Indice - Casalecchio delle Culture

Indice
Premessa. Ragioni, domanda, obiettivo e articolazione della ricerca I PARTE I
1.
Azione pubblica e azione privata nel processo di trasformazione urbana 1
1.1_Modelli volontari di comunità: evoluzione storica 5
1.2_Il ruolo della volontarietà nel processo di trasformazione
11
1.3_Nuove domande d’uso, proposte di intervento e approcci emergenti 15
2.
3.
Il Cohousing 21
2.1_Origini
21
2.2_Definizioni emergenti 24
2.3_Caratteristiche
26
2.3.1_Dimensione processuale
28
2.3.2_Dimensione progettuale
32
2.3.3_Dimensione sociale
41
2.3.4_Dimensione gestionale
50
2.3.5_Dimensione economica
53
Logica, principi, approcci dei modelli volontari di organizzazione dell’uso del suolo e della convivenza
57
3.1_Mercato, associazione e cooperazione: tre elementi alla base dei modelli 57
volontari 3.2_Una proposta di classificazione delle associazioni residenziali
59
3.2.1_Il Cohousing
3.2.1.1_ Comunità Proprietaria
64
67
3.2.1.2_Associazione comunitaria
69
3.2.1.3_Cooperativa residenziale
74
PARTE II
4.
Esperienze a confronto
76
4.1_Esperienze estere 77
4.1.1_Europa 77
4.1.1.1_Danimarca
78
4.1.1.2_Svezia
84
4.1.1.3_Paesi Bassi
86
4.1.1.4_Belgio e Lussemburgo
4.1.1.5_Germania 4.1.1.6_Regno Unito
93
101
4.1.2_Usa
105
4.1.3_Canada
121
4.2_Esperienze italiane 5.
90
123
4.2.1_Milano
124
4.2.2_Torino
127
4.2.3_Bologna e Roma
130
Matrice di Confronto
132
Conclusioni
139
Bibliografia e Sitografia
149
Indice Tabelle
Tab. 1 Principali ubicazioni di cohousing in contesto statunitense 32 Tab. 2 Principali servizi collettivi nella letteratura 38
Tab. 3 Elementi progettuali che stimolano il contatto sociale
39
Tab. 4 Tipologia e distribuzione di impieghi cohouser 42
Tab. 5 Articolazione delle attività dei cohouser
44
Tab. 6 Comportamenti che concorrono al senso di comunità nella letteratura
47
Tab. 7 Schema riassuntivo Caratteristiche modello cohousing
56
Tab. 8 Dinamica delle associazioni residenziali in USA 60
Tab. 9 Proposta di classificazione associazioni residenziali
61
Tab. 10 Principali comunità cohousing e caratteristiche in Danimarca
83
Tab. 11 Caratteristiche dimensionali delle comunità cohousing in USA
111
Tab. 12 Principali comunità cohousing e caratteristiche in USA
113
Tab. 13 Matrice di confronto Caratteristiche modello cohousing / Esperienze
Tab. 14 Vantaggi del modello cohousing
133
143
Indice Figure
Fig. 1 Principali ubicazioni degli insediamenti cohousing in Danimarca
79
Fig. 2 Principali ubicazioni degli insediamenti cohousing in Svezia
84
Fig. 3 Principali ubicazioni degli insediamenti cohousing nei Paesi Bassi 87
Fig. 4 Principali ubicazioni degli insediamenti cohousing in Belgio
90
Fig. 5 Principali ubicazioni degli insediamenti cohousing a Berlino
95
Fig. 6 Principali ubicazioni degli insediamenti cohousing nel Regno Unito
103
Fig. 7 Principali ubicazioni degli insediamenti cohousing negli USA al 2008
106
Fig. 8 Principali ubicazioni degli insediamenti cohousing in Canada
121
Bibliografia
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Chiodelli F. (2009), “Abbasso il cohousing! Analogie e differenze fra cohousing e cosiddette gated communities”, XXX Conferenza Italiana di Scienze Regionali, settembre 2009;
Id. (2007), “Residential private enclaves. Falsi miti e vere sfide delle associazioni comunitarie”, in fase di pubblicazione su Scienze Regionali, 1/2009; Cooper Marcus C. (2000), “Site planning, building design and a sense of community: an analysis of six cohousing schemes in Denmark, Sweden, and Netherlands”, Journal of architectural and planning research, v.17 (2, Summer 2000);
