ICT Innovation Factor - 2011 - BeeP

Transcript

ICT: Innovation Factor in advanced production processes - 2011
ICT
Innovation Factor in
advanced production
processes
Giacomo Tavola
Industrial Technologies
2011
Objective of the workshop:
To provide an overview of how ICT, in the last 10 years and in the future have
radically changed and are going to change the paradigm of production, sale and
use of goods / services.
Will be investigated the concepts of innovation and enablers and the concept of
"product“ too.
What emerges is a pervasive scenario.
We mainly investigate the ICT technologies that have impact on production
processes of goods and services.
These is however broad spectrum of applicability ICT technologies, neglecting
other more 'specialized’ or niche (e.g. robotics)
The discussion is not and will not be comprehensive and ultimate, in fact ICT
technologies and their areas of applicability are constantly evolving.
Politecnico di Milano
1
Structure
Introduction
Historical Perspective
and Trends
Wireless e RFID
examples
Mobile & Wireless
RFID
Integration and
Collaborative approach
Service Oriented
Architectures
Semicon production
process
Governance &
Evolutions
Politecnico di Milano - Giacomo Tavola - ICT: Innovation Factor in advanced production processes - 2011
2
CIM Historical Perspective and Trends; Will be paid particular
emphasis on enlargement of the horizon of applicability and the
integration of processes.
Mobile & Wireless Manufacturing + RFID: radio frequency technology,
oriented to communication, control, identification and traceability
The collaborative and integration approach: Focus on the concepts of
integration and progress towards collaboration among processes
SOA technologies and architectures based on services
Governance and Trends: Hints on issues related to Governance and a
glance on the prospects and developments of new ICT technology
trends
2
Note for exam
•
•
•
The objective of the lectures is to provide the students the
knowledge of key ICT enabling technologies able support innovation
in industrial processes
It is not requested for exam a detailed proficiency of specifics
characteristics of given technologies, but it is expected that
students, as engineers, have sufficient confidence in identifing and
descibing them, and overall in identifing benefits and limitations of
their utilization
To that purpose some pages has been identified as
No details
for exam
•
to mean that details are not requested for exam
At the same way the content of modules 12b (Wireless and RFID
examples) and 12c (Semicon case) are not requested in detail, but
students are encouraged to read and analyse them to gain better
understanding of possible adoptions of the described technologies
3
3
ICT and Innovation areas
ICT allows innovation:
• the process (design, production,
distribution, ...)
• products
• services
• communication and relationship channels
Integration of the concepts of product and
service
4
Areas of innovation:
•ICT can innovate processes. It is the dimension of innovation more "traditional", which is more
and more true with the recent developments of ICT (for example, to applications based on
Web and Mobile & Wireless), which are becoming increasingly pervasive and important in all
the main processes of the company value chain, even for the most complex and transverse
ones (supply chain management, customer relationship management, knowledge
management, etc..).
•ICT can innovate services. ICT can radically innovate some services provided by enterprises,
representing, on the one hand, the platform of delivery, on the other, an integral part of this
service. This can include the banking and insurance services, to media and communications,
to transport services, where ICT can increase the value perceived by customers and reduce
the cost of delivery.
•ICT can innovate products. In the last few years it is becoming increasingly important an other
aspect of ICT in support of business: the one concerning their role in the products. This can
include the machine tools controlled through wireless devices, cars and appliances controlled
by microchip or by some design products (eg lamps) that have integrated their internal control
components based on ICT;
•ICT can innovate the channels of communication and relationship. These technologies
provide new channels of business communication and relationships with customers of the firm:
one thinks, for example, to the opportunities provided by communication via the Web and
online marketing tools, technologies Mobile & Wireless (eg, Mobile CRM services ), new TV
platforms (IP TV, Web TV, etc..), the new concept of Web 2.0. In some areas these
technologies are profoundly changing the relationship between the company and its
customers.
4
Application Main Areas
1.
2.
3.
4.
Legacy systems supporting company management processes
Business intelligence applications that aim to exploit the wealth of
available data
Design support systems (CAD) and product data management
(PLM)
Web applications and online services supporting interaction with:
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
End consumers (Business to consumer-B2C)
Other companies (Business to business - B2B)
Employees (business to employee - B2E)
Applications and systems for management, planning, automation
of production and logistic processes
Mobile Applications & Wireless, based on cellular networks, Wi-Fi
or RFID, NFC, ... supporting the "Mobile Worker"
5
Areas of applicability of ICT
•The legacy systems that support the "key" processes of the company (such as
accounting and administration, production management and supply chain, order
management and supply) and represent a prerequisite for an integrated
management and effective monitoring of the firm;
•Business intelligence Applications which aim to exploit the corporate data
(commercial, financial and administrative, web browsing paths, email, text and
hypertext, etc..), with the aim of supporting the best decision of the managers
and control the activities of the enterprise;
•Systems to support the design (CAD) and data management product (PLM) that,
for many companies in the manufacturing, may be an important strategic lever in
support of product innovation;
•Web applications or online services offered by external providers, which offer
many opportunities for SMEs to support interaction with end users (business to
consumer), with other businesses (Business to business), or with their
employees (Business to employee) regardless the geographic positioning;
•Applications that implement scheduling and operational phases
•Mobile Applications & Wireless, based on cellular networks, Wi-Fi or RFID,
which can significantly improve the activities of the staff "in motion" (for example,
agents and vendors, and maintenance technicians, warehousemen, truck drivers,
etc..) and control the flow of products.
5
Structure
Introduction
and Trends
Mobile & Wireless
RFID
Integration and
Service Oriented
Architectures
Governance &
Evolutions
6
This chapter is a brief history of integrated production and management systems.
Will be recalled the enabling technologies.
On this basis, the projected trend of evolution, emphasizing the concept of "full
integration“ is treated.
In particular, it highlights how new ICT technologies can be a virtual workspace in
which are involved all the business functions, products, and is also interfaced the
physical world.
This approach enables a different paradigm of business model and production
concept.
6
CIM Model
7
The integrated production or CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) is the
automated integration between the various sectors of a system of production
(design, engineering, production, quality control, production planning and
marketing) in order to minimize the time product development, optimize resource
management and possibly be flexible to cover as much as possible the market.
The main objectives are:
•reduction in inventories
•reducing time to market
•increase the quality of the product (through analysis, planning and control of the
production process)
•reducing costs due to increased efficiency of the factory
Glossary
CAPS Computer Aided Programming system
DNC Direct Numerical Control, in manufacturing, means to network your CNC
equipment to your PCs.
FMS Flexible manufacturing system, production system using computercontrolled machines that can adapt to various versions of the same operation
FAS Factory Automation Suite
MPS Master Production Scheduling
7
CRM & Marketing
No details
for exam
Accounting & Cost Control
Supply Chain
Supply Chain
ERP Model
8
To the tightly production related processes are added:
•CRM
•Marketing
•Supply Chain
•Finance Control
•HR
....
Systems are characterized by the possibility to access to data all over the
company
8
Production Management Systems
Evolution
•
MRP I Materials Requirements Planning (1965-1980)
– PP Production Planning
– INV Inventory Control
– MTS/MTO Make-to-stock/ Make-to-order (discrete production)
•
MRP Il Manufacturing Resources Planning (1980-1990)
– MPS Master Production Schedule
– CRP Capacity Requirements Planning
•
ERP Enterprise Resource Planning (1990-2000)
– FIN Global Finance
– HRM Local Human Resource Management
– SD Multi Sales & Distribution
•
Extended ERP — ERP II (2000-)
– Data warehouse
– Supply chain Management
– E-business
9
MRPI mainly oriented to fullfil material (raw material or intermediate material)
requirements (with infinite production capacity)
MRP II include CRP (capacity requirement planning) functions
9
Fully integrated company
Firm Infrastructure
(e.g. Financing, Planning, Investor Relations, IT)
Human Resource Management
Support
Activities
(e.g. Recruiting, Training, Compensation System)
Technology Development
M
(e.g. Product Design, Testing, Process Design, Material Research, Market Research)
(e.g. Components, Machinery, Advertising, Services)
Inbound
Logistics
Operations
(e.g. Incoming
Material
Storage, Data
Collection,
Service,
Customer
Access)
(e.g.
Assembly,
Component
Fabrication,
Branch
Operations)
Value:
a
Procurement
r
g
Outbound
Logistics
Marketing
& Sales
After-Sales
Service
(e.g. Order
Processing,
Warehousing,
Report
Preparation)
(e.g. Sales
Force,
Promotion,
Advertising,
Proposal
Writing, Web
site)
(e.g. Installation,
Customer
Support,
Complaint
Resolution,
Repair)
i
What
customer
pays for
n
e
Primary Activities
Source: M. Porter
European IT Forum 2001
10
The Porter model represents the complete integration of
business functions (core and support) concurring to the
generation of “value”
It introduces the concept of value, perceived value and paid
value by the customer.
10
Global Value Chain
Global Value Chain
Firm Infrastructure
Firm Infrastructure
Firm Infrastructure
M
a
Procurement
M
a
Procurement
r
(e.g.
Incom ing
Material
Storage,
Data
Collectio
n,
Service,
Customer
Access)
Operatio
ns
(e.g.
Assembl
y,
Compone
nt
Fabricati
on,
Branch
Operatio
ns)
Outbound
Logistics
(e.g. Order
Processing
,
Warehousi
ng, Report
Preparation
)
Marketin
g
& Sales
AfterSales
Service
(e.g. Sales
Force,
Promoti
on,
Advertisi
ng,
Proposal
Writing,
Web
site)
(e.g.
Installation
, Customer
Support,
Complaint
Resolution
, Repair)
Supply Chain
i
n
M
a
Procurement
r
r
g
g
Inbound
Logistics
Inbound
Logistics
(e.g.
Incom ing
Material
Storage,
Data
Collectio
n,
Service,
Customer
Access)
Operatio
ns
(e.g.
Assembl
y,
Compone
nt
Fabricati
on,
Branch
Operatio
ns)
Outbound
Logistics
(e.g. Order
Processing
,
Warehousi
ng, Report
Preparation
)
Marketin
g
& Sales
AfterSales
Service
(e.g. Sales
Force,
Promoti
on,
Advertisi
ng,
Proposal
Writing,
Web
site)
(e.g.
Installation
, Customer
Support,
Complaint
Resolution
, Repair)
Supply Chain
i
n
g
Inbound
Logistics
(e.g.
Incom ing
Material
Storage,
Data
Collectio
n,
Service,
Customer
Access)
Operatio
ns
(e.g.
Assembl
y,
Compone
nt
Fabricati
on,
Branch
Operatio
ns)
Outbound
Logistics
(e.g. Order
Processing
,
Warehousi
ng, Report
Preparation
)
Marketin
g
& Sales
AfterSales
Service
(e.g. Sales
Force,
Promoti
on,
Advertisi
ng,
Proposal
Writing,
Web
site)
(e.g.
Installation
, Customer
Support,
Complaint
Resolution
, Repair)
i
n
Supply Chain
11
Integration involve all the components in the value chain and
value is built in each one.
11
Ambitions for Manufacturing 2.0
• On-demand: To sustain market share and
create employment opportunities, enterprises
should accommodate changing demands from a
new customer base and deliver customised
products on-demand.
• Optimal: Enterprises need to be able to produce
products with superior quality, high security and
durability and, at the same time, competitively
priced compared to products from emerging
markets.
12
12
Ambitions for Manufacturing 2.0
• Innovative: Faster introduction of collective
innovation is one of the key growth factors
• Green: Manufacturing is responsible for
significant energy use and consumption of
natural resources. Enterprises need focused
initiatives to reduce energy footprints on shop
floors and increase awareness of end-of-life
(EoL) product use.
• Human-centric: Manufacturing 2.0 will evolve
from being perceived as production centred to
human centred
13
13
Holistic value chain
14
Enterprises must look beyond conventional shop-floor operations and consider the holistic value chain. Manufacturing 2.0 enterprises in
Europe would therefore need to take collaboration and management of their supply chain stakeholders into account and also make provision
for after-sales services in addition to improving engineering and production. Future enterprises would tightly integrate customers in their
feedback loop for design and iterative improvements of products.
Agile manufacturing systems & processes: The issues of systems interoperability would no longer be a deterrent to integrating disparate
systems for design, manufacturing process control and operation, and business processes in Manufacturing 2.0 enterprises. These systems
would integrate seamlessly and exchange data through standardised interfaces.
Seamless factory lifecycle management: Product lifecycle management is well understood but, manufacturers struggle to put factory lifecycle
management into practice. Enhanced information management will be applied for control and holistic planning in future factories. In
Manufacturing 2.0 enterprises, assets and inventories together with assembly lines and machinery would be dynamically monitored,
configured and maintained.
People at the forefront: Human-centric ambition will become a reality in Manufacturing 2.0 enterprises with workers and managers alike given
more opportunity for continuous development of skills and competences through novel knowledge-delivery mechanisms. Future enterprises
will not only be better equipped for transferring skills to a new generation of workers but also proficient in assisting older workers with better
user interfaces, intuitive user-experience-driven workflows and other aids, such as mobile and service robots.
Collaborative supply network: Manufacturing 2.0 enterprises will define a new collaboration paradigm between stakeholders in the
manufacturing supply chain, including but not limited to original equipment manufacturers (OEM), suppliers and subcontractors.
Bringing customers into the loop: Another level where Manufacturing 2.0 enterprises would excel is in customer engagement. Carmakers
already mine customer feedback data on motoring blogs to improve design and performance.
