PERF 1009 Articoli su hydraulic fracturing. 1950 1960

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udin.ì N
L"oI
{quq
Hydralrac Process lor lncreasing
auir
the Productivity
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i
30.
o[ \(/ells*
J. 8. CLARKI
Abrllqct
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't t 1"j,.1ì t t tì"a,, li1ù,1 ,o,,
t ì,iù: a < ùùlù nttqitl. t,l, t'
-t d i.'t d t'tot't,tr:! r.t,r.u ttitt
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n,ear. .f impr"rins tl,r t,r,nlu,li\r'
ahilitr ,'t,,il ar,l ::as s,ll.. t,ani.u
larlr n,r rrll. sIi,h 1,r"l,r" fr,'rr,
f,,r',,aru,. sl'i(1, ,l', ù,,r r"r, t rN,ìil.
§ilh a,nl.. Thi. prl-r ,li-rs'* tl,,'
,1,\ 1,'ì{,,,,,r,,1 n hr,lrlrln [r'rt,rt
in" r'r' r-r "ll\.lr.trr,'.- §ì'i,h
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,,-rl n,r s,lùti,,, nririrs,,f.ah. rrrl.
*ìrh iontr n,,,lili,..li"ì,.'r,, §arcr reì1.
r,r,,lx,.ti
i,'.
l.quirèmènti of Pro..i3
c,rridtirg.uch n po..il,lr 1r," ,-.. ir rpr*ar"l ll,"t,.rliir, !,t,'i,,'
,,rnr.r ù.r 1,. nn t (,,,n.!,flI'^' r,,
lrr
\.
Tlre llrdraulic ntrnì selc(ti'd !tro.r
Le sum.n nllr \is.,ùs tlnl it .irl
he injr.r.it i'rlo lht rr.U al a Ir,-'
IHE
PETROLEUM ENGINEER,
iérerence
1,,,;,1,ir,r ,ri,'r,t
.," r, ". ..r,"1 .,, rl'.,r ,,'r r ., lr ,
r,rr'i. f,,r'nrl. ir \ill h I'tr\.',t l
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, r'rt,"l riil r,rr'ain 1,, -r\' .F x
lì,,\ , l,i,'r" l r,,, ,,il L,l !r.
'th. rì,ri,r Jrtl,l I' rrr ,,i1. ,,r,,
rrt|.r rl,n,'., \rl"' 1,.,r ll,rnl. l'
,.arq. rl, l.rrr, r ",,rrl,ì l, lrrrrlfrrl
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'l
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rl. r"ll arrrl n,,r .ra. ir, 1,la", rrr,l
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r ,,,
l l,r,,ali,r,.
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in
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t,, ,,lnài,, llù r,l\ r,,lr!'* ,,f h,,'l
of P,o(e$
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rr,,rr.rl ,,,rIr,, '. \ f, ,, r'rrr,': rl'rr'ì
,tr",t a l,riglrr r,"t nr. u-"t r,, l,r.al
,1,,n,, IIx f,,r' iIi,',,. Sln,l Ò,i\,,ì \irlr
,li.ri,!ri\rl\ ,,J,'r,!ì .,,lirl. sr' lr,
i,.rnl i,,r,, r|r \,ll \irh lh, hr,rur'
irt! ll,ri,l 1., t,'. r' iit r' 1rr\ r, r I rr''
,,,..1,. ,,, tI,. f,,r,',rti,,rr \ -i rulrt,,l
I,l l,,.rl"r .,,1rri,,,, ,l',"1 ., l,,i!ì,r
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O€velopmèni
,
lìr'r llirri,,rr
rr' .ll,,"r, ir l"ir. I. lt
\r. n,ne(l lhnr I irL rr|, r,:r' f',rr,t.l
rl"rrt tIr qrll h,n'- rhnr Ili t',,,1'l,inir
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l,rrak. arrl rlrr ll,' l,r, ,,l, r -,l,rli"rr
n,ì1,,r th,,
'lhc r,-rrlr'
1919
^nnool,
\,ll I,-l i. r)n,l.,l'l\ n,,r , \.,,11ì
,"t',;\.'1,,,r r', ,1,"'t, t,.r. rl!' ',-',ll'
' .'- l.
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li,l,' ,ìu,;.,;r ., llll,.,ftd, i,'ì,.
Stepr of th€ Xydroko. Pro(è..
lir. I -1,,,". r.inrl,lilìr,ì ,r,^,.rr,,r,rl rnr, ,,i x s,'ll rr'.r*l l^
,,r, r, r-i,'rr .,f Il,r |,,(,-. Ilx lì'n
,1,",
.r,.t,. f,,r"rr',,'r l,,,rl,l,
",r,.',r-.,-'i,,j
. i,l, 1 \,- ,,',. ll,,,,l ,,-r.,ll,
,,1,,, ,,,ì .,"ù r- r rrr,l, ,,il ,,, r''-,li!.
i,, rl'i,h I'n. l+rrr r,l.lr,l a l.,lrirr'!
n,:.nr. lrù, r,' rrril.rl,ilitr arrl 1,rict.
.,rr1,l ,- \.,1,.,1r,, l,r. l-, n u'c,l in
".,,
rh. ,,,.,t,,,,t, ,J , \r",,,,"arr- l,' ,lal.
\rr,.rlr,, i. rl,,'-,,.,t, rhrl si.
