Lingua Inglese

Transcript

Lingua Inglese

Lingua Inglese AA 2008/09 - 6 CFU
Dott.ssa Maria Ivana Lorenzetti (modulo introduttivo)
Lingua Inglese
Lecture 7
DOTT.SSA MARIA IVANA LORENZETTI
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Word-Forming Game Solution

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FREE MORPHS
Sit
Art
Kind
Centre
Advert
Warm
Social
Stand
Pop
Connect
Bush
carry

BOUND MORPHS
-ment
-er
-s
-ly
SocioDis‘s
Cran-ish
ReZag (-)
-ceive
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Word-Forming Game Solution (2)

FREE MORPHS
Board
He
meet
Bird
In
Black
Up
Garden
Under
Appoint
Show
Man
The
Rose
Style
Write
Post
Cash
? Brunch
Nest
And
Off
Elect

berry

BOUND MORPHS
-ise
-ion
-y
Weeney (-)
-logy
-ness
-ing
-th
-ed
AntiEcoCon-
Affixes

Affixes are bound morphemes that are attached to a
root, stem, or base to form new words.
They can be of 3 types:

PREFIXES: they occur before a root or a base

SUFFIXES: they occur after a root, stem or base

Kind-ly; wait-er; book-s; walk-ed;
INFIXES: they are inserted inside the root (very rare in
English)

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Re-make; un-kind; in-accurate
Abso-fuckin-lutely; fan-fuckin-tastic
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Morphology
Inflectional
Word-Formation
Deals with forms of
individual lexemes
Deals with formation of
new lexemes
Derivation
(affixation)
Class maintaining
Class changing
Compounding
(more than one root)
Morphological Processes

The study of morphology may be divided into two fields:
INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY: the study of grammaticallydetermined affixation processes

LEXICAL MORPHOLOGY (also known as word-formation) or
how new words are formed. It can be further subdivided into:

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I walk
He walks (3rd person sing)
One car
Two cars
DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY: formation of new words by
affixation
Dream – dreamer
love – lovable
COMPOUNDING: the formation of new words by joining two roots:
Dream+boat; hair+dresser
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Inflectional Morphology

The study of grammatically-determined affixation which produces
new word-forms of a given lexeme:
Walk / walks / walked / walking
Dog /dogs / dog’s
Rich /richer /richest
English has only 7 inflectional suffixes (no inflectional prefixes)
which are assigned by the grammar:
- s 3rd person present tense (he plays)
-ed past tense, past participle (he played)
-ing present progressive, present participle (he is playing)
- s plural (cars)
‘s saxon genitive (the girl’s bike)
-er comparative (higher)
-est superlative (the highest)
Inflectional Morphology (2)

Inflectional suffixes are a closed system (like
function words) and inflectional processes do not
change the word class of the root

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High > ADJ
Higher > COMPARATIVE ADJ
Car > NOUN
Cars > NOUNS
Inflectional suffixes do not create new lexemes, but
only mark grammatical realtionships
Only one inflectional suffix can be added to a stem
and it always follows derivational affixes (workers)
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Inflectional Morphology (3)

Inflection, unlike derivation, displays
automatic productivity, i.e entire sets of wordforms o paradigms are affected. A stem
belonging to a given word class will normally
take all the affixes applying to that class

A verb stem such as walk will take the verbal
affixes –s, -ed, -ing
The word forms resulting from the addition of
inflectional affixes have predictable meaning,
but do not change class
Major Word-Formation Processes

Derivation, Conversion and Compounding
Derivational processes create new lexemes by
affixation.
These may be prefixes or suffixes
Suffixes ar largely class-changing and may change
the meaning of the base

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REwrite, PREpay, UNdo > same class
madNESS, toothLESS, arrivAL, shortAGE > ≠class
Derivational processes are free and unpredictable
(i.e. not determined by grammar)
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Derivational Morphology (2)

Derivational affixes constitute an open
system and more than one may attach to a
base

DE+nation+AL+ISE+(AT)ION
Denationalisation
The position of each affix is fixed (and
inflectional suffixes are always in final
position)

Players restarted the match
Conversion

Conversion (or zero derivation) is when a word
change class with no overt change in word form

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Bottle N. > Bottle V.
Call V. > Call N.
Gay A. > Gay N.
Dirty A. > Dirty V.
The police gained access (N) to the premises
The programmer accessed (V) the files on her PC
(Adj > V) The athlete tried to better his previous
performance
(Adv > V) The opposition tried to out the president
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Compounding

Compounding is when two (or more) free roots are
joined to form a new lexeme.

1. Bee+hive
2. Rose+bush
3. Green+house
4. Red+skin
Compound words may be transparent (such as 1.
and 2.), when the meaning of the whole can be
predicted from the meaning of the roots) or opaque
(as in 3. and 4.), when the meaning cannot be
reconstructed.
Derivation

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The formation of new lexemes by affixation
The word-class and/or the base meaning may change
as a result
Derivational affixes affect the underlying meaning or
syntactic category of the base. In English
derivational affixes can be either prefixes or
suffixes
Example: in the word unhappy the un- affix changes
the meaning of the base morpheme from happy to
sad and means “negative”. In terrorise, the affix –
ise changes the lexical category from noun to verb
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Derivational Affixes

Prefixes are fewer and less frequent than suffixes
They do not generally carry stress
They are largely class-maintaining (rewrite, unhappy)
The following are exceptions:
Asleep (V>A)
Becalm (A>V)
Befriend (N>V)
Enslave (N>V)
Enlarge (A>V)
Exercise

