Diapositiva 1 - Ambiente e territorio
Transcript
Diapositiva 1 - Ambiente e territorio
Drosophila suzukii due anni di monitoraggio in Emilia Romagna Rocchina Tiso Servizio Fitosanitario – Regione Emilia-Romagna Vignola 26 marzo 2013 – Sala dei Contrari Drosophila suzukii 3,0 mm D. melanogaster D. suzukii Drosophila suzukii – origine e diffussione osservata per la prima volta su ciliegio in Giappone nel 1916 nel 1930-31 fu trovata in altre zone del sud-est asiatico su fragole selvatiche e ciliegio presente in Cina, Taiwan, Corea, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailandia, Russia, India Drosophila suzukii – in Europa 2009 2012 2011 2011 2012 2012 2010 2012 2008 2009 2010 Drosophila suzukii – in Italia Drosophila suzukii – Pest risk assessment EPPO costituisce una minaccia per la nostra area geografica alta probabilità di ulteriore diffusione impossibile l’eradicazione e difficile la gestione inserita nella Lista A2 dell’EPPO Drosophila suzukii – perché è un rischio per le colture? Attacca i frutti sani Ampio range di piante ospiti Alto potenziale riproduttivo Alto potenziale di dispersione Drosophila suzukii – attacca i frutti sani Photos by Dr. Elizabeth Bees, WA State Univ. 2011 l’ovopositore fortemente seghettato permette di incidere l’epidermide dei frutti maturi ancora sulla pianta le uova vengono inserite direttamente nella polpa le larve si sviluppano all’interno del frutto Drosophila suzukii – ampio range di piante ospiti Mirtilli, Lamponi, More Ciliegie Albicocco Fragole Pesche e nettarine Uva Segnalata anche su: prugne e su frutti sovramaturi e danneggiati (fichi, cachi, pomodoro, melo, pero). Attacca anche piante spontanee e ornamentali: caprifoglio, sambuco, ecc. Drosophila suzukii – elevato potenziale riproduttivo depone per 10-59 giorni; 1-3 uova per frutto; 7-16 frutti per giorno; in totale circa 400 uova per femmina Sviluppo da uovo ad adulto in circa 7-19 giorni con temperature di 28-18°C rispettivamente schiusura uova in 12-72 ore Può compiere 713 generazioni all’anno 3-15 giorni allo stadio di pupa 3 stadi larvali in 3-13 giorni Drosophila suzukii – elevato potenziale di dispersione la rapida diffusione della specie sembra confermare un elevato potenziale di dispersione dispersione soprattutto passiva: i frutti, prima dell’attività delle larve, appaiono intatti dispersione naturale meno probabile. Non vi sono dati specifici sulla capacità di spostamento di D. suzukii. Drosophila suzukii – limiti climatici tollerante a condizioni climatiche anche estreme limiti termici per l’ovideposizione: 10-32 °C picco di attività e sviluppo: 20-25 °C il maschio non è fertile con temperature > 30 °C si ha una certa mortalità con temperature sotto lo zero e con temperature superiori a 32 °C sensibilità al secco: gli adulti muoiono in assenza di acqua dopo 24 ore Drosophila suzukii – Strutture coinvolte nell’attività tecnica in Emilia-Romagna Servizio Fitosanitario Regione Emilia-Romagna M. Boselli, R. Tiso, C. Tosi, C. Arvieri Consorzio Fitosanitario di Modena S. Caruso, G. Vaccari, R. Nannini, P. Bortolotti Consorzio Fitosanitario di Piacenza R. Colla, R. Bottazzi Consorzio Fitosanitario di Parma R. Zambini, C. Delvago ASTRA S. Paolini, D. Dradi CRPV M. G. Tommasini Coordinatori e tecnici della Produzione Integrata Drosophila suzukii - monitoraggio in Emilia-Romagna Estate 2010: primi monitoraggi in alcune aree della Romagna e del Modenese; nessuna rilevazione Anno 2011 (Modena e province orientali) e 2012 (tutta la Regione): monitoraggio degli adulti con trappole esame di campioni di frutta Drosophila suzukii : monitoraggio adulti Il monitoraggio è stato effettuato mediante trappole artigianali innescate con aceto di mele. la trappola è stata appesa ai rami dei fruttiferi da monitorare al livello della frutta. ogni settimana è stato controllato il contenuto della trappola e sostituito l’innesco. Fori di 4-5 mm Drosophila suzukii – rilievo adulti Caratteri chiave per l’identificazione di D. suzukii MASCHIO FEMMINA Macchia nera sul bordo posteriore delle ali 2 pettini di setole nere sui tarsomeri delle zampe anteriori Ovopositore fortemente seghettato Drosophila campioni Drosophila suzukii suzukii –– analisi analisi dei dei campioni Drosophila suzukii - risultati monitoraggio 2011 Adulti rilevati con trappole 39 campi positivi su 47 monitorati Campioni di frutta positivi ciliegie (20) albicocche (3) more (3) fragole rif. (4) fichi (3) sambuco (2) Drosophila suzukii – danno alle colture nel 2011 si stima che siano stati persi circa 150 tonnellate di prodotto in alcune aziende collinari del Cesenate, a fine di giugno- inizio luglio, è stato osservato un attacco molto forte di D. suzukii su una varietà tardiva di ciliegio (cv Corniola). Drosophila suzukii – attività tecnica nel 2012 Monitoraggio degli adulti su tutto il territorio regionale Esame dei campioni di frutta con