Crosta P. L. (2006), “Politiche pubbliche e ordini spontanei plurali”, Scienze Regionali, vol.V, n.1;
Dahrendorf R. (2003), Auf der Suche nach einer newen Ordnung, C.H. Beck, Monaco, trad. it. Libertà attiva. Sei lezioni su un mondo instabile, Laterza, Roma­Bari, 2003;
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Fenster M. (1999), “Community by covenant, process, and design: cohousing and the contemporary common interest community”, Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law;
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Foldvary F. (2002), “Proprietary Communities and Community Associations”, in Beito D.T., Gordon P., Tabarrok A. (eds) (2004), The Voluntary City: choice, community and civil society, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor;
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Fromm, D. (2006), “Aging together: self­planned cohousing communities for seniors”, Urban Land, v.65 (5, May 2006); Id. (2000), “American cohousing: the first five years”, Journal of architectural and planning research, v.17 (2, Summer 2000); Id. (1993), “Collaborative communities.”, Progressive Architecture v. 74 (3, March 1993);
Id. (1991), Collaborative Communities: Cohousing, Central Living and Other New Forms of Housing with shared facilities, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (NY); Fromm E. (1976), To Have or to be?, Harper & Row, New York, trad. it. Avere o essere?, Mondadori, Milano 2007; Gifford R., (1997), Environmental Psychology: Principles and Practice, Ally&Bacon, Boston (MA);
Jacobs J. (1961), The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Random House, New York; trad. it. Vita e morte delle grandi città, Einaudi, Torino 1969; Johnson P. (2002), “Foreword”, in Beito D.T., Gordon P., Tabarrok A. (eds) (2004), The voluntary city: choice, community and civil society, The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor;
Hall P. (1996), Cities of Tomorrow: an Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford (UK);
Hayden D. (1984), Seven American utopias. The architecture of communitarian socialism 1790­1975, The MIT Press, Cambridge (MA);
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Klein D. (2002), “The Voluntary Provision of Public Goods? The Turnpike Companies of Early America”, in Beito D.T., Gordon P., Tabarrok A. (eds) (2004), The Voluntary City: choice, community and civil society, University of Michigan Press,Ann Arbor;
Leafe Christian D. (2002), Creating a Life together: practical tools to grow Ecovillages and Intentional Communities, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia (Canada); Lefebvre H. (1958), Critique de la vie quotidienne, Paris, L'Arche; trad. it. Critica della vita quotidiana, Bari, Dedalo 1977;
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MacCallum S. H. (2006), “Suburban Democracy vs Residential Community”, Critical Review, v. 17;
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Magnani I. (2006), “Città. L'intreccio pubblico­privato nella formazione dell'ordine sociale spontaneo”, Scienze Regionali, vol.V, n.1;
Manzini E., Jègou F. (2000), Quotidiano sostenibile: scenari di vita urbana, Edizioni Ambiente;
Mazza L. (2008), “Geddes politico: vision, survey, cityzenship”, Territorio (2008);
McCamant K. (2000) “Cohousing in North America: Successes of the First Decade, Challenge of the Next”, Cohousing, v. 13 (summer 2000);
Id. (1995), “Cohousing: Neighborhoods for the 1990s”, Land Development (winter 1995); McCamant K., Durrett C. (2007), Cohousing: a contemporary approach to housing ourselves, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (CA);