Add an appropriate prefix to the following bases:

Agreeable

Waken

Awaken
Categorize

Decategoratize

Valuation

Information

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Disagreeable
Evaluation
Disinformation
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Exercise (2)

Happiness

Possibility

Reiterated
Faceted

Impossibility
Iterated

Unhappiness
Multifaceted
President

Vicepresident
Exercise 2

For each of the following derivational affixes

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A. State another 2 words which contain the affixes
B. State the meaning of the affix
C. State the word class of the base and the word
class of the resulting word
-ery as in brewery
-ism as in feminism
-ise as in immunise
-ee as in payee
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Exercise 2 Solution

A. employee, nominee, addressee; pacifism,
racism, communism; commercialise, realise,
scrutinise; bravery; surgery, nunnery
B. –ery= suffix forming nouns

Indicating a place of business or some activity:
bakery, refinery, brewery
Indicating a class or collection of things: cutlery,
greenery
Indicating a practice or occupation: husbandry
Indicating a state or condition: slavery
Exercise 2 Solution (2)

B. –ism= suffix forming nouns

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Indicating an action, process or result: criticism, terrorism
Indicating a state or condition: paganism
Indicating a system, doctrine or body of principles and
practices: Marxism, spiritualism
Indicating behaviour or characteristic quality: heroism,
patriotism
Indicating a characteristic usage, esp. of a language:
colloquialism, Scotticism
Indicating prejudice on the basis specified: sexism, ageism
(from Old French –isme, from Latin –ismus, from Greek –
ismos)
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B. -ise= suffix forming verbs

To cause to become, resemble, or agree with: legalise
To become, change into: crystallise
To affect in a specific way, subject to: hypnotize
To act according to some practice, principle or policy:
economise
In Britain and the USA –ize is the preferred ending
for many verbs, but –ise is equally acceptable in
BrE. Some words, esp. those not formed by adding
the suffix to an existing words, are however spelt
with -ise in both BrE and AmE: advertise, revise

B. –ee= suffix forming nouns

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Indicating a person who is the recipient of an
action (as opposed to the agent usually indicated
by –or or –er, esp. in legal terminology):,
assignee, grantee
Indicating a person in a specified state or
condition: absentee, employee
Indicating a diminutive form of something: bootee
http://dictionary.reverso.net/englishsynonyms/
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C. word class of the base and word class of
the resulting word:
-ery as in brewery
brew=V; brewery= N
-ism as in Leninism
Lenin= N;
Leninism=N
-ise as in immunise
immune=Adj;
immunise=V
-ee as in payee
pay=V; payee=N
Suffixes

They occur after the base
They are greater in number and occur more
frequently than prefixes
They may affect stress shift in base or carry
main stress
Most of them are class changing

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Nature (n.) > Naturalize (v.)
Teach (v.) > Teacher (n.)
Usual (adj.) > Usually (Adv.)
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Class-Maintaining Suffixes

-hood

neighbourhood
-dom

kindom

-age

-ism

package
patriotism

-scape

-ship

landscape
friendship
Suffixes (2)

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The most frequent class-changing suffixes affect a change from
V > N; V > Adj. ; N > Adj. ; Adj. > V; N > V;
Adj. > N; Adj. > Adv
It is primarily nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that undergo
derivation. There are some exceptions in which grammatical
words become lexicalized and may serve as basis for derivation
IF (conj) > Iffy (N)
Up (prep) > Uppity (A)
Down (prep) > Downer (N)
Sometimes suffixes can also be lexicalized and also take
inflectional suffixes
-ISM. We’re always dealing with isms.
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Suffixes (3)
Non-neutral suffixes may affect a shift in stress:

From the base to the suffix as in

!Reconcile – recon!ciliation
!Pay – pa!yee
!Journal – journa!lese
Or a shift to the syllable preceding the suffix, as in:

!Autumn – au!tumnal
!Intellect – intel!lectual
!person- - per!sonify
E!lectric – elec!tricity
!Canada – ca!nadian
The Meaning of Affixes
AFFIX
Input Word
Class
Meaning
Output
Word Class
Example
In-
Adj
not
Adj
Inaccurate
Un-
Adj.
not
Adj.
unkind
Un-
V
Reversive
V
Untie
Dis-
V
Reversive
V
discontinue
Dis-
N (abs)
not
N (abs)
disorder
Dis-
Adj.
not
Adj.
dishonest
Dis-
V
not
V
disapprove
Re-
V
again
V
rewrite
Ex-
N
former
N
Ex-major
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The Meaning of Affixes (2)
AFFIX
Input Word
Class
Meaning
Output
Word Class
Example
-hood
N
status
N (abs)
childhood
-ship
N
State or
condition
N (abs)
kingship
-ness
Adj
Quality,
state
N (abs)
kindness
-ity
Adj
State,
condition
N (abs)
sincerity
-ment
V
Result,
product
N
government
-less
N
without
Adj
powerless
The Meaning of Affixes (3)
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AFFIX
Input Word
Class
Meaning
Output
Word Class
Example
-ful
N
Having
Adj
powerful
-ic
N
Pertaining to
Adj
democratic
-al
N
Pertaining
to, of the
kind
Adj
medicinal
-al
V
Pertaining
to, act of
N
refusal
-er
V
Agent
N
reader
-ly
Adj
manner
Adv
kindly
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