14
Evolution to “object” Internet
Data Processing
Internet
Global Network
Web
Browser
HTML
Weeks
Batch
Operators
Few People
Days
Query/Response
Users
Many people
1990
2000
Real-time
Automation
Sensors
Objects
Time
Operat.
Players
Pervasivity
2010
15
It is not the history of computing, but we want to outline the evolution towards the
"Internet of objects“
The 4 coordinates Time, Operation, Participants and dissemination are changing
the paradigm of the IT system.
Internet evolution
•1989-1991 – The web is created by the CERN (European Council for the
Nuclear Research), that includes all European Countries, the USSR and the US.
Mr.Berners-Lee develops the HTML text formatting language and a browser for
text documents
•1993 – In January Mr.Adreessen, of the NCSA (National Center for
Supercomputing Applications – University of Illinois), develops the Mosaic
browser that can visualize images. It runs on Unix and then also on Macintosh
and Windows. The new York Times publishes an article about the web and
Mosaic. By the end of the year thousands of Mosaic copies are downloaded
daily
•1994 – Millions of Mosaic copies are in use. Adreessen and other developers
leave the NCSA and found Netscape. They create Netscape Navigator right
away. 1995 - Microsoft Internet Explorer is available.
•1994 – 1995 – The first e-commerce sites appear, driven by the a number of
enabling factors and technologies: providers, graphical browsers, research
engines, credit cards, security, fa modems, efficient Operating Systems, etc.
1995- today – the story goes on…
15
The advantages of the global network
Companies are using the global network for:
Connect IT systems with
products, goods and physical objects
Innovating operations, processes
and corporate business models
16
The eXtended Internet connects firms’ IT systems to physical products, assets, and devices. Winners
will proactively use it to transform their ops, processes, and business model – and shut out rivals.
Leaders Benefit From Physical-World Insights - Forward-looking firms are linking their information
systems with physical assets, products, and devices to proactively respond to new government
regulations, fickle customers, and aggressive competitors. But mainstream companies across
industries remain disconnected from the physical world.
LEADERS USE PHYSICAL-WORLD LINKS TO GAIN COMPETITIVENESS
Firms across industries are using the Net to automate business transactions and boo employee and
trading partner collaboration. For example, 34% of nonmanufacturing firms have adopted the Net for
purchasing. But some firms are going one step further: They are extending the Net to build linkages
with billions of physical assets, products, and devices
- Michelin RFID-tags its tires to deliver proactive customer service. Unlike its rivals, Michelin
didn’t wait for the TREAD Act to start worrying about tire safety. In 2002 -- three years before the
2005 TREAD deadline -- Michelin rolled out eTires. eTires is an add-on sensor system that measures
the air pressure and temperature of commercial tires, allowing truck fleet operators to maximize asset
use through reduced downtime and better fuel economy. Michelin will also be using RFID tags to track
the millions of tires it has in transit at any point in time in its supply chain. Such extended visibility
speeds the recall process.
- Cat taps GPS to make customers and dealers profitable. In 2000, Caterpillar rolled out MineStar
-- a GPS-enabled system that tracks in near time the location and status of all Cat machines in a
mining field. By gaining insight into machine performance, mining firms prevent costly equipment
failure and boo productivity, solidifying their loyalty to Cat. Cat dealers also benefit from MineStar
because such value-added services carry up to 50% profit margins for heavy-equipment dealers
versus 10% from selling products.
16
The global network - Enables Innovation
The technologies of the global network allows companies to
connect their IT systems to the physical world
Fonte:
Forrester Research, Inc.
17
Environmental Pressures Are Making “Physical-World Blindness” a
Handicap
Firms with limited visibility into their assets and products have so far faced no
negative consequences. But that is bound to change, as firms face growing
pressure to connect with the physical world from:
-Government. The US Customs’ Container Security Initiative (CSI) and
Customs-Trade Partnership Again Terrorism (C-TPAT) regulations require US
firms that import from abroad to track inbound shipments in near time. Similarly,
looking to enforce the Bioterrorism Act of 2002, the FDA is heaping pressure on
pharma companies to closely monitor their medical products to prevent
counterfeiting and tampering.
-Customers. CPG firms’ No. 1 customer -- Wal-Mart -- has dictated that its top
100 suppliers RFID-tag all their shipments at the case level by January 2005.
The US Department of Defense (DoD) has imposed a similar deadline for
defense contractors.
-Competition. GE Aircraft Engines is stealing lucrative aftermarket service
contracts from rivals (es Rolls-Royce) by closely monitoring how customers use
products from GE & its competitors. Rolls-Royce can’t afford to lose these
margin-rich product maintenance deals to GE.
(see also slide 12) X-Internet lets firms profit from ties to physical world
Growing pressure from regulators, customers, and competitors to build linkages
with the physical world will drive firms across industries to embrace the X
Internet: a set of technologies that connect firms’ information systems to physical
assets, products, and devices.
17
Enabling technologies
• Biometrics to identify employees, customers,
partners ...
• RFID tags to track the location and content of
products
• Wi-Fi to provide wireless access to enterprise
applications
• Telemetric sensors to control the use and
performance of corporate assets
• "Presence awareness" to know the status of
persons
18
In particular, firms will use:
• Biometrics to ID employees, consumers, and partners. Growing identity theft and national security
concerns have led firms to look beyond employee badges and social security number to uniquely identify their
staff and partners. Biometrics systems identify individuals using biological attributes, such as fingerprints or
retinal scans, that are hard to duplicate. For instance, Kroger stores use biometric payment systems.
RFID tags to pinpoint product location and content. US manufacturers and retailers, which import $1.12
trillion goods a year, get only weekly notification on their shipment status. The result? Delays catch firms by
surprise, forcing manufacturers to shut down just-in-time plants and retailers to scrap Christmas promotions.
But Target, which imports $7.1 billion of goods, uses Savi Technology’s RFID-based visibility app to track
containers carrying its US-bound shipments in near time.
• Wi-Fi to unleash wireless access to enterprise apps. Firms want mobile workers to remain productive
while away from their desks. One upshot is that 58% of North American firms are piloting or deploying Wi-Fi
networks, which allow mobile access to enterprise software. For instance, Eastman Chemical Wi-Fi-enabled its
600-acre Kingsport, Tenn., campus so its warehouse workers can track inventory on PDAs while its engineers
monitor chemical mixtures from their laptops.
•Telemetry sensors to monitor asset usage and performance. Nippon Television can’t afford to have its
lighting systems fail during a live show, such as “Sports MAX,” and semiconductor leader TSMC can face
100K$ in lo revenues for every hour its chip-making device is down. That’s why equipment suppliers like
Matsushita Electric Works and Applied Materials are embedding sensors into their wares to predict and prevent
costly product failures well in advance.
• Presence awareness to gain insight into people’s status. In emergency cases, firms need to quickly find
out what’s the be way to reach employees or partners. This process will be easier if individuals willingly shared
their electronic status (e.g., “Am working from home -- cell phone is off -- IM me”). Presence-enabled
communications promise such real-time interactions by contacting people via their choice of device or app. For
instance, when they are about to run out of paint, Ford’s paint booths use GlobeStar Systems’ ConnexALL to
alert the fir technician who is available on his cell phone.
(Privacy issues are going to be covered later on)
18
The global network and the connection
to the physical world
Leading companies link their information systems to
billions of physical objects to meet regulations,
competition and customer requirements, automate
business transactions and accelerate cooperation with
employees and partners
Fonte:
Forrester Research, Inc
2006.
19
About 1.000 items per each people in average
19
Infrastructure
• The hardware infrastructure (and
associated management software);
• The infrastructure of data communications
systems and Voice Over IP (VoIP);
• Systems to ensure reliability and safety of
the infrastructure
20
Do not forget that in order to implement the approach outlined, should be present
infrastructure technologies able to:
• Manage the data volumes of production, storage and communication (eg DB> 1
Petabyte = 1.000 Terabytes = 1.000.000 Gigabyte)
• Manage the physical security (strength, disaster recovery, fault tolerance,
redundancy)
• Managing IT security (viruses, hackers, ..)
The costs of such infrastructure are not negligible
Hardware
1.Systems used to collect and manage information, access to applications and for
productivity, such as servers, clients, devices, etc..;
2.Software and environments in server systems, such as operating systems, software
for database management (DBMS) and application server environments (eg, Web
servers that allow the publication of Web applications);
3.Peripheral devices, such as traditional printers and multifunction scanners, plotters,
etc..;
4.Systems aiming to ensuring the reliability of services and data management, enabling
automatic replication of critical data on both servers and / or the client (back-up) or
storage and sharing through network technologies to considerable volumes of data
20
Infrastructure
• The infrastructure hardware (and
• The infrastructure of data
communications systems and Voice
Over IP (VoIP);
• Systems to ensure reliability and safety of
the infrastructure
21
• Communications networks
• Voice Communication
1. VoIP on the PC, which is the use of communications software (eg Skype, MS
Messenger, etc..) Installed on each PC connected to the Internet. Such systems are
applied immediately and do not require specific investments in the company, it is
sufficient to install free software. The main limitations lie in the need for users to
manage applications on the individual PC and in not-interoperability between different
systems;
2. Adapter-based systems, in which case, adapters that are connected to the data line
and the analog phones, making the conversion of analog signal to digital. The
approach is so inexpensive for the company, which can keep their phones, even
though in some cases, may be critical to quality of communications;
3. IP-PBX switch-board based systems, in which case the switch-boards provide
connectivity in VoIP mode both to traditional phones (already present in the company)
as well to new digital phones. This solution makes it possible to preserve the
investments already incurred and to migrate in a flexible and gradual integration into
VoIP technology, in consistent way with the resources and needs of the enterprise.
• Data Communication
1. Cabling (copper and optical fiber)
2. Leased and owned lines
3. Network equipments (switchs, routers, etc)
21
Infrastructure
• The infrastructure hardware (and
• The infrastructure of data communications
systems and Voice Over IP (VoIP);
• Systems to ensure reliability and
safety of the infrastructure
•
22
Security
1. Firewalls, this is perimeter defense systems that control traffic between computer networks, particularly between the Internet and local
network (LAN). To perform this defensive role filtering incoming and outgoing data, the firewall imposes rules on the traffic data packets in
transit and perform the same monitoring on these packages, blocking potentially harmful ones;
2. Antivirus , which is software that can detect and eliminate computer viruses or other malicious programs, defined generally malware (eg
worms, trojans, dialers, etc..). Centralized Antivirus are able to analyze email attachments that pass on the mail server and files that are
downloaded from the Internet, in addition to managing a centralized protection for all PCs and servers on the local network;
3. The antispam, these systems aim to eliminate emails unwanted (spam), refusing messages from specific servers reported as tolerant to
spammers or analyzing the contents of the eMail messages and eliminating those with characteristics that could be considered spam;
4. Anti-spyware, spyware is software that can gather information about the online activities of users (eg, sites visited, purchases made online,
etc..) without their consent. This information is generally used to send targeted advertising. In fact, today the term "spyware" are also other
types of viruses, the most disparate functions such as sending unsolicited advertising (spam), changing the home page or list of Favorites
Addresses of the browser user, redirection to false eCommerce sites (phishing), the installation of unauthorized dialers that change the
setup of Internet users, redirect links on a payment;
5. Proxy server, which is software that usually filter the data exchange between a client and a server (such as access to a Web page through
a browser). In addition to blocking the passage of information (for example by blocking specific web pages), as defined by the policies
usually defined by the system, the proxy may limit the bandwidth used by clients or ensure a greater level of privacy masking the real IP
address of the client, so that the server is not aware of who has made a specific request (this makes surfing the "anonymous");
6. Partitioning of the local network, this method divides the network into isolated segments to increase the level of security. In particular, a
typical application involves the construction of a so-called "demilitarized zone" (DMZ Demilitarized Zone), which is a subnet that allows only
connections to the outside in order to avoid compromising the security of the internal corporate network, in case of attack. Usually in the
DMZ are, in fact, ranked servers open to the public Internet (for example, mail servers, Web servers, DNS servers, etc..) That level is
separated from the internal network;
7. Authenticate users, there are several protocols that companies can use to verify the identity of users who connect to their corporate
network or your system. The most widely used remote authentication is the RADIUS protocol (Remote Access Dial-In User Service).
8. Antivirus on the client, which is software that can identify and remove the virus only in the client on which they are installed. To be really
effective, will need to be updated and run the functions of real-time scanning;
9. Personal firewall software is installed on the client can monitor and block incoming data on the client itself, granting or denying access to
specific Web pages and applications, according to security rules set by user;
10. Anti-spyware on the client, as in the case of the virus, they differ from the corresponding software at the server, because they operate
solely on the clients that were installed.
22
The global network to transform the business
•The global network allows you to re-invent the business models for:
– building a flexible supply chain that responds dynamically to changes in demand
– integrate sales, production and logistics to respond to customer demand
– create intermediate players or players disintermediation
Fonte:
23
We move from a model in which the homologous functions of companies talk with each other (eg
design with design, logistics with logistics) to a model in which a function of a company is talking with
another function of another company (eg . logistics company with a production of another for JIT).
The customer is an active player in the model
The business process flow is no longer unidirectional, but implies feedback.
Firms Seeking Flexibility Will Use X Internet To Optimize End-To-End Processes
Cat and GE lead the companies that think in terms of end-to-end processes, not ju functional silos.
