Belliggiano et al. SIDEA14 - ROAD

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The sustainability of rural diversification into tourism:
a study in the Italian regions of the «convergence» objective*
Angelo Belliggiano1, Stefano De Rubertis2, Pierfrancesco Fighera3
1
civile nella
politica di Environmental
cooperazione decentrata.
di Agadir),
dovrebbeAuthor.
costituire
lo strumento
Corresponding
Associate
Professor, Department
of Agricultural,
and Food SciL’ultima
notazione
non
può non riguardare la
di rafforzamento
dei
risultati
degli
Accordi
di
ences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy. E-mail: [email protected]
2
crisi economica
che indebolisce
disponibilità
Associazione,
destinato
ad influenzare
anche
il and Human
Full Professor,
Department
of History,
Society
Studies, University
of Salento,laLecce,
Italy
3
Campania
Authority
for the Environment, dell’Italia
Ministry ofethe
Environment,
Naples, Italy
degli
altri paesi europei
ad impegnarsi
mercato
interno eRegional
quindi ad
essere maggiormente
nella costruzione di un’area di prosperità euroincisivo sull’intera economia dei paesi del Sud
mediterranea, con ricadute negative sul respiro
del Mediterraneo, con i conseguenti benefici
dei progetti. Ostacolo che può essere in parte
geopolitici di una prospera regione economica
rimosso facendo ricorso a finanziamenti di diversa
euro-mediterranea.
provenienza.
In questo contesto potranno inserirsi i temi
della cooperazione agroalimentare mediterranea
in termini sociali ed economici attraverso la
mobilitazione di strumenti adeguati a conseguire
since this brings the focus back onto the loAbstract
una reale
modernizzazione dell’agricoltura e a
cal food producing system.
This paper
deals
with the issue
of the sustainmigliorare
in modo
significativo
la produzione
e
JEL: Q18; Q01; R58.
ability
of
policies
of
agricultural
diversificala sicurezza alimentare regionale in termini sia di
Keywords:
tion towards tourism
whichdegli
is emphasised
approvvigionamenti,
sia di qualità
alimenti.
Farm tourism; Institutional sustainability;
in the
programmes
of rural
Oltre alla
necessità
di rivedere
la development
cooperazione in
Farm diversification; Index Decomposition
agricultural
regions,
like those
of the
per glimany
aspetti
istituzionali,
finanziari
e tecnici,
Analysis; Rural development policy.
convergence
objectivela on
which disparità
the analyspingono
in questa direzione
crescente
sis concentrated.
In the paper eit l’agenda
is pointed
Nord-Sud
del settore agroalimentare
Introduction
that the wayinthemateria
regional
authorities
politicaoutinternazionale
agricola
e
Diversification is generally considered a
incentivate
or assistquesto,
farms che
to diversify
alimentare.
Un processo,
comportainto
rischi etourism
opportunità
entrambi
i paesi delle
due
strategy of adaptation adopted by businesses
couldper
have
implications
for sustainsponde.
in times of lasting crisis and/or when there
ability, examined in this study thorough the
La suapresence
sostenibilità
che essoThe
sia frutto
di of
are structural reductions in profits. In agriof richiede
five indicators.
weight
scelte these
condivise
e
di
un’attenta
valutazione
dei
culture, however, diversification has mainly
per region, obtained from the comrelativibination
impatti eofsiastructural
accompagnato
da programmi
taken on the meaning of a survival strategy,
variables
(number of
volti aaccommodation
evitarne gli effettifacilities
distorsivi.
with particular reference to small businesses
and of beds) and
Il nostro
paese,
in
particolare,
ha
un
interesse
located in the most outlying, disadvantaged
of flows (arrivals and presences) registered
strategico
prioritario
in questa
e ne rappresenta,
rural areas (Lange et al., 2013). At first the
in farm
tourism,
was area
estimated
by applying
insieme
a Francia
e Spagna, Analysis
uno dei (IDA)
principali
European rural development policy seemed
Index
Decomposition
to the
interlocutori,
contare
sul in
vantaggio
likely to give this strategy an extremely imvariationpotendo
in presences
recorded
the period
competitivo
derivante
dalla
vicinanza
geografica.
portant role, but its potential was reduced by
2002-2011. By introducing the institutional
L’Italiaaspect
si è adoperata
attraverso una
pluralità
di
the resistance of the established PAC players
of the sustainability
of rural
developattori ment
(imprese,
societàthe
civile,
organizzazioni
non“inand the obsession with the market, leaving
processes,
paper
also identifies
governative,
enti
territoriali)
nelle
diverse
forme
di
it with a marginal role confined to situations
tegrated rural tourism” as the most effective
cooperazione.
