ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI FISICA NUCLEARE Preventivo

Transcript

Codice
Esperimento
AMS2
Rapp. Naz.: R. Battiston
ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI FISICA
NUCLEARE
Preventivo per l'anno 2005
Rappresentante nazionale:
Struttura di appartenenza:
Posizione nell'I.N.F.N.:
Gruppo
2
R. Battiston
PG
INFORMAZIONI GENERALI
Fisica dei raggi cosmici, ricerca dell'antimateria , ricerca materia oscura
Linea di ricerca
Space Shuttle, International Space Station Alpha
Laboratorio ove
si raccolgono i dati
AMS
Sigla dello
esperimento
assegnata
dal laboratorio
Acceleratore usato
Fascio
(sigla e
caratteristiche)
Misura flussi di antiprotoni, positroni, fotoni, nuclei ed antinuclei
Processo fisico
studiato
Apparato
strumentale
utilizzato
"Spettrometro di precisione composto da un magnete superconduttore operato su unï8;orbita di centinaia di
chilometri"
Bologna, Milano, Perugia, Pisa, Roma
Sezioni partecipanti
all'esperimento
NASA, USA, Cina, Svizzera, Russia, Germania, Finlandia, Taiwan,Spagna, Portogallo
Istituzioni esterne
all'Ente partecipanti
>5 anni La missione di tre anni sulla Stazione Spaziale e' prevista nel gennaio 2008
Durata esperimento
Mod EC. 1
(a cura del responsabile nazionale)
ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI FISICA NUCLEARE
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
AMS2
Resp. loc.: R. Battiston
Gruppo
2
PREVENTIVO LOCALE DI SPESA PER L'ANNO 2005
In KEuro
VOCI
DI
SPESA
IMPORTI
DESCRIZIONE DELLA SPESA
Parziali
Totale Compet.
SJ
Missioni a Terni per qualifiche di schede e crates FM
5,0
Missioni a Bologna per la rappresentante nella commissione calcolo di AMS presso
CNAF 6 viaggi (costo 1 viaggio 0.2 kE)
1,2
6,0
Missioni a Milano e Torino per collaborazione scientifica simulazione e analisi dati di
AMS 4 viaggi x 3 persone (costo 1 viaggio: 2 notti + 1 viaggio = 0.5 kE)
10,0
Missioni a Terni per il test del magnete
10,0
Missioni a Terni per il test del TTCS
5,0
Missioni per riunoni della collaborazione italiana
Riunioni per organizzazione e verifica produzione elettronica tracciatore al silicio a
Taiwan, 3 riunioni x 5 gg x 2 persone, 6 viaggi (0.9 kE)
9,6
15 gg di missione presso NASA per collaborazione nel campo degli studi sull'
ambiente radiativo nello spazio, 2 viaggi (0.9 kE/viaggio), 7 gg/viaggio
5,1
1 mese uomo di missione al CERN per riunioni del coordinatore dell' elettronica del
tracciatore al silcio (G. Ambrosi) (8 viaggi, 0.5 kEuro/viaggio)
8,8
Prove di qualifica e accettazione dei crate di elettronica per il tracciatore al silicio a
Taiwan, 4 viaggi x 15 gg una persona
12,0
Integrazione Tracker a Ginevra (10 mesi uomo ), 20 viaggi (0.5 kE)
58,0
di cui SJ
37,2
Gestione programma TTCS e verifica attivita' presso NLR e Cina (3 viaggi NLR (0.5 8,0
kE) , 2 viaggi Cina (0.9 kE)) + 6 gg/viaggio
Tracker meetings : 2 meeting all' anno all' estero (4 persone in media x meeting)
Costo per persona 2 giorni + viaggio (0.5 kE)= 0.8 kE
6,4
Technical Interchange Meetings (TIM), 4 meeting all'anno, 2 al CERN 2 negli USA
(4 persone in media x meeting) Costo/pp al CERN 5 giorni + viaggio (0.5 kE)= 1.25
kE, 4 persone in media/meeting Cos
26,0
Partecipazione sviluppo software analisi dati del tracker di AMS−02 al CERN 1
settimana al mese, una persona. 1 settimana + viaggio (0.5 kE)=1.9 kE
Partecipazione a riunioni per l'analisi e la simulazione dati al CERN 3 giorni al mese,
1 persona 3 giorni + viaggio (0.5 kE)=1.1 kE
Partecipazione alla conferenza internazionale ICRC in India(4 persone)9 giorni +
viaggio (0.9 kE)=2.0 kE
Partecipazioni a conferenze internazionali nel campo dei raggi cosmici (7
partecipazioni) 6 giorni + viaggio (0.5 kE)=1.7 kE
1 mese di missione presso Universita' cinesi (Nanjijng e Sun Yat Sen) per
collaborazione sul simulatore dello spettrometro (SUNS) e sullo sviluppo del sistema
TTCS 4 viaggi (0.9 kE/viaggio), 7 gg/via
192,4
19,0
11,0
8,0
11,9
8,6
Attivita' di laboratorio sull' elettronica di AMS−02
5,0
Messa in opera della catena completa di lettura (QM) di AMS−02 Tracker
10,0
Sviluppo software e chip per il sistema di lettura di AMS−02 Tracker
10,0
Contributo consumo 2 camere pulite a Perugia
20,0
Software simulazione ambiente radiativo spaziale
5,0
Consumo laboratorio prove di radiazione
5,0
Contributo consumo Laboratorio SERMS (prove del QM del magnete e del FM del
Tracciatore e TTCS)
20,0
75,0
A cura della
Comm.ne
Scientifica
Nazionale
Consorzio
Ore CPU
Spazio Disco
Cassette
Altro
Trasporto Tracciatore al silicio
10,0
Trasporti collegati alle prove di qualifica del magnete
10,0
Potenziamento spazio disco analisi dati Test Beam e AMS MC in Sezione
2,8
Server per sostituire alpha station di 5 anni (server WEB, server SAMBA, server
password)
3,0
Aumento di 2 nodi calcolo per potenziamento farm locale
Sostituzione di postazione di lavoro portatili (2) per ricercatori attivi nell' analisi dati
N. 100 accelerometri e relativa integrazione del sistema dei lettura per le prove di
vibrazione di ToF e del modello QM del magnete a Terni
Partecipazione al progetto TTCS: simulazione condizioni di congelamento della
CO2 nel circuito, disegno di componenti in grado di resistere al congelamento della
CO2, siluppo progetto dell' elettronic
Procurement elettronica per moduli QM e FM sistema TTCS
5,4
3,0
167,8 50,0
3,6
Sostituzione 3 postazioni di lavoro divenute obsolete (PC)
Costruzione filtri, scambiatori di calore, condensatori
20,0
100,0 50,0
100,0
10,0
140,0
30,0
Totale
632,4
di cui SJ
50,0
Sono previsti interventi e/o impiantistica che ricadono sotto la disciplina della legge Merloni ?
Breve descrizione dell'intervento:
Mod EC./EN. 2
(a cura del responsabile locale)
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
AMS2
Gruppo
2
ALLEGATO MODELLO EC2
Attivita' previste per il gruppo di Perugia nel 2005
Tracciatore al Silicio (Perugia)
Integrazione del Tracciatore al Silcio a Ginevra in collaborazione con il gruppo di Perugia. Prove prolungate con l'elettronica QM e FM.
Trasporto a Terni per effettuare prolungate prove di termovuoto in cui verificare il modello termico del tracciatore, dell'elettronica di
lettura e di alimentazione e del sistema di raffreddamento TTCS.
Partecipazione allo sviluppo del TTCS, in collaborazione con Roma I, NKR e l' Universita' cinese di SYS (Guanzhou).
Magnete Superconduttore
Verranno realizzati nella seconda meta' del 2005 le prove di qualifica vibrazionale a bassa frequenza (5−200 HZ) del QM del Magnete
Superconduttore, utilizzando la facility installata a Terni. Queste prove, realizzate con la collaborazione di personale della
Lockheed Martin e della NASA permetteranno di verificare la risposta non lineare delle 8 fasce di supporto che collegano la massa
fredda del magnete alla struttura di supporto di AMS.
Sviluppo software di simulazione e di ricostruzione per AMS−02. Partecipazione al comitato di gestione del CNAF−T1
Mod EC./EN. 2a Pagina 1
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
AMS2
Gruppo
2
Codice
Esperimento
AMS2
NUCLEARE
Gruppo
2
PREVENTIVO GLOBALE DI SPESA PER L'ANNO 2005
In KEuro
A CARICO DELL' I.N.F.N.
Materiale
di
consumo
Trasporti
e
facchinaggi
Spese
Affitti
di
e
Materiale Costruzione
calcolo manutenzioneinventariabile apparati
Struttura
Missioni
interne
BO
MI
PG
PI
RM1
8,0
9,0
37,2
9,0
6,0
70,0 10,0 30,0 20,0
5,0
47,0
100,0
197,6
75,0
40,0
14,0
10,0
60,0
33,5
20,0
TOTALI 69,2
414,6 10,0 252,5 20,0 15,0
20,0
Missioni
estere
SJ
SJ
SJ
SJ
SJ
SJ
SJ
SJ
440,0
80,0
82,8
117,8
15,0
3,9
50,0 140,0
198,5
78,0
46,0
219,5
50,0 856,5 126,0
A
carico
di altri
Enti
TOTALE
Compet.
SJ
553,0
238,8
587,6
286,5
181,4
110,0
0,0
0,0
50,0 500,0
46,0 0,0
0,0
1847,3 206,0 500,0
NB. La colonna A carico di altri enti deve essere compilata obbligatoriamente
Mod EC./EN. 4
NUCLEARE
Codice
Esperimento
AMS2
Gruppo
2
A) ATTIVITA' SVOLTA FINO A GIUGNO 2004
ToF (Bologna)
Il progetto meccanico del ToF e' in corso di completamento; calcoli addizionali sia termici che vibrazionali si sono resi necessari a causa
delle modifiche dei parametri di carico delle interfacce fra il ToF ed il resto di AMS. Le procedure di gara per la realizzazione delle strutture
in fibra i carbonio hanno avuto inizio. Per la parte di elettronica e' in corso di finalizzazione il disegno delle schede per la misura del ToF e
la generazione del trigger.
Central Processing Facility (Milano)
La macchina, mockup del DTF, e' stata messa in funzione al CERN e sono state effettuate prove di trasferimento dati per periodi
prolungati.
Italian Ground Segment (Bologna)
E' stato deciso di sviluppare un cluster base presso il CNAF−TIER−1 per verificare il modello di produzione di MC di AMS presso l' IGS
Sono stati completati 190 su 210 (inclusivi di spares), e il completamento dei ladder restanti e' previsto per settembre. L'attivita' di
integrazione dei ladder sui piani in fibra di carbonio e' in corso presso l' universita' di Ginevra; tre piani su otto sono stati ompletamente
integrati. Sono stati prodotti tutti i cavi di volo per il tracciatore. I modelli di QM dell' elettronica di lettura e di alimentazioni del tracciatore
sono stati realizzati a Taiwan sotto la supervisione di fisici italiani, e hanno passato i testi di qualifica, in parte realizzati in Italia.
E' in corso di preparazione il fascio di test del tracciatore con elettroni e fotoni di alta energia, previsto in settembre al CERN.
ECAL (Pisa)
Sono stati superati con successo le prove di qualifica dell' EM di Ecal, in Cina per quanto riguarda la struttura meccanica, in Italia (Terni)
per quanto riguarda anche la qualifica dell' elettronica di lettura montata su ECAL.
E' stato realizzato il pancake della versione FM di ECAL.
E' stato sviluppato il progetto dell' elettronica di trigger per la fisica con i fotoni di alta energia. E' continuato lo sviluppo del sistema di
alimentazione
Sistema a gas del Transition Radiation Detector (Roma I)
E' stato completato e sottoposto a prove il modello EM delle schede elettroniche per il controllo del sistema a gas del TRD. E' stata attivata
la procedura di gara per la produzione di QM e FM.
Star Tracker (Roma e Trieste)
E'stato sviluppato il modello meccanico e termico della struttura di supporto del tracciatore stellare. E' stata qualificata l'elettronica di lettura
e il chip ccd presso il fascio di ioni dei laboratori INFN di Legnaro.
B) ATTIVITA' PREVISTA PER L'ANNO 2005
ToF (Bologna)
Realizzazione di tutte le strutture in fibra di carbonio e integrazione delle barre di scintillatore, delle guide di luce e dei fotomoltiplicatori.
Realizzazione delle schede elettroniche QM e FM. Prove di vibrazione del ToF a Terni.
Central Processing Facility (Milano)
Ottimizzazione e aggiornamento delle strutture di calcolo per la distribuzione dei dati ed il monitoraggio remoto del data base. Attivita' al
CERN.
Italian Ground Segment (Bologna)
Aumento della quantita' di dati di MC processati presso il CNAF, in modo da verificare nel modo piu' realistico possibile le potenzialita' dell'
IGS
Integrazione del Tracciatore al Silcio a Ginevra in collaborazione con il gruppo di Perugia. Prove prolungate con l'elettronica QM e FM.
Trasporto a Terni per effettuare prolungate prove di termovuoto in cui verificare il modello termico del tracciatore, dell'elettronica di lettura e
di alimentazione e del sistema di raffreddamento TTCS.
Partecipazione allo sviluppo del TTCS, in collaborazione con Roma I, NKR e l' Universita' cinese di SYS (Guanzhou).
ECAL (Pisa)
Realizzazione del FM di ECAL. Prove di termovuoto a Terni
Realizzazione delle schede di trigger e di alimentazioni di ECAL.
Sistema a gas del Transition Radiation Detector (Roma I)
Realizzazione dei QM e dei FM. Qualifica di QM ed FM. Integrazione con il sistema di monitoring e controllo di AMS.
Star Tracker (Roma e Trieste)
Realizzazione della versione FM della struttura meccanica del tracciatore stellare. Costruzione dell' elettronica FM. Prove di qualifica della
versione QM e FM del tracciatore stellare.
Magnete Superconduttore
Verranno realizzati nella seconda meta' del 2005 le prove di qualifica vibrazionale a bassa frequenza (5−200 HZ) del QM del Magnete
Superconduttore, utilizzando la facility installata a Terni. Queste prove, realizzate con la collaborazione di personale della
Lockheed Martin e della NASA permetteranno di verificare la risposta non lineare delle 8 fasce di supporto che collegano la massa fredda
del magnete alla struttura di supporto di AMS.
C) FINANZIAMENTI GLOBALI AVUTI NEGLI ANNI PRECEDENTI
Anno
finanziario
Missioni
interne
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
TOTALE
Mod EC. 5
Missioni
estere
Materiale di Trasporti e
consumo facchinaggi
23,2
28,4
12,9
16,5
27,8
40,2
33,0
10,5
44,0
56,0
43,8
202,9
293,8
281,9
225,6
168,3
230,0
66,5
284,0
236,0
64,5
157,5
63,5
98,1
180,7
138,9
192,5
56,1
124,0
170,5
292,5
2032,8
1246,3
5,1
10,3
7,7
Spese di
calcolo
1,5
7,5
14,0
13,5
58,1
1,5
In kEuro
Affitti e
Materiale
Costruzione
manutenzione inventariabile
apparati
30,9
30,9
12,9
8,2
15,0
11,0
18,5
18,5
105,8
90,8
43,8
59,3
115,6
100,1
75,0
21,5
42,0
102,5
145,9
756,4
389,9
1393,9
720,4
196,2
581,0
1018,9
899,0
163,0
561,0
991,5
TOTALE
627,2
1878,6
1175,6
692,1
1143,6
1474,6
1452,0
328,6
1087,5
1588,5
6914,8 11448,3
(a cura del rappresentante nazionale)
Codice
Esperimento
AMS2
NUCLEARE
Gruppo
2
PREVISIONE DI SPESA
Piano finanziario globale di spesa
In KEuro
ANNI
Missioni Missioni
FINANZIARI interne estere
69,2
20,0
30,0
20,0
20,0
20,0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
TOTALI
424,6
300,0
300,0
200,0
200,0
200,0
179,2 1624,6
Mod EC./EN. 6
Spese
Materiale
Affitti e
Trasporti e
di
di
manutenzione inventariabile apparati
facchinaggi
calcolo
consumo
982,5
269,5
20,0
15,0
272,5
100,0
50,0
20,0
10,0
100,0
50,0
20,0
10,0
100,0
40,0
10,0
10,0
80,0
40,0
10,0
10,0
80,0
40,0
10,0
10,0
80,0
712,5
65,0
0,0
90,0
489,5
1082,5
TOTALE
Compet.
2053,3
600,0
510,0
360,0
360,0
360,0
4243,3
Codice
Esperimento
AMS2
Struttura
PG
Gruppo
2
COMPOSIZIONE DEL GRUPPO DI RICERCA
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
RICERCATORE
Cognome e Nome
Qualifica
Dipendenti
Incarichi
Affer.
al
. gruppo
%
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
80
100
70
100
80
100
100
100
100
100
70
100
100
80
100
100
N
Ruolo Art. 23 RicercaAssoc
Alpat Behcet
Ric.
Alvino Antonio
Ambrosi Giovanni
Ric.
Ascani Simone
Battiston Roberto
Bertucci Bruna
Brunetti Maria Teresa
Burger William
Di Masso Lucia
Esposito Gennaro
Fiandrini Emanuele
Fiori Emanuel
Maris Ovidio
Menichelli Mauro
Ric.
Pauluzzi Michele
Zuccon Paolo
Dott.
Dott.
P.O.
R.U.
Bors.
Ric.
AsRic
Dott.
Dott.
Bors.
AsRic
P.A.
AsRic
Numero totale dei ricercatori
Ricercatori Full Time Equivalent
Cognome e Nome
1 Aragona Antonino
2 Blasko Sandor
Qualifica
Incarichi %
Ass.
Ruolo Art. 23
Tecnol.
I Tecn
50
AsRic 90
Dipendenti
Numero totale dei Tecnologi
Tecnologi Full Time Equivalent
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
TECNICI
Cognome e Nome
Aisa Damiano
Alaimo Attilio
Babucci Ezio
Bizzaglia Sauro
Bizzarri Marco
Checcucci Bruno
Chiocci Gianfranco
Cosson Delfino
Farnesini L.Maria
Mancinelli Massimo
Papi Andrea
Piluso Antonfranco
2
1.4
Qualifica
Incarichi
Dipendenti
Ruolo Art. 15
Collab.
tecnica
Univ.
Univ.
Univ.
CTer.
Univ.
CTer.
Univ.
CTer.
CTer.