McKenzie E. (1994), Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government, Yale University Press, New Haven;
Mela A.(2006), Sociologia della città, Carocci editore, Roma; Meltzer G. (2005), Sustainable Community: Learning from the Cohousing Model, Ph.D.Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing, (Paperback ­ 30 May 2005);
Id. (2005a), “How does Cohousing Create Sustainability?”, in D. Wann (2005), Reinventing community, Fulcrum publishing, Golden (Colorado);
Id. (2000), “Cohousing: verifying the importance of community in the application of environmentalism”, Journal of architectural and planning research, v.17 (2, summer 2000);
Middleton D.S., Abrahams K. (1997), “Cohousing development: creating genuine communities”, Urban Land, v. 56 (9, Settembre 1997);
Misztal B. A. (1996), Trust in modern societies, Polity Press, Cambridge, UK;
Morgan A. (1993), “Achieving a community way of life” in Whitmyer C., In the company of others: making community in the modern world, Tarcher/Perigee Books, New York (NY); Moroni S. (2007), La città del liberalismo attivo. Diritto, piano, mercato, CittàStudi, Torino;
Id. (2006), “Territorio, diritto, libertà. Condizioni istituzionali per l'auto­organizzazione sociale”, Scienze Regionali, vol.V, n.1, Angeli, Milano;
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Sitografia
•
Danimarca
­ Nonbo Hede http://www.pbirk.dk/links.htm;
­ Fælleshave http://www.faelleshave.dk;
­ MunksØgaard http://www.munksoegaard.dk;
­ Thorshammer http://www.thorpost.dk;
­ Jernstoberiet http://www.jernstoberiet.dk;
­ Sol og Vind http://sologvind.dk;
­ Ibsgården http://www.ibsgaarden.dk;
­ Bakkefaldet http://www.bakkefaldet.dk;
•
Svezia
­ Kollectivus Nu http://www.kollektivhus.nu
­ BoAktiv Landgången http://www.boaktiv.se;
­ Cigarrlådan http://www.cigarrladan.org;
­ Färdknäppen http://www.fardknappen.se;
­ Regnbågen http://www.kollektivhusetregnbagen.se;
­ Stacken http://www.stacken.org;
­ Stolplyckan http://www.stolplyckan.nu;
•
Olanda
­ Landelijke Vereniging Centraal Wonen www.lvcw.nl;
­ Landelijke Vereniging Groepswonen Van Ouderen http://www.lvgo.nl;
­ CW de Meent Hilversum http://www.wandelmeent.nl;
­ CW Het Aardrijk Breda http://www.aardrijk.nl;
­ CW Deventer http://www.centraal­wonen­deventer.nl;
­ CW Alphen aan den Rijn http://www.cwalphenaandenrijn.nl;
­ CW Het Hallehuis http://www.hallehuis.nl;
­ CW Amstelveen http://cwamstelveen.nl;
­ CW 't Vierschaar Apeldoorn http://www.cwapeldoorn.nl
­ CW De Bonvivant http://www.cwcapelle.nl; ­ CW Delft http://www.cwdelft.nl;
­ CW Katerstraat http://www.cw­katerstraat.nl;
­ CW Houtwijk http://www.cwhoutwijk.nl;
­ CW Strijp http://cws.lvcw.nl; ­ CW Lismortel http://www.cwlismortel.nl;
­ CW Drielandenhuis http://www.lvcw.nl/cwdrielandenhuis;
­ CW Romolenpolder http://www.cwrom.nl;
­ CW Stevenshof http://www.cwstevenshof.nl;
­ GW Nieuwegein http://www.gwwebsite.com; ­ CW Opaalstraat http://home.hccnet.nl;
­ CW De Stam http://www.cwdestam.nl;
­ CW Klopvaart http://www.klopvaart.nl;
­ CW De Pionier http://test.lvcw.nl/cwvlaardingen;
­ CW Voorburg http://www.cwvoorburg.nl;
­ CW Het Punt e CW 't Binnenveld http://www.cw­wageningen.nl
­ CW Westervoort http://www.freewebs.com/cwwestervoort
•
Belgio
­ Samenhuizen http://www.samenhuizen.be;
­ La Grande Cense http://www.lagrandecense.be, www.bloggen.be/lagrandecense;
­ Cohousing Platform http://www.cohousingplatform.be;
­ Cohousing Mechelen http://www.cohousingmechelen.be;
­ Organizzazione Habitat http://www.habitat­groupe.be; ­ HG Bois del terre http://boisdelterre.blogspot.com;