where any other kind of intervention in supmodel of tourism diversification for farms,
Una politica di cooperazione in cui sono largamente
presenti iniziative autonome che, sebbene
necessitino di un più attivo coordinamento,
* Thisilpaper
is the radicamento
result of joint della
reflection
by the
would like to thank the two anonymous reviewsegnalano
profondo
società
authors; however, section 3 is the work of Angelo
Belliggiano, section 4 is by Stefano De Rubertis,
and section 2 is by Pierfrancesco Fighera. Sections 1 and 5 were written jointly. The authors
ers for their comments and Professor Angelo
Salento of the University of Salento for his precious advice and suggestions
SISTEMI AGROALIMENTARI ED ECONOMIE NEL BACINO DEL MEDITERRANEO: ISTITUZIONI E POLITICHE
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perazione decentrata.
port oflaproduction and competitiveness was
può non riguardare
inapplicable.
ebolisce la disponibilità
Of the various forms of economic diversifisi europei ad impegnarsi
area di prosperitàcation
euro-for agriculture, rural tourism seemed
most suitable for a rapid increase in the
ute negative sul the
respiro
prosperity
he può essere in parte of rural areas (Hernandez-Mogolet al., 2011) and it was therefore explicfinanziamenti dilon
diversa
HE
itly included amongst the measures of the
third axis of the rural development policy
concerning the diversification of the rural
economy. However, the visitor presences in
rural areas brought by tourism are considered by many to be a possible threat to the
integrity of the place. This has led to a growing insistence on the issue of the sustainability of rural tourism, requiring considerations
not only on economic aspects, but also of a
cultural, environmental and social kind. This
approach has raised interest in the quality
of tourist spending, especially that on food,
which if steered in the right direction, could
reduce the impact of the process of diversification into tourism or make it more positive (Sims, 2010). This link between food and
rural tourism is summed up in the concept
of «integrated rural tourism» (Saxena and Ilbery, 2010, p.261), where the key element
is the networks based on relations (strong,
weak, formal or informal) between the different local players, as well as on their respective traditions and models of behavior. This
theoretical approach is naturally reflected in
the chosen policy model, based on participation, or on the direct involvement of the various players and local interests in the attempt
to trigger amongst them discussion processes
designed to resolve or attenuate conflicts.
The choice of tourism in agricultural diversification processes has also been influenced
by two other factors. The first is related to the
growing interest shown in rural culture by the
population living in metropolitan contexts,
which has given rise to a new tourist de-
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9
mand of a non-conventional kind based on
“hands-on” experience (Garrod et al., 2006).
The second, on the other hand, is related to
the rural tourism’s ability to spark other key
objectives in agricultural policy, such as organic farming (Kuo et al., 2006), the reorganization of food supply chains (Belliggiano
and De Rubertis, 2012) and the defence of
the countryside (Marangon, 2006). The latter
issue is strongly emphasised in the national
strategic plan (MiPAF, 2010), considering the
countryside’s characteristic of protecting biodiversity and at the same time being the basis
of local processes of identity reinforcement
which embody the local area’s main competitive advantage.
Therefore, since the aim of the European policies for rural development was to encourage
the integration of tourism and food production activities in order to promote economic
growth in marginal areas and, in broader
terms, to enable them to achieve sustainable
development, in this paper it is assumed that
reaching this objective, by gradual approximation, can be reflected in the increase in
tourist presences. Breaking them down into
various factors linked to the different aspects
of sustainability with the use of Index Decomposition Analysis (IDA), could enable
the assessment of both the quality/intensity
of the phenomenon, and also of the sustainability of the growth of tourism in terms of
the (local and non-local) objectives of local
development. Therefore, after briefly outlining the multidimensional nature of the concept of sustainability and its implications for
policies of agricultural diversification into
tourism (section 2), the methodology adopted will be illustrated (sect.3) and the results
of the four Italian regions of the «convergence» objective1 will be presented (sect. 4)
1. According to the EU, the convergence objective applies to regions with a development lag
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di Agadir), dovrebbe costituire lo strumento
in order to assess
the sustainability
in these
di rafforzamento
dei risultati
degli Accordi
di
areas
of
agricultural
diversification
into
tourAssociazione, destinato ad influenzare anche il
isminterno
supported
by rural
development
policies
mercato
e quindi
ad essere
maggiormente
(sect.5).
incisivo sull’intera economia dei paesi del Sud
del Mediterraneo, con i conseguenti benefici
The institutional
sustainability
of rural
tourism
geopolitici
di una prospera
regione
economica
and
the
role
of
the
food
production
system
euro-mediterranea.