Univ.
CTer.
Univ.
Annotazioni:
mesi−uomo
3.0
15.0
11.0
Osservazioni del direttore della struttura in merito alla
disponibilità di personale e attrezzature
La disponibilita' delle risorse richieste per quanto riguarda i servizi tecnici della Sezione e' confermata.
Mod EC./EN. 7
%
Assoc.
tecnica
16 Numero totale dei Tecnici
14.8 Tecnici Full Time Equivalent
SERVIZI TECNICI
Denominazione
1 Servizio Calcolo
2 Servizio Elettronico
3 Servizio Meccanico
TECNOLOGI
35
50
20
50
45
25
35
50
20
30
30
10
12
4
Codice
Esperimento
AMS2
NUCLEARE
Gruppo
2
MILESTONES PROPOSTE PER IL 2005
Data
completamento
Descrizione
1/4/05
Completamento integrazione otto piani Tracciatore al Silicio
31/12/05
Realizzazione FM sistema di controllo TRD
31/12/05
Completamento FM ToF. Prove di qualifica vibrazionale a Terni
1/8/05
Completamento FM ECAL
31/12/05
Test TV Tracciatore al Silicio a Terni
31/12/05
Inizio test vibrazione QM magnete superconduttore a Terni
1/7/05
Integrazione meccanica tracciatore al silicio a Ginevra
1/11/05
Realizzazione FM meccanica di supporto del tracciatore stellare
Mod EC./EN. 8
NUCLEARE
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
BOREX
2
Rapp. Naz.: Gianpaolo Bellini
Gianpaolo Bellini
MI
Neutrini solari
Linea di ricerca
Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso
Laboratorio ove
Sigla dello
esperimento
assegnata
dal laboratorio
Acceleratore usato
Fascio
(sigla e
caratteristiche)
Scattering di neutrino su elettrone
Processo fisico
studiato
Scintillatore liquido
Apparato
strumentale
utilizzato
Milano, Genova, LNGS, Pavia, Perugia
all'esperimento
Princeton University, TUM Muenchen, MPI
Istituzioni esterne Heidelberg, JINR Dubna, Kurchatov Institute,
all'Ente partecipanti College de France, Jagellonian University
Krakau, KFKI Budapest, Virginia Tech
Sei anni a partire dall'entrata in funzione
Durata esperimento
Mod EC. 1
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
BOREX
Resp. loc.: Masetti Fausto
Gruppo
2
In KEuro
IMPORTI
VOCI
DI
SPESA
Parziali
Totale Compet.
SJ
Riunione con i Gruppi di lavoro della Collaborazione
3,0
Missioni al Gran Sasso; missioni a Sarroch (CA) per analisi campioni da impianto di
produzione dello pseudocumene
6,0
Riunioni e contatti con gruppi stranieri della Collaborazione
3,0
di cui SJ
9,0
3,0
Celle in quarzo per fluorescenza ed assorbimento
6,0
Prodotti chimici e materiale da laboratorio
5,0
Colonne per gas−cromatografia e per cromatografia liquido−liquido
2,0
Consorzio
Ore CPU
Spazio Disco
Cassette
13,0
Altro
Totale
25,0
di cui SJ
0,0
Mod EC./EN. 2
A cura della
Comm.ne
Scientifica
Nazionale
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
BOREX
Gruppo
2
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
BOREX
Gruppo
2
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
BOREX
2
NUCLEARE
In KEuro
Struttura
Missioni
interne
Missioni
estere
SJ
FE:DTZ
GE
LNGS
MI
PG
PV
Materiale
di
consumo
SJ
Trasporti
e
facchinaggi
SJ
1,0
80,0
14,0
350,0
9,0
12,0
10,0
12,0
50,0
3,0
2,0
35,0
490,0
83,0
13,0
5,0
TOTALI 466,0
77,0
626,0
SJ
Spese
Affitti
di
e
calcolo manutenzioneinventariabile apparati
SJ
SJ
SJ
SJ
84,0
0,5
5,0
4,0
4,0
30,0
31,0
10,0
29,0 110,0
2,0
84,0
9,5
65,0
41,0 110,0
A
carico
di altri
Enti
TOTALE
Compet.
SJ
1,0
139,5
580,0
520,0
25,0
19,0
194,0
1284,5 194,0
Mod EC./EN. 4
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
BOREX
2
NUCLEARE
L'attivita' svolta nell'ultimo anno e' consistita principalmente in:
− Installazione dell'Inner Vessel. Si tratta della doppia sfera flessibile di nylon dedicata al contenimento dello scintillatore.
− Completamento lavori e chiusura della sfera di acciaio. Si sono installati gli ultimi fotomoltiplicatori e il sistema di fibre ottiche.
− Continuazione dei lavori del sistema di identificazione muoni. Sono stati installati gran parte dei fotomoltiplicatori e dell'elettronica relativa
al sistema di identificazione Cerenkov dei muoni in acqua.
− Definizione del progetto di impermeabilizzazione. E' stato completamente definito il progetto di messa in sicurezza e isolamento della
sala sperimentale.
− Run di aria per la messa a punto del rivelatore, della presa dati e dei programmi di ricostruzione. Si sono effettuate le equalizzazioni in
tempo e carica con i laser. E' stata usata una sorgente di Radon222 per il confronto con le simulazioni.
L'attivita' prevista per il 2005 dipende dalla situazione giudiziaria e amministrativa.
Assumendo che questi aspetti siano completamente risolti, si prevedono le seguenti
attivita':
− Re−commissioning e pulizia degli impianti
− Riempimento con acqua del rivelatore
− Presa dati con acqua
− Test di purificazione con il CTF
− Preparazione all'arrivo dello Pseudocumene di buffer
Anno
finanziario
Missioni
interne
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
TOTALE
Mod EC. 5
Missioni
estere
consumo facchinaggi
Spese di
calcolo
173,0
227,7
250,9
214,8
238,0
223,1
268,5
333,2
290,8
347,0
315,5
373,5
67,1
49,0
65,0
51,6
41,3
46,4
66,6
79,5
67,6
48,0
46,5
46,5
315,0
286,6
377,0
224,6
367,2
432,7
451,8
634,3
483,0
426,5
390,5
425,5
7,2
11,3
6,1
11,8
14,9
17,0
147,1
436,5
17,0
12,5
10,0
11,0
2,5
3256,0
675,1
4814,7
702,4
16,6
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
4,1
In kEuro
Affitti e
Materiale
Costruzione
apparati
63,5
107,4
106,7
167,8
170,4
46,9
117,7
100,2
5,1
68,0
45,5
45,5
232,4
55,7
568,1
1556,0
1953,2
2355,0
4581,4
796,5
856,4
60,0
76,5
76,5
TOTALE
860,7
737,7
1376,3
2229,1
2787,5
3123,6
5637,2
2380,2
1719,9
962,0
884,5
978,5
1044,7 13167,7 23677,2
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
BOREX
2
NUCLEARE
PREVISIONE DI SPESA
In KEuro
ANNI
Missioni Missioni
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
TOTALI
466,0
400,0
400,0
400,0
400,0
400,0
77,0
67,0
67,0
67,0
67,0
67,0
Spese
Materiale
Affitti e
Trasporti e
di
di
facchinaggi
calcolo
consumo
151,0
65,0
9,5
710,0
30,0
100,0
10,0
600,0
20,0
100,0
10,0
500,0
10,0
100,0
10,0
500,0
10,0
100,0
10,0
500,0
1,0
100,0
10,0
500,0
2466,0 412,0 3310,0
Mod EC./EN. 6
59,5
0,0
0,0
565,0
222,0
TOTALE
Compet.
1478,5
1207,0
1097,0
1087,0
1087,0
1078,0
7034,5
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
BOREX
Gruppo
2
N
Qualifica
Affer.
RICERCATORE Dipendenti
Incarichi
al
%
Cognome e Nome
gruppo
.
Art.
23
Ruolo
Ricerca Assoc
P.A.
P.O.
R.U.
1 Masetti Fausto
2 Mazzucato Ugo
3 Ortica Fausto
2
2
2
90
30
30
N
TECNOLOGI
Cognome e Nome
N
TECNICI
Cognome e Nome
1 Pelliccia Nicomede
Qualifica
Incarichi
Dipendenti
Ruolo Art. 15
Collab.
tecnica
%
Assoc.
tecnica
Univ.
Annotazioni:
mesi−uomo
La previsione di spesa e l'attività sono congrue con le disponibilità di personale e attrezzature.
Mod EC./EN. 7
%
0
0
SERVIZI TECNICI
Denominazione
Qualifica
Incarichi
Ass.
Ruolo Art. 23
Tecnol.
Dipendenti
20
1
0.2
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
BOREX
2
NUCLEARE
Data
completamento
Descrizione
Maggio 2005
Riempimento del rivelatore con acqua
Giugno 2005
Completamento dei test di purificazione con il Counting Test Facility
Ottobre 2005
Fine presa dati con acqua
Novembre 2005
Inizio del trasporto dello Pseudocumene al Gran Sasso
Mod EC./EN. 8
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
GLAST
2
Rapp. Naz.: Ronaldo Bellazzini
NUCLEARE
Ronaldo Bellazzini
PI
Astrofisica delle particelle: rivelazione di raggi gamma di origine cosmica
Linea di ricerca
satellite
Laboratorio ove
Sigla dello
esperimento
assegnata
dal laboratorio
CERN, SLAC
Acceleratore usato
Fascio
(sigla e
caratteristiche)
Processo fisico
studiato
Origine dei raggi gamma cosmici e galattici di alta energia, Ricerca di segnali di particelle supersimmetriche,
Origine della materia oscura
Tracciatore di particelle cariche con rivelatori di silicio, Calorimetro a CsI, Anticoincidenza a scintillatori plastici
Apparato
strumentale
utilizzato
Bari, Padova, Perugia, Pisa, Roma2, Trieste/Udine
all'esperimento
Ames R.C.,Boston U.,UC Santa Cruz,CEA Saclay,Chicago U.,Columbia U.,NASA GSFC,Hiroshima
Istituzioni esterne U.,Kanagawa U.,Palo Alto R.L.,MPI,NRL,Sonoma U., SLAC,Stanford U.,Tokyo U.,Utah U.,Washington U.
5 anni + 3 anni
Durata esperimento
Mod EC. 1
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
GLAST
Resp. loc.: Lubrano Pasquale
Gruppo
2
In KEuro
IMPORTI
VOCI
DI
SPESA
Parziali
Totale Compet.
SJ
Tre mesi e mezzo a Pisa per turni costruzione Torri.
6,0
Riunioni collaborazione italiana
4,0
Funzionamento di due stazioni di test con cosmici per i trays a Terni
7,0
Tests sui ladders in GAa Carsoli
3,0
Partecipazione al processo di integrazione online/offline delle torri nei laboratori di
SLAC. 10 M.U. (7 K€/M.U.)
70,0
Partecipazione ai meeting di collaborazione, partecipazione ai gruppi di lavoro di
scienza (variabilita' e AGN), riunioni di software
30,0
Manutenzione e funzionamento delle DUE camere pulite e delle DUE camera
climatiche di TERNI. Metabolismo in Sezione.
20,0
Metabolismo in sezione
5,0
di cui SJ
20,0
100,0
35,0
Manutenzione e funzionamento dei due sistemi di test per cosmici da installare presso 10,0
i laboratori del SERMS a TERNI nella camera pulita
Consorzio
Ore CPU
Spazio Disco
Cassette
Altro
Acquisto processori per FARM di calcolo locale (unita' single U, bi processore,
standard CNAF)
10,0
2,5
Macchina sotto vuoto
3,0
Microscopio
16,5
1,0
Aspirapolvere
Totale
171,5
di cui SJ
0,0
Mod EC./EN. 2
A cura della
Comm.ne
Scientifica
Nazionale
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
GLAST
Gruppo
2
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
GLAST
Gruppo
2
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
GLAST
2
NUCLEARE
In KEuro
Struttura
Missioni
interne
Missioni
estere
SJ
BA
PD
PG
PI
RM2
TS
Materiale
di
consumo
SJ
Trasporti
e
facchinaggi
SJ
SJ
Spese
di
calcolo
Affitti
e
SJ
SJ
110,0
12,0
20,0
50,0
27,0
22,6
110,0
40,0
100,0
200,0
33,0
80,0
40,0
5,0
35,0
100,0
71,0
6,0
20,0
55,0
20,0
10,0
TOTALI 241,6
563,0
257,0
95,0
10,0
SJ
A
carico
di altri
Enti
TOTALE
Compet.
SJ
SJ
10,0
10,0
16,5
30,0
10,0
10,1
290,0
67,0
171,5
435,0
171,0
118,7
86,6
1253,2
Mod EC./EN. 4
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
GLAST
2
NUCLEARE
Attivita' HW:
Completati i test IV−CV sugli 11500 sensori SSD (INFN−Pisa, INFN−Perugia).
Realizzati 1200 ladder di volo (Gtestati elettricamente circa 1000, 650 in produzione (GMipot).
Produzione della meccanica di 17 tray di volo (Plyform) + test con sistema ESPI (INFN−Pisa).
Incollaggio piastre tungsteno e circuito di bias su 7 tray (Plyform) + test vibrazionali (Centrotecnica).
Test termo−vuoto e vibrazionali (Alenia) su torre EM.
Produzione del tool per il test statico + test del bottom tray.
Produzione dei tool di assemblaggio delle torri.
Produzione di racks per test di stack di tray con raggi cosmici.
Test su primi 40 moduli di elettronica di FE (MCM) di volo.
Attivita' SW:
Completata validazione della simulazione.
Completamento Event Display con FRED.
Completata catena di simulazione − ricostruzione − analisi.
Studio delle Instrument Response Function (IRF) dello strumento.
Attivita' HW:
Completamento integrazione e test delle torri.
Completamento test vibrazionali sui tray(Centrotecnica) e test termovuoto e vibrazionali sulle torri(Alenia).
Completamento test funzionali con raggi cosmici (INFN−Pisa, INFN−Bari, INFN−Perugia, INFN−Roma2).
Partecipazione a SLAC all'integrazione delle torri nello strumento.
Attivita' SW:
Partecipazione ai Data Challenges.
Sviluppo di tools scientifici.
Test e validazione di nuove versione di GEANT4 e mantenimento dell'interfaccia del software di GLAST a GEANT4.
Produzione di GUI per CMT, mantenimento e supporto (produzione documentazione completa, manuali per utente).
Anno
finanziario
Missioni
interne
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
TOTALE
Mod EC. 5
Missioni
estere
consumo facchinaggi
26,0
104,5
110,5
152,5
19,0
128,0
182,5
144,5
275,5
52,0
119,0
293,5
214,5
235,0
393,5
749,5
914,0
Spese di
calcolo
In kEuro
Affitti e
Materiale
Costruzione
apparati
TOTALE
5,5
38,0
64,0
5,0
7,5
12,0
13,5
11,0
46,0
231,0
197,5
594,0
1706,0
88,5
395,5
71,0
883,0
2345,5
839,0
1333,5
107,5
38,0
485,5
2784,0
5472,0
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
GLAST
2
NUCLEARE
PREVISIONE DI SPESA
In KEuro
ANNI
Missioni Missioni
2005
2006
TOTALI
241,6
241,0
563,0
563,0
482,6 1126,0
Mod EC./EN. 6
Spese
Materiale
Affitti e
Trasporti e
di
di
facchinaggi
calcolo
consumo
257,0
95,0
10,0
86,6
257,0
95,0
10,0
87,0
514,0
190,0
0,0
20,0
173,6
0,0
TOTALE
Compet.
1253,2
1253,0
2506,2
Codice
Esperimento
GLAST
Struttura
PG
Gruppo
2
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Qualifica
Affer.
Incarichi
al
%
Cognome e Nome
gruppo
.
Art.
23
Ruolo
Ricerca Assoc
Cecchi Claudia
Furhmann Lars
Lubrano Pasquale
D.R.
Marchili Nicola
Marcucci Francesca
Pepe Monica
Ric.
Tosti Gino
Tramacere Andrea
AsRic
B.Str.
Bors.
Dott.
R.U.
Dott.
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
Cognome e Nome
Qualifica
Incarichi
Ass.
Ruolo Art. 23
Tecnol.
Dipendenti
100
100 Numero totale dei Tecnologi
100
100
Qualifica
100
TECNICI
Incarichi
50 N Cognome e Nome Dipendenti
Collab.
Assoc.
Ruolo Art. 15
100
tecnica
tecnica
50 1 Babucci Ezio
Univ.
2 Babucci Francesco
Univ.
3 Chiocci Gianfranco
Univ.
4 Cosson Delfino
CTer.
5 Papi Andrea
CTer.
6 Scolieri Gianluca
Art.15
7 Tecnici Full Time Equivalent
Annotazioni:
SERVIZI TECNICI
Denominazione
N
TECNOLOGI
mesi−uomo
Mod EC./EN. 7
%
0
0
%
10
10
45
50
10
100
6
2.25
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
GLAST
2
NUCLEARE
Data
completamento
Descrizione
30/09/2005
Completamento Data Challenge II
31/10/2005
Completamento assemblaggio e test delle 18 torri
31/12/2005
Completamento integrazione dello strumento a SLAC
Mod EC./EN. 8
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
LISA−RD
2
Rapp. Naz.: Stefano VITALE
NUCLEARE
Stefano VITALE
TN
Ricerca di onde gravitazionali su satellite
Linea di ricerca
Trento
Laboratorio ove
Sigla dello
esperimento
assegnata
dal laboratorio
Acceleratore usato
Fascio
(sigla e
caratteristiche)
Emissione di onde gravitazionali
Processo fisico
studiato
Interferometro laser su satelliti in orbita eliocentrica
Apparato
strumentale
utilizzato
Trento, Roma II, Firenze − Urbino, Perugia, Napoli
all'esperimento
Max Planck Institut, Onera (Parigi), NASA, ESA.
Istituzioni esterne
molti anni
Durata esperimento
Mod EC. 1
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
LISA−RD
Resp. loc.: Gammaitoni Luca
Gruppo
2
In KEuro
IMPORTI
VOCI
DI
SPESA
Parziali
Totale Compet.