',+l i,''
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r,,rirF r,l.l,n,l.r -J,rti,,hur.ltìr,r,
.,fr"' -^;,.'l h,,,rh. r,,rrinir rh" $'ll
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t.,!1."1 ',1, ì' rl,, ,',ir,n: 1rrr,,1, ,rrì
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, I r
. r
r r
, . r
r
i
'
Plonni.s lhe tièld Job
'lll r'lrlrrir,;: ,,f r ll',lr.rfrr, r"l'
,,.,',,i,,.: ,l, r.,il,.l , , ,-i,l, rxt,,,n ,'f rh,
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,,f thr Irr,l rn,l"
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I
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r,rr.-urr. lh, t"ll Jrl,th. lh. !it'..i,'
;",1 1,,',liri,,n. arul u1'on
lle
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8.3
rorMAroN Il^clURt (oNrA
3
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ROCX
À
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Nr fRACTUPÉ
PÀTT
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rrrosÉD fora^rroN
FIG
I
Shorlòw wèll
p,,i*s ,,r hi;:l.r. rlrltn,lirrg ,,rr t[.
i,,,ìi\ i,lù.1 j,,1,. lt hr. li-n f0un,l tl,nr
\.,,',,1 ,.,,.'1, r,nl -i",,hr -,rp. t",,
,',1, rh,. ,1.-i,,"1 ,.1,"r ,r,.'i.rx.. \{
l,alrrr ran h. n(l(1.(ì r,, Fa',lin.. k.r,"
.ir,.. ,,r , tlr.r ,,'l;,,,r1 Itr trt l.',n' , u1.
t,, l,r.,lu, ' i:,1. l,r.ir,; .rrr' ,ì,-ir-l
\is.,»it\ trt' r. n{Fnl,Jrl,l\ (^cr:ìl)(ì
:trength. an(ì (oùrt,r.tsibilitr !,1 lh.
lDiliridùal il.ùìs lhal n,u:l lr.,rr'
ir lht planring. rrtl th"
nrrth.d {'l !Dc.ting lìr( delailtl 1
duire'ùd,r\ I,, rl; Irn, Lurirc ,lrri,l
Jrrl equiInInr. are ,lnrrrr-rJ'in ,1,'
tail helos. u lrr lh. ci,rrespon(linf
healings ,,1 Ir,lrauh tìùi,l rcilùin'
, rIls. puùrt, requrr.Irnl.j and l,n''1"
sirn.red
l;J,.,,ti, t;,,,, thri.. TL, id"Jt
llunl rl,,rrLl lr {,, ,'il\ ,,n rarhtr
thnn a Nrl,.r l,nn llùi,1. 1,, {\,';d (ì+
Xydroùli. Fluid l.qui..h.nl3
The usual hldrauli, flui,l r.,1uir.
rn€nr i, t,,r ar ,,il phsct ar", tJl § irlr
rir..sitr l,clseen 50 and l.-rli ..hl;
rrF",r llr I,,,,,.àl'ilil\ ,,{ lh. i,,,.
,"Jli,'n n,,,il ,,r Fà. TIi- n"1uin'rnrnt
r- rìr'l l'\ lh, \u1,aIn prl h' rrrl tr-c,1.
,
Wan.r h&< tìui(ls- howerrr. *ouì,ì lrr
!,1\rrìtnjrr"u. ìr l,.rlirg trnt, r $.ll-.
,ìr trrt, r irjo( li,'r \.1ì- srì ìnritler
the ,,il ;nJurl.\ ,,, in(l,,n,ir. trh.r'
sat.r i- u{rl rrr ',luti,r,,r,ir,ir,ir,,l
-rh.. rrr,l ir tl,,' lr!{h I'n!..s ,,f
rririrrs .uì1,hur. lIù'n' n 41.,, s,rtt,
(dvr l(, Iiln\, lh!t a rrl.r l',{
lìui,l c, uLl l- ur"l .ur,-=frrllr irr ,,rl
,'r ga. rrllr. 1,,,nl,.r $,{'ì.. ir irrrtirrlr p,^.il,lr that rI. li n(lìli ,ì.
, ir{ì h.n l,\,lrntrln'ally f'.(luri,,!
rh. f,ìrnìati(,, rnr\ 1,. groat crr,ugh t,,
,{.!,,rtre lh. (l(r.as. in lÈrnù abilir\
cau*,1 l,r sat,r ,nttirr ,,f th. oil ,,,
aas
{r(ì. It i' I'nr,*r. L,r cxrn1,ì..
r nr Ir arirl
rl'àr li,nr.r,'D. n+"noirs
ll
t
,t
J
FlG.3. Well hool'up 6ing r.rvi.è <omPon) èqoipm.ni.
tlG. 2. Hydrof,oc pro.e$.
IHE
PETROLEUM ENGINEER,
Rèlè.€..e Annoo,' t919
B-7
PUI'P RATE TO FRACIT'RE FOiI'AÌIOÈ
a
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rÉiI€AalUlY | .llll..rc, l..l
(ar6lro.rr
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x
lr*rn
rr tr.ri.r)
FIG.4
izr(ì kith !n nri(l i,)luli,,ì rhal ;s as
h;sh r' 8r, ,,, ',(r l, I ,, ,,r hdl.r' h illr
s re!ulli"! iùr n i-e iD rrll 1,r,lu.tit
il\. l'ulur" h,,rl sill, rl,ir r,ri 1\i,,ra\
i;d;cate rh{t is i. nr,rr rr,,rrrrn al to
use a harcr l,ase f,,r t[c hr,lrruln
frarturing llui{l! rhrtr lh, n&rr (\p.ù'
an,l .ru,l" ,,il l,r- lìuirls.