The idea
of rural
development
since
In questo
contesto
potranno
inserirsi that
i temi
Agenda 2000agroalimentare
has been gaining
force in Eudella cooperazione
mediterranea
ropean
policies
is
based
on
the
need
to bring
in termini sociali ed economici attraverso
la
new
activities
into
farms
alongside
the
tradimobilitazione di strumenti adeguati a conseguire
tionalmodernizzazione
ones, in order todell’agricoltura
generate new sources
una reale
e a
of income
distorting
their original
migliorare
in modowithout
significativo
la produzione
e
socioeconomic
role,
in
keeping
with
the
la sicurezza alimentare regionale in termini sia di tenets of sustainability.
Sustainability
is one of
approvvigionamenti,
sia di qualità
degli alimenti.
the most
interesting
innovations
to emerge
Oltre alla
necessità
di rivedere
la cooperazione
the recent
past infinanziari
political-institutional
per gliinaspetti
istituzionali,
e tecnici,
debate.
Discourses
on
sustainability
howspingono in questa direzione la crescente disparità
ever del
have
almost
always appealed
to the
Nord-Sud
settore
agroalimentare
e l’agenda
side of in
the materia
management
of natupoliticaecological
internazionale
agricola
e
ral resources,
over-simplifying
a far more
alimentare.
Un processo,
questo, che comporta
rischi ecomplex
opportunità
entrambi i paesi
delle(Pearce
due
andper
many-sided
concept
sponde.
et al., 1989). Sustainability should be seen,
La suainsostenibilità
richiede che
esso sia
di
fact, as a system’s
capacity
to frutto
reproduce
scelte itself
condivise
e
di
un’attenta
valutazione
dei
over time without causing erosion not
relativionly
impatti
e sia accompagnato
dabut
programmi
in environmental
capital,
also in the
volti asocial,
evitarne
gli effettiand
distorsivi.
economic
institutional capital on
Il nostro
paese,
particolare,
ha un etinteresse
which
it is in
based
(Spangenberg
al. 2002;
strategico
prioritario
in
questa
area
e
ne
rappresenta,
Spangenberg, 2004; Pfhal, 2005). Viewing
insieme
a Francia epurely
Spagna,
uno
dei principalikey
sustainability
in an
environmental
interlocutori,
contarethesul
vantaggio
thereforepotendo
risks neglecting
most
innovative
competitivo
derivante
dalla
vicinanza
geografica.
aspect of the paradigm, which is the search
L’Italiafor
si ètheadoperata
attraverso
una pluralità
proper balance
between
differentdiasattori pects,
(imprese,
società civile,
non in
objectives
and organizzazioni
interests involved
governative,
enti
territoriali)
nelle
diverse
forme
di
development processes (Valentin and Spancooperazione.
genberg, 1999). It is in this line of thinking
Una politica
di cooperazione
in cui
sono largamente
that great
emphasis has
recently
been placed
presenti
iniziative
che, sustainabilsebbene
on the
conceptautonome
of institutional
necessitino
di
un
più
attivo
coordinamento,
ity which, despite having spread rapidly in
segnalano
il profondo
società in
various
contexts radicamento
(Hill 2008), isdella
still lacking
rural development discourses. However, this
where the GDP per capita is less than 75% of the
EU average.
civile nella politica di cooperazione decentrata.
concept,
used erroneously
as ariguardare
synonym of
L’ultima
notazione
non può non
la
“institutional
development”,
seems
to
have
crisi economica che indebolisce la disponibilità
found esupport
in participative
models
dell’Italia
degli altri
paesi europeipolicy
ad impegnarsi
like
LEADER.
In
actual
fact
the
concept
of innella costruzione di un’area di prosperità eurostitutional sustainability
an
mediterranea,
con ricadute attempts
negative tosulverify
respiro
institution’s
strength
and
capacity
to
survive
dei progetti. Ostacolo che può essere in parte
and develop
ordera to
perform its di
role
with
rimosso
facendo in
ricorso
finanziamenti
diversa
constancy,
even
with
increasing
levels
of
exprovenienza.
ternal support. So even when rural development policies are expressly oriented to sustainability this may not always correspond
to institutions that are in fact sustainable
(Lanzalaco, 2009). Moreover, in policies of
tourism diversification for rural economies,
along with the issue of institutional and organizational changes, institutional sustainability poses the problem of the functional burden that such institutions can actually bear
in designing and implementing these interventions, with particular reference to their
ability to reconcile conflicts amongst different local interests (Donolo, 2005; Dente and
Lewanski, 2002; Fighera, 2009).