Such process-savvy firms with a risk-tolerant corporate DNA will use the X Internet to optimize
cross-functional process flows and extend them to trading partners. In particular:
• Regulated manufacturers will nip product quality issues in the bud. Medical device makers
learn too late about quality issues in their CT scanner or MRI machine and, when they do, they
struggle to implement a corrective action – as required by the FDA -- as they lack insight into the
root cause. But by feeding telemetry data collected from their medical devices into Agile Software’s
Product Service & Improvement app, firms like Hitachi Medical Corporation will not only be able to
predict and prevent quality issues but also proactively comply with the FDA by redesigning or
remanufacturing their products and avoid costly recalls.
• CPG suppliers will proceed with store-level replenishment. Wal-Mart envisions its suppliers
replenishing its individual outlets ju in time, based on RFID-enabled store-level inventory data. To
rapidly act on such store-level data, CPG suppliers like Unilever will roll out composite processes,
which synchronize supply-side response to RFID-enabled demand signals by integrating activities
like sales, logistics, and production.
• Resource-constrained users will outsource asset management. To cope with an aging work
force and the high costs of equipment downtime, industrial asset users will emulate IT asset users
by outsourcing maintenance to OEMs and suppliers. For ex., Texas Instruments (TI) outsourced to
Air Liquide full management of industrial gas distribution systems used in TI’s fabrication facilities.
23
Gas Station : A scenario of the future
Loop-back
Car
Manufacturer
Operational
Data
Services and goods
Identification
Wireless
Data
onboard
Communication
Payments
Next
Generation
Gas Station
24
An example scenario of the future.
We have a number of player: Car manufacturer, Gas station, Communication
Service Provider, Financial Services
The enabling technologies allow to identify, locate and communicate.
Data streams back to Car manufacturer
New business models are implementing (eg, the gas station sells connectivity
and voice)
24
Gas Station : A future scenario
•Identification at the service station and car
operation data collection
–Data transmission to car manufacturer
–Proposal for maintenance services
•Wireless Connectivity at gas station with
"general purpose" Services available:
–Internet connection
–Info weather conditions and traffic
–Games and lotteries
–Download rings/songs/video/MP3
–…..
25
25
•Payment for services by mobile phone
–Payment for fuel
–Services Payment
•Loyalty Campaign points
•Mobile Access and Voip
–The customer can call using the WiFi network of
service station. In transparent mode WiFi network is
ROAMING from the service station to the GSM network.
•Automatic management of data collected at the Gas
Station and forwarding at a higher level (eg, fuel
supply, pricing policies, Business Data, etc)
26
26
Structure
Introduction
and Trends
Mobile & Wireless
RFID
Integration and
Service Oriented
Architectures
Governance &
Evolutions
27
27
The new technological trends–
Mobile & Wireless
• It is connected to the Mobile &
Wireless technologies, including
those related to:
– Cellular networks (GSM, GPRS, UMTS,
etc..)
– Networking Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMax, ....
– Positioning Systems
• Differ in extent of coverage and
communication speed
28
It is characterized by technology able to establish a "stable" connection and a
reliable way to transfer information (including voice)
28
Areas of use of wireless technology
The radius of coverage is a fundamental dimension
Personal Operating Space
WAN
WAN-MAN
PAN
regional
MAN
MAN-LAN
LAN-PAN
metropolitan
area
•
•
Pico-Cell
Different technologies respond effectively
to the different requirements (distance,
campus-based
mobility, channel characteristics, ...):
It requires a transparent interaction
between the different~50km
network
segments
~2km
in-house
using disparate solutions and technologies
0km
~10m
Roaming
29
Roaming, ability to switch in a transparent manner from one technology to
another
Dual mode devices WLAN(WiFi) + WAN(GSM)
Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) technology provides access to GSM and
GPRS mobile services over unlicensed spectrum technologies, including
Bluetooth and 802.11. By deploying UMA technology, service providers can
enable subscribers to roam and handover between cellular networks and public
and private unlicensed wireless networks using dual-mode mobile handsets. With
UMA, subscribers receive a consistent user experience for their mobile voice and
data services as they transition between networks.
UMA requires:
Dual Mode handset (ex. Nokia 6136)
UMA infrastructure deployed
Connection to GSM infrastructure
UMA enables:
Transparent ROAMING from WiFi to GSM
Transparent HANDOVER from GSM to WiFi
29
802.xx Committee e OSI stack
• IEEE Project 802 LAN/MAN
Standards Committee
OSI Reference
Model
HTTP
Application
Presentation
– Develops standards for LAN and MAN
– Founded in March 1980
Session
• IP Routes packets :
TCP
Transport
IP
Network
Data Link
4x1038
– IPv6 –128 bit address – IPv4 – 32 bit address 4x109
IEEE
802
Physical
Media
• TCP Splits and reorders packets
30
IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE 802 refers to a family of IEEE standards dealing with local area networks
and metropolitan area networks.
The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model is an abstract
description for layered communications and computer network protocol design
Since Feb 2008 have been enabled the first DNS IPv6 to enable the 'internet of
things’
Ipv6: xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx
IPv4: xx:xx:xx:xx
X = hex digit (0-F) 4bits
LAN Local Area Network
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
30
802.xx Working Groups
802.1 Bridging and
Architecture – generally
the top of the link layer
802.3 CSMA/CD – Carrier
sense multiple
access/collision detect –
wired Ethernet
802.11 WLAN – wireless
LAN
802.15 WPAN – wireless
personal area network
802.16 BWA – broadband
wireless access
802.17 ResPackRing –
resilient packet ring
802.18 Radio Regulatory
TAG
802.19 Coexistance TAG
802.20 MBWA – mobile
broadband wireless
access
802.21 Media Independent
Handoff
802.22 WRAN - wireless
regional area networks
name
description
IEEE 802.1
Bridging and Network Management
IEEE 802.2
Logical link control
IEEE 802.3
Ethernet
IEEE 802.4
Token bus
IEEE 802.5
Defines the MAC layer for a Token Ring
IEEE 802.6
Metropolitan Area Networks
IEEE 802.7
Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable
IEEE 802.8
Fiber Optic TAG disbanded
IEEE 802.9
Integrated Services LAN
No details
for exam
31
note
inactive
disbanded
IEEE 802.10 Interoperable LAN Security
inactive
disbanded
disbanded
disbanded
disbanded
IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n
Wireless LAN & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification)
IEEE 802.12 demand priority
disbanded
IEEE 802.13 Not used (officially)
IEEE 802.14 Cable modems
disbanded
IEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN
IEEE 802.15.1
Bluetooth certification
IEEE 802.15.4
ZigBee certification
IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX certification)
IEEE 802.16e
(Mobile) Broadband Wireless Access
IEEE 802.16.1
Local Multipoint Distribution Service
IEEE 802.17
Resilient packet ring
IEEE 802.18
Radio Regulatory TAG
IEEE 802.19
Coexistence TAG
IEEE 802.20
Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
IEEE 802.21
Media Independent Handoff
IEEE 802.22
Wireless Regional Area Network
IEEE 802.23
Broadband ISDN system
experimental
31
No details
Wireless and mobile Technologies
for exam
2G
2G -- 2,5G
2,5G -- 2,75G
2,75G –– 3G
3G
TACS
TACS
Analog
Analog
WMAN
WMAN
WLAN
WLAN
WPAN
WPAN
WCDMA
WCDMA
GSM
GSM
384kbps - 2 Mbps
EDGE
EDGE
384 kbps
CDMA
CDMA2000
2000
1xRTT
1xRTT
3.1 Mbps
144 kbps
11 Mbps
At 2,4 GHz
Bluetooth
Bluetooth
1.1
1.1
802.15.1
802.15.1
802.11g
802.11g
802.20
802.20
802.16-2004
802.16-2004
(802.16REVd)
(802.16REVd)
2-155 Mbps
At 10-60GHz
54 Mbps
At 2,4 GHz
721 kbps
WRAN
WRAN
802.22
802.22
802.16e
802.16e
18 Mbps
2-4 Mbps
2-75 Mbps
802.11n
802.11n
WiFi5
WiFi5
802.11a
802.11a
2-75 Mbps
MobileFi
MobileFi
2.4 Mbps
WiMAX
WiMAX
802.16-2001
802.16-2001
WiFi
WiFi
1xEV-DV
1xEV-DV
1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO
WLL
WLL
802.11b
802.11b
HSPDA
HSPDA
(UMTSR5)
(UMTSR5) 8-10 Mbps
(UMTS)
(UMTS)
GPRS
GPRS
115 kbps
AMPS
AMPS
Analog
Analog
3,5G
3,5G –– B3G
B3G –– 4G
4G
Increasing Range and Mobility WAN
WAN
1G
1G
100+ Mbps
54 Mbps
At 5GHz
Bluetooth
Bluetooth
1.2
1.2
Bluetooth
Bluetooth 2.0
2.0
EDR
EDR
1 Mbps
Zigbee
Zigbee
802.15.4
802.15.4 250 Kbps
2,1 Mbps
Zigbee
Zigbee ++
1 Mbps
UWB
UWB
802.15.3a
802.15.3a
2005
2005
NG
NG UWB
UWB
100 Mbps+
2007
2007
480 Mbps
2009+
2009+
32
The more the radius of coverage increases, the more increase infrastructure costs and license fees (the bands are
a public asset given by government in concession), and increases reliability.
ISM bands are not subject to licensing (not always true)
The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands were originally reserved internationally for the use of
RF electromagnetic fields for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than communications. In general,
communications equipment must accept any interference generated by ISM equipment
The ISM bands defined by the ITU-R are (bands in italics are subject to local acceptance):
6.765–6.795 MHz (centre frequency 6.780 MHz)
433.05–434.79 MHz (centre frequency 433.92 MHz) in Region 1
902–928 MHz (centre frequency 915 MHz) in Region 2
2.400–2.500 GHz (centre frequency 2.450 GHz)
5.725–5.875 GHz (centre frequency 5.800 GHz)
24–24.25 GHz (centre frequency 24.125 GHz)
61–61.5 GHz (centre frequency 61.25 GHz)
122–123 GHz (centre frequency 122.5 GHz)
244–246 GHz (centre frequency 245 GHz)
32
No details
for exam
ISM Bands
•
•
•
ISM bands are not subject to
licensing (not always true)
The industrial, scientific and
medical (ISM) radio bands were
originally reserved internationally
for the use of RF electromagnetic
fields for industrial, scientific and
medical purposes other than
communications
In general, communications
equipment must accept any
interference generated by ISM
equipment
From
To
Band
Centre Freq.
6.765
6.795
MHz
6.780 MHz
13.553
13.567
MHz
13.560 MHz
26.957
27.283
MHz
27.120 MHz
40.66
40.70
MHz
40.68 MHz
902
928
MHz
915 MHz
2.400
2.500
GHz
2.450 GHz
5.725
5.875
GHz
5.800 GHz
24
24.25
GHz
24.125 GHz
61
61.5
GHz
61.25 GHz
122
123
GHz
122.5 GHz
244
246
GHz
245 GHz
33
33
Mobile technology
Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM)
• In the early 1980s, many countries in Europe witnessed a rapid
expansion of analog cellular telephone systems. However, each
country developed its own system, and interoperability across
borders became a limiting factor.
• In 1982, the Conference of European Post and Telecommunications
(CEPT), an association of telephone and telegraph operators in
Europe, established a working group to develop a new public land
mobile system to span the continent. Because their working
language was French, the group was called the Groupe Speciale
Mobile (GSM).
GSM nowadays refers to Global System for Mobile Communications
• The GSM group proposed the following criteria for the new mobile
wireless system:
–
–
–
–
–
good speech quality
low cost for terminals and service
international roaming
handheld terminals
support for introduction of new services
34
1 GSM channel 14.4 Kbps frequency 800Mhz bandwidth 200Khz
34
Mobile Technology
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
• The General Packet Radio System (GPRS) provides packet radio
access for mobile Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
and Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
In addition to providing new services for today's mobile user, GPRS
is important as a migration step toward third-generation (3G)
networks.
GPRS allows network operators to implement an IP-based core
architecture for data applications, which will continue to be used and
expanded for 3G services for integrated voice and data applications.
The GPRS specifications are written by the European
Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI).
• The GPRS provides the following benefits:
– Overlays on the existing GSM network to provide high-speed data
service
– Always on, reducing the time spent setting up and taking down
connections
– Designed to support applications such as e-mail, telemetry, broadcast
services, and web browsing
35
GPRS uses up to 8 channels GSM (based on availability of the cell) 30Kbps
EDGE up to 200 kbps with a new type of phase modulation
Paid traffic not connection time
35
Mobile Technology
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
• The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a third
generation (3G) mobile communications system that provides a
range of broadband services to the world of wireless and mobile
communications. The UMTS delivers low-cost, mobile
communications at data rates of up to 2 Mbps.
It preserves the global roaming capability of second generation
GSM/GPRS networks and provides new enhanced capabilities. The
UMTS is designed to deliver pictures, graphics, video
communications, and other multimedia information, as well as voice
and data, to mobile wireless subscribers.
• The UMTS takes a phased approach toward an all-IP network by
extending second generation (2G) GSM/GPRS networks and using
Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) technology.
Handover capability between the UMTS and GSM is supported. The
GPRS is the convergence point between the 2G technologies and
the packet-switched domain of the 3G UMTS.
