Yeabba Bahriy Dirsetoch

Transcript

πôw wM`æ
≈`c}Ç
úaUÇè ûQOHûz%
H+H:Ç cä∆Ç “^
—+{Ä´ ÜæH++
¢H+œ˚&J (Qåf{) !"#$% Æ. T.
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Friday, January 23, 2004 13:35
π¿^c&´ Ox| vM” πz÷vm ä´
© 2002 by Getatchew Haile, Avon, Minnesota
All Rights Reserved
ISBN: 0-9706663-1-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2002094114
πOÈKÒèç πjÛãè OJ° õè¬BT O÷m@Pèç πô&|øÂºè ü`{
º±“ ´" ôTÖ ôeÛ´
πÚ| jÛè" ôw wM`æ ô—^Ä´ “U c&÷Ûç v+z °èz*ºçÄ´ c&n÷J
ûOÈKˆÅÄ´ πÅH#|è zhûO´ ®¿ cSè Oc¿√Ä´è ºdºJ""
æFè OÈKı HO”≤|
û{Ç wH´ ô≈î O÷πo æÅIJ""
Inquiries can be sent to:
P.O. Box 113
Avon, MN 56310, USA
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ôº| HOGè HvnBv| ØH| HäKc+ 8 mè 09)(4 Æ. T.
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Tèzã ô≠eπû võèz û=H# H&z ±—v`û?
®Oã πKTπû õO æõ±+ |eØa H—x`û?
vcIT õ”±&ú vûO ô±≥û""
õeO ôØæè|π `õºñ
õè± æOJõ Ö>I& Ö&\|û vH&º""
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Yeabba Bahriy Dirsetoch oromochin kemmimmelekketu leloch senedoch gara or The Works of Abba Bahriy with Other Documents concerning
the Oromo, is primarily a new edition and translation into Amharic and
English of the work Zenahu le-Galla, a Geèz study of Oromo society and
Oromo migration into central Ethiopia in the sixteenth century. The author
of the text, the monk Abba Bahriy, was an eyewitness to this migration and
himself fled his homeland of Gamo when the Galla/Oromo overran and
destroyed it. As such, Abba Bahriy’s text is an important firsthand account
of the social structure of the pastoralist Oromo and the impact of their
migration on the existing agrarian communities of central Ethiopia.
To help clarify the original text, the book contains a chapter of selected
quotations culled from primary Geèz historical sources that expound upon
or are otherwise relevant to the sixteenth century migration. Each quotation
is accompanied by its Amharic translation.
The book also contains a chapter about the author and his other works.
Yeabba Bahriy Dirsetoch ... concludes with a bibliography and an index.
!"
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R´fi
m√Q nJ (û˘aÙc` {¿c {T^|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. .
9
Oo≈T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
O”v&º . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
. .
TØ^ı ' ) ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
. .
34
(1) O≥P[ °è}e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(2) «ô‡\ O≥P[ °è}e» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
. .
(3) OJ°≠ —x`ô+J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
. .
(4) cIO o¡dè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
. .
TØ^ı * ) ±+çB H“I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53. .
O”v&º . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
”Ø±# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
vôR`ì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
TØ^ı + ) “I/úaU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95. .
(1) “I ®æe úaU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
. .
(2) π“I |`—>T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97. .
(3) πúaU ôè≈ä| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
. .
(4) úaU¨Ç ûH+H:Ç æHºH#? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
. .
(5) «“I» e≈x ä´? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
. . .
(6) π“I/πúaU ±+ç HTè zËÔ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
. . .
(7) πúaU {]° ûTè‹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
. . . .
(A) Oè”Y|ç M≥x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
(H) πúaU¨Ç «cxô |ü|ä|» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
(8) πOè”Y| ôoTç úaU¨Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
. . .
(9) úaU¨Çè πReÔ` ˙H&c& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
. . . .
(10) vôè≈ A—` fe| Oè”Y| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
. . .
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πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç
6
TØ^ı , ) |èXô+ Oè”Y|
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
. . .
ôw] 1 - Appendix I - ûôHn {π |Jm% OÈKı πzm√ . . . . . .171
. . .
17. eH ä—¿ “I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
. . .
“H:Ç vc+| oç|ç O“¿J æo` xH´ M”
. . .
πc\v| T°èº| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
182
eH “I |´J≈ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
π®H: õeJTç õ´äzì´ {]°e õè¬F ä´ . . . . . . 186
. .
eH “I z¤R] ºı {]° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
. . .
188
ôè¡ {]° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H+I´ {]° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
. . .
π“I Y^|ç M” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
. . .
193
v“I M” π¿T Y^| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. eH ä—¿ õç`º . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
. . .
ôw] 2 - Appendix II
Ethnography of the Galla (±+çB H“I) By Abba Bahriy
ôw] 3 - Appendix III
Concerning the Galla by Aleqa Tayye
. . . . .195
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
™v& OËMı| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
. . .
O÷m@T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
. . .
YØH:Ç
¿^c&´ç H&º. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. .
ûO≥P[ °è}e (BL Or. 534, f. 13a.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
. .
πô&|øÂº ü`{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
. . .
ôè}åø c+û& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
. . .
°v#` ô} æJR ¿_d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
. .
ô&”ç±&ø —>æ¬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62. .
û±+çB H“I (BL Or. 534, f. 1a.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
. .
ôæû+ DvÌè≈ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
. .
160
û±+çB H“I (Aeth. 4, f. 1b.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ô} ÆÌO —&ø`—&e (ÆÌS/ÆÿS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
. . ..
ôHn {π . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
. . . .
Å`Je v+û&è”DT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194
. . ..
˘aÙc` wæ\ zıI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214
. . ..
ûcIO o¡dè (BL Or. 534, f. 168b.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
. . .
ûO≥P[ °è}e (BL Or. 534, f. 137a.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 250
. . .
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m√Q nJ
û˘aÙc` {¿c {T^|
˘aÙc` —+{Ä´ ÜæH+ñ v±&F wS]ü ô—`ñ vQåf{ «ez,|»
éÿ vT|—í´ π¢H+œ˚&J ûzR ºH´ «πo¡e øKèe
∫å˚`c&z*» ºcwcwÄ´èñ vx±# h&F πQp÷\|è πÿè| ô&|øÂº
πx^ç OËMı| Ræ°aÚJUÇñ õäG ûDº ôTe| ÆO{|
HvH÷ —&±+ vRÿç|ç vROcüû` tÿ^Ä´ v≤ ºHñ HA—^Çè
πDæRê|ñ πuèuñ πYä ÈK#ıñ π{]°ç πwFJ ÿç| ûı ºH
ôxä| ºIÄ´è ≈`c}Ç vOËMı|ç vO◊ÿˆÇ OJ° H&ºm`x
πÅH wHUº ä´"" ôBè ¿”U æFèè «πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Çñ
úaUÇè ûQOHûz% H+H:Ç
cä∆Ç “^» πzwH´è ÿçz%è
vÿènm, ô±“œ} ôo`yJçJ""
ôw wM`æè õeüBè x±#¨ÅÇè πTçńÄ´ñ v±OçÄ´
û¿v#x ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº vx≤| zèmdoc´ OeÔ` eH O\|
πúaU M≥xñ v”Ø≥ uèu vËÒ| OÈKÛÄ´ xÅ äv`"" ôBè
˘aÙc` —+{Ä´ w±“ ´ v±&F ÈK#ı éÿ ”èñ H+H:Ç ô^|
πzûv\ OËMı|T π¿[c#ñ v±Oã π|TF`| Oe° õœ” v◊T
πz^mm%ç πvcH# ¿^c&T õè¿äv\ ûäRe[Õ´ ô◊`} æä”[çJ""
ôw wM`æ v—&±+ºÄ´ ûäv\| π”Ø≥ ¿êºè BH# v◊T
πzH∫ õè¿äv\ ”JÈ Gê æ{ºJ"" õeüBè wH#è O[Õ¨Ç
OW[| H+H:Ä% π±Oã ¿êºè ºp∫Jè ÈK#ˆÇ vx≤|
πQºzû=\| vDæRê| OËMı| |`—>Tç |è{éñ vÁH:|ñ
vO≥PaÇç voé¨Ç Iæ äv`"" õdÄ´ ”è vz¤R]ñ v±&F eH
úaU M≥x w±“À| ÿç|ñ v±Oã v◊T ôddv& πäv\ πM≥x
cÔ^ñ πcITñ πŸ`ä|ñ πRáv^™*ñ π®{¿^™*ç π˙Hz*ü™*
≈`œ| —#√øÇèT õπzOÔ\ç ü—` jR”H+¨Ç O[Õ õºcwcv#
O≥”v´ H&ºp∫Jè ÇH™J""
æF π˘aÙc` —+{Ä´ OÈKı Hôèwxºè ôè≈ ô¬e
ÔH” Omπc# ‘J} æ{ºJ"" eHúaU¨Ç c&Èı πôw wM`æè ÿç|
HxÅ´ äÿH: dæGèñ ûôÏ+ —I´ƒë Ta õeû 20ì´ Tõ|
ÆO| O O]º ≈[e πäv\| ä—Y{| ±+ç O™ØJñ ÁKÚ¨ÇT
πúaU M≥xè vQOHû| π¿[c#|è BH# ûπeı^Ä´ ôcwey
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õº™K¿ ä´ ºm[wÄ´"" ûä±&FT OüûJñ πôÏ+ c#eèøe (16001625) ±+ç O™ØJ ¿^c&ç πè—#W# πo`x wHVJ πäv\| úaU´
H&oñ ô≤∑ z°H YIc+ ÷&êT æ—í%v{J"" ûä±&FT vz¤R]ñ
v19ì´ Tõ| ÆO| O¤[iç v20ì´ O O]º Iæ πäv\| ô}
ÆÌSç ôHn {π v—&±+ôÄ´ ûäv\ º—` jR”H+¨Ç ºcwcw;Ä´T
züz™J"" πô} ÆÌS m¿T xH: eH{zOñ ûô&|øÂº ÷ı}
πäv[´è πôHn {πè OÈKı ûô&π\dH+T ô”î} eH úaU M≥x
õdÄ´ º±“À|èT v≥`≥` ôo`y{J"" H+I´T π{®m%| úaU
π{]° ÁKÚç WÆH&ñ π‘ÕP H&o ôHn z°H ô&πc#e/™oœ^
æ÷mdH#""
eH úaU M≥x ºH#è πm≈U cä∆Ç BH# ôè≈ zOddæ
÷wæ ôIÄ´"" πzËÒ| vŸ`ä|ç v|”J —&±+ eHäv[ñ x±# πm%◊ç
π±HÛ nI| æv±#wÄ™J"" ô} ÆÌSç ôHn {π ”è v±OçÄ´
æFèè OèÔe õœ” v◊T HRiiJç πúaU¨Çè ô÷nIæ wFJç
Rèä| vvH÷ ô°xa| æ¥ HO[√| ûızì ÿ[| º¿`—# õè¿äv`
û≈`c}ÅÄ´ Rπ| õèÇIHè"" æFè z—v& õ`TÕ —+{Ä´ v±&F
OÈKı πvH÷ ô√xa{J RH| æÅIJ"" õè¬º´T õc# z®J∆
πJœä| ±Oãè ºdHÔ´ñ vhè¢^ ®[√ û¿‘Tc&d õeû z%H# Ô^ç
õeû H#S ≈[e wH#| π®I–Ä%%ç π±O≈ ô≥R≈ Oê]º ôüwv&¨Ç
éÿ õπzOIHcñ ûv+| û‘[v+| J–Ç “^ vúaTì õπzä“—[ç
õπzfi®z eHGäñ uèu´èç wFH#è vo`x º´m™Jó
ºûx[´RJ""
v±&F OÈKı éÿ πm[v#Jè cä∆Ç πQºd∫è ô÷nIæ
YØJñ wHÒ| 500 ÆO{| éÿ πúaU M≥xñ vπcÔ[wÄ´
ôüwv&¨Ç BH#ñ ûH+H:Ä% πô&|øÂº M≥yÇ “^ vwFJñ vuèuñ
vDæRê|ç v|´J≈ õπz™K¿ πO◊ OGãè ä´"" æJm%èTñ
πA—`èç πOè”Y|è FJ´ç ÷xpç ô÷ç°a vRpπz% ôèË`ñ
ûz^ —v_ñ ä“ƒñ ®{¿`ç ºüwv& ‘v≥ ôHn Ta õeû wH PH#
YJ◊è πOè”Y| πvIæ ÷wm*ä| ¿[Õ õπ¿[cñ vwH+v+|ä|
ûızì ôez™Ìú ºeO±—v OGãè cä∆Ä% BH# æOc°^H#""
{¿c {T^|
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Oo≈T
vÈK#ı πpπJèè πwFJç π{]° oè vôR`ì H≤_´ |´J≈
HRd®o wHî Tï|ç õo≈ OW[| õäG æFèè BHzì´è
OÈKı ôm`wHB"" ôè¿ì´ OÈKı wM[ Kdx π±Oè s÷^
o`dÇè û{]° Re{®i “^ vQJ `õe v09)(3 Æ. T. {|VJ""
ôTI° Ôn¡ õeû Gä ≈[e ÿ[z% æmÿIJ""
û{]° ÿ\ ÿ\´è õπO[÷# H&Oû#v| v&—wT xÅ´è
^| ôæGèTó πêèT Ûè{ç ”ƒ{ ôæzüT"" õè¬º´T
õπû:^èv| v±&º´ õè≈çvn H&º¿`—èñ v±ƒ üJº≥ä´T
û—:[v+}ÅÇè “^ H&ºno[è æÇIJ"" v±&º´ O÷è Oÿˆ
Oÿˆ´è õπO[÷# v&®oc#v| πQ®mc#| {]° ôvIkÇ çÄ´
õèÃ ®^kÅÄ´ ôæ¿H#T"" π{]° |Jm% ¿”ä| õ±&F Iæ ä´ó
πQ®[c´ Á“´ c&Gè Á“ v&c# ®^j πH´Tó ûô≈^—&´ c´ eT
“^ xÅ c&äX æê^J""
õè¿ ô&|øÂº´ºè ºH ®◊ —w {]° ºH´ ûw≈ M≥x
πA—\è {]° πQR[´ñ {]° ^c#è J≈—T c&J πQeRR ûGä
HRv[{{|ñ πRæeRR ûGä HO”{| ä´"" πôw wM`æè
ÿç|ç π±Oãè {]° ºm[xû#| v±&F OèÔe õè≈è[√´ç
õè≈è÷mTv| vROè ä´""
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ôè√è≈ OËMı| ¿^c&¨ÅÄ´ xÅ dæGã [m*nÄ´T {]°
c&ê^Ä´ ôºHB"" πé´ ”è πQê[´ ôJOcHîT äv`ó ô‡`T
v&Gè ôH´""
π«±+çB H“I»è ”Ø≥ ®¿ôR`ì πz[—:Tû#| πôS]üêÇ
ØHz ôû:z,|è (Thanksgiving Day) ûJ–Ä, “` HR°v` ®¿ å´
ø`° HOE≈ ôæa˘Iè Iæ väv`û#v| —&±+ äv`"" ûvÆH# vâI
ûOHºπ{Çè vÚ| Td-OcJ π[Û≈ tè ôx[è JèvIç
Jècäwv| ûôè≈ T”x v+| zn÷`è"" BH#T ûºHv| zcwey
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t`c# õeû&m`x ÿm*| õè¿zfi®|èñ ôè√Ç ä—` HR´◊|
y`dπè xÔJ” ü÷—v+ ô◊B|"" º◊B| Hü π|`—>Pè [m*oç
ØH| vØH| eHQºeÔJ—# vû&e πQº±# cä∆Çè (ÿ_ —è±xñ πÄ,°
¿xz`ñ °_¬| ü`∆Çñ πO{®m*º ®[m|ñ ô[è’ƒ ü`≈)
vUI õè¿º± û{°c&´ éÿ [eÄ,´ ä´""
π¿e{´ OèÔdÇè zhv[ó {°c&´è HOÔH” TèT
TJ°|ç Re[Õ eHH+Hè πO◊´è ûOmvJ vm` H+I Ø≈J
ôJäv[îT"" π÷Û´è BH# HOzü| v&ÅJT C¿z% mIJ
ôæ¿HT"" æJm%èT å´ ø`° Oeû[T OwÅ Iæ û¿[cw| ô¿“
®¬F «πO{®m*º ®[mz, ÷Ûxî» xH: H˙H&e πQºOH°z%w|
ûzR ôæ¿HÇT"" πËıû#|èT õè¿—ç OËı eHRJ®≈ñ x±# —&±+
ûpπç ûz[dd vâI üJGä π±+çB H“I ÿçz,è õè¿RJmÿJv|
®¬º´ {πî"" ºT Gê J–Ä% ûé ævJÿ eHzvd‹ zÈçí* OGé
m`} H+H:Ä%è ôÈçî Gèû#""
dev´ y`d´è H&®e¿´ πQÇJ ûé mÿH: πzdÔ[´
πO O]º´ c´ OGè ôHv|ó {°c& äÃ´R zdÛ] ûQmOÿv| y{ Tè H&º¿`” æE√J? º c´ πc´ Øn üI’’´
H{°e äÃ´ æc÷™J"" {°c& äÃ´ ºHBv|è y{ eHQºó
πc´ Øn üI’’´ üHBv| y{ ≈[e ôTÿ} æc÷ìJ""
ûRzwÄ´ vm` TèT zeÛ πQc÷î ä—` ôJäv[T""
û”Rj cÆ| vâI tè Oo[x c& T` {°c& äÃ´
y`dΩè æ¥Jî O◊""
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OÈKÒè vOmT` πËÔÇJî wHv+z, TYô ôR[ ç|""
õá{Çè ®æ±a R`{ ôR[ πÚ¿J ”≈Ô| õè√Hv| HR[T
[m*m%è eIävvÇJîñ πY^ ’¿ìΩ ∆°z` ƒy^ h˜`≈ (Deborah
J. Shepherd) v±&F OÈKı éÿ üH#| YØH:Ç ôx≤ïÄ%è Há|O|
eI±“ ÇJî BH#èT ôOc”çHB""
˘aÙc` Axz —&ø`—&e Ä`ä| πôR`ì´è ∆°z` õez*ıè
Eæ≥ (Stephen Hayes) πõè”H&≥ì´è [m*o ôèxv´ πc÷#îè
KdyÇ vTe“ç zmxπ ÿçz,è πzÅH´è ºFJ ôijπwÄ™HB""
ô} ôTÖ ôeÛ´ OÈKÒè HOËı ücxû#v| mè Ta
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EMML 3749, Getatchew Haile, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol.
IX (1987), p. 127. [m*m%è HR”í| πQûÔH´ —è±x ûcä∆Ä% x≤| “`
c&zºæ x±# ä´"" OÈKÒè vTØ^ı 2 Im[xû#| ±+çB H“I «O”v&º»
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page013-032
page 4
Enno Littmann, Philosophi Abessini, CSCO, script, arth., textus series prima t.
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page013-032
page 5
EMML 5083, «ô≥≥ õ”±&õπ Jxc HÁKÚD H≤z* OÈKı ûO ô&æ≠J
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vRæ°aÚJT zäYz´ õ±&F õTW^v| ∫å˚èz* v+z OËMı|
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TåJ°ç õz,—+ ◊æz% ûO£è{Ä´ “^ ‘xîz™{J"" (ôÏ+ ±`ô
ºØpx ¿‘ Iæ ûä—W vâI ºW^| Oüä R`ºT OeIÄ´ æGè?)
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zôT[ R`ºT c&Gèñ πeŸ{´ cä≈ õè¬F æIJ9ñ
≤z* OÈKı ±õz,—+ ◊æz% x`Dè ±ô&|øÂº xõc&z% H√”R™*
TåJ° è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂº ±ôÿ[π({) vè™º ®®Av{
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TM[|...""
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æÄ* OÈKı πô&|øÂº è—#W ä—Y| √”R™* TåJ° Qe|ñ
πô&|øÂº x`Dèñ πõz,—+ ◊æz% ç| -- v—è±w; èx[~
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8.
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æ÷◊ ±è≈ π®¿¿´è ´K ôO÷#H|ó πÖPe ´√c+ R`ºT |`’Só
HTdH+ñ ´√c+ R`ºT o√c+ R`ºTñ (ô¬e ôvw) 09)^1 Æ. T.ñ —.
206-11""
π‘ÕT {]°ñ EMML 4802, p. 202.
EMML 5781, f. 90b.
22
RázPTñ «≥RázT ±õz,—+ ◊æz% x`Dè ±ô&|øÂº» æIJ""
OÈKÒ πzm√´ Ie{ éÿ ôTÓ π^c#è Oè”Y|
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Æ. T.) c&häı èx[z% zv{|ê æGçJ ""
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11
°èz*ºë ûzm¡| ôè¡ ä´"" cä¡ õè¬F æIJ ó
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TåJ° è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂº ±®Av{ Hõ”≥õ|ä R`ºT
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æF OÈKı πô&|øÂº è—#W ä—Y| √”R™* TåJ° Qe|ñ
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O≈Üå| R`ºT πc÷Å|"" (OÈKÒè) v08)*6 ÆOz
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±ô&|øÂº» æIJ""
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πzO±—v´è cä≈ õè¿Rπ´ñ Hv+z °èz*ºë O—J—º ôJwd|ç
πzHº∫ «õn¨Ç» üv[ûz%| OüûJ vO O]º ¿[Õ õz,—+ ◊æz%ñ
û±&º ÕèGæ (ôÏ+ TåJ°)ñ ô} cP è—#Y (ôÏ+ z,¨≈ae h™è
12
c&®—# π”≈T —µ* πäv[´ )ñ Ú{´^] Axz —&ø`—&eñ ®æ±a
ôJ{π (πÚ{´^]´ wHv+|)ñ Ú{´^] wJÅñ ôÔ è—#Y
(äc&v#)ñ ô“Û] vπä (πO O]º´ π˙e{ Qåez`)ñ ¿ÕÇ ®cè
c—≈ (πÕèGæ π√”R™* TåJ° Jœ)ñ Jœ ®J¿ —x`ô+J (è—#Y)ñ
13
ôdIÚ ≈JäX+ æ—í%v{J "" x±#´è õn ºO÷#| OT_ ®J¿πe
çÄ´"" (πv+z °èz*ºë ÿvn πì eHGäñ cä¡ «OT_ ®J¿πe»
πQH´ ôÏ+ TåJ°è ôeÔo¿´ hè¢^ õè∏^` ≠Rãô+Jè
πzûH#|è πôwz,è ôw| OGè ôHv|"")
æFè eHôez√¿—+ πËıû#|è e T`ñ «v^c+ç vx±#¨Ç
vRńÄ´ Iæ c&¿è vÆæé ºπB|è HOOeû` ä´» xΩ äv`""
10.
11.
12.
13.
page013-032
page 10
I. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iy#su I et Bak#ff#, part II, p. 302.
EMML 5782, f. 132ab.
EMML 5783, f. 184ab. õz,—+ ◊æz% H+IT ®è—+J v±&B 1886 Æ. T.
(EMML 5784) ôeÈÔ´ H—√P ôv`°z™J""
O”v&º
23
eHH+H:Ä% ºävxû#|èç πcRB|è BH# xÈı «ÆHT ^c#
wJÅH´T» wæwJTñ ^c#è πÅH OÈKı æ®◊™J"" GêT H+I´
v&m`ñ π¢U∆` ◊c´ ¿e{è πô&|øÂº ôè≈ä| |≥{ç |”J
(09)( Æ.T/1998 Æ. õ.) õç πô} —x[ YIc+ ú√è |≥{
HO{cv&ºñ (ô¬e ôvw) 1990 Æ.T. Ièwv& Ie{é""
«v+z °èz*ºè HOY^| üJ÷Û y{ HTè õ±&º {Ç
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HTè —¿J éÿ õπ®[¡ñ ûz^^ fiı õπ®÷#ñ z^^´è
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ûúaU ûH+H:ÇT ®[^¨Ç ºOH÷#| õè¿±&F wH# y{¨Ç
vOW^{Ä´ñ o`fÄ%T πz[Ò| õ±&º vO¿vnÄ´ õè¿Gä
v|`’R+ ^õπ øKèe zä”bJ""
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eHúaU¨Çç eHôRaÇ O¤üûè x±# õècRHèñ x±#T
õçäwHè"" πz®H≈ä´ πzv÷v÷´ û[“ç {]û# z[| ûGä vâI
eHGä æ§ Hì ô¬e ä—` ä´"" úaTì zç“]¨Ç õè£è vc´ Iæ
m`} vûx| Iæ õè£è πRæ¤°ãñ õè¿RèT ô&|øÂº™*
cIR™*ºèç πRèì´T ô&|øÂº™* õû#º¨Ç OGçÄ´è õèÃ
RFJ ô&|øÂºè c&®\ eI¿[c#| õJm*|ç πwFJ ´≈O|ñ vâI
v√”R™* TåJ°ç vê ‘vç √¤ ±Oè ¿”U ºèè úaU¨Ç
c&®≈m%v| πzè¢{¢z´è πô&|øÂºè RõûI™* Oè”Y|
äı÷ì´ c&÷”è õ√` ô—` õè¿v¿IÄ´ πTç´m´ ä—`
ôJäv[T""
π±&º πÿ—ç´ —&±+ v¿J õè¬F õè¿≤_´ ôè≈ mè
ÿIÅ´èç ÿH#è H&ºe—[j vQºeÇJ Bé{ v÷I| xØ` zz`¢
π˙Hz*ü O`N æ®◊™J xH: Rè ôey|! {]û# õäc# õè√ÛÛP|
≈è—| ¡x c&J H&mJv#|T OJc´ H&®[´\|T (RH|ñ
H&mvH#|T H&û^û\H|T)ñ H&ºv`¡|T πRæÅJ πõd| £e
Gäxè! äı÷ì´ º÷◊´è ¢f O^`ä| ûO^`äz% vIæ õºO[\
c&ä”\èñ (vôw wM`æ uèu J÷mTç) ô&|øÂºè û«ô`™, û`Y»
(±+çB... °ıJ 8) õè¿ôi^| õè£è Re{®e ônzè""
page013-032
page 11
24
OIõ°| πzÔ÷\ —&±+ dÿçô+J «Ô◊]ºÇB õé äî» c&J
o¡eä| õè√OH÷´ç ÿm*}Ç OIõ°|è õè√ddzñ õä±&F
vô&|øÂº™*ä| Ææè c&{∫ o¡eä| πH+IÄ´ π÷I| ÁKÚ¨ÇT
πQºde~Ä´ ÿm*| ô&|øÂº´ºè ô”îz™J"" ô&|øÂº
cIR™*| õè≈|Gèç J–Ñ ÷+çç xJÈ”ç õè¬º—í% ºI| zeÛç
Tï| πQÔÁO´ o¡e —x`ô+Jñ «èm%T vvY`Æ|ä ®èÈçØ
vôQè» («vπY`Æ{Çè õèm%Tñ võTä|T õèÈç») xH:
dÿçô+Jèñ exJºêeèñ ¬ºxH:eè õè√häÔ´ñ zeÛ™èç
Tï~è «ôSè» xHè πTèmvJ J–Ññ «võìä{Çè õèÈçó
xè◊IT xèÛm`T õè√º}ÅÇè õè võ`dÇè õç≈`—´
õèÃñ H+H:Ç ôçe—w» xHè πô&|øÂºè √”R™* Oè¢{¢|
πQOí%|è ÷I}ÅÇèè eçdı` ä´""
õç| ô&|øÂº πzVIÇ ôJäv[ÇTó ôº}ÅÇè
ô&|øÂºè º®[c#è œTbè ä´"" HTdH+ñ Oè”Y~ π°èz*ºêÇ
Oè”Y| äv[ó °èz*ºè ºJäv\ ô&|øÂº´ºè vOè”Y{Ä´
14
Ú| õû#J ôæ{∫T äv[ñ v&{∫T õû#Jäz% ôæcRÄ´T äv[ ""
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{¬º xçóv| Rx^]º vOe÷| πQezüûJ õèÃ πQºno`
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c&ä”\è O÷+¨Ç πQH#| úaU¨Çè xÅ dæGè πô&|øÂºè
ä—∆Ç BH# ä´"" c+R™* πQwH#|è uèu¨Ç πQç—\|è vwx
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ôæ¿HT""
14. eH±&F OGè ôHv| ∆°z` OKO≈ Kcèñ “Christianity, even the
Ethiopian variety, just had to be an indicator of a higher level of civilization
than a traditional African religion...” («°è|çñ πô&|øÂº´ Ææäz%T õè£
v&Gèñ (OÈKı eIH´) OÈKı ûH+H´ |´Ú{™* ôı]ü™* DæRê|
æJo πûızì ¿[Õ πYJ◊é TJ°| Gê äv[») HRH| πvn´""
Mohammed Hassan, The Oromo of Ethiopia A History 1570--1860 p. 5.
OKO≈ Kcè v{]üÇèç v{]° ôËËÛÇè zç∆ æGçJ õèÃñ
«πô&|øÂº´ Ææäz%» °è|ç πRæço ûRèT DæRê| πRºèe
ÿè{™*ç |Jo DæRê| õè¿Gä õè¿Qºó ôJ÷^÷`T""
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BHzìñ ô} ≠ÌST ôHn {πT «wH{]¢Ç õä±&F π“I
M≥x ûõeº ÔJc´ ®¿ R√“eü` õè¿ zi—\ñ û±&ºT ÔJc´
ywd ô÷—x ûwM` ®¿x õè¿zmO÷# æä”\çJ» æIH# õèÃ
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c&ÈÒ û±&F v{Ç õè¿÷meû#| BIÇèèT ®è≈RRÉÇ ô≈`—´
15
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π®[U ±aÇ çÄ´"" æeKo ô+d´èç ºØpxè ®H¿"" ºØpx
Hõ”±&ôxK+` zm¿có ô+d´ ”è H±&F ÆHT zw[ûó πx±#
M≥x ôw| Gä"" vô+∆T T≈` vXô&` z^^ zmTŸ ûûäÆè
±` ûK+| πJœ J–Ç ô√ πT|wJ ô”x} ô+JÛ(≥)è ®H¿ó
ô+JÛ≥ z,Rèèñ ú`Rèñ ôRH+oèñ m,ä≥èñ “Æ|èñ z,TçØèñ
c#_è 7 ®H¿"" ûú`R ±` ®[U z®H¿"" ®[U πzwHT õè¬F
ä´ó vU_| ôR^ õè¿zwH BH# vú`R ®[U zwH"" ô√ ”è
πK+| Jœ ûô+d´ ®J√ πx±# M≥x õç| GäÇ"" eH±&F “H:Ç
v®[U uèu õç| c&H# ô√ æIH#"" J–Ä%™ õœ” v≥z™Jçó
¿”U J–Ä%™ vô&|øÂº ûwM` õeû wM` OJz™Jç""
ä—` ”è (äv&∫) OKO≈ vzäX —&±+ ûx| HR`w|
πRæOÇ Gä -- ±[Û´ ô&πv≤ õeITç “I BH”±+ ô&πz™—#""
πô+d´ ±` π®[U J–Ç ”è ±Iè Bä´ æê\ äv`ç O O]º
ûô&π\dH+T c&O÷# vFè≈ wM` zi”[´ ≥èœ wM`
(≤è±&w`?) ûQwJ eı^ zmT÷´ õIT ô&º[v# æê\ äv[""
õeû c&√U õeû ®IU ô&πO÷# æcJv# æ—≈H# äv`""
æ§ πôHn z°H+ {]° õè¿H+H:Ä% ôHpÇ {]° —ç T`T`
ºJ¿—Ô´ vÈÔ| πcÔ[ ºı {]° v&GèT OJõ°z% vÆæä| [—≈
ûH+H:Ä% “^ zOddæ ä´"" väc# Ææè BH#T O÷+ ä´ó BH#T
πôx`DT ±` ä´""
úaU¨Ç û´‡ O÷# πQH# H+H:Ç xÅ ôæ¿H#Tó
úaU¨ÇT æIH#"" HTdH+ °v#` xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è ûúaU
jR”H+¨Ç πcP|è «“I û®¿¿v#x Oÿ} y[ç —w πQH´èT
nJ vôÔ {]° π{®m´ç v“Jì πQä—[´ πT`n| nJ
c&¿”Ô´ æ{ºJ» æH#ç «´z%w RèÕa {ô&ó ô&ÕÕ KÚ»
(«πRèÕaè ®“”^ Bèó vMæ®| m%T») πQH´è πjR”H+¨Ä%è
15. EMML 5403, ff. 61b-62a.
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26
16
T`n| æ÷odH# "" úaU¨Ç π°H&RèÕa |≥{ üIÄ´ m√R™*
TåJ° πzmv[| õ±&º ä´ ûQH´ ºı {]° “^ æE√J""
±OãèT v&Gè πô&|øÂº ä—∆Ç (úaU¨Çè ¤Ta)
ô&|øÂº π—v#v|è ±Oè úaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº ûO÷#v|
±Oè “^ üIT{{ä´ m√Q´è û¿Ü]´ (ô
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úS“)
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ÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| ≈[e ûô&|øÂº RõûI™* ôez√¿`
´› πGã| πcÔ\v| ¿v#v# vôè√Ç vRç´m´ {]° T°èº|ç
±Oè ûô&|øÂº ôez√¿` c&s[ÿ ôx[´ v&s[÷# ä´"" ®æT
π Òè zO^R]¨Ç c#RH+¨Ç ûôè≈ h&F ÆO| vÚ| ûRFJ
ô&|øÂº zäYz´ ®¿√` πE¡ ô&|øÂº´ºè HOGçÄ´
17
TJ°| õè√—í% ñ úaU¨ÇT vôè≈ ±Oè ®¿¿v#x
πQº`nÄ´ õ°J ô”î~Ä´ ûô&|øÂº ®ÿz´ E¿´ æGçJ""
TçJw| ûBH#T æJo ûı ºH ™“ H&c÷´ πQ—w´ ôæû+
18
DvÌè≈ ûúaU ‘d¨Ç ÷æp º—í´ æOeHìJ"" õè¬F æIJ ó
“H:Ç BH# eHä—√Ä´ ôO◊ÿ π“^ πGä z[|-OcJ õTä|
ôIÄ´ó w]“R ûQwJ ô—` õè¿O÷# ºTçH#"" æFèè
(w]“Rè) «ûwM` R∆» ®æT «û÷™| ´““è R∆» xH:
Oz`—:T æÅIJ"" (”è) eH±&F y{ û±&F vm` H+I ºp∫| ä—`
πIÄ´T""
æFèè z[| OcJ Kdx Jz®´çñ πôº}ÅÄ´ õ´äzì
π|´J≈ A—` wH& éÿ m≥n≤´ ¿“ æOeHìJ""
DvÌè≈ π«w]“R»è {]° z[| OcJ ô≈`‘ «Jz®´» ûRH|
æJo ôÿxp v&û{zH´ πúaU¨Ç «õ´äzì π|´J≈ A—` π|
õè¿äv[ HR®o πO O]º´è Ô` º®◊H| äv["" «wH& éÿ
m≥n≤´ ¿“» ûwM[ —U mÿH: º[Òv| ô—` ä´"" «w]“R»
ºI√èÇ ÿ`ÿ` «wM` —U» OGè ôHv|"" ¡a «wM` —U» æwJ
πäv[´ A—` ≤_ πz% õè¿Gä õè¿H+H:Ç x±# πÿè| y{¨Ç
v|°°J wæ{®oTñ û”^îç ûúaU¨Ç ®[^ vÚ| Hô&|øÂº
16. xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`peñ ±+çB Hôw wM`æñ EMML 3749, —. 6""
17. Deutsche Forschung Gemeinde, Vol. 3 (1981), p. 21. û1307 õeû 1336 Æ.T.
πä—W´ ôÏ+ ÆT¿ Èøè “I A—` E∆ õè¿äv[ {]û# æç—^J"" O O]ºñ
«è—#Yc ÖHÔ ®vÈK Oè—H “I ôO @®8 HQº±&º» (è—#W# ”è ôJˆ
vQº±&º @8 û“I A—` ¿[c)ó vâI û±&º «û“I A—`» c&Ho ¿”Uñ
«zèYô è—#Y TeH W^™*z% õTA—[ “I ôO cv#ô# Hcé» (è—#W# vcé
cw| ûW^™*z% “^ û“I A—` zäX) ºH´ è—#W# vô&|øÂº éÿ
º¿[—´è õèoenc+ c&—JÈ õèÃ ûô&|øÂº ´› E∆ äv` RHz%
ôæ¿HT"" M. Jules Perruchon, “Histoire des Guerres d'ÔAmda íyon roi
d'ƒthiopien,” pp. 294 and 305.