SJ
collaborazione con Trento, Firenze−Urbino:
5,0
Missioni al laboratorio Gran Sasso
4,0
collaborazione con Imperial Coll. e Università della Catalogna
8,0
meeting di collaborazione
3,0
1 Studio e realizzazione di sistemi di sospensione a bassa dissipazione 1.1 produzione
fibre quarzo: barrette fused silica per produzione fibre
9,0
1 Studio e realizzazione di sistemi di sospensione a bassa dissipazione 1.1 produzione
fibre quarzo: assemblaggio per trasporto in sito fibre
1,0
1 Studio e realizzazione di sistemi di sospensione a bassa dissipazione 1.2
Adattamento facility di misura per dissipazione da torsione: componentistica elettronica
2,5
2 Studio degli effetti dovuti alla carica dei raggi cosmici manutenzione workstation
1,5
2 Studio degli effetti dovuti alla carica dei raggi cosmici 1 licenza software MATLAB
10,0
di cui SJ
9,0
11,0
4,0
Adattamento facility di misura per dissipazione da torsione: componentistica meccanica
4,0
per montaggi
32,0
Lavorazione esterne per coating dei fili di sospensione
Consorzio
Ore CPU
Spazio Disco
Cassette
Altro
Adattamento facility di misura per dissipazione: Chassis VME, possibile fornitore
ELESIA
Adattamento facility di misura per dissipazione: Scheda acquisizione dati, possibile
fornitore NI
2 Studio degli effetti dovuti alla carica dei raggi cosmici Stampante per Workstation
(acquisita nel 2004 con fondi dot. II)
2 Studio degli effetti dovuti alla carica dei raggi cosmici Sistema per archiviazione
dati/back−up con dischi RAID
5,0
4,0
1,0
3,0
13,0
A cura della
Comm.ne
Scientifica
Nazionale
Totale
65,0
di cui SJ
0,0
Mod EC./EN. 2
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
LISA−RD
Gruppo
2
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
LISA−RD
Gruppo
2
LISA 2005 - Sezione di Perugia.
Collaborazioni: con Firenze-Urbino, Trento, Imperial College (U.K.).
Personale: L. Gammaitoni, ricercatore universitario (50%); F. Marchesoni, Professore associato
(30%); Paolo Amico, assegnista (20%), Chiara Bernardini, dottorando (100%), Helios Vocca,
assegnista (50%). M. Punturo, tecnologo (20%); 2.5 + 0.2 = 2.7
Tecnici: E. Babucci, L. Farnesini, A. Piluso, …
FTE (esclusi tecnici): 2.7
Attività
1) Studio e realizzazione di sistemi di sospensione a bassa dissipazione e quindi a basso rumore termico.
Nel corso del 2004 si è messa a punto una facility automatizzata per la produzione delle fibre di quarzo da poter utilizzare per il
pendolo di torsione di Trento. E' in fase di realizzazione la facility per la misura del fattore di merito torsionale delle suddette fibre, le
cui misure saranno già disponibili verso la fine dell'anno.
Nell'anno 2005 si metterà a punto la tecnica di produzione di fibre di quarzo che verranno installate sia sul pendolo di torsione di
Trento che su quello in fase di realizzazione al Gran Sasso. Si prevede inoltre di realizzare coating conduttori delle fibre e di
studiarne il loro effetto sul fattore di qualità.
Milestones:
Giugno 2005: adattamento e produzione fibre per la facility del Gran Sasso
Dicembre 2005: studio effetto coatings sulla dissipazione interna delle nuove fibre
Spesa:
1.1 produzione fibre quarzo
Dettaglio del Comsumo: 10
barrette fused silica per produzione fibre: 9 k€
assemblaggio per trasporto fibre prodotte: 1 k€
1.2 Adattamento facility di misura per dissipazione da torsione per fibre
Dettaglio dell’inventariabile: 9
Chassis VME, possibile fornitore ELESIA (5K€), Sistema di readout: scheda acquisizione dati NI (4 K€ ).
Dettaglio del Comsumo: 8
componenti meccanici: 4 k€
componenti elettronici: 4 k€
Coatings (lavoraz. Esterne 10 K€): 10 K€
2) Studio degli effetti dovuti alla carica dei raggi cosmici.
Prosegue l’attività in questo settore che nel 2004 si è arricchita della nuova importante tematica relativa alle applicazioni
possibili di fisica solare.
Nel corso dell’anno solare 2004 sono stati ottenuti diversi risultati riguardo la simulazione dell’effetto di carica dei raggi
cosmici sulle masse di test di Lisa. Tali dati sono stati ottenuti anche in funzione del tempo al passaggio di un evento di Flare
graduale attraverso i vari satelliti. Quanto ottenuto è stato presentato al Lisa Symposium nel Luglio 2004. Si è inoltre inserita
una geometria molto più realistica rispetto a quella iniziale. Entro la fine dell’anno in corso si otterranno pertanto i risultati
con tale configurazione.
Nel corso del 2005 in collaborazione con la sezione di Firenze/Urbino si intende proporre un studio per poter utilizzare i
rivelatori di raggi cosmici, che dovranno essere posti sui tre satelliti dell’esperimento, riguardo alcuni aspetti della fisica
solare (dinamica delle Coronal Mass Ejections e Space weather).
In particolare come sezione di Perugia si intende perseguire lo studio di come eventi energetici di particelle solari possano
essere rivelati e messi in network con altri esperimenti esistenti per riuscire a studiare il livello di radiazione che sarà
assorbita da apparecchiature e satelliti, nonché dalla ionosfera terrestre.
milestones:
Giugno 2005: simulazione dell'effetto di carica dovuto ai protoni solari energetici con l'uso della geometria reale di Lisa
Novembre 2005: modellizzazione e simulazione di una eventuale misura di Space weather utilizzando i rivelatori di particelle sui tre
satelliti di Lisa
Spesa:
consumo: 4
manutenzione workstation e minute spese 2.5 K€
software: 1 licenza matlab 1.5 k€
Dettaglio dell’inventariabile: 4
stampante per la Workstation acquistata con fondi di dot. II: 1 K€
sistema per archiviazione dati/back-up con dischi RAID: 3
3) Analisi dati
Studio dei segnali provenienti da sistemi di stelle binarie lontano dalla coalescenza.
Spesa 0
Missioni Interne: 9k€
collaborazione con Trento, Firenze-Urbino: 5 k€
Gran Sasso: 4 k€
Missioni estere: 11 k€
collaborazione con Imperial Coll. e Università della Catalogna 11 €
Sviluppo della spesa
Voce
2003
2004
2005
2006
Studio e realizzazione di sistemi di sospensione a bassa dissipazione e quindi a basso rumore termico.
Inventariabile
Consumo
12
11
22
18
9
18 +10 lav est.
10
25
Studio degli effetti dovuti alla carica dei raggi cosmici.
Inventariabile
Consumo
4
10
4
4
4
5
5
Inventariabile
Consumo
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
MI
ME
6
3
9
12
9
11
9
11
TOTALE
40
75
65
65
6.5
27.5 + 3+11
Analisi dati
Proposta referee
FINANZIATO
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
LISA−RD
2
NUCLEARE
In KEuro
Materiale
di
consumo
Trasporti
e
facchinaggi
Spese
di
calcolo
Affitti
e
manutenzioneinventariabile apparati
Struttura
Missioni
interne
FI
NA
PG
RM2
TN
8,0
10,0
9,0
8,0
10,0
16,0
8,0
11,0
7,0
20,0
4,0
3,0
32,0
4,0
12,0
21,0
3,0
13,0
70,0
35,0
16,0
120,0
TOTALI 45,0
62,0
55,0
142,0
209,0
Missioni
estere
SJ
SJ
SJ
SJ
SJ
SJ
SJ
SJ
43,0
30,0
31,0
31,0
A carico
di altri
Enti
TOTALE
Compet.
SJ
92,0
54,0
65,0
105,0
197,0
31,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
2600,0
513,0 31,0 2600,0
Mod EC./EN. 4
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
LISA−RD
2
NUCLEARE
L
Anno
finanziario
Missioni
interne
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
TOTALE
Mod EC. 5
Missioni
estere
consumo facchinaggi
Spese di
calcolo
In kEuro
Affitti e
Materiale
Costruzione
apparati
TOTALE
1,5
4,0
16,5
30,0
5,0
6,5
6,5
33,5
3,0
7,0
11,5
26,0
23,7
20,0
5,0
71,0
140,5
25,0
19,0
73,0
179,0
23,7
54,5
41,5
178,5
409,0
52,0
51,5
47,5
260,2
296,0
707,2
LISA PF project:
Reshaping of the workplan: optical readout system, and
advanced on ground test facility at LNGS
May 20, 2004
1
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
3
4
5
6
INTRODUCTION
THE ON GROUND TEST FACILITY
Status of the on ground testing
Test facilities upgrades
LNGS
OPTICAL READOUT SYSTEM
WORKPLAN/MILESTONES
MEMBERS OF THE COLLABORATION AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT
REFERENCES
2
2
3
12
20
24
40
42
42
1
1
INTRODUCTION
LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) [1] will be the first high sensitivity space-borne
gravitational wave detector. LISA, a joint ESA-NASA endeavor, consists of a constellation of 3
spacecraft in heliocentric orbits. Orbits are adjusted such that the three spacecraft maintain an
equilateral triangle formation with a 5 106 km sidelength. Each spacecraft contains a pair of testmasses nominally in pure geodesic motion, with no mechanical contact to the spacecraft itself. Each
test-mass serves as the end-mirror of a single arm interferometer, with the other end-mirror in one of
the other two spacecraft. Two semi-independent two-arm interferometers are formed by taking the
difference of the signals from the 3 independent arms. LISA sensitivity goal is a strain power spectral
density of 4×10-21 1/√Hz at around 3 mHz. The useful bandwidth is between 0.1 mHz and 0.1 Hz.
LISA falls in a special category among gravitational wave detectors, as it has “guaranteed” sources in
a set of galactic binary systems for which we can calculate the expected signal, a very bright one also.
LISA will also look for a wide range of sources, including super-massive black hole binaries (very
bright even at z>3), the capture of stellar objects by a super-massive black hole, and primordial
gravitational radiation backgrounds from the Big Bang.
The LISA sensitivity is limited at low frequencies by the ability to set the test-masses in perfect free
fall. No acceleration in excess of 3×10-15 ms-2/√Hz can be tolerated at the frequency of 0.1 mHz. In
order to achieve this level of performance, a key point is to keep the spacecraft as stationary as
possible around the test-masses, at least along the two directions of the laser beams. This is achieved
by a “drag-free” control loop where a set of micro-thrusters are driven by the signal generated by a
precision capacitive displacement sensor, and force the spacecraft to follow the test-mass. The
ensemble of the test-mass and the capacitive sensor is referred to here as the inertial sensor. This
technique cannot be fully tested on the ground. The reasons for this are many, the leading one being
the difficulty to measure very tiny forces against a background of the 1 g terrestrial gravitational
acceleration.
Because of this difficulty, ESA has decided to implement a test-flight known as the LISA Pathfinder.
NASA will also participate in the mission. The ESA test instrument is known as the LISA Test-flight
Package (LTP). The basic idea behind the LTP is to squeeze one LISA arm from 5 106 km to a few
centimeters and place it on board a single spacecraft (S/C). Thus the key elements are two nominally
free-falling test-masses and a laser interferometer whose purpose is to read the relative acceleration
between the test-masses.
The Trento group provides the Principal Investigator of the LTP experiment. They also have the
leadership in the development of the inertial sensor for the LTP, which has been carried out thus far
with ESA funding while the flight model will be provided by ASI.
This proposal concerns two basic items: an on ground test facility, and a redundant optical readout
system of the position of the test masses in LTP. In what follows, the two items will be described.
2
THE ON GROUND TEST FACILITY
For the last 3 years INFN has funded an intense campaign of development of prototype sensors, in
preparation for the flight model, as well as the development of ground based methods to test, to the
best possible levels, the free-fall condition. The key instrument of this testing effort has proven to be a
2
torsion pendulum bench. We have recently demonstrated a performance that, for many disturbances, is
within a factor 100 from LISA and a factor 10 from the LTP goal.
Our method as developed up to now, though very powerful, can realize this “free-fall” condition for
one degree of freedom at a time. In addition the laboratory conditions in term of ground tilt, mass
motion and temperature oscillations are currently limiting factors of our current pendulum
performance and would represent even more serious problems for the next generations of higher
sensibility torsion pendulum and of multi-degree of freedom suspension system.
The on-ground testing for LISA and LTP would then greatly benefit from moving the next generation
of test benches to the environment of Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso.
Our proposal is then to install and run the next generation of ground testing facilities for the LISA testmass geodesic performance at the LNGS.
2.1
Status of the on ground testing
The key instrument of this testing effort has been a torsion pendulum bench.
It has allowed demonstration of capacitive sensing performance within LISA specifications and, as a
consequence, provided experimental confirmation to the predictions from the applied noise and
performance models.
We also successfully employed the technique to make sensitive, low frequency, single degree of
freedom torque noise measurements, based on the high sensitivity of the torsion pendulum, which
consists of a lightweight LISA test mass (a 40 mm cube) suspended by a thin fiber[9]. As shown in
Figure 1 the torque noise floor of the apparatus was measured to be less than 20 fN m Hz between
0.3 and 10 mHz, with a minimum of 4 fN m Hz at 3 mHz. This torque noise can be converted into
an upper limit for random differential force noise exerted by the LISA gravitational sensor prototype
on the suspended test mass. The “armlength” used to make this conversion depends on the specific
disturbance mechanism. For back-action effects related to the readout and actuation circuitry, the
armlength is half the separation between adjacent sensing electrodes (roughly 10 mm) and the upper
limit can be set at 1.5 pm s 2 Hz in the frequency range 0.3 to 10 mHz, when referred to a bulk
LISA test mass of the same size. For random inelastic molecular impacts, the torque noise levels can
be converted into a minimum acceleration noise below 200 fm s 2 Hz at 3 mHz. This last limit
corresponds to roughly a factor 70 over the LISA flight goal, and a factor 7 over the LTP flight test
goal.
3
Figure 1 Torque and acceleration noise upper limits for LISA, compared to the instrument limit (dominated at low
frequency by thermal noise and at high frequency by the readout noise), compared with the LISA goal. The red curve data
were calculated from the blue curve by subtracting the torque induced by floor tilt, through the measured tilt-twist coupling
coefficient and pendulum transfer function (see later in this document for details). The sharp peak at 0.5 mHz is an artifact
of a test mass charge measurement performed during the 101 hour run, analyzed here by cutting it into three 120 ks
windows. The acceleration levels, compared with the LISA goal, are evaluated assuming an armlength a = 20 mm to
convert torque into force noise, and a 1.3 kg LISA cubic test mass.
The torsion pendulum high torque sensitivity, which translates into a resolution near 0.1 fN m over 1
hour measurement, can also be exploited to perform, with a modulation technique, characterization of
individual important disturbance sources of acceleration noise. It is possible to single out these
interactions, studying their governing parameters and coupling mechanisms, by performing coherent
experiments, where the source under consideration is modulated, and the torque exerted on the test
mass is measured by coherent demodulation of the pendulum twist angle. These experiments, besides
characterizing these specific inertial sensor disturbances at the level of the LISA specs, constitute
significant ground testing of the same source characterization procedures that will be employed in
flight during the LTP mission[7]. In Figure 2 and Figure 3 we report on the measurement of two such
effects. Figure 2 reports the evaluation of the negative, additive “spring constant” associated the
voltages needed for the sensor readout, which is a significant validation of the electrostatic modeling
of the real sensor. Figure 3 sketches the results of the measurement of the rotational combination of
stray DC bias on the sensor electrodes, an effect which is expected to be significant at low frequencies
for LISA, in its mixing with low frequency electrostatic noise (for example induced by the random
cosmic rays arrival).
By means of this technique, measurements of the sensor electrostatic stiffness at the 5% level and
detection and compensation of stray dc electrostatic biases at the millivolt level have been successfully
performed [9][10][8].
4
Figure 2 Plot showing the 1fm, 3fm, and 5fm (5, 15, and 25 mHz) torque components in the electrostatic rotational stiffness
measurement, as a function of the relative sensor - test mass rotation angle φsens, measured by the gravitational sensor itself.
The torque is induced by alternatively switching on and off the readout bias source at 1fm , with the test mass at different
relative rotation angles with respect to the sensor housing. The torque were reconstructed by demodulating the deflection
angles measured by the autocollimator, and applying the torsion pendulum transfer function. The roughly 5:3:1 ratio of the
slopes corresponds to the 1/f square wave spectral content. The sub-fN m resolution for the 1fm data is smaller than the
point markers.
Figure 3: Plot of DC bias measurement torques for applied bias amplitude V∆ = 3 V at fm = 5 mHz, as a function of the
applied DC compensation voltage VC. The measured torque amplitude is proportional to a residual DC imbalance, which,
for spatially uniform stray DC biases, is ∆φ + 4 VC.
Upgrading of the existing facility and the creation of new test benches, with better sensitivities and
additional functionalities, will allow us to further characterize disturbance effects and to verify the
performance of key features of the inertial sensor.
There is also a strong interest in extending the LISA measurement band below 0.1 mHz, possibly
down to .01 mHz 0. This possibility is hampered by the lack of knowledge of the sensor at these very
5
low frequencies, and extensing the pendulum measurements to these very low frequencies would also
be very valuable.
Noise sources that have been identified but not yet investigated include various thermal gradients
effects (related to the radiometric effect, radiation pressure and temperature dependent outgassing
effects) and additive residual couplings to the test mass relative displacement.
Important key functionalities whose performance should be investigated include the test mass charge
measurement and control system based on UV and the so called “low frequency suspension”. Both for
LISA and for the LTP, all relative test mass-spacecraft degrees of freedom must be controlled by
either the drag-free loop or the “low frequency suspension. The role of the latter is to counteract dc
forces at very low frequencies and, within the measurement band, to stabilize the test masses. Proper
control laws have been identified, and the baseline actuation strategy is to provide actuation forces by
means of amplitude-modulated square pulse train voltages applied to the electrodes. In order to
guarantee the performance of these systems, it is important to verify, for example, that the low
frequency suspension actuation laws does not introduce excess stray forces in the measurement band
and the actual frequency dependent gain of the control laws. Stray effects of the “low frequency
suspension” are expected to be created by several sources of “cross-talk” among different degrees of
freedom, like cross-talk of actuation force/torque along other DOF into a force along the sensitive axis,
cross-talk of displacement/rotation of other DOF into the sensitive axis displacement readout that is
used for drag-free and/or electrostatic suspension and non diagonal terms of parasitic stiffness matrix.
The creation of new test benches is also expected to significantly improve our testing ability of the
overall inertial sensor performance by better addressing these issues, both in terms of sensitivity and in
representativeness of flight experiments.
Before describing the planned upgrades, and with the aim of introducing the discussion concerning the
opportunities offered by the LNGS, we briefly describe the torsion pendulum facility currently
operating in Trento, with particular reference to the impact of environmental noise coupling on its
performance.
