Out of Africa: The first evidence of Italian peninsula occupation

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Out of Africa: The first evidence of Italian peninsula occupation
Marta Arzarello*, Carlo Peretto
Dipartimento di Biologia ed Evoluzione, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d’Este 32, Ferrara 44100, Italy
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Available online xxx
The recent years of research has better defined the conditions of the first peopling of Europe thanks to
the discovery of numerous new sites dated between about 1 and 1.5 Ma. In this context, Italy supplied
one of the most ancient indirect indications of human presence thanks to the lithic industries founded in
2006 in the Pirro Nord site, dated between 1.3 and 1.6 Ma on the bichronological base. The evidence of an
ancient occupation of Italy is also supported by the Monte Poggiolo site, dated to 1 Ma by ESR and
paleomagnetism. All those sites are perfectly coherent, from the technological production point of view,
with the first lithic complexes found in Europe since 1.8 Ma (short reduction sequences finalized to the
flake production) and with the African Mode 1.
Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Pirro Nord (Arzarello et al., 2007, 2009a). The numerical dating for
this site is still in progress and so, at the moment, the only way to
date the oldest Italian occupation is biochronologically. The lithic
assemblage is associated with the Pirro Nord Villafranchian Faunal
Unit that can be attributed to a chronological interval between 1.3
and 1.6 Ma BP (Gliozzi et al., 1997; Arzarello et al., 2009a).
Any faunal remains were found in association with the lithic
complex from Cà Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo, but a numerical
dating was made by ESR on the sands from San Biagio and Monte
Vescovado and on a marine mollusc from the Monte Poggiolo sands
(Yokoyama et al., 1992). Moreover, paleomagnetism shows that the
site was occupied during a magnetic inversion phase that probably
occurred before the Jaramillo period (Gagnepain et al., 1992, 1999).
On the basis of these data, the Monte Poggiolo site is attributed to
about 1 Ma BP.
In the same region of Monte Poggiolo, other sites are considered
to be older than 700 ka on the basis of the characteristics of the
lithic assemblages: Villa Acquabona, Bel Poggio, Romanina Nera, Cà
Poggio (Peretto, 1996), Serra, and Covignano (Antoniazzi et al.,
1998). Those sites are all characterized by very short reduction
sequences made on flint pebbles, but no kind of direct dating was
possible until the present. In addition, the more recent site of
Isernia La Pineta is dated to 610 10 ka by 40Ar/39Ar (Coltorti et al.,
2005), that shows the same technological characteristics as the
oldest sites of Italy (Minelli, 2006).
In the rest of Italy, there are a number of other early period
settlements such as Bibbona (Galiberti, 1984) and Collinaia (Sarti
and Stoduti, 1982) in Tuscany; Monte Peglia (Piperno et al., 1984) in
Umbria; Colle Marino, Arce and Fontana Liri in Lazio (Segre et al.,
1982; Biddittu, 1972); and Casella di Maida in Calabria (Gambassini
and Ronchitelli, 1984). Although there are no dates for those sites,
The first peopling of Europe can be considered as an early
phenomenon: the most ancient evidence of humans in Western
Europe confirms activity that is older than 1.5 Ma (Carbonell et al.,
2008; Parés et al., 2006; Arzarello et al., 2007; Peretto et al., 1998;
Martı̀nez-Navarro et al., 1997; De Lumley et al., 1988; Despriée et al.,
2006; Crochet et al., 2009).
Most of those sites are unfortunately characterized by poor lithic
assemblages that do not allow a complete technological approach.
The reduction sequences are basically composed by unipolar,
orthogonal and multidirectional debitage with, not in all sites, the
addition of a centripetal method. The façonnage (shaping), when
present, is finalized principally to obtain choppers and choppingtools. Retouch is rare and infrequently present in the sites of Pont
de Lavaud (Despriée et al., 2006), Barranco Leon, and Fuente Nueva
(Palmqvist et al., 2005). The raw material is always local and
collected in secondary position inside alluvial or slope deposits.
From a general point of view, the reduction sequences are short and
never involve total exploitation of the raw material pebbles. The
Italian oldest sites, Cà Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo and Pirro Nord,
show the same characteristics, with some particularities due
probably to the raw material characteristics.
2. Chronology of the first peopling of Italy
From a chronological point of view, the first peopling of Italy
(Fig. 1) occurred about 1.5 Ma on the basis of the occurrences of
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ39 0532 293736.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Arzarello).