18. Eike Haberland, Galla Süd-Äthiopiens, pp. 4 and 772.
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ä—Y{| πQ—x` πô&|øÂº ”≤| äv["" HôÏ+ æYKo vz±Ôä´
πÿè| ôR`ì éÿ !^ñ ≤}ñ ®IUñ wM` —Uñ c#ı —U
Hô&|øÂº è—#Y Ô[e —w]¨Ç Gä´ z±`≥[™J19"" π«{Iu
ô&|øÂº» {]° OËı z O[ õèÃ ôJzÔÁOT""
v±&ºT Gä v±&F T°èº| zs`÷´ ûGäñ v±&º zs`÷´
wdHÒv| ±Oè õè¿ ê ÆT¡ç õè¿ õ¤—+ ØèwpT ºH# x±# v+z
cyÇç ”HcyÇ û´› (º´T ûwM` R∆ ≈[e) õπO÷# ô—]z%è
20
vwFJñ vè”≈ñ v˙Hz*ü c&ºvHÈ—# ñ úaU¨Ç ûo`v# ¿v#x
ôæO÷#T äv` RH| æÅIJè? ô} ≠ÌST ôHn {πT úaU¨Ç
®¿RFJ ô&|øÂº OT◊| π O\| v≤" ±Oä Oè”Y|
21
õè¿Gä æç—^H# "" vôÏ+ æû#ê ôTI° ±Oè (1263-1277 Æ. T.)
πê\ πU[z% OTF` ôv#ä ±+ç R`pe ≠`Ô´ πOèÔe J–ÅÄ´
πOèÔo z≥ü^Ä´è c&º®÷# «“H:Ç» õè√eÄ—bÄ´ vË≈m%
22
—≈J zÈÛ<J "" õä±&F {]¢Ç UI´ πúaU ä—≈ ûxz%è æ¥ ’±#è
ôèY} RFJ ô&|øÂº π—w´ ºè —&±+ ä´ HRH| wºeÇH#èT
πúaU¨Ç BJ —&±+ RFJ ô&|øÂºç vOè”Yz% ôez√¿` éÿ
O—í| πpπ OGãè õè≈è÷[ÿ` º¿`—#çJ"" xÅ πOè”Yz%è
wFJ zû|H´ õè¿ õ¤—+ ØèwpTç õè¿ úaU´ ôHn z°H+
π°èz*ºè eT eHQæ±# Rè πRè ±` õè¿Gä dæ{®o BH#T
«ôR^» æwIJ""
19. Ignazio Guidi, “Le canzoni geez-amariña in onore di Re Abissini,” p. 56.
20. πê v&|®¿≈ ÆT¡/ÆT¿ Qüô+J o≈T ôº}Ç v≤" ±Oä Oè”Y|
ûπOè πO÷# æB¬¨Ç äv\"" ÆT¿ Qüô+J û±`ô ºØpx õeû çú≈
±Oè ûRèT ævJÿ πzûv[ç ô&|øÂºè ºeûv[ wHYJ◊è äv[""
J–Ä%T Hêä|ç HKe’ä| voz™J"" |´J¡è º®oä´ õè√“◊Q
ûz™| |èj Re{®i ä´ó Taddesse Tamrat, “The Abbots of DŠbrŠ-Hayq,”
pp. 112-3; Getatchew Haile, “The Kalélah Wa-Dimnah and the Mazmura
Krestos,” p. 376-8; Perruchon, “Histoire d'Eskender,” pp. 338-9; Sergew
Hable-Selassie, “The Ge’ez Letters of Queen Eleni and Libne Dinlil to John,
King of Portugal,” p. 547-8. õ¤—+ ØèwpT û”^î ®[^ vÚ| Hè”≈
ô&|øÂº πQOIHc# πOç™* Æ[x/õeIT äv\"" ¿x[ H&wêe πdÄ´è
ºFJ πT{ûx^Ä´ õ¤—+¨Ç v◊T ÿm*}Ç çÄ´"" E. J. von Donzel,
‘®nb$qom Anqêa Amin (La Porte de la Foi), Leiden 1969, pp. 17-28; L. Ricci,
“Le Vite di ®nb$qom e di Yoîannes, Abbati di Dabra Lib#nos di Scioa,”
Rassegna di Studi Etiopici, Vol. XIII, pp. 91-120, and Vol. XIV, pp. 69-107.
21. ôHn {πñ πô&|øÂº M≥x {]°ñ ô¬c ôvw 09)^4 Æ. T.ñ —. 62ó
õ±&FT —È 171-172 Iæ zOJû|""
22. EMML 3987, f. 71b., Getatchew Haile, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscrips,
Vol. IX, p. 270.
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28
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e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| õeû≤_ πzÔÁO´ ≈`—&| õè¿mIJ
πQ{æ ôæ¿HTó ôH—&±+™ π÷HmÇ´ πô&|øÂº ÎKæ y” xI
π®◊Çv| ±Oè ä´""
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H&º¢\è õèÃ H&º™`¡èç H&ûÛıH#è ôev´ ôJäv[T"" æJoe
OeI;Ä´T Gä ®æT Hzè¢Jñ õìè πûÛÔH#è «Kvi
Kvi»
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vÿè| |`—>P «Kvi» UI πTYô ôı]üè M≥x
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(ô”Æ≥ºèèñ ôRaÇèñ |”_¨Çèñ ®±z) xÅ º¿`—#ç
πô&|øÂºè YJ◊éñ ÈK#Û™* o`dÇèè ¤T[´ ÷oJH´ Häc#
HxÅÄ´ æc⁄Ä™J"" æ§T võè”H&≥ì πzËÒ|è OËMı| BH#
(πä ™H& kæèü Jx ®H∆Çç ”ÿUÇ dæm\) Hõè”H&¥Ç
õè¿Oe÷| ä´""
vzHæ v|TF`|T Gä vH+I T°èº| ûQc&øç´ºèç
πú`}∆°e °è|ç üJGä DæRê| “^ è°û&| ºIÄ´
ô&|øÂº´ºè πú`}∆°e DæRê|ç π°è|ç´ Oè”Y|
õè¿v¿I;Ä´ eHQ[¡ æ§èè πTØ^w´ºèè ôûÛÔJ πA—`èç
πM≥xè ôè≈ä| vQ—:√ Oè—≈ æ÷mPv{J"" c&ÈÒT Gä H+I
Y^ c&W\ñ ô¿—ì ÿIÅ ºdºH#"" vTB`ä| eT πQÈÒ| BH#
TB^™* ≈`c| OGã m`} HvmJ πQ◊^ ™æ{ æGçJó
π[“´è πQv÷xÿ õèÃ πzv÷v÷´è πQº[“ nJ ®æT vmJ
ºJm¿O´ Oı|K+ ôºO÷#T"" v”^î Ÿ`ä|ç úaU¨Ç RFJ
ô&|øÂº c&—v# eH¿[c´ ÿÛ| c&ÈÒ πQ÷mPwÄ´ nI|ç
Æ[ız ä—aÇ ¿e{Ä´è πRæ¿xm% çÄ´""
æ§èè TØ^w´ºè «ôv&c&åº´ºè» õç «ôv&c&åº´ºè
ºJGã» õºH# ºHTèT OW[| πQûÛıH#èè vº≥û#| `õc ä—`
Iÿxv´çñ v{]° v¿J πzcRÄ´ ôè√è≈ úaU¨ÇT
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õè¿õeIUÄ% zmxH´|ñ «ôv&c&åº´ºè» õç «úaU¨Ç» õºH#
æÈÛH#"" πzddz% æOeHìJó T°èºz%Tñ πô&|øÂºè M≥x
õè¬F vBH| O¿x HOO¿x {Rî OHû&º πHèT""
v&ê[è êa õçz% û“Jì H+I uèu πR|ç—` ôÏ+ ô&øôe
(1747-1761)ñ π®H“´ —x[ õ”±&ôxK+`ñ πwH+´ „+ÿaeñ
π‘è¿\ ≠x¿Iñ πh™ ú`}∆°c# —OÄ%ñ π—#^—+ ü}H&û# ÒIeñ
π®H:´ õeIT vπäñ ÁKÙ IMT z%H# (vôÏ+ ô&ºc# ±Oè «æH#
ôæH#ñ π{J z%H#» æwJH| πäv[´)ñ û“I ä—≈ç ûK≈º ®—è
πäv[´ xIz,è —+{ weJøe (v±&º´ ±Oè vÿvv#ñ vØ´mz%ñ
vı`≈ ôez™æäz% eT ºz[Ô´)ñ «πKvi è—#Y» õºH# æÔ`P
πäv\| |èh# ê ÆH& ûBHz% O¿yÇ wè¿ì´ xÅ
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π±Oä Odıè|è πô&|øÂº {]° πQºäx v±&ºè ±Oè
ô&|øÂºè æ—±# πäv\| ππÀ Odıè| vRèì´T πeUÇ ´dé
ô&|øÂº´ºèTñ úaU¨ÇTñ ôv&c&åº´ºèT OGçÄ´è
æ—ä±wJó T°èºz%T {]û# õè¿QH´ v±&ºè —&±+ πè—#W# J|Gè
πQ—w| è—#X™*| YJ◊è «v“H:Ç õœ äv[Ç» («AH®| YJ◊ä
23
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πô&|øÂº´ºèè Ox| πA—]z%è √` ≈Tv` vRe÷vo [—≈
ûπ|ïÄ%T πA—]z% —µ*¨Ç ºäc Y^ ôJW\T"" ”xÓÇ |Jm% ê
ÆH& πQzwvbÄ´ OeI;Ä´ ô&|øÂºè H&¿ı\ ôev´ äv[""
24
O£èè}ÅÄ´ A—]~è õeûU| õèO°|I{Hè eIH# √äÇ ""
vô&|øÂºç v{Iu x]{åº OüûJ HO O]º —&±+ π®√œä|ç
25
πè”≈ ´J πzÔÁO´ vê ÆH& ±Oè ä´ ""
û±Oã πô&|øÂº´ºè Ç”aÇ ôè¡ πô&π\dH+T
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õè¿H+H:Ä% YJ◊ç| BH# vz^Ä´ {”H™J"" û±&F v{Ç ºH´
Hè”Y| ˚&°}]º v1852 Æ. õ. vôR`ì πËÒI| ¿x√v+ ä´
26
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23.
24.
25.
26.
page013-032
page 17
Conti Rossini, “La cronaca reale abissina,” p. 803.
õ±&º´ —. 858""
Sven Rubenson et al, Correspondence and Treaties 1800-1854, pp.178-187.
õ±&º´ —. 194"" dPô+J ‘w| ô&|øÂº éÿ π˘az,e{è| Qh&ä]
väv[v| —&±+ ûô&|øÂº wHYJ◊êÇ “^ æz™®o äv["" vâIT
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c´π´ Hê ÆH& πõè”H&≤; è”Y| wHVJ v&OeIÄ´ ôºe—`TT""
30
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|xËM Öv è”Yz õè”H&≥ õèƒ| äjó v‘ äj πcRæ
πT≈\è ºFJ"" õé wèÇ ®√œä| ÷èÅHB"" ôèÇT vé
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zmTŸ õé zämJB"" ôBèT èz,è õè√JämJ ô≈`—&Jî""
πKviè õ◊ O_z,è zämJB"" è| OämJ ÿã ä—` ä´ó èz
T≈` èz cRæ ä´ç"" vôèÇ Oè”Y| ±Oƒ ôæämJ""
dPô+J —#w ô¿^¶è ÷vn BçÄ´ èz,è ôJämJó ±O∆Ä,è
ô¿^""
πT|®œ´è ä—` Iû&xî õc≈JiHB""
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27
®J≈º —x`ô+Jñ °v& nH: Qüô+J æ—í%wÄ™J ""
ô&|øÂº´ºèè «ôv&c&åº´ºè» õç «ôv&c&åº´ºè
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«ÆH&»ñ «cÆ&≈» «≠x¿I» õπzwH# °èz*ºè πGã| úaU¨Ç vA—`
uèu «zOe—è» (= «OKO≈»)ñ «vIæäF» (= «ÆH&» )ñ «—x[
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(ô¬eä{Ä´ ”Ø≥ HRº´m% π{]° zR]¨ÇT ä´"") ûcä∆Ä%
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27. ôHn {πñ πô&|øÂº M≥x {]°ñ JE692E —. 610""
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πz¿[c#| πúaU¨Ä%è ®[^ æn®T πäv[´è Oè”Y|ç
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ºT Gê ÁKÚ¨Ä% πôÏ+´è —#x≥çç ¿”ä|ñ π÷IÉÅÄ´è
vcæ◊è zO]ä| æä”\çJ õèÃ πGäè ≈`—&| ≠´m´ H´÷´
HOO≥—wÄ´ πQºe÷[ÿ[î ä—` ôI“÷OîT"" è—#W# c&ºhèı
”èäz%èñ c&häı BJ —&±+ ôhçÚ õ”±&ôxK+` xÅ OGãè
æä”\çJ"" ÷I| c&häı °è}e ®—êÄ%è eH[√ñ ÷I| c&ºhèı
π°èz*ºêÇ Ü÷&ô| eHv≤ OGã õTä{Ä´ äv`"" û±&F ôJÔ´
{]° c&º≤v# ôI—íâÄ´T"" πA—` éÿ Tè·Çè πQºÿIH#
±Oç™* {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç üH# wæO±—x πQ®¡| eHzO±—v ä´""
õ`”ÿñ Gè xH´T Gä ®æT ôeÔI—&äz% dæ{ºÄ´ m`} x±#
{]ü™* ≈`—&}Çè dæO±”v#Jè õè¿m\ O—O| æÅIJ""
û{]û ä—Yz% HRe[Õä| ºeÔJ“Jç ævnJ ºJû#|è
ºFJ v”Ø±# õπ÷meû# dm`x ÿofÄ%è ôè≈T dIem` ®¿ ôR`ì
õπz[—:Tû# ä´"" õä±&F ÿofÇ πRe[Õ Tè‡ õç Rx^]º
ûOGçÄ´T vIæ π±Oãè ôezdcx ºd∫çJ"" v±&º Iæ
πA—^Çèè π{]° c¨Çç Œú”^Ú™è õè≈èR` ºdev#çJ xΩ
õ—T{HB"" (”Ø≥ πRº´m% ô&|øÂº´ºè {]° ÁKÚ¨ÇT v&Gã
vôR`ì c&ÈÒ πy{ñ πc´ñ πW^™*| πzÁ´∞ eUÇè ûÔ[èœ
OËMı| õπm¡ ®¿ ôR`ì c&OJgÄ´ πQºvIh#|è
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vÿofÄ% Iæ H+IT zeÛ ÿπwÄ™HBó πä—Y{z% {]°
πzËÔ´ vmIJ ”Ø≥ eHGä ”Ø≥ HOR` π÷vm Tï| ºH´
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H&ºezT`wÄ´ æÇIJ""
π±Oã ä—Y{| ûzHO¿´ ^dÄ´è πRez√¿` H+I ™ç
ÖIÚä| πúaU¨Çè ®[^ O”{| eHäv[ñ πÿofÄ%è õç}Ç
(Tè·Ä%è) πQºäx ºè¡ ”‡| {]° ôJp πH+I´ ”‡| {]°
πQzü´ x±# —ÍÇ dæ—Hv÷# OGãè ººJ"" õè”¬F ûä±&º éÿ
ôHı ôHı õºJû# H±&F ≈`c| πO[ÿâÄ´ ÿofÇ vÆæä| [—≈
c&{∫ Tè·Ä%è v|°°J πQ®°H# c&Gã vO÷è vû#J ”è π|Jo
{]° x`Dè O÷äì xJ‡{ OGçÄ´è õè√è[d ôÿxm,
ôdewHBó {]û# õ±&F vRm`wÄ´ TdH+¨Ç πz®cä ôæ¿HT""
eH ÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| «π“H:Ç ®[^» e|Èı
vÆY^ ±÷äì´ Tõ| ÆO| «äı÷ì´ vúaU¨Ç Iæ eI¿[c´
v¿J» ôJËı°T πQJ ®md õè¿RæäXxî ôTçHB"" õc# πôw
wM`æ «±+çB H“I» πRº´m´ {]° eHGä õ±&F ≈`c| éÿ
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32
π¢f´è O^`ä| ûc÷´ j[| “^ ôO≤≥ê πQÈÔ´ û÷Û
OËÒ ôº√”|T""
æFè ÈK#ı d±“œ πO◊Jî Kdx BH# ”^ç mî õπ‘zzî
ûzäXBv| ±+çB H“Iè πOz`—:T ÆIR `m, EÕHB"" HRä´
πTÈÔ´? HTB^ã πT`T` ≈`c| HRo[x ûGä T`T\
æm[™J πTIÄ´è x±#¨Ä%è πá√” Rx^]º¨Çè RVI|
äv[xîó HM≥x ûGä ¿”U æ§T æv≤J"" ´÷+z% õäG æF BH|
—+}Çè õû#J πRº—H”Jç πQÔJ—#|è ºFJ πRºe¿e|ñ
{]üÇèè HOR` πQÔJ—´è ”è HTè·Ä% «OezÛo`» πQGè
OÈKı ä´""
TØ^ˆÄ% vOèÔe ôè≈ vôüJ x±# eHGã RèìÄ´èT
ôem≈U ®æT ôpæ} Rèvx æÅIJó ûO O]º´ Ta
õè¬ävx xÔJ”Tñ º±“ B| õè¬º õè¬Gè ô≈`—+ ôæ¿HT""
õè¬º´T eH ôw wM`æ πËıû#|èç ^c#è π±+çB H“Iè TØ^ı
ôBè üH#v| ºd[ı£Ä´ vOmT` (v¢T˜*∫z`) õπfièû# x±#
üèû^z|£Ä´ vâI ä´""
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TØ^ı !
ôw wM`æç ≈`c}ÅÄ´
®HõO U|û# üJôè æÈMÒ ±+çπ ®±+ç H#w
±æOÈõ"" ®wMz% xÎ#Ø ±Uz õeO ôØ[Ô""
!
ûU|û#T {]û+èç πQO◊´è H#w {]° H+H:Ç
æÈÒ{J"" ”è πUz xÎ#Ø ä´ó ô`Û<Jç""
ôw wM`æ
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page 1
úaU¨Çè º÷ç ôè}åø c+û&""
(û Da Zeila alle Frontiere del Caffa, Viaggi di Antonio Cecchi, 1886)
page033-052
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"
eH ±+çB H“I πËÒ BH# eH ¿^c&´ eH ôw wM`æ πQä”\è
¿^c&´ v±&Ç w‡b ≈`c{Ä´ éÿ eH^dÄ´ ûä—\è
ôºJıT"" πQä”\èñ «ôw wM`æ πQwH# v“U éÿ πôè≈ v+z
°èz*ºè ô—J“æ Oäû=c+ äv\ó eHdÄ´ û±&F vm` H+I TèT
1
πQ{®o ä—` πHT» õºH# ä´ ""
ôBè õè√πB|ñ «πQ{®o ä—` πH+H´» Tè·Ä%è vQ—w
dèO[T^Ä´ vOo[{Çè ä´ õèÃ xèO[T^Ä´ñ eH ôw
wM`æ πYä ÈK#ı ôez™Ìú H+H:Ä% πm≈U ¿^c&¨ÅÇè eHËÒ|
ûQ{®m´ πRºèe õç—îwÄ™Hè""
ôw wM`æ π”Ø≥ Yä ÈK#ı zO^R]¨Ç eRÄ´è
2
π±HH#| {Io H&o äv\"" õè¿ H+H:Ä% π±Oã ÁKÚ¨Ç û±+çB
H“I xè T`ñ õîF c´ “U éÿ wè≈ (TçJw|T x`x`
R`ºT vT|wJ) v+z °èz*ºè vüFèä|º—H”H# õè¿äv\
õçńHèó (π±+çB H“Iè °ıJ 2 O¿T¿Qº zOJû|"")
eRÄ´ ôw wM`æ OGã π{®m´T æ§´ ≈`c| «æv+ wM`æ»
(«wM`æ æIJ») xH: eH¿O¿O ä´ (π≈`cz%è O¤[i
zOJû|)"" OÈKı mÃ¨Ç eT eHQH´÷# ®æT eHQW`±#
±+çB H“Iè πm¡Jè c¨Ç πôw wM`æè eT wHOW[≤Ä´ |Jo
ô—J”H:| cÿz™J""
πôw wM`æ ≈`c}Ç x±#¨Ç çÄ´ó ôè¿ìñ v±+çB H“I
3
éÿç vH+IT y{ πQº¿èm%|è πôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”Jè {]°
BH#èT πËÒ| õdÄ´ wæGãT πdÄ´ ôez™È∞ dæê`v|
ôæm`T"" BHzìñ vw∆ —ÍÄ% Iæ ±+çB H“I zÈˆv| vz—í´
πH:è∆ã πx^ç OÈKı éÿ ºH#| ≈`c}Ç (TçJw| üè¡
1.
2.
3.
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page 3
Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, p. xxxvi. °v#`
xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±èT vy{´ ûTzÄ´ OÈKÛÄ´ éÿ eH ôw wM`æ
πËÒ| H+H:Ç ûËÒ| πzHπ ä—` v&ê`v| π—P ‘Û x`x` R`ºT üFè
äv\ RH{Ä´ xÅ ä´" EMML, 3749, f. 3a, Getatchew Haile, A Catalogue
of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. IX (1987), p. 127.
HTdH+ Guidi, Storia della Letteratura Etiopica; Cerulli, La Letteratura
Etiopica, Milan 1968.
Conti Rossini, Historia Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), pp. 3-220.
36
vm`) BH#T πdÄ´ çÄ´"" OÈKÒ ôBè ºH´ π1860 Æ. T.
πŒé^J ç˜*π` Ÿ` W^™*| T`¢ì Gê õè”H&≥ ô—` H:è∆è
vQ—í´ πõè”H&≥ v+z OËMı| (British Library) éÿ ä´ó
4
õ±&º BL Or. 534 πQJ πO{®m*º tÿ` zcÿ}| æ—ìJ ""
vé÷# ºH#| πôw wM`æ çÄ´ πTIÄ´ ≈`c}Ç û±&F v{Ç
ºH#| çÄ´ó
(1)
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O≥P[ °è}eó
«ô‡\ O≥P[ °è}e»ó
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cIO o¡dè""
±+çB H“Ió
(1) O≥P[ °è}e
O≥P[ °è}e vRçÄ´T [—≈ O÷ã O≥P[ √™*|è ºFIJó
õè¿O≥P[ √™*| 151 O≥PaÇ ôH#|"" û±&ºT ôJˆñ
O≥PaÄ% õè¿ ”ÿT v+| æO{H#"" π√™*| O≥PaÇ vzËÒv|
vÿèz% vØx^æeÿ õèÃ v|`—>RÄ´ ”ÿUÇ ôæ¿H#T""
O≥P\ õè¬F c&J æ T^Jó (voèı πc÷B| πÚ¿H:Ä%è x≤|
ä´)
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xÎ#Ø xõc& ±ô&N[ Öv ıêz üM≈ó (18)
®±pO võTäz ôx ®®J≈ó (15)
®vDæRêz OèÔe o¡e YIc+ ™M≈ó (20)
4.
page033-052
page 4
Wright, Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscripts, p. 84. v+z OËMız% ôBè
British Library æwJ õèÃ vÚ| British Museum äv` πQwH´"" πO≥P[
°è}e oÃ wBã cÆ| H+H:Ç fe| õè√H# æ{®nJó (1) v`H&èñ Ms.
orient. quart. 996, Hammerschmidt und Six, Äthiopische Handschriften1, pp.
220-2ó (2) ™jè”zè ûzRñ v¢è”_e v+z OËMı| (—ç vü{H:”
ôJ{zOT)ó (3) EMML 3473, Getatchew Haile and William F. Macomber,
A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts,Vol. VIII, pp. 286-9. O≥P` 18
EMML 2335, ff. 162b-163a éÿ æ—ìJó õ±&º´ Vol. VI, p. 384.
π™jè”zãè oÃ ôIπB|Tó OÈKÒè vô} ÿ\äF Ûè{ eT "Fanta 1"
πQJ O{®m*º πc÷´ ô} v#\° ôx¬ õè¿ä—[îñ vÿ\ Bé{ πzº±
ä´"" πm\| ”è mÃ õº®mT dºóT ôè√è≈ y{ ôvIj~Ä™J""
37
®xÎ#Ø üØv võdz ıo^ è¡≈ó (17)
±vJdã æ—å ®x`û# æc”≈"" (16)
...
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vôxç v®J≈ õTä| (Áè}) πpOT ó
vOèÔe o¡e YIc+ ôè≈ DæRê|Tó
vıob õd| πä¿¿T xÎ#Ø ä´ó
vTIc# πQºOc”è —>Jvz%T πQc”≈""
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ôez´J)""
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vÎ#Ø xõc& ±ô&N[ vT°[ [c&Æèó (18)
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v°Ò¨Ç T°` ºJE¿ xÎ#Ø ä´ó
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°è}e «±õ—H+» πQJ wHv+z%è πQç—` nJ πHv|T"" ”è πôw
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ôè¿ìñ «HTè õè¬F ô¿[— πQHî üH «áYY éz OËMı|»
(≈`—&z, πQ—w HOGã «OËMı|è O`T`» {—í™HF) πQH´
v±+çB H“I Oo≈T πQ—í´ πæo`{ ÔI—& (apologetic)
ôä“—^Ä´ õ±&F Oo≈T éÿT z¿“”U æ—ìJ"" (HTdH+ñ
o÷J 10Aè xèOHû| «áYW# éz OËMı|» πQJ
õç—îv{Hè)""
BHzìñ õè¿ ±+çB H“I eRÄ´ vé÷# æ—ìJó ûO≥P` 34
æ§èè õèOJû| (o÷J 39A)ó
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®õH πÖYW# H&z cIO õèvH õûæ""
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nH+è OeR|è ÄJ ô|vJ""
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fezìñ ôw wM`æ “U vôè≈ v+z °èz*ºè c&º—H”H#
ºûRÄ%|è èx[| √™, πQwH# úaU¨Ç õè¿±[ÒwÄ´ v±+çB
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eIJ◊JûîT""
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÷I| π®c¿xîè BH# OJeJî""
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¿“”O´ ûRèX{Ä´ vIæ «õ”±&ú û=äéû Ay Hè—#Y» πQH´è
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page033-052
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õ”±&ú û=äéû TeH ÿvx
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ûQ—í%v| õπÔH”B û”`—+ á√” õπ÷pTû# ä´""
40
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Æ¬ çezxtØ èMä û=Jäñ
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ûO ºezõá¥ Ø\ºäñ
°Jô+ ôx|[ñ ÖxH ®Yä (±ü`ºe)""
®ûO M`nêe æû:èè (OÈKÔ ÔIeÛ)ñ
vOÈKı ®cæı áv#[ õeû HÆHTñ Hæû#è""
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ôv+z% ı`≈Fè ûÿvx “^
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v±Oã R` ûzâÇ õè¬è÷w÷x ô≈`”ó
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πxÿxÿç π‡èo U—≈ æ`“ó
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ûTYô õeû TØ^x æ”≤""
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M≥v# Ÿ`è π”x`ç R‡≈ º≈`—# (ô&dæºe) ""
cæÛÄ´èT ®¿ Td` æH´÷#""
BH#T æ{±±#|ñ æ—x\H|T""
πz`c+eç π¿c+}Ä% è—#ZÇ õœ Oèi ºe—v#ó
πdwç π≠[x è—#ZÇT —Á v[û| ºT÷#ó
ÿvv#è HR√OÿT BH#T æcxcv#ó
ôè¡ ûH+I´ õπzjm√¿P""
ºHTèT °Ò (ä—`) v¿áç æ™Jñ vÿ\T æ¿`ó
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BJ—&±+ vcIT æ÷vo""
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πBIÇèT äıe (vc# Iæ) zè÷JÿIHÇñ õè¿ o`èfiˆÇ
v≤ı Iæ""
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BJ—&±+ eH±&F (—#√æ) õèÁJæñ
Oè”Yz% õˆæ õè≈|J""
e|{®°T Gäñ
Áÿ{ c&cıèw|T πxÅ´ ôæGèT ""
vBHz%T (—&±+) ôèHæTó
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vÁH:{Çè —&±+ õè¬F õèvJñ
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BHz%è v|aÇñ —O≈èç ´v|è (±ü`ºe) ""
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vOÈKıç vcæı vôè≈ä| H±HÆHTñ æBè""
ô&dæºe 2" 4""
Tè‡ñ ô&dæºe 9" 6ó OÈKÔ o√c+ v”Ø≥ç vôR`ìñ ô¬e ôvw 09)%1
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Iæ ä´») πQH´è c&ºOH°| ä´"" ê Qüô+J πcSè ô&|øÂº
(ûUÔ` ´K õeû O[x) è—#Y c&Gã πRázRÄ´ «OÔ°`» ô≈`—´|
äv`ó m√R™* ÜæH YIc+ è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂºñ Mæ®z,ç πô&|øÂº
õ`TÕñ 1ì OÈKıñ ô¬e ôvw 09)^5 Æ.Tñ —. 35""
±ü`ºe 11" 7"" «—O≈ç ´v|» «o◊|ç |°°Hì ı`≈» çÄ´""
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O≥P` 20èT õèOJû| (ûo÷J 26H õeû 27A)ó
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W`Î ≈è”J Oc&M ®J¿ Oc&M
Oc&Mñ
±æÆ+oT nH: vı|Mñ
®æ|ÜWæ v[≈ô+|û x±#áó
õeO vËM¢ vv[û| È¡o""
®ôèv`û v`õc# ô°H&H O™*õ ±ºèÎvòñ
±°v#` õT—+^ ®òñ
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OüM ´õz% —&±+ Îxõ""
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fvå æO´õ ô&æ±+Ü` vÜæH#ó
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ôv+z% vÜæJF vıÁ#T æ¿c|ñ
Oc&M W`Î ≈è”J πOc&M Jœñ
ä—\è vı`≈ πQÔÈTñ
vx±#´ õ`√{FT πQ¿c|ó
võ´äzì v[û| ¿`cFH{Jç""
v^c#T Iæ πQºèÎwò π≈J ô°H&J ôemT÷DJñ
û®ò ô°H&J πûv[ñ
π¿v#xç πTYô (M≥yÇ) õeû&Ô\|ñ
v\m% TØ^x ºH#|T""
vŸ`ä| —&±+ ”ç ä´""
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πzhäÔv| —&±+ πHTó JR¡ Rhäı ä´ç""
Jv# ûmî (õÀ) Iæ πGä ÿvvì Jœ ä´ó
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c&ºhèıT vÜæH# ôæ{ `Tó
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°è}e Gæñ ±Oãè ÷xn|ó «æo`{ πcÔäw|» vI|
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(Gc+Ø) ""
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W^™*z%è «πé M≥x çÄ´» vIÄ´""
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πO≥P` 151 ôTdº O≥P^Ä´ éÿ eH^dÄ´ c&ç—\
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õèûcû+ õvJñ
exK| Hõ”±&ôxK+` ±õTéB °CJ""
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≈`dä O≥P`è (õäG) ¿[eû#ñ
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OÈKÙè πT{äx Gæñ
eH Oÿˆäz% J|äoÔî ô|Äû#J""
æo`{ ô≈`”Jî õèÃñ
vs÷^´ ≈üSè ôe{ćFó
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vx±# ≈üTç |”J ôezüûJû#|ñ
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±Oè
÷Iz%è πô¿Jè è—#Y OKO≈è π—¿H —&±+""
õè”¬Fe (õè¬F) JvJñ
«ÇH:{ ûc# HGä Hõ”±&ôxK+` Te“ç æ”w´""»
ôw wM`æ ≈`c{Ä´è vÔH—#| OJ° HRmäwv` c&ÿ\
π¿[cwÄ´è v±&F vO≥P` 151 πä—\èè Ç”` vûÚJT v&Gè
HRe®—≈ Tè õè√¿[—# vOo≈RÄ´ õè¬F c&H# ä”[´çJ
(o÷J 7A)ó
±ôezKOTû#c IØH ≥èz% ≈`dè õè± ôezÆ] nIz*B TeH
nH# HO≥P[ √™*|"" ®õè± ô&æ™,e° ôK¿C àáºz IØH
àáºz*B ®ô&πKÌÌ Tèzå õTéGP ôI ôez™K≈°¨P
vÖ>Jt ıÁ#T"" ®HõO z[Ô ôK¡ ô´ °Jô+z% àáº| õTä
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ûäc# ôè√ÇT dI—:≈J vıÁ#T tÿ` ôOdeºÄ™HBó ”è
üè≈ OYO` Iæ ôè≈ ®æT BH| àÖ+¨Ç c&z`Ò
ûBHzì´ (ûQmÿH´) OYO` Iæ ¤T_ºÄ™HB""
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π¿^c&´ Ç”` OèYô+´ñ ≈`c{Ä´è O≥P[ °è}eè
πO≥P[ √™*| OO±ì (OHû&º) õè¬Gè O®cçÄ´ ä´""
KdwÄ´ ôè≈ c´ ôè≈ πzm√ √™*| c&º—î ®æT c&ºem√
—>≈H| πH+Hv| OGãè HR®o v&ÔJ” vdÄ´ O≥P[ °è}e
õºu÷[ õè¬ºezºπ´ ä´"" v±&FT T°èº| v≈`c| Oè—√Ä´
c&’±# O≥P[ °è}e õè¿ O≥P[ √™*| 151 O≥P`
õè¬ê[´ñ πõºè√è¡ O≥P` OYO`ç vπOYO\ Iæ ºH#|
Ú¿I| (àáº|) vx≤| πôÅ´è πO≥P[ √™*| O≥P`è
õè¬ºFH# õº¿[—# OÔ≈ äv[wÄ´"" æF ôJvn xH:ñ wIÄ´
|Jo πwM[ Kdx Ø´m| vUI ≈`c{Ä´ éÿ ºH#|è àÖ+º|
ôè≈ —&±+ HÆY^ fez% ®aÇç HÆY^ BHz% û™°x|ñ ôè≈ —&±+
Hcwz% πdTè}Ä% ØH{|ç Hcwz% û™°x|ñ ôè≈ —&±+ HÆOz%
cÆ{| õºH# õû#J ôüıH™Ä™J"" v±&F —&±+ Tè ä—` õè¿zÔ÷[
æè—bÇBó
®z`Ò 2ó ®û&ºGP [cæû# H&z"" ®ÁKı°¨P o≈O —Èπ
ûO ô&æèØ¨P"" ®eO õH# GFº| U|"" ®õ”±&ôxK+`
±`Ö#o õTéGP º`áo H&z û&ºGP õeû ôWTa""
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(àÖ+ºz%è dûÛıJ) BH| z[Òó õäc#è H^c+ ô¿[”âÄ´""
õè√J[dÄ´T ûÚ| HÚz, Ëı£Ä´"" πä±&º (πBHz%) àáº|
eT «U|» ä´"" ûäc# \o πGä õ”±&ôxK+` õeû ôe¿ez´
≈[e ûé º`nÄ´""
H≈`c| πQGã|è ÿJo πÁKÚä| KdyÅÄ´è ûR´÷è÷è
ôJÔ´ HÚ¿H:Ä% vtÿ` OO◊÷èç H°ıº´ õû#J O√[e
c&¤äm% ÷nQ —&±+ºÄ´è õèƒ| õè√÷Ò O—O| æÅIJ""
πÚ¿H:Ä%è x≤|e ôè≈ wè≈ sÿ[´ æ≈[c#v|ó ”è ºèè tÿ`
vÆOz% cÆ}Ç HRüÔJ πÅH#| Tè ±ƒ z÷oO´ äv[? æFT
Gê π≈`cz% cz| xH: OE≈ Jx æR`üJ""
û±&F ûO≥P` 151 πTç—ìÄ´ ™ç ™ç π{]° O[Õ¨Ç
12
”è BH| çÄ´ -- (1) ôw wM`æ π¿x[ R`ºT üFè (Oäû=c+)
12. Ä\H& πO≥P[ °è}e õç π±+çB H“I ¿^c& ôè≈ c´ OGãè
wHO—è±x ¿x[ R`ºTè v|”^æç v◊ç ¿c+}Ç ÔJ‘ ô◊|ó Cerulli,
“The ‘Kalila wa-Dimnah’,” n. 4, p. 77-8. DO`jQ|T ºèã æ¥ vOE≈ eH
◊ç ¿x[ R`ºT c&Èı «TçJw| ôè≈ π±&Çì™ ¿x[ R`ºT Oäû=c+
æGçJ O≥P[ °è}eè vôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J π”≤| ±Oè (1563-97 Æ. õ.)
