Collana Cronache 1, pp. 38- 43
Analysis carried out at "Venaria Reale",Tourin, Italy
Parallel CT Reconstruction
2,30 m
1,14 m
"Application of X-ray Computed Tomography to Cultural Heritage diagnostics", M.P.Morigi, F.Casali, M.Bettuzzi, R.Brancaccio and
V.D’Errico, Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, Vol. 100, Issue 3, Pages 653-661, September 2010
Analysis carried out at "Venaria Reale",Tourin, Italy
Parallel CT Reconstruction
CT of Kongo Rikishi: 25000 radiographs
2,30 m
1,14 m
With the help of Microsoft the calculation time was reduced by a factor 75.
The calculation that, in the past, lasted two months now it is possible to carry out in
six hours. Work is underway to further decrease this time.
“Real-Time Reconstruction for 3-D CT Applied to Large Objects of Cultural Heritage”, R.Brancaccio, M.Bettuzzi, F.Casali, M.P.Morigi,
G.Levi, A.Gallo, G.Marchetti, D.Schneberk on Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 58 Issue 4, Pages 1864-1871, August 2011
Parallel CT Reconstruction
Parallel CT Reconstruction
Doing so made it possible for university
researchers to avoid rewriting code, reduce
calculation times from 20 days to 6 hours, and
expand into new areas of research.
Its X-Ray Imaging Group is currently the only
research group in the world capable of carrying
out tomographic analyses on large objects.
Conclusions
NMR: Further extension of the performances of portable
and movable instruments for in-situ measurements; to use
other fluids and other nuclei, such as SF6
CT: Development of an high and medium energy CT
system for the study and conservation of cultural heritage
artworks (a 350 kV X-ray tube is mandatory)
CT, NMR: Evaluation of the performance of consolidation
products, both organic and inorganic, which, at the
present, are used without distinction on different materials
and in different conditions
Progetto Beni Culturali
X-ray Imaging group:
M. Bettuzzi, R. Brancaccio, M.P.Morigi and F. Casali ([email protected])
Magnetic Resonance in Porous Media group:
V. Bortolotti, L. Brizi, M. Mariani and P. Fantazzini ([email protected])
In collaboration with M. Camaiti, ICVBC-CNR Sesto Fiorentino,
([email protected])
Dipartimento di Fisica
Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 – Bologna
Franco Casali, Tel.: +39-051-2095132
www.unibo.it
www.xraytomography.com
www.mrpm.org