The protection of the marine cultural heritage

TABLE OF CONTENTS
pag.
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IX
XI
I.
CULTURAL HERITAGE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
FRANCESCO FRANCIONI
The Role of International Law in the Protection of Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . .
3
MANLIO FRIGO
Profili relativi alla circolazione e alla restituzione dei beni culturali in ambito internazionale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
II.
UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE: SELECTED CASES
CONSTANCE JOHNSON
The Agreement between Australia and the Netherlands Concerning Old Dutch
Shipwrecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
GUIDO ACQUAVIVA
The Case of the Alabama. Some Remarks on the Policy of the United States towards Underwater Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
TULLIO SCOVAZZI
La protezione del patrimonio culturale subacqueo, con particolare riguardo alle
navi da guerra affondate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
MANUELA MATERA
Due accordi relativi a navi di Stato britanniche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
ROBERTA GARABELLO
Will Oysters and Sand Save the Underwater Cultural Heritage? The Santa Rosalea Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
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III.
THE NEGOTIATIONS FOR THE UNESCO CONVENTION
pag.
PATRICK J. O’KEEFE
The Buenos Aires Draft Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural
Heritage Prepared by the International Law Association: Its Relevance Seven
Years on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
ARIEL W. GONZALEZ
Negotiating the Convention on Underwater Cultural Heritage: Myths and Reality.
105
TULLIO SCOVAZZI
The 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural
Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
113
GUIDO CARDUCCI
The Expanding Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage: The New
UNESCO Convention versus Existing International Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
135
VITTORIO MAINETTI
Considerazioni in tema di esercizio della sovranità archeologica da parte dello
Stato costiero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
217
ROBERTA GARABELLO
I negoziati UNESCO per una Convenzione sul patrimonio culturale subacqueo . .
245
IV.
THE PROSPECTS FOR A MEDITERRANEAN CONVENTION
UMBERTO LEANZA
Il patrimonio culturale sottomarino del Mediterraneo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
253
JEAN-PIERRE BEURIER
Commentaire de la Déclaration de Syracuse sur le patrimoine culturel sous-marin
de la Mer Méditerranée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
279
V.
SOME INSTANCES OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION
GUIDO CAMARDA
Legislazioni nazionali, diritto comunitario e problematiche di « adattamento » in
tema di protezione del patrimonio culturale sommerso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
289
DEBORA FERRO
Protection of the underwater cultural heritage: an analysis of some domestic legislations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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VII
ANASTASIA STRATI
pag.
The Legal Protection of the Underweater Cultural Heritage in Greece . . . . . . . . 343
GUILIANA BOVAEVA
The Russian Legislation on the Underwater Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . .
367
GAETANO ALLOTTA
Le attività delle associazioni non governative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
375
VI.
DOCUMENTS
International Instruments
1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, 10 December 1982): Arts. 149 and 303 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. United Nations Conference on the law of the Sea. Informal proposal by
Cape Verde, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Tunisia and Yugoslavia of
27 March 1980. (UN doc. A/CONF.62/C.2/Informal Meeting/43/Rev.
3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Declarations made by
Cape Verde, The Netherlands and Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Recommendation 848 (1978) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council
of Europe on the underwater cultural heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Recommendation 1486 (2000) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on the maritime and fluvial cultural heritage . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. International Convention on Salvage (London, 28 April 1989): Art. 30 . . .
381
382
383
384
387
390
The ILA Draft Convention and the UNESCO Convention
7. International Law Association - Draft Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (Buenos Aires, 20 August 1994) . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
(UNESCO, Paris, 2 November 2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Amendment to the draft UNESCO Convention proposed by Russia and
United Kingdom and sponsored by the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. Statements:
a) Remarks presented by the Government of Italy (July 2000) . . . . . . . . .
b) Remarks prior to vote during debates in Commission IV on Culture, 29
October 2001, 31st Session of the General Conference, UNESCO: Argentina, Canada, Japan, The Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c) Statements on vote during debates in Commission IV on Culture, 29 October 2001, 31st Session of the General Conference, UNESCO: Australia, Finland, France, Greece, Norway, Russian Federation, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States of America, Venezuela. . . . . . . . .
391
398
417
419
422
426
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Bilateral Agreements
11. Agreement between Australia and the Netherlands Concerning Old Dutch
Shipwrecks and Arrangement Setting Out the Guiding Principles for the
Committee to Determine the Disposition of Material from the Shipwrecks
of Dutch East India Company Vessels off the Coast of Western Australia
(The Hague, 6 November 1972) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. Exchange of Notes between South Africa and the United Kingdom Concerning the Regulation of the Term of Settlement of the Salvaging of the
Wreck of HMS Birkenhead (Pretoria, 22 September 1989) . . . . . . . . . . . .
13. Memorandum of Understanding between the Governments of Great Britain and Canada pertaining to the Shipwrecks HMS Erebus and HMS Terror
(5, 8 August 1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and
the Government of the French Republic Concerning the Wreck of the
CSS Alabama (Paris, 3 October 1989). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pag.
435
440
442
444
Statements and Declarations
15. Statement by the President of the United States on U.S. Policy for the Protection of Sunken Warships (19 January 2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. Siracusa Declaration on the Submarine Cultural Heritage of the Mediterranean Sea of 10 March 2001, adopted during the international conference
« Means for the Protection and Tourist Promotion of the Marine Cultural
Heritage in the Mediterranean ». . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
447
448