1040-6182/$ – see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.01.006
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International (2010), doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.01.006
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M. Arzarello, C. Peretto / Quaternary International xxx (2010) 1–6
Fig. 1. Geographical location of the oldest Italians sites. (1) Pirro Nord; (2) Cà Belvedere
di Monte Poggiolo; (3) Villa Acquabona, Bel Poggio, Romanina Nera, Cà Poggio; (4)
Serra and Covignano; (5) Bibbona and Collinaia; (6) Monte Peglia; (7) Colle Marino,
Arce and Fontana Liri; and (8) Casella di Maida.
they all show more or less the same characteristics from the
technological point of view and confirm that in Italy lithic
production was quite homogeneous from the first phases of
peopling (w1.5 Ma) to the introduction of the Acheulian about
600 ka BP.
3. Earliest Italian sites
3.1. Regional settings and environment
The Pirro Nord site is located in the city of Apricena (Foggia,
Gargano promontory, southern Italy) inside the karstic fissures of
the actual Cava dell’Erba (Fig. 2). The Villafranchian deposits were
deposited during a Pleistocene karst phase. They are all considered
contemporaneous on the basis of the evolutive stage of taxa
present (Abbazzi et al., 1996). The faunal remains associated with
the lithic industry show evidence of fluvial transport but did not
allow taphonomical re-elaboration. Evidence of human activities
were almost all found inside the karst fissure named ‘‘Pirro 13’’
located in the upper part of the Mesozoic limestone. Between the
others, the lithic artifact inside Pirro 13 was associated with
Pachycrocuta brevirostris, Homotherium crenatidens, Canis mosbachensis, Axis sp. and Equus altidens (Arzarello et al., 2009b). The
Pirro Nord Faunal Unit is attributed to the Final Villafranchian
Mammal Age and is considered as reference for biochronology in
Western Europe (Gliozzi et al., 1997).
The Cà Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo site is located 15 km
southwest of Forlı̀, at 214 m asl (Fig. 2). The geological succession in
the area around the site is composed of the Plio-Pleistocenic ‘‘argille
grigio-blu’’ deposited in the littoral environment covered by the
‘‘sabbie gialle’’ that indicates the final phase of the regression (Ricci
Lucchi et al., 1982). In the site area the ‘‘sabbie gialle’’ are absent,
replaced by littoral deposits composed by a beach of pebbles in
a fluvial sand matrix (Antoniazzi and Piani, 1992). These deposits
seem to belong to the same pedogenetic phase as the ‘‘sabbie gialle’’
and have to be considered as lateral transitions of facies inside the
same sedimentary complex (Cremaschi, 1983). The lithic assemblage was found inside these strata: the prehistoric population was
established near the mouth of the river exploiting the local raw
material during a cold period (Cattani, 1992). No faunal remains
were found in association with the lithic industries but near there,
inside the ‘‘sabbie gialle’’, some remains of fossil vertebrates were
found: Mammuthus aff. meridionalis, Dicerorhinus sp., Bison cfr.
Schoetensacki and Hippopotamus sp. (Giusberti, 1992).
3.2. Lithic complexes
The lithic production is strictly related to the viability and the
quality of the raw material, always local flint, as is the case in the
other oldest sites of Europe. The raw materials exploited in Cà
Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo are flint pebbles collected in littoral
cordons where the base camp was probably located. A few pebbles
of chert and limestone were also utilized and collected in
a secondary position.
The raw materials exploited in Pirro Nord are middle or small
flint pebbles probably collected in the area near the camp site. The
flint comes from the Cretaceous successions of the Gargano
promontory and is very homogeneous, sometimes disturbed by
tectonic fractures (Arzarello et al., 2009b). In these two cases,
humans did not select the dimensions of the pebbles but exploited
more or less all types of raw material available near the site.
However, in the case of Pirro Nord, the dimensions of the pebbles
are not homogeneous, and consequently it is possible to stress
more the adaptation of the debitage to the different size of pebbles.
In the case of Cà Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo, the available pebbles
Fig. 2. (A) Cave dell’Erba, Pirro Nord; the star indicate the locality Pirro 13. (B) Cà Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo.
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have a smaller dimensional variability (max length 10 cm) and so it
is not possible to assert a differential exploitation based on the
dimensional choice.