';..
"rs"Ì;,* in f,,r,"Jri,,,,' rur Jlirrr"'
ùsfliìcularI
i.i,Ll' ,,,.i.,,",",r,"1 b irl' rrillI.,.'u'
rnat.;iaìs.
;ln,t (4rrti ! t\,1t' "l th'
rI"
I-t",,t h r ' ft,',' ,1,-ir.'ì1r rìr.rr
h\drsulic Iìùi(l shuLl ,rrtt ir sus
,,;h.i,,', i.ulli.i,r,l n,,,, rr,l ,,[ !lti'rtt
!rrnula, ,"4r"' i,,l .,r l, ' '.rr,,i r,' t''
i...1 c- n 1,',,1,1,i,,1. rir''rrr r" k'1'l' lI"
I.a,.rtrn. fr.{r,,.t,* rr,,tì aft.r rl,ol ure:.ur.. TI" l,irlr \ r- '-it\ "f rh''
NaPalm sels male' rlr' §"ll -rite'ì
lu lratr!P,,rl 'u.h nralrrirl'
ot th I'ùklu'i t flui,l
\ftir ttr. ha,.r'In i. ! rile.
rhr fractù.itr! iluiJ trrùr l* lhirr
to fl"i l,a,k ,,,rr .'f tl," "ell.
"*-,h
The j\qtlm s"l. hara th" a,lr nntaPt
BrcoAnry
I,iscosin.
B-8
,,i l-ins rrhli,tì\ u,Nlrl'lt, !) lhal
rhr ri<,§il\ ,'f lhr's,,ìoti(r, §ill Ir\.,1
J,',,r,\,"!,1,1\ Ihrl ,'f rl,, 1,.,- ,,,1
l.'rr,-,1
"lr.i il," r,.rur,
'thc \a1,aln,
arltarrtaxr,'l
I tunh,'r
!rl is lhrl il. lirtr. ,,f r^.Isi,'n i,, a
l.,l i..,,r','llrlJ" ritl!;n ,lclìtrirt li,n
ir.. F,'r ,.rr,,tJr. rr ì'.F l"r,' I,,"r l
tl,alr- rn, ,r l 1,, I t.r,,,n,,1\.,r"r
-l,l,.l-r:,., \Jr,.l,,,.rrJ-'lrrr, :,1 rill
,.,,.. n',r.i.,rr l,r r ''l nrlIrrr ii t,
21 l,r. nl,,.I qi'n..urrlJr trlr t I
. r
,
rr rlr: Il',lraliu, 1',1' \,r'
'
i,,l'n ro*,lile r.ìc §ili o'\"rr I ' -'l'
. rhi,,.,,, t,,,ùr r.r r",, if rl,.r rr,.ir
,",ir- r,,r rtr,tJ, I $ilI ",llrrr'ulL rrr"r
,1,,',anr trr"r,,t, ruJr'. lìralPrrr,"r'.
r.,
.
|
f ,
,
,
,
,
,
'
ir i, a1.,, t",*il,l, lii u{' i'lurr r'-hi,l, kill l,n.dl tl'.- !,1. ir' n l, §
,
inun's un,ler
quit"rrri
r,,rrtact c'Ù
,l,ti,','.. rr,x .tat,,r,l" r. o 2 l" t "r,t
!Jù1i,,',,f I,rln,l.un' _ullrh,,ralP' itr
!rrJi,r ,,r irul, ,'il. Tli' all'^" "no
i,, t,,1t,," rt," \11,alnr ir"l "itl, a -"
.,"J !,1ùli',,, 1,, i'FurF irs I'r'r' ral'i'l
ft\e,ri,rì
t,, lhe !,1 c,,r(lilioD.
TIIE
PETROTEUM
Pump R€qsirem.nls
rr rn,! rilh h.ll ,[dh. flunl \,u',,1 t*''
',,-rr\. f'{,',rr,,r' rì'i,l-;*..
,,x.{t,iìit\ tr,,,1 ltrnl(»,r lr(,l, prc{re, it
i. I"*.il,l. 1,, (,r,,t{rl( hilh Ini' a.
rn11\'rrr tu
''u'J, \. Ihr l{,,"I rrl.
I'.x1tr'. r f,,,,',.,r,,,,, ",1 r,, r\ro',t
rhp f,rrru,, itl.' it is lìr.l '!,àdr. l'ig.
r r,',1 :,.r 1,1" ,.l,nl ,l,lcrìinnti,ù of
l' t,'r"U, ,.rt, ,'ilr ,,"1u,'*l r,, fra,
r,rr, r f,,r,,rt,,,,r ,xl r,, ,\rflxl rhc
Lr,1u,. i,, lhrf,,r lxli,,n.n(l l2r. the
rrr*=arr lìti,ì ti',1,sil\ 1,, Ir clur'
rnil I,,.\tt.d tl!. fr..r1irt ì,, thc forsill, x iri\,,, I',r,,,tt rtrl,'.'lh'ir
"'J1,,,,1
.1,.,,r'
a,r 1",-,1 , rr r rrunrl,er ,,I u'
q1Dìoli,'nr sl,i.ìt r,,ul,ì s*n t,, orer
(,,,,,r',rlJr,,,,F. 1,"1 ,'cr r'
'',',,11,f\ rln
rlrl;-- tì,c\ Lr.: l,"rr f,rrnrl r,, ì,
a-,nrl,l! a..ùr.r, in ttr!(l;r..