This institutional aspect of sustainability is
implicit in the concept of «integrated rural
tourism» (Saxena et al., 2007, pp. 347-352).
By recalling the links between the economic,
social, cultural and environmental resources of an area, it commits the community’s
various players to the same strategy, pushing
them to implement networks of cooperation
that can increase the success of the activities
in which each one is individually involved.
Amongst these activities a salient role is
given to traditional food production (Rastoin, 2010), which is recognised as having
properties that can increase the overall sustainability of the process (Sims, 2009). These
include: the dynamic effect on the local food
industry of the increase in domestic demand;
the reduction of the carbon footprint combined with the use of local raw materials and
products (Petrini, 2013); the enhancement
SISTEMI AGROALIMENTARI ED ECONOMIE NEL BACINO DEL MEDITERRANEO: ISTITUZIONI E POLITICHE
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perazione decentrata.
of tourist
può non riguardare
la appeal through the symbolic affirmation of the local identity thanks to food
ebolisce la disponibilità
(Szlanyinka, 2010). From this point of view,
si europei ad impegnarsi
area di prosperitàtypical
euro-food products prove to be an imporsource of positive externality that rural
ute negative sul tant
respiro
tourism
he può essere in parte will be able to internalize according
the stakeholders’ capacity to control the
finanziamenti ditodiversa
HE
process (Ohe and Kurihara, 2013), i.e. their
ability to identify and exploit the economies
of scope that might accompany the use of
these local resources. The problem remains
however of how to integrate at territorial
level, the separate policy fields, institutional
instruments and decision-making arenas,
which often reflect potentially conflicting
ways of thinking.
Methodology
In the perspective of the development of
integrated rural tourism, in view of what
has been said above, the growth of tourism
could be regulated so as to amplify the multiplier effects on the added demand for the
products of the local food industry, achieving
the aims of sustainability both in socio-economic terms (fair distribution of the wealth
produced), ecological (safeguarding and improving the environment) and cultural terms
(minimizing identity interferences). For these
reasons policies that incentivize the diversification of rural economies into tourism have
been reiterated and expanded in regional
development programmes, usually generating positive trends in rural tourism. By arbitrarily reducing the latter to the category of
farm tourism (Nilsson et al., 2002), found in
official Italian sources as «agro-tourism and
other hospitality facilities of rural tourism»
(ISTAT, several years; I.Stat, 2013) it can be
seen that the regions of the convergence objective have shown during the past two periods of European programming (2002-2011)
significant increases in both accommodation
facilities and, with the exception of Campania, in arrivals and presences (graph 1a-c).
Graph 1:Facilities and flows of farm tourism in the “convergence” regions (2002-2011)
Calabria
Fonte: nostre elaborazioni su dati Istat
Source: our elaboration of ISTAT
Campania
Sicilia
data
However, it cannot be taken for granted that
the phenomenon has a positive effect on the
aspects of sustainability discussed earlier,
which instead need to be verified by adopt-
326
9
Puglia
ing other indicators obtained from the combination of the same variables. For example
tourists’ average stay (presences/arrivals,
L), the size of the accommodation facilities
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CONVEGNO
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civile nella politica di cooperazione decentrata.