36
Full IP technology
Transmission on broadband channels with a bandwidth of 5MHz at 2Ghz
frequency
36
Wireless technologies
GPRS EDGE
UMTS
HSDPA
Mobility
GSM
UWB
37
WPAN – Wireless Personal Area Network
WMAN – Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
WWAN – Wirelss Wide Area Network
37
No details
for exam
• 802.15.3 – UWB Ultra Wide Band
– Low energy emissions over a wide bandwidth
(>500Mhz, 3Ghz<f<10Ghz)
– Short range (PAN)
– Unlicensed use under limitations
– Military derivation
– Also used for localization and data collection
38
Ultra-wideband (UWB, ultra-wide band, ultraband, etc.) is a radio technology. It can be used at very low
energy levels for short-range high-bandwidth communications by using a large portion of the radio spectrum. This
method is using pulse coded information with sharp carrier pulses at a bunch of center frequencies in logical
connex. UWB has traditional applications in non cooperative radar imaging. Most recent applications target sensor
data collection, precision locating and tracking applications
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a technology for transmitting information spread over a large bandwidth (>500 MHz)
that should, in theory and under the right circumstances, be able to share spectrum with other users. Regulatory
settings of FCC are intended to provide an efficient use of scarce radio bandwidth while enabling both high data
rate personal-area network (PAN) wireless connectivity and longer-range, low data rate applications as well as
radar and imaging systems.
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) may be used to refer to any radio technology having bandwidth exceeding the lesser of
500 MHz or 20% of the arithmetic center frequency, according to Federal Communications Commission (FCC). A
February 14, 2002 Report and Order by the FCC [1] authorizes the unlicensed use of UWB in 3.1–10.6 GHz. The
FCC power spectral density emission limit for UWB emitters operating in the UWB band is -41.3 dBm/MHz. This is
the same limit that applies to unintentional emitters in the UWB band, the so called Part 15 limit. However, the
emission limit for UWB emitters can be significantly lower (as low as -75 dBm/MHz) in other segments of the
spectrum.
Broad sets of applicability
The increasing popularity of wearable, hand-held computing, communicating devices, and the proliferation of
peripheral devices for them, has made clear that there will be broad based demand for these types of devices and
connectivity between them.
Wireless connectivity between these devices will make them easier to use, and more useful. Since the next wave
of these devices will need to support multimedia and large file applications, the next wave of wireless connectivity
will require data rates faster than is currently available.
Examples of these applications include providing high bandwidth between portable devices and high bandwidth
home portals such as cable or DSL modems for video devices, collaborative maintenance with still imaging
capabilities, mobile worker with large file transfer needs. Examples of devices, which can be networked, include
computers, PDA/HPCs, printers, set top boxes, information kiosks, image displays, virtual reality games, robotic
toys and camcorders.
The wireless capability will provide better user experiences, functionality, efficiency, productivity and, in some
cases, safety of highly mobile workers using computing and communicating systems.
The goal of this standard is to have a backward compatibility path to the P802.15.1 Task Group will increase the
market penetration for both WPAN standards.
38
No details
for exam
• 802.11 – Wireless – WiFi
– Short range (PAN/LAN)
– Low cost
– Unlicensed (2,5 Ghz) ONLY in private estate
– Broad throughput
39
Several protocols since 802.11b 802.11g 802.11x improved speed and security
39
No details
for exam
• 802.16 – WiMax Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access
– Wide range (MAN)
– Licensed use
– An alternative to “wired last mile”
– Up to 3Mbit/Sec
40
the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a
telecommunications technology aimed at providing wireless data over long
distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type
access. It is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which is also called
WirelessMAN. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which
was formed in June 2001 to promote conformance and interoperability of the
standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology
enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to
cable and DSL" (and also to HSPA).
WiMAX,
.
40
No details
for exam
• 802.20 – Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
(MBWA)
– Not operational
– Licensed use (3.5Ghz)
– Full mobile (up to 250Km/h)
– Fully IP
– Low cost, always on
41
IEEE 802.20 or Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) Working Group,
the establishment of which was approved by IEEE Standards Board on
December 11, 2002, aims to prepare a formal specification for a packet-based air
interface designed for IP-based services.
It is hoped that such an interface will allow the creation of low-cost, always-on,
and truly mobile broadband wireless networks, nicknamed as Mobile-Fi. The draft
standard's proposed benefits:
IP roaming & handoff (at more than 1 Mbit/s)
New MAC and PHY with IP and adaptive antennas
Optimized for full mobility up to vehicular speeds of 250 km/h
Operates in Licensed Bands (below 3.5 GHz)
Utilizes Packet Architecture
Low Latency
41
No details
for exam
• 802.22 – Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
(MBWA)
– Not operational
– Utilizes unused TV frequencies in adaptive way
– Implement “cognitive radio” paradigm
42
WRAN IEEE 802.22 is a new working group of IEEE 802 LAN/MAN standards
committee which aims at constructing Wireless Regional Area Network utilizing
white spaces (channels that are not already used) in the allocated TV frequency
spectrum. The use of the spectrum will be used in an opportunistic way in order
not interfere with any TV channel that is transmitting. Cognitive radio is a
paradigm for wireless communication in which either a network or a wireless
node changes its transmission or reception parameters to communicate
efficiently avoiding interference with licensed or unlicensed users. This alteration
of parameters is based on the active monitoring of several factors in the external
and internal radio environment, such as radio frequency spectrum, user
behaviour and network state
42
No details
for exam
• 802.15.1 – Bluetooth
– Short range (PAN/LAN)
– Low cost, low energy
– Voice and data transmission
– Heterogeneous devices (Phones, PC, Cameras,
Cars, Home Appliances, …)
– Unlicensed (2,5 Ghz)
43
The name is inspired by Harald Blåtand, Aroldo The King of Denmark, skilled
diplomat who joined the Scandinavian introducing Christianity to the region and
known by the nickname of Blue Tooth as delicious cranberry. The inventors of
the technology must have felt it was a suitable name for a protocol capable of
communicating devices.
43
No details
for exam
Wireless technologies- Zigbee
ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 - General Characteristics
• Dual PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz)
• Data rates of 250 kbps (@2.4 GHz), 40 kbps (@ 915
MHz), and 20 kbps (@868 MHz)
• Optimized for low duty-cycle applications (<0.1%)
• Low power (battery life multi-month to years)
• Multiple network topologies: star, peer-to-peer, mesh
• Addressing space of up to:
– 18,450,000,000,000,000,000 devices (64 bit IEEE address)
– 65,535 networks
• Range: 50m typical (5-500m)
44
There are two physical device types for the lowest system cost
To allow vendors to supply the lowest possible cost devices the IEEE standard
defines two types of devices: full function devices and reduced function devices
Full function device (FFD)
•Can function in any topology
•Capable of being the Network coordinator
•Capable of being a coordinator
•Can talk to any other device
Reduced function device (RFD)
•Limited to star topology
•Cannot become a network coordinator
•Talks only to a network coordinator
•Very simple implementation
An IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee network requires at least one full function device as a
network coordinator, but endpoint devices may be reduced functionality devices
to reduce system cost.
44
No details
for exam
• Low power consumption, simply implemented
• Users expect batteries to last many months to
years
• Power consumption simulation for a future home
with 100 wireless control/sensor devices,
– Case 1: 802.11 Rx power is 667 mW (always on) @
100 devices/home & 50,000 homes/city = 3.33
megawatts
– Case 2: 802.15.4 Rx power is 30 mW (always on) @
100 devices/home & 50,000 homes/city = 150
kilowatts
– Case 3: 802.15.4 power cycled at .1% (typical duty
cycle) = 150 watts
45
45
Implementation example:
3 operational modes:
ZigBee coordinator
ZigBee Router
ZigBee End Device
46
coordinator (ZC): The most capable device, the coordinator forms the root of
the network tree and might bridge to other networks. There is exactly one ZigBee
coordinator in each network since it is the device that started the network
originally. It is able to store information about the network, including acting as the
Trust Centre & repository for security keys.
ZigBee
ZigBee Router (ZR): As well as running an application function a router can act
as an intermediate router, passing data from other devices.
ZigBee End Device (ZED): Contains just enough functionality to talk to the parent
node (either the coordinator or a router); it cannot relay data from other devices.
This relationship allows the node to be asleep a significant amount of the time
thereby giving long battery life. A ZED requires the least amount of memory, and
therefore can be less expensive to manufacture than a ZR or ZC
46
Extended Architecture
Via a gateway the ZigBee network,
connects to an IP network
(es. Internet)
47
47
No details
for exam
48
Bluetooth is a wireless protocol utilizing short-range communications technology facilitating
both voice and data transmissions over short distances from fixed and/or mobile devices,
creating wireless personal area networks (PANs). The intent behind the development of
Bluetooth was the creation of a single digital wireless protocol, capable of connecting multiple
devices and overcoming issues arising from synchronization of these devices. Bluetooth
provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones,
Telephones, laptops, personal computers, printers, GPS receivers, digital cameras, and video
game consoles over a secure, globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) 2.4
GHz short-range radio frequency bandwidth
ZigBee is the name of a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using
small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal
area networks (WPANs), such as wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via shortrange radio. The technology is intended to be simpler and cheaper than other WPANs, such as
Bluetooth. ZigBee is targeted at radio-frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate,
long battery life, and secure networking.
ZigBee devices are required to conform to the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 Low-Rate Wireless
Personal Area Network (WPAN) standard. The standard specifies the lower protocol layers—
the physical layer (PHY), and the medium access control (MAC) portion of the data link layer
(DLL). This standard specifies operation in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz and 868 MHz
ISM bands. In the 2.4 GHz band there are 16 ZigBee channels, with each channel requiring
5 MHz of bandwidth
WI-FI IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN) computer
communication, developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802) in the 5
GHz and 2.4 GHz public spectrum bands
48
No details
for exam
Wireless technolgies
Technology
Release Date
Standard
Network
Topology
First predecessor in
Frequency
KHz
1946.
First patent associated
w ith the name RFID in
MHz
1983
Range
Transmission
Maximum Perm
Rate
Power
Few cm (Passiv e
Passports
tags)
Few m (Activ e
Transport pay ments
tags)
GHz
No global
RFID
public body
-3 dBm/0,5mW
P2P
Use cases
4kBps
Product tracking
Automotiv e
Animal identification
Inv entory sy stems
Library books
Replacing barcodes
Telemetry
1997
1999
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11a
P2P
2,4 GHz ISM
band
Star/Piconet
5 GHz ISM
(<8 slav es)
band (USA)
Mesh
1999
IEEE 802.11b
WiFi
(backbone)
IEEE 802.11g
Patient Identification
23dBm/200mW
ID cards
1.2 MBps
WLAN
6 - 54 MBps
Wireless Ethernet bridge
Few tens of m,
2,4 GHz ISM
indoors
band
Few hundreds of
5.5 – 11 MBps
20dBm/100mW
m outdoors;
2003
20dBm/100mW
2,4 GHz ISM
6 - 54 MBps
band
Few hundreds of
2009
IEEE 802.11n
2,4 GHz ISM
m indoors
band, 5,4 Ghz
Hundreds of m
7.2 - 150 MBps
outdoors
49
49
No details
for exam
Technology
Release Date
2001
WiMAX
2004
Standard
IEEE 802.16
based
Network
Topology
Frequency
Range
10-66 GHz
Few tens of km
Star/Piconet
Mesh
802.16a/d
(backbone)
Maximum Perm
Rate
Power
4.375 MBps
P2P
IEEE
Transmission
(uplink),
Peaks up to 3W in
18 MBps
indoor equipments
(dow nlink)
2-11 GHz
P2P
Few m (Class 2)
Tens of m (Class
Star/Piconet
3)
Bluetooth
but it depends on
frequency and range
Class 1
375 kBps
(Version 2.0 +
20dBm/100mW
EDR)
3 MBps
(Version 3.0 +
2002
IEEE 802.15.1
2,4 GHz ISM
band
Class 2
Use cases
Broadband Access
Alternativ e to cable or DSL
Mobile applications
Wireless Personal Area Netw orks
(WPAN)
Communication betw een a cell phone
and a hands free headset or car kit
Communications w ith PC input and
output dev ices
HS)
4 dBm/2.5 mW
Wireless controls of dev ices
Class 3
0 dBm/1 mW
(Classic BT,
High-Speed BT
and Low Energy BT)
Low -Energy BT
-6 dBm/.25 mW
50
50
No details
for exam
Technology
Release Date
Standard
Network
Topology
Frequency
Range
Transmission
Maximum Perm
Rate
Power
20dBm/100mW
Use cases
(WPAN)
26dBm/400mW
UWB
2002
(old rules: -21.25
IEEE
3,1-10,6 GHz
802.15.3a
Some m
60 MBps
dBm)
Wireless monitors
Transfer of data from digital camcorders
Wireless printing of digital pictures from a
camera w ithout needing a PC
Transfer of files among cell phone
handsets and other handheld dev ices
P2P
ZigBee
2003
IEEE 802.15.4 Star/Piconet
Mesh
2,4 GHz ISM
band
(WPAN)
915 MHz ISM
band (USA)
Tens of m
31.75 kBps
Home automation
0 dBm/1 mW
868 MHz ISM
Monitoring and control
band (Europe)
Electronic key s
ECMA-340
NFC
2003
ISO/IEC
18092
Electronic money
P2P
13,56 MHz
Few tens of cm
53 kBps
-
Electronic tickets
Trav el cards
Identity documents
Mobile commerce
51
51
No details
for exam
Technology
Release Date
Standard
Network
Topology
Frequency
Range
Few meters
IrDA, IrOBEX
1996
Infrared Data
Association
P2P
Transmission
Maximum Perm
Rate
Power
9kBps (IrDA
Use cases
Control)
(WPAN)
It requires line of
14 kBps (IrDA-
IrDA interface adapter (USB, RS-232,
sight.