" Ficl,l .\l" rr ,, hr. .lr,\ n thar rhe
"
-,,"--J,,1 lIr,lraIrr. lnf,lr rnl r/
ouin. a ,l, lìnir, fm, rur i,,! "f rh'' {"r
,i,,ri,,,, r- in,li. rr,"ì I,' r ,1," rta- in
'Il ' ,I ''ri aq irr
1'.','-.," 1i,t,,4' .h'"n 'n
sereral
ENGINEER, Retèrerce Annuol, 1919
l. ( alrnlrrrd r., u.ttrll forrurntrr b..rldorr Drr.{'16.
I rDLl.
l'ùn,r,
-"," II,,n"'.r ir i.,,ltrn,ur f,,r,, t'i!
:J rhlr l,\ u.i.,F . l,Liltr , r i! ,^il\
r,rrlt'rirl .r,lì a. x lol) r,,il,tr,i., 8rl.
tln l'u,,'t, ,.(tui,,,,xì:r- rr. rlr,'1,1nd
t,, sitIin t,r.,1i,!l li,rrr- l",rl, nù
f,i.lu,i,ìr nnd t,', r\l,r,li,ir lh' {,r,
I \l|Ll: ::.
! . r' liìd rr l'.,1r{ùlnnll!.
lur
f.
Po.ker Require.n€nt5
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THE PEIROLEUTn ENGINEER,
rère'e,.e Anilol, t919
g-9
PRESSURE CURVE
PROÒUCTION CURVE
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PRESSURE
CURVE
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PRODUC'TION CURVE
PRODUCTION
crlRvE
I
l'::r.;'-'"'
I
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THE PEIROI.EUM ENGINEER, Ref..en.e Annuol, 1919
la:t ltrt: Iid . \\rll (l\ shnh
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piofiler indi.oring rè3ullt of
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FIG- lO. Pè,meobiliry
BEFOiE
HYORAFAAC
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THE PETROTEUM ENGINEER, nefere.ce Annuol, 1919
ro 2() 3()
ao
to
B-l I
PRESSI,]RE CURVÉ
l
PROOUCTION CURVE
PRODUCÌLON AFTER HYDRAFRAC
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werrs
succEssFULLY
:
TREATED
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fiodiDa Ér oil
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mu(h flrtrrr I'drùt ol n!.hilny ro 4 S!(..*ne lrr.rur. ucrrnì.nti licqur.!
prd.lùr( l(s oil io. r sircn ..k"on l, air. nr$ 'n,narG in oil. rrrurlly
prdro... tor...n w(ll rr!.r i! unninr_ rhr.r r i pLn(rl ol flush pnxlu.rion
ull«t. ihr hiah-re txriql ol prÒduc' rlr( cd.h r.rarmrnr ihnh hrxsly.(.
oil ln . homc
'ho* ur tra.ua o, [x.l tutr h ro. rh. ,n(r'.§rd
rhr (rl.ì1 ..r( rfi.r
3 §,n.rimq Jnlr.r.. typ.: ol {.r.rurr .i(h ioh niy h. rll,ur rh€ enrr Bur
rrr|rnrn. frrGlu.( dilfqcnr r $ Òi Pro. ià r rrr o'r Urh lim,.dons Òr Ar
N.!b'ln, irar I'Lii,rn. \ ,,csrilt r.ar
du.rn,n nrtlin( in *dll n rh( sh. rx l
Ihr !rl,(r\ ol l(,rd<nl prrsu ns .nd nrcnr mar inÙu\! \drl.'d Pn,Ju..n,h
unn(di, rlo* re.J t) ohiur. rhit duritrs
c
t
i
r.16.rc.Èr
ln ,.cn.rd. x6.tu
qm., r ecll wnh '.n'.1
i rhoÀÙ rr..ru..
rkJrur Y'll d(l,rL «, a n,*rr F(ld
D(xlu(rio,,. /tnorhrr (rùr( ol frn d(l'.r
n rhc ..c.rion o, f..dur6 i! n.rrcs
ibl.r.al nrnrns ol .h( pr/. The Dty l,e
2 lh. l'{{ m(rn\ ùl Ù.lu.io! rhr I....
6 p.qlu.r,rn) rndtr ..d
pr($urr.hu'ldup t.5ù lxrorr .nJ latrr
llÌ )nrp,irc. ol rh. ..r(ì ol Frhr.hilir'r\ i.on, (hc,,.odu(riviry.nrder .6{.nd
.h( tr.$ù.r t'uilduo r({ rhc rc[.iR
ll.'{ ..p.(n,$ n(* rh( Nrll hort .nJ in
rh! rc*^or mr' tr otxrindi.