di Agadir), dovrebbe costituire lo strumento
0
(beds/facilities,
their
𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁and
= 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄 of
ln utili𝑁𝑁 𝑇𝑇 /𝑁𝑁 0 L’ultima
; 𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆 = notazione
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖non
/𝑄𝑄 lnpuò
𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑇𝑇 /𝑆𝑆
;riguardare
𝐷𝐷𝐶𝐶 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 la 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄 ln 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑇𝑇 /𝐶𝐶
non
di rafforzamento
dei C)
risultati
deglimargin
Accordi
di
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
zation (arrivals/beds,
I) could be anche
significant
crisi
economica
Associazione,
destinato ad influenzare
il
𝑇𝑇
0
𝑇𝑇
0 che indebolisce la disponibilità
𝐷𝐷
=
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄
/𝑄𝑄
ln
𝑁𝑁
/𝑁𝑁
;
𝐷𝐷
=
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄
/𝑄𝑄
ln
𝑆𝑆
/𝑆𝑆
; 𝐷𝐷𝐶𝐶 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖
𝑆𝑆
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
inquindi
0verifying
e degli
altri
paesi
interno
𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 mercato
𝑄𝑄indicators
ln 𝑁𝑁 𝑇𝑇e/𝑁𝑁
; ad
𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆 essere
= socio-economic
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 maggiormente
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄 ln sus𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑇𝑇 /𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖0𝑖𝑖 dell’Italia
; 𝐷𝐷𝐶𝐶 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄
ln europei
𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑇𝑇 /𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖0 𝑖𝑖 ad
; impegnarsi
𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄
𝑇𝑇 0
𝑇𝑇 0
𝐷𝐷𝐼𝐼number
=
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄costruzione
ln 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 /𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 ;di𝐷𝐷un’area
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄 ln 𝐿𝐿euro;
𝑖𝑖 tainability, just as the variation in
𝑖𝑖 the
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 di prosperità
𝑖𝑖 /𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
nella
incisivo
sull’intera
economia
dei
del
Sud
𝑇𝑇
0
𝑇𝑇 paesi
0
𝑖𝑖 𝑄𝑄 /𝑄𝑄 ln 𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇 /𝑆𝑆 0
𝑖𝑖
𝐷𝐷
=
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄
/𝑄𝑄
ln
𝑁𝑁
/𝑁𝑁
;
𝐷𝐷
=
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
;
𝐷𝐷
=
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄
/𝑄𝑄
ln
𝐶𝐶
/𝐶𝐶
;
𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖
𝑆𝑆
𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
of facilities (N),
their
size (C) as well
as the mediterranea,
𝑇𝑇 0
con𝑄𝑄ricadute
respiro 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄 ln 𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 /𝐿𝐿0𝑖𝑖
del Mediterraneo,
con
i conseguenti
benefici
𝐷𝐷𝐼𝐼 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
/𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 ;𝑖𝑖 𝐷𝐷𝐿𝐿sul
= 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄 ln 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 negative
𝑇𝑇 0
𝑇𝑇 0
𝐷𝐷𝐼𝐼 =
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄 (D)
ln
𝐼𝐼could
; 𝐷𝐷important
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄
ln 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 /𝐿𝐿Ostacolo
increase
in presences
be
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑖𝑖 /𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 ;
dei
progetti.
che può essere in parte 𝑖𝑖
geopolitici
di 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
una
prospera
regione
economica
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
in
verifying
ecological
sustainability.
It
seems
𝑇𝑇
0
ricorso
di diversa
euro-mediterranea.
𝐷𝐷𝐼𝐼 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄 ln 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 /𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 rimosso
; 𝐷𝐷𝐿𝐿 =facendo
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄 alnfinanziamenti
𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 /𝐿𝐿0𝑖𝑖 ;
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
more
difficult
to
link
cultural
sustainability
provenienza.
In questo contesto potranno inserirsi i temi
to specific accommodation
arrivals indidella cooperazione
agroalimentare or
mediterranea
where
cators,
although
such
sustainability
might
in termini sociali ed economici attraverso
la be
influenced
above
all
by
phenomena
of
local
mobilitazione di strumenti adeguati a conseguire
As well as indicating the main factors driving
specialization
(facilitiesdell’agricoltura
in the i-th province/
una reale
modernizzazione
e a
the variation in presences recorded in every
regional
facilities,
S), which,
underpinning
migliorare
in modo
significativo
la produzione
e a
region, the value of the factors can therefore
reinforcement
of
relations,
could
also
prola sicurezza alimentare regionale in termini sia di
provide an interpretation of the sustainability
mote institutional
sustainability.
approvvigionamenti,
sia di
qualità degli alimenti.
of this variation.
An estimate
indicators
can be made
Oltre alla
necessitàofdithese
rivedere
la cooperazione
Although the IDA has been called a «new
applying
the IDA tofinanziari
the variation
in presper glibyaspetti
istituzionali,
e tecnici,
framework for tourism flow analysis» (Belences
(Q)
recorded
by
every
region
in
a
spingono in questa direzione la crescente disparità
2
zentis et al., 2012, p.1), this methodology
certain
span
(2002-2011 ).e This
methNord-Sud
del time
settore
agroalimentare
l’agenda
has been in use for some time especially in
as we know,
«provides
a linkage
politicaodology,
internazionale
in materia
agricola
e
energy and environmental studies (Ang and
between
aggregate
and che
the original
alimentare.
Un an
processo,
questo,
comportaraw
Zhang, 2000).
rischi edata
opportunità
entrambi iofpaesi
delleisdue
wherebyper
information
interest
capsponde.
tured in a concise and usable form» (Ang
Results
La suaand
sostenibilità
richiede
essoTherefore,
sia frutto startdi
Zhang, 2000,
p. che
1160).
