mousse / bruno munari / pag. 40

MOUSSE / BRUNO MUNARI / PAG. 40
Egd^Zo^dc^Y^gZiiZ9^gZXiEgd_ZXi^dch!&.*&"8djgiZhn/B^gdhaVkV=V_Z`"e]did/;gVcXdKVXXVg^#
B^gdhaVkV=V_Z`BVgXdIV\a^VÇZggd
Di molti artisti italiani, spiace dover ripetere ogni volta le stesse cose: sottovalutato,
poco ricordato, snobbato… Sarà banale dirlo, ma è la verità. Provate a immaginare
se uno come Munari fosse stato americano. (L’ipotesi è improbabile, ma sforzatevi).
Uno che si è misurato con scultura, pittura, design, grafica, illustrazione, didattica e
parecchie altre cose, con esiti spesso di stupefacente originalità. Chissà che fama
internazionale, chissà che quotazioni. E invece. Fortuna che i giovani artisti italiani lo
stanno riscoprendo e lo citano. E fortuna che Milano, città spesso ingrata con i suoi
artisti, gli ha dedicato una bella mostra in occasione del centenario della nascita.
Alla Rotonda della Besana, fino al 10 febbraio. Andateci.
AZg^XZgX]ZZhiZi^X]ZY^7gjcdBjcVg^Xdb^cX^VcdVaaVÎcZ
YZ\a^Vcc^KZci^Zh^XdccZiidcdY^gZiiVbZciZXdcaZg^[aZhh^dc^
^cidgcdVabdk^bZcidZVaaVbVXX]^cV^cVj\jgViZYV^;jijg^hi^#
BjcVg^^c^o^VXdcaÅZhea^X^iVgZaViZdg^Vhjabdk^bZcid^c
ZheVch^dcZX]Z!bdaidegdWVW^abZciZ!\a^[jigVhbZhhVYVa
Eg^bd;jijg^hbdVaadhiVidY^ejgViZdg^V!VcX]ZhZ^aBVc^[Zhid
;jijg^hiVYZa&.&*eVgaVY^d\\Zii^hZbdkZci^!Y^XdbeaZhh^
eaVhi^X^\^gZkda^!Y^ÄÄb^gVXda^ÅVeeVg^o^dc^ZhXdbeVghZ#9V
fjZhiViZch^dcZg^kdajo^dcVg^VBjcVg^igVZhejcideZgXgZVgZ
jcVedZi^XVYZaaViZXcdad\^V#8db^cX^VVXdch^YZgVgZaVbVXX]^cV
XdbZjceg^cX^e^dÎadhdÎXdZg^XdcdhXZcZaaVaZkVaÅVgX]Zi^ed
YZaaVbVXX]^cVhiZhhV!egZcYZcYdaZY^hiVcoZYVa[Zi^X^hbd
YZaaÅ^c\gVcV\\^d#AVaZkVƒVcX]ZbZiV[dgVYZahjdbZidYdX]Z