11 .hr.c i! v.flnrl rr'.mr.bihy *art!$.nn .nd .he {rrru.§ in...<r only
o..r ol ihr l{,.mrrio.. th. r..io ot p.r'
muhìlnn\ r«,m tht P.l..nd bùildùp
k{G nr.} nì.k thr ih(ùr. .rc.rd.^Ù
.pF.r rd emd. SiùG onl, P.i of rh.
lorm.ùon,r .fr<.d, pcrmdbilni.! ..1
.uLrd ,rom bo.h .tn. ,,1! be @ lo*.
ln rhir nturtion, ini<ìtn) i6ts thould
tE run io dd.rninr iI lu.rhd idurina
woùlil oFn mre ..6rÒir rnd in.ràÈ
ln nìan\ (aa{, rh'\ n(s oil n du( ro
lcnxrhrninx ol rn. or,sin.l 1..(c.6.
Iìuù n«xlu.rir,n ùruA bc(.ù!€ ol tnrk re,li{ hurntr, l,\.n rhuush lL)w
rei\'in.. A lL$ rhrn
rh. ininrl n,tÉ.
'l(cr d.pld.d .nd
(hc n.Frroir ir lùnher
knl.d r... ,n.y tro( b. in.r€.-d.
ln orh.r .rrt th. ntr oil ròulr ,6m
,rinm rhrlnla\ t!'ond .tnur ir) li
rhrto61 th( v.«ìc.l r..ttuh' rrll xr\.
h.(( .afÀ . rn d(J ir errcnd\ up
trrfui J\ ia' a1 ,, (1,,c\ ou(§r'd
.re,rio. o, ii...urts inro n.* 2ont1 of
nro.lù.ri(,. v'her. v.(i(il P.rÒt.bilnv
lsrrieÀ (rtr...11 rhc to.e! mry.or ti
rra.tur(i h\ .hc init'.1 ioht vh(n in.e
zon6 r« ontr,rl, k{rltd p«xlùdion ra(c
nay ttr («su'i ihr r.t. rir(. rh. ,n't'Àl
5 Sù.(c$ oi ,ddnioorl {r.(rur( (ror
me.6 d(li.nd\ oiì rhc rb,lit) ra .rlYxc
n.* ,orÉ.rio.r on a.h lr..rù.t r-i
m.nr llnl-r rù(6tiv€ fàrm..rt u!€
r.(òni.lu$ Jcixnrd ro pu.h lr.dùrcr
fùrh(r ou( 'n rnr lormr.iÒ., thty nr.!
no( ,npro\( rl,c innial tc!i,(nt.
rvh.rr !n,,'.1 .r6rm.ns usna o.ly r
,,I end . d ,lu h...
tE. \ù.(r$tù1, lr.Àcr ù.rrm.nc vnl
usu.t\ rl$ tl nn.6rrul tn t n(* Ie..
Dùrrx,ell n riÒrm r
\m2ll r..rrdrnr on *.ll(,n'ùrllv, thfn
.ii.r d6nrv' B rh. r...rio ol th. relt.
irnlor n uD * h. l..r€.rc.rm.... A3
manf .t rhi(i (dh.nB h.!r l*to ru.
.5rul o' n'm. q.lk.
:,.
t
sr.dlall' trn' .,ur Ù rht d§r..(. irofl!
di{rn(tt
rh( l.r u.r , (r.rF!.
^,rt.di r[. lrr.'
.ou8hl) .qu.l rò rh. )enArh
(ur.. rh. il(,* rt(crn.trpmt(h.\ r.d'.1
-r'hr non.itcul,r
i\ los. (ht
v'hcr. !r
'..1 ticrnr'ah,l(ì
will Eiìc h.{ ..rulr§ ^.."nd lrr..ù.d *ell5 h$ he. rucxcqcd
!(r(dl rr2.rur.
ù.[.r enoush holi,on[l fr.ctut.t .rt r! . me.ns ol d.r.rminins th. th.F\ .nd
pr«,n( r, .1,mtl«(lf r.p rht fo.n..on. .i,r...oni ot ih. Irrdurs Th. Irrdun'
p.(.rn mr) t( .nid .d {.om oÌ,*À._
a M.n) poFl( l,l\( o .hink oI . 1...
r!r( .s nì.rtlr ,.(r..nnr rnr ..diL§ ol rionr o, trodudns or6!u.d 'n $tlk
rh( well Htr.. Fo. r ho zont.l lrt(.urc rur.ourJ,na . tr.c.u.cd x€ll
id ! .h,. r*rloir rhit É tui lcr §«'nE
ruhitt ol
But Iù v.irn.l {rr«urcs. the prorurt 5Àr rh( prcant r'mt. th.
lrxiure
,rom
r
u'l
,lr]n'ns
norc
(h.n8é
llÒw
È
divrrt<l
11
dir.ibuik,n
'h.n
no.r n em.*h.r .lln tu thc
otÙd .h. irt('ù.c int..d of tht r.U rrom . *rUrh.rh..
(ler
*.ll!
tpei.r
ol
tubj( ot
Io. hori,ontrl lr.du..r of t .i(ùl.t ?ilt bdr.r dr.i. . É.voir'
ln . f,.t uornaon{Yp. t*rvoir. i,
rh.F.,..nr h:!. rhorn th.r..drl i$'
.ifi.i.nc, ùI dnio{i. d<.G.6 riih
.nr
nrd!É
.E
.h..t'
lrro.d
rh.
ritrenii.l:
of dùin.s.. lrlcrur.! thoùtd i._
vc.'
dilrinc.
cd lirl. by rh. ,rrau.6. Ho*..r.
rht
.Ilid.n., oi r(*rvoar d.Ile
..e.r
{dm.rn,n
e.u
irom
.he
llow
!...ic.I
.iÒl
lo.m.tio.t
oI
a@d
3ln thi.
ol rhn .ll<. 5 noi
Ttu
m.tonud.