sospetto danno da D. suzukii. Prove di campo, su ciliegio, per valutare l’attività di alcune s.a. Prova confronto trappole Drosophila suzukiisuzukii - monitoraggio adulti nel 2012 Drosophila in Emilia-Romagna Numero aziende monitorate: 118 Piacenza: 5 Parma: 5 Forlì-Cesena: 26 Reggio-Emilia: 7 Ravenna: 13 Bologna: 14 Modena: 39 Ferrara: 9 installazione trappole: metà aprile rilievi settimanali (cambio aceto) ultimi controlli: da luglio ad novembre in alcune aziende con alta popolazione di D. suzukii il monitoraggio è ancora in corso Drosophila suzukii : monitoraggio adulti nel 2012 colture monitorate susino, albicocco: 1 piccoli frutti: 3 fragola: 4 vite: 11 pesco, nettarine, percoche: 4 susino; 6 albicocco: 5 misto con ciliegio: 20 ciliegio. 64 Drosophila suzukii - risultati monitoraggio 2012 84 34 Modena: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii 2012 Media delle catture Modena: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii 2012 Presenza danni (8-giugno) Modena: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii Modena catture elevate ma senza danno 2012 Catture elevate ma senza danno Modena: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii 2012 Rilevati danni alla produzione Primi danni (4-giugno) Forlì-Cesena: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii 2012 Catture medie per trappola 24 22 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 N° Maschi N° Femmine Tot 17 -o tt 31 -o tt 3ot t t 19 -s e 5se t 13 -g iu 27 -g iu 11 -lu g 25 -lu g 8ag o 22 -a go ag 30 -m ag 16 -m ag 2m r 0 18 -a p Numero adulti catturati 20 Confronto andamento climatico del 2011-2012 100 Montereale (Cesena) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 20 -m 22 ag -m 24 ag -m 26 ag -m 28 ag -m 30 ag -m ag 1gi u 3gi u 5gi u 7gi u 9gi 11 u -g i 13 u -g i 15 u -g i 17 u -g i 19 u -g i 21 u -g i 23 u -g i 25 u -g i 27 u -g i 29 u -g iu 1lu g 3lu g 5lu g 7lu g 9lu 11 g -lu 13 g -lu 15 g -lu g 0 Pioggia (mm) 2011 Pioggia (mm) 2012 Temp. Max. (°C) 2011 U.R. (% ) 2011 Temp. Max. (°C) 2012 U.R. (% ) 2012 -a 11 p r -m 26 ag -m a 10 g -g i 25 u -g i 10 u -lu 25 g -lu g 9ag 24 o -a go 8se 23 t -s et 8ot 23 t -o t 7- t no 22 v -n ov 7di 22 c -d ic 6ge 21 n -g en 5fe b 20 -fe b 7m 22 ar -m ar 6ap r 26 Ferrara: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii 2012 Iolanda (Ferrara) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 femmine maschi totale Prova confronto trappole 1 CONTENITORE COLORE n -Ø FORI ATTRATTIVO QUANTITA' CAMBIO INNESCO (gg) 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tap Trap Bottiglia + Bottiglia Rossa + Bottiglia Pannello (super Drosotrap Ceratrap Bottiglia Bottiglia rosso bait) (collo stretto) Bianco/Ro Trasp/Ross Bianco Rosso Rosso Giallo Rosso sso o 6 - 0,5mm 6 - 0,5mm 6- 0,5mm 3 - 12 mm 3 – 12 mm 22mm 8 Bottiglia Rosso 6 - 0,5mm 6 - 0,5mm 3/4 aceto 3/4 aceto Dros’attrac mele + 1/4 mele + 1/4 Innesco Aceto di Aceto mele Aceto mele vino rosso vino rosso ® Ceratrap vino + zucchero + zucchero canna canna Acqua + lievito + zucchero 200 cc 200 cc 200 cc 300 cc 300 cc 200 cc 200 cc 200 cc 7 7 7 14 21 7 7 7 Andamento catture primavera - estate Media catture/data uova Nessun danno sui frutti Trappole maggiormente attrattive Conclusioni la presenza di D. suzukii è ormai accertata su tutto il territorio regionale. le prime catture sono state rilevate ai primi di maggio. nel periodo primaverile-estivo in generale le catture sono state estremamente basse e per alcuni periodi quasi completamente assenti così come i danni alla produzione. l’andamento climatico del 2012 è stato caratterizzato nel periodo primaverile-estivo da alte temperature ed assenza di precipitazioni in settembre, dopo un periodo piovoso, i voli sono ripresi con catture molto elevate. nelle poche trappole ancora in campo le catture non si sono mai azzerate. Grazie dell’attenzione Materiali Metodi • Tesi: 8 trappole differenti per forma, colore, tipo di innesco; • Coltura: ciliegio; • Siti di prova: n 3 aziende localizzate in provincia di ForlìCesena » Bocchini Luca (pianura cesenate), vr Bigarreau burlat; » Dradi Corrado (pianura forlivese), vr Bigarreau burlat; » Campana Adelmo (collina cesenate), vr Corniola; • Periodo: primo rilievo Conclusioni •Le basse catture registrate nel corso della stagione primaverile-estiva 2012, non hanno consentito di delineare nette differenze di efficacia fra le trappole; •E’ comunque individuabile una linea di tendenza, confermata dall’unico rilievo autunnale: Innesco aceto mele + vino + zucchero di canna sembra avere maggiore efficacia nella cattura dell’insetto; •Periodo autunnale idoneo a confronti con Andamento climatico del 2012 S.Agata B. andamento della tmax giornaliera in confronto al clima 1991-2010 40 tmax clima 19912010 35 Titolo asse 30 25 20 15 10 30-… 23-… 16-… 09-… 02-… 26-… 19-… 12-… 05-… 29-… 22-… 15-… 08-… 01-… 24-… 17-… 