­ HG Ferme de Buzet (Floreffe) http://fermedebuzet.over­blog.com;
­ HG Bois du Curè http://bois­du­cure.blogspot.com
­ HG La Tarlatane http://www.ittreculture.be/fr/petit­tram/actualites­de­ittre
­ HG Residence Notre­Dame http://www.acis­group.org/130/accueil.php#
­ HG La Tanière des Tournières http://www.lestournieres.be;
­ HG Vevyweron http://www.vevyweron.be;
­ HG Abbeyfield http://www.abbeyfield.be;
­ HG Le Vert Galant http://www.levertgalant.be;
•
Germania
­ Wohnprojekte Berlin http://www.wohnprojekte­berlin.info;
­ Soziales Dorf Berlin (Berlin) http://www.soziales­dorf­berlin.de;
­ Luu (Berlin) http://www.luu­berlin.de;
­ Zukunftstraum (Berlin) http://www.zukunftstraum­berlin.de;
­ Baugemeinschaft Südwestsonne (Berlin)
http://coplaner.de/zusammenarbeiter/Südwestsonne;
­ Communitas (Berlin) http://www.communitas­berlin.de; ­ Metzer 13 (Berlin) http://www.metzer13.de;
­ AWB eG (Berlin) http://www.autofrei­wohnen­berlin.de;
­ Ta Tzitzikia eV (Berlin) http://www.Ta­Tzitzikia.de;
­ KuBiZ (Berlin) http://www.kubiz­wallenberg.de;
­ Terrassenhäuser Am Falkenberg (Berlin)
http://www.terrassenhaeuser­am­falkenberg.info; ­ Weitsicht Vision (Berlin) http://www.baugemeinschaft­weitsicht­berlin.de;
­ Meyerbeer (Berlin) http://www.baugemeinschaft­meyerbeerstrasse.de; ­ Die Wohngenossen (Berlin) http://www.die­wohngenossen.de;
­ BIGyard (Berlin) http://www.smarthoming.de;
­ Kosmoplis (Berlin) http://www.kosmopolis­projekt.org;
­ Obstgarten e Baugemeinschaft o55 e BG Lichtblick e BG Eschengarten (Berlin)
http://www.area­berlin.de; ­ Passivhäuser im Prenzlauer Berg (Berlin) http://www.passivhaus­prenzlauer­berg.de; ­ Am Weißen See (Berlin) http://www.baugemeinschaften.com; ­ Haus mit Garten (Berlin) http://www.bostonhaus.de; ­ Kranzer Terrassen (Berlin) http://www.kranzer­terrassen.de; ­ 3 Urbane in Weissensee (Berlin) http://www.liebscher­tauber.de; ­ 3XGRÜN (Berlin) http://www.ifuh.org; ­ Am Urban (Berlin) http://www.am­urban.de; ­ Passivhaus Am Flaschenhals (Berlin) www.am­flaschenhals.de; ­ Pistoriusgärten (Berlin) www.pistoriusgaerten.de; ­ Clima Solarhaus (Berlin) http://www.KlimaSolarhaus­Berlin.de; ­ Stadtgut Blankenfelde (Berlin) http://www.stadtgut­blankenfelde.de; ­ Baugruppe K20 (Berlin) http://home.arcor.de/k20­berlin; ­ Lichte Weiten (Berlin) http://www.lichte­weiten.de;
­ Alte Schule Karlshorst (Berlin) http://www.generationswohnen.de; ­ Kollwitzstraße 22 (Berlin) http://www.kollwitz22.de/dt;
­ Genowo eG (Berlin) http://www.genowo.de; ­ Strelitzer Str. 53 (Berlin) http://www.strelitzer53.de; ­ Leuchtturm (Berlin) http://www.wohnprojekt­leuchtturm.de; ­ Louis P (Berlin) http://www.louisp.de;
­ 6 urbane Wohnhäuser mit Garten (Berlin) http://www.dmsw.net; ­ POLIS e ZWEIplus (Berlin) http://www.baugemeinschaften.com; ­ Flottwell Zwei (Berlin) www.flottwellzwei.de; ­ Anklamer 6 (Berlin) http://www.anklamer6.de; ­ Haus am Kreuzberg (Berlin) http://haus­am­kreuzberg.de; ­ Berkaer Straße 38 (Berlin) www.berkaerstrasse38.de;
­ CityPionier SEB 18 (Berlin) www.sebastianstrasse18.de; ­ m13a (Berlin) http://www.wedding­windows.de; ­ Familienwohnen (Berlin) www.stadtoasen­berlin.de;
­ Wönnichstraße 103 (Berlin) http://www.woennich.de; ­ Lebenstraum Johannisthal (Berlin) http://www.rundlinge.de;
­ e3 (Berlin) http://www.e3berlin.de;
­ Kommunikatives Wohnen I, Kommunikatives Wohnen II (Berlin)
http://www.bbwo1892.de/siedlungen/siedlungen.html; ­ Zorrow (Berlin) www.zorrow.de; ­ Wohnen an der Marie (Berlin) http://www.marienburger­strasse.de; ­ Ast21 (Berlin) http://www.Alt­Stralau21.de.