π¿[c» æIJó Hammerschmidt, Äthiopische Handschriften vom T6n6see1, p.
60.
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46
õè¿äv\ç (2) O≥P[ °è}eè π¿[c#v| ±Oè vôÏ+ W`Î
≈è”J —&±+ õè¿Gä""
è—#Y OKO≈ πUz´ 1569 Æ. T. ä´ (PH# eP
OKO≈ ô&xè çc&` ô&xè ô#eRè ô&xè v≈Iæ OGãè Ä\H&
13
ä”açJ "" ≈`cz%è ôÒ´ ôezü°H´ πm¡v|è ±Oè ¿”U
vOo≈P éÿ v±&º —&±+ vQW^wÄ´ π±Oè Ot÷]º ±ƒ¨Ç
BH# ômäwx[´ ÈÔ´{J (o÷J 12H)ó
zÔÁO ÈMÔz ≥èz% OÈKı ôO0®9 ÆOz Oè”Yz%
HOım_ õ”±&ôxK+` è—#Yä ....ñ v&)®&®4 õTÆOz ÆHTñ
®v0)®8)®( ®3 õT ÆOz õe°è≈` Om,∆ç™*ñ ®õTÆOz
cRØ{| v0)®2(®8 ÆO|ñ ®v()®( õTÆOz ô“`"" ®ôSD
$6 ÆO| õTJ¿z% HvÆH OÈKıó æOKa õ”±&ôxK+`ñ
®æWAH:ó ôSè""
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π±&F OÈKı ÈMÔ| võ”±&ôxK+` ®√œ vè—#XÇè v ...19äì
ÆOz Oè”Yz%ñ v7074 ÆOz ÆHTñ v1893 ÆOz õe°è≈`
Om,∆ç™*ñ v1298 ÆOz cRØ|ñ v990 ÆOz ô“` (K&œ^)
zÔÁO"" v±&ºè —&±+ πOÈKÒ wHv+| Ø≈S´ 46 ÆO| äv[""
14
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ôw wM`æ πz®H¡| v”^î ±Oè v1528 Æ. T. OGã ä´15""
ôw wM`æ HY^Ä´ væo`{ ÔI—&ä| ÷wºÄ´ñ
«O≥P[ √™*|è πËıû#| v^c+ nJ dæGè ûOËMı| õºO◊B
ä´» æH#ç π÷mc#IÄ´è ±÷ç ôè≈ ™v& OËMı| õOo≈RÄ´
éÿ æ±[≥\JçJ"" õºè√è¡èT OÈKı eè| —&±+ õè¿÷mc#|
õ±&º´ õOo≈RÄ´ éÿ ûä—\è vâI õ≈`c{Ä´ éÿ
v÷mc#| tÿ` ”^ á√” Iæ æ÷m%P{J"" H+H:Ç ÁKÚ¨ÇT
TèfiÄ´è ûá√” Iæ c&÷m%P eIπB Y`Æz% vA—^Çè πzHO¿
OGè ôHv|"" πQºe—Ò´ π”Ø≥è Yä ÈK#ı õè√H R®nÄ´
xÅ dæGè πz%è Kdx ûπ|ì´ Tè‡ õè√—í%| Re{®dÄ´
ä´"" û±[±\Jè OËMı| éÿ ^õπ ô+Jºe õç ûH&I ®≈Tç
13. Cerulli, “Documenti arabi per la Storia dell'Etiopia,” p. 60, nn. 8 and 9.
14. 6 õç 7 eHQºdez% π¿^c&´è õ≈S û47 æJo 46 xΩ ºävxû#|
ôËËÒè vOÈKÒ éÿ üH#| ûx±# $6 õç $7 “^ üezºπB| vâI ä´""
15. õä±&F πzHº∫ π±Oè s÷^ eJ}Ç õèƒ| õè¿Qz[—:P HR®o wM[
Kdxè zOJû|""
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v”Ø≥ Oê^Ä´ õeüBè ôæ{®oT"" õ`”ÿ πûH&I ®≈Tç ÔH”
16
z—î~J""
(2) «ô‡\ O≥P[ °è}e»
π±&F ≈`c| ”ÿUÇ õºè√è√Ä´ wHôTe| OYO` xÅ Gä´
x≤{Ä´ ≈`cz% zû|H:| õè¿QE¿´ õè¿O≥P[ √™*|
O≥PaÇ 151 ä´"" ¿^c&´ æFèèT O≥P[ °è}e æH#{Jó
(o÷J 149H)
v≥èz% zÔÁO °ıJ ÜTeñ
±TdH+B —c&eñ
õè± õcTø HeP O≥P[ °è}e""
ı√ ôezKOTû# võèz*ôû z`—>U O≥P` o¡eñ
Avå ôev ±Y“ ®äıe""
!
ôTezì´ °ıJ v±&F ôHmñ
17
TdH+´ O√ce πGä ñ
ePè O≥P[ °è}e õºJû#|""
eIèz o¡e O≥P\è vOz`—:T eH¿ûTû#ñ
πY“ç πäıe ™“ e÷î""
H≈`cz% πQeRR´ HìT πQOÄ´ eT «´√c+ °è}e» äv`""
wæGè BHz% ≈`c}Ç veT õè√æ“‹ «[ÃP» õç «ô‡\»
vQH# oÈH:Ç õπHπè BHz%è O≥P[ °è}fÇ v±&º´
«®IÕÄ´» vc◊Ä´ eT Oÿ^| æê`xçJ""
æF ≈`c| ¿^c&´ dæ{®o z¿“”U zm≈~Jó
18
ûO≥P[ √™*| “^T {|VJ "" õ≈`cz% éÿ ôw wM`æè
16. Ä\H& ûIæ vtÿ` 12 e` πz÷mc´è “The ‘Kalila wa-Dimnah’”
πQH´è T`T^™* ÈK#ı º±“ ´ πO≥P[ °è}e ¿^c& ûH&I
®≈Tçè v”Ø≥ ôIävv´Tó õè¬º´T OÈKÒ ®¿ ”Ø≥ Oz`—:P
º÷^ÿ^J HRH| ä´"" ûH&I ®≈Tçè õ´ä|T õeüBè π”Ø≥
|`—>Pè ôI—íä´Tó ”è ôw wM`æ ôJ™h#Tó zz`—>U õè¿äv[ ôBè
Re[Õ z—î~Jó Getatchew Haile, “The Kalélah wa-Dimnah,” pp. 373-386.
17. TèfiÄ´è πo¡e ô|çz,ëè |`’S √™*| ô≈`—´ñ vôTez% M™d|
tÿ` («`õæ»ñ «Rπ|»ó «cQØ»ñ «OeR|»ó «ôÁ+è¨»ñ «Rjz|»ó
«◊ØT»ñ vm%Pó «—c&e»ñ «O√ce») ûôTe| ûıH´{J""
18. HTdH+ EMML 3996, Getatchew Haile, A Catalogue of Ethiopian
Manuscripts, Vol. IX, p. 281; Cod. aeth. 46, Six, Äthiopische Handschriften 2,
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48
πQOHû| ôÿ“v& Re[Õ HR”í| wHOÅH+ πdÄ´ HOGã
õ`”÷ì ôæ¿HBT"" v±&º Iæñ «≈`cz% õ`”ÿ πôw wM`æ
ûGäñ πQº¿èm%|è πôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”Jè eT vé÷# HTè ôè≈
y{ õè£è ôIäW#|T?» πQJT ÿºm, H&äX æÇIJó ûzäX OJc#
TçJw| O≥P` 151 («võèz `õc#») éÿ æ—î æGçJ (o÷J
149H)ó
ôO ôez™¿≈û# ±èz O≥P[û ±æX+He vvDTdñ
èô#e ôä ®J¿ ÆO{| OèÔm DTd""
õè± |û≈äå °è}e U—c „ôH&Ÿe vÆH DTdñ
äıeπ ôØv& ûO ôx≈∫ H&m K^ ôüÆx DTd""
vO™ØH z≈I Avå üØv} HDTd""
!
æ¶èè vDTd πQWHe (3 —&±+ 50) O≥P`Fè º—◊÷Tû#
—&±+ñ
πôTd ÆO| ”Rj |èj Jœ äv`û#""
°è}e (Gæ)ñ vvÆH DTd „ôH&Ÿe U—e ôJxc§îñ
äıc+è ûı ûı ô≈`“|ñ õè¿ôüÆx πŸ` ôHn ôx≈∫
19
ôTdè õ÷ı""
vz≈I ±Oè πDTdè õÿı (õ≈S) c÷î""
ûIæ õè¿—O|ä´ñ ôw wM`æ πz®H¡| v1528 Æ. T. ûGäç
æ§èè ô‡\ O≥P[ °è}eè c&¿`c# õ≈SºÄ´ «πDTd
”Rj» (25 ÆO|) ûGä π¿[c#v| ±Oã (1553 Æ. T.) —ç πôÏ+
W`Î ≈è”J ±Oè ôJäv[T""
æ§è ≈`c| πôw wM`æ H&º¿`—´ πQÇH´ H+I´
Re[Õ ûo÷J 7A õeû 12H ≈[e ºH´ Oo≈RÄ´ πQOHûz´
BHz%èT O≥PaÇ OeH:î äv`"" ”è BHz% πz¿[c#v| ±Oè
eHRæm^[x HRe[Õä| H&÷me ôæÇJT""
pp. 79-80; O≥P[ √™*| TeH O≥P[ °è}e"" Qez,` ô_è ôHn {π
¿[c#| πQH´ O≥P[ °è}e æ§èè v&OeJT H+I ≈`c| ä´""
19. ¿^c&´ πUû\| «ôûÆx»è «ô°Æv» (õÿı ô¿[—») ûQJ ”Y ô´ÿz´
váx` HOç—` ä´"" TèfiÄ´T ä—Y| m√R™* 18" 3-4ñ «ô°ÆxT
πv+z%è ô≤∑ ôx≈∫è ÷^ó ôx≈∫ õ”±&ôxK+`è õœ” æÔ^ äv`""
ô+J≤v+JT πõ”±&ôxK+`è äv&º| we—¿HÇ —&±+ õ`c# O}´è äv&º|
®e∆ ôTd ôTd´è v™i éÿ hj‘ õè ^ç ´K æO”wÄ´ äv[»
πQH´ ä´"" ”è ”W# v±&F OJû# v”Ø≥ v&ê`T ®æT õdÄ´ v&Ôÿ\|
«ô°≠v» («ô÷Ô») ®æT «ô°Øx» («õ÷ı») OGè äv[v|ó πmœ eMz|
H&ßè æÇIJ""
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49
(3) OJ°≠ —x`ô+J
π±&F ≈`c| ¿^c& ôw wM`æ OGçÄ´è HRe[√| x±# `p
OE≈ ôºeÔJ”Tó ≈`cz% o÷J 150A Iæ πQ T[´ñ ≈`dä
OJ°≠# H—x`ô+J ±wM`æ («πwM`æ OJ°Æ —x`ô+J ≈`c|»)
vQJ ä´"" πcIT{ ”ÿUÄ% v±&F æ T^H#ó
cIT H≥°[ eTû vOÈKÔ √èô+J ±z÷πmó
õeO ®`Ü xe^| m`v ®±Oä ®è—+J ôJÁmñ
—x`ô+J ±¢èû HO—xz K¬e H&mñ
çB ®÷èû# õ”±&ú ûO õ®≈eû Mmó
U—c „ôH&Ÿe Á”®å ±æÙÈT ËMm""
!
20
vOÈKÔ √èô+J H{®m´ eTF O{cv&º cITó
«πxY^| ®` m`w;Jñ π®è—+JT ±Oè ¿`gJ»(xHF)ñ
21
HK¬e (û&√è) wHYJ◊êÇ H&o πGè° —x`ô+J äF ""
—+{ Gæ%ñ vÿm*z% IOc”èF õäG O`û#ó
Tï|è ûO¤[i πQº¿è π„ôH&Ÿeè U—e e÷î""
¿^c&´ x±# IvW[Ç HOJôû# OIe cIT{ ûc÷# ûâI JOçÄ´
º´ ºÇã ÿoVèç Te÷&bè zR] πQº´m´è ä´ó
Á”®å `õc Ax{| õèz æõz* ôõTaó
TeH ô”Æ±& õ”±&õ ±{Æ+] —xa""
!
Ø´m|è e÷î πAx}Ç ê πGäÇ´èó
ûäÏ —+{ “^ õû#J πT{¿`” w]º´è""
OèÔd™* ≈`c}Ç vπy{´ õπz¿“—P c&m¡ æFèè ≈`c| xÅ
ûH+I y{ zm≈} ôIπB|T""
(4) cIO o¡dè
v±&F OÈKı (vOr. 534) éÿ ôx[´ ûzm¡| ≈`c}Ç
πO¤[i´ «cIO o¡dè M≥xñ ®õRÖ+ û=H:P cRØ| Hweºä
OemJ ±Æ`x» («πo¡fÇ M≥x cIT{ç πÆ`x OemJ HwkÇ
20. Tè‡ √èô+J 8" 16ó 8" 21""
21. «|ÎèiHjñ ®è≈ JœT |®JÕHjó ePèT ô&πc#e |æ™Hj» (H#ne 1"
31) xH: Ho≈e| R`ºT RxW\èç v±&FT K¬e û&√è O O\è
HROJû| ä´""
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50
cRØ{| BH# õœ ôäXY») vQJ `õe πQ T[´ ä´"" ≈`cz%
πô`û
ô`û YH#e ≈`c|è eJ| æûzIJ""
eH ô`û YH#e ≈`c| πRºó üHñ ô`û YH#e πQwJ
¿^c& eè°d\è æ¥ ûOeû[T ôè≈ õeû ‰—>Sè e≈e| —≈IÄ´
v®\ éÿ vØHz Ø[ı{Ä´ HzO±—v´ o¡dèç cRØ{| BH#
eRÄ´è õπ÷^ «cIT» xH: πQ T` π”ÿT cIT{
¿`fIÄ™J"" õä±&F ”ÿUÇ zcxev´ HxÅÄ´ õè√è≈
OÈKıç veè°d\T éÿ Hπ—≈H# ±—w O¿T¿Qº (±`ı)
õπGã vπy{Ä´ õπzc—c—# zÈÔ´ æ—ìH#"" æF wH ôTe|
OYO` πcIT{ exex `õc# «O≥P[ ıW#Kè ®ÁH:z |û#≤è
»(π¿ezïÇ O≥P`ç πK±èzïÇ ÁH:|) Gê dH π”ÿP eJ|ç
22
”ÿUÄ%T v¿^c&ºÄ´ ô‡` eT «ô`û+» õπzwH# æ÷^H# ""
ôw wM`æT J° ô`û YH#e õè√¿[—´ñ eè°d\è æ±´
vé÷# ûOeû[T ôè≈ õeû ‰—>Sè e≈e| —≈IÄ´
HzO±—v´ o¡dèç cRØ{| Hÿm*}Ä% HxÅÄ´ñ HH+H:Ä% ¿”U
π“^ wHôTe| OYO` cIT{ —ÿOÍÄ™J"" ≈`cz% πdÄ´
HOGãç ô`û YH#eè HOûzIÄ´ π≈`c{Ä´ ôıô™* OJ°
xÅ dæGè é◊™* Re[ÕT ôHv|"" ππüz*z%è ®` ≈`c{Ä´è
õè¬F c&H# æ¿O≈P{J (o÷J168H)ó
H±x±#Ü ôO—x¨ æ|ÜWY¨ ôT◊ä ¢äó
õTä x±#á xØH# ûO ôo[v ô`°äñ
ô`°ä
ôTÜ èƒ| èez*z ±ôo[xû Häñ
Ë≈nä πüz*| vH#å z®ûıäñ zÔXMñ wM`æäó
wM`æä
õeO ôèz ¢èû v´K#≈ TõOä""
!
x±# üWH÷ã| v±&º´ J° æÔH”v{Jó
«®√ÕÇè ûx±#´ Axz% õè√m[vñ
ºm[x°Jèè π¿•ä| |èj —Á v[û|ñ»
ππüz*| Ë≈nèñ «zmxHçJñ ¿e ævJFñ wM`ºÇè Gæ» vH#îó
23
«vÿm*z% π{Oè° GäDJç""»
22. TØ^w´ºè Encomium caelestium et terrestium æH#{Jó ¿^c&´ õ`”ÿ
ô`û YH#e OGã ä´ó õé ”è õπz÷^÷`û# ≈`cz%è ûBH| y{
zÇÄ´ äv`ó Getatchew Haile, The Different Collections of NägÅ Hymns, pp.
16 and 72 õç EMML 2706, Getatchew Haile and William F. Macomber, A
Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. VII, pp. 100-7.
23. Tè‡ Rz,ë 25" 23" «OJüT ôèz v‘ {Rî ô—J“æ vÿm*z%
{TäDJ""»
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51
«®√ÕÇè
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wM`ºÇè»
ô`°ä»
®√ÕÇè õç «wM`ºÇè
wM`ºÇè xΩ πz[—:T£Ä´ «ô`°ä
ô`°ä õç
«wM`æä
wM`æä»
wM`æä v”Ø±# áx` çÄ´"" ”Ø±# HôR`ì´ ôæÔo≈H|T
õèÃñ «πì ô`û (YH#e)» õç «πì (ôw) wM`æ» xΩ xz[—>RÄ´
Te÷&\ πQºOH°z´ BHz%è ¿^c&¨Ç OGã vævJÿ ”JÈ
æGè äv[""
æF ÿoe ºezR[è H+I´ ÷nQ |TF`| ô`û YH#e
ûôw wM`æ vÚ| õè¿ê[ õçñ vÇH:{ æBè ®æT vAx|
ôæ{®o õèÃñ ûõdÄ´ æJo õc# õè¿QvJÿ ä´"" GêT ô`û
YH#eè û^dÄ´ ôxJ÷´ Oç—^Ä´ πôw wM`æ π|M|ç
ôä“—` H&GèT æÇIJ""
ôw wM`æ æ§èè ≈`c| ¿`c´ c&¤`c# OÄ
õè¿¿[c#| v±&º´ π”ÿT eJ| õè¬F c&H# ä”[´çJ (o÷J
184A)ó
õT—≈H o¡dè x±#Üè ôez“xô# ÁKız eè°d` |ü|ñ
v{eØ )®^ ÆOz v#\üè cRØ|""
®õT≈á[ ÆY` )®WId Tõ|ñ
õTôoRK ≥û# eè°d` mcTû# vv èez*|ó
õeO H±Oèπ ô&YFJ| mäº Aû+|""
!
ÿè| πeè°d` ÁKÚ¨Ç (eè°d\è) ûx±# o¡dè —≈Jñ
v960 πzw[û# cRØ{| ÆO| cvcv#|""
û1300 ÆO| (ÆOz cRØ{|) vâI ¿”Uñ
û±&F πeè°d` T`| vÿm*| vÿm*z% mcTû#ó
T°èºz%T æo`{ º◊Ç ±Oéè xÿxÿ —≥~{Jç""
eè°d\ v960 Æ. c. O¿[c# J° dæGè ôæm`Tó oÃ¨Ä% ”è x±#
24
wæ^ôT πzHºπ mè æc◊H# ôw wM`æ ºèã ôºæ±´ πä—\è
õ`dÄ´ æFèè ≈`c{Ä´è π¿[c#v| ±Oè (1300 Æ. c.) 1576
Æ. T. OGãè ä´""
ôw wM`æ v±+çB H“I ≈`c{Ä´ éÿ ôè¡è dº´m%|
ôè¡è ≠´m´| BH| |èv&| zç”[´ äv["" ≠´m´ πzç—\|
|èv&| vMæ®| õºH# õè¿zÔÁO ä”[´çJ (°ıJ 2è
zOJû|)"" BHzì´ |èv&| dº´m% πzç—\|ç vMæ®{Ä´
õºH# πRæÔÁO´ «HõO U|û# üJôè æÈMÒ ±+çπ» (ûU|û#
H+H:Ç {]û+è æÈÒ{J) ºH#| ä´"" H±&º |èv&| OÔÁQº
24. Wallis Budge, The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church, pp. xv-xvi.
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52
πO O]º´ eHGèû#ç õä±&Fè OYOaÇ eHËıû#IÄ´ ^c+è
õè¿ Ø≈Hì õπs÷`û#ñ ôw wM`æ º[Ô ®√ÕÄ´è c&ºäW#
«IØH+B cIT» õè¿QH#| «cIT æ[ıwÄ´» õºJû#ç
v#^û+ºÄ´è õπHOèû# H—&±+´ õcçv{Ä™HB""
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TØ^ı !
±+çB H“I
Jdã Hxõc& O≈H:z Jv#ç ´õz%ó
HõO TH#õ ®MÎ#Ì ±æ|≠®o yz%""
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OIe ä´ Jyç πQO±èv|ó
PH# õè¿B —:¿H: πQ{®ov|""
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πô&|øÂº {]° vôY^ e≈ezì´ °ıH ±Oè vQwH´ OÈKÛÄ´
éÿ eHúaU¨Ç vcÚ´ πËÒ °v#` ô} æJR ¿_d""
(© copyright 2002 by Shimbera Kure Archives)
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O”v&º
±+çB H“I («π“I ±+ç») πQwH´è ôw wM`æ πËÒ|è πúaU
ô‡` ±+ç H+H:Ç üèƒT BHz, ôÿèz´ ôd|O´{J"" ôBè õé
vâI OÿÄ, õè¿—ç HRÿç|ç HRdzT ºcxû#v| ™ç´ T°èº|
üBè vÚ| πz¿[—#| ÿç}Ç HôR`ì ôèwv&¨Ç vuèuÄ´
zz`—>O´ vá|O| vcÚ´ õè√Jzc^‹ñ ≈`cz% π{]°
Tè‡ ûGäT ÿ_ |`—>T xÅ´è õè¿Rævn vRπz, ä´""
±+çB H“Iè HO O]º —&±+ ûô`w ÆO| vÚ| üävxû#|
Ta õè¿ ô&|øÂº™* π”Ø≥ Yä ÈK#ı °ıJ õèÃ πôè≈ ‘d
{]° ô≈`—+ eIIπB| æ§èè ≈`c| Oäi vR≈[” ®æT vH+I
T°èº| vúaU {]° Iæ πzHπ ®æT H+H:Ç w¿[—#| Iæ
z¤R] ÿç| ôI¿[”BT"" ‘d¨Çèç ä—∆Çè äÿH: Rÿç| πé
dæGè ûÛT HRT áx[zcw™* O™oaÇèç wFH:Çè πQO[T\
πôè|a˙H:Ãe}Ç Oe° ä´"" Hé πô&|øÂº {]° ºè≈ A—`ñ
ºè≈ M≥xñ ºè≈ Oè”Y| ôè≈ {]° õèÃ ππ‘d´ ®æT
«ππ°JH#» {]° ÿòT Gê ôæ{πîT""
πôw wM`æ ≈`c|T v&Gè õ¢ û{]°äz% Iæ ôz¢`è
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xÅ ä´ó H+I´ñ ¿^c&´T eHúaU¨Ç HOËı Tè õè√cìÄ´
—ç ≈`c{Ä´è c& T\ñ «πä—¡è
πä—¡è tÿ`ñ c´è HO”¿J
π|“z%è ä—`ñ π÷w∫è õèedä| HR®o ä´
ä´» xH´ OGãè
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πúaU {]°R õè¿ ô&|øÂº M≥xç Oè”Y| {]°
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TdH+ HO¤Hı ºFJñ ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J vûL¬´ wM` ä“j
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56
æYKoç ey wO◊Ä´ z%`¢Ç Iæ ±T} æYKoè HOo◊|ñ
z%`¢Çè ≤_ ô+`|^ õzwHÇ´ °ıH A—` éÿ πº±#|è T≈`
HReHmo v1571 Æ. T. ®¿ cSè c&±T| û®{¿aÄ% éÿ «x±#
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2
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HOIÄ´ πúaU ®{¿aÇ ÖæJ õè¿Gä πzËÔ´ û{]û ä—Yz%
éÿ õèÃ ôè¡T ±+çB H“I éÿ πHT"" ±+çB H“I éÿ ºH#
{]°ä| ºIÄ´ O[Õ¨Ç ôx≤ïÄ% {]û ä—Yz% éÿ c&ê\ñ ôw
wM`æ ±+çB H“I éÿ eHúaU áx[z cx O™o`ç ôez√¿`
πQ—JÁ#Jè °ıH:Çç ôèmÍÇ õ±&º xç—ìÄ´ vm%èÈJ ä´""
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«±+ç» RH| «{]°» RH| xÅ ôæ¿HTó |Jm% H&o ôHn
6
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vm%Pó ≥ç ¤¨{ ®_ó πzwH πzä—[ nJó πßä πz¿[— Y^ó
c´ ûc´ ôı ®æT ûOÈKı πQcR´ πQmvH´ õè”√
ä—`ó |èv&| xY^| exû|ó ¿áèä|ó O`∆ ®” {]° —≈Jó
¿x√v+ OJ°| πOcH´ §#H#
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π±+çB H“I «±+ç» |`—>P «±+ç»ñ «eH» RH|T æGçJó eH±&F
π≈`c{Ä´ `õe «π“I ±+ç»ñ ®æT «eH “I» zxH: v&z[—:T
¿^c&´ H&ºezT\è πÔH—#| Tè õè¿Gä v|°°J ”JÈ
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πôè|a˙H:Ã T`T^™* ≈`c| ä´"" ≈`cz%è ºävvñ «π±&F ÿç|
ÁKÚ (πôw wM`æ) ô&|øÂº™*ä{Ä´ πRº÷^ÿ` ûGä πKz{
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1.
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Conti Rossini, Historia Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), p. 67.
õ±&º´ —. 129""
õ±&º´ —. 104""
Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, p. 22ff.
°v#` ô} æJR ƒ_d eHúaU HOËı ôev´ πÆY^ ôTezì´è Tõ|
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ƒ_dñ πô&|øÂº {]°""
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57
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vQ—í´ π˚&πç v+z Oè”Y{™* v+z OËMı| éÿ tÿ` Aeth.
8
4 vzc÷´ —≈H ÚoŸ` éÿ vw∆ —ÍÄ% Iæ zm≈} æ—ìJ""
ûO O]º´ õeû 09äì´ °ıJ πO O]º¨Ä% OYOaÇ ≈[e
π—:¿H´ tèÈJ oÃ v`H&è v+z OËMı| éÿ πO{®m*º
tÿ` MS. orient. quart. 996 vzc÷´ πO≥P[ °è}e H+I oÃ
9
O¤[i Iæ æ—ìJ ó ûBL Or. 534 Iæ πzm√ æOeIJ""
πH:è∆ã õç π˚&πç´ oÃ¨Ç (BL Or. 534 õç Aeth. 4) ûı
wH ¿[Õ æOdcIH#ó GêT ôæz™®m%T"" πzOdcH#| ôè¡
ûH+I´ v&m√ dæGè BHz%T üè≈ Tè‡ v&m¡ H&Gè æÇIJ""
≈`cz% vzs÷\ °ıH:Ç zûÛıH: dHñ tÿaÄ%è π˚&πç´ oÃ
c&cÿ πH:è∆ã ôæcÿT"" mÃ¨Ç x±# —&±+ õè¿Qº¿`—#|ñ
π±&FT mœ vâI vmæ mHT H&UI´ ôey æGçJ y{´è °ı|
|}{J"" ôw wM`æ v°ıJ m%ÿ` õè¿ûÛÔH#| ôº÷^ÿ`Tó
≈`c{Ä´è OJc´ πQ÷oc#| π°ıH#è m%ÿ` õπc÷# ä´ (°ıJ
02è õç 05è zOJû|)""
õä±&Fè oÃ¨Ç H±&F ÿç| e÷odÄ´ πO O]º´è «H:»
(H:è∆è)ñ BHzì´è «˚&» (˚&πç)ñ fezì´è üeÔH— «v» (v`H&è)
õºJû# ä´""
πH:è∆ãè oÃ jIæ§` πQwJ Òç™* ôÿè} ”Ø±#è
10
û Òèì |`—>P “^ v1893 Æ. õ. ôd|U{J "" jIæ§`
7. Or. 534, ff. 1a-3a, Wright, Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscripts, p. 84 (col. 2).
8. Codex vindobonensis Palatinus, Aeth. 4, ff. 1b-2ab, 103a-104a, and 86b-88b, N.
Rhodokanakis, “Die äthiopische Handschriften,” p. 69.
9. Ms. orient. quart. 996, ff. 164a-165a, Ernst Hammerschmidt und Veronika Six,
Äthiopische Handschriften 1, p. 221.