In Cà Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo, the reduction sequence is
complete as also demonstrated by the 76 examples of complete
refitting. Inside the site, all stages of the reduction sequence are
represented: cortical flakes, preparation flakes, plain débitage
products and cores. Those characteristics confirm that the knapping activities were made inside the site as were the domestic
activities. This is also demonstrated by the high number of pieces in
flint that show traces of utilization (93.4% on a sample of 100 flakes
and cores; total pieces 1311) (Peretto et al., 1998).
For Pirro Nord, it is difficult to discuss the thoroughness of the
reduction sequence, because 235 pieces have been discovered to
present (Arzarello et al., 2009b). Secondly, it is not a primary
position site because the lithic industries and the faunal remains
were transported by water inside the karst fissure where they were
discovered. However, the state of conservation of flints is very fresh
and assumes that the transportation was not made on a big
distance. All steps of the reduction sequence are represented, from
decortication to core abandonment, but this data cannot be supported from the statistical point of view.
The adopted knapping techniques (Table 1) are generally direct
percussion by hard hammer and bipolar percussion in most Italian
ancient sites. The utilization of one or the other technique is
probably more related to the form of the exploited raw material
than to the kind of desired products: the spherical pebbles in Cà
Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo, for example, were always opened by
a bipolar technique and afterwards exploited by a direct percussion.
In Pirro Nord, the bipolar technique is not demonstrated because
the longed morphology of the pebbles allows easy use of direct
percussion to open the striking platform.
In the Italian context, a different comportment can be observed
for the Isernia La Pineta site (Minelli, 2006) where the bipolar
percussion was largely used in all the phases of the reduction
sequences. This choice is related to the characteristics of the raw
material (poor quality flint full of tectonic fractures) and to the kinds
of activities carried out in the site: principally exploitation of animal
carcasses. In this context the flakes only need to have a functional
cutting edge and to be produced in an easy and fast way.
Those kinds of comportments can be observed also in the other
ancient European sites where the bipolar technique represent an
easy way to exploit poor raw materials, to open spherical pebbles
and to attend to a large production with the minimum investissement technique. However, during the first phases of the European
peopling, the bipolar technique was less utilized than the direct
percussion in Europe as in Italy.
3
The debitage methods are quite uniform for the Italian ancient
sites. This homogeneity can be interpreted as a cultural, a functional
or a technological matter.
In Cà Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo, the reduction sequences were
easy to analyze and describe thanks to the large number of refits. The
knapping strategies are unipolar, orthogonal, multidirectional and
centripetal. Those methods seem to be not related to the raw material
type and dimensions but to the kind of end product. The reduction
sequences always start by the detachment of an entame flake by
direct or bipolar percussion. The created striking platform was used
afterwards with unipolar debitage to obtain long flakes, often with
a lateral cortex. If the pebble was not exhausted by this method, the
exploitation of a second striking platform was introduced. The
second striking platform, generally orthogonal to the first one, was
also exploited in a unipolar direction. The utilization of a third and
a fourth striking platform is rare, but attested to in the Cà Belvedere di
Monte Poggiolo’s lithic collection. Where demonstrated, the
dimensions of the end products became smaller, but the morphologies are similar to the ones obtained by a unipolar and an orthogonal
method. The debitage products are rectangular or trapezoidal and
they show, in most cases, at least two cutting edges (Fig. 3).
In Pirro Nord, the knapping methods are strictly related to the
raw material dimension. The small pebbles (up to 5 cm) were
exploited by a centripetal method and the bigger pebbles (up to
12 cm) were exploited by a multidirectional method.
The centripetal exploitation was always organized by the same
stages of the reduction sequence: (1) opening of the striking platform (the entame flake removed more or less one-quarter of the
raw material volume) by direct percussion generally in correspondence with an irregularity of the pebble; (2) use of the first
negative as a striking platform to obtain a totally corticated flake;
(3) use of the second negative as a striking platform to start the
exploitation in a centripetal way; (4) continue with the centripetal
debitage in order to obtain 3–5 flakes. Those flakes are often
triangular and lateral cortical debordants. The striking platform is,
in most cases, cortical because just the first remove is made from an
unnatural striking platform (the second removal). The homogeneity of those debitage products can be interpreted as intentional in
terms of researched products, but for this kind of raw material
(small pebbles) the centripetal method is the one that obtains the
maximum exploitation of the raw material without production of
numerous cortical flakes.
In Pirro Nord, the large pebbles were exploited by a multidirectional method using 3–5 striking platforms (c.f. SSDA, Forestier,
1993). The morphology of the end products is differentiated, and
they are generally longer and larger than the ones coming from
a centripetal method (Fig. 4).