The representation of the results in graph 2
scelte ing
condivise
e
di
un’attenta
valutazione
dei
from the following expression:
(see following page) shows that the dynamrelativi impatti e sia𝑇𝑇 accompagnato
da programmi
𝐷𝐷 =gli𝑄𝑄 effetti
/𝑄𝑄0 =distorsivi.
𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁 ∙ 𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆 ∙ 𝐷𝐷𝐶𝐶 ∙ 𝐷𝐷𝐼𝐼 ∙ 𝐷𝐷𝐿𝐿
ics of presences in farm-tourism in the «convolti a evitarne
vergence» regions was influenced by differIl nostro paese, in particolare, ha un interesse
The prioritario
weight of in
every
indicator
rural tourism
strategico
questa
area e neon
rappresenta,
ent factors which most likely reflect specific
growth
in
the
convergence
regions
–
which,
insieme a Francia e Spagna, uno dei principali
regional approaches to rural development
while starting
fromcontare
the samesulinitial
developinterlocutori,
potendo
vantaggio
policy.
ment problems,
for different
forms
competitivo
derivante have
dalla opted
vicinanza
geografica.
As can be seen from the graph, the weight
3 in the rural
development
policydi(De
L’Italiaofsiaxis
è adoperata
attraverso
una pluralità
of factor N (DN) was significant in all the real., 2012)
– can
be measured
with
attori Rubertis
(imprese,etsocietà
civile,
organizzazioni
non
gions, especially in Calabria and Campania.
the approach
of the Logarithmic
Mean
Divisia
governative,
enti territoriali)
nelle diverse
forme
di
However, while in the first case the value is
Index (LMDI) model I (Ang, 2005) by solving
cooperazione.
coherent, though more than proportional,
the following
equations:
Una politica
di cooperazione
in cui sono largamente
with the substantial increase in presences
presenti iniziative autonome che, sebbene
(D) recorded in the region, in the second
𝑇𝑇
0
𝑇𝑇
0
𝑇𝑇
𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁 =
/𝑄𝑄 ln 𝑁𝑁coordinamento,
/𝑁𝑁 0 ; 𝐷𝐷𝑆𝑆 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄 the
ln 𝑆𝑆value
𝐷𝐷𝐶𝐶 =coherent
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄
necessitino
di𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
un più𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖attivo
𝑖𝑖 /𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖
case
is; not
in
thatlnit𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖is/𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖 ;
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
segnalano il profondo radicamento della società
accompanied by a major downsizing in the
𝑇𝑇 0
𝐷𝐷𝐼𝐼 done
= 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒on the 𝑄𝑄three-year
𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄 ln 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 /𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖
2. The calculations were
𝑖𝑖
averages of the bottom (2002/04) and top end
(2009/11) of the interval considered.
of presences
period.
;number
𝐷𝐷𝐿𝐿 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 /𝑄𝑄 lnin𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 the
/𝐿𝐿0𝑖𝑖 same
;
𝑖𝑖
This phenomenon
could therefore conceal
unwise decisions on tourism diversifica-
SISTEMI AGROALIMENTARI ED ECONOMIE NEL BACINO DEL MEDITERRANEO: ISTITUZIONI E POLITICHE
327
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perazione decentrata.
Graphla2. Breakdown of farm tourism flows (2002-2011) in the “convergence” regions
può non riguardare
ebolisce la disponibilità
si europei ad impegnarsi
area di prosperità euroute negative sul respiro
he può essere in parte
finanziamenti di diversa
HE
Source: Our elaboration of ISTAT data
tion influenced by incentive policies which
might have distracted farms from considering
other possible forms of diversification which
would be more economically rewarding.
Factor S (DS), in a clockwise direction, shows
the same weight and only a slight influence
in all the regions, suggesting that there is no
territorial polarization of the phenomenon,
something that should be checked however
using analyses on a smaller scale than the
provincial level.
Factor C (DC) showed a positive influence in
Sicilia where policies for the improvement of
accommodation obviously had more success
than those for its expansion. By contrast, in
328
9
all the other regions this factor had an impact
that was not very significant, being slightly
negative.
The levels recorded for factor I (DI) highlight
the position of Puglia, where the improvement of accommodation facilities was coherent with the increase in tourism flows.
The lower levels, below 1, in all the other
regions especially in Campania would confirm the tendency to follow established paths
in tourist diversification, a direction taken
by businesses or policy-makers even when
it would be more advantageous to consider
other ways of diversifying farm activity.