ejŒZhhZgZg^VhhjcidcZaaVg^XZgXVYZaaÅZhhZco^VaZ#CdcdhiVciZ
VWW^VhVaijVg^VbZciZji^a^ooVid^abdidgZZaZiig^XdeZgVaXjc^
YZ^hjd^d\\Zii^!cZZgVg^bVhid^chdYY^h[Viided^X]ƒg^iZcZkV
X]ZaVg^eZi^i^k^i|ZaVegZkZY^W^a^i|Y^fjZai^edY^bdk^bZcid
hdiigVZhhZgdb^hiZgdVaaÅdeZgV!Y^h^ccZhXVcYdaVediZcoV
Zbdo^dcVaZ^cig^chZXVcZaaÅdeZgVhiZhhV#;dgoVX]Z^ckZXZk^ZcZ
Vbea^ÎXViVYVabdk^bZcidXVhjVaZ!hedciVcZd!XdbZfjZaad
\ZcZgVidYZaadhedhiVbZcidYÅVg^V!YVaadhXdggZgZYZaaÅVXfjV
dVcXdgVYVaaÅ^ciZgkZcidYZaadheZiiVidgZ#FjZhidb^c^bVa^hbd
ZhegZhh^kdadXdcYjXZVYVcVa^ooVgZjcVcjdkVhe^g^ijVa^i|YZaaV
iZXcdad\^VX]Zh^Vkk^X^cV^cXgZY^W^abZciZVaaVXjaijgVOZc#9Za
gZhid!XdbZcdcVXXdg\Zgh^YZaaZV[Îc^i|igVaZhjZBVXX]^cZ
>cji^a^Z\a^hXVXX^Vhe^g^i^dg^ZciVa^4IVaZXdchVeZkdaZooVX]Z
adVXXdbeV\cZg|eZgijiiVaVhjVVii^k^i|XgZVi^kV!k^ZcZV
Xdhi^ij^gZjcejcidY^eVgiZcoV!hZbegZcjdkd!YVXj^\Zgb^cV
Y^kdaiV^ckdaiVaÅZheadgVo^dcZYZ^h^c\da^bZXXVc^hb^#:hhVad
edgiVVgdbeZgZ\a^hX]Zb^igVY^o^dcVa^YZabdYdY^XdcXZe^gZ
aÅVgiZcZ^a^b^i^YZiZgb^cVi^YV^bZY^VXaVhh^X^#7gjcdBjcVg^
V[[gdciVaVegdWaZbVi^XVYZabdk^bZcidcZaaÅVgiZYVY^kZgh^
ejci^Y^k^hiV/aVgVeegZhZciVo^dcZYZabdk^bZcidhiZhhd!^a
hjdVheZiidbjiZkdaZ!iVcideZgX^iVgcZVaXjc^#AZBVXX]^cZ
>cji^a^VZgZZY^aViVcdcZaadheVo^daVegdWaZbVi^XVYZaaVe^iijgV
VhigViiV#HdcdYZaaZkZgZZegdeg^Z^chiVaaVo^dc^!Xdhigj^iZXdc
bViZg^Va^edkZg^!X]Zh^bjdkdcdcZaaÅVbW^ZciZhdhe^ciZYVaaZ
XdggZci^YÅVg^V#>cZhhZVXfj^hiV^bedgiVcoVhdegViijiid^a
MOUSSE / BRUNO MUNARI / PAG. 41
BVXX]^cV>cji^aZJhZaZhhBVX]^cZ!&.*'"8djgiZhn/B^gdhaVkV=V_Z`"e]did/:gcVc^DXdgiZ#
MOUSSE / BRUNO MUNARI / PAG. 42
\^dXdYÅdbWgZ!X]ZaÅd\\Ziid!^aajb^cVid!Y^hZ\cVhjaaZeVgZi^
X^gXdhiVci^0X^ŒadV[[VhX^cVhZbegZe^‘!VaejcidYV^cYjgad!