•
Inghilterra
­ UK Co­housing Network http://www.cohousing.org.uk;
­ The Springhill Cohousing Project (Stroud) http://www.springhillcohousing.com;
­ CoFlats (Stroud) http://www.coflats.com;
­ Threshold Centre (Dorset) http://www.thresholdcentre.org.uk;
­ Older Women's Cohousing Company (London) http://www.owch.org.uk;
­ Canon Frome (Ledbury, Herefordshire) http://www.canonfromecourt.org.uk
­ Frankleigh CoFlats http://www.frankleigh.com;
­ Postlip Community (Cheltenham, Gloucestershire) http://www.postliphall.org.uk; ­ Bridport Cohousing (Bridport) website http://www.dorscoh.org.uk;
­ Brighton Cohousing (Brighton) http://www.brightoncohousing.org.uk;
­ Cohousing Berkshire http://www.bmilner.eclipse.co.uk;
­ Co­Housing Bristol http://www.cohousingbristol.org.uk;
­ Enlinca Cambridge http://www.enlinca.co.uk;
­ Lancaster Cohousing http://www.lancastercohousing.org.uk;
­ Norwich Cohousing http://www.norwichcohousing.org.uk;
­ Trelay Farm (North Cornwall) http://www.trelay.org;
•
USA
­ Cohousing Association of the United States http://www.cohousing.org;
­ Community Association Institute http://www.caionline.org;
­ Community Association Network http://www.communityassociations.net;
­ Wonderland Hill Development Company http://www.whdc.com;
­ Cohousing Resources LLC http://www.cohousingresources.com; ­ Senior Cohousing http://seniorcohousing.com;
­ The Elder Cohousing Network
http://www.abrahampaiss.com/ElderCohousing/index.htm;
­ Cohousing Partners www.cohousingpartners.com;
­ Cohousing Company http://www.cohousingco.com;
­ Harmony Village www.harmonyvillage.org;
­ Seattle Cohousing http://www.seattlecohousing.org;
­ Doyle Street Cohousing http://www.emeryville­cohousing.org;
­ Muir Commons http://www.muircommons.org;
­ Lake Claire http://lcclt.org;
­ Tierra Nueva www.tncoho.com; ­ Greyrock Commons www.greyrock.org;
­ Highline Crossing www.highlinecrossing.org;
­ Nomad Cohousing www.nomadcohousing.org;
­ Nyland Cohousing www.nylandcohousing.org;
­ Cambridge Cohousing www.cambridgecohousing.org; ­ Pioneer Valley http://www.cohousing.com;
­ Sunward Cohousing http://www.sunward.org;
­ Monterey Cohousing http://www.montereycohousing.org; ­ Ecovillage Ithaca http://www.ecovillage.ithaca.ny.us
­ Trillium Hollow http://www.trillium­hollow.org;
­ Wasatch Commons http://www.econ.utah.edu/coho/index.html;
­ Puget Ridge http://www.pugetridge.net;
­ Winslow Cohousing http://www.winslowcohousing.org;
­ New View Cohousing http://www.newview.org;
­ Arcadia Cohousing http://www.arcadiacohousing.org;
­ Blue Herom Farm http://www.bhfarm.org;
­ Solterra http://www.solterra.net;
­ Higher Ground Cohousing http://home.bendbroadband.com/higherground;
­ Rosewind Cohousing http://www.rosewind.org;
­ Sharingwood Cohousing http://sharingwood.org;
­ Commons on the Alameda http://www.santafecohousing.org;
­ Marsh Commons http://www.MarshCommons.org;
­ Westwood Cohousing http://www.westwoodcohousing.com;
­ N­Street Cohousing http://www.nstreetcohousing.org; ­ Chicago Cohousing Network http://www.chicagocohousing.net;
­ Jamaica Plain Cohousing http://www.jpcohousing.org;
­ Frog Song http://www.cotaticohousing.org;
­ Maxwelton Creek Cohousing http://ww2.whidbey.net/mcelwain/mcc;
­ Songaia Cohousing http://www.songaia.com;