.ion.
Arcund
p..mc.hl(y, r horietrol I..(!r. aill .lErt r.d hrl',q rh( tr..lurd
(m'
drim.(.d ro h. !!
h(
b<.n
bu!
n
tno*.
rhe..
t..riczl
hon(t€r.
lradu(a
r
*.ll
m.t
rh€
tlor
c.p..i(y
ot
in..6*
c.nr ol P.im.rr
tu
It
hixh
.r
t
(
of
i$Fn(nti.l)
,tr
rh.. wiu: \mn.l h.(turr. Au. ih( ridÈÈl .trl'rnhur'on
rho
ih(
f..(uk.
n
I'n(-rr
ior
tlo*
erh
in.rdrinE
d«ra§
.dv.nr.xr
"'nì
'"t:
I Yo..n urùlly ùr mrm.l hiah.pÉ
rc r.tlhad .6n<don. ..d rùli.r lo,
ltuun.!. povid.d i.i6iu rt6 .E
rill prcvid.
lox. Th. *[email protected]
.h. .(!$r, piFnt ro .o..«r .h. pump
..!.lr b .lt Ell. Bùr yoù lhoùld (b<l
.lt fn.insr o b. rùc th.r 6.h n r...d
.hovr rh. .rp.«.d tlaù,int p.*g...
Tùi. m.y hc r. mu.h r, Lu)o ro 2,000
pri. .v.. lo. rh.llov *.1h. SÒm. .om'
p.nid rrquir onndònr !o rnd.!
mrh ù l,t@ D.i. .tDv( e!p<r.d p..'
Fo. lis ioht .mFlorins hiaà r.rd Òl
ini<io6, rhr.lhins m.y h. pùlld rhn iluid n pùmt'ed di.«ib dorn rh.
(.v.s.
L.a. lh.a.d .rrac .it,pl.
^ n:.d.d, r hlordur nfuvrniù
rhd.
l;n6 ro rht ù.in!
Ho*.v.r, vh.fu !àtrt i nÒ pr.ld, vìmt
punrp dr
oFer..o.r lov. rubinx ;n ,
rnd.
connEr rhe pom!
I B.àtdorn p.dù.c dcp.6dr hdh on
rh. .biliiy o, .hc fluil ro .6.i * for
m.rih .Àd o. .ò. ,o.o.tb6 {..nstà
.n.l rK. Ttlt ro ok.i. rht lÒrd
h.atdorn p..sù.t. rou mu{ mrl. ru..
rhri rh. Iormtion i .ldn lnd rh.r Fr.
lùr.rio.r .r. unplùraqj. ln m6r ..rd
eh..r form.tio.r donl brc.l wni
'h.
.D?li.[io. oI mnimùm .llor.hl. pumt
,,6ù6, rh( rllid ir m. tEi.s rppli(d
to rh. fo.mrtio.. trtù.lly.li(r. r:ll.
*'§h. b.trl.lo*. drù.r Ù . mù{h lo*.r
Whrn . ,orm io. n ,ulh
.u.inr flsid. mi.amnm
rir6èd ro
brdldo..
prr«ùr. *all c(u. shc. ih( tluid..n
l(r[ of, an(o .hr lo.B4n,n B«.uB ol
(hr minosotn no.homo,.(nrn) or r..
sroir .(L, lhe enrr..(. oI rluid i.ro
!à( ,nr6 on rh. lurfr( rill dKrflr .hc
((nnl( {.rnsrir.
rht llu ..n ...rk
,r.s wtilsrr on^nd
Dlend oI n.tuhl rMLnrs,nd rcmrahiliry.
t.r{ oil i.om th. ,lnmiion b(inr
lh.rurcd i prob.hly.h. t\.r rl{iJ *i.h
whi.h to oh.,. minidum braldorn
.h.l
2 A.idr rnd rurlad.ns harc p«ngd
hrlnful n' f.rnurin,. in ( l.'!n,.x nrud
trom p.-rft)r.tn,.3 r.d ,,p.n, r rh. F)r.r
ol rn( lo.m.rion On. (tp. or r.id m'r
o
r<.lt intò rh. .ttinHuhi,r rn.ulù!.!
drd ùp ro 20 bti. p.r Bi.ut. uùns bo.h
lidd ol rh. .!r'.r 6ad- Sqicrin.! tdh
rùhinr rnd rnhulu. llo* tr ù*d S..d
cuxina ot @binr opForn. rh. ..rins.h€.d
b... no probl.m
op.oinr h.s rpp.rrndy
A. ru4 rh rlE luopins li..i o.
m..ilold .r. od dof,n su.elr. orh.rris pumpio! ribr..ion! o.y ..ùr *tllhH.kquipm.nr hilur. .nd F$ihl.
.ctùluni l,rr h.tùd!.
2 ìì.r.inr rhtoush th€ .ubrrr n pe.