cZa&.),!VXgZVgZjcd\\ZiidXdhi^ij^idYVjcfjVYgVidY^gZiZ
bZiVaa^XV^cXjgkViV!X]ZX]^VbV8dcXVkd"8dckZhhd#AdegZhZciV
VeeZhd^cjcVhiVcoVWj^V!^aajb^cVidYVjcVajXZejci^[dgbZ/
aÅd\\Ziidk^WgVY^Z[[Zii^dii^X^bVaVhjVdbWgV!g^Zbe^ZcYdad
heVo^dX^gXdhiVciZZXgZVcYdZ[[Zii^eVgVaaZa^!Y^kZciV[dghZe^‘
^bedgiVciZZ^ccZhXVcZaadheZiiVidgZjcVgZVo^dcZZbdi^kV
X]ZaÅd\\ZiidYVhdadcdcg^ZhXZVigVhbZiiZgZ#AViZch^dcZY^
BjcVg^kZghdaVhbViZg^Va^ooVo^dcZYZaaÅdeZgVYÅVgiZXjab^cV
cZa&.*%XdcaZEgd^Zo^dc^9^gZiiZ#H^igViiVY^Xdbedh^o^dc^
^chZg^iZigVYjZkZig^c^^ciZaV^eZgY^Vedh^i^kZZgZVa^ooViZXdc
kVg^ZiZXc^X]Z!^ccVco^ijiidXdaaV\ZZY^ciZgkZci^e^iidg^X^#>
bViZg^Va^jhVi^hdcd^e^‘Y^heVgVi^!XZaad[VcXdadgVi^!eaVhi^XV
WgjX^ViV!WjXX^VY^X^edaaV!Îa^Y^aVcV!gZi^c^#<a^dg^\^cVa^
6aiViZch^dcZ!&.*%"8djgiZhn/B^gdhaVkV=V_Z`"e]did/:gcVc^DXdgiZ#
kZc\dcdfj^cY^cVhXdhi^^chZgZcYda^cZaaÅVeeVgZXX]^deZgaZ
egd^Zo^dc^ZfjZaadX]ZkZY^VbdƒjcÅ^bbV\^cZ!^c\gVcY^iV!
X]ZY^kZciVjcV[[gZhXdbdcjbZciVaZ!Y^e^cidXdcaVajXZ#CZa
&.*(Vgg^kZg|VY^cVb^ooVgZfjZhiZ^bbV\^c^ji^a^ooVcYdkZig^c^
bjai^[dXVa^Zed^VcXdgVjcÎaigdedaVgd^Y#7gjcdBjcVg^ji^a^ooV
XdcigVhi^ZeVgVYdhh^kZYZcYda^XdbZaVi^deedhi^YZaadhiZhhd
egdWaZbV#AVBVXX]^cV>cji^aZYZa&.()!Xdhigj^iVXdcjc\jhX^d
Y^ojXXVZhh^XXVid!ƒVcX]ZXVgViiZg^ooViVYVjcÅZa^XV^ciZgcV
X]Zh^bjdkZhdadhZhe^ciVXdcaVbVcd0Xdh‡cZaaVIVkdaV
IVii^aZYZa&.(-!hXdggZcYdaZY^iVhjeVgiZYZaaVhjeZgÎX^Zh^
Îc^hXZXdc^abZiiZgZ^cbdidjcÅVaiVaZcVg^XdeZgiVY^kZaajid#
CZ^aVkdg^YZa&.)%ZYZa&.),X]ZX]^VbVHZch^i^kZiZciVY^
jc^ÎXVgZ^abdk^bZcidVXX^YZciVaZXdcfjZaadegdkdXVid#>c
fjZhi^hiZhh^Vcc^Z\a^XZgXVY^bZiiZgZVejcidaVBVXX]^cV
>cji^aZ6Bdk^bZcid9^<^dhigVYdkZji^a^ooVjcbZXXVc^hbd
Y^\gVbbd[dcdVbdaaVX]Zk^ZcZXVg^XVidVbVcd#BjcVg^
Xdci^cjVVXVbW^VgZaZeVgi^gdiVci^ÎcX]ƒcZa&.*(\^jc\Z
VXdch^YZgVgaVXdbe^jiV#;dghZaVbVhh^bV^ciZgVo^dcZigV
VjidgZZheZiiVidgZ!eZgaVfjVaZfjZhiÅjai^bdY^kZciVkZgdZ
egdeg^dXdVjidgZƒg^hXdcigVW^aZcZaaVHigjiijgV8dci^cjVYZa
&.+%!ajc\]^gZiiVc\da^e^Z\Vi^VYVc\dadgZiidZhXVcVaVi^^c
bdYdYVediZgZhhZgZ^cXVhigVi^\a^jc^cZ\a^Vaig^!eZgbZiiZcYd
Y^Xdhigj^gZjcVhigjiijgVX]ZejŒXdci^cjVgZVaaÅ^cÎc^id!^c
fjVah^Vh^Y^gZo^dcZ#HXjaijgZ9VK^V\\^d&.*&Z;aZmn&.+-!