10. Schleicher, Geschichte der Galla ±+çB " H“I ""
page053-062
page 5
58
”Ø±#è ºdzO´ ûx^ç´ OÈKı Iæ õè√—í´ dæGè πc™e©è
M” õπzûzH mÃ ºddz´ πOcH´è nJ Hc# |°°J vOcH´
vnH# H+I OJ° õπH®÷ ä´"" πH®◊Ä´ nI| π}Ä% õè¿Gãç
HTèe õè¿H®◊Ä´ BH#èT v≥`≥` eHRºdæ õè£è õçz% ^c#
πH:è∆ã oÃ Tè õè¿QOeJ ûjIæ§` á|O| HO[√|
ôæÅJT"" ^c# jIæ§`T v&Gè «(dd|T) û”Ø±# ≈`c| Ú¿J
11
õè£è dJmæ` vOo√| ä´» RHz% vRæ—w ä´"" BHzìTñ
πO O]º ÿç| eHGä ≤_ πRæ¿[—# x±# eMz}Ç ô≈`’J""
°v#` xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`pe ôè≈ —&±+ HY^
—#√æ üæa E¿´ dH ∆°z` P^≈ üQJ πjIæ§`è OÈKı
ºdºÄ™J"" ºèè võÕÄ´ m≈z´ vzs÷\ ôèmÍÇ ûÛıH´
ûôR`ì |`—>RÄ´ “^ HRdzT v09)%9 Æ. T. ±+çB Hôw
wM`æ ±ÁKˆ vJdä ”Ø≥ vQJ `õe º±“À{J12"" HTè
13
õè√IdzP| πQ{®o ä—` πHT "" v&{zT êa ”Ø≥ HRº´m%
π{]° zR]¨Ç vÔÿê ¿^jä| ûı ºH ÿoT æcÿ äv["" πH&m%
xI{ |`—>T ®¿ õè”H&≥ì ûzz[—:O´ BH# Jm| ôH´ v&wJ
|`ı ôä“—` æGçJ"" —>√z% ûjIæ§` á|O| Iæ OGã ä´""
πá√” Rx^]ºÄ´T v◊T πzO÷ä ä´""
ô+ê H&|Rè πQwH´ Òç™* H&o v{®m´ πô&|øÂº
Ø´m| ÇH:{´ vOzROèç jIæ§` ºIπ´è π˚&πç´è oœ
vOº≥ vjIæ§` ÿç| Iæ H&{[P πQ—wÄ´è eMz}Ç ôÙñ
H&{®m% πQ—wÄ´è vBHz% oœ¨Ç OüûJ ºH#|è J∫ä}Ç
14
ôdæ}ñ v1938 Æ. õ. ôè≈ O◊ÿı ôm[v "" ÿçz% ÷nQ Gê dH
ôèwv& πjIæ§`è OÈKıç πô+ê H&|Rèè O◊ÿı BJ —&±+
ôx[´ eHRº—ìÄ´ πõ`Rz% ÿoT zmèf äv[""
11. “'Den äthiopischen Text habe ich bis auf die Orthographie unverändert
viedergegeben...” õ±&º´ —. iv.
12. xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`peñ ±+çB Hôw wM`æ ±ÁKˆ vJdä ”Ø≥ñ
EMML 3749.
13. ûc÷#| `õe HO÷`÷` v&Ôm≈ñ π±Oã dèc#` ôJÔm¿´ æGçJ""
πH+I c´ õœ vº±´ õ`de «“I» πQH´ eT zmèÛ<Jó «è—#XÇè»
πQH´ nJ õπzÔH— «è—#Y» vQJ nJ zH´⁄Jó H+H:ÇT ôä“—aÇ
zWTawÄ™J"" dèc#\è ºep÷#| õè¬F õè¬F ºH#| ûGä# Rx[Õ
πRæ—îH| m%◊ äv`"" πxI{ OèÆ+ Ö±èñ ˘aÙc` ÆHS õhz,
πvzä´ñ πéñ õä±&F fez% |`—>UÇ x±# y{ v&OdcH# ôºe¿èoT""
|`—>Tñ û{®mv| πCdx ÿºm, πOOHeè ºFJ wæOdcJT H&m^[x
æÇIJ""
14. Littmann, “Zu A. W. Schleicher's 'Geschichte der Galla',” pp. 389-400.
page053-062
page 6
±+çB H“I
59
vO¤[i ô&”ç±&ø —#æ¬ πQwH´ ô&◊Jº™* H&o Ç”\è
vO—è±x BHz%è oÃ¨Ç ôezºæ}ç ôeRT} ”Ø±#è ûÔ[èdæì
15
|`—>P “^ v1907 Æ. õ. õè¿ ô¬e ôdzO´ "" π—#æ¬ Y^
πz◊^ eHGä û±&º ®¬F ”Ø±#è πäü´ πHT"" v±&F T°èº| ≤_
πjIæ§`è ÿç| ûRe{®e ôJˆ Hÿç| πQ÷oe zO^R]
v&ê` πjIæ§`è eMz}Ç ºIπç ûjIæ§` vâI πGä´è ºJz[√
xÅ ä´""
±+çB H“Iè H+H:ÇTñ vzHπ Rãô+J ôJS√ õç ™H&e
wœ H≈`c{Ä´ z÷oO´v{J"" ôJS√ π®c¿´è v+û&è”DTç
Dèz*è”ˆ`≈ πôJS√è ÷oII ≈`c| võè”H&≥ì z`—>O´
16
v1954 Æ. õ. c&ºd|P ôx[´ ôd|O´{J "" ™H&e wœ ”Ø±#è
®¿ õè”H&≥ì z`—>U û|Jm% wHBH| oÈ πô&|øÂº {]°
17
OÈKÒ éÿ ôe—x}{J ""
≤_ πTØ^x ÁKÚ¨Çç vTØ^x ô—aÇ π|TF`| Yä
Y`Æ| π{äÎ# H+H:ÇT eHúaU {]° c&ÈÒ æ§èè πôw wM`æè
≈`c| πQ÷oc#| ôx≤ì´è —&±+ v+û&è”DTç Dèz*è”ˆ`≈ ®¿
õè”H&≥ì z`—>O´ ûRãô+J ôJS√ |`—>RÄ´ “^ v1954 Æ.
õ. —È 111-129 Iæ ºdzP|è ä´"" æ§èè πäv+û&è”DTè |`—>T
18
π˘aÙc` ÆHS ≈`œ|T ôw≥} ôc^‡}{J "" |`—>P ”è
eMz| ôJw ôæ¿HT""
ûBHz% oÃ¨Ç (BL Or. 534 õç Aeth. 4) H+I eIJz—íç
BHz%T ºH#| ûô&|øÂº ´› eHGä πôw wM`æè ≈`c|
vA—^Çè |TF`| º¿—# ô&|øÂº´ºè {]° ÁKÚ¨Çñ vzHπT
ô} ≠ÌO —&ø`—&eç ôHn {π —x[ R`ºTñ ôæz´| õè¿Gä
jIæ§` ®æT —#æ¬ ®æT BHz%T ºdzVÄ´è OGè ôHv|""
πäjIæ§`è á|O|èT v&Gè Rπ{Ä´è OÈKˆÅÄ´
vRº÷^ÿ` Bé{ ôºd∫T""
æFè πôw wM`æ ≈`c| Há|O| dm`xñ v”Ø±# ô`|∞
[—≈ —#æ¬ üdzO´ πzHπ x±# m%T ä—` ôIO◊BT"" —#æ¬
”Ø±#è ºdzO´ jIæ§` ºdzO´è HRezüûJ eHGä x±#¨Ä%è
eMz}Ç ôezü°I;Ä™J"" ô&|øÂº™*´/ô+`|^™*´ H&o zıI
wæ\ πô} ≠ÌO —&ø`—&eè π“Ièç πô&|øÂº Oè”Y| {]°
15.
16.
17.
18.
page053-062
page 7
Guidi, Historia Gentis Galla, pp. 221-232.
Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, pp. 133-139.
Wallis Budge, A History of Ethiopia, Nubia & Abyssinia, pp. 603-613.
ÆHS õhz,/Oz°ñ «π“I {]° ÁKÚ´ - wM`æ History of the Galla
(Oromo) of Ethiopia by Bahrey.”
60
«π“Iç πh™ Oè”Y| {]°» vQJ eT H´Ÿç ûõè”H&≥ì
|`—>P “^ v1987 Æ. õ. c&ºd|Tñ π—#æ¬è ÿ[| «(—#æ¬
πjIæ§`è á|O| õè¿—ç RdzP) H|TF`z% ÆHT πziH
19
á|O| HRo[x ôey OGã ä´» ºH´ π—#æ¬è πÿ[| —>JM
ı_ Jx wæH´ ä´""
πjIæ§` OÈKı ≤_ vTB^è
20
πRæ÷mc´ π—#æ¬ ÿç| eIv÷H´ (eHi[´) ä´ ""
π—#æ¬ π”Ø≥ á|O| πzOc—ä v&GèTñ õé õ±&F
ºm[xû#| BHz%è oœ¨Ç ôezºæÄ, ^c+ π¿[eû#v|è ”Ø≥ ä´""
ûôR`ì´ |`—>S “^ ºdzTû#| πéè πôR`ì |`—>T πQºäx
ûÔH— ”Ø±#èT vo`v# õè¬º—í´ vRcx ä´"" H”Ø±# OW[|
º¿[”B| πH:è∆ãè oÃ c&Gè eMz| dæv| ®æ ®¿ ˚&πç´
oÃ õE√HB ®æT õé´ ôÒ™HB"" GêT º¿[”B|è H´ÿç
H&H®ÿ c&—w´ vôè√Ç T°èº| ºJH®ÿB|è BH# vUI v”`—+
á√” ôdæÅHB"" æF πzHO¿ Y`Æ| ûOGãT vIæ πH:è∆ãç
π˚&πç´ oœ¨Ç Tè õè¿QOeH# õ±&B HRπ| πQºeÇJ ±ƒ
ä´""
”è ôè≈ M” ÿiHB"" v±+çB H“I õç vT÷odÄ´ ”Ø≥
éÿ πQ{∫| äÿyÇ π^c+ õèÃ oÃ¨Ä% Iæ ºH#| ôæ¿H#T""
v±&º Iæ vBH| äÿx ôJz÷mTû#T""
eH úaUÇ πQä—[´è vO÷ãT v&Gè HReÛ| eJ
üJ{zO´ ûôHn {π —x[ R`ºT |Jm% OÈKı éÿ vO÷ã
m≈Ä, ôx_ ôd|S™HB (ôw] 1è zOJû|)"" BH#T wæGèñ
x±#´ ô} ≠ÌS ûËÒ| “^ æOdcIJó πBHz%T TèfiÄ´ ôè≈
v&Gè ä´"" πôHn {π |Jm% OÈKÛÄ´ ôBè πQ—í´
ô&π\dH+T wH´ ƒ` eJ◊è vQwH´ πô&|øÂº —√T v+z
OËMı| éÿ ä´"" πRæ°aÚJT oÃ´ JE692E vQJ
O{®m*º tÿ` õé vTW^v| vo¡e øKèe ∫å˚èz*
21
(¢H+œ˚&Jñ Qåf{) æ—ìJó πz÷mTû#| vc# ä´ "" πô} ≠ÌS
19. Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work, p. 66: “... supposedly with the
intension of availing the academic world of a better edition.”
20. wæ\ zıI ûIæ π÷meû#|è πô+ê H&|Rèè õ`R| vz¤R] ôæ}ç
z÷oUv| v&Gè êa v—#æ¬ ÿ[| Iæ õè¬F ºH nJ ôæç—`T äv[""
21. JE692E éÿ πôHn {πè eT OÈKÒè vm√´ c´ õœ zÈˆ
ôI—íBv|Tó πm%T ÈMÔz% ´v|T ûôHn {π xØ` “^ ÔÈU
ôæOdcJT"" {]û#è πËÒ| õdÄ´ HOGçÄ´ ”è ôè√è≈ Re[Õ¨Ç
ôH#ó ôè¿ìñ ÁKÚ´ õé xH´ πz´|è H+I c´ {π πQJ eT
ô°H:v{J"" BHzìñ πô&|øÂº M≥x {]° πQwH´ OÈKÛÄ´
õè¿—ç v09)^4 Æ. T. c&{zT ˘aÙc` {¿c {T^| vËÔ´ Oo≈T
éÿ —È 20-33 Iæ πzÄ´ æ§èè OÈKı OGã ”JÈ ä´"" fezìñ
page053-062
page 8
±+çB H“I
61
OÈKı oœ vOY]º v+z, v&ê`T πz÷mTû#v| ∆°z` wæ\
22
zıI wdzO´ v¯]c# oÃ ä´ ""
±+çB H“Iè ôR`ì HQºäv# z`—>S ôR`ì´è ûä”Ø±#
HRo[x ûzäXB vâI õè”H&≥ìT π¤O`û#v| TçJw|
æ§èèç πäv+û&è”DTè πõè”H&≥ì OÈKı πQºäv# c¨Ç πzHº∫
õè¿QGã vO—O| ä´"" GêTñ BHz%T ®—êÇ BHz%èT
|`—>UÇ v&ºäv# ÿoT õèÃ —#√| πH´Tó T°èºz%T
πäv+û&è”DT õè”H&≥ì ´v| πé õè”H&≥ì H”Ø±# o`v|
23
æ{æwÄ™J ""
v±&F z¿“”U v{zO´ ô‡\ OÈKÛÄ´ éÿ eH ä—¿ “I õç eH
ä—¿ õç]º πzËÔ´ O÷ã OHezì v&GèTñ ºH´ ûJE692E éÿ
ûm√B| “^ nJ vnJ æOdcIJó ô^zìñ ôè≈ H:_è≥ πèeè πQwJ
Òç™* ¬˘H:R| ôHn {π v`H&è väv\v| —&±+ ôx[´| HW\|
H˘aÙc` Q|˛¶ vÀIæ 11 mè 1910 Æ. õ. v Òèì ûô¬e ôvw
vËÔ´ ¿x√v+ éÿñ «ôHn {π æÛ” çÄ´ñ v◊T π{OP æOeIJ""
|Jm%è π{]° OÈKÛÄ´è ÈÔ´ HO¤[e °[T| c&®◊ ®¿±&F
zOJc´ æO◊H# æwIJ» æIJó Edward Ullendorff, Studia Aethiopica et
Semitica, p. 155-6.
22. π¯]c# πô} ≠ÌS π“I {]° oÃ vRæ°aÚJT zäY} õé vTW^v|
∫å˚èz* v+z OËMı|T vO{®m*º tÿ` EMML 1517 zO≥”y
æ—ìJ"" H+H:Ä% EMML 2393 õç û˘aÙc` Oeıè ®J¿ R`ºT π”J
oœ πzäX´ çÄ´"" π¯]c#è oÃ vü{H:” π—HÁ´ ez,Ûè e|_Jc&è
c&Gè õ±&F ºH´è π—HÁ´ ∆/` ™*JºT RûTv` ä´"" wæ\ zıI eH±&F
oÃ c&Èıñ «πQºe—Ò´ ez,Ûè e|_Jc&èç —+{Ä´ ÜæH+ OÈKÒè
ü{H:” c&º¿`—# æFèè (vé÷# ºH´è) O≤äı Jx dæH#| Oo[{Ä´
ä´» c&J πéè eT RÿÛz% vRæ—w ä´ó Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis, p. 59.
EMML 1517è Rè ü{H:” õè√¿[—´ vü{H:—# éÿ z—JË;Jó
Getatchew Haile and William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian
Manuscripts, Vol. V, pp. xi and 19.
23. πv+û&è”DTç Dèz*è”ˆ`≈ õè”H&≥ì PH# vPH# ”Ø±#è πzO[û:±
ôæ¿HT"" ®¿ ”Ø±# πQE¡| û—#æ¬ Ô[èdæìç ûjIæ§` Òèì
éÿ ”JÈ ºJGä ä—` c&º“ÿRÄ´ æOeIJ"" v±&º Iæ π˚&πç´ oÃ
Oê\è Jx ôIH#|T""
page053-062
page 9
πôw wM`æè ±+çB H“I ôezü°H: ºdzO
ô&”ç±&ø —>æ¬""
(û Ignazio Guidi, Il “Fetha Nagast” o “Legislazione dei Re”, 1936)
page053-062
page 10
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(* πQºOH°z´ πá√” Re{®i´è Oäi ä´"" «H:» πH:è∆ãèñ «˚&»
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®÷èû# õÈKı1 ±+çB H“I ûO ôõT` Ö>Js2 ä—¡ ®”x[ |“B
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áYY éz OËMı| ®|`ôæ ûO zÈMÔ ±+çB HOKO≈
®±+ç ä—Y}P HzèvI| õè± Î` Hä õPèz% vDæRê|""
®—&ø`—&eå ®J¿ ôQ≈ ÁKÔ ±+çGP Hä—Yz ô T ≥è—#Æè
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ä—≈ ´õz% ±æcO∫ v[æz%R ®y[è""
®®H¿ v[æz%R e≈ez ´H#¿"" vû=\ æcOæ û[∫ó
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9
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13
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¢êñ coco H&vè "" ®´H#¿ œH+ñ ô+I ôy ®Jô&e""
õH# û=H:P æcO∫ z%HR õeO x±#Üè õPèz%"" ®¢ã
14
æÎxô# áv#["" ®õT≈á[ —>è¡æ O™ØJ z“ô±# ®zÔJ÷#
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15
õeû zvAH# è|ÔHÿ õO ô¢ ôèz πRä ®ôä Î“O"" ®õO ô¢
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—&ø`—&e ®J¿ ÆQ≈ v1205-1273 Æ. õ. πê[ πÆHTè {]° õeû 1260 Æ.
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®J¿ ÆQ≈ ä´ó HTdH+ñ EMML 21, f. 40b, Macomber, A Catalogue of
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æH#{J"" «®ç”» RH| «ôèvd» RH| eHGä «®ç” c—≈» RH| «ôèvd
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ºH´è ä´ó ”è «®Jô&e» π O[v| «®» πnH# °ıJ ûGä πœH+ J–Ç
«ô+Iñ ôyñ ®Jô&e» H&Gã ä´"" æ§ Ç”` vzHæ πQÔ÷[´ ¿^c&¨Ç
eT c&±[≥\ ôè√è≈ —&±+ v «®» ôè√è≈ —&±+ ºH «®» õºËO\
vO±`±^Ä´ ä´"" æ§èã ôèmÈ zOJû|""
12. ôä“—\ πQºOH°z´ «z%HR» RH| x±#¨Ç RH| OGãè ä´""
13. ±ıÿ[| 13" 9ó vûx| x≤| (vQÿfi/Å) zHº∫ RH{Ä´ ä´""
14. «—>≈\» õç «—#≈\» ôè≈ çÄ´"" πzHº∫ ºeOeIÄ´ π «—» ◊◊ ä´""
«|`—>T/|`—#T»ñ —>^—+/—#^—+ñ «—:ÕT/‘ÕT» πQH´è zOJû|""
15. «ôTv&d»ñ «awH+» πW^™*| πeJ◊è (h#UÇ H^dÄ´ πQº®⁄Ä´
ô¬e) eUÇ çÄ´"" ûQmÿH#| °ıH:Ç õè¿Tçπ´ñ H+H:Ç eUÇT
ôH#"" Kdv# «®ç” c—≈» ûQH´ “^ æeRRJ"" úaU¨Ç ®¿ô&|øÂº
”≤| c&O÷# πô&|øÂº è—#Y πJxä ≈è”J π±#Ûè eT «®ç” c—≈»
õè¿äv[ °ıJ 1 Iæ zä”açJó «®ç” c—≈» RH| «ôèvd c—≈» RH|
eHGä «ôTv&d»è ûôèvd/ôTvd “^ HRºº≥ º’’Jó ”è ôæºº≥T""
16. áx[z cv#è eTè| ÆO| õè¬O^ ôxa vO—±` πQkO´ |´J≈
«H#w» æwIJ""
°èz*ºêÄ% è—#W#è «Oc&M»ñ «Y∫T»ñ «ov#Ø»
õè¿QH#|ñ «H#w» RH| «”±#`» («πz—±[») |´J≈ RH| ä´""
17. «ôı_» πQH´ nJ «ôÒ`» («ô^|») ûQH´ πz®H¿ eHGä «ô^|ø»
®æT õä ô^| (®æT õè¿ä õH ôQ√ «õH ô`wØz%») zxH: H&z[—:T
æÅIJ"" õäc#Tñ (1) ‡H+ñ (2) G¢ñ (3) H&vèñ (4) —#≈\ çÄ´""
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78
¿”U πœ√ Jœ Kü¢ç π¿ôH+ J–Ç ôy õç c#w «v&ÒŒ»
18
vQwH´ H#w ±Oè áx[| Ôÿ[´ «c¿Å» zwH#"" õä±&FT
x±#¨Ç ä—∆Ç ®H¡"" eRÄ´ æF ä´ó
π‡H+ J–Ç —ITñ ®y/ôy19ó
πG¢ J–Ç û&[Uñ õP\ñ Ã√ó
πH&vè J–Ç ™H&fñ û={™,ñ ôTΩó
π—>≈\ J–Ç c&`wñ OH:Jñ ¤[nó
πKü¢ ä—≈ ôyñ K`c#ñ H&Pó
πc#w ä—≈ K—Hwyñ ‹^ó
πôy ä—≈ føñ ôyêñ z%Tô+ñ H+n (æwIH#)""
20
õä±&F BH#T c&Ûm\ «Ofi» æwIH#ó c&◊H# «ôı_» õç «c¿Å»
21
æwIH#"" BH#T ûz%HR “^ c&ºx\ «c„&^» æwIH#""
22
y[è ¿”U ÆY^ BH| J–Ç æ®J√J"" vû=\ √¤ ä´ó
BHzì´ œH+ñ fezì´ ¢êñ ô^zì´ vÉó õä±&F (ô^z%)
«z%HR» æwIH#ó ôTezì´ Aü¢ñ e≈ezì´ úyñ cwzì´ c#wó
õä±&F (fez%) «c¿Å» æwIH#ó eTèzì´ ‡H+ñ ±÷äì´ H&vèñ
ÆY[ì´ —>≈\ñ ÆY^ ôè¿ì´ G¢ çÄ´ó õä±&F (ô^z%)
«ôı_» æwIH#""
18. «c¿Å» π®◊´ «c¬» («fe|») ûQH´ nJ eHGä «fe|ø» (õä fe|ñ õH
cHez%) zxH: H&z[—:T æÅIJ""
19. πH:è∆ã (H:) oœ «®y»ñ π˚&πç´ oÃ «ôy» ä´ πQH´ó vT`fi —&±+
eIH´ Ç”` ûIæ tÿ` 11è zOJû|"" H+I´ ôËËı πQºO◊´ Ç”`
«T» õç «è» û«v» ±` c&m≈P ±\ æ´◊Ä™J"" HTdH+ «ôy« vOW[z%
«ôTy» H&Gè æÇIJ""
20. «c&Ûm\» RH| «c&zwv\» RH| ä´"" eºS´ õè¿H+H:Ä% tÿ`è
πQûzJ eIæ¿Hñ õä±&F ‘d¨Ç «Ofi» πzwH#| Dº eHGã ä´ xH:
«Ofi»è «Dºø» («õä Dº») xH: Oz`—:T ôæÅJTó «Ofi» û«¬”¿R»
(«Dº») “^ ”èí%ä| πH´T""
21. «c„&^» úaTì OGã æ—`RJ"" nH# ”Ø≥ û”]° π®c¿´ c&Gè |`—>P
«‡ı^» RH| ä´"" πúaU jR”H+¨ÇT ePè πQº´m%| ôæOeH#T""
xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è õè¬F æIH#ó «ôw wM`æ c„&^è πä—≈ ê ô≈`‘
c&Èı eH^º TèT π÷mc´ ä—` πHT"" ôè√è≈ (πúaU) wIw}Ç
õè¿Qz`û#|T πä—≈ ê πQH#| ^ºè c&Gèñ c„&^ πzwH´è eT ”è
õè¿Rº´m%| æ—JËH#""» (EMML 3749, p. 57)"" æ§ «úaU¨Ç
û˙`z%“H:Ä% “^ ”èí%ä| ôIÄ´» πQwH´ |[ü |èj õ´ä|ä|
dæê[´ ôæm`T""
22. πz±[±\| ÆY^ ôè≈ xÅ eHGã ÆY^ ôè≈ HRH| æGçJó ®æT
πÆY^ BHzì´ Jœ eT dæËı m`~J""
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79
°ıJ 2
23
vÿ[ ôU^è º÷Û √™, ûy[è c¨Ç ä´ó ûH+I ä´ πQJT ôHó
(ûH+I ä´ πQJ) ûy[è “^ O™“z%è T°èº| æc◊J"" æ§ ”è
Uî ä—` ä´ó õ´ä| ôæ¿HT"" ôe[Ã ”è (õè¬F) æIJó
«(“H:Ç) ûA—^Ä´ π®÷# —&±+ πÔH— (õ±&º´) m[ñ πÔH— ®◊
õèÃ BH#T ôJ®÷#T""» T°èºz%T (BH#T) vJv# ºcí´è
º¿`“J õèÃ πQº≤Ä´ —+{ πHT""
24
õä±&º ûy[è (zs`÷´) πm\| (vâI) ûA—^Ä´ v!^
Oè—≈ ®÷#"" Ûc&J ±T}wÄ´ äv[ó —¿H#|"" v±&ºè —&±+ √™,
°èz*ºêÇè O´“| O[""
25
26
v±&ºè —&±+ π±&F {]° ÁKÚ «πÛc&Jè —√æ õÔ^™HB»
c&J zävπó T°èºz%T π°èz*ºè ¿T mTgJçó vÿ^ ôU^èç
23. vÿ[ ôU^ (vÁ` ôU^) πW^™*| eT äv["" vâIT W^™*z% πWÔ[v|
A—` veP z÷`~J"" c´ç M≥x ePè HA—`ñ A—` HM≥xç Hc´
Oe÷| vì ôüwv&ç vOÈKı o¡e πzHO¿ ä´""
vÿ^ ôU^
(vÿÛ^) —#^—+ éÿ ®æT ô÷—x ä´""
24. Hÿè| ä—Y{| HäôÏ+ æYKo vz—÷OIÄ´ ±Ôè éÿ «!^ æè—`ñ
Ô[c#è πQ—x`» πQJ eIHv| «!^»è õè¿ A—`/ä—≈ ô≈`‘ Oć≈
æÅIJó Guidi, “Le canzoni geez-amariña”, p. 56"" π˚&πç´ oÃ «£^»
õè¿QJ ôæzçJ"" H+H:Ç ôè√è≈ Tè·Ç "^ æIH#"" «!^» πQwH´
y{ ihOé ô÷—x ºH´ û=π^ ä´ πQwH´è x`Dã HSfç {y` ™Q
(πúaU M≥x {]°ñ —. 55) zmxH´{J"" ô} ôTvH# ûv¿ v—P —:Û
÷oIæ ”≤| v√îä| º—H”H# väv[v| —&±+ eH¤èÅ O≈Üé ÆHT v+z
°èz*ºè v”èy| 06 mè 09)$4 Æ. T. vËÒ| Re{®i Iæ ¤èÅ ÿè|
«Ö^» æwJ õè¿äv[ ûA—\ jR”H+¨Ç πcP|è O≥”v™Jó EMML
5731, f. 114a. √™, ôw wM`æè “U väv\v| —&±+ π±[ÛÄ´ ≤_ ¤èÅ
vÚ| Ö^/!^ vQwJ y{ ôo◊fi Oÿ} H&Gè æÇIJ"" ûô`w Tè‡
v¿v#x TYô ôTd û&H:S|` ºFJ `p ¢æ^ πQwJ y{/‘d ôH""
û±&º ¿v#v# «y[ç úaU» eHGäñ H!^ ûBH#T πvH÷ zeRQ´ õc# ä´ó
√™, ûy[è c¨Ç õè¿Gä ôw wM`æ ä”[´çJ"" Bender, The Non-Semitic
Languages of Ethiopia, p. 298"" HRèì´T eH±&F y{ ôè√Ç ôezºπ|
eècÿ ôw wM`æ πc÷#è eT «!^» OGãè dè±ä“ OGè ôHv|""
«û=π^» ®æT «¢æ^» eIIH#ñ «!^» õèƒ| «û=π^» ®æT «¢æ^» H&Gè
õè¿QÇJ dçe[√ «û=π^» ®æT «¢æ^» ä´ RH| ôæÔm≈JèT""
25. õè¿ vÚz% «(π±&F) OÈKı wHv+|» ôIHTó ûIæ tÿ` 6è zOJû|""
«æv+ ÁKÙ ≥èz% {]°» π—&ø`—&e ®J¿ ÆQ≈T uèu ä´""
26. ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J vä—W vfezì´ ÆO| Ûc&Jè π√U| —µ*ä| kU|
äv[ó wOz% z◊Jz´ z™—#ó zhäÔó ±+ç O™ØJ EMML 7109, f. 58b""
c#eèøe HOè—Y c&ºTÌ πOè”Yz% W^™*| ®^c& JÀè ºØpxè
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80
®œè27 ô÷ÛÄ´"" õè¿ nH#T zÔÁOó T°èºz%T π|èv&|
OèÔe ûüFç| ±è≈ ôæòT"" æ§èèT äv&æ √™, ôw[[´ó π—U
ô—\èT ô÷Û´ó πôüvz´èT BH# R[û(v|)""
õè”¬F õeû±&Ç cÆ| ≈[e ®¿z´ä´ ®¿v[æz%R ±+ç
õèOHe""
°ıJ 3
û[∫ e≈e| J–Ç æ®J√J"" x±#¨Çç ÜæHïÇ ä—∆Ç Gã""
ûäc# πO O]º´ H&vè ä´ó BHzì´ ®H:ñ fezì´ œH+ñ
ô^zì´ úyñ ôTezì´ c#wñ e≈ezì´ vIõ çÄ´""
®H: e≈e| J–Ç æ®J√Jó õä±&FT ®[ v#¢ñ ®[ —>^õñ
®[ êH+ô+H# -- õä±&F v®H: eT ôH# -- ®[ û[∫ñ ®[ ô&H#ñ ®[
êH+ôH& c&Gãñ õä±&F fez% ¿”U «c¿Å» æwIH#"" πzH∫| ôyH&è
28
π—¿H# —&±+ ä´ "" ôBè vì Iæ õò ô≈`—´ ôX+\ó nJ û&√è
z“v#""
°ıJ 4
O[™ ôº ôçèñ ≠#\èñ ôv÷&è æ®J√J"" (πäc#T)
J–ÅÄ´ç πJ–ÅÄ´ J–Ç õè¿±&B v≥z´ x±#¨Ç ä—∆Ç
Gã"" eRÄ´ vπä—√Ä´ (eT) æ÷^J""
HeTè| ÆO| Hôè≈ H#w æ{±≤H# õèÃ õè¿ H+I M≥x
(πQ{±±#|) è—#YT —+{T πIÄ´T"" ûeTè| ÆO| vâI H+I
H#w ækRJó πÚzì´ (H#w) æi^J"" vπ±Oã õè¿±&F º¿`“H#""
29
H#w RH| vôè≈ ±Oè πz—±\ RH| ä´"" πô—≤±^Ä´
Y`Æ|T õè¿±&F ä´ó ôè≈ H#w c&i` v`z%Rç y[è BH#T
H(π)^dÄ´ eT º®◊H#ó (J°) πè—#Y W^™*| «YH#e ÜæH+»ñ
30
«v≈J ÎKæ»ñ «—&ø`—&e ÜæH+» õè¿QwH#|""
27.
28.
29.
30.
page075-094
page 6
ôœv´ñ «Ûc&Jè ºhäıä´ç º™[≈ä´ õì ôæ¿HèTè» xH´
ˆ°[´v| äv[ó πc#eèøe {]° —. 86"" —:ÕTç √U| πzºº±# çÄ´""
—#^—+ éÿ ®æT ô÷—x""
ôyH& πUz´ W`Î ≈è”J vä—W v22zì´ ÆO| (v1576 Æ. T.) ä´ó
—+{Ä´ ÜæH+ñ wM[ Kdxñ —. 248"" —√∫T «“I ®H:» ä´ó ±+ç O™ØJñ
EMML 7109, f. 59ab.
«vôè≈ ±Oè πz—±\» c&H# H#w RH| «ôè≈ π”≥` |´J≈» RH|
OGãè v”JÈ ºe[√J""
HŸ` W^™*| °ıH:Ç õè¿±&F eT Oe÷| õeûo`x —&±+ πzHO¿ äv[""
{]û ä—Yz%ç H+H:ÇT Tè·Ç õè¿QºOH°z%| vz¤R] õä±&F |≥
æH#ìJó «ôıa ôæ—x»ñ «ôm,|µ`»ñ «t`wè»ñ «eçè»ñ «√R»ñ «äÛî
81
°ıJ 5
õè¿±&B wH&è O´“| v O[v| —&±+ πz—±[´ «SJwM»
æwIJ"" πôwz%è eT ôIóTó T°èºz%T πQä”[î (ôe[Ã)
πHT""
°ıJ 6
BHzì´ H#w «P¿ç» zwH"" π±&F (H#w) πôwz% eT œvç ä´""
31
π®v&è ®è≥ πzi—[ õc# ä´""
°ıJ 7
fezì´ H#w «û&H:H+» zwH"" õè¿ ô¿J Ox[oç
33
(ºH#|è) π¿™aè pI¨Ç ®“Ä´""
32
õè¿sI¨Ñ
°ıJ 8
ô^zì´ H#w «v&ˆH+» zwH"" ¿™aè vOI™ º÷Û õc# ä´""
34
Ô÷“`èT O™“| O[""
c´ (R`¢) R“≥ O[ó ô—J“øÇ ô¿[“Ä´ó «—v`»
ôIÄ´"" ¢f O÷◊| O["" (ûIæ) π÷meçÄ´ πÚzïÄ%
31.
32.
33.