10-… 03-… 27-… 20-… 13-… 06-… 29-… 22-… 15-… 08-… 01-… Confronto Temp. Max 2012/2011 Vignola - confronto dati meteo anni 2011 e 2012 35 33 31 29 27 25 23 21 19 17 15 aprile maggio giugno luglio Tmax 12 Tmax 11 agosto settembre ottobre 01 -a p 08 r -a p 15 r -a p 22 r -a p 29 r -a 06 pr -m 13 ag -m 20 ag -m 27 ag -m a 03 g -g i 10 u -g i 17 u -g i 24 u -g i 01 u -lu 08 g -lu 15 g -lu 22 g -lu 29 g -lu 05 g -a g 12 o -a g 19 o -a g 26 o -a g 02 o -s e 09 t -s e 16 t -s e 23 t -s e 30 t -s e 07 t -o t 14 t -o t 21 t -o t 28 t -o tt 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Pioggia 2011 Pioggia 2012 T. max 2011 T. max 2012 U.R. 2011 U.R. 2012 31 -m a 04 g -g i 08 u -g i 12 u -g i 16 u -g i 20 u -g i 24 u -g i 28 u -g i 02 u -lu 06 g -lu 10 g -lu 14 g -lu 18 g -lu 22 g -lu 26 g -lu 30 g -lu 03 g -a g 07 o -a g 11 o -a g 15 o -a g 19 o -a g 23 o -a g 27 o -a g 31 o -a g 04 o -s e 08 t -s e 12 t -s e 16 t -s e 20 t -s e 24 t -s e 28 t -s et 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Pioggia 2011 Pioggia 2012 T. max 2011 T. max 2012 U.R. 2011 U.R. 2012 -m ag 04 -g iu 08 -g iu 12 -g iu 16 -g iu 20 -g iu 24 -g iu 28 -g iu 02 -lu g 06 -lu g 10 -lu g 14 -lu g 18 -lu g 22 -lu g 26 -lu g 30 -lu 03 g -a g 07 o -a g 11 o -a g 15 o -a g 19 o -a g 23 o -a g 27 o -a g 31 o -a go 31 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Pioggia 2012 T. max 2012 U.R. 2012 100 45 90 40 80 35 70 30 60 25 50 Est Nord 20 40 15 30 10 20 10 5 0 0 1° Trim. 2° Trim. 3° Trim. 4° Trim. Ovest Prove sperimentali allestite due prove di con prodotti fitosanitari registrati confrontando diverse strategie (Cesena; Bologna). Una prova nuove sostanze attive (Cesena). Drosophila suzukii Studio di laboratorio e di campo sulla difesa del ciliegio (Beers et al., 2011) Efficacia di piretroidi, fosforganici e spinosine Acetamiprid e Imidacloprid scarsa efficacia sugli adulti; da valutare l’effetto sistemico (si è visto che vi è una bassa % di sviluppo delle uova deposte) Studi preliminari di timing indicano che occorrono almeno 2 trattamenti nelle condizioni della California. Il timing ottimale dipende dalle situazioni locali. Ad esempio in California si ha il picco delle catture in primavera, mentre in Oregon il picco si ha da metà agosto a novembre cioè dopo che la maggior parte delle cultivar sono state raccolte Relazione tra catture e infestazione è da studiare perché in alcuni casi sembra inversa Spintor fly non sembra efficace per D. suzukii Raccomandazioni negli USA per la lotta su ciliegio Monitoraggio con trappole innescate con aceto di mele o altro installare le trappole nelle parti ombreggiate della chioma controllo 2 volte la settimana dal primo viraggio di colore contare maschi e femmine al primo adulto catturato eseguire i trattamenti Suscettibilità frutti Early Burlat è più suscettibile di Black Tartarian che è più suscettibile di Bing. Per Bing il colore preferito è rosso scuro , per le altre 2 è rosso Pratiche agronomiche Se l’impollinatore è a maturazione precoce rimuovere i frutti prima dell’invaiatura della varietà principale cambia colore oppure trattare gli impollinatori Controllo chimico Trattare quando la cv più precoce cambia colore e ripetete ogni 7-14 gg a seconda dei prodotti impiegati fino alla raccolta osservando l’intervallo di carenza Drosophila suzukii in Emilia-Romagna Monitoraggio adulti Estate 2010 primi monitoraggi in alcune aree della Romagna e del Modenese; nessuna rilevazione; Fori di 4-5 mm Il monitoraggio può essere effettuato mediante trappole artigianali innescate con attrattivi di aceto di mele. la trappola va appesa ai rami dei fruttiferi da monitorare al livello della frutta o, nel caso della fragola, tra le foglie della pianta, interrando il contenitore leggermente per evitare che si rovesci. ogni settimana occorre controllare il contenuto della trappola e sostituire l'attrattivo. Principali temi di ricerca e sperimentazione Miglioramento delle conoscenze della biologia e del comportamento svernamento resistenza alle basse temperature capacità di spostamento relazione tra catture e danno ospiti alternativi sensibilità varietale e suscettibilità dei frutti Miglioramento dei metodi di monitoraggio valutazione degli attrattivi e della colorazione delle trappole valutazione del modello previsionale utilizzato negli Stati Uniti Principali temi di ricerca e sperimentazione Valutazione dei metodi di controllo non chimico mass trapping reti antisetto attract and kill sostanze repellenti prodotti microbiologici, parassitoidi e predatori Valutazione dell’efficacia e della persistenza di prodotti chimici prove di campo e di laboratorio Da E. H. Beers, Timothy J. Smith, and Doug Walsh (Posted online 12 August 2010) sito • • • • • • The following life history parameters are taken from the original 1939 study by Kazawa. Up to 13 generations/year were recorded. These studies also