Idm.d rht.. ..tin! sill d ùnd .h.
lh..ù.ina pr uÉ or *1.r. 20.6 nur
h( ibl.rcd. Tubi.s prler.r( lri ro
i-h. th. inr.^rl .o b. p..$ur.d.,
Cc aholld tE òl.n rh.. .h. oinr
i. .urrond ?ith aood .ftnt ù.tid .h.
où..rv. di.r'
,-l?{.nina Fi.c
hc.d F.sr. .r .ll^t.i.É d!.inr rh.
a
t
tt.tmrnt ro dd«r r possible p..[.. k.dvihhle for rell .ompl.iion sh.rc
l..l.r. rh(h (Òùld drm.a. .ht .r.ins. I.r.ruri.r n .nti(ip.r.d. Yi.ld r.etturd
Tùbi.F yi.ld prr$ù.. *ill r.r': rhÒùr ol th .nd r.in. orinr rilt nns. lrco
populs
l.(xn pri. Ior f.2r. t.0o0 pti. l, H-,{0, .bour l.0OO rÒ ìl.OO pla
^ u ltt.
7,mo pri. Ior J.rt, ll.fiD pri. lo. N 30. .ùin3 lù l.r.rù.i.r (ompl.tiont
lvh.ft hfurldo*n p.6lufu i3 hiBh. in lb. th.in. )-rt c..iÒs *hi(h h.r t yi.ld
pr5ru.. o, rboùr ,,@o P.i.
iedion Èr5 musr hr lcrr lo* ttou.
l.i.rion pBùr. Pill iÀ.rdk hpidly 4 You +'ould nor rkmF ro Ir.dur.
mr. rh.o .bÒur '10 fi. oi p.y inr..r.l
3 fn.rurins dovn ..rinr R d..a..our dunna..y on. qa.. !L rin8l. horiin mrny ..k. }'..!ù* rh...rinx n ron..l fndu.. ! lorm«I. trt dr.inra.
li8hrvrialr rnd dl r lo* nr.ns.h sr.d€ .f l{tncnc$ p,ll drtr..st,pprdirbl) fd
(ìrina co..osiÒo, bo.h rnt.rn.l .nd.r' ar...rr ih(l.tr*t Anorh.r probl.6 ir
i.rn.l, m.y fudu(. {r.nsih k\{.ly .h. ffarion o, o.. \.r.i.,I lrBlr. o.
R.n.mb.r rh.r in mot...*r, rh. pr6. . numbtr oi ,...ru.d o.u rh..nùÉ
tu.t on rh...!inr *iU b. from 0.6 ro I0 inr.^.l .r o.. rio. fluid r.ùv or! b.
pri. p.r ,r. oI d.Fh. ofls by rh.td.r
redù(èd Ior ..) rir(n l..dur. ,o(.rvrl ro
rlùid olùd., iI .Òr, .ni o!ùid. thc th. Finr rh.r rh. i.rnu6 ... M .r'
r..dcd v..y frr trom rhr r.U boft. Rrpid
Urina . hth.r{Ènrrt ..ioa .lur ,.odudiviry d<linr .,16 ù. ùÒ@.nr
ndGd fo. .t!. t.ll Fdr
ir-lf d,
.uE o.rnrr hydElluoric ..id *hi.lr H... .h. dù. pr.§ur. n..d.d ,o. ùr oI
dihlvd .nd dii 4nB mud F.d.ld ù. iF.ill b.àl do,o lloid my d b.
.nd oud ot . rl.o.td rrF h& hydrè
òL.k ril b dirFG ùè mùd FRkld
TÒ dd.rm,n. tlk ù.n.. ol .o.o.l
..d r rùrId..r t, r.dù.e (l.y r,tlli.s ,rKùrinr. brdl dorn rnh . fluid ruc,,
..d .mv. bldljna r.r.r.
.t Ùùdt oil. OÙ..ir..ion o, th. p..sur.
S!rl{..Éi!. ònÉi.|. dil'lvàl in .il ..tqui.d rnd.n in,t.rirtry.ura.y of rh.
h.r. rls h.€n .lldi'< in .tmovins mrd $rll rhould kU ,Òu ìl rh. rx.r. .rFns.
hldl.r.. O.. rrp. .pp.r.nrly .ru6 rr. ol . .pr.irl lluid ii ht.d.d.
l..k of hou.d witr from mu.l .nd .lry
V/h.n \ou !t . low llu'il lò.r llud «r
..d ditpr..*§ rà* ends É rh.r rh.y .an 4br..L
ih. lorm.non. .h. pr6!u!. m.r an
b. ..m.d 1.6 rh. ldturion 1....
tr:.k tl» ro 2,0@ Fi, oY.r tl. prBru..
lh.
o.ly
o.rhod
in
ur
for
confdllina
3
lr.crùÉ o.ic...iion n io b.G.l do*n rhr r.quired vnh rh. ùÉ of ùud. oil. rh.
lo.mrion *nh . flùid rhrr *ill krl ihr mrtònudc o{.hir pr.$ur. i..ra* it
ru.tt.. oa rhr f(,nrrioa *nh,,ur an' ,liìui rh( samr r\ rh( r6rilr nrc.rih ol
flùid lo.1 All rh.r rhn sill tlo &, in rhr nxl On( .rnLn:ion {)l rhn p..$ur.