­ Eastern Village Cohousing http://www.easternvillage.org;
­ Takoma Village Cohousing http://www.takomavillage.org; ­ Jackson Place Cohousing http://www.seattlecohousing.org;
­ Brooklyn Cohousing http://www.brooklyncohousing.org/us;
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Canada
­ The Canadian Cohousing Network (CCN) http://www.cohousing.ca;
­ Creekside Commons http://www.creeksidecommons.ca;
­ Quayside Village Cohousing http://quaysidevillage.googlepages.com/home;
­ Windsong Cohousing Community http://www.windsong.bc.ca;
­ Cranberry Commons http://www.cranberrycommons.ca;
­ The Middle Road Community http://www.cohousing.ca/documents/Middle Road Info Brochure March 2009.pdf;
­ Roberts Creek Cohousing http://www.robertscreekcohousing.ca;
­ Prairie Sky Cohousing http://www.prairiesky.ab.ca;
­ Pacific Gardens Community http://www.pacificgardens.ca;
­ Yarrow Ecovillage http://www.yarrowecovillage.ca;
­ Belterra Cohousing http://www.belterracohousing.ca;
­ Chaswood Green Cohousing and Farm http://www.chaswoodcohousing.ca;
­ Kelowna Cohousing Community http://groups.yahoo.com/group/KelCoHo;
­ GreenSong http://www.greensong.ca;
­ Cohabitat Québec http://www.cohabitat.ca;
­ Common Ground http://www.coground.ca;
­ Craik Ecovillage http://www.craikecovillage.ca;
­ Island Spirit Cohousing http://www.islandspirit.org;
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Italia
­ http://www.cohousing­italy.com
­ Cohousing.it (Milano) http://www.cohousing.it;
­ Cohlonia http://www.calambrone.it;
­ Urban Village Bovisa 01 http://uvb01.blogspot.com;
­ Associazione CoAbitare (Torino) http://www.coabitare.org;
­ Numero Zero Cohousing http://www.cohousingnumerozero.org;
­ Associazione E'/co­housing (Bologna) http://www.cohousingbologna.org; ­ Associazione EcoAbitare (Roma) http://www.ecoabitare.org
­ Associazione Cohousing in Toscana (Firenze) http://www.cohousingintoscana.it
Conferenze •
Conferenza CoAbitare, Cohousing a Porta Palazzo, 12.12.08, Torino;
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Fà la Cosa Giusta, Progettare il proprio habitat sostenibile, con Luca Mortara e Angelo Strada, workshop a cura di Cohousing Ventures, 15.03.09, Milano;
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Associazione E­Co­Abitare e LUMSA, Facoltà di Scienze della formazione, Cohousing sostenibile: una giornata di studi, con Annamaria Nenci, Susy Pirinei, Natascia Esposito, Marina Mura, Marta Calzolaretti, Onofrio Strignano, Carlo Cellamare, Federica Ferraris antropologa, Università del Sussex, 18.04.09, Roma;
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Biennale di Democrazia, Abitare la città, con Sunil Abraham, Bill Dunster, Cino Zucchi, a cura della Fondazione Ordine Architetti di Torino, 26.04.09, Torino;
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Incontri Istituto Bruno Leoni, La città privata e il caso di Partigliano. Una risposta italiana alla pianificazione urbanistica, con Silvio Boccalatte, Emiliano Frediani, Grazia Brunetta, Stefano Moroni, a cura di IBL, 27.04.09, Milano;
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Incontri Librerie.Coop, CoAbitare, con Flaminio Orazzini, Matthieu Lietaert, Paolo Sanna, 13.06.09, Torino;