indicated that the time from egg to adult was 8-11 days under optimal temperatures, which are about 77 °F; The egg stage lasted from 1-3 days, the three larval stages 3-13 days, and the pupae 4.5 days. Development was proportionately slower at 60 F. The life cycle in the field during the cherry season is expected to be about 2-3 weeks. Adults can live 3-9 weeks, although the adults that overwinter live for many months. The females lay from 1-60 eggs per day, averaging about a dozen (when all generations are included). Total lifetime fecundity of the females is 200-600 eggs. Spotted wing drosophila prefers a moderate climate, such as that found in the coastal areas of the west; however, recent experience has shown that is will also become established in hot-summer/mild winter areas such as California’s central valley. Activity is suppressed by high summer temperature (110-115 °F), but resumes when temperatures drop off in the fall. Life stages Egg: Eggs are translucent white, elongate, and about 0.6 x 0.18 mm. They are laid in the flesh of the fruit. There are a pair of "breathing tubes" attached to one end of the egg; these protrude from the puncture made by the female's ovipositor and are visible as white threads on the surface of the fruit. These are frequenly fused at the tips, giving the appearance of a single thread. Larvae: Fully grown larvae are typical Drosophila larvae, with black mouth hooks at the front end, and a pair of disctintive tan caudal spiracles at the rear end. The caudal spiracles, along with the prothoracic spiracles, can be used to differentiate the larvae of Drosophila from the larvae of cherry fruit flies (tephritids). There are three larval instars, with the last instar about 4 mm long. Pupae: Pupae are medium brown with two distinctive structures at the anterior end, resembling the prothoracic spiracles. Pupae are about 3 mm in length, with females slightly larger than males. • Adult: The adults resembles Drosophila melanogaster except for a few distinguishing characteristics. Overall the adults are about 3 mm in length, with a tan body and red eyes. There are 1 pair of wings, plus the halteres common to the Diptera. The abdominal segments have dark brown bands on the posterior edge. The key character of female D. suzukii is their heavily sclerotized and serrated ovipositor, which is lacking in D. melanogaster. The key character for the males is the single spot on each wing, from which the species gets its common name. The spots are on the leading edge of the wing near the tip. However, it should be noted that the spots are not visible when the adult male first emerges; it takes 8-10 hours for them to be fully formed. An additional characteristic of the males are the dark bands encircling the forelegs. • The short term life history is typical of an insect that can reproduce quickly, and produce succeeding generations in a short amount of time as long as a suitable host is present. The seasonal life history in eastern Washington has yet to be established. Overwintering in this region is suspected, but not confirmed. Overwintering has been confirmed in mild-climate areas such as California, temperate regions of Oregon, and western Washington. A theoretical distribution map of spotted wing drosophila indicates that much of eastern Washington is classed as either "marginal" or “unsuitable" for establishment. The experience of 2010 is that even if this species does not overwinter here, seasonal re-invasion may give essentially the same management scenarios. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Competition and natural enemies are not likely to influence the limits to the area of potential establishment. There are also little data available that could help to determine whether natural enemies will have an influence on the suitability of establishment but the effect is likely to be very low. The outbreaks in Europe have shown that the presence of potential natural enemies was not sufficient to prevent establishment. However, Grassi (personal communication) in 2009 reared one unidentified pupal parasitoid from D. suzukii on raspberries in Trentino, Italy. The situation might be different in other parts of the PRA area, e.g. there could be competition with Rhagoletis on cherry. There are no data on biological control but it is mentioned in the Japanese literature that larvae of D. suzukii were naturally parasitized by a species belonging to the genus Phaenopria (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) (EPPO 2010), Ganaspis xanthopoda (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), Asobara japonica and Asobara tabida (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (Mitsui et al, 2007; Mitsui & Kimura, 2010). The Ganaspis species reared from D. suzukii is genetically different but morphologically similar to G. xanthopoda (Kimura