g^heZii^kVbZciZjcVhigjiijgVegZhiVW^a^iVbVe^Z\]ZkdaZZjc
h^hiZbVY^hZ^hiVc\]Z^cbViZg^VaZZaVhi^Xd!hdcdjcjaiZg^dgZ
ZhZbe^dY^^cYV\^cZhjaXd^ckda\^bZcidYZaadheZiiVidgZ
[gj^idgZ#8VgadAjYdk^XdGV\\]^Vci^!hidg^XdYZaaÅVgiZ!]V
YZÎc^idaVg^\dgdhVY^hX^ea^cVXdcXj^BjcVg^g^hdakZ^egdWaZb^
X]ZigViiVXdc^aiZgb^cZ\dZi]^VcdY^Â[VciVh^VZhViiVÃ#
MOUSSE / BRUNO MUNARI / PAG. 43
GV\\]^Vci^XdciZhiV^a[ViidX]ZaÅdeZgVbdYZgcVkZc\V
heZhhdigViiViVXdbZhZ[dhhZXdbeaZiVbZciZZhigVedaViV
YVaXdciZhidhidg^XdZ[VcdiVgZXdbZaZegdWaZbVi^X]Z
YZaaÅVhigVo^dcZZYZaX^cZi^XdVWW^VcdV[[VhX^cVidaÅjbVc^i|
ÎcYVaaVegZ^hidg^V#EjgXdcXZeZcYdjcbdYdcjdkdY^ZhhZgZ
Vgi^hiV!7gjcdBjcVg^cdc]VbV^cZ\Vid^ahjdaZ\VbZXdc
aÅZhiZi^XVXaVhh^XVZY^Vad\VXdcaÅVgiZYZaeVhhVidji^a^ooVcYd
egZX^h^gVeedgi^Vgbdc^X^ZbViZbVi^X^#:\a^kdaZcYdXgZVgZ
jcVcjdkVZhiZi^XVYZaaVbVXX]^cV!YZX^YZY^ji^a^ooVgZaV
bVXX]^cVe^‘eg^bdgY^VaZ!aVaZkV#7gjcdBjcVg^YZbda^hXZ
aÅ^YZVgdbVci^XVYZaaÅVgi^hiVXdbZYZb^jg\dZh^edcZcZaaV
edh^o^dcZYZÎaViVY^deZgVidgZk^h^kd!fjVh^[dhhZjcVcdc^bd
Vgi^hiVbZY^dZkVaZZ[dghZeZgfjZhiVhjVdeZgVo^dcZY^
hb^i^ooVo^dcZk^ZcZZggdcZVbZciZg^XdcdhX^jide^‘XdbZ
YZh^\cZgZeZYV\d\dX]ZXdbZVgi^hiV#EZg7gjcdBjcVg^
aÅVgiZƒhdegViijiidXdbjc^XVo^dcZk^h^kV!ZXZcigVaZƒ^agVeedgid
XdcaVbVhhVYZ\a^heZiiVidg^!heZhhdZhXajh^YVaaV[gj^o^dcZ
YZaaÅdeZgVYÅVgiZ#8dcaÅVjbZcidYZaaVhXdaVg^ooVo^dcZ!XVgZciZ
eZgŒY^jcÅVYZ\jViVZYjXVo^dcZXjaijgVaZ!cVhXZjcdhiVXXd
egd[dcYd!jcVkdgV\^cZ!igVaÅVgiZZaÅjdbdXdbjcZ#BjcVg^ƒ
XdchVeZkdaZY^fjZhiVXdcY^o^dcZZiZciVY^hjeZgVgaVXZgXVcYd
Y^[Vg^ciZgV\^gZadheZiiVidgZXdcaÅdeZgV!igVh[dgbVcYdad^c
[gj^idgZ#:\a^h^VXXdg\Z!^cdaigZ!X]ZaÅdhiVXdadVaadhk^ajeed
YZaaV[VciVh^VZYZaaVXgZVi^k^i|ƒYVidYVViiZ\\^VbZci^
egZXdcXZii^ZhiZgZdi^eVi^Zhk^ajeeVfj^cY^jcbZidYd^cYdadgZ
eZgY^higj\\Zga^!X]ZXdch^hiZcZaaÅ^gdc^VZcZa\^dXd#
With regard to certain Italian artists, it
is a pity to have to keep repeating the
same things: that they are underrated,
under-remembered, and even snobbed.