SIR)
Infrared light
500 kBps (IrDA-
etc)
-
FIR)
IrOBEX prov ides the ex change of
arbitrary data objects (e.g. v Card,
v Calendar or ev en applications)
betw een infrared dev ices
128 MBps
(IrDA-Giga-IR)
P2P
Z-Wave
2004 (?)
Z-Wav e
Alliance Std
0 dBm/1 mW (USA)
Star/Piconet
Few tens of m (in-
(< 233
doors)
slav es)
Mesh
868 MHz ISM
band (Europe)
Home entertainment control
Energy conserv ation
2.4 kBps
Tens of m
14 dBm/25 mW
(Europe)
(outdoors)
Home control
Remote home management
Safety and security
P2P
Star/Piconet
ONE-NET
2006
Open SourceBSD Licence
(< 4096
dev ices)
Mesh
433 MHz ISM
Tens of m
band
(indoors)
Home automation
868 MHz ISM Few hundreds of
band (Europe)
915 MHz ISM
m (outdoors)
4.8 – 28.75
Monitoring and control
kBps
band (USA)
2.4 GHz ISM
band
Equipment and process monitoring
Env ironmental monitoring, energy
IEEE 802.15.4WirelessHART
2007
2006
compliant
Mesh
2.4 GHz ISM
band
management, regulatory compliance
Asset management, predictiv e
maintenance, adv anced diagnostics
Closed-loop control
52
52
Geo-localization algorithms
• Localizes assets, equipments and operators
• Controls safe working area for moving devices
or operator presence
• Allows monitoring of process and inventory
control
• Uses space positioning information to avoid
collisions
• Uses cyclical absolute position information to
reset relative positioning accumulating errors
53
53
Positioning systems
Radio Positioning
• Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).
• GNSS is the most extended technology for
outdoor positioning. The three main systems are
– Global Positioning System (GPS),
– GALILEO
– GLONASS.
• GPS is the most widely used.
54
U.S. NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS)
The basic features of GPS are:
•
Signal: (1) carrier frequency: L-band (1GHz-2GHz) (2) Bandwidth: 2/20MHz (3) ranging code:
pseudo-random noise (PRN) codes, including C/A and P(Y) code
•
Positioning method: Doppler, hyperbolic, or trilateration. Each user needs four or more satellites in
view in order to determine his/her position
•
Accuracy: the current standard positioning service (SPS) performance specifications [SPS 2001] :
Horizontal 13 m, vertical 22 m (95% root mean square error). Differential GPS allows to obtain an accuracy of 10 meters
or better. For specialized applications like surveying, technology has been developed allowing accurate measurements at
centimeter level
Russian GLONASS
European GALILEO operational 2014
54
Positioning systems
Dedicated Terrestrial Systems
• LORAN - Long-range navigation
Aircraft navigation and positioning systems:
• ADF - Automatic direction finder
• VOR - VHF omnidirectional range
•
LORAN (Long-range navigation)
o
Signal: uses VHF radio to transmit their carriers over coastal regions.
o
Ranging method: uses carrier phase to determine position
55
o
Accuracy: worse than GPS by about an order of magnitude (i.e., 10s to 100s of meters) but adequate
for many marine and some land uses
o
ADF (Automatic direction finder) allows a pilot to know the bearings of dedicated HF navigational
beacons so that from several bearings a position can be plotted on a map. A simple loop antenna can be tuned to find
the direction of each signal to which the receiver is set.
o
VOR: VHF omnidirectional range: The beacon transmits an Omnidirectional reference signal and a
second transmission from a rotating highly directional antenna, the phase of which is electronically varied according to
the absolute direction. The receiver can calculate its heading from the phase difference it is experiencing, which will
change as the flight continues unless heading directly in line with the beacon.
55
Positioning systems
Cellular positioning
• Positioning techniques based on signals and radios in
cellular wireless communications systems include:
– Network based techniques: utilize the service provider’s network
infrastructure to identify the location of the handset. Can be
implemented non-intrusively, without affecting the handsets.
– Handset based techniques: determine the location of a handset
by using the information of cell identification, signal strengths of
the home and neighboring cells.
– Hybrid positioning techniques: use a combination of networkbased and handset-based technologies for location
determination. One example would be Assisted GPS, which
uses both GPS and network information to compute the location.
56
Positioning techniques:
Cell ID/ enhanced Cell ID: location is determined based on the Cell ID. The accuracy depends on the known range of the
particular network base station serving the handset at the time of positioning. The accuracy of this method can be as
good as a few hundred meters in urban areas, but as poor as 35km in suburban areas and rural zones. Enhanced cell ID
further uses Timing Advance (TA) and Network Management Records to fine-tune the measurement.
TA based technology (which further includes: TA, enhanced observed time difference (E-TOD), time of arrival (TOA),
uplink time difference of arrival (U-TDOA)). These methods compare the arrival time of signals from base stations to
mobiles. A typical system would at best be giving positional accuracies of around 50 m.
Assisted-GPS - A largely GPS-based technology, which uses an operator-maintained ground station to correct for GPS
errors caused by the atmosphere/topography. Assisted-GPS positioning technology typically falls back to cell-based
positioning methods when indoors or in an urban canyon environment.
AOA (Angle of arrival): AOA mechanism locates the mobile phone at the point where the lines along the angles from
each base station intersect. In the first cellular systems, simple sector antennae were used
56
Positioning systems
WiFi positioning:
• Operational advantages
–
–
–
–
Little infrastructure requirements
Quick configuration of the network
Scalability
Deployment of local area networks (LANs) without
wires
– Low cost and rapid deployment and adoption of
technology. The WiFi working band (2.4 GHz) is a
free band. As of 2010 manufacturers are building
wireless network adapters into most laptops.
– Interoperability
57
57
Positioning systems
WiFi positioning:
• Operational disadvantages
– Interference and erroneous measurements
– Distortions of received power due to e.g.
static walls / beams/..., mobile (tables,
computers) and people.
– Spectrum assignments and operational
limitations do not operate consistently
worldwide
58
Greater attenuation occurs in open space, causing the multipath phenomenon, whereby the interference of a signal and
its echoes distort the distance-power relationship.
58
Positioning systems
WiFI Positioning technologies
• Simple proximity: the most basic approach to
positioning (similar to the Cell ID approach).
• Fingerprinting and statistics (in more advanced
systems, which prompt the commercial products
of WiFi locations)
• Measurement of signal angles. This approach is
gaining momentum since the advent of multiple
input - multiple output (MIMO) technology.
59
59
Positioning systems
Ultrawideband Positioning
Positioning technology:
• Short-pulse waveforms permit an accurate
determination of the precise TOA.
• UWB location exploits the characteristics of time
synchronization of UWB communications to
achieve very high indoor location accuracy (20
cm). So it is suitable for high-precision 2D and
3D location.
• TDOA and AOA could also feasible to be used in
UWB positioning.
60
60
Positioning systems
No details
for exam
Low-Range Radio Systems (Bluetooth and
ZigBee)
Basic properties:
• Range: less than 100 m, typically 3-10 m
• Carrier frequency: 2.4 GHz.
• Standard: IEEE 802.15, WPAN networks
• Advantage: standard module/specification to
connect to Internet for single node. low power,
power saving functions
• The very low ranges (3-10 m is typical) result in
quite accurate positioning by simple proximity
61
One of the earliest uses of Bluetooth positioning and tracking technology is the Aalborg Zoo, the largest zoological
garden in Denmark. Special ”Bluetags” were made available to prevent parents from losing their children. A parent could
attach a ”Bluetag” onto a child, and Bluetooth receivers around the zoo would track the child’s movement.
61
Positioning systems
Nonradio Positioning
• Infrared
• Sonic and Ultrasonic Positioning
RFID – Presence & tracking
62
62
Positiong Methods
Method
TOA
TDOA
AOA
RSS
Summary and characteristics
Strength and w eakness
One-w ay ranging requires perfect
Uses distance information betw een synchronization, w hile tw o-w ay ranging does
beacons and receiver
not.
Needs highly precise synchronization betw een
Difference betw een TOAs in
beacons, w hile not precise synchronization
several beacons are utilized.
betw een beacons and receiver.
Uses the angle information to
Requires new hardw are (antenna arrays),
construct the lines betw een
w hich means additional costs and larger node
beacons and receivers
sizes.
An accurate propagation model is needed for
Distance is estimated based on the reliable distance estimation. It is low cost due to
attenuation introduced by signal
most receivers being able to estimate RSS.
propagation.
Channel variation may yield large errors.
An accurate propagation model is needed for
Pattern
Fingerprint information of measured reliable distance estimation.It is low cost due to
matching radio signal at different
most receivers being able to estimate RSS.
geographical locations are utilized. Channel variation may yield large errors.
Usage and applicability
More common in GPS, cellular netw orks and tw ow ay ranging positioning systems.
More common in w ireless sensor netw orks
(WSN).
More appropriate for beacons rather than
receivers due to large size.
Since it has low -precision characteristic, typically
used in applications w hich require coarse
estimate.
Mostly used in w ireless local area netw orks w ith
RSS as the metric in the database. Also
considered for WSN in indoor positioning.
No details
for exam
63
63
Structure
Introduction
and Trends
Mobile & Wireless
RFID
Integration and
Service Oriented
Architectures
Governance &
Evolutions
64
While the Mobile and Wireless technologies are specially used to transmit data,
RFID is used to identify and locate.
The two types of technologies often have overlap areas.
64
Fonte:
65
Handicap
Firms with limited visibility into their assets and products have so far faced no
negative consequences. But that is bound to change, as firms face growing
(see also slide 12) X-Internet lets firms profit from ties to physical world
Growing pressure from regulators, customers, and competitors to build linkages
with the physical world will drive firms across industries to embrace the X
Internet: a set of technologies that connect firms’ information systems to physical
assets, products, and devices.
65
The new technological trends
RFID Technology
• Electro-Magnetic coupling
• The reader emits an electromagnetic field on which is coupled a transponder
• Fields in low frequency can pass through liquids and thus be suitable in some
types of industrial applications
• In high frequency fields are suitable for payment applications as they work well
at short range
• Fields in very high frequencies are used for logistics, sensing over long
distances and high speeds.
Frequency
66
Tends to replace the bar code and magnetic strip
Allows reading and writing
It does not require line of sight or touch, can perform operations in parallel
Poses serious problems of privacy. Since 2005, the Italian Privacy Authority has
opened a dossier on RFID and the use of collected data.
Band
Extreme UV 20 nm
Near UV 100nm
Visible
1 microm
UHF
Voice
WL
20Phz
3Phz
300Thz
1m
1000Km
f
300Mhz
1000Hz
66
RFID Technology
Chips
Antennas
Antenna
Memory
Sensors
modulation
CPU
Tags
67
Power supply is retained by a capacitor (in passive/semi passive RFID)
67
RFID Technology
Radio Frequency Identification
The RFID TAGs (smart tags, smart labels, transponders, e-tags ...) are basically
memories equipped with a transmitter-receiver device.
They are composed of 4 elements:
– Chip: a memory that contains the information related to the physical object on which is
applied
– Antenna: receives and transmits information, it collects energy from the electromagnetic
field
– Capacitor: It is loaded by the reader and then work as a battery
– Packaging: contains and protects the chip and antenna
Passive TAG : no battery (energy comes from the reader and converted by antenna)
- Low frequencies125Khz, 13.56 MHz (60% of the market), 868/956Mhz (UHF) Memory:
64kbit ROM, 1 Kbit EEPROM
- Range: <1.5 m
- Issues: limited range, no extra features
-Active TAG (semi-active): equipped with an internal power supply
-
Frequency: 433Mhz, 868/956Mhz (UHF), 2.45/5.8 Ghz
Memory: EEPROM 8 to 32 Kbit
Range: up to 100, 150m
Issues: size, consumption, costs
Fonte Innovation Center
68
There is no global entity body that governs the frequencies used for RFID. In
principle, every country can set its own rules for this. The main bodies governing
frequency allocation for RFID are:
USA: FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
Canada: CRTC (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications
Commission)
Europe: ERO, CEPT, ETSI, and national administrations (note that the national
administrations must ratify the usage of a specific frequency before it can be
used in that country)
EPC Gen2 Convergency protocol for RFID
Aims to regulate at international level RFID working at different frequencies,
including UHF
EPC Gen2 is short for EPCglobal UHF Class 1 Generation 2.
EPCglobal (a joint venture between GS1 and GS1 US) is working on
international standards for the use of mostly passive RFID and the EPC in the
identification of many items in the supply chain for companies worldwide.
One of the missions of EPCglobal was to simplify the Babel of protocols
prevalent in the RFID world in the 1990s. Two tag air interfaces (the protocol for
exchanging information between a tag and a reader) were defined (but not
ratified) by EPCglobal prior to 2003. These protocols, commonly known as Class
0 and Class 1, saw significant commercial implementation in 2002–2005.
68
No details
for exam
RFID Fequencies
• Since 2006 Italy allowed unlicensed UHF
frequencies
Less 1% duty cycle
69
69
Passive Technology (Principles)
Antenna in copper, aluminum, etc. ...