2.1.1 Torsion pendulum currently operating in Trento: apparatus description
A schematic of the torsion pendulum facility is shown in Figure 4a. A vacuum vessel accommodates a
prototype sensor surrounding the test mass and its 6-channel capacitive-inductive readout electronics.
The chamber is mounted on a platform whose inclination can be adjusted, while the whole facility sits
on a concrete slab partially isolated from laboratory floor. As shown in Figure 4b, the torsion
pendulum is composed of a hollow gold-coated Ti cube, with s = 40 mm sides and 2 mm wall
thickness, and a supporting Al bar, on which a stopper plate and optical mirror for independent readout
are mounted. The test mass is electrically isolated by a ceramic spacer, while the rest of the pendulum
is grounded through the torsion fiber, a Au-coated W wire nominally 25 µm thick and 1 m long. The
pendulum free torsional period is T0 = 515.1 s, with an energy decay time τ0 ≈ 1.35 ·105 s,
corresponding to a quality factor Q ≈1650.
The torsion pendulum hangs from a magnetic eddy current damper upper stage consisting of a W fiber,
with radius r ≈ 50 µm and length l ≈15 cm, supporting an Al disk surrounded by toroidal rare earth
magnets. The magnetic damper reduces the swing mode energy decay time to ≈ 70 s, without affecting
the torsional mode performance because of the cylindrical symmetry of its design. This double
suspension ensures that the main torsion fiber suspension point hangs essentially vertical, while giving
6
a negligible contribution to the torsional mode; it is rotationally much stiffer than the main fiber (the
spring constant scales Γ ∝ l r-4 for round fibers).
Figure 4 (a) Sketch of the experimental apparatus. (b) The test mass, its support, and the stopper plate that prevents the test
mass from hitting the sensor electrodes. The pendulum has a moment of inertia I = 338 ± 5 g cm2 and weighs 101.4 g. (c)
Schematic top view of the sensing electrodes; relevant dimensions are Rφ = 10.25 mm, and d = 2 mm.
The capacitive sensor, a Mo-Shapal prototype [6](Figure 5b), can be centered, based on the sensor 6channel capacitive-inductive readout, around the suspended test mass using a 5 degree of freedom
micromanipulator, while the fiber suspension point can be raised in z and rotated around z axis. The
displacement sensor angular sensitivity, ≈ 40 nrad Hz , is dominated by intrinsic thermal noise. The
pendulum motion is also monitored by a commercial autocollimator, with ≈50 nrad resolution for both
twist and tilt modes, allowing calibration of the sensor by exciting large twist motion and purposefully
tilting the apparatus by a few µrad.
The facility is equipped with a home-made electrostatic actuation circuitry that, as in the scheme
proposed for LISA actuation, is integrated with the sensor bridge electronics to apply audio frequency
and DC voltages to the sensing electrodes. Audio voltages are used for PID control of the pendulum
torsional mode, while DC biases are applied for electrostatic characterization of the sensor electrodes
7
and to measure the test mass charge. It is worth noting that, as required for LISA, the electrostatic
actuation circuitry does not add excess noise to the sensor sensitivity.
The pressure is kept below 10-5 mbar by a vibrationally isolated turbo pump; use of an ion-pump has
been avoided to prevent electrical charging of the test mass due to electrons coming from the pump
itself. The measured net residual test mass charging rate, ≈ +1 e per second, was occasionally balanced
using electrons emitted by the hot cathode pressure gauge.
The entire experiment is enclosed in a thermally insulated room (Figure 5a), whose temperature is
controlled by a constant temperature water bath that stabilizes the air circulating inside a heat
exchanger. The torsion fiber tube is covered with an additional layer of thermal shielding, giving
higher temperature fluctuation suppression. Temperature fluctuations at the fiber tube are suppressed
by at least a factor 20 between 0.1 and a few mHz, and by ≈ 10 below 0.1 mHz. The sensor housing,
electronics box, vacuum vessel, fiber tube, thermal room, and lab temperature are continuously
monitored by Pt100 thermometers. The magnetic field is monitored by a three-axis 10 nT resolution
flux-gate magnetometer, placed in the neighborhood of the pendulum. The capacitive sensor itself
measures the platform tilt: a tilt of the apparatus along the axis η (θ) will cause a translation of the
pendulum relative to the sensor along x (y), determined by the ≈ 1 m fiber length, ∆x ≈ ∆ η × 1m. Most
measurements are automated by dedicated software, and all experimental data and possible
environmental noise sources are continuously recorded by a (in-house) data acquisition and control
system.
Figure 5: (a) the experimental apparatus inside the thermally isolated room.(b) The molybdenum-SHAPAL capacitive
sensor prototype designed in Trento and the titanium hollow TM used in the decribed testing.
Torque sensitivity limit and coupling to environmental noise sources
The torque sensitivity of a torsion pendulum is intrinsically limited by the mechanical thermal noise
with power spectrum S Nth (ω ) = 4k BT Γ [11][12] and by the additive readout noise Sφread (ω ) , which can
2.1.2
ωQ
8
be converted in an equivalent torque noise through the pendulum transfer function
2 2
⎤
⎡ ⎛
⎞
⎛
⎞
1
ω
2
F (ω ) = ⎢Γ ⎜1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟ + 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎜ ⎝ ω0 ⎠ ⎟ Q ⎥
⎠
⎦⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝
2
−1
to give an overall torque sensitivity:
S 1N/ 2 (ω ) = S Nth (ω ) +
Sφread (ω )
F (ω )
2
where ω0 is the resonance angular frequency, Q is the quality factor, I is the momentum of inertia and
Γ is the torsional spring constant.
This can be exceeded, however, by pendulum coupling to environmental noise. In Trento, an excess
noise with respect to the expected thermal noise floor was observed and consequently an activity
devoted to the characterization and suppression of the disturbances has been performed . The main
identified sources are floor tilt, magnetic noise and temperature fluctuations (the single test mass
configuration, with a compact highly symmetric design and hollow test mass, makes the gravity
gradient noise negligible). The power spectral densities of those parameters as measured in the test
facility in Trento are shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6 Spectral densities of important environmental disturbance sources. The upper panel shows the fluctuations of lab
foor tilt, as measured by the sensor; tilt noise levels are also representative of the orthogonal axis η. The middle panel
shows the fluctuations of one horizontal component of the magnetic field near the pendulum. The bottom panel shows the
temperature noise at different apparatus locations; the curve labelled “sensor" refers to a transducer inside the vacuum,
9
while the “fiber tube" thermometer is attached to the outside of the tube. The temperature data were sampled at 1/40 Hz,
whereas all other sensors where sampled at 10 Hz; the white level at 2.5 mK /sqrt(Hz) is the readout noise. The effects of
the stages of thermal insulation are clearly visible.
We characterize the coupling of these disturbances to the torsional mode of the pendulum with
experiments in which the external source was modulated at a high enough level to induce a well
resolved signal in the pendulum twist[13]. The coupling to each disturbance term was estimated by the
ratio of the induced torque to the magnitude of the input parameter. Monitoring the environmental
noise levels under normal operation conditions permits an estimation of each systematic effect
contribution to the overall torque noise as summarized in Figure 7.
Figure 7 Torque noise contributions from external environmental couplings, shown with the thermal noise, readout limit,
and raw torque data. The sharp peak at 0.5 mHz is an artifact of a test mass charge measurement performed during the 101
hour run, that is analyzed here by cutting it into three 120 ks windows. The Hanning windowing process leaves an artificial
peak near the 2 mHz pendulum resonance, due to the imperfect knowledge of the torsion pendulum transfer function,
affecting the tilt subtraction procedure.
In order to improve our estimate of the low frequency force noise data, we subtracted the effect of
coupling to floor tilt from the raw experimental data. The correction is performed by measuring the tilt
components and then converting them into a torque by means of the measured tilt-twist coupling
coefficients. The instantaneous coupling torque, Fourier transformed into the frequency domain, is
then converted into a twist angle and this is converted back into the time domain to be subtracted from
the raw angular time series. This procedure does not involve a subtraction of noise spectra, but only a
time series subtraction based on calculation of the instantaneous torque. The Fourier transform is used
only to convert the calculated torques into twist angles, accounting for the torsion pendulum transfer
function. The tilt measured with the sensor is compared with the output of the optical autocollimator,
in order to verify that the subtracted signal is a real apparatus tilt motion, rather than a “fake”
displacement signal coming from the sensor itself. The tilt correction procedure, whose results are
compared with the raw data in Figure 2 and Figure 3, leaves a torque noise which is only a factor 3 to
10
5 over the thermal noise in the mHz region, and in particular below 20 fN m
mHz, with a minimum of 4 fN m
2.1.3
Hz between 0.3 and 10
Hz at 3 mHz.
Recent upgrades
Some modifications of this torsion pendulum facility have been recently realized (Figure 8):
• A motorized rotation stage was introduced to support the capacitive sensor; by modulating the
sensor rotation angle with respect to the torsion fiber equilibrium position, we will characterize the
entire spring-like coupling between the test mass and the displacement sensor
• An apparatus consisting of an UV lamp and optical fibers, provided by Imperial College of London
(UK), has been installed on the sensor, to control the test mass electrostatic net charge q. In
combination with the technique to measure q, already successfully tested, this will constitute a
significant test of the Charge Management System, one of the key features of the LISA/LTP
gravitational sensors.
• A set of 4 heaters and thermometers was installed on the external walls of the gravitational sensor
chassis, with the aim of inducing and monitoring low frequency oscillating 4-fold symmetric
thermal gradients, searching for a coherent torque exerted on the suspended test mass, through
mechanisms like radiation pressure fluctuations, radiometric effect and temperature depending
outgassing rate.
• replacement of the gold coated W fiber with an uncoated fiber, with the aim of increasing the
torsion pendulum quality factor Q, reducing in this way the mechanical thermal noise.
• An electrostatic shield between the torsional member and some exposed dielectric surface of the
capacitive sensor was installed and has successfully removed, to a large degree, the trans-twist
coupling observed in the previous experimental run
A new testing campaign will start soon, and the expected outcome should include precious
experimental information regarding performance optimization techniques and design drivers for the
new facilities.
11
(c)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(e)
Figure 8 View of the current implementation of the inertial sensor integrated in the torsion pendulum facility, with the most
recent and significant upgrades. The key features are (a):heaters; (b): thermometers; (c):electrostatic shields; (d):UV fiber
for test mass charge control; (e): DC motor for remote control of the sensor rotational position, properly shielded to limit
the magnetic and electrostatic torque induced on the test mass.
2.2 Test facilities upgrades
As summarized in the previous section, torsion pendulums have already proven to be very useful in
measuring the stray forces and stiffnesses arising in LISA-like displacement sensors and
characterizing specific stray force sources.
However, progress with the current torsion pendulum is limited in several ways:
- the pendulum is sensitive to torques, rather than the translational forces most relevant to LISA
drag-free control
- the level of force noise that can be reached with the pendulum, limited by intrinsic thermal
noise in the torsion oscillator, is roughly two orders of magnitude above the target force noise
for LISA
- the torsion pendulum has only a single degree of freedom (DOF) that is sensitive to force
disturbances, while a LISA test-mass will be free-falling (or very weakly controlled) in all 6
DOF
We propose here a new generation of facilities that will address these limitations and thus improve
both the sensitivity of our ground based measurements and the degree to which they are representative
of flight experiments.
In the next section we will briefly describe the following upgrades:
¾ Torsion pendulum for testing directly the translational degree of freedom
12
¾ Higer sensitivity torsion pendulum
Facility with more than one soft force sensitive degree of freedom
2.2.1
Torsion pendulum for testing one translational degree of freedom
The current torsion pendulum facility is a single mass configuration that is sensitive to torques on the
test mass, not the translational forces most relevant to our specific application demanding near perfect
free fall along a single translational axis. Consequently it would not detect dangerous stray net forces
and the characterization of the random forces depends on the conversion through a model dependent
arm-length. As this distance varies depending on the type of disturbance under investigation and is
unknown for un-modeled stray forces, it is desirable to have a configuration sensitive directly to the
net forces along the translational axis relevant for LISA. We will use a 4-mass torsion pendulum
(shown schematically in Figure 9 left), where, by displacing the test masses from the torsion axis, the
pendulum is sensitive to net forces applied on a test mass.
In order to produce a torsion pendulum configuration sensitive to net forces, it is necessary to displace
the test mass from the torsion fiber axis. This can be done by adopting a simple Cavendish type
geometry. However, as the effective armlength of the displaced test mass increases, the pendulum
quickly becomes more susceptible to environmental gravity gradient noise[5]. It is thus necessary to
have a high degree of symmetry to suppress couplings to fluctuating low-order multipole. Figure 9
(right) shows a four mass design with quadrupole compensation and the predicted force sensitivity
[18].
Figure 9 Left: Conception of the four-fold symmetric torsion pendulum. The centers of the four hollow, cubic test masses
(edge length 4.6 cm) are displaced 11cm from the torsion fiber axis. The smaller cubes displaced along the y-axis (vertical)
serve to reduce the gravitational quadrapole moment and provide a reecting surface for an optical readout of the pendulum
twist. The positions of the displacement sensor electrodes (outlined) are shown surrounding the mass on the lower right.
Like the gravitational wave strain measurement, the pendulum twist is sensitive to forces along the x-axis. Right: Predicted
force sensitivity of the pendulum shown on the left (using a 53 µm diameter tungsten fiber of length 1 m and quality factor
Q = 4000) as compared to a single mass configuration. The four-mass design is directly sensitive to net forces, while the
single mass curve is interpreted from its torque sensitivity using an e_ective arm-length of 1 cm.
13
Figure 10 The vacuum enclosure designed for accomodating the 4-masses pendulum that will be operating in Trento in the
second half of this year.
The experimental apparatus (Figure 10), that will accommodate the first version of the 4-masses
torsion pendulum, is under construction and the first experimental run is expected in Trento the second
half of this year.
We note that an ideally 4-fold symmetric pendulum, with characteristic armlength R, would
have a response to gravity gradients, generated by a mass at distance r, that is proportional to
R4/r5. As such, increasing the armlength R to increase the pendulum force sensitivity is done at
the price of an increasing susceptibility to gravity gradient noise. Thus, for the 4-mass design
shown here, and for any other future multiple mass pendulum, an environment that is “quieter”
from the standpoint of mass motion can ultimately allow more sensitive measurements of the
intrinsic force disturbances relevant to LISA.
2.2.2
Higher sensitivity torsion pendulum
The pendulum thermal noise so far achieved leaves upper limits on stray force noise well above the
requested in-orbit performance levels. The thermal limit for force noise in a torsion pendulum
is proportional to (Φ/(C*B))1/2, where Φ is the loss angle and is equal to Q-1, B is the tensile breaking
strength (in Pascal) of the wire material and C is a safety factor (C<1) that expresses the percentage of
the breaking stress at which the wire is loaded.
The optimal material to realize the suspension should be a low dissipation material with a high and
reliable (C not too small) breaking strength.
Within the INFN LISA PF collaboration the group in Perugia has already performed a preliminary
study with the aim of singling out the fiber material. A study of the mechanical and dissipative
properties of short wire samples in three different materials has been carried out: Steel (C85),
Tungsten and fused silica. Fused silica has been identified as the most promising candidate.
14
The breaking strength of Fused Silica has been measured at: B(SiO2)=4.05±0.55 GPa. This value must
be compared with the breaking strength of C85 wires: B(C85)=2.90±0.02 Gpa and that of Tungsten:
B(W)=1.92 GPa. The Fused Silica breaking strength is the highest, but it shows also the largest
fluctuation. This is mainly because the Fused Silica breaking strength is dominated by surface defects.
For this reason the value of C*B has to be considered the same for the three materials.
The SiO2 loss angle is shown in figure 11 versus the frequency of the mode. It is clear that the Fused
Silica loss angle is more than two orders of magnitude lower than the C85 and W.
The different frequency behavior is due to the different thermoelastic contribution.
In figure 11, two different curves for Fused Silica fibers are shown. The curve with solid stars is
measured hanging the fiber with an intermediate mass to reduce the suspension recoil losses. Since a
small difference is measured between the SiO2 with and without the insulating mass, a low recoil loss
contribution is expected in the measurement apparatus.
From these studies the pendulum thermal noise of a suspension made of Fused Silica fibers is expected
to have a thermal noise more than one order of magnitude better as compared to C85 and Tungsten.
Figure 11 Measurements of the loss angle versus frequency. Squares: Tungsten wire. Plus: C85 wire. Circles: Synthetic
fused silica. Stars: Synthetic fused silica with isolation bob. The error bars are neglected because they are smaller than the
experimental point symbol size.
15
Improvement and automatization of the facility for the thin (from 20 to 100 micron) silica fiber
fabrication are in progress, and the efforts will be then focused to the identification of an electrical
conductive coating compatible with a high torsional quality factor.
The expected improvement in term of force sensitivity thermal limit with a Q of a million is shown in
the following figure, both for the 1 mass and a 4-masses configuration: a torsional Q of a million
would decrease the pendulum thermal force noise would decrease to order of 10 fN/root(Hz), a big
improvement that would leave us within an order of magnitude of the LISA goals.
Taking full advantage of the decreased level of thermal noise in a higher Q pendulum requires
correspondingly lower levels of all other environmental disturbances, including the temperature,
seismic activity, and gravity gradient effects already mentioned.
Figure 12: Force sensitivity thermal limit, both for 1-mass and 4-masses torsion pendulum configuration, with the tungsten
fiber currently used in Trento (Q of about 3000) and with a silica fiber with torsional quality factor of a million.
2.2.3
Facility with more than one “soft” force sensitive degree of freedom
The pendulum has a single “soft” or sensitive degree of freedom, whereas a free-falling inertial
references mass is free-falling (or controlled with a low frequency suspension) along all degrees of
freedom. To better represent the flight conditions in which the test mass is sensitive to forces along
different degrees of freedom, we are studying suspensions which have multiple degrees of freedom
with very low effective elastic constants and thus high sensitivity.
Specifically, a test facility with many soft force-sensitive degrees of freedom allows for:
• Measuring forces and stiffness simultaneously along different degrees of freedom
16
• Closing feedback loops on one DOF and measure the effects along another one
• Closing feedback loops simultaneously on more than one a degree of freedom
Advantages with respect to the single DOF test bench:
• More effective in identifying and debugging spurious effects and non -linearities
• Allows for testing of actuation cross talk with closed feedback loops: in particular, it allows to
measure the residual disturbance along the sensitive translational axis when we close the
control loop along the ϕ rotation (because is the control loop that will be used also in LISA)
• Allows for measuring the stiffness and cross-stiffness with closed feedback loops
• Verification of the dc stray voltage compensation tecnique simultaneously in different DOF
• Verification of the compatibility of the charge measurement by means of a dithering voltage
applied in terms of noise induced in x.