Table 1
Principal technological characteristics of the oldest European sites (Arzarello et al., 2009b; Carbonell et al., 2008; Crochet et al., 2009; De Lumley et al., 1988; Despriée et al.,
2006; Minelli, 2006; Palmqvist et al., 2005; Peretto et al., 1998)
Raw materials
Percussion techniques
Knapping methods
Façonnage
Lézignan le Cèbe
Quartzite and basalt
Unipolar and orthogonal
Yes: one chopping-tool
Pirro Nord
Flint
Flint, silicified limestone,
limestone and quartz
Flint and limestone
Quartz
Unipolar, orthogonal,
multidirectional and centripetal
Unipolar, orthogonal,
multidirectional and centripetal
Unipolar and orthogonal
Unipolar, orthogonal and multidirectional
No
Fonte Nueva and
Barranco Leon
Elefante
Pont de Lavaud
Direct percussion by hard
hammer
Direct percussion by hard
hammer
Direct percussion by hard hammer
and bipolar percussion
Monte Poggiolo
Flint (rare limestone and chert)
Le Vallonet
Limestone
Isernia La Pineta
Flint and limestone
Direct percussion by hard hammer
and Bipolar percussion
Direct percussion by hard hammer
and rare bipolar percussion
Direct percussion by hard hammer
Direct percussion by hard hammer
and Bipolar percussion
Unipolar, orthogonal,
multidirectional and centripetal
Unipolar, orthogonal,
multidirectional and centripetal
Unipolar, orthogonal,
multidirectional and centripetal
Yes
No?
Yes
No
Yes
Yes: on limestone only
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Fig. 3. Flint lithic industry from Cà Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo. (A) Core and flakes; and (B) core and flakes refitted.
Fig. 4. Flint lithic industry from Pirro Nord. (1–3, 6, 8) flakes with centripetal removals; (4) flake with unipolar removals; (5) exhausted centripetal core; (7) proximal fragment of
a cortical flake; (9) waste flake.
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In both sites the façonnage seems to be absent: in Pirro Nord
there is no element that can be interpreted as a façonnage product.
In Cà Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo, however, it was the usewear
analyses that allowed understanding that the ‘‘chopper like’’
elements were cores, and they did not show any utilization traces.
4. Conclusions
The Italian peninsula gives interesting data defining the time
and the way of the first European peopling. The two oldest sites,
Pirro Nord and Cà Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo, dated to about 1.5
and 1 Ma, demonstrate that the Homo, probably coming from the
Levantine corridor, was occupying the peninsula before 1 Ma.
Those sites, as the other Italian ancient sites, show that the lithic
technology during the first phases of occupation was essentially
opportunistic, finalized to the exploitation of good local raw
material. The reduction sequences were always short and finalized
to obtain flakes that, for the oldest Italian sites, were very rarely
retouched. This technological comportment is probably related to
the activities carried out inside the sites and specifically to the
intensive exploitation of animal carcasses as shown for Monte
Poggiolo and, in a more recent period, Isernia La Pineta.
In this context, the unipolar, orthogonal and multidirectional
methods represent the easiest ways to obtain a large number of
flakes with the minimum technical investment. On the other hand,
the centripetal method can be interpreted as an adaptation to the
morphology of raw material because, for the Italian case, only the
small spherical pebbles were exploited in this way: in these kinds
of morphologies unipolar debitage produces smaller flakes than the
centripetal method as shown by the experimentation made on the
raw material exploited in Pirro Nord.
The only uniqueness of the oldest Italian sites is the late
appearance of façonnage. This distinctiveness is probably related to
the fact that almost the only raw material exploited was flint. In the
other sites of Europe, where the façonnage is present for this period,
it was made on other raw materials such as limestone, volcanic
rocks, quartz or quartzite. The lithic assemblages from Pirro Nord
and Monte Poggiolo, as well the other ancient Italian sites, can be
perfectly integrated in the European panorama and contribute to
show that the first occupation of Western Europe was made by an
human group with a homogeneous technological tradition, the
same one found in the African Mode 1.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the PRIN project ‘‘Contesto
paleoambientale e paleobiogeografico della prima diffusione del
genere Homo in Europa: evidenze dal Pleistocene inferiore italiano’’
financed by the MIUR coordinated by the Università di Roma ‘‘La
Sapienza’’ in collaboration with Università degli Studi di Ferrara and
Università degli Studi di Torino.
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