34.
page075-094
page 7
±—`»ñ «”è¿vJ»ñ «‘è¿`»ñ «vÎ` ™ |»ñ vÎ` kzJñ «mez èFx»ñ
«ô¿J Ox[o»ñ «v&HR»ñ «v+`d»ñ «¤Ôè{»"" v±&º Iæ «ÖæI|»ñ
«ô`wx» õºH# vä—¿ OIõ°| eTT πQ÷bÄ´ äv\""
ûô&|øÂº ”≤| π—v#| ”è π®v&è ®è≥ ûOi—^Ä´ vÚ| ä´""
«ô¿J Ox[o» vOW[z% πŸ` W^™*| eT ä´"" õ±&F ”è «õè¿ ô¿J
Ox[oç õè¿ sI¨Ä%» c&J πQºOH°z´ W^™*z% πcÔ[v|èç sI¨Ä%è
ä´""
¿™a û¤`¤` õeû ô\c& (ô`c&) ºH´ ô—` æOeIJ"" ô} ≠ÌS ôBè
f∆ πzwH´ ä´ æIH#"" ”è ”^î c&ºTÌ O O]º πO{´ ¿™aè
eHGä Hô√J o`x OGè ôHv|"" —√RÄ´è ¿x[ ôcy|è ¤`¤`
éÿ πp[p\| πôv#ä dPô+J ±®—” —≈JT πQºOH°z´ æFèã ä´ó
Kur, Actes de Samuel de Wagag, p. 84 "" û≈`dä ≠#^ô+J ôè¡è ôèmÈ
xèz[—>O´ õè¬F æIJñ «û±&F vâI (≠#^ô+J) ®¿ÎKæ O´fi E¿ó
û¿x[ ÈwM IæT ®◊ç π¿x[ º”Pèç π¿x[ Ö±H:è —√UÇ BH#
m¿dÄ´"" ¿x[ ôcy| Iæ c&®◊ o¡e Qüô+J o¡e ≠#^ô+Jè õè¬F
c&J ä—[´ñ æÄ*è ¿x` }H: w`ü|ó..."" v±&F —&±+ }H: m¿d| ¿xbèT
¿x[ ®—” ôI;|""»
Ô÷“` vv#J“ç v—#^—+ RFJ ºH´ ô—` æOeIJó TèÕ`è æ¤T^J""
82
H#w¨Ç ”è c´èñ ®è¡èT c+z%èTñ æ—≈H# äv["" Ô[eT
voH:T æ—≈H# äv["" ûv”ñ ûıπJ ûûx| (ûITç ûv_) vm`
35
(TèT) ôæz´T äv["" πG√Ä´ ô´_ õè¿õèed vuèÕÄ´
Iæ æ®`√J õèÃ vO√å| ôæ—≈H#|T äv`""
°ıJ 9
36
ôTezì´ H#w «TeH+» zwH"" ∂è ôU^è πÔ õc# ä´""
37
KOJRJè ¿‘ Iæ ®“´ó ô—aÄ%è BH# ôÿı} WH÷äwÄ´""
ûäûxz%T —w(wÄ´)"" vÚ| ”è “I´ û®v& õπ®◊ æ™“ç ®¿±&º
æOHe äv[""
38
è—#XÇè ôÈçı c—≈ ûÆX ±äx zäYz´ ®”z´|
39
äv`"" ã` πW^´è ûW^ vâI ®¿ A—\ c&®`≈ Ö±H: ô÷—x
—÷O´"" tÿ` πH+H´è ôx≤ì´è W^™*z%è ÔÕÄ´"" “H:Ç
®¿A—^Çè ûO÷# Ta v±&ºè —&±+ õè√Hm%| ôIHm%T"" ºè —&±+
πz—¿H#| πã` W^™*|T v—&±+´ ûTçäXÄ´ ûô´X W^™*|
æv≤H#ó T°èºz%T õ”±&ôxK+` vOœ ºÔcc#|è πô—J“øÄ%è
40
π¿T vmJ (ôe)ûÔIÄ´""
35. vO√åz% eT v¢f πQ÷^´ õ`ÿx Y“ c&vH# πQæ±´ |J""
36. «∂è ôU^» õè¿ «vÿ^ ôU^»ñ vOW[z% πW^™*| eT äv[""
37. KOJRJ πôÏ+ çú≈ (1488-1500) πJœ Jœ ä´"" KOJRJ º±Oz´
W^™*| ∂è ôU^ H&Gè æÇIJ""
38. ôÈçı (ôÿçı) c—≈ πôÏ+ —I´ƒë (1533-1551) eO Oè”Y| ä´""
39. ã` PKO≈ ôJPÕC≈ π”^îè ôJ“ ûäQez% π®[c πô√J ô&RT
äv["" (πô√J ô&RUÇ πOkT πOi` PH# πéÿ YJ◊è eHäv^Ä´
π”Ø±# Tè·Ç «è—#Y» æI;Ä™J"") —I´ƒëè ®”} ôhèˆ{J""
¿^c&´ «πW^´è ûW^ vâI» πQH#| ôÏ+ —I´ƒëè ühäÔç x±#
M≥x ûÔ vâI πè—#W#è ôè—| p`Ÿ ÄxÄy´è v±è” fiı æ¥ OE¡è
vm%‡| HRe{®e ä´"" (πè—#W#è ê ôJw c´ä| ôTÜ^ dæè| éÿ
wW^| vz≈wv R`ºT v+z °èz*ºè mv\|ó ^c#è vâI ôTÿz´ h™
éÿ —S ûQwJ ô—` û®è≈P ûôv+} ºØpx Onx` ô÷—x mv\|"")
40. ¿^c&´ «v—&±+´ ûTçäXÄ´» ºH#|è ôèYz´| v&Gè x±# {]°
æä”\è äv["" π—I´ƒëè {]° πËÒ| õdÄ´ ûGã ºèè RH{Ä´
H&GèT æÇIJ"" GêT ô√H:Ç (õeIUÇ) õç úaU¨Ç vô&|øÂº T≈`
Iæ ôºJm% õJm*| õè¿zIHm% æF ôèmÈç H+H:ÇT x±# Tè·Ç
æ÷m%RH#"" ôè√è≈ {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç «vOœ ºÔcc#| ¿T» πQH´
ô√H:Ç ôÏ+ —I´ƒëè π—¿H# —&±+ πÔcc´è ä´ æIH#ó J°
ôæOeHîT"" H+H:Ä% Tè·Çñ π^c# π—I´ƒë {]° dæm`ñ è—#W#
πz—¿Hv|è y{ «ä‡ X`» æH#{J"" ¿^c&´ñ «õ”±&ôxK+` vOœ
ºÔcc#|è πô—J“øÄ%è π¿T vmJ ôeûıI;Ä™J» πQH´è ≠[ız ä—`
H&ÈÒ ûQ—w´ y{ |èj eI^m%| ºde{J õèÃ æ§ì´ πQä”[è
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83
æF TeH+ (v“H:Ç ±è≈) ûc# vÚ| ºJz¿[—´è vÔ[eç
41
vvoH: OmOÿ O[ -- πÚzïÄ%è H#w¨Ç «vBH|ç vfe|
õ”` πQE¡|è vô^| õ”` õè¬E¡ ô¿[”âÄ´» õeû&IÄ´
≈[e"" vfe| õ”` RHz% vOè—≈ c&¿°P Ÿ^Ä´è eHQO[¢±#
ä´""
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«¡H#» æH™J"" —îèñ ôè—:|èñ ôTK^è º÷ÛÄ´ õc# ä´""
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v1570 v®æç¿“ Oœ/O∑ ®è≥ Iæ ûôv÷& “^ º¿[—#|è OzIHo
æOeHìJó π°ıJ 02è O¤[i zOJû|"" πOè”Yz% c¨ÇTñ
«πôv÷&è “I ºhäıè õì äè ô¢» õºH# c#eèøeè ôeÔ^`z´v{Jó
πc#eèøe {]° —. 86.
≤_ vÔ[cîä| πQ{®m% úaU¨Ç Hü Ô[e ”Jv&º πzR\| RFJ
ô&|øÂº ûO÷# vâI ä´""
”≥[|è πTçºæ±´ ûMÏç|/ûJ–Ç “^ eHGäñ ≈`cz%T «J–ÅÄ´
ôJz—±\T» vRHz%Tñ OJõ°z% H&ºdezè æÇIJ"" ≈`cz% πQç—[´
eIJz—±\ ôw}Ç õèÃ eHJ–Ç ôæ¿HT"" ®è∆Ä% J–Ç dæ—±\ º≈—#ç
®hI õè¿Gã Jœ æ®J√H#ó ®hI ôw| π®H¿´ Jœ π|T æ◊IJó
M“Ä´ ä´"" ûz—±\ vâI πz®H¿ Jœ ®è≈ ûGä ºd≈—#{Jó c+|
ûGäÇ πz®H¿Ç´ πôw~ ”≥^| BH| ®æT fe| ÆO| dæGä´ ûGä
|◊IHÇ"" æ§èè wFJ ô≤∑ ÷&êT vc#eèøe {]° éÿ O≥”v´{Jó
—. 215ó õ±&FT —È 150-151 Iæ z÷ogJ""
vômROÿ õä±&F fe| ô—aÇ (—îñ ôè—:|ñ ôTÜ^) πzºº±# äv\ RH|
ä´""
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πzËÔ´ πP¿ç Jœ awH+ zkO"" h™è º÷Û| õc# ä´""
‘∂Tè O´“| O[""
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KÏ+—+ ≥™æ Iæ ®—#| "" x±# (c´) ÔÀv|ó ûxz%èT
R[û#v|"" vT`¢´ x±#¨Ç vHÁ—#(v|)""
cIT æ[ıv|ç πO£èèz%è êñ ô≥RÇ ±`ô øKèeèñ
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v±&ºè ±Oè vy[ã ä—≈ vc#w (±è≈) fH& õç v&√a ô&II
47
Gä""
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πô&|øÂº M≥x (HTdH+ õè¿ —#^—+ñ |”_) °èz*ºêÇ õè¿äv\ç
°è|ç v¿v#x zeÛı} õè¿äv[ ºdºJ"" DvÌè≈ º±“ ´è v+z
°èz*ºêÇ πäv\v|è y{¨Ç πQºdæ ü`{ zOJû|ó Haberland,
Untersuchungen, p. 246. DvÌè≈ ô&|øÂº´ºè π°è|ç ôezR]¨Ç
°è|çè v¿v#x ôeÛız´ õè¿äv[ HRdπ| º¿[—´ [ÃT è””`
õ±&F Iæ H&{®e æ—wJ"" “Altes Christentum in Süd-Äthiopien.” ôw
wM`æT ô—^Ä´ “U õè¿äv[ ä”[´çJ"" π¿^c&´è ä—≈
ûôä“—^Ä´ HR®o wæÅJT πõdÄ´ õ±&º O—í| ô—\ |Jo Ráv[
°èz*ºè õè¿äv[v| ºOH°{J"" ôw wM`æè ºFJ H&o wHv| y{
|Jo zR] v+|T æê^J"" ô} ≠ÌS õè¿ä—\èñ ûÛ éÿ ¿ã
úaU¨Çè ûäûx{Ä´ ôIe—w vRHz% ûúaU ¡I πz[Ò ôèÚH:Ç õeû
ôÏ+ TåJ° ±Oè ≈[e °èz*ºêÇ äv\ó ≠ÌS/wæ\ zıIñ π“I {]°ñ
—. 164ó Bender, The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, p. 298. «Rº»
πQwH#|T ä—≈ä{Ä´ vTè õè¿Gè ôæ{®oTó vDæRê| ûGä õè¿
°e{å —#^—+¨Ç °èz*ºêÇ äv\ó «ô1õTä Rº ±eP T°A —&ø`—&e
®J¿ Æey» («ûRº¨Ç éÿ ôè≈ eP T°A —&ø`—&c πGä πÆey Jœ»)
πQH´è ûøKèe/ôõIı c—≈ {]° éÿ —. 39 Iæ zOJû|""
46. «KÏ+—+» (è—#W# ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J) awH+è (ôTv&dè?) π®“´ vä—W
v10ì´ ÆO| (v1565 Æ.T.) ä´ó ±+ç O™ØJ EMML 7109, f. 59a ""
«KÏ+—+» RH| «ÕèGæ» RH| ä´"" πW`Î ≈è”J {]° ÁKÚ πä—[è
ô≥RÇ ±`ô øKèe OUz%èç H:H+¨Ä% õè√ævzã è—#W# ôÈçè}
ûH:H+ä| ô´ÿ} vwHè ®{¿`ä| (v¤™ä|) õè¿ûzwÄ´ õèÃ
õèƒ| õè¿Uz v”JÈ ôæç—`Tó πW`Î ≈è”J {]° —. 45""
47. π±&F ≠[ız ä—` |`—>T vc™e© OW[| J° v&GèTñ OJõ°z% ”JÈ
ôæ¿HT"" v±&F ôä“—` «c#w» πQwH# «x±#» (ûôè≈ vIæ) ä—∆Ç ôH#ó
ôè¡ πy[ã ä´"" («ä—¿ c#w ±y[è» RH| «πy[ã ä—¿ c#w» RH| ä´"")
H+H:Ä% ÿºm,¨Ç ôè¿ìñ «ô&II» Rä´ ®æT Tè≈è ä´?ó BHzìñ «fH&
õç v&√a» OGè ®æT O¿[” Tè OGè/O¿[” ä´? ºT Gä æFñ õè¿
”Ø±# ûGäñ vy[ã ä—¿ c#w ±è≈ ô&II GëJ/z¿`’J"" |`’S´è c™e©
ôæÔo≈T õèÃñ v&Ôo≈ «fH&» õç «v&√a» πy{ eUÇ (zâÇ?) Gä´
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û±&F vâI vôTe| ÆOz% KÏ+—+ πôv÷&è awH+ ®æç ¿”Æ
48
Iæ ®—#|ç (TèT) dºez`Ò ÔÀ|"" «ûÆY` πQvJ÷# z`Ô´
H±+ç A—^Ä´ ¿`c™J» πQH#T ôH#""
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ûeTè| ÆO| vâIñ ¿™aè º÷Û´ πû&H:H+ Jœ «v&ÒŒ»
zkO"" æ§ πy[ã v&ÒŒ vm%Oz% J° πQGè πv_ p√ “i
49
ôv ç ®eÔèÿ[ïÇ πGã|è Rºè ®“Ä´"" πQä≈Ò| (ôüJ)
eI÷#(v|) ôhäÛÄ´ó T°èºz%T c´äz%è v¿[o πv_ p√ “`∆
äv[""
50
πè—#W#è πŸ` ôHn ô≥RÄ* ¿Ö[‘|èT ôe¤äm´"" õä
±+çæèç H:H+¨Ä%è —¿IÄ´"" m≈U x±# —&±+ ºhèÔ´ äv["" ”è
π°èz*ºêÇ ı√ eIIHm võ”±&ôxK+` Ôn≈ (õè¬F) Gä""
ôhçÚ´ zhäÔó πh#O| A—\è ô`õîè ô÷Û|"" õä “}èñ
v|aèñ v≈H:èñ ÆT∆è õç H+H:Çè —¿IÄ´"" ¿ßÇ BH#
51
πQvHÈ—#wÄ´ õä±&F BHz% ô—aÇ T≈[ v√ Gã""
48.
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Hô&II (H÷I| ÿvn) O÷mQº Gä™J"" «ô&II» vôR`ì «æII» («eHI»)
GëJ"" ”è «fH& õç v&√a πQwH# BH| Ææä| (π)ô&II (Hof ®æT
Re÷èmm*º) Gä/z¿[—» RH| dæGè ôæm`T"" ôè¡è |`—>T ºdcvî
{]û#ç ô} ôTA ôcÛ´ ûä—[è π«æII ¿äy» Hof çÄ´"" {]û# v±&B
°ıJ «KÏ+—+ ≥™æ Iæ ®—#|"" x±# ÔÀv|ó ûxz%èT R[û#v|» πQH´
ä´ó eHHof´ ôTA ôcÛ´ æII ¿äy vQJ `õe v1995 Æ. õ.
ºdzO´è OÈKı zOJû|"" eH Re÷èmm*º´ πU[h# ¿®J «v¿\»
æwJ õè¿äv[ c+û& ä”açJó Cecchi, Da Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa, Vol.
II, pp. 327-8, n. 1. and Vol III, p. 123.
ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J ôv÷&è ¿”Æ Iæ πO{´ v1570 Æ. T. ä´ó wM[ Kdx
—È 248"" πc#eèøe {]° ÁKÚ õè¿Qä”[è O£èèz% ≈H#è õè¿ {Io
≈J æOû#v{Jó «πôv÷&è “I ºhäıèç TèT dçez`ı πÔ ä´ õì äè
õ¢» æIH# —. 86"" æF πGä´ ô≥RÇ ±`ô øKèeè “I v—¿H´ vôTe|
ÆO| ûGäñ ô≥RÇ ±`ô øKèe πUz´ v1565 Æ. T. (û1570 Iæ 5
mèe) OGã ä´""
«Rº» πQwH# ô&|øÂº´ºè vme| Oè¿ı π{®m% äv\"" vsI´T
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¿Ö[‘| π{®m ”ç ô≥RÇ (Œé^J) äv["" vÔIi Iæ ±T~Jó πW`Î
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ô+`|^ πzwH´ ô—` —µ*) Gê ¿§ê (TÈ™ ô÷—x) BH| —&±+ ±T~Jó
õ±&º´ —. 128-133"" c#eèøe c&º¿èm´ «vÛc&Jñ vô±+ñ vOKO≈ñ
væeKo ±Oè ûäv\| ( ”êÇ) éÿ û¿Ü[‘|ç ûv`çwe vm` õeû ≤_
Rè ôH?» æIJó πc#eèøe {]° —. 88""
ôè¡ A—` ô`õî c&Gè BHzì´ A—` πz% õè¿Gä ôJz—HÁTó c`R|
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86
πv`z%R´ v&ÒŒ ¿Txºè ®“|ç J≠#J ôyH&èñ wM`
ä“j WT[ ôxèñ H+H:ÇèT —¿IÄ´""
æF (BH#) πGä´ vY^Ä´ ÜæHìñ vT°^Ä´ ÿvvì
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Iæ π¿[c´ vv&ÒŒ Iæ æ¿èv| äv["" ä—` ”è ≈J z^ vz^
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52
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°ıJ 04
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πzäX ®÷#ç {c\ -- ûx±#¨Ç ”¥zïÇ “^ πz“±´è J≠#J
53
πUz%|è ê ^dÄ´è
ôTÿz´ õeû&ºe[°v#| ≈[e""
s[⁄Ä´ó (ÄxÄy´) Htÿ` v≤""
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54
(πT|m◊) πõ”±&ôxK+` õœ —ç ûIæ õè¿z±[“Ç äÇ ó
52. π√U| ±OÅ πz¿“—O OGè ôHv|ó õè¬º´T ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J
πUz´ û±&º ±OÅ c&OHe vOè—≈ Iæ ≈è—| {U ä´ó wM[ Kdx —È
248ñ πc#eèøe {]° —. 8""
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≈[e»"" õè¬º´T æF ôz[’—:T H”Ø±# πvH÷ wæm`xT {]û#
ûO±—v´ “^ ôxa æE√J"" «J≠#J» vQJ nJ πz[—:Tû#| «®J¿
Oè”Y|» ºH´è ä´"" nJ vnJ v&z[—:T «πOè”Y| Jœ» æGè
äv`ó ”è ±Oç™* ôR`ì ôæGèT"" ≥`≥\ v^c# vè—#W# vc#eèøe {]°
zO≥”w;Jó —. 5-6"" πc#eèøeè eT H&÷^´ ºJÔH—´ ¿^c&´ dæGè
mÃ´ H&Gè æÇIJ"" T°èºz% TçJw| c#eèøe ûä—W vâI v+z
°èz*ºëè eHû√ç ü}H&¢Çè eIO◊ æGçJ"" ±+çB H“I πW`Î ≈è”J
{]° Gê dH πwH{]û# eT ôèƒT ºJzäX´ Hì π¿[c´ (BHzì´
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O O]º ôw wM`æ πËÒ| π^dÄ´ oÃ æê^Jó û±&º Iæ ôè≈ c´
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54. ô&dæºe 5" 25""
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vv&ÒŒ ±Oè v&÷vm%T vâI vy{´ πTçäX´ πâHì´ H#w
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55
Iæ ¡I—#} ô¿[—"" π¡I—#} |`—#P «πm%è· ´—&º» ä´""
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õäc#T πÚzïÄ% (H#w¨Ç)
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æz“J""
v±&ºè ±Oè KÏ+—+ ®¿√U| HOE≈ ®cã"" vOè—≈ Iæ
õè√H# “I T≈[ —:∂Tè õè¿®“ñ õç{Ä´ è”Yz*z% O÷—&º
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cIT æ[ıwÄ´ç πôw}ÅÄ´ πè—#ZÄ% πôÈçı c—≈ç
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wIcv#| cÆ| v&¿èwÄ´ πA—\ c´ BH#T ¿ä—÷ó W^™*{Ä´T
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zOJf πõçz%è õœ æ¥ œvI ûQwJ [œT z^^ Iæ ô®◊Ä´""
ôÏ+—+T Oè—√Ä´è |z´ “I´ ®√Hv| vÿ≈Úº
zOHc#ó ûW^™*{Ä´ “^ ¿[c#"" πôw}ÅÄ´è πä—Y{z%è
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ºOc”çH#ñ ®¿âI πQH´è æm◊H#""
55. eHwH m%è·¨Ç (m%è‚Ä´è «ûHI» eHQH# sè¿I¨Ç) πO O]º
´—&ºñ °ıJ 05èç @è ôezºæ"" «¡I—#}» |`—>P «πtè· Ÿ`ä|»
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h#O~è ôæäüw|T"" W`Î ≈è”J õçz%è YH#e ÖæIè (ô≈Re U—dè)
æ®≈T ºûx`T äv["" «{Im% JÕÄ´» πQH´ πè—#W#è dæGè π™,±a
z,¨√√è Jœ ä´"" «zOJf πçz%è õœ æ¥ œvI ûQwJ [œT z^^
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ºè —&±+ ”è è—#XÇè ûÖæHïÇ m≈O´ ÖæJ ôd∫""
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y{ ô∆^è UI´""
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57
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y{ c&¿`c# ô÷#|ó (ºHv|è) y{´è ÔJ—´ ôI—í%|T""
õèed™* T`¢ç Y“™* ´—&º c&º÷# —&±+ ûcæ◊è “^
HO™“|ç πôM≤xè äıe H&R`û#v| ®cãó πõç`ºèñ πyièñ
π‘O`è c¨Ç ÷\™Ä´çñ «°èz*ºêÇ Bã» ôI;Ä´"" Gãó
59
π°è|ç ÿTm| z÷Om%""
57. ôä“—\ úaU¨Ç úaUÇè «“I» πQI;Ä´ ºeOeIJó üH# û°èz*ºêÄ%
cTz´ H&Gè æÇIJó ®æT õ´ä|T πäc# O÷]º êbJ"" ”è æFè
πQH´ πH:è∆ã oÃ xÅ eHGä πc™e´ eMz| wæê`v|Tñ vôû^ü]
—#√æ Iæ wè≈ Oeü] ûRº÷^ÿ` ´dé Iæ HO≈[e ôæÅJT""
û˚&πç´ oÃ éÿ (vmÃ πÿènm, —>≈H| T°èº|) OYO\ vPH#
dæm√ m`~J""
58. v”Ø≥ «¿™,» RH| «vj{» RH| ä´"" ”è {¬º HTè «¿™,» ôIH#|T?
c&ºkÒ æGè? BHzìTñ √™, õç Õ™* πôè≈ ‘d πzHº∫ O÷]º¨Ç
HOGçÄ´ Re[Õ πHèT"" õè¬º´T ôæ¿H#T RHz% Hõ´äz%
æm`wJó T°èºz%Tñ «Õ™*» RH| «õwx» RH| eHGä ôw wM`æ
æ®¡|T æ÷mPv|T äv`""
59. ±Oã O“v&| 27 mè 1575 Æ. T. ä´ó wM[ Kdx —. 248""
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89
°ıJ 07
π®`≈ôº PJô{ πê ®J¿ °è}eè (π”≤|) A—` v®“ —&±+
ôhäÔ´ç T`¢´è ôe◊H´ó x±#T —¿H""
”Rh#èT —¿J
õeû&—v# ≈[e ôd¿√Ä´"" KÏ+—+ õeû&OHc# ≈[e A—\è (õè¬F)
÷vm"" KÏ+—+ c&OHc# A—]~è v®J¿ °è}e |“|ç ´—&º
z÷xn ô—ò|"" v±&F T°èº| πv+{Ä´ —+{ ô≈`—´
vOè”Yz% BH# Iæ ôcH÷ã|""
°ıJ 08
πy[è PJô{ π√U|è °èz*ºêÇ ô√ûRÄ´ó v{zçÄ´ó
ô—^Ä´è ô÷Û´"" vc# ±Oè h™ç √U| T≈[ v√ Gã""
ôè≈ —&±+ π“Iè ≈Jñ ôè≈ —&±+ π°èz*ºèè ≈J xÈıñ
60
«≤_ Ièzñ ä— HH+IF» πQH´ πOÈKı JR≈ ä´"" ≈JT ôè≈
—&±+ H±&Fì´ñ ôè≈ —&±+ H±&ºì´ ä´"" BJ—&±+ πQºhèı πBH#
vIæ πGä ôè≈ õ”±&ôxK+` (xÅ) ä´"" A—]z%T võÀ (v“I´
õœ) —wÇó πz[Ô πHT""
æF OÈKı vzËÔv| —&±+ πv&ˆH+ Jœ πPJô{ h#O|
61
HTeH+ J–Ç (ä—≈) ”≥^|ç h#O| —ç
cw| ÆO| Gê{J""
vO±“ | Iæ çÄ´"" v±OçÄ´ πQGä´è ´—&ºç õJm*|
vMæ®| üHB vâI õÈÔ™HB"" ûU|û#T {]û+èç πQO◊´è
H#w {]° H+H:Ç æÈÒ{J"" ”è πUz xÎ#Ø ä´ó ô`Û<Jç""
°ıJ 09
≠™m*¨Ç (õè¬F õºH#) x±# T`T` æOÔ^H#ó «õì x±#¨Çñ
πŸ` OX]ºÇè x±# Gê dH “I õèƒ| ºhèÔçJ?» æIH#""
«vÜ÷&ô{Çè T°èº| õ”±&ôxK+` Ôm¿H|» πQH# ôH#""
«M≥wÇè ûÆY` Í{ eHzûÔH ä´"" ûäc# éÿ ±÷í% Í{ û´—&º
ôæm`v#Tó vı`D{Ä´T ôºı\T""
ÆY[ì´ Í{ ”è
πzÅH´è ºFJ æ™“Jñ æ“¿IJ» πQJT ôH ""
tÿ^Çè x±# æBè õèÃ ´—&º πQÇH# ÿm*}Çñ ®¿
´—&º πRæm`v# x±#¨Ç çÄ´""
ûäc# éÿ ôè¡ñ tÿ` πH+IÄ´ πOä¢d| ®—è ä´""
õè¿±&F {]° ÁKÚç õè¿c# x÷+¨Ç vJœäz% v|TF`| Iæ dH
Oäû=c+¨Ç c&¿JH#| πQOäû=e ôHó ´—&º Ô`} πQOäû=e ôH""
60. Tè‹ ôJ{®mT""
61. 1586 Æ. T. OGã ä´""
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90
BHzì´ ®—è ¿xz^ æwIH#"" OËMız%èç π°Fä|è Y^ BH#
62
æR^H#ó võÕÄ´ º¤v‡wH#ó võ”^Ä´ ºhvjwH# ""
eHı`D{Ä´ ôºı\T""
TdH+ä|è πôaè J–Ç ûGã|
63
ûH+™´ºèç ûüFç| æ®e√H#""
fezì´ ®—è ∂è KÁç õç ∂è OÆW_ æwIH#"" ı`≈
æ÷xnH#ó û´—&ºT æ÷vnH#""
64
ô^zì´ ®—è πO£èè| Qe}Çç ®æ≤≥aÇ ¿“ˆÇ
çÄ´ó ÖæHì ®è∆Çñ ÷èü^ ‘JRfÇ (Gä´ dH) ®¿´—&º
ôæm`v#T"" «πc+}Ç H:H+¨Ç äè» æIH#""
ôTezì´ ®—è jR”H+ñ —±+ñ vÆH è| æwIH#ó
O_{Ä´è H—v_ ôüıH´ º≥±#{Jó vı`D{Ä´ ôºı\T""
e≈ezì´ ®—è —v_¨Ç çÄ´ó õì Iæ æÍH#ó
eH´—&º ôè√ÇT Kdx πIÄ´T""
cwzì´ ®—è vè”≈ πQ÷mPç H^dÄ´ πQºz`Ò
çÄ´""
eTèzì´ ®—è õè¿ ôèÿ[ïÇñ ÁKÚ¨Çñ (Jxe/p√)
cÚ¨Çñ ôç÷&¨Ç ºH# õç õä±&Fè πQOeH# ÿvvïÇ çÄ´ó
´—&º ôº´m%T""
±÷äì´ Í{ JOçè Y^ º¿[—# ô≥R]¨Çñ
wHûva¨Çñ wHv—ç¨Ç çÄ´"" πc◊Ä´è æw`û#{Jó x÷#J
Te“çç ´√c+ ûèz% æc÷#{J"" ºJc◊Ä´è c&^—P| õ√
ôæGèwÄ´Tó M“Çè ä´ æIH#"" û´—&º v[œP æ`nH#""
ÆY[ì´ Í{ Ÿ`ç “i πQæ±#ñ ´—&º πQÇH#ñ «H\fi πè—#W#è
65
vä±&F ÿm*|ä| T°èº| ô—^Çè
ÔH”» πQûzH# çÄ´""
÷ÛÇ""
“I ”è õä±&F ºäXçÄ´ ±÷î ®—êÇ πH#v|T"" BH#T
û¿m*o õeû JCo H´—&{ πWH÷ã çÄ´"" eH±&F º÷ÒçJñ
62. vvÆI| mè ûv+z °èz*ºè c&º—H”H# πQº¿`—#|è ®[x RHz% ä´""
63. πxH#æ û&√è üFç|""
64. «®æ≤≥`» πv+z Oè”Yz% c+}Ç (J≠#Iz%) çÄ´"" (ÿè| ®è∆ÇT vnH#
æ÷\v| äv["") è—#W# ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J æFèè |èzç ûcR vâI
«¿“ˆÇ»T v´|≈`ç õè¬º—H”H# ≠™œ ôeä”bJ æwIJ""
65. «ôc[ è—#Y H[™*È» Tè‹ OÜJæ 7" 5 ä´"" ”è ôw wM`æèç
H+H:Ä%èT OTF^è õè¿OcIÄ´ «ôc`» õ±&F Iæ «ÔH”» (eT) RH|
ôæ¿HTó «÷Ô[» (”Y) RH| ä´"" GêT «ÔH”» OeI;Ä´ è—#Y
c&º÷Û ÿÛz%è õè¬º`T ôezºπ| πQcÿv|ñ c&ºdT` πQOc—|v|
Hè—#Y xÅ πQcÿ «ôc[ è—#Y» πQwJ πoé Ææä| Ôÿ[™Jó á\æ
®J¿ YIc+ñ OÈKÔ oéñ (ô¬e ôvw) 09)1 ÆO| õT≈á[ J¿z%
H°è}eñ —. 8.
page075-094
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91
æÔÀçJ"" «(“I´) võ”±&ôxK+` |õ≤≥ æÔ çJ» πQH#
πõe^ô+J J–Çè Ohäıç vÛèç vwv&H:è õœ OÿÛ{Ä´è
T°èº| ºO◊H#"" «z™—& πQºhèı v&GèR êa °v#`ç J≠#J
ûGä´ ûõ”±&ôxK+` ±è≈ Rè õ`√{ æHTè äv[? x±#¨Ç
ÿm*}Çè v&ºhèÒñ ‘ôè¡ ôè¡è h& ºw`^Ä™Jó BHz% ÆY\è h&
66
ºd≈√;Ä™J’ πQH´ πOÈKı nJ ûèz% vGä äv`» æIH#""
≠®™m*¨Ç Gæñ πQ{Oä´ πO O]º¨Ä% ®æT
πâHïÄ% zû^ü]¨Ç nJ õè¿Gä õçèz {ńIÇB""
°ıJ @
õè”¬F ®¿ “I´ ±+ç õèOHe""
|çèkÄ%%è J–Ç «PfiØ» æIÄ™Jó vHÿ πQH#|è
«ô+JRè» æIÄ™J"" ûäc# πQvJ÷#|èñ O™“| πQ T\|è
«—:`wõ» æIÄ™J""
67
ºJz—±\|è ‘JRfÇ--πê ÷—#^Ä´è õè¿ ‘^
68
πQºjPç «ûHI» πQH#|è--«sè¿I» æIÄ™J"" c´ñ ≥Gèñ
ôèvdñ ô´^]eñ ‘j c&—≈H# ûRFJ ^dÄ´ Iæ m%è· (|z´)
69
Qe| c&º—v#T üJ—¿H#
æIfiH#ó ºJ—¿H ”è ôæI‡T""
ôæI‹T""
vPJô{ ±Oè —:j (eH)vH#ñ «ûvIä´ ûx| ä´ó
eè—≈H´ ^dÇèè ôèI‡» ôH#"" ”RkÄ%T ve≈x ôä“—`ñ
66. ±√”T 32" 30""
67. fez%T oœ¨Ç v”JÈ «‘^» æIH#""
—#æ¬ «Ö^» (®{¿`) xH:
H´Ÿ{J""
õ`”ÿ ®{¿aÇ v±&ºè ±Oè OHø™Ä´ π÷—#^Ä´
ôW^` õè¿äv[ û”^î ôä“—` HO[√| æÅIJó ”^î H®[^
ºcHÛÄ´è ®{¿aÇ πŸ` ±ƒ c&ä”^Ä´ñ «÷—#^ÇBè õè¿
°èz*ºêÇ xäæ ¿™ («π¿™ J–Ç»?) ôjP» RHz% v”JÈ wæ—wT
®{¿aÇ πzHπ π÷—#` ôv◊÷` õè¿äv^Ä´ æ÷m%RJó Basset,
Histoire de la conquête de l’Abyssinie, Vol. I, p. 327, for the text, and Vol. II,
p. 436, for the translation.
68. sè√I ôR`ìT ä´ó HTdH+ñ OÜJæ 5" 11Iæ «sè√I´ πz≥[Ô[Ô
ä´» πQH´è zOJû|""
69. õ±&F Iæ mÃ¨Ä% πzddz% æOeIH#"" BHz%T πQH#| õè¿ d¡I «ûRFJ
^dÄ´ Iæ |èj ÷—#` æIfiH#» ä´"" Hõ´äz% πQm`v´ ”è õè¿
m%è· «|èj ÷—#` |z´ æIfiH#» RHz% ä´ó °ıJ 05è zOJû|""
”^î v±èz^ Ÿèä| c&®≈oñ «õè”ƒFe ôèz ûU|°Jè ÷I| ÷ÛJè»
v&H#|ñ «õé OÄ U|û# m%è‚T m%è ‚T J–Ç ®JÕHB» ôH
πQwH´T z¤R] R[Qº ä´ó Caquot, “Histoire Amharique de Gr"ñ et
des G"ll"s,” p. 129.