Frequencies ranging from 120-140Khz (LF)
13.56 MHz (HF), 868-948MHZ (UHF), 2.5
GHz (MW)
Distance read / write since a few cm to 10 Mt,
according to the different frequencies
Advanced anti-collision algorithm (detection of
multiple Tag)
Possibility of reading and writing data
Memory capacity of up to 32Kbit (std 1024bit)
Transmission speed depending on the
frequency (from 1 Kbit / sec to 48Kbit/sec)
Low cost of the tag (from € 0.25. to 2,00 €)
Small size of the tag with many shapes and
coatings adaptable to the needs
70
70
Active Technology (Principles)
Small antenna, multi-directional, frequency ranging
from 433 MHz, 868/900MHz and 5.8 GHz
Distance read / write up to 100 Mt
Transponder powered by long life battery (up to 6
years)
Advanced anti-collision algorithm (detection of more
contemporary Tag)
Possibility of reading and writing data
High transmission speed (up to 3Kbyte/sec)
High memory capacity: up to 32Kbyte
High cost of the tag (from € 15 to € 45)
Tag size greater than the Passive technology
71
71
How does a RFID System work ?
Tag
Antenna
Item have tags
associated with or
incorporated
The tags are
activated by a
reader and
transmit their ID
and / or their
information
The transmitter
antenna is
designed with 2
purposes:
1. transmit
energy to the
TAG,
2.receive the ID
transmitted by
the Tag.
The position of
antenna is
critical
Reader
Middleware
Application Server
Backend
Readers can
work with
typically 4-8
antennas to
optimize
coverage
Detect the
presence of the
RFID TAG.
Receive the ID
and send info to
the middleware
Middleware
monitors readers
and processes
collected
information
(buffering and
filtering).
Introduce the
associations
between products
and locations.
Aggregates
information.
SCE backend or
ERP. Receive
information and
perform
calculations
Ex. SCE:
- Inventory update
- Notifies shipment
- Triggers
procurement
72
SCE : Supply Chain Execution systems
72
RFID-NFC
• The protocol is based on a wireless interface. There are
always two parties to the communication; hence the
protocol is also known as peer-to-peer communication
protocol. The protocol establishes wireless network
connections between network appliances and consumer
electronics devices.
• The interfaces operate in the unregulated RF band of
13.56 MHz. This means that no restrictions are applied
and no licenses are required for the use of NFC devices
in this RF band.
• Operating distances of <20 cm.
• The communication is half-duplex. The devices
implement the “listen before talk” policy – any device
must first listen on the carrier and start transmitting a
signal only if no other device can be detected
transmitting.
73
Near Field Communication (NFC) is the second generation of proximity
contactless technology.
It is a short-range wireless communications system, supports peer-to-peer and
allows the consumer to access aggregated services at any time, anywhere with
any type of mobile device.
NFC and was developed by Philips together with Sony.
Technologically, the system is simple:
when they are placed close, two NFC (the Initiator and Target), their chips create
a peer-to-peer wireless using the inductive coupling and exchange their data in
half-mode duplex. The logic is the same even when instead of an NFC device
is a RFID smart tag or other similar object, passive. The systems provide for an
NFC communication in Active Mode, where each NFC 'node' generates its
radio field to transmit data, and a Passive Mode in which only one of two to
generate an RF field, just as happens when a reader 'activate' an RFID tag.
The radio operates in the unlicensed ISM band at 13.56 MHz and the radius of
the links should be from ten to twenty inches, with a maximum bandwidth of
424 Kbps.
The physical layer is defined largely by the standard ISO 18092 and 14443, and
supports Some protocols already exist for the systems' contactless' smart cardbased, such as Sony's FeliCa, which among other things derives from ISO
18092.
Other radio technologies such as WiFi or Bluetooth, can theoretically be
interoperable with systems NFC.
73
RFID-NFC
• In the Active mode communication both devices
generate their own RF field to carry the data.
• In the Passive mode communication only one
device generates the RF field while the other
device uses load modulation to transfer the data.
The protocol specifies that the Initiator is the
device responsible to generate the RF field.
• Three operational modes:
– Card Emulator
– Peer-to-peer
– Reader mode
74
74
No details
for exam
Memory Spot
Memory-Spot
RFId
Frequency
2.45 GHz
13.56MHz + ISM bands
Data Rate
10Mbps
10-100s kbps
Memory Size
Mbits+
Few kb max
Memory
r/w
Majority are read only
Range
Near contact
Antenna
Integral
Size
1.4mm x 1.4mm
Battery
None (inductive)
Embeddable Yes (paper, plastic … )
Close coupled < 1 cm
Remote coupled 1cm-5m
Generally external
~5cm x ~8cm
includes antenna
None in majority
Sandwiched between layers
The Memory Spot technology was developed by HP, and is a passive technology to 2.45 GHz,
characterized from having a tag of extremely small size, with a content of
memory of the hundreds of Kbytes, and data transfer rate of about 10 Mbps
75
These media are thought to contain high volumes of information, to access via a
query almost in contact. Thanks to extremely high transfer rate, you can even
upload multimedia information stored in the tag, and then make a video, for
example, for routine maintenance or use of an object (eg replacement of toner of
a printer).
75
No details
for exam
RFID Technologies summary
Power supply
Frequency Range
Functionality
LF (125,0 - 134,2 kHz)
HF (13,56 MHz)
Passive
UHF (865-868 MHz)
Increasing frequency, increasing the reading distance, the speed at
which you can move the object to be identified, the data transfer
rate, as well as gradually increasing the sensitivity to liquids and
metals
MW (2,45 GHz)
Memory Spot (2,45
GHz)
Proximity device, 10 Mbps, Mbit memory capacity, 1.4 x
1.4 mm
HF, UHF
The battery is used to power the sensors: Question and
answer data flows remain passive
UHF-MW
The battery is used to power the radio transmission too
Semipassive
MW
Attive
The use of high frequencies enables the location feature
Wireless Sensor
Network
The sensor is the main function, with the Mesh
communication architecture
Ultra Wide Band
The location is the main function, extreme robustness to
environmental noise, very large reading distances and
data transfer rate
Fonte: RFID Solution Center - Milano
76
76
Other Technologies
• Carbon nano-tube ink patterns with
specific electric properties
• Electric field reader can read the pattern
• Characteristic:
– Invisible
– Can be covered with color paint
– Identification (just like BarCode or RFID)
– Anti-contrafaction applications
77
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an allotrope of carbon.
They take the form of cylindrical carbon molecules and have novel properties that
make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications in nanotechnology,
electronics, optics and other fields of materials science.
They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are
efficient conductors of heat.
77
Embedded Devices
4 mm
Mechanical sensor
Electrical
trasductor
Temperature
Sensor
Signal conditioning
Acquisition ADC
Memory
CPU
Communication
Wireless
78
78
Embedded Devices
•Hardware
• CPU
• Memory
• Wireless Interface
• Sensors
•Software
• IPv6 Communication Stack
• JVM
•Operation
• Low consumption
• Duty Cycle < 1%
79
79
Embedded platforms and real-time
environments
• Real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating
system (OS) intended to support real-time systems
(RTS).
• One solution provided for many different architectures
and development tools
• Minimal ROM, RAM and processing overhead. Typically
a kernel binary image will be in the region of 4K to 9K
bytes, the core of the kernel is contained in only few files
• Free for use in commercial applications
• Supported many processor families: STM32 (Cortex
M3), STR7 (ARM7), STR9 (ARM9), ….
• Supported tools: IAR, GCC, Keil, Rowley CrossWork
80
80
No details
for exam
RTOS
Time
[ms]
Documentation
browsing
1000
Logging
Configuration
Statistical
analysis
100
Diagnostic
messaging
Clamping
devices
10
Drives
Axis interpolation
1
Hard real time
100%
Soft real time
0%..100%
Best Effort
0%
Typical Real Time requirement
Time Effort
[% of uccessful
coms in time]
81
81
No details
for exam
RTOS
Embedded
Platform RTOS
FreeRTOS
VxWorks
OSEK
BeRTOS
ChibiOS/RT
eCos
ERIKA Enterprise
FunkOS
Integrity
LynxOS
Nucleus RTOS
Characteristics (hardware platforms)
Support ST processor families
ARM, IA32, MIPS, PowerPC, SH-4, StrongARM, xScale
AVR, H8/300H, POSIX, NEC V850e, ARM7, Infineon C166, HCS12 or PowerPC
DSP56K, I196, IA32, ARM, AVR
x86, ARM7, ARM Cortex-M0, ARM Cortex-M3, PowerPC e200z, STM8, AVR, MSP430,
Coldfire, H8S
ARM, CalmRISC, FR-V, Hitachi H8, IA-32, Motorola 68000, Matsushita AM3x, MIPS, NEC
V8xx, Nios II, PowerPC, SPARC, and SuperH
ARM7, H8 (Hitachi), Nios2 (Altera), PIC24/dsPIC/PIC32, ST10 (STM)/C167 (Infineon), PPC
z7 Mamba, AVR, Tricore1, Mico32, S12XS, H8
AVR, MSP430, ARM Cortex-M3
ARM, XScale, Blackfin, Freescale ColdFire, MIPS, PowerPC, x86
Motorola 68010, x86/IA-32, ARM, Freescale PowerPC, PowerPC 970, LEON3
AMD Au1100, ARM, Atmel AT91 series, Atmel Nios II, Freescale iMX, Freescale MCF,
Freescale MPC, Marvell PXA series, MTI, NEC uPD6111x, Sharp LH7 series, ST, TI OMAP,
TI TMS320 series, Xilinx Microblaze
And many many others …
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82
Other Technologies
No details
for exam
Trends next 5 years (Gartner Group)
• Bluetooth 3.0 (convergency bluetooth,
WiFi, UWB)
• NFC
• HSPPA UMTS Next generation 4G …
• New User Interfaces
• Widget Push technology
• Wireless 802.11n >> 500Mb
• Localization
83
83
The potential benefits impacting
on all business areas ...
Da un punto di vista “schematico”, i potenziali costi e benefici collegati
all’applicazione della tecnologia RFID possono essere così rappresentati:
Maximize Company objectives
Business
Objectives
Benefits
From RFID
adoption
Increase
Increase
revenues
revenues
Operating
Operating Costs
Costs
Reduction
Reduction
Optimize
Optimize assets
assets
utilization
utilization
Improve
Improve security
security
And
And quality
quality
Increased
availability on the
shelf
Improved level of
service:
•Reduction times
of supply
•Automatic
replenishment
•Increased
collaboration
Customer loyalty
...
•Elimination of physical
manual count
•Increase efficiency
and accuracy of
operations for the
receipt / dispatch
•Faster warehouse
operations
•Improvement in the
visibility and traceability
of the stock
•Reduce obsolescence
phenomenon
•Reducing the
average level of
stocks
• Improve the
accuracy of
forecasts
• Better visibility
•Reduction of
warehouse space
Improving
productivity
through JIT
deliveries and
information
sharing…
•Reduce theft
•Reduce
Contrafaction
•Better
management of
any product
recalls and food
safety
•Increased
control over the
chain of disposal
•…
…
84
84
The current situation
• The perception of companies in Italy oscillates between
two antithetical positions:
– almost a miracle vision on the potential application of RFID
technology
– sometimes a deep skepticism of the reliability and the ability
through its use to create value in business processes
• RFID approach works very well in not-hostile
environments, highly standardized and controlled (eg
supermarkets, certain types of stores, way-in of sports
facilities, cars), conversely, in most applications it is
necessary a specific research, planning and
implementation.
• The costs could not be contained as expected.
Fonte : RFID alla prova dei fatti – 2007 – Osservatori Politecnico di Milano MIP
85
85
Actual Point (2008)
No details
for exam
Fonte : RFID alla prova dei fatti – 2008 – Osservatori Politecnico di Milano MIP
86
86
Mobile & Wireless Technologies
87
87
Examples of applications enabled –
Wireless - RFID
• Environments:
– Sales Force Support
– Support to field work or Field Force Automation
– Logistical support to the activities or Warehouse and
Stock Management
– Support for Asset Management
– Support for the management of fleets of vehicles
– Support Operations (Wireless Operations)
– Support the work of relationship with customers
– Mobile & Wireless Office
88
Support for the sales force or Sales Force Automation, and this category includes both applications that support the business of pure
selling, such as the acquisition of orders via mobile devices (cell phones, PDAs, portable PC) and applications for data collection for
operational marketing activities (merchandising) or support and monitoring of agents.
Support to field work or Field Force Automation, support employees who work in the field, carrying out technical assistance activities,
maintenance, etc.., Or more generally do not conduct activities related to the sale.
Support to logistics or Warehouse and Stock Management, belong to this category of the M & W (movement and warehouse)
applications that support the logistics of handling and storage of goods in major logistics platforms, in stores, in stores until the management
of small stock of goods or on shelves.
Support for the management of the Asset or Asset Management; fall into this category any application aimed at identifying and
monitoring (in a single word "management") of any asset, the capital goods used in an organization (equipment, machinery , assets, pallet,
etc..) in test tubes, blood bags, but also fresh food, medications (to control the cycle of life), bins for waste collection, clinical papers, books in
libraries, etc..
Support for the management of fleets of vehicles or Fleet
Management is aimed to a more effective and efficient management of vehicle fleets (cars, public transportation, logistics carriers, trucks,
vans, etc..) through the tracking of their location. May be based on different terminals (mobile phones, terminals, industrial, portable PCs,
etc.). Which typically include a GPS, though in some cases the location of the vehicle can be made directly through the cellular network by
the method of triangulation or through Wi -Fi. In the latter case, localization occurs only in the vicinity of certain areas through access point
suitably positioned.