It is surely banal to say so, but it is also
true. Try to imagine if someone like Bruno
Munari had ever been American (this is a
quite unlikely prospect, that’s right, but
just make an effort). An artist who experimented with sculpture, painting, graphic
and industrial design, illustration, didactics, and so on, with often amazingly original results . . . Can you imagine the international fame, and the ratings? But it
went differently, and it’s just as well that
the young Italian artists are rediscovering
and quoting his work, and that the city of
Milan that many times has been unappreciative to its artists has dedicated to him
a beautiful solo show, on the occasion of
the hundredth anniversary of his birth. It
is held at the Rotonda della Besana until
February 10. Don’t miss it.
7gjcdBjcVg^ÅhVZhi]Zi^XgZhZVgX]hiVgih^ci]ZaViZ'%h
VcY^i^hY^gZXianXdccZXiZYl^i]gZ[aZXi^dchdcbdi^dcVcY
bZX]Vc^Xh^cVj\jgViZYWni]Z;jijg^hih#I]ZVgi^hiWZ\^chWn
YZkZade^c\^YZVhdcZmeVch^kZbdkZbZcii]Vi]Z]VYbdhi
a^`ZanYgVlc[gdbi]Z;^ghi;jijg^hih!l]ZgZi]ZnlZgZhi^aa
egZhZcidcan^ci]Z[dgbd[ejgZi]ZdgnZkZci]dj\]i]Z
;jijg^hiBVc^[Zhidd[&.&*bZci^dchhZa["egdeZaa^c\dW_ZXih!
gZkdak^c\eaVhi^Xjc^ih!VcYZkZcÄb^gVXaZhÅÁVeeZVgVcXZhVcY
Y^hVeeZVgVcXZh#;gdbhjX]VgZkdaji^dcVgniZch^dc!BjcVg^^h
^che^gZYidZcVXiVedZi^Xhd[iZX]cdad\n#=ZhiVgihidXdch^YZg
i]ZbVX]^cZVhVe]^adhde]^XVaeg^cX^eaZ!VcYi]ZaZkZgVhi]Z
VgX]Zine^XVabVX]^cZY^hiVcX^c\]^bhZa[[gdbi]Z[Zi^h]^hb
d[bZX]Vc^hb#I]ZaZkZg^hVahdVbZiVe]dg[dg]^hbZi]dY!
l]^X]^hWVh^XVaanVhZVgX][dgi]ZZhhZci^Va!dgVegdXZhhd[
h^bea^[n^c\egdWaZbhV^bZYVi\Zii^c\i]ZbVm^bjbgZhjail^i]
i]Zb^c^bjb^ckZhibZcid[gZhdjgXZh#6ai]dj\]]ZdXXVh^dcVaan
jhZYZaZXig^Xbdidgh^ci]ZXgZVi^dcd[]^hdW_ZXih!]ZlVh
ZmigZbZanjchVi^hÎZYl^i]i]ZbWZXVjhZd[i]ZgZeZi^i^kZcZhh
VcYi]ZegZY^XiVW^a^ind[bdi^dci]VibdidghegdYjXZ!l]^X]^c
]^hk^Zl!]VYi]Z[Vjaid[Za^b^cVi^c\i]ZbnhiZgnd[i]Zldg`!