Disadvantages of the many DOF platforms, are the lower sensitivity, due to the high vertical
acceleration gravitational background, and the higher complexity.
At least two DOF should be translational degrees of freedom, and at least one of those should be very
weekly coupled to the rest of the system. The mechanical problem becomes to design suspensions with
very low stiffness and very low friction, with a resonant fundamental frequency in the range of few
mHz. Stability against temperature fluctuations and seismic noise are also a requirement of the final
design. Additionally, as with the four-mass pendulum discussed in section 1.1.1, the proposed multiple
DOF pendulums involve relatively large arms, and thus the design should maximize symmetry and
seek the environment with a minimum of nearby gravitational disturbances.
Several geometries are being investigated; in Figure 13 is shown the roto-traslational pendulum, that
has two soft degree of freedom, one rotational, around the vertical axis of the test mass, and the other
traslational, around the main vertical axis of the system. One of the most promising geometry is the
Roberts linkage, shown in Figure 14.
Figure 13 : Roto-traslational pendulum, 2 soft DOF
17
Figure 14: Roberts linkage [18]
The design of the Roberts linkage is such that in the ideal case (massless frame, and ideal constraints)
the suspension point P is only allowed to move in a plane; ideally, this device has a null resonant
frequency. More realistically, Roberts linkages have been already been designed and tested with
resonant frequencies in the range of the tens of mHz.
Figure 15: An implementation of a bidimensional Roberts linkage
Other schemes include a vertical soft degree of freedom obtained with leaf springs. In this case, the
leaf springs are pre-bent, in order to lower the vertical stiffness, still being able to hold the weight of
the test mass (Monolithic Geometric AntiSpring, MGAS)[20]. Systems like this have been tuned to
vertical frequencies of about 100 mHz.. This kind of vertical suspension is presently being used by
the TAMA interferometric antenna, and it has been chosen as the vertical suspension of the isolation
test tower being built in Firenze by our group.
18
Figure 16 Scheme of the MGAS leaf spring.
Soft horizontal, linear degrees of freedom can also be obtained with two orthogonal folded
pendula,(Watt’s linkage)[21][22]. A folded pendulum is made by assembling a positive pendulum and
an inverted pendulum: the restoring force is gravity, with a negligible contribution from springs at the
joints. These devices have been tuned down to about 10 mHz.
Figure 17: Scheme of Watt's linkage
Figure 18: (Right) Horizontal accelerometer based of the folded pendulum scheme; (Left) One of the elastic joints [22].
The final choice for the multi degree of freedom suspension will be taken on the basis of a careful
finite element analysis, which will also determine the internal modes of the system.
19
Finally, also electrostatic suspensions with more than one degree of freedom are being investigated:
they seem less promising, because of the relatively high weight of the test mass, and because of the
possible interactions with the capacitive sensors.
2.3
LNGS
As discussed above, environmental conditions appear to be the limiting factor of our current pendulum
performance and would represent even more serious problems for the next generation of higher
sensibility torsion pendulum and of multi-degree of freedom suspension systems.
A “quiet” site would significantly increase the probability to achieve the best performances and would
reduce the efforts needed to reduce the environmental disturbances effects in term of:
• shielding (temperature, magnetic field)
• active control (temperature, floor tilt)
• designing an apparatus with a high degree of immunity (Newtonian gravitational coupling).
These strategies look particularly challenging because of the very low frequency measurement band
and because they would increase the constraints onto the overall facility design.
The most relevant environmental noise sources are:
• Seismic noise: motion of laboratory can induce a stray torque on the pendulum through several
mechanisms [1].
Any tilt motion of laboratory floor can induce a torque on the pendulum for example through
any position dependent torque induced by the gravitational sensor itself, or the effect of linear
cross-coupling of suspension point tilt into pendulum twist. Linear micro seismic noise of the
suspension point of a torsion pendulum is a source of noise because of coupling of swinging
modes into the torsional mode. Also vertical microseismic noise can couple into pendulum
twist via nonlinearities in the fiber response to vertical spring-type modes of the pendulum[1].
In order to reduce these stray effects, damping of the simple pendulum mode and the vertical
spring-like mode should be provided together with a high degree of symmetry of the masses
suspended [4]. Both strategies add constraints to the pendulum design, and the high symmetry
requirement means usually to make the pendulum heavier at the expense of its sensitivity.
•
Gravity gradient noise
A source of torque noise for a torsional pendulum is the coupling of mass multipole moments
of the pendulum to gravity gradient fields. In order to reduce this effects the strategies is to
reduce the moments of the pendulum and to place the experiment where the gravitational fields
gradients fluctuations are small [3][5].
The compensation of the moment of the pendulum poses serious constrains on the overall
design and requires adding mass, at the expense of its sensitivity. Moreover, even if one
nominally cancels the low order moments “by design,” small imperfections will still create
coupling to gravity gradients fluctuations, thus necessitating more demanding machining and
assembly tolerances requirements.
As these effects are related to changing ambient mass distribution, one expects that lower
seismic noise, better environmental temperature stability and better isolation from weather
condition will produce a more benign “gravitational” ambient.
20
•
Temperature
On a large scale a variation in temperature can alter the geometry of the building, and itself
induce a motion of the ground and Newtonian noise.
Since the best approach to eliminating environmental disturbances in a measurement requires reducing
the effect at its source, the choice of the experimental site is important and must be made with
care.Low microseismic and newtonian noise, stability in temperature on time scales exceeding a day
qualify the site for the experiment, and the environmental stability of an underground site has been
already choosen as the most promising option with respect to these criteria for gravitational wave
detectors and torsional pendulum for experimental gravitational [16][23][24][1]. Laboratori Nazionali
del Gran Sasso are potentially very good candidate..
Measurements over many years show that, at low frequencies, tilt and microseismic noise is about 5
times lower than in Trento Laboratory.
x 10
-7
G ra n S a s s o M a y 2 0 0 0
4
A c celeration acc 2+acc1 [g]
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
0
50
100
150
200
250
T im e [ h ]
Figure 20: Tilt mesurements at LNGS; solid tides are visible
.
2
Figure 19 Tilt PSD at LNGS; the vertical scale can be read in rad / Hz
acceleration and inclination.
because of the coupling between horizontal
21
Freq
Hz
10-2
10-3
10-4
Trento
µrad/√Hz
0.04
0.3
3
Gran Sasso LNGS
µrad/√Hz
0.05
0.1
0.6
Figure 20 Comparison between tilt measurements in Trento and at LNGS
Figure 21 Tilt measurement in Trento (see also Figure 6).
More difficult is the assessment of Newtonian noise, and its measurement requires high sensitivity.
Models [16] suggest that a solid rock cave guarantees a gravity gradient noise level that is lower by
several order of magnitudes than that on the surface, and the equipment we propose to set up
at LNGS will be sensitive enough to verify the models.
Finally, the temperature is stable on a seasonal time scale.
Following these considerations, LNGS can be considered a very good site for the experiment.
22
2.3.1
Requests to the LNGS
After a visit to LNGS, we have identified a suitable area defined Nodo C, close to the interferometer
GIGS, as shown in the map.
Nodo C
Figure 22 Map of the LNGS; Nodo C is shown.
A number of upgradings of the Nodo C are anyway required:
•
•
•
an effective insulation of the area from the acoustic noise, due to human activity and
venting of the tunnels: two adjacent brick walls, separated by a layer of insulating
material; doors and windows must be designed accordingly.
decoupling of the lab floor from the floor of the halls: at present the floor is a continuous
concrete layer, that couples the entire area through the microseism due to human activity;
decoupling can be done by simply removing the floor in Nodo C.
remove the layer of pebbles under the floor and down to the solid rock; this is required in
order to grant a firm coupling to the rock, and to remove a relevant source of gravity
gradient noise.
In addition to all these specific requests, there is also the standard request of electric power (15 Kw
required), venting. A small crane will also be needed in the experimental area.
All the jobs, to be performed under the responsibility of the Laboratori, will be done in close
collaboration with our team.
In the area surrounding Nodo C a rather large flow of water is expected; since water flow in the
tunnels is stable on a seasonal time scale, it should limit the experiment. We are waiting for more
detailed information on the water flow, as soon as it will be available.
23
The experiment should last at least a few years, until 2006, with an highly advisable extension into the
following years (through 2008), aiming to address specific issue related to LISA (extension not yet
approved by INFN). Installation will last for a few months, while decommissioning will take a few
weeks; each run will last between one and two weeks, in presence of the experimenters; no emissions
are expected, apart from the exaust gases from rotary pumps.
The apparatuses will be constructed at the parent Laboratory and only transferred to LNGS upon their
completion; at that point we will request access to the mechanical and electronics workshops for minor
adjustments of the components and for regular maintenance. One or two rooms at the site in Assergi
are requested for the personnel present during the runs.
3
3.1
OPTICAL READOUT SYSTEM
Introduction
The usual solution for satellite drag free control, adopted as a reference solution also for
LISA, is the usage of capacitive sensors. In this case, the sensor is essentially a capacitor where one
of the plates is the surface of the test mass while the other one is connected to the spacecraft. In
particular, such a device has been developed, and successfully tested by the group of Trento
University and will be tested in flight in the technology demonstration mission LISA-Pathfinder. The
main disadvantage of capacitive sensors is the need for a very small free gap between the two plates
and then between test mass and spacecraft. The typical value for the gap is below 1 mm, while a gap
larger than a few mm is hardly compliant with the required sensitivity. The small free gap turns out in
strong sensitivity to net charge deposited (for example due to cosmic rays) on either the test mass or
the spacecraft. This puts severe limitations to the maximum acceptable rate of charge deposition and
imposes frequent discharge by UV flash lamps. Then it would be very helpful to substitute the
capacitive sensor with some alternative position sensor allowing increasing the gap up to several cm,
and relaxing consequently the specifications. The obvious alternative solution is some kind of optical
sensor [26,27,28]. It is worth noting that increasing the gap poses some technical problems because it
becomes difficult to use electrostatic actuation to control the position of the test mass and alternative
solutions, like radiation pressure actuation, should be investigated. In any case, an optical readout
system, as integration of the capacitive one, could be very useful also with a small gap. The main
point is the addition of some redundancy. Providing a back-up solution in case of malfunctioning of
the capacitive system after the launch, gives a considerable risk-reduction for the mission.
Furthermore the optical sensor is potentially more sensitive that the capacitive one, and less sensitive
to cross-couplings between (electrostatic) actuation and (capacitive) measurement.
Goal of this study is the direct application of an optical readout system to the LISA project
whose design is already quite advanced and plans the launch of a demonstration mission (LISApathfinder) in 2008 and the final one in 2012. Therefore, we can only take into account solutions that
are compatible with the actual design or require only very small modifications, while any substantial
modification would imply an unacceptable time dilation. In the following we will not examine
solution requiring increasing of the gap and radiation pressure actuation because not suitable for
24
LISA, although these subjects are relevant from the scientific point of view having in mind a possible
“follow on mission” [30].
We will only analyse in detail an optical readout system, based on the usage of optical levers
and position sensors. To evaluate the possibility to use such a sensor for LISA, we must verify two
main aspects:
1) The sensor must fulfil specifications on sensitivity and back action.
2) The sensor must fit in the present design of LISA.
Next section is devoted to the operation principle and to the estimation of the most relevant noise
sources limiting the sensitivity of the device. In next section, we report the experimental results
obtained so far in bench-top experiments at the Napoli section and describe next steps of
experimental activity. A section will be devoted to the feasibility of the integration of the optical
sensor in the present design of LISA; in particular, we will analyse and compare some alternative
solution pointing out advantages and potential problems.
In the end, we propose a possible planning for the development of the technology taking into account
the schedule of Pathfinder and LISA.
3.2
The optical readout system
Due to the extreme sensitivity required for GW detection, the specifications for the position sensor
are very stringent for both the displacement sensitivity and the back action, that is the unwanted force
that the sensor itself might apply on the test mass. According to the design of the antenna [26] the
required sensitivity along the most sensitive DOF (the interferometer optical axis) is 10-9 m/Hz1/2,
while the angular sensitivity is ~ 5·10-8 rad/Hz1/2. For the spurious forces, the upper limit is, 6·10-15
N/Hz1/2. These specifications, in principle not too severe for an optical sensor, become critical if we
take into account the low operation frequency (10-4 – 10-1 Hz) where thermal drifts of both mechanics
and electronics are dominant respect to sensor intrinsic noise.
Amongst the sensors proposed so far, some are based on interferometric readout; this solution,
which in principle can surely reach and overcome the necessary sensitivity has the disadvantage of
being, in general, more complex with respect to other kind of optical sensors. Furthermore, at the very
low frequency of interest, it is very likely that, rather than by the limiting noise of the detector (shot
noise for an optical sensor), measurement sensitivity will be limited by other sources of noise, like
thermal drifts in both mechanics and electronics. For that reason, we prefer, as reference solution, a
system based on optical levers and position sensors rather than interferometric sensors that are in
principle much more sensitive than required, but with the disadvantage of higher cost and complexity.
The principle scheme of an optical lever sensor is very simple. A laser beam, is sent trough a
single mode optical fibre, to the surface of the test mass. The reflected beam is detected by a quadrant
photodiode (or a position-sensing device (PSD)) that measures its transverse displacement.
The displacement (∆xs) of the spot on the sensor due to a longitudinal displacement (∆x) of the
test mass, depends on the incidence angle θ as:
25
∆x s =
∆x
sin(θ)
(1)
The displacement due to a rotation ∆θ around an axis orthogonal to the normal of the surface
depends on the optical lever arm h:
∆x s = 2 h ⋅ ∆θ
(2)
With a suitable combination of beams and sensors, all the six DOF of the test mass can be
detected. The optical fibre is necessary to reduce the beam jitter that would otherwise be dominating.
In order to evaluate the sensitivity, the first point to consider, it the noise that such a sensor can
reach in the frequency band of interest for LISA (from 100 µHz up to 100 mHz). As for any optical
sensor, the ultimate limit is shot noise that is expressed, for a position sensor, by [4]:
⎛ 633 nm ⎞
~
x sn ≈ 2 .8 ⋅ 10 −11 ⎜
⎟
⎝ λ ⎠
12
⎛ 1mW
⎜⎜
⎝ P0
⎞
⎟⎟
⎠
12
12
⎛ 0 .78 ⎞ ⎛ L ⎞
⎟⎟ ⎜
⎜⎜
⎟
⎝ η ⎠ ⎝ 1mm ⎠
⎤
⎡m
⎢⎣
Hz ⎥⎦
(3)
where λ and P0 are wavelength and power of the laser, η the quantum efficiency of the detector
and L the measurement range (that depends on the spot size if a quadrant photodiode is used and on
the detector size for a PSD). We can see that, with reasonable numbers for the relevant parameters, the
shot noise limit is well below the specifications.
26
LISA PF
Another important source of noise is the current noise In of the trans-impedance amplifier
used to read the photodiode current (assuming photoconductive operation). This imposes a limit
sensitivity given by:
12
~
L ⋅ In (f )
⎛ 0.43A / W ⎞⎛ 1mW ⎞⎛ 1mHz ⎞ ⎛ L ⎞
~
⎟
⎜
xI =
≈ 4 ⋅ 10 −10 ⎜⎜
⎟⎟⎜
⎟
⎟ ⎜
⎟⎜
α(λ ) ⋅ P0
⎝ α(λ ) ⎠⎝ P0 ⎠⎝ f ⎠ ⎝ 1mm ⎠
⎡m
⎤
⎢⎣
Hz ⎥⎦
(4)
~
Where α(λ) is the responsivity of the photodiode and we assume In (f ) = 10 −13 / f A/Hz1/2
that is the typical value for a widely used device (Analog Devices OP27EP). As we can see, also in
this case the sensitivity depends on laser power and measurement range (i.e. spot size). This source
of noise is likely the limiting factor for a sensor based on an optical lever. Other relevant noise
sources are mechanical vibrations and thermal drifts, which depend on the actual set-up and can be
reduced with a very rigid mounting and a thermal stabilization.
From the point of view of the back action, this is due essentially to the fluctuation of the
~
~
light power impinging on the test-mass ( F ≤ 2 ⋅ P / c ); assuming a conservative upper limit of
~
F ≤ 6 ⋅ 10 −16 N / Hz , we get for the relative power stability the limit:
~
⎛ 1mW ⎞
P
⎟⎟
≤ 10 −4 ⎜⎜
P0
⎝ P0 ⎠
⎡1
⎤
⎢⎣
Hz ⎥⎦
(5)
This limit is achievable by actively stabilizing the laser power.
3.3
Preliminary results
To verify the considerations of the previous section on the potential sensitivity of the optical sensor,
we performed some bench-top measurement at the Napoli section.
The set-up is shown in Figure 25. The source is a He-Ne laser coupled to a single-mode
optical fibre. The output power is about 340 µW. The laser beam is reflected by a piezoelectric
tilting mirror, split in two by a cube beam-splitter and detected by two quadrant photodiodes (QPD).
In this way, we can perform differential measurements of the displacement of the beam on the two
detectors and cancel the common effects due to thermal drifts and vibrations of the fibre and mirror
mounts. The only point where the symmetry is lost is the beam splitter itself, since any
displacement of this component will only affect the reflected beam leaving unaffected the
transmitted one. The entire set-up was closed in a box to reduce the effect of air movements and the
temperature variations. The spot size on the QPDs was about 0.5 mm.
LISA PF
Figure 23: Experimental set up. A fiber coupled He-Ne laser beam is reflected by a piezoelectric tilting mirror,
split in two by a cube beam-splitter and detected by two QPDs. The two sensors are mounted on micrometric
translators for calibration and fine positioning. The signal of QPD2 can be used in a closed loop configuration
for actively stabilizing the beam on position by acting on the PZT mirror.
3.3.1 Sensitivity measurements
We performed the measurement in two operation modes. In the first case, we just centered the two
QPDs (that are mounted on three DOF micrometric translators to adjust transverse positions and
optical path) on the beams. The difference of the signal of the two QPDs should provide the
incoherent sum of the noise of the two sensors and gives our limit sensitivity, while the two
independent measurements provides a measurement of the beam motion that is common for the two
sensors. A sinusoidal angular movement (at 50 mHz) is imposed to the PZT tilting mirror for
relative calibration of the signals of the two QPDs, while absolute calibration is obtained with the
micrometric translators. As usual, the position of a beam is obtained by taking the difference of the
signals of pairs of sectors of the QPD normalized to their sum in order to cancel the effect of
amplitude fluctuations.