(.(.k rh. (hro.( ot lo.marn,n ol'r\t i.al d'rrrrin.t ,r rh.. rht Ilni.l n p.(v.nrrd
fr..rur€r. No wdl n .\.il.blr «) in.ùrr lrcm eflkrins BrmsÀle pl.nd ol k){
ho.i/ont.l iri.tur!r thouBlt u\( or . Iluid nfunxrh §hrh .rt ,n.lined .*r, fiom
nrl Ih.* D[.r\ *ould irar(u.c *nh
rhrr rill l(rt oll eill ,n(iu{ rÀ. rrr h'xh
rlù,il k»s rlu ,n prtl.ftn(r b .
Ì!
ril
r)lin( ,n hi,(h nrcnxrh. Af,orht.
v(ni.rl lfu.iur(.,r. d(!r(d p m,,nr!
n rh{ fluid *h(h,mprdr
nr or*hi.3 nrmrrR'n\ rhlr r lrm'.àrd n.^nhilnr
p(1
.r
t,
.hr n!.mroDi. Do..r <ru6
(hrl.
$irh
or rh hrt€ ll)$ t(rrrl Il1{
flìt!hilny lIi'*rv.r, rhc us. oi r \lr..,rl l(ì§.r .rn{r'!r k, rtis.
liì* rlu'd-los FnulJosn rru'J ù,\ nrr 5 \hrr( rh( {r\\ dnr.ihutbn .roùnd
h. ned«l r, ,nn.'n \.nx.r lÈ,ru«\ ln ,hr !(ll fJ\o.r h.nronrrl Ir.dur.t. lor
man\ ..(rr h(li,e dr,'rhr ('l l.rxX) r, l)(nruhrl,o sr(rn s,ll h. hrp.s«l in
r.rxx) k. t( kJl !r ur \(rir.l là.rùns
pn.l((.n.( n).ht hrxhrr p..f,krb'lx\ '..
F!rn shrn, !.nn2l Ir1,ur.\ rre
nìorr l,ttlt rhrn hùdr)nr.l lrìrrùr!r
a.t
'!nr1
form.d, !. ,n«ur5 m.) dknd ùu.
f,..d in rh. er. p.rm..bl.
i..
d i. lor
{.rd of upv.rd dr doenr'd,Ò.t
F.m..bilìry dL. ]-hù rÒuld b. du. 6
rh. lor.r r.n.il. r.naù ol rh. hdr.
P.oti.bly .f. mo( .Ildire try ro
orh !h.* iiShi k.rn,nr ir ro t .Io..r.
rnJ lr.durc rh.m kr'r[r.lr. Su{ii(i..r
dn..o.. mu« h. ltir l'.rscn...h ki of
p..IÒr..on5. hor.!.r, ro intuft r'roF.
6 \Yb.r r p.rlo.rkd inr.re.l <o6lno
ÒI .i8ht .nd p..ò..ble k rioÀ. !h:. <.. r
ht !rpr..!rd by . p.<td. 11* uÈ of ùd
riph, (rs. lr...ur. G.riÉ.nc eddimd
htlt,l ot*n rhr riAnr zon6. In rh.r 16r
m.n6, Ih( l...runna end.f,d iluid il
di'd«l amon8 thr *.re5
th. r.nd
n inre«è,1 fù .r.h s.s., ^I..r
rht ir.c!ùr. n
pluas.d hy . l.ra..ar!n.d m.r.ri.l ru.h
.! nrpthrl.n. qhi.lì r,ll diMlv. norlt
,n oil Th.n, prrnu.. n in.ràkd unril
rh. Io.m..ioo bÉlr rnd rh. dr. o..
oI .rnd i. ih;..r.d. Alr.. .tl ùrB. .h.
§.ll | lhùr in tor . numb.r ol hour! o
rhd ric o,l d6el!6 rhe plugsi.g ra.n!.
in(.ak rn ,r6sur. ,Ò! .&h iu..
^. br€.kdor. n u!ùlly.\4.n.€
.c'!v(
rÀr, n.q l nurÀ rr€ .ràr.J
:.*.
i:.,'.i!qdùÈ
.j.all
fl-=ffi
r)
_Ll_
-TI"
I
.rdrE ràtnco. r.d.y aill ù.
^n tùt ro tr@ ,rl. oI t,*@ fluid
- L ld.lL.r.a lr.dl..? a(h ,@r ol foro.lio. .o hc ,r..ru.«l
qùr..i.y df'e.d rill r.rr tir*(n
.bout tm to 2,Om lb. rE. fi. of fùmr2
ma'. i!.t i.?.d-r, rta t.l- .ion. Mor of rh. ltrtc.volùmt f...rù1
er. .l ida .'.d o. dt. .r.l.t ioh! oL uy. 5O.0oO ro looJxx) x.,. .t. on
formrrons to Òr mor. ft .hi.l.
'l rdi ..r ti.cr h.\. hèn ih.rt.$na
.oniihùourl, rin(. .tE .drc.r ol hldr.u
3
l'. lr.d{flnx. \vhsrc .rr.ra( !t llon.Er
tt .L ll. i&.4 rt .r..rr rrt voùld b( thoùr 1.ùlO ro l.irn . It.,.o. Ic.st 'dutu à i.(rt.{.j
'ilt l.rn.ri.. |.ri.r}lliy? ycrÀ
7.5(xJ ro li5m 8.l P.r tÀr.
.o
'k,ùThr Hen Ior hi8(§
ùc'rmcrù
mor.
a
p.odù(.
l.ra$
rhrr
rhry
..n
ii
UlI . *tL ht
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