VcY[jgi]ZgbdgZd[YZ[jh^c\^ihZbdi^dcVa[dgXZÁl]^X]dci]Z
XdcigVgnlVh^cXgZVhZYWngVcYdbVcYhedciVcZdjhbdi^dc/V
X]Vc\Zd[V^g[adl!i]Zedjg^c\dgYgdee^c\d[lViZg!VcYZkZc
i]ZVXi^dcd[i]ZheZXiVidg#=^hZmegZhh^kZb^c^bVa^hbYgdkZ
]^bid^bV\^cZVcZl`^cYd[he^g^ijVa^ind[iZX]cdad\ni]Vi^h
VbVo^c\anXadhZidOZcigVY^i^dc#7Zh^YZh!]dlXVcdcZcdi
cdi^XZi]ZV[Îc^i^ZhWZilZZc]^hJhZaZhhBVX]^cZhVcYDg^ZciVa
l^cYX]^bZh4I]^hVii^ijYZl^aaWZVXdchiVci[VXidg^c]^h
XgZVi^kZVXi^k^in!i]ZhiVgi^c\ed^ci[gdbl]^X]VcZmVb^cVi^dcd[
h^c\aZbZX]Vc^hbhldjaYdg^\^cViZ0^ildjaYaZVY]^bidh]ViiZg
i]ZigVY^i^dcValVnhd[i]^c`^c\d[VgiYZiZgb^cZYWnXaVhh^XVa
bZY^V#
7gjcdBjcVg^igZVihi]ZfjZhi^dcd[bdkZbZci^cVgi[gdb
hZkZgVaeZgheZXi^kZh!YZVa^c\[dg^chiVcXZl^i]i]Z^hhjZd[^ih
gZegZhZciVi^dcVhlZaaVhl^i]^ihbjiVWaZcVijgZ#I]ZVZg^Va
JhZaZhhBVX]^cZhZmiZcYidi]gZZ"Y^bZch^dcVaheVXZi]Z
egdWaZbheZXja^VgidVWhigVXieV^ci^c\/i]ZnÅgZ^chiVaaVi^dch
XdchigjXiZYl^i]]jbWaZbViZg^Vahi]VibdkZl^i]^ci]Z
Zck^gdcbZcil]Zcejh]ZYWnV^gXjggZcih#<gZVi^bedgiVcXZ^h
ViiVX]ZYidi]Z\VbZd[h]VYdlhi]Vii]Za^i"jedW_ZXiegd_ZXih
dcidi]ZlVaahVgdjcY^i0i]^h^hhdbZi]^c\i]Vi[VhX^cViZhi]Z
Vgi^hibdgZVcYbdgZ^ci^bZ!idi]Zed^cii]Vi]ZXgZViZh!^c
&.),!VhigjXijgZXdbedhZYd[VXjgkZYhfjVgZbZiVaa^XcZii]Vi
^hZm]^W^iZY]Vc\^c\[gdbi]ZXZ^a^c\^ci]Zb^YYaZd[VYVg`ZcZY
gddbl]^aZWZ^c\^aajb^cViZYWnVejcXi^[dgba^\]i8dcXVkd"
8dckZhhd$8dcXVkd"8dckZm/i]ZdW_ZXi^hk^WgViZYWni]Zdei^XVa
Z[[ZXih!Wji^ihh]VYdl^hi]ZZaZbZcil]^X]!WnÎaa^c\i]Z
hjggdjcY^c\heVXZVcYVgdjh^c\eVgVaaZaZ[[ZXih!Ydb^cViZhi]Z
hXZcZVcYig^\\Zgh^ci]ZheZXiVidgVcZbdi^dcVagZVXi^dci]Vi
i]ZdW_ZXi^ihZa[ldjaYcÅiWZVWaZidegdYjXZ#
BjcVg^Åh^cXa^cVi^dcidlVgYhi]ZYZbViZg^Va^oVi^dcd[i]Zldg`d[
VgiXjab^cViZh^c&.*%ÅhEgd^Zo^dc^9^gZiiZ9^gZXiEgd_ZXi^dch!