This would also seem to be confirmed by the
TH
CONVEGNO
DI STUDI
PROCEEDINGS OFATTI
THEDEL
50XLIX
SIDEA
CONFERENCE
di Agadir), dovrebbe costituire lo strumento
levels recorded
factordegli
L (DLAccordi
), since farm
di rafforzamento
dei for
risultati
di
tourism
should
be
exclusively
characterized
Associazione, destinato ad influenzare anche il
by interno
the facte that
it supplies
respondmercato
quindi
ad essereservices
maggiormente
ing
to
the
cultural
expectations
of
incisivo sull’intera economia dei paesi del tourists
Sud
seeking alternative
“hands-on” experiencdel Mediterraneo,
con iorconseguenti
benefici
es (Belliggiano,
2012).regione
This is economica
expressed in
geopolitici
di una prospera
programmes
set
up
on
the
spot
based
on the
euro-mediterranea.
activities
offered
by
various
small
farms
in the
In questo contesto potranno inserirsi i temi
same area (Bachleitner
and Zins,
1999; Nilsdella cooperazione
agroalimentare
mediterranea
son,
2002;
Lane,
1994;
Oppermann,
in termini sociali ed economici attraverso1996).
la
Agro-tourism
has instead
often
been intermobilitazione
di strumenti
adeguati
a conseguire
preted
as a form of hotel-standard
accommouna reale
modernizzazione
dell’agricoltura
e a
dation
quality landscape
features,
migliorare
in and
modohigh
significativo
la produzione
e
in
which
the
agricultural
component
la sicurezza alimentare regionale in termini sia dihas
been greatly reduced
and along
it also
approvvigionamenti,
sia di qualità
degli with
alimenti.
the necessità
potential di
forrivedere
local development
(Ohe
Oltre alla
la cooperazione
Ciani,istituzionali,
2011). However,
if the
per gliand
aspetti
finanziari
e dynamics
tecnici,
of tourist
flows
benefitlafrom
a longer
average
spingono
in questa
direzione
crescente
disparità
on-farm
stay, as agroalimentare
has been seen in
Campania
Nord-Sud
del settore
e l’agenda
Sicilia, this will
rural tourism
politicaandinternazionale
in lead
materia
agricola ine an
“industrial”
direction.
Besides
alimentare.
Un processo,
questo,
che reducing
comportathe
rischi epositive
opportunità
per entrambi
externalities
on thei paesi
local delle
area,due
in the
sponde.
long run this generates processes of loss of
La suaappeal
sostenibilità
richiede
che essoon
siathe
frutto
di
implicitly
impacting
sustainscelte ability
condivise
e
di
un’attenta
valutazione
dei
of the process. In Puglia, and less sigrelativinificantly
impatti e in
siaCalabria,
accompagnato
da programmi
the levels
of DL would
volti ainstead
evitarneconfirm
gli effetti
thatdistorsivi.
there is greater applicaIl nostro
in particolare,
un interesse
tionpaese,
of policies
based onha
more
sustainable
strategico
prioritario
in
questa
area
e
ne
rappresenta,
tourism diversification models.
insieme a Francia e Spagna, uno dei principali
interlocutori,
potendo contare sul vantaggio
Conclusions
competitivo
derivante
vicinanza
geografica.
Having identifieddalla
the factors
with
the greatest
L’Italiainfluence
si è adoperata
attraverso
una
pluralità
di in
on the variations in presences
attori the
(imprese,
società civile,
organizzazioni
non
«convergence»
regions,
it would be
necgovernative,
enti
territoriali)
nelle
diverse
forme
di
essary to establish what their weight should
cooperazione.
be for purposes of sustainability, comparing
Una politica
di cooperazione
in cui
largamente
their effects
both with
thesono
objectives
of the
presenti
iniziative
autonome
European
policies
designedche,
for thesebbene
diversifinecessitino
un rural
più economy
attivo coordinamento,
cation di
of the
(PAC axis 3, pilsegnalano
il
profondo
radicamento
società
lar 2), and with the objectivesdella
of local
development, without losing sight of the cultural
motives and desire for experience underlying rural tourism.
civile nella politica di cooperazione decentrata.