In the second measurement mode, we used the signal of one detector (QPD2) to actively
stabilize the position of the beam by acting on the PZT mirror, and take the displacement as
measured with the other detector (QPD1). The servo-loop bandwidth is about 5 Hz.
The result of a typical differential measurement is shown in figure 26 ((a) spectrum and (b)
time domain). As we can see by looking at the calibration peak (50 mHz), in the difference signal
the common mode motion of the beam is cancelled by more that two orders of magnitude while the
wide band spectrum is reduced by a smaller amount. That means that we have reached a noise level
that can either be detector intrinsic noise or relative motion due to asymmetries in the set-up
(mainly BS) or uncorrelated drifts in the mounts of the detectors. In figure 26, the electronic noise
level, measures as the differential signal with the laser switched off, is also shown compared with
the expected value (solid line) computed according to formula (4).
The sensitivity is about 10-8 m/Hz1/2 at 1 mHz (one order of magnitude above the
specifications) and fall below 10-9 m/Hz1/2 above 10 mHz.
28
LISA PF
(a)
(b)
Figure 24 : (a) displacement noise as measured with the two QPD and from their difference compared with the
measured and expected electronic noise. The differential measurement is within the specification above 10 mHz.
(b) beam displacement measured with the two QPDs and their difference (time domain).
Figure 25 : : (a) displacement noise measured with the two QPDs when the beam is actively stabilized on QPD2. The
displacement measured with QPD1 is within the specification above 10 mHz. - (b) beam displacement measured with
the two QPDs when the beam is actively stabilized on QPD2. The residual displacement measured by QPD1 is less than
10 nm on a time of 6000 s.
The closed loop measurement is reported in figure 27 ((a) spectrum and (b) time domain). As
expected, the error signal (that is the one of the QPD used for the servo-loop) is reduced by a large
amount, while the other one (that is the actual sensor noise measurement) reaches a value similar to
the one obtained with the differential measurement. Also in this case, the sensitivity is close to the
one measured in open loop and reaches the specification above 10 mHz. Looking at the time
domain, we can see that the residual beam drift, as measured with QPD1, is less than 10 nm.
From the open loop measurement with the single QPDs (figure 26), and taking into account
a total optical path length of 235 mm, we can also put an upper limit to the angular jitter of the
beam at the output of the fiber to ~ 1.7·10-7 rad/Hz1/2 at 1 mHz and 1.7·10-8 at 10 mHz.
29
LISA PF
Figure 26: – Experimental set up for laser power control, the error signal is detected with QPD2 (taking the sum of the
four elements of the quadrant). The signal is filtered with an analogical integrator and used to drive the current of the
laser diode
3.3.2 Laser power stabilization (back action)
Laser power stabilization is another relevant point, studied experimentally to verify the
specifications posed in (5). In this case, the laser source is a laser diode coupled to a SM fiber
optics, emitting up to 10 mW at 635 nm. The laser power is regulated by adjusting the diode
current, while the laser head is temperature stabilized by a peltier cell to avoid thermal drifts, due
to current variations, that induce frequency shifts (not relevant in our case but important for
spectroscopic applications) and, most important, jumps of longitudinal laser modes that are a
source of amplitude noise. In our set-up (figure 28) we use as a sensor one of the QPDs. The error
signal is the sum of the current of the four elements of the detector. The power is stabilized with
respect to a voltage reference corresponding to a total power on the sensor of 1.25 mW. The
bandwidth of the integrative servo-loop is 5 Hz.
In figure 29, it is shown the spectrum of laser power fluctuations in open and closed loop,
compared with the specification defined in eqn. (5). As we can see, the open loop noise is above
specifications by more than two orders of magnitude, while with active stabilization there is a large
safety margin in the whole bandwidth.
30
LISA PF
Figure 27 : Spectrum of the laser power fluctuations in open loop (blue line) and closed loop (red line). With active
stabilization, the noise is well below the specification (horizontal line) at all frequencies.
3.3.3
Present status of experiments and future developments
Concerning the displacement sensitivity of the optical sensor, the measurements performed so far
are in agreement with specifications above 10 mHz. At frequencies between 1 and 10 mHz, the
noise is above the specifications by a factor < 10. In the present set-up, the sensitivity in not limited
by shot noise and amplifier current noise, but most likely by real relative displacements of the two
beams. Actually, the electronic noise is already within the specifications and it can be further
reduced either by increasing the power of the laser beam or reducing the spot size (see eqn. 4).
To improve the measurement with the aim of direct demonstration of the specifications, we
have prepared a new more rigid set-up that allows performing differential measurements with a
symmetric optical layout (within machining tolerances). The system is shown in figure 30. The
entire bench is obtained by a single stainless steel block where the interfaces for fiber couplers and
sensors are machined. At the center of the box, are placed mirrors that reflect the beams as the
surfaces of the test mass.
31
LISA PF
Mirrors
Optical
fiber
Position
sensor
3.3.3.1.1
Fiber
coupler
Errore.
Figure 28 : New rigid set-up for differential measurements.
Assuming an asymmetry of 2 mm, due to machining tolerances, and a thermal expansion
coefficient for steel of α ≈ 2 ⋅10 −5 we get, in presence of a temperature fluctuation δT , a
displacement noise δx T ≈ 4 ⋅ 10 −9 ⋅ δT . By assuming fluctuations amplitude of 10-2 K/Hz1/2 with a
white spectrum in the whole band, it should be possible to go down to the intrinsic noise of the
sensor.
It is worth of noting that the specification of 10-9 m/Hz1/2 refers to the most sensitive DOF
(that is the displacement along interferometer optical axis), while the ones for orthogonal axes are
relaxed by more than one order of magnitude and then are already fulfilled with the present
preliminary measurements. Furthermore, from (1) we can see that between test mass displacement
and spot displacement on the sensor there is a factor depending on the incidence angle (1/sin(θ))
that helps in further relaxing the specs. In the end, it looks quite likely that the proposed optical
sensor can reach the sensitivity required for LISA, even if a direct experimental demonstration is
necessary.
As already pointed out, it looks that the back action due to laser power fluctuation is not a
problem.
Once this set of preliminary measurements will be completed, it will be useful to proceed to
the development and test of a sensor operating on six DOF, to be integrated and tested in the new
torsion pendulum being completed in Trento or in the one that will be developed at Gran Sasso
National Laboratories. In this way, it will be possible to verify, in a configuration as close as
possible to the real one, the performance of the system in view of his integration in LISA.
3.3.4
Compatibility of the optical sensor with the LISA design
As already mentioned, once it is demonstrated that the OS can reach the required sensitivity,
still remains the problem of his integration in the actual design of LISA, that in already quite
32
LISA PF
advanced. Although the launch of the final mission in scheduled only for 2012, in 2007-2008 there
will be a technology demonstration mission (LISA-Pathfinder). The design of the payload of this
mission is already almost frozen and any further substantial change with respect to the technology
that will be tested on flight must surely be rejected. This holds, in particular, for the geometry of the
electrodes used for capacitive sensing and electrostatic actuation. Of course, this would be different
in case the present design shows serious drawbacks, but in this case, a more general reconsideration
of the whole mission would be necessary, with consequent unavoidable time delays.
Assuming, in the contrary, that the inertial sensor of LISA will be essentially very close to
the one to be tested on LISA-Pathfinder, there is the problem of studying the integration of an
optical readout system. In figure 31, it is shown a scheme of the IS (engineering model). As we can
see, the space available for the passage of light beams that should reach the test mass is extremely
small; this is the main problem to solve in order to find a reliable solution. A second relevant
problem is how to bring the optical beams in the vacuum chamber and let the reflected one to exit
(unless the detectors are placed inside the chamber itself).
Figure 29 : Scheme of the inertial sensor engineering model
3.3.5
Optical paths
For the optical paths, we studied several possible solutions. One possibility is to reach the
test mass using the space between the electrodes. In this case, the maximum aperture is 1.6 mm.
This imposes a maximum beam waist for the gaussian beams of about wo = 300 µm, (so that the
aperture is larger than 5 beam diameters). Assuming a total optical path inside the vacuum
chamber of p ~ 100 mm, we need an ungula accuracy in the positioning of the reflecting mirrors of
∆θ= wo/p = 3·10-3 rad ~ 0.5°. In figure 32, it is shown a possible solution of this type. As we can
see, we need a few reflections for both the input and the reflected beams (the last can be reduced or
33
LISA PF
eliminated by placing the sensor inside the vacuum chamber. The most delicate point is the correct
placement of the reflecting mirrors (not shown in the figure). Obviously, since there are many
reflections, the angular accuracy for each mirror should be defined taking into account is actual
position along the optical path. Furthermore, also the mounting looks quite difficult, even if
possible in principle, because the space for the mirrors is quite small (8 mm) for the vertical DOF
(z) due to the caging mechanism.
y, θx, θz
z, θx, θy
Figure 30 : optical paths with reflections on small mirrors and passage of the beams in the space between the
electrodes.
A second possibility is to pass, for the x and z faces of the test mass, through the frame
supporting the electrode housing, and using the electrodes themselves as mirrors to direct the
beams on the test mass. In figures 33 and 34, it is shown a possible solution based on this idea and
in which the beams enter the vacuum chamber through optical fibers.
34
LISA PF
(a)
(b)
Figure 31 : optical sensor with optical fibers and diodes directly mounted in the electrode housing. (a) front view, (b)
upper view.
The fiber output coupler, that is a pigtail with a green (graded index) lens, is directly
coupled on a suitable interface on the electrode housing. For the x and z faces, the output beam is
detected, after two reflections on the electrodes and one on the test mass, by a position sensor (a
Hamamatsu PSD with 4x4 mm2 sensitive area in the drawing) that is also placed on the electrode
housing. The incidence angle is 74° and 75° respectively. For the y surface, the fiber output beam
is directly impinging on the test mass thanks to a hole already present on the central electrode for
different reasons. In this case, the incidence angle is only 10°. With this configuration, the angular
35
LISA PF
tolerance can be considerably relaxed. The holes for the passage of the beams can be enlarged to φ
= 3 ÷ 4 mm. The limiting factor is now, for the beams reflected by the electrodes, the minimal
distance between the beam themselves and the edge of the test mass (dm ~ 2 mm). Still assuming
w0 = 300 µm, posing a lower limit for distance from the edge of 4·w0 = 1.2 mm, and considering an
optical path from the fiber output of p = 65 mm, we get ∆θ = (dm-4·w0)/p ≈ 1.2·10-2 rad ≈ 0.7°. For
the y beam the tolerance is still larger because the path is shorter (10 mm) and the limit is posed by
the diameter of the hole (∆θ ≤ (φ-4·w0)/p ≈ 0.18 rad ≈ 10°).
This second approach gives several advantages with respect to the other one, which uses
the space between the electrodes. A first point is the relaxed specification for the alignment of the
beams. A second aspect is that all the optical beams enter in the electrode housing on the same side
and, most important, that the upper and lower parts of the vacuum chamber, where the caging
mechanism is, are not used. As a last point, the beams reflected by the x and z faces of the test
mass, exit form the electrode housing converging toward an optical window, even if they don’t
center it completely, and this simplifies considerably the set-up if it turns out that the sensors must
be placed outside the vacuum chamber (this aspect will be analysed in a while).
36
LISA PF
Figure 32: Solid model of the sensor with optical fibers and photodiodes directly attached to the electrode housing.
37
LISA PF
3.3.6
Selection and positioning of the sensors
As previously indicated, we have two possible position sensors: quadrant photodiodes and
(QPD) or position sensing devices (PSD). The first is a photodiode with the sensitive area divided
in four elements, separated by a (non sensitive) gap ranging from 50 to 300 µm according to the
selected model, while the sensitive area ranges between few mm and few cm. The PSD is a
photodiode where there is a resistive layer between the photosensitive area and the electrodes; in
this way, the current in the single electrodes depends on the position of the incident beam across
the photodiode. A QPD is generally (with the same responsivity α(λ), power Po and beam
diameter wo), more sensitive than a PSD [29]. For a QPD the displacement sensitivity can be
approximated as dI/dx ≈ α(λ)·Po/wo while for the PSD we get dI/dx ≈ α(λ)·Po/L, where L is the
detector size. On the other side, when the spot size is comparable with the gap, with the QPD we
loose a considerable amount of light. Furthermore, the lost power, and then the total current of the
detector, depends on the beam position. This fact can become a source of displacement noise and
mainly it can introduce force noise (by radiation pressure) if we use the total power of the QPD for
stabilizing the laser current. In the end, the response of the sensors depends on shape and
symmetry of the incident beam. In the case of the PSD, although the intrinsic sensitivity is lower,
total current and sensibility are, in a first approximation, independent on shape and position of the
beam reducing the problem of back action at a negligible level. A residual dependence on shape
and position can arise due to disomogeneity of the sensitive area. This effect, which obviously is
reduced by increasing the beam size, must be taken into account and a direct measurement is
necessary before we choose the final detector, even if the previous arguments give an indication in
favour of the PSD.
Another relevant point is the positioning of the sensors. From the assembling point of view,
the most convenient solution is the placement of the sensors on the external part of the electrode
housing (as shown in figure 32 and 33). On the other side, we must consider that a photodiode, that
we assume in photoconductive operation with reverse bias of a few volts, dissipates a power that
can reach a few mW (depending on photo-current and reverse bias); this can give rise to thermal
deformation of the inertial sensor. A more conservative solution could be the placement of the
diodes on the internal wall of the vacuum chamber, and then a few centimeters away from the
electrode housing. In this end, if also in this case the dissipated power results too high, we can
place the detectors out of the vacuum chamber through an optical window with the help of a few
mirrors (as in figure 32).
38
LISA PF
Figure 33 : Typical reflectance curve for a gold coating (from Melles-Griot catalogue.
3.3.7
Laser Source
The most suitable source for the optical sensor is surely a laser diode (LD) coupled to a
single mode optical fiber (SMOF). This type of source gives a good efficiency (emitted
power/absorbed power) and the emitted power can be easily controlled by regulating the current
flowing in the LD. Concerning the wavelength, the choice is limited to the near infrared (780 ÷
830 nm) because at longer wavelength the responsivity of silicon detectors decreased while at
shorter wavelengths the reflectivity of test mass and gold-plated electrodes decreases (Figure 35).
In this frequency range, there are plenty of devices available on the market, with power up to
several tens on mW and is highly probable that space-qualified products are already available (to
be verified).
The operation power will depend on the trade-off of several requests, as explained in the
previous sections but is should not exceed ~ 1 mW for each beam incident on the test mass. With
this power, the maximum static force applied by radiation pressure is rather small (6·10-12 N) and
can be easily compensated elettrostatically.
3.3.8
Planning of the activities
As previously explained, for a correct planning of the activity we must consider the schedule
of the LISA project. The time limit for the completion of the activity is the Preliminary design
review of LISA (expected in 2008). At this time, there will be the definition of the overall design of
the mission, taking into account the results of the flight test of LISA-Pathfinder and the ground tests
performed in parallel. So all the technologies to be implemented should be already fully tested for
that time. Another important appointment is the Final Design Review of LISA-Pathfinder (2005).
This is the last time for defining possible modifications of the inertial sensor for the LTP mission.
This includes, for example, the holes for the passage of the optical beams and the interfaces for the
placement of fibers and sensors in the vacuum chamber.
39
LISA PF
Taking into account this time scale, we propose in the following a possible planning for the
period 2004-2007:
2004
• Completion of tests on optical sensor’s intrinsic sensitivity, with the rigid set-up and tests and
comparison of the different type of position detectors (QPDs, PSDs)
• Finalization of the overall optical layout (already quite advanced)
• Design and realization of a prototype 6 DOF optical sensor with an optical layout similar to
the one to be used for LISA.
2005
• Test on torsion pendulum of some important aspect of the optical sensors (sensitivity, back
action).
• Study of couplings among different DOFs.
• Finalization of the design of the mechanical interface in order to implement it, as far as it is
possible, in the LTP sensor.
• Definition of the characteristics of the final sensor (power, sensitivity etc.).
• Start design engineering model for LISA.
2006
• Tests on selected components (vibrations, shocks etc.)
• Search for space-qualified components for the optical sensor (laser, sensors, electronics, fibers,
vacuum feed-troughs etc.)
• Finalization of design and realization of engineering model (this part of activity must be
founded by ASI and performed in collaboration with specialized companies under our
supervision).
2007
• Test of the engineering model and finalization according the results.
This planning should allow having a design sufficiently mature for the 2008 review. The
most urgent points are related to sensors characterization and choice of laser source and its control,
because only when a configuration that allows to reach the required sensitivity we can go on with
the detailed design for the implementation in the LTP. This is why it is important to progress with
the tests as soon as possible (already in 2004) and not after 2005 with the torsion pendulum. In the
end, if both the bench-top tests and the ones on torsion pendulum give good results in a short time,
we could imagine to anticipate to 2005 the definition of the engineering model end his test to the
2006, and this could permit the integration (perhaps partial and for only few DOFs) of an optical
sensor in LISA-Pathfinder, if the planning of this mission is delayed for other reasons.
4
WORKPLAN/MILESTONES
Summarizing, the overall outline of the project consists of:
• Design and production of a 4-mass roto-translational pendulum (Figure 13). It will be an
upgrade of the 4-mass pendulum in the Lab in Trento; it will have fused silica fibers, and,
possibly, a tilt compensation device. It will be assembled and tested in Firenze, and then
moved to the LNGS, when the site will be ready; at the LNGS a full analysis will be
40
LISA PF
•
•
performed. The groups of Trento, Perugia, Firenze, and Roma will be responsible for this
item (par 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.3).
Design and production of a (lower sensitivity) many degrees of freedom system; it will also
be operated at LNGS. The groups of Trento, Firenze and Roma will be responsible for that
(par 2.2.3).
Production of the optical readout system; the responsibility for this item relies with the
group of Napoli (par 3).
In the second half of 2004, the groups of Firenze and Roma will take care of setting up the facility
at LNGS with the support of the LNGS itself, and will place order for the vacuum chamber that
will be large enough to contain (not simultaneously!) the multi-degree of freedom system and the 4mass rototranslational pendulum with the fused silica fiber. The vacuum chamber should be ready
by the end of the year. At the same time, they will design and make prototypes of the multi degree
of freedom system, and with the help and expertise of the Trento Group, will prepare the 4-mass
roto-translational pendulum, with the fused silica fiber that should be ready by beginning of 2005,
care of the group of Perugia, .