Support to Operations or Wireless Operations; applications is typically based on Wi-Fi network, designed to support the monitoring of
progress (tracking) of working (through industrial terminals equipped with an optical reader) and to support the maintenance of machinery . In
some cases, the Wi-Fi can be replaced by RFId: in this case, readers may be placed in appropriate positions along the production line that
automatically collect, reading the tags placed on products and / or on pallets, a series data for the various stages of processing, such as the
progress of the production process, the outcome of tests, the information on successive stages of the manufacturing process.
Customer relationship, they are applications that allow to provide information and services to customers. The first category includes Self
Scanning applications, enabling GDO customers (hypermarkets, etc..) record independently products from the shelves, through the use of a
Wi-Fi terminal equipped with an optical reader at the entrance of the drawn point of sale, and applications based on RFID technology
typically applied to contactless cards or badges, which allow people to access services, such as the entitlement to entry, ticketing, payment,
etc.. Belong to the second category the applications used by many government organizations, in particular, to use SMS to better manage
relationships with their customers. These services of varying nature, ranging from the deployment of useful information or promotion to the
possibility of making reservations or payments.
Mobile & Wireless Office, these are applications that allow access through mobile terminals, for applications such as e-mail and, more
generally, to the corporate network wherever you are, with a clear benefit in terms of time and communication speed, as well as
convenience, since the user can access these applications when and where they want.
88
Examples of applications enabled –
Wireless - RFID
Environment
Technology
Inventory
RFID
Asset Tracking
RFID e Wi Fi
Logistics
Voice Picking & Wireless
Tracking
RFID
Other
RFID + Wireless
89
SFA applications in the following macro-categories.
Management of the clients; Portfolio management products; Planning and Management of the visit;
Manage promotions and discounts; Order Acquisition; Establishment of a ratio of a report on the visit;
Reports on the results, to enable the operator to monitor the status of advancement of its objectives;
Reporting of cost.
Applications of Field Force Automation in three categories:
acquisition plans of activities to be carried out on the ground;
support to field activity (represented by specific features that depend on the individual scope);
reporting of the activity.
WSM applications following the activities of the traditional process of moving products:
communication operators of activities to be carried out;
verify the correctness of the handling activities carried out;
confirm the information systems for carrying out the work required.
Application of Asset Management (AM) can be divided into two macro-categories:
tracking the position of asset, (a purpose of traceability / tracing optimization of both);
monitoring of the asset through its control of some of its characteristic parameters.
The applications of Fleet Management may be grouped into two categories macro (to which we add the simple functionality of navigation):
tracking of the position, which allows control of the route, and adherence to the scheduled time (even with the ability to make timely any replanning);
monitoring certain parameters of the means (for example the level of the tank, I kilometers, the rule of the tread wear, etc..).
WO applications is not possible to identify well-defined features, but we limit ourselves to indicate macro-categories of functionality:
display of information (for example, medical records, a technical scheme of a plant);
acquisition of information (for example, the progress of a batch production or vital data recorded on the patient);
automation of specific operational tasks (for example, the dosage of the components in the production processes of pharmaceuticals).
MWO applications can provide many features such as:
Managing e-mail; management agenda;
Contact management / item;
Access to applications of computing, word processing, presentation support, etc..
Access to the intranet; Access to applications related to the execution of the individual.
Machine-to-Machine
These will allow applications that exchange data between two systems without human intermediation. The M2M applications are, therefore,
cut across all areas of application are described in the preceding chapters
Data acquisition;
Actuator
89
Structure
Introduction
and Trends
Mobile & Wireless
RFID
Integration and
Service Oriented
Architectures
Governance &
Evolutions
90
This section discuss the issue of integration to highlight its impact on business
processes and define the concepts that justify the architectures approach to
services
90
Fonte:
91
Handicap
Companies with limited visibility into their assets and products have so far faced
no negative consequences. But that is bound to change, as firms face growing
91
Integration and Collaboration
• Includes technologies and applications:
– Integration
– Collaboration
• Internal (between the different components of the
Company)
• External (between the company and its industry
partners, customers and in particular suppliers).
Processes
Technology
Collaboration
Integration
Scale Factor
92
Integration relies heavily on technology enablers and automate existing
processes
The collaboration directly impacts on the processes and redefines them
92
Integration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Portal integration: with the goal to "access" Web functionality already present in
the company, integrating into a single web interface for presentation, more or less
homogeneous, of the use of different functional areas.
Data integration: Intranet assume the role of connective tissue that allows to
"consolidate" the data managed by different information systems, through the use
of infrastructure integration tools that address specific needs.
Application integration: Intranet and IT Systems interact with each other at
application level for managing data streams in a coordinated manner, through the
use of advanced tools for integration with a high level of sharing.
Process Integration : coordination of information systems and Intranet is
implemented in a configurable and flexible way , allowing to "orchestrate" the
support they give to business processes with the implementation of flexible and
efficient process workflows.
Configurable integration: this level of integration enables, through the application
of SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) approaches and logics of Business
Process Management (BPM) to "reconfigure the processes" with the support of
technology.
93
1) HTML – presentation level
2) DB (Oracle e mysql,..) e EAI (Bea, Tibco, ...)
3) RPC, BAPI-SAP, ACG, ...
4) and 5) are in fact already collaboration contexts
93
Examples of integrated applications
• Legacy & management (eg mrp) systems
• Business Intelligence applications
• CAD, CAM and PLM systems
94
There are many benefits associated with adoption of an integrated legacy & management system.
1 Extended support to the company processes and activities. All the major requirements of the business processes are
supported and the characteristic of integrated management systems to have a single common database allows all functions to
interact with each other and always have access to consistent and updated information.
2 The implementation of a management system forces the company to analyze its own processes, and this is the first step to
identifying opportunities for improvement.
3 The intervention process is often associated with an improvement of some performance parameters
4 Another important benefit is the stimulus to the more general change in the management approach.
The main benefits arising from the use of Business Intelligence applications are mainly related
1 To better support decision-making through increased availability of information and data,
2 Access to more timely (which translates, in general, higher quality / timeliness of decisions)
3 A more effective control on the outcome of specific decisions, with the possibility of activating a process of learning.
The CAD and Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) help to support the activities of product design and, more generally, to
manage the entire lifecycle of the product itself, from its design to post-sale.
Recently have been developed new approaches to 3D modeling, as the functional approach or systems of Knowledge Based
Engineering (KBE) which tends to relieve the designer from repetitive procedures. Meanwhile, the CAD systems have enabled
more and more communication with other systems Computer Aided (CAX), as systems Computer Aided Styling (CAS) used
by product designers and systems Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) for the automatic generation of programs for
processing of numerical control machines.
PLM refers to the integration of various ICT applications that generate and use data of product, systems design (the
previously described CAD) software in support of work of the designers (briefly known as PDM Product Data Management) ,
systems for document management.
•in recent years has significantly developed the methodology / technology for 3D visualization, called digital mock up, which
allows a realistic simulation of a product from different points of view (style, design, and also maintenance), offering
considerable support to several decisions relating to product development
•instruments intrinsically able to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the design,
•reduce the time,
•increase the quality of the design, through the possibility of better visualization of the project, the automatic execution of the
design, easier management of the projects reviews and faster design cycles
•digital mockup and zero prototyping
94
Intra company collaboration
• Employee Service space: provides to people
services in support of working life, such as HR
service desk and services for the facilities
management
• Internal Communication space: provides the
means of communication (formal or informal)
and socialization
• Business Community space: it provides
access to corporate knowledge and
collaboration
• Operational Work space: it gives tools and
services (informational or transactional) useful to
the conduct of typical activities of his job
95
Employee Service space (Service Area)
The Employee Service space is characterized by a high support in terms of access to general utility services with the aim of improving the
quality of service and eliminate low value activities related to the support processes.
The business services can be split in two main categories:
1 personal services ( "HR Helpdesk"), typically provided in self service mode and accessible by the employee with greater ease and
immediacy, such as the management of working time, management of expenses, job posting systems, etc..;
2 access to corporate facilities ( "facilities desk"), enabling a coordinated and efficient management of distributed resources such as booking
meeting rooms, purchase request system, IT help desk, library system, etc..
The Internal Communication space is as a collective space oriented to institutional internal communication and socialization. Typical
services offered may be directed to the support of:
1 institutional communication ( unidirectional ), to keep employees updated on the organization and its activities, news, personnel
management (new contract, internal competitions, ..), communications, regulations and procedures, etc., or in two-way, to collect
suggestions from the employees (such as suggestion box, staff forums, opinion polls on the "business climate");
2 socialization, often through information services and interactive on issues outside (as playful forum, bulletin board announcements, CRAL,
tournaments, ..).
Business Community space (Area of Community)
The spread on the Intranet for knowledge and collaboration management tools is another significant sign of the evolution of tools to Intranet
"networking organization“. The reasons for this growing interest are varied, but can be summarized into two types:
1 knowing how to manage and exploit its own knowledge capital is now the main source of competitive advantage and, in many areas, the
very condition for survival. Organizations that in the past were competition on factors such as price or flexibility must now focus on the ability
of its people to invent new ways to win competitors, innovating products and services;
2 new organizational models tend to make more and more difficult the full identification of the individual with the organization: the transience
of employment contracts, the high turnover of staff, the demands of mobility and proximity to the customer, and the consequent loss of
"Stability" of the workplace, are leading people to be less and less in contact with their colleagues and to feel less and less part of an
organization able to take charge of their professional careers.
The Operative Work space is oriented as a space to support the person in carrying out his duties with the aim of increasing the efficiency,
effectiveness and operational flexibility of the processes in which it operates.
Services may be of two types:
1 Information: The Intranet provides content and services such as "informative", offering a unidirectional communication to employees by the
(operating procedures and manuals, catalog products and services, information on suppliers and customers, reporting, analysis of
competition and the market , ...);
2 transactional: the Intranet integrates applications that allow you to interact and bring in some specific network transactions and activities,
and for high levels of transactional support can properly speak of processes on the network, which supports the Intranet, as well as specific
activities, including the flows work (eg to stop web services for banks, management of medical records in healthcare, management systems
and policies of insurance claims, ...).
95
Collaboration - Around the company
• eCommerce b2b Applications and services that allow to sell
their services online, through catalog sales or auctions
• eProcurement
– eSourcing Finding new suppliers and their qualification and certification
– eCatalog purchase recursive process, Web-based catalog
• eSupply Chain
– eSupply Chain Execution: activities to support the integrated management of
order-delivery –billing cycle (including the logistics and administrative and
accounting
– eSupply Chain Collaboration: collaborative activities between customer and
supplier, in terms of production planning and supply, development of new
products, etc.. (for example, Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and
Replenishment and Vendor Managed Inventory )
• ePLM applications and processes that enable the shared
management of data relating to products and services along
the complete life cycle of the same (from the Concept to
Dismissing)
96
96
Structure
Introduction
and Trends
Mobile & Wireless
RFID
Integration and
Service Oriented
Architectures
Governance &
Evolutions
97
We are going to analyze some example of technology solution enabling
Integration and Collaboration concepts.
97
New technology trends
Service Oriented Architectures
• New architectures and technological
infrastructure:
– Server virtualization
– Business Process Management (BPM) Systems
– Service Oriented architectures (Web Services and
SOA)
– Event Stream Processing (ESP)
– Real-Time Infrastructure (RTI).
• As special aspect of this trend is worth of
particular attention: open-source
98
98
EDI
• "EDI is the transmission, in a standard syntax, of
unambiguous information, with business or strategic
meaning, between computers of independent
organizations" [The Accreditated for EDI Standards
Committee of the American National Standards Institute]
• Used initially in the freight sector, the EDI was founded
in the late 70s in the United States, to transmit
administrative documents in order to maximize efficiency
in the exchange of information between different
business partners; then expands into all areas where the
volume of information flows justify the adoption
• In 1987, the international standard UN / EDIFACT is
defined, nevertheless there are many different versions
of EDI
99
The Odette File Transfer Protocol (OFTP) is a protocol used for direct
electronic communication of data between two communications partners. It
comes from the Odette-Organization (Organization for data exchange by
teletransmission in Europe). Historically utilized in automotive industry.
99
HTML vs XML
•
•
•
•
•
Both XML and HTML contain markup symbols to describe the contents of a
page or file
HTML describes the contents of a Web page in terms of how it should be
displayed and how the interaction should be done
With XML the content is separated from presentation and interaction
aspects, that delegates to the templates or style sheets XSL (eXtensible
Stylesheet Language)
XML describes the semantic content, using a special set of markers
described in a DTD (Document Type Definition) or an XMLSchema
XML is extensible because the markers are unlimited and self-defined
HTML Document
XML-Stylesheet
Presentation
Content
Presentation
XML Document
XML-Schema
Content
Semantic
100
100
Server Virtualization
Advantages:
1. Decrease TOC
2. Management
3. Business Continuity
& Security
4. Energy and Space
savings
Before Virtualization:
• Single OS image per machine
• Software and hardware tightly
coupled
• Running multiple applications on
same machine often creates
conflict
• Underutilized resources
• Inflexible and costly infrastructure
After Virtualization:
• Hardware-independence of
operating system and applications
• Virtual machines can be
provisioned to any system
• Can manage OS and application as
a single unit by encapsulating them
into virtual machines
101
101
Web Services
Web Service Client
HTTP(S)
SOAP
XML
3 – Invoke
SOAP
2 – Query UDDI
Internet
Internet
1 – Publish WSDL
Web Service Provider
Web Service
Directory
Glossary:
SOAP Simple Object
Access Protocol
UDDI Universal
Description,
Discovery, and
Integration
WSDL Web Services
Definition Language
XML
eXtensible
Markup Language
HTTP Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol
102
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is the method by which you can send
messages across different modules. This is similar to how you communicate with
the search engine that contains an index with the Web sites registered in the
index associated with the keywords.
UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration) is the global look up
base for locating the services. In the example mentioned earlier, this is
analogous to the index service for the search engine, in which all the Web sites
register themselves associated with their keywords. It maintains a record of all
the pharmacy store locations throughout the country.
WSDL (Web Services Definition Language) is the method through which different
services are described in the UDDI. This maps to the actual search engine in our
example
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)—A language specialized for Web
documents, enabling the creation of tags customized to the company's needs
and business logic. It not only has data but also contains metadata. It uses DTD
and SCHEMA to describe the data.
102
BPMS
•
•
The BPMS (Business Process Management System) are intended to
provide organizational/operational flexibility required by context changes
in which the company operates, as well to effect the daily optimization of
operations of the enterprise.
From the functional point of view, BPM systems consist of multiple
software applications that operate in series:
– Analytical tools, able to provide estimates on the characteristic parameters
of the process, and enable the redesign, possibly with the help of graphical
tools (typically Business Activity Monitoring and Business Process Modeling
and Analysis product);
– Workflow tools enabling automation of the process through the translation of
new rules in routing tables (Workflow Automation);
– Integration layer (Enterprise Application Integration) to ensure the
information flow between heterogeneous systems.
•
The BPMS, if integrated with business management and legacy
applications, allows to change the flow of processes in accordance to
what happens in the company, without being bound by the rigidity of the
integrated information systems.
103
103
SOA
• The acronym SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) refers to
a software architecture that transforms business objects
"monolithic" to sets of services that provide functionality
based on business needs.
• This is an evolution of the concept of middleware:
– from the integration of applications of the single company
– to the integration of internal and external services through extracompany networks.
• The adoption of an SOA architecture is particularly
advantageous for companies with complex structures, both
in terms of business processes (core) and support
applications, being able to ensure the integration of various
business silos (software applications written in different
languages and implemented on different hardware
platforms).
104
104
SOA
The main advantages of a SOA are:
1. in the integration of IT assets: all pre-existing business
applications can be reused and integrated into a SOA
architecture type;
2. in reducing the cost: after the initial launch costs, the IT
spending decreases by reducing the implementation
costs of the new features, their integration and
maintenance;
3. the reusability of services: a service may be used by
multiple applications, both internal and external to the
company;
4. interoperability of different platforms: the presence of a
standardization layer (typically done with web services)
provides a common language of communication to the
various information systems.
105
The New Information System in the existing proposals in the ICT market
The leading suppliers of business management solutions that also have suite for the creation of Intranet (IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, SAP) have
begun in recent years, a developing process of their applications to an integrated approach, which results from the technology point of view
in using service-oriented architectures (Service Oriented Architecture, commonly referred to as SOA). This path, which so far has focused on
the breakdown of the applications in a logic of independent and reusable services (components), now quickly proceed towards clearly
defined objectives in support of the corporate information system.
IBM, through the WebSphere family of solutions, aims to provide a set of tools for use within a corporate portal (WebSphere Portal) with
content and application functionality integrated with legacy applications in the company (particularly in areas such as banking, public
administration, etc ...). The corporate information system then has a set of components that support the WebSphere integration process from
the lowest (componentization of legacy applications via adapters) to the highest at the level of business processes (modules of Business
Process Management) and with the objective both of the definition and management and performance tracking.
Such application architecture converges with the Intranet world through the support to the management of the corporate portal, enriched by a
wide range of specific applications (management of content environments for the collaboration).
Microsoft aims to provide a uniform presentation for access to corporate information systems with the solution SharePoint Portal Server, a
platform for managing and using the portal that allows you to have a web interface derived directly from individual productivity tools (MS
Office) and therefore allows different users to have a uniform work environment, familiar, integrated and collaborative tools as an extension
of the most popular productivity tools.
The strategy aims to develop the tools of "Office" to the unified communications and offers the opportunities for virtual collaboration at the
heart of the evolution of Office. Among the solutions Microsoft there is also a tool for the integration of business applications (BizTalk), which
enables companies to integrate and manage their business processes through the exchange of documents between different applications. At
a higher level application, BizTalk provide functionality including modeling and management of business processes to orchestrate all
communication . The individual modules to be included in the overall process can then be components from Microsoft (the products of the
Dynamics family) or other third parties.
The Oracle application architecture, based on Fusion middleware, allows to design a new corporate information system delivered via a web
portal (Oracle Portal) and composed of several modules that provide complete support to the development and management of the
componentization of the legacy application (either Oracle, from the environments JDEdwards and PeopleSoft added to Oracle Applications in
recent years, pr of third parties) based on the concept of webservice.
These services are presented through the layer of common integration Enterprise Service Bus, on which operate the modules that implement
the Business Process Management System (BPMS), ie the configuration, management, monitoring and analysis of processes, through which
you can orchestrate and define the webservice delivery within the portal.
The proposal for the new SAP Business Information System is the NetWeaver platform, which is the technical foundation of mySAP
Business Suite (SAP ERP) and SAP xApps composite applications, and helping you deliver these environments, integrated with third-party
applications within the intranet portal (SAP Portal). With SAP NetWeaver, you can implement the Enterprise Service-Oriented Architecture
(ESA, which represents the declension of SOA from SAP), consisting of sets of fine granularity webservice (piece of single legacy
application) clustered together according to a business logic. These enterprise services are in turn aggregated into composite applications
that represent the logical process, because it supports an entire set of activities in interoperability optical. All these services and composite
applications can be orchestrated through the features of Business Process Management, SAP XI.
The tendency to offer a more extensive distribution of content and application services within a corporate intranet portal is also present in
other products, which was originally created in the Document and Knowledge Management (eg EMC2, Vignette , OpenText, Adobe, ...) or as
a suite for corporate portals and today more and more offer functionality to support integration of information systems already in the
company.
105
No details
for exam
The enabling technologies
106
SOAP once stood for 'Simple Object Access Protocol'
As defined in the abstract of the BPEL Web Services Business Process
Execution Language OASIS Standard WS-BPEL 2.0, WS-BPEL (or BPEL for
short) is a language for specifying business process behavior based on Web
Services. Processes in WS-BPEL export and import functionality by using Web
Service interfaces exclusively.
DCOM Distributed Component Object Model
Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is a standard defined
by the Object Management Group (OMG) that enables software components
written in multiple computer languages and running on multiple computers to
work together
106
Embedded Devices & SOA
Legacy Applications
Applications
Applications
Network
Servers
Level
Network
Embedded Services
Traditional
devices
Services
Traditional
Embed.
Devices
IP v6 Embedded devices
Physical world
Internet of Objects - Fully Integrated
107
Combination of several technologies:
1. SOA
2. Wireless Networking & RFID
3. Embedded Devices
107
FI Model – Fair Integration
No details
for exam
SOA
108
In the Fair Integration model, "monolithic" applications may participate in the
overall service oriented architecture.
108
Loop-back
Car
Manufacturer
Operational
Data
Services and goods
Identification
Wireless
BoM
onboard
Comunicazioni
Pagamenti
Next
Generation
Gas Station
109
Review proposed scenario in the prospective of new technologies
109
Gas Station : A future scenarioNofordetails
exam
Services
OIL
NON OIL
Authenticated Payment , Customer
Identification, Sensor data collection, Machines
integration
Browsing, Content Access, Applications Access, Info
Services, Services Payment, Identification, Printing
Services, Others
IDENTITY MANAGEMENT
Authentication, Authorization, Access
Wireless Channels Roaming and Security
Sensors
Smartlabel
RFCards
Mobile Phones
PC/PDA
Devices
EDGE
UMTS
WAN
GPRS
WMAN
GSM
WLAN
WiMax
UWB
RFID
ZigBee
Bluetooth
WPAN
WiFi
Wireless Connections
Service and Infrastructure Security
Device, Sensor, Service Monitoring & Management
Architectural Stack
Tokens
110
110
An example of Automated Fab
• A semiconductor manufacturing plant based on
the services oriented architecture Semicon
111
111
Structure
Introduction
and Trends
Mobile & Wireless
RFID
Integration and
Service Oriented
Architectures
Governance &
Evolutions
112
112
IT Projects
As proposed by the
project sponsor.
As produced by the
programmers.
As specified in the
project request.
As installed at the
user's site.
As designed by the
senior analyst.
What the user wanted.
113
113
The 6 stages of a project
1)Enthusiasm
2)Disillusionment
3)Panic
4)Search for guilty
5)Punishment of innocent
6)Reward of non-participants
114
114
Virtual workspace
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Foster agility and decision speed giving managers the tools to
understand changes and design effective innovation strategies.
Fostering collaboration among different units, facilitating the creation
and sharing of ideas and skills.
Create flexibility and ability to dynamically reconfigure the processes
in order to effectively implement the strategies of innovation.
Make the organization open and ready to incorporate ideas and
stimulating innovation coming from sources outside the organization
too.
Real-time interaction between users, systems, sensors and "objects"
Give appropriate support to people regardless of their location and
condition of employment, in particular by allowing access through high
"portability" (mobile phones, PDAs, Smart-phone, BlackBerry, ..) to
"mobile workers” in a transparent (seamless) way
115
1. Decision Support systems
2. Knowledge management
3. BPMS
4. Collaboration and attitude to change
5. Internet of the “objects” (RFID, Wireless, ...)
6. Mobile Workers
115
Issues in implementing the FI
Model
•
•
•
•
Difficult to merge separate governance systems (and culture) of
environments such as Intranets and Legacy Systems, who have
different owners and perspectives;
Difficult to justify the return on investment necessary for the
reorganization of the Information System, as a consequence of
difficult to quantify returns while shorter assessment horizons are
imposed by corporate policies;
Need to develop skills in the IT function, which must move from
specialized technology and customers to a process view, with the
development of superior capabilities to support innovation
processes and business;
Need to proceed by prototyping approaches and pilot cases in the
path of building a flexible service architecture that supports
organizational change, with priority areas of the testing related to
"core" processes of the company or with a direct impact on products
or services the company offers on the market
116
116
Risks in implementation
•
•
•
•
•
•
Exceed budget
Reduction in operations during implementation
Delays in the process of implementation
Availability of key-user
Complexity of the package / solution
Problems of acceptance and communication of
project
• Inadequate corporate culture to change
management
117
117
Evolutions
• Event Stream Processing (ESP)
Analysis, correlation and decision
support
• Real-Time Infrastructure (RTI)
Adaptive Infrastructure
• GRID computing
118
ESP Event Stream Processing
deals with the task of processing multiple streams of event data with the goal of
identifying the meaningful events within those streams, employing techniques
such as detection of complex patterns of many events, event correlation and
abstraction, event hierarchies, and relationships between events such as
causality, membership, and timing, and event-driven processes
RTI / CLOUD Virtualization + GRID
GRID Computing
GRID computing enables groups of networked computers to be pooled and
provisioned on demand to meet the changing needs of business. Instead of
dedicated servers and storage for each application, grid computing enables
multiple applications to share computing infrastructure, resulting in much greater
flexibility, cost, power efficiency, performance, scalability and availability, all at
the same time.
Scale out computing capacity on demand in smaller units, instead of buying
oversized systems for peak periods or uncertain growth. Remove unneeded or
failed machines without interruptions in service, saving cost and ensuring
business continuity. Manage all your systems end-to-end with integrated and
automated administration and monitoring.
118
Evolutions
• Web 2.0
– Social computing: blogs, wikis, social
networks, RSS
– Videosharing, podcasts, instant messaging
• SOA and BPM Evolution
• Embedded identification & communication
• Steadily declining costs of components
and systems (hardware)
119
119
Evolutions
CLOUD Computing
• Elastic and scalable resources available as a
service from external supplier via Internet IAS, SAS, AAS, xAS
– Internet
– Sharing Software
• Multi-istance
• Multi-tenant
– Sharing Hardware
• Virtualization
• RTI
• GRID
– Service Oriented
– Automated Control & Management
120
ESP Event Stream Processing
deals with the task of processing multiple streams of event data with the goal of
identifying the meaningful events within those streams, employing techniques
such as detection of complex patterns of many events, event correlation and
abstraction, event hierarchies, and relationships between events such as
causality, membership, and timing, and event-driven processes
RTI / CLOUD Virtualization + GRID
GRID Computing
GRID computing enables groups of networked computers to be pooled and
provisioned on demand to meet the changing needs of business. Instead of
dedicated servers and storage for each application, grid computing enables
multiple applications to share computing infrastructure, resulting in much greater
flexibility, cost, power efficiency, performance, scalability and availability, all at
the same time.
Scale out computing capacity on demand in smaller units, instead of buying
oversized systems for peak periods or uncertain growth. Remove unneeded or
failed machines without interruptions in service, saving cost and ensuring
business continuity. Manage all your systems end-to-end with integrated and
automated administration and monitoring.
120

ICT Innovation Factor - 2011 - BeeP

Transcript

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