On the
first point,
referring
L’ultima
notazione
nonthree
può sub-aims,
non riguardare
la
to
the
need
for
integration
and
coordinacrisi economica che indebolisce la disponibilità
tion among
policy ad
areas,
can be
dell’Italia
e deglithe
altrivarious
paesi europei
impegnarsi
considered:
equal
distribution
of
the
nella costruzione di un’area di prosperitàwealth
europroduced; con
reduction
of negative
the environmental
mediterranea,
ricadute
sul respiro
overche
tourism
with
dei impact;
progetti.control
Ostacolo
può interfering
essere in parte
local
culture.
As
regards
the
first
sub-aim,
rimosso facendo ricorso a finanziamenti di diversa
it must be said that although the increase
provenienza.
in tourist presences (D) is a necessary but
not a sufficient condition for the increase in
wealth, connecting tourism to local production chains could lead to better distributive
effects. Direct tourist participation in normal farm activities (milking, grape-picking,
bread-baking, etc.) would in fact fully satisfy
tourists’ requests for knowledge and handson experience and also allow smaller, less
organized farms to find new opportunities
to supplement their income. More arrivals
and a shorter average stay (L) could further
encourage the multiplier process provided
that tourist spending on food can be oriented
thanks to appropriate forms of information
and the presentation of local products. Intensifying the promotion of local food traditions
through direct individual tourist involvement
(on-farm tastings, food and wine tours, etc.),
along with the geo-referencing of products,
could improve the market opportunities of
niche products.
The second sub-aim, linked above all to the
levels of factors N, C and S, means that the
expansion or improvement of local accommodation must come about without increasing the built-on surface area. It also requires
that the overall pressure of presences (demand for spaces, goods and services) and
mobility services is sustainable for local and
non-local ecosystems.
Lastly, the third sub-aim, linked mainly to
levels of I, raises the issue of the interference
created by growing tourist flows on local culture and customs. Awareness of this issue is
SISTEMI AGROALIMENTARI ED ECONOMIE NEL BACINO DEL MEDITERRANEO: ISTITUZIONI E POLITICHE
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perazione decentrata.
shownlain the compatibility of local customs
può non riguardare
with the changes expected and espoused in
ebolisce la disponibilità
plans for local development.
si europei ad impegnarsi
the light of the study’s findings, Puglia aparea di prosperitàIn euroute negative sul pears
respiroto be the «convergence» region best
fitted
he può essere in parteto follow the path just marked out.
finanziamenti diHowever,
diversa considering the limitations of the
HE
method due to the small number of variables used, further investigation would be
needed, preferably with multidisciplinary
approaches, to study the relation between
rural tourism and territorial capital (OECD,
2001; European Commission, 2005). Some
aspects of the latter included in the so-called
«innovative cross» of Camagni (2008, p.33),
such as «governance on land and cultural
resources», «collective goods», «relational
capital» and «receptivity enhancing tools»
(Camagni, 2008, pp.34-40) could be possible strands for further research. Indeed, the
actual effects of the growth in farm-tourism
on local development goals still remain to
be seen. On this point, common practices do
not seem satisfactory. The qualities of the local areas, seen as the combined outcome of
physical and social aspects (Dematteis, 1985,
1995; De Matteis and Ferlaino, 2003; Fiori,
2003; Paasi 2003; Banini, 2011), are usually
identified merely by listing the anthropic and
non-anthropic elements, ignoring the importance of the laws, customs and traditions that
govern the community’s behavior and help
to determine the organization and therefore
the identity of the place. Such extremely reductionist territorial representations are repeatedly put forward along with models of
local development of the same kind, which
are unlikely to reflect shared local feeling.
The social sustainability and also the institutional sustainability of processes of diversifying agriculture, and more generally the rural
economy, into tourism will therefore depend
on the quality of the participation processes
implemented when setting the aims.
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scenariosdeiforrisultati
the enlarged
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la
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scienza,
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modernizzazione
dell’agricoltura e a
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G. significativo
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migliorare
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umana
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scienze delsia
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Milano:
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degli alimenti.
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per gliDematteis
aspetti istituzionali,
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delle
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IRES
Nord-Sud tità
del esettore
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Piemonte.
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programmi di
alle pratiche
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volti a evitarne
gli effetti Osservazioni
distorsivi.
beni pubblici?
su una nuoIl nostro va
paese,
in particolare,
ha un Stato
interesse
generazione
di politiche.
e Merstrategicocato,
prioritario
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e
ne
rappresenta,
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e Spagna, uno
dei principali
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L’Italia si èofadoperata
attraversoendorsed
una pluralità
di
political messages
for further
attori (imprese,
società civile,
non
development
by theorganizzazioni
Ministers for Spatial
governative,
enti
territoriali)
nelle
diverse
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di
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