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92
«πh™èç πôTK^è c¨Ç eè—≈J ^dÇèè ôèI‡ó T°èºz%T
õäc# πQç—\ ûx}Ç çÄ´ó O™“| ôæÇH#T» ôH#""
70
“I BH#ñ H#wT Gä mè∆Iñ Qe| ºI—v#| «m,a»
æwIH#"" πH#w´ m,a ûH#w “^ñ πsè¿I´ ûsè¿I “^ñ π—v\
m,a û—v` “^ vôè≈ v+| æê^H#""
csI (cmI) HOY^| Dº πQºFH# c¨Ç ækRH#ó
«ô `z%» æI;Ä™J""
71
¿”U Hv_ ô[√ ækRH# ó (õä±&F) «mJ{» æwIH#""
¿”U Y“ πQ÷xc# õç õπs[÷# HBH#T vt`ÿ vt`ÿ
72
73
õû#J πQº≈H# BH| c´ ækRH#ó «™–» æI;Ä™J""
72
¿”U πBH#èT IUÇ ®z| πQºJv# ôTe| ®è∆Ç
74
ækRH#ó eRÄ´ «KHx∆» ä´""
72
¿”U ®z| HOo√| BH| ækRH#ó Hºè√è¡ vOHû&º
ºüıIH#ó eRÄ´ «ÿC}» ä´""
¿”U Hûx| õ—√ cw| c¨Ç ækRH#ó (õä±&F) π÷Û´èT
75
(ûx|) æÔJ“H#ó eRÄ´ «v`w∆» ä´""
¿”U ûRFIÄ´ BH| æO`÷#ç ®¿c+| πQE¿´è
76
õè¬—YÁ#ç õè¬m÷# ækVÄ™Jó (õä±&F) «‘`d» æwIH#"" æF
(ûc+|) O÷vnÄ´ HŸ`ä| πäm% πz—# õè¬Gã ä´ õèÃ HÈ≈o
77
ôæ¿HT"" º—w πQºev´ Qez%è πQºe¿e|v|è (ä—`) ä´""
¿”U (c&’±#) ûx| πQä¡ ÆY` πQGã c¨Ç ækRH#""
78
eRÄ´ «÷´z%» ä´"" ûäc# éÿ Qe| HR”w| πÔH— æHæç
79
vv+z% æê^Jó «œJCü» æH#{J""
70. «sè√I» πQH´è nJ ôR`ì º¿[—#|è ôw}Ç TdH+ vR≈[” «m,a»è
"bacheler" HQH´ πõè”H&≥ nJ Oz`—:Qº R≈[” õèÇIHè"" õäc#T
®e¿´| æGçJó «äÛî ±—`» πQwH´ W^™*| c&ˆ°`ñ «±—` m*a
dæ™“ ≈J æäd» ºH´è ûøKèe/ôõIı c—≈ {]° éÿ —. 20 Iæ
zOJû|""
71. mJ{¨Ä% eè| õè¿Gã vtÿ` ºJzç—[´ tÿ\è mÃ veMz|
v&—≈Ô´ æGçJ""
72. πtÿaÄ% Räe π‘d¨Ä%è O÷è ºdºJ"" ÖæIÄ´ x≤{Ä´ dæGè
O¿^ {Ä´ æOeIJ""
73. ™√ (÷vc) ûQH´ ”Y π®◊""
74. «KHx∆» «ôIv&¨Ç» RH| ûGä «ôHv» ûQH´ ôR`ìç «KHv» ûQH´
”Ø≥ “^ ºH´ ”èí%ä| {]ü™* õèÃ ô“◊Q H&Gè ôæÇJT""
75. «v`w√» «ÔH—» ûQH´ ”e π®◊ ä´""
76. «‘`d» RH| «Oü]» RH| ä´""
77. ôè¿ì paè}e 7" 33""
78. «÷´z%» «õ[ì»""
79. «œJCü» «Qe| º—w õ[ì»""
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page 18
93
jR”H+´è «TJ—>∆»80 æH#{J""
õc#T v&Gè
81
82
õè¿®è≈UÅÇè õè¿ ±Ê õç õè¿ ôw K^ v◊T üJ¿ûO
û´—&º ôº`ıT""
°Û| HR≈[” πQz“ ÷I| õè¿ì º—í πHT"" ¿”
HOY^| πQz“ —+{ç è—#YT õè¿ì º—í πHT"" õ”±&ôxK+`
83
õeû [œT ±Oèç x±# —&±+ æ÷xm´ó æIJ wM`æ""
80. «TJ—>∆» «jR”H+»"" õä±&Fè BH# πúaU nI| v+û&è”DT õç
Dèz*è”ˆ`≈ ®¿ õè”H&≥ì z`—>O™Ä™Jó C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B.
Huntingford, “Some Records of Ethiopia,” pp. 111-129. (πá√”
Re{®i¨Ä%è zOJû|"")
81. πjR”H+´ eT ±„ôH&Ÿe ä´ó vW`Î ≈è”J {]° éÿ z¿“”U
zäYz™J"" v±&ºè ±Oè eTè õè¿±&F Rd÷` æ®¡ äv[ó Æey (≠ev)ñ
ÆT∆ (≠T¿)ñ z≥üa (z≥ü[)ñ Oè—∆ (Oè—¿)ñ Ö¿a (Ö¿[)ñ °ıH:
(°ıH) æH# äv["" JR¡è ûúaU¨Ç ®e¿´| æGçJó «÷&ê»ñ
«v`w∆»ñ «KHx∆» πQH´è zOJû|""
82. ôw K^ ≈è”J ü}H&¢Ä%è vOn®T Ho≈eç voz´ —≈J zÈÎÄ™Jó
EMML 69, William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts,
Vol. I, p. 71.
83. è—#W# ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J äv[""
page075-094
page 19
BL Or. 534, f. 1a.
õeüBè ûz—í%| π±+çB H“I oœ¨Ç ôè¡""
(—È 63-66 Iæ zm≈~J"")
page075-094
page 20
TØ^ı "
“I/úaU
¡Sd {ô&ñ ™n ô#™*dó
¤p`d {ô&ñ HÔ ô#™*d""
!
¿Oç Bèñ cR∫è ôJxc´ó
c`∆ Bèñ O_z%è ôIxc´""
πúaU jR”H+¨Ç T`n|
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page 1
π¿v#x ô&|øÂº úaU¨Çè º÷ç ôæû+ DvÌè≈""
(ˆ}”^ı ôèh&" Karl Heinz Striedter, Frobenius-Institut)
page095-160
page 2
"
«±+çB H“I»è õç eHúaU¨Ç πQwH´è vævJÿ HO[√|
Oä“—]º H&Gã πQÇH#|è ™ç ™ç —#√øÇ õè√eÔI—&äz% v±&F
TØ^ı w‡\T v[ÃPT õπzÄB ôm`wÄ™HB""
(1) “I ®æe úaU
úaTì zç“]¨Ç «“I» πQH´è eT ûOÿI{Ä´ vÚ| Ta
πä—≈ eRÄ´ «úaU» õè¿Gä æç—^H#"" H+H:ÇT úaU
õè¬I;Ä´ ≤_ —Òv| õèÃ eP ûÿè| πê[ HOGã wÏ+ TåJ°
±Oè πäv\ ô} ≠ÌSç ôHn {π æOc°^H#"" π{]° Tè·Ä%
”èñ v±&º´T zºæ¥ õeû o`x —&±+ ≈[e H+H:ÇTñ πQ÷bÄ´
«“I» õºH# ä´"" v±&F ≈`cz, éÿ BHz% eUÇ õπzÔ^[m%
v&O÷# «“I» πTè·Ä% «úaU» πé ô÷^` Gä´ ä´""
(2) π“I |`—>T
«“I
“I»
“I RH| |`—>P Tè õè¿Gä ôæ{®oTó πRæ{®m´è
HR®o x±#¨Ç (±Oç™* ÁKÚ¨Ç dæm\) c&U°\ æ{ºH#""
ôè¿ìñ m¿T xH´ π®÷# πM≥xç πy{ eUÇ |`—>RÄ´
v—&±+´ dæO±—x ûm[ ®æT vuèuÇè éÿ Mº´ üJGä
πzÁ´∞ eT v&GãT õè¿ «≤ı»ñ «÷I»ñ «Ô[e» π±Oè `≥O|
|`—>RÄ´è ¿xpwÄ™J"" ”è õè¿c´ eT õè¿ «ôcÛ»ñ
«OKO≈»ñ «—H{»ó õè¿y{ eT õè¿ «ôFº Ôœ»ñ «ä‡ X`»ñ
«∆a Räm*º»ñ «ôK¡ ØÌ» πzÁ´∞ eUÇ eHGã |`—>RÄ´
ºJ÷Û õπOcHè HR®o õèÔJ“Hè"" eèÔJ” c© ≥T xH:
1
πÔ÷[´è |`—>T õç—îç õ´ä| ô≈`—è õèæ±™Hè "" «“I»ñ
«ôR^»ñ «h™»ñ «—:ÕT»ñ ®±z vQH#| eUÇ Iæ π¿[c´ æ§´
1.
page095-160
page 3
πé x÷+´ OTF`T «æ§èè πÔ÷^´è {]° HØ´mz% ºFJ Ø®m%|ó
õè¿ õ´äzì {]° Oz[üÇBè ”è z©» v&Hè õh& ôèH´T"" HTdH+ñ
«÷OèÕ» RH| «÷x OèÕ» ûQH´ πO◊ ä´ πQH´è Re◊J
ôJzÅHT"" ±Oã πOTF` nJ πRæûv`v| ±Oè vOGãñ «÷OèÕ»/
«÷vèÕ» πz%`° nJ Gê ûì π¿[c´ vÆ[xì vû#J ä´ó π±&Fè πz%`°
nJ |`—>T «÷x OèÕ» HR≈[” O O]º z%`¢Çè ôR`ì zç“]¨Ç
R≈[” ºeÔJ“J» v&wJT x±# cQ ôJz—íT""
98
ä´ó õ´äzì |`—>RÄ´ õeüBè ôJz—íT"" «≤ı» HTè «≤ı»
õè¿zwH T°èº| v&ê[´Tñ ºèè T°èº| ôBè õè¿Rçóñ
Hõä±&F ä—∆Çç y{¨Ç HTè æ§ Ææä| eT õè¿zc◊Ä´
πQ{Oè Ø´m| πHèT""
«“I|» πQJ π”Ø≥ nJ ôHó ”è «“I» û”Ø±# «“I|» “^
”èí%ä| æã[´ ôæã[´ õ`”÷ì ôæ¿HBT"" v”Ø≥ «“I|» x±#
tÿ` Gê |`—>P «‡ıaÇ» RH| ä´"" ®¿âI ±Oè πzËÒ|
üJGã vm` m¿T ºH#| Tè·Ç úaU¨Çè wè≈T vx±#T «“I»
æI;Ä™Jó x±#¨Ä%è «“I|» («‡ıaÇ») ®æT «“H:Ç» πQI;Ä´
BH+T wæGè ôx≤ì´è —&±+ πo`v# ±Oè Tè·Ç çÄ´ó eH±&F
«“I» π«“I|» ä÷I tÿ` ä´ HRH| ôºe¿ı`T"" ôHn û&√ä
®J≈ °ıH+T «“I»è õç «“I|»è dººæ±# HπxÅÄ´
2
πO±—w;Ä´ eH±&F ä´ ""
æFT Gêñ «“I|» π«“I» x±# v&Gè zeRQ´ ä´ó
T°èºz%T ôè¿ìñ πePè ÿè{™*ä| ºdºJó BHzìTñ Tè·Ä%
«‡ı^» πQH´è ûúaU¨Ç πz®c¿ nJ ô≈`—´ |`—>P
«πõaT{ñ vôè≈ä| π”` xH: cJı» RH| õè¿Gä æç—^H#""
«v‡ı^ ôTdH “I» RH| «õè¿ “I v‡ı^ (vzç÷J dæGè
vôè≈ä|ñ võaT{ HO´“| OcHı)» RH| ä´""
π”Ø±# Tè·Ç õeIUÇè «õeIT» ®æT «OHdæ»ñ
úaU¨Çè «“I» eHQI;Ä´ «“I» πQH#| °èz*ºèT õeITT
ºJGä´è ä´ ºcìJ"" ”è úaU ºæ¿H#|èç °è|çè ®æT
õeJTçè
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H+H:Ä%è
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«“I»
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c¨ÇT (πä—≈T eT) OGã ôº÷^ÿ`T"" °è|çè ®æT
õeJTçè πzmvH#|èT wFIÄ´ñ uèuÄ´ úaTì õeûGä ≈[e
«“I» æI;Ä™J""
(3) πúaU ôè≈ä|
GêT æF BH#èT «“I
“I»
“I xH: ÷oII ô÷^` úaTì zç“]¨Ç
ôè≈ v+| (v+z
v+z “I
“I) HOGçÄ´ Re[Õ ôæGèT"" {Ç {Ç ”xÈ
(Lower Egypt) vôem,ÿe —√R| πQê\|è Oä¢d| ûTØ^x vû#J
õπO÷# πQ±`Û<Ä´è v`vaÇ OÈKˆÅÇè «v`v` πQwJ “I»
3
æI;Ä™J "" v`vaÇèç úaU¨Çè vôè≈ eT õè¬÷bÄ´
º¿[“Ä´ Tè≈è ä´? «Ô[èœ» õè¿RH| ä´ó Hì æTcHè
õèÃ Ô[è–Ç πTèIÄ´ BH# ôè≈ v+| (v+z
v+z Ô[èœ)
Ô[èœ ôæ¿H#T""
2.
3.
page095-160
page 4
û&®° OÈKÔ c™e´ ®”e ®O≥—v nI| K¬e —. 317""
HTdH+ñ ´√c+ R`ºT o√c+ R`ºTñ —. 206-11""
“I/úaU
99
H+I TdH+ñ ûôá¯ Oÿz´ ôS]ü´ºè πGã|
(«Ô[è–Ç») m≈O™Ä´ ô—\è πº±#|è «ô&è¬ºèe» («Fè∆Ç»)
æI;Ä™J"" «Fè∆Ä%» ”è «Fè∆Ç» OwIÄ´èT Gä õè¿ ôè≈
M≥x O{π{Ä´è ôæmvH#T"" zeRQ´ TdH+ ”è πÆ[yÇ
Bé{ ä´"" ôè≈ uèu (Æ[xì)ñ ôè≈ OèÔd™* O] (äv&∫
OKO≈) ôIÄ´ó c& T\T x±# ‘d ”è ôè≈ ä—≈ ®æT ôè≈
M≥x äv\"" vâI õè¿ c#√è ºH#|è H+H:Ç M≥yÇ
DæRê{Ä´èç uèuÄ´è vR´[e ôd[w;Ä´ (Æ[yÇ
ô¿[’Ä´)"" Tè·Ä% πúaU¨Ä%è Bé{ v±&F OJ° ä´
πQºm`v#|ó HTdH+ñ «“I ±æxJ¨ y[è» («y[è πQwJ “I»)
RH| «◊H&ºè πQH#| Ô[èœ» ®æT «ç¸G πQI;Ä´ Fè∆Ç»
õè¿RH| ä´"" ôHn {π —x[ R`ºTT æFè Jx vRH|
πQwH´è c&ä”\èñ
û±&º (—+{Ä´è ô≥RÇ õè≈`ºeè û—¿H#v|) ±Oè Ta
õeû ôÏ+ OH° c—≈ (W`Î ≈è”J) ±Oè ≈[e v°èz*ºèç
v“I OAûJ BH”±+ ÷xç Ÿ`ä|ñ Bû|ñ O“¿JT Gäó
eH±&FT õä±&º v“Iè ®è≥ eHäv\ “I zwH#"" π“I ®—èT
BH# vÿoH# v±&F eT “I zwH"" ÿè| ”è π“H:Ç vÿoH# wè≈
πQ÷\v| eT ôJäv^Ä´Tó ww}ÅÄ´ eT vπä—√Ä´
v`z%R y[ç æwH# äv` æIH#
xH´ ä”[´çJ4""
æF õTä| πäv[´ úaU¨Ç ôè≈ eT
v&ê^Ä´ wæê^Ä´ J∫ä| vRºO◊v| ±Oè eHGä {]û#
H&{Oè πQÇJ æOeIJó ˙Hz*ü πHv|T""
GêT wFJèñ vzHπT uèuèñ O—OÅ ü¿[”è úaTì
zç“]¨Ç ôè≈ä| v&ê^Ä´T wæê^Ä´Tñ ôè≈ eT
v&ê^Ä´T wæê^Ä´Tñ c& T\ ôè≈ Ææä| M≥x äv\"" ôw
wM`æT õè√è≈ M≥x ä´ πQºæ™Ä´""
(4) úaU¨Ç ûH+H:Ç æHºH#?
úaU¨Ç ô&|øÂº û{∫v| —&±+ Ta «c&√R» ûQH#| M≥x “^
(ûc&√UÇñ ûôRaÇñ ûô—¨Çñ ®±z) vıo`T v÷HÛT æ“v#
äv["" vDæRê| üJGä «c&√R¨Ç» «“H:Çè» v±` õû#øÇç
zOddøÇ õèÃ J∫¨Ç ®æT ûızïÇ ®æT ≥ozïÇ ô≈`—´
ôI∫™Ä´T"" uèuÄ´ û#d™* ®æT üR™* eHGä Hc#RH+¨Çñ
4.
page095-160
page 5
JE692E, p. 582. ûô≥RÇ õè≈`ºe “^ eI¿[—#| ”‡| πQwH´ û±&F
mÿH: (tÿ` 6 éÿ) zÈÛ<J"" eH JE692E —È 60ñ á√” t. 21è
zOJû|""
100
Hô—¨Ç Hv+Õ¨Ç vôè¿ì ¿[Õó uèuÄ´ c+R™* HGä HôRaÇñ
H|”_¨Çñ H—#^—+¨Çñ Hô¿_¨Ç õç uèuÄ´ úS{™* HGä
HúS}¨Çñ
H—&Q^¨Çñ
HÕèŒa¨Ç
vBHzì
¿[Õ
ºm`wÄ™J"" û#d™*/üR™*ñ c+R™*ñ úS{™* õä±&F fez% vûızì
¿[Õ «®è≈RRÇ ôw| uèu¨Ç» OGçÄ´ ä´"" πôè¿ì õç
πBHzì ¿[Õ ≥T≈çÄ´ πôè≈ ôw| ®æT πôè≈ ôº| J–Ç
õè¿OGè RH| ä´"" π[œT —&±+ T`T` º¿[—´è Òç™*´è
ôæû+ DvÌè≈èñ «≤_ πcSèç π¿v#x wFI™* zn`ê v&‘ITñ
5
ô&|øÂº ôè≈ ôè≈ä| ºH´ wFJ ô—` GçHÇ» ûQJ õTä|
º¿[c´ πM≥v# O≤O≈ ä´""
v±&F ô“◊Q BH| ä—aÇ Re{®e ºeÔJ“Jó ôè¿ìñ
û#d™*/üR™* uèu¨Ç ûôı]ü ´› zç“] πIÄ´T"" ıÁ#T
ôı]ü´ºè çÄ´"" π´› HOGè KS| õè£è v&O◊ ûôı]ü
´› zç“] wIÄ´ vc+R™* uèu¨Ç õèÃ vû#d™*/üR™* H&O◊
ôæÇJT"" BHzìñ úaTì ûc#RJìñ ûoRè|ì (ûô—´ì)
®±z “^ ºè≈ ôw| Jœ ûGä úaU¨Ä%è ûä±&F Hæ} vo`x —&±+
û®¬º R∆ O÷# HRH| ºeÄ”^J""
ôæû+ DvÌè≈ eH “√ Y`Æ| πc÷´è (û{Ç vá√”
tÿ` 28 e` π÷meû#|è) ôezºπ| õ±&F û÷meû#H| “^
ôm^`vè xçπ´ πô&|øÂºè M≥x ôè≈ä| xÅ dæGè
vô&|øÂº {]° éÿ ºH ôè≈ |Jo õèpoJj H&Ô{JèT
æÇIJ"" õè¿Tçe{ć´ñ πô°c#T «ä—Y{|» eT «õH» πQJ
Oäi ôH´ó HTdH+ñ «õH ÆQ√»ñ «õH ôH√ñ «õH ô≥’’»ñ «õH
—v≥» πQwH#|è «ä—Y{|» õçe{é"" π«õH» |`—>P «õä»
ä´ó x±# tÿ`è ºOH°{J"" BHzìñ v±&F nJ ûQ T\ eUÇ
5.
page095-160
page 6
Haberland, Untersuchungen, p. 219. DvÌè≈ v¿v#x ô&|øÂº °è|ç
zeÛı} õè¿äv[ HRe[√| è””` c&º¿`” ¿”U õ”[ Oè—¡è õè¬F
æIJó “Die so häufig zu findende Apostrophierung der Amhara als “Semiten”
im rassischen und auch im kulturellem Sinne ist rein Phantasie. (Es ist
unmöglich, einen linguistischen Namen auf den rassischen Befund zu übertragen). Die meisten Völker Äthiopiens, wie z. B. die Galla oder die Kaffa oder
die Agau -- die Urbevölkerung Nord-Äthiopiens --, haben das gleiche Aussehen wie die Amhara und Tigray” (“æ§ x±# —&±+ πQ—í´ ôRaÇè v±`ç
vwFJ [—≈ ûc+R´ºè R—◊÷T ıÁ#T oµ| ä´"" (ôè≈è πuèu eT
®¿ ±` ”î| RezIHı ôæÅJT"") ôx≤ì´ πô&|øÂº M≥xñ HTdH+
“H:Ç ®æT ûıÉÇ ®æT -- cSè ô&|øÂºè vÿè{™* M≥xä| πº±# -ô—¨Ç OJüÄ´ º´ πôRaÄ%ç π|”_¨Ä% Ææä| ä´""”) Eike Haberland,
“Altes Christentum in Süd-Äthiopien”, p. 3.
“I/úaU
101
“^ ôxa πQE¿´ ”YT x±# tÿ` ä´ó HTdH+ñ «ä”W#»
(ä—W#)ñ «Uz%» (Uz%) æIJ""
«õH» õç ”W# πQºOH°z%| x±#ä|è ûGäñ æF ô°c#R™*
π—µ* eT ô®◊ÿ ôw wM`æ v°ıJ 4 eH H#w ûËÒJè úaR™*
π—µ* eT ô®◊ÿ “^ zOddæ ä´¢"" õä±&F eUÇ πä—Y{z%
dæGã õè¿ «YH#e ÖæH+»ñ õè¿ «SJwM» π—µ*´ W^™*| eUÇ
æOeIH#"" «”W# x±# tÿ` πGä´ è—#W#è HR°v` ä´» πTèH´
v&Ä”[è ä´ó v”Ø≥ c&Ëı è—#ZÇè vx±# tÿ` ”Y R°v`
πz O[´ vo`x —&±+ ä´""
≤#¨ÇT zOddæ πÆ´¿ ”≤| (“√) Y`Æ| dæê^Ä´
ôæm`T"" HTdH+ñ π”≤| ±OçÄ´ πzO±—v BH| πä—Y{|
≥`≥` ôH"" wè¿ì´ ≥`≥` éÿ ûzO±—v#| 11 «ä—Y{|»
7z%ñ vBHzì´ ≥`≥` éÿ ûzO±—v#| 9 «ä—Y{|» 8z% 40 40
ÆO| —≥z™J"" æF 40 ÆO| Æ´¿ ”≤| OGè ôHv|"" ôH±&ºR
æF A#H# zOddæä| õèƒ| ô“◊Q H&Gè æÇIJ"" πÁKÚ¨Ç
Ô÷^ ä´ πQJ |`—>T Oe÷|T ôº[üT""
w‡\ñ ô&|øÂº A—`ä~ πä—¿ û#d ä´ó c+R™* uèu
zç“]¨Çè uèuÄ´è —Ôı ô≈`—è xçºÄ´ ôx≤ïÄ% ô—¨Çç
v+Õ¨Ç çÄ´ó Jx ôIJä´ õè¿Bñ v—+T≈` RH| T≈[ v+Õ
RH| ä´"" ôè√è≈ π{]° Tè·Ç v—+T≈`è õè¿ «ô—´
T≈`» «v T≈`» πQH#|è õçe{é"" π”Ø±#ç π≠[xì´
Tè·Ç ô&|øÂºèç KTè/üTè ôè≈ º¿`’Ä™J""
æ§ eHuèu¨Ç ôOW^[| ä´"" ≤_ Rè πRèè uèu
uèuΩ xH: õè¿º± HR®o ®¿ {]°ñ ®¿ ôè|a˙H:Ãñ ®¿
ô`û+¨H:Ã OE≈ ºeÔJ“J"" v±&ºè —&±+ úaUä|ç ôR^ä|
û√y´ éÿ õ`k´ Gä´ πm[´ |Jm% π√y´ °ıJ πô&|øÂº
ä—∆Ç ´M¿| Gê º—í™J"" πT`T\è ´÷+| HR®o πQ’’
v—+T≈`èñ ‘ÕTèñ ôTÜ^èñ ®Hnèñ Ô÷“`èñ ºÿHmHm%|
úaU¨Ç ôR^ õè¿Gãó úaU¨Ç ¿v#v#è eIÿHmHm%| —#Ãñ
õç`ºñ πô\c& K≈º¨Ç úaU¨Ç õè¿Gã æ[√J"" õ±&F ≈`c|
éÿT vO÷ã ôè√è≈ TJ°| õç—ìHè""
«πTç—[´ uèu πÿè| ôº}Ä, uèu ä´» πQJ H&dd|T
Iædd|T æÇIJó v‡HR Rä◊÷` πQH#| Ææä| ä´"" °v#`
ô} ≠Rãô+J ôx`DT v|≥{Ä´ OÈKı éÿ wwz,T vçz,T
úaU äî ºH#| ®I–ÅÄ´ úaTì c&ä“—\ eI—òÄ´ OGè
ôHv|"" uèu¨ÅÇè õè¿Jxe πQmºπ\ Gä™Jó vv“´ ®^|
õè√èÄ—` c´è v°[T| ®^| vHvc´ Jxc# ôèûÛıH´T""
page095-160
page 7
102
(5) «“I» e≈x ä´?
ôè≈ uèu πQç—` M≥x H+I uèu πQç—´è M≥x πQ÷^v|
eT æê[™J"" ºèè eT ®æT ûz÷]¨Ä% º—í™Jñ ®æT
vôè√Ç T°èº| æÔÿ[™Jñ ®æT «vO≥—v uèu» éÿ üH#|
nI| ôè¡è πQeRR πQOeH´è nJ æO`÷™J"" «ôıa
ôæ—x»ñ «YH#e ÜæH+»ñ «ÜæI|»ñ «ô`wx»ñ «t`wè» ®±z
õºH# HŸ` W^™*}Ä% πQc⁄Ä´è eUÇ õçe{é"" º õè¬F
Gê π®◊´ πM≥x eT vâI vôè√Ç {]° T°èº| (« ”ç´
« ”ç´
πõ—H+ M≥x»)
«ôæ πõ—H+ M≥x ä—`
ä—`»)
M≥x» õπzwH O¿äm*º ®æT («ôæ
õπzwH Oc¿v&º æTcJ õèÃ c&®◊ «õ—H+»
«õ—H+ æFè Ææä| |`—>T
õè√H´ Re[Õ ôæ—îT""
õ`”ÿ ÷I| πÿIÅ eTT º®◊Jó ôw wM`æ õè¿ä—\èñ
Hy[è úaU¨Ç ôè¡ °ıJ «√™,» πQH´è eT º®÷#IÄ´
úaU¨Ä% dæGã H+I´ M≥x ä´ (π≈`c{Ä´è °ıJ 03
zOJû|)"" æF πä—≈è eT e≈x ô≈`‘ ôä“—` ¿”U x±# ä—∆Ç
vQê\v| ô—` ≠™œT πRºpO´ vMæ®| (vä—≈ä|) πOpº
πc´ Jœ ÷wº™* ±ƒ (survival) ä´"" GêTñ «“I» He≈x π®◊
eT HOGã TèT Re[Õ πHèT""
≤_ «“I»
e≈x ä´ c&wJ õcRHB õèÃ w¿”Bv|
ôüwv&T Gä vRńÄ´ Tè·Ç ±è≈ nH# õè¿ Rèì´T
πM≥x eT —HJzì O÷]º õèÃ e≈xä| πHv|T"" w¿”Bv|
ôüwv& õ[ïÇ eèûwv` vôR`ì «ôR^» õç «“I»ñ vúaTì
«c&√R» õç «úaU» õèwwIHèó eèççoç eèc√¿x ¿”U «“H:
...» õç «c&√Tz*z* õäç ... » õèwwIHè"" v+zcyÅÇè zsÿz´
ôm%P πQH#è «“I»ñ «c&√R» OwwH#è dæGè «“H:» õç
«c&√Tz*z*» OwwH#è ä´""
vä—¡ πzc¿v BH# πä—¡è eT v&H´ÿ ÆHT ≥xòù
æ®◊ äv["" ‘d¨Çç ä—∆Ç ≥xò`nÄ´ v&®◊ dæiJ æm^J?
vôBã ±Oè x±# ôRaÇ «ôR^» õè¬wH# ôæÔJ—#T""
T°èº{Ä´ ”è úaU¨Ç «úaU õèÃ “I ô|vH#è» ûQH#v|
T°èº| πzHπ ä´ó «ôRaÇ» ôR^ä{Ä´è ôæ°¡Tó ôR^
OwJè πRæÔJ—#| ‘cîä| ô&|øÂº™*ä|è c&mçmè eI∫ ä´
õèÃ e≈xäz%è HOhj ôæ¿HT"" ôRaÇñ úaU¨Ç úaU
OwJè πQÔJ—#|è ºFJ ôR^ OwJè ôæÔJ—#|T"" T`fiÄ´
ô&|øÂº™* OwJ ä´"" ”è ôRaÇ úaU¨Çè ^dÄ´ úaU¨Ä%
vÔH—#| eT HOÿ^| c&ÿ\ñ õäc# ôRaÄ% ôR^ OwJè
õè¿RæÔJ—# õº®m% «ôR^» æI;Ä™J""
page095-160
page 8
“I/úaU
103
π«“I» M≥w™* |`—>UÇT v&Gã õ´ä|ä| wæê`wÄ´T
¿“‘Ç çÄ´"" ôè¡ñ «äv&∫ OKO≈ õeJTçè õè¬mvH#
v&Jû#wÄ´ (HõäR?) OJ°zïÄ% c&OHc# Häv&∫ ºO÷#IÄ´
OJe ä´ó vôı]ü™* ≠[xìñ «“J I» («õTv& ôH») πQH´ ä´""
(v≠[w™* ≠[xì v&Gè «nH I» æGè äv["") H+I´ñ «ä—¡ πO◊´
—Iè ûQwJ ûA—\ ®è≥ eHGä v®è±# eT “I zwH» πQH´ ä´""
ºT æ§T e≈x πHv|T""
ºT Gä æFñ ≤_ úaTì zç“]¨Ç «“I e≈x ä´ó
e|÷\è úaU vH#è õèÃ “I ô|vH#è» üH# Ôn√Ä´ æBèIÄ´""
úaU OwJ |°°J v&GèT vôR`ì eèä“—` v¿e{
õè≈è÷mTv| z—è◊æ úaU¨Çè õè√ºe{ćè úaU¨Ç äè
πQH# ôeÔI—&´è R≈[” æê`wÄ™J""
BHzì´ ≈°O| H+I uèu õπzç—\ ôR`ìè õç`T
RH| ä´"" ÒêÇ Òè ô|vH#èñ e™*≈êÇ e™*≈ ô|vH#è
ôæH#Tó BH#T vOcH´ c&÷^Ä´ zmxH´{J"" õäc# ”è
^dÄ´è H^dÄ´ w®÷#| eT æ÷^H#"" ™ç´ ä—` ûO”wwz%
Iæ ä´"" õ`”ÿ ôè≈ c´ vúaTì c&ä“—` «“I» v&J ôºT`v|
æGçJ""
ûIæ õè¿÷meû#| ®¿âI ±Oè πzËÒ| üJGã vm`
Tè·Ä% «“I»è Iè≈T Hx±#T æ÷mPv{J"" HTdH+ñ «®OÈô
“I» c&H# õè¿Bé{´ «“I O◊» ®æT «“H:Ç O÷#» RH{Ä´
H&Gè æÇIJ"" eH±&Fñ ±+çB H“Iè õç ûTè·Ä% πTm√Ä´è
H+H:Ä%è π”Ø≥ ÿofÇ ez[—>T û«“Iç» õç û«“H:Ç» ôè¡è
πTO`÷´ õè¿ Bé{´ HôR`ì zeRQ´è ä´"" H”Ø±#
πzÅH´è ºFJ HOo[x eJ vä÷I ôä“—` «M≥v#» õè¿QwH´ñ
«“I´» πTJv|T —&±+ ôH""
(6) π“I/πúaU ±+ç HTè zËÔ?
ô&|øÂº J∫ J∫ uèu πQç—\ πx±# ä—∆Çç ‘d¨Ç A—` Gç dH
v”Ø≥ eIè√Ä´T zHæ} úaTì eHQç—\ ô&|øÂº´ºè (eH
“I) πzËÔ´è ºFJ ôJzËÔT"" ûH+H:Ä% æJo eHúaU vævJÿ
HR®o πÅJä´ vTè T°èº| ä´?
vH+I ôä“—`ñ {]°
ÁKÚ¨ÅÇè eHH+H:Ä% ‘d¨Ç ºèè ºFJ π”J ±+ç ºJËÒJè
HTè≈è ä´?
OJc# mIJ æOeHìJ"" ÁKÚ¨ÅÇè eH H+H:Ä% ‘d¨Ç
x±# ºJËÒJè πOËı ıI‘| dæê^Ä´ m`} dæGè eHäc# x±#
πQº´m%| eHH+IÄ´ ä´"" H+H:Ä% ‘d¨Ç ®æT ä—∆Ç
ô&|øÂº´ºè πGã| {]° ÁKÚ¨ÅÇè ûO—í{Ä´ vÚ| ä´""
page095-160
page 9
104
ÁKÚ¨Ä% õä±&Fè ‘d¨Çç ä—∆Ç ô&|øÂº éÿ ô—òÄ´ õèÃ
®¿ ô&|øÂº õèƒ|ç vπ| vû#J õè¿O÷# ôI∫Tó ºπT
ôI—í%T"" õè¬F ûGä eHRº´m%| ä—` Tè xH´ æËÒJè?