Finally, the group of Naples in 2004 will complete the tests on optical sensor’s intrinsic sensitivity,
with the rigid set-up and tests and comparison of the different type of position detectors (QPDs,
PSDs); will finalize the overall optical layout (already quite advanced), and will design and realize
a prototype 6 DOF optical sensor with an optical layout similar to the one to be used for LISA.
Here it follows the schedule of the works :
41
LISA PF
5
MEMBERS OF THE COLLABORATION AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT
At present, the scientists working on the INFN LISA- PF project and involved in the development
of test benches for testing drag-free performance in earth based laboratories are:
University of Trento and INFN, Trento:
Michele Armano;Daniele Bortoluzzi; Paolo Bosetti; Ludovico Carbone; Ilaria Cristofolini; Mauro
Da Lio; Rita Dolesi; Mauro Hueller; Stefano Vitale; William Weber;
University of Firenze, and INFN Firenze/Urbino:
Gianni Bagni; Giovanni Calamai; Katia Grimani; Ruggero Stanga;
University of Rome, INFN Rome, and CNR:
Valerio Iafolla; Sergio Nozzoli; Giuseppe Pucacco;
University of Naples, and INFN, Naples:
Fausto Acernese; Enrico Calloni; Rosario De Rosa; Luciano Di Fiore;
University of Perugia, and INFN Perugia:
Luca Gammaitoni; Michele Punturo; Helios Vocca.
According to an agreement with ASI, INFN will finance the project, within a total of 1400 kEuro,
for the years 2004-2006.
6
REFERENCES
[1]
LISA and its in flight test precursor SMART-2”, S.Vitale et al, Nuclear Physics B
110 (2002), 210 and references therin.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
On determining G using a cryogenic torsion pendulum, R.D. Newman and M.K.
Bantal, Meas. Sci. Technol. 10 (1999), 445-453.
Prospects for terrestrial equivalence principle tests with a cryogenic torsion
pendulum, R.Newman, Class. And Quantum Grav. 18 (2001)2407-2415.
Why is G the least precisely known physical constant?, C.C.Speake and G.T. Gillies
Z. Naturf.A 42 (1987) 664
New tests of the universality free fall Y. Su et al., Phys. Rev. D50, 3614 (1994).
Gravitational sensor for LISA and its technology demonstration mission, R. Dolesi et
al, , Class. And Quant. Grav. 20 (2003), S99;
42
LISA PF
[7]
Testing LISA drag-free control with the LISA technology package flight experiment
D. Bortoluzzi et al, , Class. And Quant. Grav. 20 (2003), S89
[8]
The LISA Technology Package dynamics and control D. Bortoluzzi, M. Da Lio, R.
Dolesi, W. J. Weber and S. Vitale, , Class. And Quant. Grav. 20 (2003), S227
[9]
Achieving Geodetic Motion for LISA Test Masses: Ground Testing Results L.
Carbone, A. Cavalleri, R. Dolesi, C. D. Hoyle, M. Hueller, S. Vitale, and W. J.Weber, ,
Phyis. Rew. Lett. 91, 151101 (2003)
[10]
Possibilities for measurement and compensation of stray dc electric fields acting on
drag-free test masses W. J. Weber, L. Carbone, A. Cavalleri, R. Dolesi, C. D. Hoyle, M.
Hueller, and S. Vitale, , to be published in Advances in Space Research, COSPAR 2002
conference proceedings.
[11]
P R Saulson, Phys. Rev. D 42, 2437 (1990)
[12]
M Hueller et al , Class. Quantum Grav. 19, 1757 (2002)
[13]
“Upper limits on stray force noise for LISA” L.Carbone, A.Cavalleri, R.Dolesi, C D
Hoyle, M Hueller, S Vitale and W.J.Weber, Class. and Quantum Gravity (2004)
[14]
“Measurements of small forces in the physics of gravitation and geophysics” F.
Fuligni and V. Iafolla, 1997, Il Nuovo Cimento, vol 20C, 619.
[15]
“Experiemental gravitation and geophysics”F. Fuligni, V. Iafolla, V. Milyukov, S.
Nozzoli, 1997, Il Nuovo Cimento, vol 20C, 637.
[16]
“Tidal tilts observations in the Gran Sasso undeground laboratory” V. Iafolla, V.
Milyukov, S. Nozzoli, 2001, Il Nuovo Cimento, vol 24C, 263.
[17]
“Mining for gravitational waves”, R. DeSalvo, 2004 Aspen Winter Conference on
Gravitational Waves.
[18]
“4-Mass pendulum for ground testing of LISA displacement”, C.D. Hoyle et al (to
appear in the Proceedings of Marcel Grossman Meeting 2003)
[19]
“Passive vibration isolation using a Roberts linkage” F. Garoi, J. Winterflood, L. Ju,
J. Jacob, and D.G. Blair, 2003 Rew. Sci. Instr. Vol 74, 3487.
[20]
“Monolithic Geometric Anti-Spring Blades”, G. Cella, V. Sannibale, R. DeSalvo, S.
Màrka, A. Takamori, 2004, submitted to Class. Quantum Grav.
[21]
“Performance of an ultra low-frequency folded pendulum”, D. G. Blair, J. Liu, E. F.
Moghaddam, L. Ju, 1994, Phys. Lett A, vol 193, 219.
[22]
Thesis, A. Bertolini, 2001 Università di Pisa.
[23]
“Current Status of large scale cryogenic gravitational wave telescope”, K.Kuroda et
al, Class. Quantum Grav. 20 (2003) S871–S884
[24]
“Ultra-stable performance of an underground-based laser interferometer
observatory for gravitational waves” Shuichi Sato et al
[25]
“LISA sensitivity below 0.1 mHz”,P. L. Bender Classical and Quantum Gravity 20, S301
(2003).
LISA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna: a Cornerstone Mission for the
[26]
Observation of Gravitational waves, ESA-SCI(2000)11, July 2001.
[27]
M.P.Chiao, F. Dekens and A. Abramovici (2003), in Gravitational-Wave Detection
M.Cruise and P.Soulson Editors, Proceedings of SPIE Vol.4858 98.
[28]
F. Acernese, E. Calloni, R. De Rosa, L. Di Fiore, L.Garcia and L.Milano, Class.
Quantum Grav. 21 (2004)S261-S267.
[29]
E.Calloni, A.Brillet, C.N.Man, F.Barone, F.Fusco, R.De Rosa, L.DiFiore, A.Grado,
L.Milano and G.Russo Physics Letters A 193 (1994)15.
[30]
S.Phinney, “The Big Bang Observer: direct detection of gravitational waves from the
43
LISA PF
birth of the universe to the present”, proposal NASA VM02-0021-002
44
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
LISA−RD
2
NUCLEARE
PREVISIONE DI SPESA
In KEuro
ANNI
Missioni Missioni
2005
2006
TOTALI
Mod EC./EN. 6
45,0
45,0
62,0
60,0
90,0 122,0
Spese
Materiale
Affitti e
Trasporti e
di
di
facchinaggi
calcolo
consumo
55,0
142,0
240,0
55,0
102,0
128,0
110,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
244,0
368,0
TOTALE
Compet.
544,0
390,0
934,0
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
LISA−RD
Gruppo
2
Qualifica
Affer.
Incarichi
al
%
Cognome e Nome
gruppo
.
Art.
23
Ruolo
Ricerca Assoc
N
1
2
3
4
Bernardini Chiara
Gammaitoni Luca
Marchesoni Fabio
Vocca Helios
Dott.
R.U.
P.A.
AsRic
2
2
2
2
N
TECNOLOGI
Cognome e Nome
100 1 Punturo Michele
50
30
Numero totale dei
50
Qualifica
Incarichi
Ass.
Ruolo Art. 23
Tecnol.
Tecn.
Dipendenti
Tecnologi
N
TECNICI
Cognome e Nome
Qualifica
Incarichi
Ruolo Art. 15
1 Babucci Francesco
Denominazione
Univ.
Annotazioni:
mesi−uomo
Mod EC./EN. 7
%
Assoc.
tecnica
SERVIZI TECNICI
20
1
0.2
Dipendenti
Collab.
tecnica
%
20
1
0.2
Codice
Esperimento
Gruppo
LISA−RD
2
NUCLEARE
Data
completamento
Descrizione
luglio 2005
Commissioning della facility per il multi DOF suspension system
marzo 2005
simulazione del processo di carica di famiglie dei raggi cosmici piu'
rare dell'1% in composizione.
ottobre 2005
realizzazione del multi DOF suspension system ()
dicembre 2005
preparazione sitoLNGS e inizio delle fase di testing della multi DOF facility ()
giugno 2005
simulazione dell'effetto di carica dovuto ai protoni solari energetici con l'uso della geometria reale di LISA
Giugno 2005
modellizzazione di emissioni di massa coronale deboli dal sole (al
minimo solare) in L1
Settembre 2005
modellizzazione di emissioni di masse coronali forti dal sole (al massimo
solare) sul piano dell'eclittica
novembre 2005
modellizzazione e simulazione di una eventuale misura di Space weather utilizzando i rivelatori di particelle sui tre
satelliti
giugno 2005
adattamento e produzione fibre per la facility del Gran Sasso
dicembre 2005
studio effetto coatings sulla dissipazione interna delle nuove fibre
dicembre 2005
test su pendolo di torsione del sensore ottico per caratterizzare sensibilità e back−action
giugno 2005
studio degli accoppiamenti tra i diversi DOF
giugno 2005
finalizzazione del desing dell’interfaccia meccanica per implementarla, fin dove possibile, in LISA−Pathfinder
dicembre 2005
definizione delle caratteristiche del sensore finale (potenza, sensibilità etc.)
luglio 2005
prima fase di test con pendolo a 4 masse
luglio 2004
prima fase di misure con facility per test mass release
luglio 2004
prima fase di misure con facility per test mass release
dicembre 2005
upgraded test facilities
prototipi sensore inerziale e procurement versione rappresentativa del flight model per LTP
Mod EC./EN. 8
Codice
Esperimento
VIRGO
Rapp. Naz.: Flavio Vetrano
NUCLEARE
Gruppo
2
Flavio Vetrano
FI
Onde gravitazionali (Astroparticles)
Linea di ricerca
EGO (Cascina) e Laboratori della Collaborazione
Laboratorio ove
VIRGO
Sigla dello
esperimento
assegnata
dal laboratorio
Acceleratore usato
Fascio
(sigla e
caratteristiche)
Onde gravitazionali da sorgenti astrofisiche
Processo fisico
studiato
Antenna VIRGO e relative facilities
Apparato
strumentale
utilizzato
FIRENZE (Firenze/Urbino), FRASCATI LN, NAPOLI (Napoli/Salerno), PERUGIA, PISA, ROMA 1
all'esperimento
CNRS (FRANCIA) :
Istituzioni esterne ESPCI−Paris; IPN−Lyon; LAL−Orsay; LAPP−Annecy; OCA−Nice
3 anni
Durata esperimento
Mod EC. 1
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
VIRGO
Gruppo
2
In KEuro
IMPORTI
VOCI
DI
SPESA
Parziali
Totale Compet.
SJ
Presenza sul sito (Cascina) 12 mesi/uomo
36,0
collaborazione scientifica RDcon FI−Urb e PI
4,0
N. 2 meeting di collaborazione in Francia per 3 persone
6,0
Collaborazione scientifica con Caltech/LIGO 2 persone per 5 giorni
5,0
Collaborazione scientifica con Glasgow/GEO 2 persone per 5 giorni
3,0
Studio di nuovi materiali per i fili di sospensione (CRYSTAL). He per test su fili
sospensione fredda
6,0
di cui SJ
40,0
14,0
Studio di nuovi materiali per i fili di sospensione (CRYSTAL). componenti meccanici ed 8,0
elettronici per adattamento criostato
Studio di nuovi materiali per il substrato delle ottiche (MAT) componenti ottici per ottica 10,0
a 1319 nm
Studio di effetti di thermal noise fuori dall’equilibrio (NTN) lamine e wafer in silicio per
test (5 fused silica ultrathin wafers)
5,0
test (5 Silicon ultrathin wafers)
5,0
test (super reflective coating 8)
12,0
Studio di effetti di thermal noise fuori dall’equilibrio (NTN) mechnical components
8,0
Consorzio
Ore CPU
Spazio Disco
Cassette
54,0
Altro
Studio di nuovi materiali per i fili di sospensione (CRYSTAL). preampli per readout
4,0
Studio di nuovi materiali per i fili di sospensione (CRYSTAL). PC/scheda aquisizione
per data acquisition + software
4,0
Studio di nuovi materiali per i fili di sospensione (CRYSTAL). dewar con valvola per He
Studio di nuovi materiali per i fili di sospensione (CRYSTAL). Amplificatore e
generatore alta tensione
Studio di nuovi materiali per il substrato delle ottiche (MAT) optoelectronics a 1319 nm
Studio di nuovi materiali per il substrato delle ottiche (MAT) camera a vuoto per test
Studio di effetti di thermal noise fuori dall’equilibrio (NTN) moduli readout VME
Studio di effetti di thermal noise fuori dall’equilibrio (NTN) Reference cavity (SILO)
2,0
12,0
6,0
8,0
12,0
15,0
3,0
99,0
A cura della
Comm.ne
Scientifica
Nazionale
Studio di effetti di thermal noise fuori dall’equilibrio (NTN) supermirror (2)
3,0
Studio di effetti di thermal noise fuori dall’equilibrio (NTN) RF electronics
30,0
Analisi Dati: manutenzione e upgrade della facility di calcolo distribuito, basato su
beowulf linux, esistente a Perugia per l'analisi in parallelo di segnali tipici delle binarie
coalescenti
Totale
207,0
di cui SJ
0,0
Mod EC./EN. 2
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
VIRGO
Gruppo
2
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
VIRGO
Gruppo
2
Virgo 2005 - Sezione di Perugia.
Competenze: studio e caratterizzazione del rumore termico. Studio e realizzazioni di sistemi di sospensione a basso
rumore, studio e caratterizzazione delle proprietà meccaniche dei materiali, analisi del rumore, progettazione e
realizzazione sistema di calcolo distribuito.
Collaborazioni: con Pisa, Firenze-Urbino.
Personale:
L. Gammaitoni, ricercatore universitario (50%);
F. Marchesoni, Professore associato (50%);
Paolo Amico, assegnista (70%),
Helios Vocca, assegnista (50%),
Flavio Travasso borsista/dottorando (100%),
Leone Bosi assegnista/dottorando (100%).
M. Punturo, tecnologo (50%); 4.2 + 0.5 = 4.7
Tecnici: E. Babucci, L. Farnesini, A. Piluso, …
FTE (esclusi tecnici): 4.7
Voci:
a) Commissioning di VIRGO (sigla ITF): MI 40k€
Presenza sul sito: 12 mesi/uomo (3 Keuro/mese) 36 K€
Collab. Con FI-Urb, Pisa, 4 K€
b) Analisi Dati:
1) Analisi Dati: manutenzione e upgrade della facility di calcolo distribuito, basato su beowulf linux,
esistente a Perugia per l'analisi in parallelo di segnali tipici delle binarie coalescenti.
2) Sviluppo di nuovi algoritmi di calcolo e di esplorazione dello spazio dei template che siano
ottimizzati per il sistema distribuito
Si richiede finanziamento spese di upgrade e manutenzione ordinaria 30 K€ di inventariabile
c) R&D Activities (nella scia di quelle del 2004, in linea con la richiesta del resp. nazionale):
1) Studio di nuovi materiali per i fili di sospensione (CRY)
2) Studio di nuovi materiali per il substrato delle ottiche (MAT)
3) Studio di effetti di thermal noise fuori dall’equilibrio (NTN)
Dettaglio R&D Activities:
1) Studio di nuovi materiali per i fili di sospensione (CRYSTAL):
sulla scia del progetto finanziato MIUR. Per il 2005 si chiede il proseguo del lavoro sullo studio e realizzazione di fili di
sospensione fredda.
Inventariabile (22):
Consumo (14):
preampli per readout (4 K€),
PC/scheda aquisizione per data acquisition + software (4 K€)
dewar con valvola per He (2 K€),
Amplificatore e generatore alta tensione (12 K€)
He, meccanica e elettronica di consumo (14 K€)
2) Studio di nuovi materiali per il substrato delle ottiche (MAT)
Consumo
Optics components 1319nm
TOTALE
Inventariabile
optoelectronics 1319nm
vacuum chamber (custom)
TOTALE
PREZZO UNITARIO
10000
8000
Q.Tà
10000
10000
6000
8000
14000
1
3) Studio di effetti di thermal noise fuori dall’equilibrio. (NTN)
Sulla scia degli interessanti risultati ottenuti nel 2004 (to be published) si chiede il finanziamento della elettronica di
controllo e readout e dei materiali per lamine.
Consumo
fused silica ultrathin wafers
Silicon ultrathin wafers
super reflective coating
suprasil 3 supports
TOTALE
Inventariabile
Modulo readout VME
Modulo filtri VME
Moduli controllo VME
Reference cavity
Supermirrors
R.F. electronics
TOTALE
WALLEY DESIGN
WAFER WORLD
SESO
SILO
1000
1000
1500
2000
5
5
8
4
5000
5000
12000
8000
30000
SILO
NEWPORT
HITECH
4000
5000
3000
15000
1500
3000
1
1
1
1
2
1
4000
5000
3000
15000
3000
3000
33000
Sviluppo della spesa
Voce
2002
2003
2004
Completamento studio sosp. Fused silica - silicate bonding
Inventariabile
25
20
0
Consumo
55
25
0
Studio nuovi materiali per fili e Fibre CRYSTAL
Inventariabile
15
10
17 (2)
Consumo
25
25
9 (8)
Nuovi Materiali per substrati (MAT)
Inventariabile
38 (24.5)
Consumo
25
20
108 (65)
Nonstationary Thermal Noise (NTN)
Inventariabile
25
20
10
Consumo
20
20
35
Totale
140
Analisi dati: Potenziamento Beowulf
Inventariabile
66
130
30 (8)
Consumo
2005
0
0
22
14
14
10
33
30
30
MI
ME
25
18.5
24
18.5
30 (22.5)
21 (11)
30+10
14
TOTALE
Proposta referee
FINANZIATO
262
231.5
69
312.5
298
220
150
207
143.5
ME: specifica
Meeting di collaborazione
2 meeting/anno di collaborazione in Francia;
ogni meeting e' valutato 5 gg + viaggio;
il numero di persone per meeting e' il 50 % dei FTE del gruppo
Per Perugia: 4.7 FTE diciamo che il 50% fa 2.5 = 25 giorni di diaria francese+ 6 viaggi A/R
Secondo l’esempio di Urbino: circa 6.000 €
Inoltre visita USA per collaborazione con Caltech x 2 persone per 5 giorni: 5 K€
Visita Glasgow per collaborazione con GEO x 2 persone per 5 giorni: 3 K€
Sezione di Perugia - Milestones 2005
(escluso calcolo)
Competenze: studio e caratterizzazione del rumore termico. Studio e realizzazioni di sistemi di sospensione a basso rumore, studio e
caratterizzazione delle proprietà meccaniche dei materiali, analisi del rumore, progettazione e realizzazione sistema di calcolo
distribuito.