hbVaaXdbedh^i^dchdWiV^cZYWnjh^c\Y^[[ZgZciiZX]c^fjZh
ZheZX^VaanXdaaV\ZVcYeV^ci^c\VcYb^hXZaaVcZdjhbViZg^Vah
hiV^cZYXZaade]VcZ!WjgcieaVhi^X!dc^dch`^c!lddai]gZVYh!
cZihl]^X]VgZigVch[dgbZY^cidigVcheVgZcX^ZhWnWZ^c\
^chZgiZYWZilZZcild\aVhhha^YZh0i]Zdg^\^cVahVbeaZhVgZ
]^YYZc^ci]Zha^YZegd_ZXidgVcYl]VilZhZZ^hVcZcaVg\ZY
^bV\ZeV^ciZYWna^\]ii]VihZZbhidWZXdbZVbdcjbZciVa
[gZhXd#>c&.*(]Zl^aa\dhd[VgVhidZca^kZci]Z^bV\ZhWn
Zbeadn^c\bjai^[dXVaaZchZhVcYVEdaVgd^YÎaiZg#
7gjcdBjcVg^jhZhXdc[a^XihVcYeVgVYdmZhVhdeedh^iZh^YZhd[
i]ZhVbZegdWaZb#JhZaZhhBVX]^cZd[&.()!XdchigjXiZY[gdb
VYg^ZY]daadlejbe`^c!^hY^hi^c\j^h]ZYWnVc^ciZgcVaegdeZaaZg
i]VigdiViZhdcanl]Zc]VcY"ejh]ZY0^cIVkdaVIVii^aZIVXi^aZ
7dVgY&.(-!Wngjcc^c\Îc\Zghdci]Zhjg[VXZ!i]ZheZXiVidg
ZcYhjehZii^c\VkZakZi"XdkZgZYhl^c\^cbdi^dc#>ci]Zldg`h
i^iaZYHZch^i^kZ!YViZY&.)%VcY&.),!]Zig^Zhid_d^cid\Zi]Zg
Wdi]VXX^YZciVaVcYejgedhZ[jaan"egdkd`ZYbdi^dc#>ci]ZhZ
kZgnnZVgh]ZVahdXgZViZh]^hBVXX]^cV>cji^aZ6Bdk^bZcid9^
<^dhigVGdjcYVWdji"A^`ZJhZaZhhBVX]^cZ!l]ZgZ]ZZbeadnh
i]Zheg^c\bZX]Vc^hbd[V\gVbde]dcZ0]Z`ZZehdcX]Vc\^c\
i]ZgZkdak^c\XdbedcZcihjci^a]ZÎcVaanXdch^YZgh^iXdbeaZiZY
^c&.*(#EZg]Vehi]ZbVm^bjb^ciZgVXi^dcWZilZZci]ZVji]dg
VcYi]ZheZXiVidg!l]d^hhdgid[ZaZkViZYidi]ZgdaZd[Xd"
Vji]dg!^hVX]^ZkZY^c&.+%ÅhHigjiijgV8dci^cjV8dci^cjdjh
HigjXijgZÁVldg`XdbedhZYd[adc\gZXiVc\aZhWZciViVg^\]i
Vc\aZVcY\gddkZYidWZZbWZYYZYdcZ^cVcdi]Zg^cdgYZg
idXgZViZVediZci^VaanZcYaZhhhigjXijgZ#HXjaijgZ9VK^V\\^d
IgVkZaHXjaeijgZh&.*&VcY;aZmn&.+-!gZheZXi^kZanWZ^c\
VegZ"XdchigjXiZYWji[aZm^WaZhigjXijgZVcYVhnhiZbd[h^m