pers. comm.) Ganaspis species and Asobara tabida are widespread in Europe; G. xanthopoda is a “tramp” species with a wide distribution (Melk & Govind, 1999). Pupal parasitism was not recorded.The overall parasitisation rate, predominantly from urban and wild sites using banana baits, was low (4.2%) Mitsui et al., 2007) but this does not include the added effect of pupal parasitoids. Parasitoid rates in natural Drosophila populations are highly variable, e.g. 12% in a Dutch woodland to 39-85% in Tunisia (Janssen et al. 1988). There may be potential for biocontrol in fruit crops such as blueberries with generalist rove beetles such as Atheta coriaria. However, there is as yet, little information available (pers comm. Tracy Hueppelsheuser, 2010). For competition there is no information in the literature. To date there is no evidence of competition in North America where other fruit flies are present. Despite the potential for competition and parasitism, the EWG considered the uncertainty to be low. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Visual examination of the Köppen-Geiger climate zones, hardiness zones and degree day maps shows that the climate in its current area of distribution is largely similar to that in the PRA area where hosts are present. Only northern areas of Europe and Russia where hosts are present are unsuitable. In many areas, there are sufficient accumulated degree days for numerous generations to be completed in the summer. Although 250 degree days is required for development from egg to adult, a simple division of the annual degree days to obtain a map of the number of generations possible in an area was not considered very appropriate because (a) an additional period is usually required by insects before adults are ready to oviposit, (b) considerable individual variation can be expected with overlapping generations occurring and (c) the grid cells summarise and interpolate climate measured at weather stations and many locations within each grid cell will have different temperature accumulations. Although the higher the degree day accumulation above 10ºC, the greater the number of generations expected, the species cannot tolerate high temperatures if humidities are low and, in the southern Mediterranean areas, the species may survive only in irrigated crops. Information from Trentino-Alto Adige region suggests that the species can be abundant even in areas where the degree day accumulations indicate that only one or two generations per year can be completed. The pest overwinters as adult consequently cold winters are not favourable for its survival however, Kimura (pers. comm.) considers that in Hokkaido, severe winter causes high mortality but population survives in habitats associated with human habitation and is increased by entry with fruit imports from elsewhere in Japan. See Appendix • • • • • • • • • • • • • Hosts are very widespread in the EPPO region except for the extreme north and the arid areas of Asia and in most of these areas, the climate is suitable for establishment. Apart from climate, no other biotic or abiotic factor limits distribution. Currently, D. suzukii is found in areas with the extremely cold temperatures of -35ºC that occur in hardiness zone 4, however, based on Kimura (pers. comm.), in these areas, survival may depend on the availability of suitable over-wintering habitats associated with human habitation. D. suzukii is also currently limited to areas where the annual degree day accumulation above a base temperature of 10ºC does not exceed 500 (fig. 11 in Annex 1) although one generation is still likely to occur in areas where the annual degree day accumulation above a base temperature of 10ºC exceeds 250 (Fig.13 in Annex 1). The extent to which Fig. 11 or Fig. 13 is more representative of the area suitable for establishment is difficult to determine without more information on the northern limits to its distribution in mainland Asia. For the same reasons, neither CLIMEX nor Maxent provide additional insights into the potential northern limit to the distribution in Europe and Asia. However, the information from Hokkaido (Kimura, pers. comm.) suggests that this northern limit will be closely related to human habitation and the overwintering habitats it provides. • Considering the life cycle with up to 15 generations (Kanzawa, 1935), the fast development time (8 to 14 days in • optimal conditions), some 400 eggs laid per female (maximum of 992 eggs/female), duration of oviposition of 55 • days (maximum of 99 days) (Kanzawa, 1939) and high insect mobility (see question 4.01), it is very unlikely that it will • be possible to eradicate the pest in infested areas without natural barriers. If the infestation is detected early in a • small and restricted area (like a valley) with low abundance and well implemented measures there is a chance for • eradication. • • • • • • • • • • • In less than two years, D. suzukii spread along the West Coast of North America, from California's Central Valley to British Columbia (Lies, 2009) and damage has been recorded. Several berry growers in California, Oregon and Washington have reported up to 100% crop losses in some fields. In Willamette Valley (Oregon) peach growers experienced losses of up to 80 percent in some orchards (Herring, 2009). In 2009, California lost some one-third of its cherry crop from Davis to Modesto . Crop losses up to 20 percent were seen in Oregon raspberries (Herring, 2009). In addition, the spotted wing drosophila has been found infesting the fruit of raspberry, blackberry, blueberry, and strawberry plantings on the central coast. It was estimated that onequarter of late season blueberries and raspberries in Oregon were destroyed (Lies, 2010). However it should be noted that recent experience in California has demonstrated that damage can be quite sporadic. The pest is quite sensitive to local climate factors and damage is determined by whether or not conditions are optimal. Therefore different patterns of damage are seen. • It was noted that recent experiences in North America since 2008 have shown that the impact of D. suzukii on local • agriculture tends to decrease, although the conditions each year cause variations in populations, increased • awareness, improved monitoring, and treatments may have reduced populations ( Hueppelsheuser & Hauser, pers. • comm., 2010). • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1. Sanitation. Any fruit that remains in the field or orchard serves as a food source and allows eggs and larvae to fully develop and serves as a fly production source. When feasible, fruit from the crop site should be removed and destroyed either by burial or disposal in a closed container. This will reduce the pest numbers. Composting is not a reliable way to destroy eggs and larvae in fruit. 2. Area-wide management. Management practices carried out over a wide area are essential. Even if precise flight distances are unknown, D. suzukii is considered to be able to fly some kilometres within a territory. It is important for every grower within and next to a fly-infested area to participate, because a single, unmanaged field or orchard will serve as a source of infestation to nearby susceptible crops. Attention should also be given to meadows with scattered fruit trees, abandoned orchards and private gardens, all of which provide additional hosts. 3. Plant protection products Active substances such as organophosphates, pyrethroids, and spinosyns have been shown to be very effective in reducing numbers of D. suzukii adults and are expected to give coverage for 7-10 days. As always, plant protection products must be used in line with the instructions on the product label in particular the maximum delays before harvest The fruit is most susceptible to attack after it has coloured and developed some sugar. If monitoring indicates pest presence at this time, an insecticide spray should be applied to protect the fruit during this time. If monitoring indicates a high population earlier in the season, an earlier spray to reduce populations may be warranted in addition to a pre-harvest application. Post-harvest application to host crops can also be considered to decrease fly numbers. D. suzukii is often not noticed until fruit is being harvested. Sprays at this time will not protect the crop, because larvae are already in the fruit. There are no effective tools for controlling larvae within the fruit (the eggs are laid in the fruit so the larvae are never found outside the fruit). • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The EWG was confident that increased associated costs would be incurred at least in the first years of infestations, but given the inexperience with the pest the level of uncertainty was considered high. Costs will be incurred for labour and materials associated with monitoring, sanitation management, and additional targeted applications of plant protection products. Due to limited experience in areas experiencing D. suzukii infestations, there is some uncertainty regarding exactly how expensive control and management strategies may be. Optimal control management strategies are yet to be well defined and these may or may not incur increased costs in terms of chemical use and/or labour. Experience and associated costs of D. suzukii control to date: British Columbia (Hueppelsheuser, pers. comm., 2010): From limited experience of D. suzukii control in berry crops in British Columbia, it is estimated that some 1-3 insecticide sprays, i.e. 1-2 spring and/or pre-harvest sprays, and 1 post harvest spray will be required (although this has yet to be demonstrated in a full season of D. suzukii exposure). To some extent, D. suzukii numbers