Collaborazioni: con Pisa, Firenze-Urbino.
Activities:
1) Studio di nuovi materiali per i fili di sospensione (CRYSTAL): sulla scia del progetto finanziato MIUR. Per il 2005 si
chiede il proseguo del lavoro sullo studio e realizzazione di fili di sospensione fredda.
Giugno 2005: completamento fase di test dei primi prototipi di fili mono e policristallini a bassa temperatura.
Dicembre 2005: test a bassa temperatura su fili monocristallini prodotti a Pisa (se disponibili).
2) Studio di nuovi materiali per il substrato delle ottiche: proseguimento dell’attività avviata negli anni precedenti.
Giugno 2005: misura del fattore di merito su substrati in silicio cristallino di grandi dimensioni (scala Virgo). Determinazione del
fattore di scala.
Dicembre 2005: caratterizzazione degli effetti di superficie su silicio cristallino e altri materiali.
3) Studio di effetti di thermal noise fuori dall’equilibrio.
Giugno 2005: Stima del valore del rumore termico fuori risonanza per membrane sottili in assenza e in presenza del meccanismo di
controllo.
Dicembre 2004: test su prototipo di controllo attivo del rumore termico fuori risonanza.
Codice
Esperimento
VIRGO
NUCLEARE
Gruppo
2
In KEuro
Materiale
di
consumo
Struttura
Missioni
interne
FI
LNF
NA
PG
PI
RM1
57,0
15,0
82,0
40,0
80,0
39,0
20,5
2,0
36,0
14,0
41,0
35,0
15,0
15,0
20,0
54,0
47,5
62,0
TOTALI 313,0
148,5
213,5
Missioni
estere
SJ
SJ
Trasporti
e
facchinaggi
SJ
SJ
Spese
di
calcolo
Affitti
e
SJ
10,0
10,0
SJ
SJ
A
carico
di altri
Enti
TOTALE
Compet.
SJ
SJ
30,5
24,5
55,0
99,0
27,0
86,0
55,0
44,0
147,5
32,0
248,0
207,0
205,5
266,0
297,5
123,5
1106,0
Mod EC./EN. 4
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
Codice
Esperimento
VIRGO
NUCLEARE
Gruppo
2
Attività sul sito (antenna Virgo in Cascina):
− Ottenuto il locking del 3 km nel modo ricombinato
− Conclusi con successo 4 Commissioning Run, con elaborazione dei rispettivi dati per la caratterizzazione dello strumento,
l'identificazione di spurie nella curva di calibrazione, riconoscimento di segnali iniettati (via software) durante i run.
− Sviluppo di attività di MDChallenge per testare algoritmi e concatenamento del flusso di dati (simulati)
− Pianificazione degli interventi sull'injection system per la configurazione finale (eliminazione luce riflessa spuria; isolamento del diedro in
ULE)
− Incremento del sistema di environmental monitoring (stazione meteorologica on−line; controllo sismico integrato sui punti critici esterni)
Attività di RDnei laboratori:
− Produzione di fibre di silicio monocristallino nei laboratori di Pisa e loro caratterizzazione nei laboratori di Firenze e Perugia
− Sviluppo totale della parte meccanica della facility di isolamento sismico in Firenze
− Primi dati da rumore termico fuori risonanza in Perugia
− Sviluppo della facility a pulsed tube per raffreddare gli specchi (Roma1). Raggiunti i 4 K con potenza assorbita di 1 W; disegnato il
miglioramento del sistema al fine di migliorare il controllo delle vibrazioni a bassa frequenza
− Primi test in scala reale su attuatori elettrostatici (Napoli)
− Sviluppo del Mach−Zender controllato in ottica adattiva (Napoli)
Esperimento Virgo sul sito di Cascina:
Nei primi sei mesi si svolgeranno run tecnici e scientifici onde raffinare la curva di sensitivity dell'antenna ed entrare in presa dati
continuativa.
Si portera' a compimento nei primissimi mesi (gennaio) l'intera catena dell'on−line e dello storage in Cascina, nonche' le tecniche di
trasferimento dati nelle due repositories di Bologna e Lyon.
Si ottimizzera' il sistema di monitoraggio sia dell'ambiente sia sull'antenna sulla base dei primi dati "scientifici".
Proseguira' lo studio e la realizzazione in parallelo di particolari items tecnici da implementare via via su Virgo (in particolare sull'injection).
Attivita' di RDnei laboratori:
Si portera' in fase di test sia il sistema di ottica adattiva per controllo di un Michelson sospeso, sia prototipi di attuatori elettrostatici (Napoli).
Si portera' in produzione continuativa la linea fibre di Si e relativi test (PI,PG,FI)
Si svilupperanno i nuovi prototipi di Low Noise Elettronica per controlli digitali (PI).
Si caratterizza' il rumore termico fuori risonanza in presenza del meccanismo di controllo per membrane sottili (PG).
Si realizzera' il nuovo prototipo meno rumoroso di criostato con tecnica pulsed tube (Roma1).
Anno
finanziario
Missioni
interne
2002
2003
2004
TOTALE
Mod EC. 5
Missioni
estere
consumo facchinaggi
Spese di
calcolo
In kEuro
Affitti e
Materiale
Costruzione
apparati
TOTALE
378,5
344,5
306,0
91,0
83,5
79,5
377,5
312,0
210,5
3,5
3,5
4,5
4,5
369,0
167,5
123,5
186,5
117,5
141,0
1409,5
1029,5
865,0
1029,0
254,0
900,0
3,5
12,5
660,0
445,0
3304,0
Codice
Esperimento
VIRGO
NUCLEARE
Gruppo
2
PREVISIONE DI SPESA
In KEuro
ANNI
Missioni Missioni
2005
2006
2007
TOTALI
313,0
200,0
200,0
148,5
140,0
150,0
713,0 438,5
Mod EC./EN. 6
Spese
Materiale
Affitti e
Trasporti e
di
di
facchinaggi
calcolo
consumo
123,5
10,0
297,5
213,5
300,0
180,0
240,0
320,0
150,0
200,0
653,5
10,0
0,0
0,0
627,5
743,5
TOTALE
Compet.
1106,0
1060,0
1020,0
3186,0
Struttura
PG
Codice
Esperimento
VIRGO
Gruppo
2
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
RICERCATORE
Cognome e Nome
Qualifica
Dipendenti
Incarichi
Affer.
al
gruppo
.
Art.
23
Ruolo
Ricerca Assoc
Amico Paolo
Bosi Leone Battista
Cerè Alessandro
Di Giuseppe Giovanni
Gammaitoni Luca
Marchesoni Fabio
Travasso Flavio
Vocca Helios
AsRic
AsRic
Dott.
R.U.
R.U.
P.A.
Dott.
AsRic
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
%
N
TECNOLOGI
Cognome e Nome
Qualifica
Incarichi
Ass.
Ruolo Art. 23
Tecnol.
Tecn.
Dipendenti
80 1 Punturo Michele
100
70
50
50 Tecnologi Full Time Equivalent
Qualifica
50
TECNICI
100 N
Dipendenti
Incarichi
Cognome e Nome
Collab.
Assoc.
50
Ruolo Art. 15
tecnica
1
2
3
4
5
6
Univ.
Univ.
Annotazioni:
mesi−uomo
Mod EC./EN. 7
50
1
0.5
%
tecnica
Univ.
Univ.
SERVIZI TECNICI
Denominazione
Aisa Damiano
Babucci Ezio
Babucci Francesco
Checcucci Bruno
CTer.
Farnesini L.Maria CTer.
Piluso Antonfranco
%
40
50
20
15
20
50
6
1.95
Codice
Esperimento
VIRGO
NUCLEARE
Gruppo
2
Data
completamento
Descrizione
30−03−05
Progetto completo DAC/Coil driver a basso rumore
30−05−05
stima del rumore termico fuori risonanza per membrane sottili
31−07−05
Primi dati scientifici di Virgo
31−07−05
Realizzazione del FP per la generazione del fascio di riferimento (Ottica Adattiva)
31−07−05
Realizzazione prototipo DSP
31−07−05
Misura del fattore di merito in nuovi substrati di Si
30−09−05
Prototipo DAC a basso rumore
30−09−05
test su prototipi di fili mono e policristallini a bassa temperatura
30−10−05
Test su fibre monocristalline (prodotte a temperatura controllata a Pisa) a bassa temperatura
30−11−05
Prototipo ADC ad alta frequenza
31−12−05
Test su criostato per misure su payload monolitico
31−12−05
Test su protipo di attuatore elettrostatico a controllo digitale
Mod EC./EN. 8
Struttura
Gruppo
PG
2
Coordinatore: Mauro Menichelli
COMPOSIZIONE DEI GRUPPI DI RICERCA: A) − RICERCATORI
Componenti del Gruppo e ricerche alle quali partecipano:
N.
Cognome e Nome
Dipendenti
Incarichi
Affer.
al
gruppo
Ruolo Art. 23 Ricerca Assoc.
I
1
Alpat Behcet
2
Alvino Antonio
3
Ambrosi Giovanni
4
Amico Paolo
AsRic
2
5
Ascani Simone
Dott.
2
100
6
Battiston Roberto
2
80
7
Bernardini Chiara
8
Bertucci Bruna
9
Bosi Leone Battista
AsRic
2
10
Brunetti Maria Teresa
Bors.
2
100
11
Burger William
2
100
12
Cecchi Claudia
13
Cerè Alessandro
14
Codino Antonio
15
Di Giuseppe Giovanni
R.U.
5
16
Di Masso Lucia
AsRic
2
100
17
Esposito Gennaro
Dott.
2
100
18
Fiandrini Emanuele
Dott.
2
70
19
Fiori Emanuel
Bors.
2
100
20
Furhmann Lars
B.Str.
2
21
Gammaitoni Luca
22
Lubrano Pasquale
23
Marchesoni Fabio
24
Marchili Nicola
Bors.
2
25
Marcucci Francesca
Dott.
2
26
Maris Ovidio
AsRic
2
27
Masetti Fausto
P.A.
2
90
28
Mazzucato Ugo
P.O.
2
30
29
Menichelli Mauro
30
Ortica Fausto
Ric.
Dott.
Ric.
P.O.
Dott.
R.U.
2
80
2
100
5
70
AsRic
2
Dott.
2
R.U.
R.U.
20
100
100
100
100
30
70
100
50
50
30
100
50
50
50
30
2
100
2
Ric.
2
R.U.
20
100
100
100
30
14.8 5.5 2.3
7
1
1.5
Note:
INSERIRE I NOMINATIVI IN ORDINE ALFABETICO
(N.B.NON VANNO INSERITI I LAUREANDI)
Mod G1
Indicare il profilo INFN
Indicare la Qualifica Universitaria (P.O. P.A. R.U.) o Ente di rappresentanza
Indicare la Qualifica Universitaria o Ente di appartenenza per Dipendenti altri Enti:
Bors.) Borsista; B−P−D) Post−Doc; B.Str.) Borsista straniero; Perf.) Perfezionando;
Dott.) Dottorando; AsRic) Assegno di ricerca; S.Str) Studioso straniero;
DIS) Docente Istituto Superiore
4) INDICARE IL GRUPPO DI AFFERENZA
10
70
20
80
2
Ricercatori
V
20
80
2
P.A.
IV
30
2
D.R.
III
20
2
2
Ric.
1) PER I DIPENDENTI
2) PER GLI INCARICHI DI RICERCA
3) PER GLI INCARICHI DI ASSOCIAZIONE
Percentuale
impegno
in altri gruppi
Ricerche del gruppo in %
Qualifica
70
Struttura
Gruppo
PG
2
COMPOSIZIONE DEI GRUPPI DI RICERCA: A) − RICERCATORI
N.
Cognome e Nome Dipendenti
Incarichi
Affer.
al
gruppo
Ruolo Art. 23 Ricerca Assoc.
31
Pauluzzi Michele
32
Pepe Monica
33
Tosti Gino
34
35
P.A.
I
2
Ric.
50
R.U.
2
100
Tramacere Andrea
Dott.
2
Travasso Flavio
Dott.
2
36
Vocca Helios
AsRic
2
37
Zuccon Paolo
AsRic
2
Ricercatori
50
Mod G1
V
50
100
50
50
100
14.8 5.5 2.3
7
1 1.5
Indicare la Qualifica Universitaria (P.O. P.A. R.U.) o Ente di rappresentanza
Indicare la Qualifica Universitaria o Ente di appartenenza per Dipendenti altri Enti:
Bors.) Borsista; B−P−D) Post−Doc; B.Str.) Borsista straniero; Perf.) Perfezionando;
Dott.) Dottorando; AsRic) Assegno di ricerca; S.Str) Studioso straniero;
DIS) Docente Istituto Superiore
4) INDICARE IL GRUPPO DI AFFERENZA
IV
50
Note:
INSERIRE I NOMINATIVI IN ORDINE ALFABETICO
III
100
1
1) PER I DIPENDENTI
2) PER GLI INCARICHI DI RICERCA
Percentuale
impegno
in altri gruppi
Qualifica
Struttura
Gruppo
PG
2
COMPOSIZIONE DEI GRUPPI DI RICERCA: B) − TECNOLOGI
Qualifica
N.
Cognome e
Nome
Dipendenti
Incarichi
Ruolo Art. 23
Assoc.
Tecnologica
1
Aragona Antonino I Tecn
2
Blasko Sandor
3
Punturo Michele
Tecn.
I
50
AsRic
Mod G2
III
IV
V
50
90
10
20 50
Note:
1) PER I DIPENDENTI
Percentuale
impegno
in altri gruppi
Indicare Ente da cui dipendono, Bors. T.) Borsista Tecnologo
30
Struttura
Gruppo
PG
2
COMPOSIZIONE DEI GRUPPI DI RICERCA: C) − TECNICI
Qualifica
N.
Dipendenti
Incarichi
Ruolo Art. 23
Collab. Assoc.
tecnica Tecnica
Percentuale impegno
in altri gruppi
Cognome e Nome
I
1
Aisa Damiano
Univ.
35
2
Alaimo Attilio
Univ.
50
3
Babucci Ezio
Univ.
20
4
Babucci Francesco
5
Bizzaglia Sauro
6
Bizzarri Marco
7
Checcucci Bruno
8
Chiocci Gianfranco
9
Cosson Delfino
CTer.
50
10
Farnesini L.Maria
CTer.
20
11
Mancinelli Massimo
12
Papi Andrea
13
Pelliccia Nicomede
14
Piluso Antonfranco
15
Scolieri Gianluca
Univ.
CTer.
Univ.
CTer.
Univ.
CTer.
20
40
45
50
15
35
50
60
10
10
10
50
10
20
50
50
80
40
100
Servizi (mesi−uomo)
1
Servizio Calcolo
3.0
4.0
2
Servizio Elettronico
15.0
18.0
3
Servizio Meccanico
11.0
18.0
Note:
Mod G3
5
20
20
Univ.
1) PER I DIPENDENTI
2) PER GLI INCARICHI DI COLLABORAZIONE TECNICA
3) PER GLI INCARICHI DI ASSOCIAZIONE TECNICA
10
60
45
30
10
10
20
50
30
Univ.
V
50
50 10
20 10
Art.15
IV
15
50
25
Univ.
40
III
Indicare Ente da cui dipendono
Indicare Ente da cui dipendono
Struttura
PG
Gruppo
2
PREVISIONE DELLE SPESE DI DOTAZIONE E GENERALI DI GRUPPO
Dettaglio della previsione delle spese del Gruppo che non afferiscono
ai singoli esperimenti e per l'ampliamento della Dotazione di base del Gruppo
In KEuro
IMPORTI
VOCI
DI
SPESA
Parziali
Missioni Coordinatori e referee
Totale
Compet.
16,5
16,5
Conferenze,Scuole
22,0
22,0
Materiale
Consumo
Seminari
Lavorazioni Meccaniche
7,0
Lavorazioni Elettroniche
10,0
17,0
Seminari
2,0
2,0
1,5
1,5
Spese
trasporto
Pubblicazioni Pubblicazioni Scientifiche
Scientifiche
Consorzio
Ore CPU
Spese
calcolo
Spazio Disco
Cassette
Altro
Affitti e
manutenz.
apparecchiat.
Attrezzature di base
24,0
Materiale
Inventariabile
24,0
Costruzione
Apparati
Totale
(1) Indicare tutte le macchine in manutenzione
Mod G4
83,0
Struttura
PG
Gruppo
2
PREVISIONE DELLE SPESE PER LE RICERCHE
RIEPILOGO DELLE SPESE PREVISTE PER LE RICERCHE DEL GRUPPO
In KEuro
SIGLA
ESPERIMENTO
AMS2
BOREX
GLAST
LISA−RD
VIRGO
Totali A)
SPESA PROPOSTA
Miss.
interno
Miss.
estero
Affitti
Materiale di
Trasp.
Spese di
Mater.
Costr.
Seminari
Pubblicazioni
e Manut.
cons.
e Facch.
calcolo
inventar. apparati
Appar.
37,2
9,0
20,0
9,0
40,0
192,4
3,0
100,0
11,0
14,0
75,0
13,0
35,0
32,0
54,0
20,0
115,2
320,4
209,0
20,0
16,5
22,0
17,0
167,8
140,0
632,4
25,0
171,5
65,0
207,0
140,0
1100,9
16,5
13,0
99,0
296,3
TOT
Compet.
Totali B)
C) Dotazioni
di Gruppo
Totali (A+B+C)
Mod G5
131,7 342,4
226,0
2,0
2,0
1,5
1,5
24,0
20,0
320,3 140,0
83,0
1183,9

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Scheda l`anatra all`arancia

DISPENSA DI SOCIOLOGIA DELLA COMUNICAZIONE A

Inizio della stagione di salto ostacoli in Alto Adige

CONTENTS 1, 2013