«πô&|øÂº´ºè ôw{Ä´ ô&|ø„&e æwJ äv["" πä—¿ øo◊èñ
πä—¿ û#d J–Ç v±&F ®ÿz´ v±&º ®`¿´ ô&|øÂº cÔ\ñ ®±z»
πQH# {]¢Ç BH# ºIπñ ºJcR πä—[è —ç πT`T` Re[Õ
ºJ¿—ÛÄ´ ûôı ®¿ ôı πzIHÒ o`fÇ çÄ´ó πôè≈ c´
πôè≈ ±Oè ◊Û‡ Ô÷^ H&Gã æÇIH#"" x±# ºı {]¢Ç
vT`T` OemJì ÿºm, c&®÷\ v≈v#j| Iæ õè¿zW^ v+|
æè¢{¢{H#"" o`fÇ eHGã ”è ûO≥—x ôæÛm%T""
eHúaU¨Ç πTç´m´ û±&F vıÁ#T πzHπ ä´ó
T°èºz%T eHäc# πzËÔ´ ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº c&—v#ç û—v#T vâI
Tè õè√¿[—# w∫ πÆæè Te°` {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç ä´"" π±+çB H“I
¿^c& °ıJ 5 Iæñ «õè¿±&B wH&è O´“| v O[v| —&±+
πz—±[´ (H#w) SJwM æwIJ"" πôwz%è eT ôIóTó T°èºz%T
πQä”[î πHT» ºH#|è õ±&F Iæ õçe{é""
æ§T Gêñ eH úaU¨Ç üı {]° πQs÷` x±#
6
zÈÛ<J"" BHz% õè¬F æIH# ó
6.
page095-160
page 10
(1) EMML 7346, ff. 13a-14a; (2) EMML 1521, pp. 55-6, Getatchew Haile and
William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. V, p. 20.
ôÏ+ —I´ƒë ”^î õè¿Uz π˙`z%“Jè c¨Ç (ü}H&¢Ä%è) ô—` cÿ}
ReÔ\ õ`”ÿ ä´"" õäc#T eH—I´ƒë c&ç—\ñ «”^îè HRhäı
õè≈è[√´ DRêz,è vçèz DæRê| õH´◊HB ºH´è nJ ô÷Ôxè»
æH# eHäv[ñ HvmJ úaU¨Ä%è ô`Ô´ ûzmO÷#v| ôeäYz´v|
æGçJ"" ôÏ+ Ûc&J «ü—_ ´÷#» v&IÄ´ ®è≈Pè RdOÏÄ´ v{]°
πzO±—v ä´"" πü}ïïH&¢Ä% ‰‰e c&w[\ñ «õ”±&ôxK+` πKvkÇè
õTv&zìä| HOo◊| O O]º v”^îç vô¿J õeIUÇ õœ π◊IÄ´è
¡I õç ôHè“ ôBè H“H:Ç õè¿c◊Ä´ç õäc#T πvH÷ ¤üî
OoWı}Çç π±&F ºJH±v Oè”Y| ô´√Q¨Ä% õè¿QGã
—JÍIÄ™J»ó õdÄ´T «πA—]~è Oè”Y}Çç ô´^Õ¨Ç πQ®\ç
πè—#W ä—Yz%è Oè”Y| ÔÈU HO´¿T πQº¿`c# ÿm%` —#è√êÇ
ôH#» xH´ õ`”Rèç |èv&| õè¿zç—\ πdÄ´ c¨Ç O≥”vÍÄ™Jó
Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, p. 135. ôHn {π
eHúaU¨Ç πQä—\|è õ´ä| ºJGã {]¢Ç πQI;Ä´è vx±#´
cxev™J"" õ±&º π®æ±a™ {]° πzHºπ |[ü ôH´ó ôè¡ õè¬F æIJó
«wÏ+ ÆT¿ Èøè ±Oè (1307-1336) vDæRê| πzäX õ¤—+ ÚJÊe
[”O´| vA—^Çè Èã [Öx Gä"" v±&ºè —&±+ πÄ—^| c+| ®æ±a
(JØJ|) vÔ÷“` äv[Ç"" ¿”U ô≥RÇ õè≈`ºe πQwJ π¿™aç
πûz{ Oû:èè äv["" πc#T IH: πQwJ πIT ê w]º äv[´"" ºÄ* c+|
®æ±a v&`w| ®z| v&º÷◊î xI HIH: ô¿[ÇH|"" õc#T Tj|
ô¿[“|ó 4 ®è∆Ç 3 c+}Ç J–Ç ®H¿ÇH|"" eRÄ´èT π®è∆Ä%è
“I/úaU
105
(1) ô≥RÇ õè≈`ºe πQH#| Oû:èè (ô—[ —µ*) πô`õîñ
π¿™añ πÔ÷“` —+{ äv["" (π±&ºè —&±+´è) πIT ^c#è («IT
ê» π®[√ —∑ πRØ[” eT ä´) IH: æH#| äv["" ¿• ®æ±a
(JØJ|) x{≈`H| Qe| ô¿[“|"" Jœ x|®J≈ |Jm%è
û[∫ ôH´"" zû{∫è Sfi ôH´óñ fezì´è z%HR ôH´ó
ô^zì´è ®H: ôH´""
õH&Fè ô^z%è T≈` õπRcÇñ ¤ò õπ—:±—:±Ç
ôd¿—ÅÄ´"" õ±&º cæ◊è ô¿[wÄ´ó H+I uèu (úaTì
OGã ä´) ºç”^Ä´ µO`"" ûc´ dæ—çí% ô¿—#"" ü¿—#T
(vâI) ôw{Ä´è õºeûzH# πc´ ûx| (OmR|) vıπJç
vv” µO\ç Ô[c#è IPè (ûxz%è) º—í%|è BH# æmP
µO`""
c´ BH# zcvcvç õ—+{(Ä)´ ±è≈ ôv+| ôv+| ôH""
—+{Ä´ v&cR z© ôIÄ´ñ eè£è æz© π—+{Ä´è ”|J
(ûx|?) ôem\"" IPè æ±´ “I πQH#| ®è≥ ôHñ ¡`
õ±&º —xz´ ≠OÎ#"" —+{(Ä)´ c©è °zz% ôHç z™“Ä´ó
≈J äW#ç —+{Ä´è —¿H#ñ c´èT ÔÀ|""
û±&º ®¬º πQpT (πQuuRÄ´) ÷Û"" (ô—\) v1 ÆO|
P—` ≈[e ÷Û"" v2 ÆO| ¿^ ô¿[c´"" vôÏ+ ô&ºc# ±Oè
®Hnñ h”Iñ ®û=H# ôTK^ õeû OJ≤ ÷Û""
(õäc#T) v®è±# eT “I zwH#""
(2) vW`Î ≈è”JT ±Oè “I zäY} °èz*ºèè BH#
æ™“Ä´ O`"" õc#T vÿm*| ±Oè õ[x~Jç v[{wÄ´""
π“IT ôO◊ÿ {]û# õè¬F ä´"" wÏ+ —I´ƒë ±Oè
äıÿ æ¥ πO◊ Ô[èœ ”^î ûUz vâI û—I´ƒë “^ ®¿
h™ E¿"" ºÏ+ Jxä ≈è”Jè IT (ûx|) õπ÷vm% —Iè vQwJ
ô—` ®è≥ √`Å ûQê\ ±IêÇ “` æê` O`"" ûä±&FT ®—è
Qe| ô”x} 2 J–Ç ®H¿"" õä±&FT v±Iã v+| ô¿—#ñ
vÿm*| ±Oè ôüH O÷è ô¿[c#ñ —:HOc#"" õäc#T v±Iã v+|
vô√J ûQê\ ûõeIUÇ ®—è ô—v#ó 7 J–Ç ®H¡"" õäc#T
02 ä—≈ (Gã)"" —Iè vQwJ ô—` ®è≥ eHê\ “I zwH#""
h™èñ ôR^èñ ®Hnèñ —:ÕTèñ √U|èñ v—+T≈`èñ
õè¿`{èñ Ie{è BH# ®[c#"" °èz*ºèè BH# ±#]º´è
ûvw;Ä´""
û[∫ñ |H:Rñ Ofiñ ®H: ôIÄ´"" c+}ÇèT ôJ¢ñ ¡[z*ñ ôºèz%
ôIÄ´» (JE692E, p. 564). H+I´ {]° c+| ®æ±a™è «ºÁ+ OH° c—≈
πõá| Jœ äé| (Oå|/Oç õY^ô+J) πT|wJ»ñ IH:è ¿”U «ûÿm%`
T≈` R`¢ ºO◊´» æIÄ™Jó õ±&º´ —. 570"" π±&Fè {]° H+I |[ü
üû#| πô&|øÂº ÆO{™* OÈK+| éÿ v09)$9 Æ. T. ôd|U{Jó
Caquot, “Histoire Amharique de Gr!ñ et des G!ll!s,” pp. 124-132.
page095-160
page 11
106
eH úaU πQ{Oè ±+ç πzËÔJè T°èºz% πúaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ
ô&|øÂº c&O÷# ÁKÚ¨Ç eI∫™Ä´ç ôO◊◊Ä´ πOè”Yz%ç
π°èz*ºã M≥x ®—è πGã ÁKÚ¨Çè HÈMÔ| πQ“x≥ Gê
eHz—í ä´""
úaU¨Ç û¿v#x (TçJw|T û¿v#x TYô) zäYz´
®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº π—v#| πM≥x èoçm, ûQ®e¿´ ±Oè “^
c&zºæ vô‡` —&±+ éÿ ä´"" c&—v# —#≤;Ä´ ûı wH ÿ≈Úº äv[""
v1570 Æ. T. HO O]º —&±+ ûôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J “^ z“‡z´
vôÏ+ c#eèøe ±Oè (1600-1625) ô—\è õeû |”_ ≈[e
7
õè¿ôÿHmHm%|ñ M≥v#èT õè¿ô`v¿v¡| õèOJû| ó
®õT≈á[ áJÔz °[T| v®`Ü ÿoT| ¢ä Bû| Æv&æ
véz û=H# A—[ Oè”Y| "" ®zcTÆ ûO û[∫ vTJô# ®[¿
Oè—H |”_ñ ®O[™ ®ÌÆ Oè—H v—+T≈`ñ ®ûO ô&z%
®y[è æÔo¡ Îv&ô —:∂T""
!
8
°[T| üHÔ vâI vÿoT| ®` vOè”Yz% A—` BH# |Jo
Bû| Gäó û[∫ vPH# ®¿ |”_ õè¿ ®[¿ñ O[™ ®¿
v—+T≈` õè¿ ®◊ ô&z%ç y[è ‘ÕTè H&®“ õè¿QÔJ”
zcR""
úaU¨Ç ®¿cSè c&—Ò Oè—¡ πmçÄ´ç A—]~è vô‡` —&±+
éÿ ºÿHmHu| eHz¿^À õèÃ zn™Q eIJäv[wÄ´ ®æT
«c`∆ Bè O_z%è ôIxe» zxH´ vOO[nÄ´ º—í%| πtÿ`
x≤| π®[\|è ô—` M≥xç π—&±+´è Oè”Y| HRhäı
πQºeÇIÄ´ Gê ôæ¿HT"" tÿ^Ä´è ôoT º¿[—IÄ´
ôhèÔ´ û®[\| M≥x º÷Ò|è ôÿı} πz[Ô´è úaU
πR≈[” ÇH:{Ä´ ä´"" ôè≈ ô—` vº±# tÿ` «c&√R» ûQH#|
äw` M≥x ”Rh#è ¿Tec´ πm[´è uèuÄ´èç wFIÄ´è
vR´[e õè¿äc# úaU º¿`—#{Jó «c&√Räz%» æm^Jó
ûz®^]ä| ®^]ä|è eHQO`ÿT úaU Gê ôxa ®[^
æ®◊J"" HTdH+ ≤_ ûúaU ä—≈ éÿ —xz´ πQs÷\| õä
7.
8.
page095-160
page 12
Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, p. 165.
«A—[ Oè”Y|» («πOè”Y| A—`») πQH#| «√` ô—`» πRæH#|èñ
RõûI™*´ Oè”Y| (è—#W#) π^c#è c´ vä“]| (v≠™œ) πQkTv|è
°ıH A—` ä´ó BHz%è ôez√¿aÇ ôè¡è «A—[ Oè”Y|» H+I´è
«T≈[ ”x`» æI;Ä´ õè¿äv[ v±`ô ºØpx {]° éÿ æ{ºJó
Perruchon, Les Chronique de Za’a Yâ‘eqôb, p. 15. è—#W# πBHz%T
ôez√¿aÇ πvIæ OGãè HROJû| «è—#W Èøèñ è—#W ä—Y|
“I/úaU
107
cøñ ôyêñ z%Tô+ñ H+nñ K—Hwyñ úyñ K`c#ñ H&P
úaUä{Ä´ «vÿTm|» õèÃ v±` õè√æ¿H xI{ OèÆ+ Ö±è
æç—^H#"" æ§ J° πôR^ wFJ (uèu´ç DæRêz%) vA—]z%
cSèç RõûJ õπzeÛÛ H+H:Ä%è ôR^ õè√¿[“Ä´ RH| ä´""
Re[Õ πHîT õèÃ HúaU¨Ç ≈J ô≈^—&ä| H+IT
T°èº| õ÷[ÿ^HA#"" M≥v# πOè”Yz% ¤uîä|ç ±^Úä|
eHO[[´ úaU¨Ç õè¬Oz%| [≈} æGçJ"" {]° ÁKÚ´
9
πô—≤±#è O^`ä| c&O±”x õè¬F æIJ ó
±≈è”J (1596-7) vä—W —&±+ Hô&|øÂº c¨Ç 2 v—#ä|
WÎÄ´ó 2 Ø√ ÛmIÄ´ó 1 Ø√ ôèvd ®¿o ä´"" vmî v”^
—:ã πzOc—ä´ ûx| vè—#W# RázT ô&πzzû:c Hè—#W#
æGè äv["" (±≈è”Jñ) «æF ±[Û ä´ó õè¿ ÆoP ô&πzu÷[
(m[÷#è) ı]√ æ°ÔJ» ôH""
2zì Ø√ —xa —xa c&¿§æ π”x` O_| H—µ* cÿ}
v÷+ç OE≈ ôJäv[T"" πQûıH´ —è±x ôÿ} BHèzç´è
c&¤è JÀè H”x` ºdJı (æcÿ) äv["" Jœ πH+H´
ûäTjz% ^c# w]º Gê æ—≤ äv["" ôÁ+ ±≈è”J ”è «c´ w]ºñ
T≈` õç]º ôæBèó T≈` w]ºñ c´ õç]º æBè» xH:
ô™œ ä—["" ”x` c&Ä”[´ O_z%è H—µ*´ ÿH: æF≈ õèÃ
xH:""
«ôèvd ®¿o» c&H# Uô ôèvd û|Jm% v_ Iæ —#x ôH RH{Ä´
ä´"" ûxz% «πzOc—ä» ûGä BH#T æ®c≈v{J"" ûx| v≈xo
R≈Hx ôæÅJT""
π±+çB H“Iè °ıJ 09 eçäx õè¿Tè[√´ T≈\ πä—+}Ç
Gê —v_´ z“≥} —w` æGè äv["" πôÏ+ ±≈è”J |Jm% «v—#ä|»
O—v` ºJÅH O_z%è Hp æC≈ RHz% äv[ó ôJGäH|T""
O£èèz% —w` H&ºd◊è ä´ xH´ vŸ` Jx õ^c#è xH´ —¿H#|""
æ§ ®è J æÔÁT πäv[´ v°èz*ºã ô—` ä´""
H+I´R õè¿ «‘èü õç õè¿ ièoI» ºH´ ±®|` w]º
9.
page095-160
page 13
±ô&|øÂº» æwJ äv`ó Perruchon, “Histoire des Guerres d'‘Amda íyon,” p.
280. A—[ Oè”Y|/Èøè √U|èñ ¿Tv&ºèñ eSèèñ ‘ÕTèñ h™èñ
|”_èñ T≈[ wM`è («ô+`|^è») æ¤T^J"" A—aÄ% vÆT¿ Èøè {]°
éÿ z±`≥[™Jó õ±&º´ —. 280-1"" vBHz% ôez√¿aÇ OüûJ ºH´
J∫ä| π√^—aÄ% π^dÄ´ ÔI‡ s^‡ wIw| äv^Ä´"" «võeIT wM`
éÿ π°èz*ºè ¿c+|» πQH#| ôä“—` πQºOH°z´ ÷oII™è
ô&|øÂºè dæGè vzHæ è—#W# v±&F «A—[ Oè”Y|/Èøè» vQwH´
°ıH A—` π±[“´è ôez√¿` OGã ä´""
π‘ÕT {]°ó EMML 5403, ff. 63b-64a.
108
πQ{¿èv| fiü äv[""
{¬º õè¬F ºH´è Oè”Y|
πQº`v¿x≈ ÖæJ v&O◊ z—Ú´ Tè æIJ? v”^î ®[^ —&±+ç
vìe Mæ®| zOddæ ä—` ôJ¿[cTè?
úaU¨Ç ºhäÒ|è õºe—¿¡ ô—J“æ («—v`») R≈[”èT
π®c¡| û÷I}ÅÄ´ H&Gè æÇIJ"" nH#/eP HôR`ì ô¬e
ôæ¿HT"" ôÏ+ æYKo (1406-1421) πz±ÔäH| T°èº| ôè¡
10
±T} x±#¨Çè «—v`» eI¿[“Ä´ äv` ó
eèz%è õsÈ`""
πKIw —v`""
π◊æ} —v`""
πIyI —v`""
eèz%è õsÈ`""
π—>ƒI —v`""
c&Ô°` äv`""
eè£è HôTK^ µ` (®{¿`)""
cRæ v&ûävJ""
õçpT (õçpRHè) c&H# äv` vÍ` (vŸ`)""
c&Ô°\ äv`""
ô÷Û™É H≥°`""
(7) πúaU {]° ûTè‹
úaU¨Ç ûÆY^ e≈ezì´ Tõ| ÆO| T[´ ®¿ RFJ
ô&|øÂº ûOT◊{Ä´ vÚ| ô—]z%è m¿T xH´ vº±#|
M≥yÇñ vzHπT vIºÄ´ vzuuO´ vô&|øÂº Oè”Y|
OüûJ eHzÔÁO´ ”‡| vævJÿ HR®o πQÔJ” ûôÏ+ W`Î
≈è”J Ta û”^î vâI πzäW# ä—Y{|è {]° õç ±+ç
11
12
O™ØIÄ´è ñ vz¤R]T πô} ≠ÌSè OÈKı (e≈wÄ´è
õπçm) Rèvx æê`v{J"" úaU¨Ç ûπ| zäYz´ vπ| vû#J
®¿RFJ ô&|øÂº õè¿—v# vôR`ì ûzËÒ| éÿ H&÷ç
13
πQ—w´ Gê º—íB| °v#` ô} æJR ƒ_d πËÒ|è ä´ ""
10. Guidi, “Le canzoni geez-amariña”, p. 59.
11. x±#´è HoS wM[ Kdx éÿ ôeı_™HB""
12. Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work. ∆/` wæ\ πô} ≠ÌSè OÈKı
Há|O| c&º±“œ jJR| πQºcÿ Y^ W`~Jó ”è πOÈKÒè `õe
wæH´÷´ ¿”ä| æGèH| äv`""
13. æJR ƒ_dñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ —È 212 Iæ πQ T[´è TØ^ı 40è
zOJû|"" °v#` ô} æJR v±&F OÈKÛÄ´ éÿ vúaU¨Ç Iæ ÷x
page095-160
page 14
“I/úaU
109
õä±&Fè Tè·Ç dæO[T` TØ^w´ºèç vQc&øêÅÄ´
º¿—#ç H+H:ÇT Hú`}∆°e °è|ç ÿIÅ πQcRÄ´ç õè¿
÷I| πQº∫™| πËÛ<Ä´è «πúaU {]°» πQºäx õä±&F ±Oç™*
ÁKÚ¨Ç πô&|øÂºè M≥xç ô—]z%è πz%è ºFJ õè¿v¿H# Jx
ôæH´ æGçJ"" õä±&F ÁKÚ¨Ç «πúaU jR”H+¨Ç ÷æmè
º—íä´ ä´» πQH#|è õ´ä| æBè Kc| ROdû[ õè¿RèÇJ
ºńH#"" H±&F |´J≈ π—&±+´ |Jm% õèoÛ| {]û ä—Yz%ç ±+ç
O™ØH:Ä% v”Ø≥ OGçÄ´ç v&z[—:PT ºBã |´J≈ vcÚ´
vRºńÄ´ πTØ^w´ºè uèu¨Ç Oz`—:RÄ´ ä´""
πzz[—:P|T v&Gã πT`T` OËMı| eHGã πQ—í%| v{IIo
v+z OËMı| õèÃ vM≥x πOËMı| O¿x` ôæh÷#T""
πô&|øÂºè {]° ûTè‹ πQºäx ûBH# ôem≈U
v°èz*ºã Oè”Y| wHYJ◊êÇç vQ—±#| M≥x OüûJ BJ
—&±+ ”‡| õè¿äv[ ººJ"" û±&ºT πúaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº
ôO◊ÿ HTè «πOè”Yz% ®—è πGã ÁKÚ¨Çè πQ“x≥ Gê»
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vR”ez%ñ o√S ØH| OGã ä´ñ (è—#W#) û±&º zäY}
—#¥´è ®¿ H`™* ô¿[—ç ËaË Iæ cÔ["" v±&ºÇ ØH| ûc´
õeû õècd vOè—≈ πz¿çmÔ º√H÷´T ôJäv[T""
T°èºz%T πõ”±&ôxK+` mî (õœ) π±&Fè è—#Y Oè—≈
{üC¿´ äv["" õK#≈ ØH| o√S ØH| vcÔ`èv| ™Jè""
π[√ô& ®è≈T üH+ı ¿”U v+}Ä%è vé◊Ä´ üH´
(èx[|) “^ BH# võd| Rn÷J O["" vRd Iæ ºH´èT
õFJ (ô≥O^´è) ôn÷H´ó T°èºz%T v±&ºè —&±+ ä‡ Gê
16
Hexcw ¿`f äv[ "" ä∆´èT ûzûO[v| ºIè√Ç TM[|
ôn÷H´""
æ§è πQº¿`—´ (W^™*z%) πQvI c&º÷#
πQOHc# OeH:| ä´ó õ”±&ôxK+` õè¿Ô[¿v| ôI®mT""
õì ”è A—]~è BHèz™ v±` JTISç vcxJ ı_ ô—&◊
17
eçº| vıob zä¿ıè "" „+ÿae v¿x[ {y` H—+{Çèñ
18
«õ±&F xèê` æiHçJ» õè√H´ñ vé⁄ Oê`T ôR[è""
[√ô& K`y (üBè vÚ|) πO◊v| —&±+ πzç—[´è π|èv&|
nJ õ±&F Iæ (dçäX´) ôèz®´"" õc# ¿ è Gê vŸ`ä|
πcH÷ã|è W^™*z%è πôÏ+—+ c¨Ç ®¿±[Ò| ®¿j™√ J¢
äv["" ºÇè vRFJ ºHÇ™è ®è≥ ”è H&i—^| π¿Ô[
ôJäv[T""
v±&ºè —&±+ (û®è≥ R∆ Gê) õè¬F c&J πe≈x nJ ®¿
K`y Iûó «ÜæHì´ ô≥RÇ K`y Gæñ R`ç ®z| πT{Ôe
19
T≈[ è|
ûÚ|F õäG|JFó õè≈|™[d|ç ô|°J}Ñè
õè≈|ûÛÔJ ÔÿäF çñ ô|±”æ""»
K`y ”è ≥T ôHó ôè√ÇT ä—` ôJOHcT""
”è
Hõ´ä| Ô^À ä”bJ"" W^™*z% c&™—#T v±&ºÇ ØH| ÔIkÇ
÷äû\wÄ´ó πK`yè W^™*| ôw[bÄ´"" õeû Æmvz% RFJ
≈[e ôd¿√;Ä´"" GêT û{IIpÄ% c¨Ç éÿ üè¡ vm`
ûRFIÄ´ c´ ôJzvIhwÄ´T"" æF BH# Gê K`y ®¿A—\
v¿áçç vcIT zOHc""
ûx±# ÆO| vâI π±&Ç e≈x ı√ Gê (õäG) ÖæHì´
è—#Y OH° c—≈ (W`Î ≈è”J) ®¿ eSè O◊""
æ§
ôO◊÷# H[√ô& «®√èz õè¬O◊ HK`y I°Fv|ó vc# Ôè{
ô|°J|Fè JüÔJ õé O◊B"" ºJÔH”§îè ô—í§îó
20
ºJ÷^§î OHeû#JF» πQH´ æOeIJ"" π—+{Çè ®¿ÔIi
16. Tè‡ øKèe 4" 35" «ÆæçÇBè ôèW#ó ô≥O^´T ôBè õè¿ ä◊
õì´è zOJûz%""»
17. Tè‡ OÜJæ 2" 5 «vıo\ zä≈ÙºHB""»
18. Rz,ë 17" 4""
19. «R`ç ®z| πT{Ôe T≈[ è|» õ”±&ôxK+` Hõe^ô+J πc◊| ô—`
O÷]º ä´ó HTdH+ ±Îô| 13" 5è zOJû|""
20. Tè‡ OÜJæ 5" 6" «ÔH”B|ñ ôI—íB|Tó ÷^B| ôJOHcJîT""»
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OT◊| æ§èè πQJ æOeIJó T°èºz%T v”`R´ ô—]~
21
vOI zhv[Ç -- «T≈`è ô≈HmHoD|ó ôhv`ü|T»
õè¿zwH""
cï ØH| ûËaË zäYzè R°cï ØH| vüH+ı ôTw
ô÷—x cÔ`è"" ÿm*| c¨Ç dº≤;Ä´ ®¿ sI ®[¡"" v±&ºè
—&±+ (üH+ı) x±# “iç Ÿ` πº±# ®{¿aÇ ôdºÄ´"" ”è
®¿äc# ôJO◊Tó õäc#T ®¿c# ôJE¡Tó õè võ`dÄ´
zÔ^`z™J""
õFJ ±`Ô´ (xÅ) cÔ^Ä´è Ú| HÚz%
ô¿[—#"" v±&ºÇ ØH| ûÔIkÄ% ®¿õäc# m`y H&—:√Ä´ π¿Ô[
ôJäv[T""
T°èºz%T π±&F è—#Y π”`R´ U—e
22
|ûH°IÄ´ñ OJôû#T v±#]ºÄ´ cıa äv[ "" æF BH#
πGä´ vÿoT| 29 mè (1572 Æ. T.) ä´"" πôÏ+—+ eı^T
¿“ T≈` äv[ó x`¡ ÷èü^ äv[""
ôÏ+—+ vR”Yz% [v#Ø ØH| üH+ıè HO´“| ûIæ ®¿ {Ç
23
®[¡"" vcÔ\ ∆w YJ◊è õç d™*aeè ûx±# Ô[cìç
÷OèÕ (º∑)ñ ûx±# “i (zhüQ) “^ ôembÄ´"" ôÏ+—+T
®`¿´ π|çè|ç¨Ä% c¨Ç ûcÔ\v| cÔ\"" æF πGä´
vá√` (vÿoT|?) 30 ä´""
π±&ºÇ ØH| —#¥ vfe| °ıJ äv["" vfezì´ Oè—≈
vQE¡| Iæ ÔIkÇ zäW#wÄ´ó T°èºz%T æF ôhçÚ è—#Y
õ±&º õè√Jäv[ñ vH+I Oè—≈ õè¿E¿ñ ≠´m´ äv[""
v±&ºÇ —&±+ πô≤∑ Ûãô+J Jœ ÚoŸ` ôπHwÄ´"" ûäc#T
24
x±# (c´) —¿HwÄ´"" HôÏ+—+ Dº πQº°J hxhy ôe[ûv""
æF π—+{Çè (vÔIkÇ Iæ) πO O]º ≈J ä´ó πÔIkÇT
πOhäı O O]ºÄ´ ä´""
21. O≥P` 59" 4""
22. Tè‡ O≥P` 33" 7" «πõ”±&ôxK+` OJô° vQÔ\| c¨Ç ±#]º
æcı^J""»
23. ∆w YJ◊è πôÛ` (πÿJ◊J) —µ* πh#O| eT ä´"" ”Ø±# πh#Oz%è eTç
d™*aeè v™™, (vOezËT`) eIºº≤Ä´ BH| c¨Ç ôeOcIÄ´ õèÃ
h#P d™*ae dæGè ôæm`T""
24. x±# —&±+ πQ÷mPv| nJ «ÄxÄy» ä´"" z™—&¨Ç πc´ ‡èoI|
«”≈º æÿIH#»ó TçJw|T æˆ°\v| æGçJ"" ûÿè| Ta wFJ Gê
BHz%T z“› ®—êÇ ÷I| c&—≈H# ‡èoI| õπs[÷# ºdºH#ó HTdH+
Rz,ë 14" 8-10 Iæ ºH´è eHOÿTm% øKèe ê zs`Ÿ vdFè
Oo[x πzËÔ´è zOJû|"" vì ±è≈ õeû o`x —&±+ mÿH: õè¿äv[
πôÏ+ z,¨≈ae {]° ºdºJ"" “[≈ πQwJ º‘{Ä´ Jœ Ÿ` ô±“œ}
YJ◊çÄ´è õè¿zmçmä æ{®dJ"" c&ºhèÒ| ôè≈ h& ôTe| O}
ºFJ ®{¿` R`û´v| äv`ó «(ôÏ+ z,¨≈ae) æ§è BH# c´ cxey
¿wò ûQwJ —vº Iæ ®e∆ ôè—| ôè—z%è p`Ÿ õè¿ üx üv´»ó
π‘ÕT {]° ñ EMML 5403, f.108b.
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v±&Ç πKPe ØH| ôÿv&º H+H&| HÆæêÄ% Oî{ñ
25
HjÛjı}Ä%T õèoJı dæcÿ üH+ıè õèƒ| õè¿Q®“´ç
ûzhh—v| z^^ fiı õèƒ| õè¿Qº®`¿´ c&ºexç
c&O°` ô¿["" v±&Ç πKPe ØH| v”Y“X+ (c&E≈) ôä“ç
üH+ıè HO´“| E¿""
û±&F vâI z™—&¨Ä%è vfe| Oè—≈ IüÄ´"" ô≤∑ KH&y
ûwM` ôYw “^ v{Çì™ Oè—≈ E¿"" vÚz% —:∂T ä“j
¿Ö[‘| û´^è “^ Gä"" väc# —:è ûŸ` ´`®^ñ û≈è“æñ
ûäıÿñ û®eÔèÿ` T| Ú{Ä´è πRæOJc# π±&F è—#Y
ÖæHïÇ (õä) t`wè Gã""
õä±&Fè BH# vπä—√Ä´ç
vπM≥wÄ´ x±# ÷OèÕ ¤Ta IüÄ´"" õc# ¿”U üH+ı
ûW^™*z% “^ vcÔ[v| Ú| HÚ| pO"" üH#v| π`mz% O÷è
cw| TØ^ı ®æT vHÿ æIJ"" v±&F Iæ ¿”Uñ H&i—\|
πRæÅJ |Jo —¿J vRFIÄ´ ôH""
v±&ºÇ ØH| v±&F è—#Y W^™*|ç vÔIkÇ RFJ |Jo
Ÿ`ä| züE¿"" πüH+ı c¨Ç Ÿ`ä| v≈è“æ äv["" vIºÄ´
Iæ õπç¡wÄ´ û{Ç ®¿Iæ O´◊|è æûH°I;Ä´ äv[""
v±&F Bé{ [œT —&±+ pπó ve≈e| cÆ| Iæ è—#W# O≈ˆÄ%è
õè¬zû#c# ô±±""
vôè≈ O≈ı zû=e (cè¿o) ÆIR
zhüQ´è ◊H´ -- û≤ı e` z¿xn πäv[Ç´è c+| ¤Ta""
v±&ºè —&±+ üH+ıç W^™*z% BH# zhv\"" πŸ` W^™*z% vUI
zÔ{ó T°èºz%T ûcRæ Ox[o π®¿mwÄ´ OcIÄ´""
23
∆xÆ YJ◊èT ûIæ vû#J ®¿äc# ®[¿ó T°èºz%T v`
HO÷vo õIæì´ cÔ` m`} äv["" πmí%T π”^´Tñ
πI∫T π{Ä%T õè võ`dÄ´ z[√¡""
üH+ı ¿”U Jv#ç´è ô◊ó T°èºz%T Jv# ûı`D| x≤|
ôTJŸ| äv["" vBH#T ôo◊Å c&¤äo —&±+ ûÿm*| H:H+¨Ä%
“^ Gê û|Jo —¿J (ôÛı) ®◊"" õ±&F —¿J Iæ üBè vÚ|
RèT ôJ®◊T"" æ§èè Öı[z v&e ”è ı`D| ô®◊´""
vO≈Ò ”`Rç OÈKı ıÿä{Ä´è vèe` ıÿä|ñ
26
ÿèü_ºÄ´è vôèvd ÿèü_ ºeOcIÄ´è π√™*|è ÜæHïÇ
ûQOeH#| π±&F è—#Y ÜæHïÇ Ÿ` ı`D| πzH∫| πŸ`
W^™*z% ¿”U v±&ºè —&±+ ”RiÄ´ vŸ` ®¿m%ó ôx≤ïÄ%
c&hh# —¿J —v#"" ûõèedT õè¿ä ITñ v_ñ voH:ñ ôFº
ºH#|è vMæ®| ôJz™Ä´Tó «π”xÍÇè vû=aÅÄ´è ûc´
27
õeû õècd —¿H» õè¿zwH´ ô÷Û<Ä´ õèÃ"" T°èºz%T
25. Tè‡ O≥P` 131" 4" «HÆæêÄ, Oî{ñ HjÛjı}Ä,T ØèoJıñ
H—#è·Ä,T Ø[ı|è ôJcÿT""»
26. dPô+J üJØ 1" 23""
27. ±Îô| 12" 29""
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118
õè√æT\ñ ®è≈ñ c+| jR”H+ñ MÏèñ võ”\ πQE¿´è
BH# õè√ºez`Ò ôw è™æ ô´”±´ äv[""
v±&ºÇ ØH| πQºe—`T {]° Gäó ôè¬| πzR[ûÇ c+|
ôè≈ c´ õ ;è ûõÀ “^ ôea c&ºO◊| vOè—≈ dHÇ
ô÷—w; |Jo —¿J e{æñ «ô∆çæ õ`√î» xI —¿J
z®[®[Ç"" õ ;è ûõÀ “^ ºc[´è c´T ºHÔn¡ æ≤´
E¿Ç""
(H) πúaU¨Ç «cxô |ü|ä|»
vúaU¨Çç vô&|øÂº Oè”Y| OüûJ ûO O]º´ Iæ
πäv[´ ”‡| úaU¨Ç õè¿ ÔIi¨Ä% ”x` eHûHûH# ôæ¿HTó
û±&F ÔÈU πzHπ ä´""
vâI πO÷# π≤_ {]° ÁKÚ¨Ç
õè¿Qz[—>P|T úaU¨Ç ®¿ ô&|øÂº c&—v# Oè”Y|
vÖæJ H&ûH°IÄ´ eHUû[T ôæ¿HT"" õeû o`x {]£ ≈[e
ô&|øÂº RèT c´ñ ‘dñ ®æT ä—≈ñ RèT dæûH°H´ —x}
ûw∆ y{ cıa ô—\ H&º¿`“| πQÇJ ô—` äv[Ç"" vôÏ+
c#eèøe ±Oè πeç` è—#Y ûäW^™*z% v&O◊ c#eèøe ‡J“è
÷oJH: õè¿c÷´ ôèxvçJó õ±&FT —È 131-135 Iæ zOJû|""
vcIR™* O÷+¨Çç vOè”Y| OüûJ ”‡| HOÔ÷\ πQºdæ
z¤w‡ Re[Õ πHèT"" πúaU¨Ç —&±+ ”è Ÿ`ä| äv[ó º´T
v&Gè ôw wM`æ «“I ±≈á`» («πâHïÄ% “H:Ç») ûQI;Ä´ û√™,
“^ äv["" HTè?