may be suppressed in conventional agricultural systems in which growers already use some relevant insecticides (e.g. cherries, managed for Cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis spp.)). Many growers in North America use GF-120, a commercial attract-and-kill product that has been shown to kill D. suzukii but is not effective in reducing the fly population. Cherry growers therefore need to ensure some broadcast canopy sprays are integrated into their rotation, based on fly trapping information. In this case, there will not necessarily be more insecticide applications, though they are likely to be different. Therefore increase in control costs for cherry is limited. There may be costs associated with obtaining registrations for important plant protection products. British Columbia for example has emergency registrations for malathion, cypermethrin, spinatoram, and spinosad for berries, stone fruit, and grapes for D. suzukii in 2010, though many of these products were already registered for at least some fruit crops for other pests. Associated costs of trapping: BC currently has some 4 trapping projects, hiring about 7 summer students, plus support activities from the provincial and federal government (insect identification, laboratory space, vehicles, supervision). The projects are funded by a combination of grower organization research and development funding and government funds. Cost for supplies: some 600 traps have been placed, costing $1.5 each, plus the cost of bait solution (yeast+sugar or cider vinegar 1-2 oz per trap; cost for the whole season has yet to be calculated). Some of the projects are expected to continue, albeit refined, though this is not yet certain. Additionally, private consultants are also trapping so there is some cost being borne by the growers themselves. • • • • • • • • • • • • • The EWG concluded that the potential for economic consequences due to D. suzukii incursions were major, with 'low' uncertainty. The strongest factor determining this decision was the fact that there is already evidence of extremely high crop yield losses where this pest establishes. Notwithstanding that there are some uncertainties: - limited information regarding damage in Asia although it is suspected that susceptible crops are not widely grown. - uncertainty regarding whether establishment will be possible, for example, in Northern Europe. - The potential economic costs associated with control and management. Despite the above uncertainties, the EWG was confident that when establishment occurs, damage is almost certainly going to be high initially. Management and experience, or even the fact that growers could change their agricultural systems and grow different crops altogether, may well reduce damage levels in the future. An additional consideration was that the EWG did not consider that grapes could be regarded to be a major host. However, there is some uncertainty over this point and the possibility of infestation potential could not be ruled out. In such case the potential for economic damage in the region is higher. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Chemical treatments: There are no chemical treatments for controlling larvae within the fruit (the eggs are laid in the fruit so the larvae are never found outside the fruit). Cold treatment: For cherries cold treatment is possible provided that fruits are kept 96 hours continuously at 1.66 degrees (Kanzawa, 1939). For other fruits no information is available. It should be noted that these are laboratory results which have not been verified in commercial consignment conditions. In addition small fruits are usually traded quickly as they do not keep for long periods which is unlikely to be compatible with the duration mentioned for cherry. Other treatments Controlled atmosphere should be investigated but no data is available for the moment for D. suzukii. There is no information on the efficacy of irradiation on D. suzukii. Information on to what extent irradiation is used in EPPO countries was not available to the EWG. In the EU, few countries allow the irradiation of fruits (see the list of Member States’ authorisations of food and food ingredients which may be treated with ionising radiation (2009/C 283/02). In addition the treatment, should be conducted in an approved irradiation facility (see Commission Decision of 7 October 2004) so irradiation is not a feasible measure for all EU trading partners. As irradiation only sterilize insects and does not kill them, presence of living insects remains a concern for some countries. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Measures that are considered sufficient as single measures Specified growing conditions (growing the plants under a net or in screened greenhouses and trapping to verify pest freedom) Pest Free Area (following ISPM no. 4) Other measures that can be considered on a case by case basis and upon request o Import for processing provided that it can be guaranteed that no escape of flies is possible o A possible combination of measures in a systems approach could be Consignment originating from an area of low pest prevalence Surveillance of the crop based on trapping Treatments of the crop Inspection during packing and handling Cold treatment (but see comment just below) o Cold treatments for cherry fruits; data are needed for the efficacy on other fruits than cherry and for cherry data on efficacy of the treatment for commercial consignments are lacking. o There is no data available for other treatments (controlled atmosphere, irradiation), such treatment can be considered upon request. Drosophila suzukii Nel 1931 il giapponese Matsumura Suzuky descrive per la prima volta la specie Caratteristiche morfologiche: Drosophila suzukii 3,0 mm D. melanogaster D. suzukii Caratteristiche morfologiche: Drosophila suzukii Photo by Sasaki La femmina, è dotata di un ovopositore fortemente seghettato che le permette di incidere l’epidermide dei frutti maturi ancora sulla pianta inserendo l’uovo direttamente nella polpa. Drosophila suzukii – perché è un rischio per le colture? D. melanogaster D. suzukii Delle circa 1500 specie appartenenti al genere Drosophila solo D. suzukii e D. subpulchrella (presente in Giappone) ovidepongono su frutti sani Drosophila suzukii – perché è un rischio per le colture? Attacca i frutti sani D. melanogaster D. suzukii Ampio range di piante ospiti Alto potenziale riproduttivo Alto potenziale di dispersione Drosophila suzukii – elevato potenziale riproduttivo in Giappone, D.suzukii circa 13 generazioni all'anno in California, ne sono state contate da 3 a 10. dal punto di vista climatico D.suzukii sembra preferire una elevata umidità e temperature moderate e non sembra ostacolata da inverni freddi. Caratteristiche morfologiche: Drosophila suzukii Maschio L’adulto di D. suzukii misura circa tre millimetri di lunghezza: ha grandi e caratteristici occhi rossi e il corpo color bruno-miele, con bande scure sulla parte dorsale dei segmenti addominali Caratteristiche morfologiche: Drosophila suzukii Ovideposizione Photos by Dr. Elizabeth Bees, WA State Univ. 2011 http://jenny.tfrec.wsu.edu/opm/gallery.php?pn=165 Drosophila suzukii - danno su ciliegio Drosophila suzukii - monitoraggio in Emilia-Romagna Monitoraggio con le trappole: 39 campi positivi su 47 monitorati. Campioni di frutta esaminati e risultati positivi: 20 di ciliegie, 3 di albicocche, 3 di more coltivate, 4 di fragole rifiorenti, 3 di fichi e 2 di sambuco. Drosophila suzukii : monitoraggio adulti Impostazione monitoraggio installazione trappole: metà aprile rilievi settimanali (cambio aceto) ultimi controlli: da luglio ad novembre In alcune aziende con alta popolazione di D. suzukii il monitoraggio è tuttora in corso. Drosophila suzukii - risultati del monitoraggio in Emilia-Romagna La prima cattura è state rilevata nell’ultima settimana del mese di maggio a Vignola In provincia di Modena il numero dei maschi catturati nelle diverse aziende si è mantenuto generalmente a livelli bassi con una media di 68 maschi per trappola nell’arco delle 18 settimane (valore minimo 11 e valore massimo 210). Bologna : monitoraggio adulti 2012 catture medie per trappola 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Maschi Femmine Totale ov 12 -n ov 05 -n tt 29 -o tt 22 -o tt 15 -o tt 08 -o tt 01 -o et 24 -s et 17 -s et 10 -s et 03 -s go 27 -a go 20 -a go 13 -a go 06 -a 30 -lu g 0 -m ag 4gi 18 u -g iu 2lu 16 g -lu 30 g -lu 13 g -a 27 go -a go 10 -s e 24 t -s et 8ot 22 t -o t 5- t no 19 v -n ov 3di 17 c -d i 31 c -d ic 21 Ferrara: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii 2012 IOLANDA (FE) 250 200 150 100 50 0 FEMMINE MASCHI TOTALE -m ag ag -s e -d i v c -n o v -o tt -o tt -n o 12 28 14 31 17 t t t 3ot 19 5se -m ag 13 -g iu 27 -g iu 11 -lu g 25 -lu g 8ag o 22 -a go 30 16 2m Numero adulti catturati Parma: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii 2012 Langhirano - Vite 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Confronto andamento climatico del 2011-12 Montereale (Cesena) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 20 -m 22 ag -m 24 ag -m 26 ag -m 28 ag -m 30 ag -m ag 1gi u 3gi u 5gi u 7gi u 9gi 11 u -g i 13 u -g i 15 u -g i 17 u -g i 19 u -g i 21 u -g i 23 u -g i 25 u -g i 27 u -g i 29 u -g iu 1lu g 3lu g 5lu g 7lu g 9lu 11 g -lu 13 g -lu 15 g -lu g 0 Pioggia (mm) 2011 U.R. (% ) 2011 Pioggia (mm) 2012 Temp. Min. (°C) 2012 Temp. Min. (°C) 2011 Temp. Max. (°C) 2012 Temp. Max. (°C) 2011 U.R. (% ) 2012 Rilievo uova • Comparsa uova in data 20/06/2012 per due delle tre aziende monitorate, assenti nella terza; • Grado di infestazione variabile dal 3 al 6%; • Nessun danno riscontrato sui frutti (anche in sovramaturazione).