ZaVhi^XWVgh!VgZildbdgZZmVbeaZhd[i]ZVgi^hiÅh^ckZhi^\Vi^dc
XdcXZgc^c\i]Z^ckdakZbZcid[i]ZheZXiVidg#
6gi]^hidg^Vc8VgadAjYdk^XdGV\\]^Vci^YZÎcZYi]Zhig^Xi
Y^hX^ea^cZl^i]l]^X]BjcVg^gZhdakZhi]ZegdWaZbh]ZYZVah
l^i]Wnjh^c\i]Z<dZi]^VciZgbÂZmVXi[VciVhn#ÃGV\\]^Vci^
fjZhi^dchi]ZlVni]Vii]Zldg`d[Vgi^hXdch^YZgZYVhidiVaan
YZXdciZmijVa^oZY!VcY]ZhigZhhZhi]Vii]Z^hhjZhd[VWhigVXi^dc
VcY`^cZi^Xh]VkZ]ZaYV\gZVi[VhX^cVi^dc[dgbVc`^cYZkZg
h^cXZegZ]^hidgn#:kZci]dj\]]Z^cigdYjXZYVcZllVnd[WZ^c\
VcVgi^hi!7gjcdBjcVg^]VhcZkZgYZc^ZY]^hXdccZXi^dcl^i]
XaVhh^XVaVZhi]Zi^Xh!gVi]Zg!]Z`ZeiVcdeZcY^Vad\jZl^i]i]Z
Vgid[i]ZeVhiWnjh^c\YZiZgb^cZY]Vgbdc^XVcYbVi]ZbVi^X
gVi^dh0]ZV^bZYVidg^\^cVi^c\VcZlVZhi]Zi^Xhd[i]ZbVX]^cZ!
VcYWnYd^c\hd]ZYZX^YZYidjhZi]Zeg^bdgY^VabVX]^cZ!^#Z#
i]ZaZkZg#=ZYZbda^h]ZYi]ZgdbVci^X^YZVd[i]ZVgi^hiVhV
YZb^jg\Z!VcY]ZeaVXZY]^bhZa[^ci]ZbVg\^cVaedh^i^dcd[V
k^hjValdg`Zg!Vabdhia^`Z]ZlVhVcVcdcnbdjhbZY^ZkVaVgi^hi0
i]^h^hegdWVWani]ZgZVhdcl]n]Z^hZggdcZdjhanXdch^YZgZY
bjX]bdgZVhVYZh^\cZgVcYVeZYV\d\jZi]VcVhVgZVaVgi^hi#
>c7gjcdBjcVg^Åhk^Zl!Vgi^hVWdkZVaak^hjVaXdbbjc^XVi^dc!
VcYXgjX^Va^h^ihXdccZXi^dcl^i]i]ZWdYnd[heZXiVidgh!l]d
d[iZcVgZaZ[idjid[i]ZZc_dnbZcid[i]Zldg`d[Vgi#L^i]i]Z
\gdli]d[ZYjXVi^dc!l]^X]nZi^haVX`^c\^cXjaijgVa[dgbVi^dc!
VYZZehZeVgVi^dcVg^hZh!V\ja[WZilZZcVgiVcYi]ZXdbbdc
bVc#BjcVg^^hVlVgZd[i]^hhiViZd[i]^c\h!VcY]Zig^Zhid
dkZgXdbZ^iWn^ckdak^c\i]ZheZXiVidgVcYijgc^c\]^b^cid
VWZcZÎX^Vgn#7Zh^YZh!]ZgZVa^oZhi]Vii]ZYZkZadebZcid[
^bV\^cVi^dcVcYXgZVi^k^in^h]VbeZgZYWni]ZegZhZcXZd[
egZXdcXZ^kZYhiZgZdine^XVa^YZVh!VcY]Zldg`hdjiVeV^caZhh
bZi]dYidYZhigdni]Zb!l]^X]^hWVhZYdc^gdcnVcYeaVn#