π”‡z% OèYô+ π±&ºè —&±+ πúaU¨Ç πãa ±ƒ ä´""
úaU¨Ç ®¿RFJ ô—` π—v# —&±+ ô—_´ ô`fç ôd`fñ ä”∆ç
ôeä”∆ñ m≈fç ôem≈f πQê` «äw`» ®æT «cÛ]» M≥x äv[""
±IãT v&Gè v±&º´ vQê`v| (vcÔ[v|) ô—` ôüwv& π”J
ûx}Ä%è õπä√ «æ±Jè» äv[ õèÃñ õè¿ M≥xñ õè¿ ä—≈ñ õè¿
‘d vôè≈ä| üüwv&´ õπ®◊ ôæOIHeT""
úaU¨Çñ vzHπT «√™,» πQwJ eT π®◊H| ä—≈ñ
v16zì´ Tõ| ÆO| ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº c&O÷# πãa ±ƒºÄ´
ûä±&F ô&|øÂº´ºèñ ûäw\T Gä û±Iãñ ãa ÔÈU πzHπ äv[""
28
π‘dÄ´ ô®nm` õè¿H+H:Ç û#d™* ä—∆Ç áx[z cw™*ñ ®æT
28. «H“√ Y`Æ| OeÛÛ|T v&Gè “H:Çè z÷ºm*¨Ç R≈[” ôæÅJT""
õè¿õ´äz%ñ æF J∫ πGä πáx[z cx ô®nm` v÷oII´ ûTYô û#d™*
πuèu v+z cx M≥x “^ πzºº± ä´ó õ`”ÿ π“H:Ä%èñ πc&√RK¬º¨Ä%è ®æT π¢èf¨Ä%è Y`Æ}Çñ πo`x —&±+ π“^ ”î| ºIÄ´
H&Gã eHQÇH#ñ πzHπ ô≈`‘ Rπ| æê^J» (“Auch für die Verbreitung des
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v≤_´ uèu ôä“—`ñ võû#Jä| πz¿^ ®{¿^™* ¢Qå≥T Gê
ô+¢êQºÄ´ ≥Hç äv["" πQ±Jã|T vw∆´ A—` Iæ dæGè
väw\ M≥x ãa Iæ äv["" vcxH# Iæ ûx{Ä´è ºcR\v{Jó
ûxz%è æäÿm%{Jó èx[z%è æ±`Ò{J""
c©èT õπÔä—H#
ô—J“ºÄ´ º¿`—#{J"" πÁH:| y{¨Ç (ôxºz °èz*ºèç
Oe—&∆Ç) Häc# TèT |`—>T πH+IÄ´ πQÔ`c# π÷I| èx[}Ç
äv\"" ãbÄ´ vûx| `v& v&GèT π¡` ô´_ õº¿ãç π¡` ı_
õπcvcv# πQê\ πcxô
cxô |ü|è
|ü| (RH|ñ πÿè| c¨Çè) ãa
æOeIJó xÅ πô¿ãç πı_ excw´ J∫ä| πcxô |üz% v¡`ñ
πúaU¨Ä% vOè¿` Gä õèÃ""
æo`{
ôw wM`æ cIO o¡dèè ¿`c´ c&¤`c# ±Oëè «æo`{
º◊Ç»
º◊Ç (πÔ[¿w|) õè√I;| õçe{´dHè (—È 51)"" O≥P` 73è
π¿[c#| H±&ºÇ «æo`{
æo`{ º◊Ç
º◊Ç» II;| ±Oè ä´"" O≥P\
eS{Ä´è eHQ—JÈç π±Oãè {]° eHQºèÁwò õè√H õ±&F
y{ v&÷me zeRQ ä´ (ûo÷J 70H-õeû 71H)ó
5
10
15
HTè| —¿ıûä õ”±&ú H≥H#Òó
±{ez“xõ ≥`™ä ®zÖYY õH z—≈Ò (û&√è)ó
z±û` M≥vû ±z”XÁû z®°Òó
®vOocı|û ±zmeÒó
®ôJy ôO õTBû| ôØ[Ò""
®võèz≥ ôM≤x IØH+ä æÁ`Ò""
O÷äc ôáWO Î^™* ¬v o¡dåûñ
û=H: zôT` ®ô&|Ôo≈ ûO æè”\û""
õeO æ|Æ+π` ¬v õH æcT∫û ôTIûó
Ô≈Û¿c vv+z Oo¿eû""
çB ûO ØÎ —√T ô´Æπ OÆÌ® àá{""
®ûO J—z ôoRM äcz ô[ı{""
ôezKm[ °x^ ®ô`û:d""
®[cº Hv+z o√c+ T`ôπ õèed""
õˆ ôØvæû û&ºD ôO O™ØH èõdó
æõ±+c HTè| zÜYa H°x^ñ ®zô|} HU—d""
õOå ®Aûzû vôvdñ
yã KnI™* æÖ+æd""
úHJv# ±ÚèKc ôèÔd (±Ö>Jt)ñ
gada-Systems kann man die Galla nicht verantvortlich machen. Diese eigentümliche Sozialverfassung ist zwar ausschließchlich mit den Völkern der
ostkuschitischen Sprachfamilie verbunden, doch sind die Systeme der Galla,
Sidamo-Hadya oder Konso zu verschieden, als daß sie eine jüngere gemeinsame Herkunft haben könnten.”), Eike Haberland, Galla Süd-Äthiopiens, p. 3.
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20
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40
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õeû Rõ±+ã vOÆ| {[TR ®||Æ—X""
Oã õTæõ±+ HM”û πÜYXó
®vTè|ãO HeTû èm,≈dó
õeO OËMı| ´Øº ®z¿Tcd (Ø≥^)""
zWDJ IØH+ä ôTdH õT IØH ´H#¿ û`X""
Oã õ”±&õ ±ô&æmeı fv zTÆó
®ôJy OTF` ±ô&æ—+YÈ [≈ô""
®ô&[ûxä ±ô&æTM` õT≈á[ tÿÆ""
õeO v|` ®Oocı| o≈O zW`Æñ
H± zAûπ oéB ®H± |õ≤¥ [eÆ""
®æTM`¨ HõO äeK ®—xô""
®ôTdH≥ vOËMı| zπ≈Æó
ûO õT≈á[ ÆO{| cxÆñ
zWDJü HÈøè ®OK`û cxö (ô+`Tºe)ó
®≥`®{z ¿m*m M≥w z“xô""
ú°è}e `õc ôMæ¨ñ
OK` M≥vû ®HÎaP W`¨ó
®ôez“xúP õTz±`¨ó
õeO Hôwc& æTM`¨ñ ®HcôH& æBx¨""
®ô&|vHä ûO v±+ç äv&º| |xJ (M≥oô+J)ñ
õO pP o≈Sπ veô&Jñ
Ë≈nä ±Oè xH#æ êá ®ô&øx ®√èô+Jñ
¬v ≥èz% M≥x ô&æWDJ""
®õOå O≈H:z —+“æä æÖ+æJñ
õTÈ≈m õH# Ævæz M≥x °v#≈ñ
z±û` èÈK õTû õTû=H# ±æÔ¿ı≈ó
®KH& oè™z ôõ“` ®õ≈ó
ûO |TK[ä ®|WDJ û&ºäñ ú®J¿ ôx ™M≈""
!
5
—+{ Gæñ HTè HBJ —&±+ z´ûèó
29
πzvzã πT|cvexñ π®¿m% πT|ÔJ” (Gæ) (û&√è)ñ
z”XÈMè πzmvH# M≥xFè ôe{éó
vo◊|FT πzm÷#|è""
ûxÿxÿ º[Òv| —&±+ πHT""
v±&FT T°èº| ôM≤x æd¿wH#""
÷I| vo¡fÇF Iæ πz%è ºFJ °Û| õè¿ÔÁOñ
29. «ºez“xúP H≥`™è» («πzvzã|è æcvewÄ´ ±è≈» -- vÔn¡ Uzñ
zmv[)ó OÈKÔ o√c+ v”Ø≥ç vôR`ìñ ô¬e ôvw 09%1 ÆOz
TM[|ñ —. 95" 40""
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BH#è {ńHFó õè¬ä”\F ô|ÔJ”T""
ôTI° vQH#F Iæ ºI”◊Jçó
vævJÿT vv+z Oo¿eF Iæ""
õäG πvbè O≥—&º õè¿¡` õè¤| ôn÷H´""
30
”≈”√™èT õè¿ cxJ ‘– ôÔ[c´""
°xbè ô™[¿ñ ô[û:d|T""
πo√c+´è v+| πûx| O™º (v[|) ô¿[—´""
vJœä| ±Oë õèƒ| ûı ûı ô¿[”D|ó
ôBèe HTè °xbè {™`¿™HFñ U—gèT
|—Ô™HF""
vÿÛ| x{vd‡Feñ
31
v´ä| ±Iè æiI{Jè""
32
πÚèKeè Jx ºd[ı° Gæ (±Ö>Jt) ñ
õeûOÄ vm%◊F ≥T |I{HFó |{—Yw{HFT""
üBè vâI M”Fè Rè æÔJ“{Jó
eTFèe vTè õèm≈c´ó
33
T°èºz%T OËMız% zn÷H#ó z¿Occ#T (Ø≥^) ""
æo`{ ô≈`”Jè (õèÃ)ñ õè¿ õç| vG√; J–Ç
Iæ""
c&p◊ πRæm◊ —+{ Rä´ó
¿m O≥P` πRæ—YÈ OTF`T πHT""
ûm%◊ vâI πRæT`T ôI—íèT""
¡Iç o◊| ûÿè| zW`z™Jñ
v”ƒ{´ Iæ HQH”Tç |õ≤±è ÄJ HQJ""
c&ÁÁ|ç c&OHe ¿”U æT\{J""
π±&F TdH+ vOËMı| {úJó
ûcw ÆO| vâIñ
34
Èøèè æo` õè√Jü|ç c¨Ñè õè¿R`° (ô+`Tºe) ñ
πM≥w; J–Ç x|è{é õè¿ zcvcv""
πMæ®| Oe÷| ê °è}e Gæñ
30. Q°ºe 3" 12 («®|û´è ô&π\dH+T ûO J—z Ænv+ mTM» ºH´è
c&÷oe ä´"")
31. «≥û# ... KnI™*» («æF ±Iè ...»)ó πW`Î ≈è”J/OH° c—≈ {]°ñ Conti
Rossini, Historia Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad) p. 53.
32. ±Ö>Jt 25" 10-13""
33. c#z%ô+J 2" 23""
34. z[Ô ô+`Tºe"" OÈKÒ vUI πQz`û´ πõe^ô+Jè ®¿ wv&H:è v”¥|
(vÏ+™™,) O®c≈èç võ”±&ôxK+` õ`√{ ®¿ ô&π\dH+T OOHeè ä´""
OÈKÒè ˘az,e{è}Ç ôæmvH#|Tó «z[Ô ô+`Tºe» RH| ûOÈKÔ
ô+`Tºe πz[Ô (zp`Ÿ πm[) RH| ä´""
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40
45
M≥xFè R`ñ ÷I{Ä´èT èmH´ó
ûOvzèT cxewÄ´ó
ôÿÚè æT\{Jçñ HHRîT æc÷#{J""
35
v±+ç äv&º| õè√Jû´ ô|vHè (M≥oô+J) ñ
«vJOç ûÚz, v&pPTñ
πxH#æ ±Oè Ë≈nè -- êáñ ô&øxñ √èô+J -æ§èè M≥x æo` ôJH´T""»
πÜ÷&ô{Çè Q≤è v&ûx≈çñ
ûä±&F πûw≈ M≥x {IIpÇ πÈ≈o (Y^ BH#)
v&vJÿ õè£èñ
ûBH# πQvJ÷´è πç|Fè èÈMç ôe{éó
πõ”`ç πõœ(F)è πTeR` teH:Ç ôexó
õè≈|T[èç æo` õè≈|Hèñ πôx ôè≈ Jœ Gæ""
ô≈ºT c—≈ ô&ºc# v1676 Æ.T. ´fiH+è HO´“| ®¿ ®H:
36
c&±T| πÁHπ´ õè¬F xH: äv` ó
úõ”≥õ|π ®J{π véz ÎxØ ®Te™`π õTAûû
cxõ...æõ±+å ôèz* W`K&* ıê|π ®Á”´å ÜæH O™*õ IØH
Î`π ®ÁIõ|π õH æm|H# TØOçä ®üFçz ®º´Ø∫ ôxºz
°èz*ºç| ±éz,}è æ÷wM Y“B o¡e ®éz,}è
æ|m√M ¿P °v#` H®J≈û& ôTIû cRæ ®T≈` ...
ô&|[eªå eIm HÁIõ|π õH ºOJû# exK ...
!
õOv+z, Gæñ vŸ`ä| —&±+ “iΩñ ûc´ è≥è≥ O¿vm*ºπ äjó
... ôBèT Oè—ƒè ôèÄ* ôXT]´ó TõOçèç üFç|è
vQ—≈H#ñ πcRæç πT≈` ôTI° πGä´ πJœj o¡e Y“
vé◊Ä´ πQW™wÄ´èñ °v#` ¿P πQm√wÄ´è v+z
°èz*ºêÇè vQºnÿH# ÷_ç ÷I}Ä, Iæ π≈J ÖæJ
e‡î""...ex HQºOJû# ÷I}Ä, OdHm*º ô{≈`—&î""
”^î ûROÎ#ç úaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº v√O◊
ûOeÛÛ{Ä´ vÚ| û˙`z%“J OJõ°zïÇ Oÿz´ ô—]~èç
O£èèz%è (è—#W#èT ‰‰c#èT) —:xîz´ õè¿E¡ õçe{´dHè""
A—^Ä´ c&OHc# Hè—#XÄ´ç HM≥wÄ´ ºm[v#| ±—w
õè¿QºOH°z´ñ v±&ºè —&±+ ô&|øÂº ûûızì YJ◊é ¿`d
äv["" HTdH+ñ OJõ°zïÄ% eH ôè√è∆Ä% πôxºz °èz*ºè
35. M≥oô+J 14" 14""
36. I. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iy!su I et Bak!ff!, part II, p. 73.
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MèÏ¨Ç c&ÈÒ õè¬F ºH MèË ˙`z%“J éÿT ôIπè xH™J37""
”^î õè¬™—#H| v®ò ôwxH: ºO◊Ä´ z%`¢Çç Æ[yÇT
38
c#eèøe ºO◊Ä´ πü}H&° ‰‰e
πOcû\| æ§èã ä´ ""
(Sèƒ≥) zcxev´ HzmvI;Ä´ πA—]z% wHYJ◊êÇç H&n´è|
39
º¿[—#| è””` HôüƒQ —#wô+ πzc÷ æOeJ äv[ "" ‰‰c# ®¿
ô&|øÂº ûOT◊{Ä´ vÚ| õäRè õè¿Gèè HR®o ÿ[|
ô≈`—´ õè¿äv[ ”JÈ ä´""
vπ—√Rz% πzuuP| vôüƒQ ¿[Õ πQ{∫ |TF`|
v+}Ç éÿ πäv\ H&n´è| v±&ºè —&±+ πz[—:VÄ´èç
π¿[gÄ´è OËMı| õeüBè O`T[è ôJ¤[eçÄ´T"" π”^î
®{¿aÇç πúaU sè¿I¨Ç vRn÷J wæmègÄ´ êaR
ÿç{Ä´ —ç x±# ±Oè æÔœ äv`"" õè”ƒF π±&ºè —&±+´ ”‡|
wè≈ vû#J õè¿±&F vz^mm M≥xç vH+I vû#J vcxô |ü|ä|
Mæ®| vQê\ ä—∆Ç OüûJ äv["" ”‡z% A—]~è ∆“ ôO≈ ä´
º¿[“|"" ≤_ õè£è OËMız%è ôè√è∆Ä% —√R| Oê^Ä´è
õè£è πTç´m´ eRÄ´è û{]° OËMı| éÿ eç—í´ õèÃ
û±&º ´› π| õè√H# ôçóT"" úaU¨Ç ®¿ RFJ ô&|øÂº
—xz´ πº±#| A—` ”^î w∆ º¿[—´è ä´ πQH#|è π≤_ πúaU
{]° ÁKÚ¨Çè πôw wM`æ ÿç| ôæ¿”Ô´T"" úaU¨Ç A—`
c&®\ äw\è M≥x õº÷Òç úaU õº¿[—# äv[""
(8) πOè”Y| ôoTç úaU¨Ç
±vì πH+H´ ®æT ^c#è HO÷vo ºJz¿^ cIR™* M≥x «“I
O◊» c&H#| πQºO÷#v|è ô¿“ eHQºó «ô#ô#» æJ O[""
ôÍI S√ Iæ Gç πz^v äT` ºπÇ Q√u OcH#"" ôè√Ç ¢j{
37. Lord Stanley of Alderley, Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Abyssinia
During the Years 1570-1527. By Father Francisco Alvarez, New York 1881,
pp. 75 and 122. "They also were surprised at our coming into the church with
our shoes on, and still more at our spitting in it," p. 30. («¿”U fiRÇèè
õè√¿[”è ûv+z °èz*ºè vO”w{Çèñ æJm%èT ûv+z °èz*ºè éÿ
vO|Û{Çèñ z—[P»)""
38. M. René Basset, Histoire de la conquête de l’Abyssinie (XVIe siècle) par
Chihab Eddin Ahmed Ben ‘Abd el Qâder surnommé Arab-Faqih, Paris Vol. I
(1897), pp. 213-4.
39. Philip Caraman, The Lost Empire The Story of the Jesuits in Ethiopia 15551634, Notre Dame (Indiana), 1985, p. 142: “The speech was spattered with
quotations from Aristotle, Tertullian, Eusebius and Jerome, and would have
been an impressive display of erudition in any European university” («è””\
ûôè◊◊H&eñ ûz`z%H&ºêcñ ûô´dxøcñ ûô&πaT πz®c¡ ÿofÇ
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124
c&cR Ov`—” Gä"" {]° ÁKÚ´ õè¿O±—v´ñ ôè≈ —&±+ ôè¬|
c+| ôia e|sI R—∆ J{—w õ√] ®ÿ{ dH ‘[v+~ õd| J|‡`
®¿v+~ x|—w ôia™ c&º` ô—íÇ´"" wHv+~è HRe÷èmo
«ôia´ ô[[ñ ôia´ ô[[» xI x|◊^ «wIezçv[ a “I
®[[ñ “I ®[[» ºHÇ OeI;| ôR^ zhv["" ’±#è õπä√ hh
40
æwIJ ""
üFçz% H¿[c´ OoWı| T°èº| c&ÔJ—# πôÏ+ Jxä
≈è”J ÿ“x ºO◊´ o◊| ô≈`—´ æç—^H#"" H±&FT Re[Õ
c&c÷# Ÿ` ôT◊ xH: õ”±&ôxK+`è HTëJó —√Rz%T ®¿
õ”±&ôxK+` õè¬ÁJ∫H| Ø◊è ôe‡êIÄ™J xH´ ÈÔ™J""
{]û#è vOm÷Jñ è—#W# vÁH:| º—í´ OoWı| eHÁçv|
zÁÈ} o≈e| R`ºTè v&RÎè πúaU¨Ç ±Oè OÄ, õèQÔÁT
v^õæ ä”^™HÇ æIH#"" M≥v# πQº¿`—´è ûR◊| πzäX
¿xz^¨Ä%è æ÷ænJ"" ¿xz^¨Ä%T «“I πQO◊v|èç
πRæO◊v|èñ v&O◊T πQhäıv|èç πRæhäıä|è mè»
OÈKı —J÷´ (¢ûx sÿ[´) HR”í| Kdv “I õeû O≈[e
41
voz™J "" πË≈nã —≈J ÁKÚ¨ÇT Ë≈pÅ´ ûúaU ®^]
õè√√ëÄ´ πQºdæ zôT` ¿`cÍÄ™J"" ôè¡ vôÏ+ c#eèøe
±Oè πê\ πôw K^ ≈è”J —≈J ä´"" {]û#è ûH+I y{ eIIπB|
42
ô¬e H&Gè æÇIJç õèÿmc´ ó
õè± æ—x` T”w^z èÁ#Kz éz —√P o≈e| zK´û|
ôSD û=I A—` vÁv&Æ ô[Q ±æxJ¨ ®`√º"" x±#Üä cxô
mzH võƒBó ®x±#Üä cxô Á+®®"" ®RF[û ôJFTz ®ôw”Æ
®õèedz x±#Üz ±AH™ û=H:è ôF—#^z õèvH º|`ı 1C
õTû=H# A—`""
®v´õz% —&±+ OÈô Áwô&| x±#Üè Öv ≥èz% xK+`""
®pP OèÔpP v°K ®OèÔpP vHÙó ®ô&vÈK# Öv —√P
Hôv#ä õèz AH®| RØûH+GP õè± æ_õæ™ ®æ—:—@ô#
HvÁ&N{ õeO ûJúP OJôû õ”±&ôxK+`ó ®ôı`GP ûO
æ`Üm% õTô≈ºQD ®õTÈçÙD H—√P"" ®zOæ÷#
õPèz%å ä—¿ ô[Q õTA—[ ôv#ä Öv üJõ A—` ±æÁxõ™""
!
(ôw K^ ≈è”J) vo≈e| —√P éÿ èÁ#M Y^¨Ç c&W^
®`√º vQH#| ô[Q Ÿ` T°èº| A—]~ vUI zhv[Ç""
z±`z´v| äv`ó vπ|ì´T πôá¯ ∫å˚èz* (v&¿[”) πQ¿äo
πH&oä| |`ô&| æGè äv`»)""
40. π‘ÕT {]°ñ EMML 5403, f. 62b.
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page 30
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võÕÄ´ x±# c´ ô÷Òó x±# c´T ô“±#"" ûx|Tñ v‘ÇT
vπô—\ ºH#|è õècfÇ ôè√ÇT ô—` dºez`ı ±[Ô""
v±&ºè —&±+ x±# Ÿ[ïÇ ®¿±&F A—` O÷#ç ”RkÄ% v±&F
”RkÄ% v±&º pP"" õº∫™|ç H&¿`c#w| v&◊¿ÒT vRFIÄ´
®√HÇ´ ®¿ ôv#ä (K^ ≈è”J) —√T ôJ¿[c#T""
T°èºz%T πõ”±&ôxK+` OJô° ûJ°I;Ä™Jó û—√P
A—aÇç û≈TvbT õè¬`m% ı`D| ◊HwÄ´"" õä±&º πô[Q
ä—≈ πôv#ä (K^ ≈è”Jè) A—` (|z´) ®¿Q®—#| ®¿H+I
ô—` Ú{Ä´è ô¥\""
M≥v# πOè”Y| õ`√{ HO÷πo v&U°`Tñ Oè”Y|ç ®{¿\
ºH#| \o vOGã OJ°z% dæ¿è πúaU¨Ç ô¿“ æm≈RJ""
ôw wM`æ eH √U| ÿÛ| c&ÈÒ «ô—]~è πQº≈èç πQºeÿJ
πH+H Gê c&º—ì| c´ç ûx| ô“±» ºH#| HRèì´T ô´^Õ
πQÁç ôä“—` äv` (°ıJ 04è zOJû|)""
v±&º Iæ π°èz*ºã Oè”Y| ûõeIT ÜæJ “^
π O[´ O¤[i ôJw |”J v”^î O]ä| π°èz*ºãè M≥x
—#Jv| cxa|ñ o`c#èT õè√ºèc^^ ô≈`‘ O|}| äv["" æF
vO} vQs÷\ ÆO{| û”^î vÚ| π O[ Ÿ`ä| v”^î U|
ôIûzOTó vO} HQs÷\ ÆO{| mÿI;J"" vTYô ûô√H:Ç
“^ñ vcSè ûz%`¢Ç “^ æ™—# äv["" HTdH+ ôÏ+ W`Î ≈è”J
û¿Tv&º õπzäX √U|ñ —#^—+ñ õç`º x±# —&±+ñ ™v& hvH& ®è≥
ôè≈ —&±+ñ ¿§ê (TÌ™) BH| —&±+ ±T~J"" ô&|øÂºè
πQºń|ç ºèè BH# ®◊ —w Oè—≈ võ”`ç vûx| HO’≥
ºHv|è ≈üTç πQÔ ´è —&±+ πQ—T| c´ ô—]~ H®^] °ı|
õè¿äv[ÇT O—O| ôº√”z´T""
BHzìTñ πOè”Yz% W^™*| πúaU¨Ä%è ºFJ πŸ`
eJ|ç ¤°ê õπz™¿m% πRhäı ıI‘| ºIÄ´ ôæOeH#T""
41. HTdH+ñ EMML 5298, f. 153b. ¢ûx πQs÷[´ vzÔ^´ ‘d eT
(®`≈ºñ ôv÷&ñ ®±z)ñ vA—\ eT (¿Tv&ºñ ®Hnñ ®±z)ñ v®\
({áXYñ πüz*|ñ ®±z)ñ v®è—+I™*´ (Rz,ëñ H#neñ ®±z) Gê v6
æ—¿ÛJ"" ´÷+z% 1 ûGä ®_ xÅ ä´ó 2 ûGä ôæO◊Tó 3 ûGä
(æO◊J) c´T ûx|T º—ìJó 4 ÿ\ ä´ (“I) ôæO◊T"" 5 æO◊Jñ
c´ º÷ÛJ""
42. —≈H ôw K^ ≈è”Jñ EMML 69, f. 41ab, Macomber, A Catalogue of
Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. I, p. 71. {]û# ôw wM`æ v±+çB H“I °ıJ
07 éÿ πä—\è dæGè ôæm`T"" ‘ÕT éÿ π¬R —&ø`—&eT zôT`
W`~J"" vm√R™* ô&ºc# ±Oè (¿Õ≥RÇ) —&ø`—&e v+z °èz*ºä#è
c&ºW^ ô^| v+| z%HR¨Ç ®[´ äv["" vcRØz% õ`√{ zhäÒ (EMML
5747, ff. 141b-142b)""
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126
πW^™*z% ÆIR ≥`Úº eHäv[ wüwv&ºÄ´ πQ±[ı ü—í% π\m%è
43
M≥x HR√è c&÷\ º—>[O`RH# ""
fezìñ è—#Y c&U| ô¬e è—#Y πvIæäz%è πQæ±´
ÿoOïÇ O£èè| π^dÄ´è c´ HRè—Y «õe^ô+I´ºãè»
û®Få õº®[¡ [œT —&±+ πQÔœñ x±# M≥x πQ¤èñ x±#
èx[| πQº®≈T |”J üüE¿ vâI ä´"" ôè√è∆Ä%R
°èz*ºêÇ äè õºH# πô√H# ôQ` vIºÄ´ õè¬ä”Y õeûOII°
44
¿`c™J ""
ô^zìñ πDæRê| ‡o‡o ºeûzH´ âI m`ä| vmIH#
πQ—O| ôæ¿HT"" «wM{™*ºè» ûè—#W# ±è≈ v’a —xz´
«æFèè DæRê| (oxÆ| ®æT Á“) üJº≥° π”≤| ±OèF w‡`
æm÷ÛJ» æH#{J"" æE õè¬¿èv| πRæÔJ” è—#Y DæRêz%è
c&H´ÿñ ôè¡ DæRê| vä—Wv| —&±+ πzc¿¡| (e¡√è)
æOHdH#ó vYJ◊è Iæ ºH#| z^Ä´è e¡√è æGçH#ó õè
võè O¤^[e æ T^J"" ôÏ+ c#eèøe DæRêz%è πH®÷´ç
v±&FT T°èº| [œT —&±+ πÔ ç vO} h&F πQs÷` M≥x
ºHmv| πõè vè Ÿ`ä| πzüE¿´ úaU¨Ç H≥`Úº
v—:Hvz%v| ±Oè ä´""
H+H:Ä%è π≈°O| T°èº}Ç ôw wM`æ vo`x Gä´
{≥v´ v±+çB H“I éÿ ôè≈ PH# °ıJ cÿz´ ±`≥[™Ä™J
(°ıJ 09è zOJû|)""
û|èzçÄ´ πTè—ä±v´ ”^î v®{¿` xÅ ºhäÔ´è
Oè”Y| UI´ πúaU πH#w |´J≈ πŸ` W^™*| Gê
c&±T|v| v&ºhèÔ´ πRæ—`T OGãè ä´"" πúaU¨Ç ™ç
™ç¨Ä% πÖæJ Tè·Ç fe| çÄ´ó
ôè¿ìñ vπeTè| ÆO| ô¬e |´J≈ c&zü ô¬c# π”≥[|
|´J≈ ±OçÄ´è πQ T\| váx[| z—≥[´ ô¬e h#T
z°z´ñ |èj |Jo dæH# BH#T ôxa vO≥O| ô¬e A—`
43. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, p. 108: «ûÿm*| —&±+ vâI (c#eèøe) v®Hn
ºH´è “I H&®“ OE≈ ÔH—"" πè—#W# W^™*| c&cP õè¬F c&H#
ô—>[O[Pñ «vôè≈ v“ “Iè ô^| —&±+ ≈J ô¿[”èó ¿”U ôBè
õèƒ| ®¿“I ±OÅ æ®e¿çJ?» è—#W# õè¿ zdäÒv| c&cR æFèè
—#√æ z®´""»
44. πôÏ+ øKèe/ôõIı c—≈è {]° —È 28 Iæ xèOHû| õè¬F πQJ
õç—îv{Hèó v±&F ®` éÿ Û_eç ±R`ºT π—+{Çèè πè—#W ä—Y|
ôØIı c—≈è Oè”Y| HRıHe ÔJ—´ Hô¿H# h#T õè¬F c&H# Iû#v|ó
«õäG Ô[eç 3 voH:¨Ç ûx±# èx[|ç —[∆Ç ûQGãF ûzR[û# c+}Ç
“^ JûèJDJ"" õìT ôTäèxDJñ õè—≤JDHèTó xÅ vì Iæ
õè≈|ä”Y ôO◊ÿFè ôÛÿè""»
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váx[| vOT{| O^Ä´è (”ƒ{Ä´è) vR´◊| ä´"" ô´_
®æT «c&√R» (ä—¡ úaU ºJGä RH| ä´) ºJ—¿H oRJ
v&Ô ´T õè£è ÷—#\è ôæI‡Tó M“Ä´ ä´""
ê Iæ
ûm%è· πvH÷ ÷—#` O{π| πAı[| TJ°| ä´"" ü—wT Qez%
«π÷—#^T Qe|» õè√|wJñ °x\èç °xbè HRe÷vo
πQºeÔJ—´è º¿`“J"" mç´ Oı|K+ «c&√R» O”¿J ä´""
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45. Conti Rossini, Historia, Regis Sarêa Dengel (Malak Sagad), pp. 127-8.
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49. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, pp. 103-7.
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52. ±+ç O™ØJó EMML 7109, f. 65b. ôÏ+ Ûc&J ûcId ÆO{| vIæ —≥}
{]û#è πËÔH| πHTó zÈˆH|T õè¿Gä õeüBè ôJz—íT""
53. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iy!su I et Bak!ff!, part I, p. 9.
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zèYô õT±äv[ ®ôWäπ ‡ı^B ôTdH “I"" ®W^™*z
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®cä"" Jv#è ô÷è°a ûÿm*| (c¨Ä%)ñ Ô[cïÇç õ”[ïÇñ
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54
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54. Pereira, Chronica de Susenyos, p. 79.
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(2) ®zwAH# û=H:P t`wèñ õeû Rõ±+ èäx` õè±
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Die Vita des Abuna T!d«wos von Dabra M!ry!m.
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68. õ±&º´ —. 278-9""
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69. ±+ç O™ØJó EMML 7109, f. 58a. õ`”ÿ vâI πO◊ mÃ ôde~Jó «H»
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πh#O| ±Oèñ û”^î “^ jTx^ û#_ Iæ z™“""»
70. Ignazio Guidi, “Di due frammenti relativi alla storia di Abissinia”,
pp. 590-1.
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71. Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, pp. lxxiv-lxxv and
205-212.
72. Guidi, Annales Iohannis I ’Iy!su I et Bak!ff!, II p. 96.
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Codex vindobonensis Palatinus, Aeth. 4, f. 1b.
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á\æ ®J¿ YIc+ (Asfa-Wossen Asserate, Die Geschichte von Šaw!), p. 38.
Huntingford, The Galla of Ethiopia The Kingdoms of Kafa and Janjero,
London 1955.
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úaU¨Çç H&ûH°I;Ä´ πUû\ πm≈U¨Ä% äwaÇ BH#T ûUI
—:¿J õû#J ôº}ÅÇè Gä™Jó õìT õè¿±&º´ ûUI —:¿J õû#J
J–ÅÄ´ äè""
πTèç—`v|è uèu Re[Õ ô≈`—è ûzÔÁO´ [ÃT
{]° éÿ úaU¨Ä% πÔÁP|è ≤_ úaTì HQç—\ H+I´è
HH+H:Ç RüÔH#è πTè—Ûv| ûGè O O]º {]û#è ûôº}ÅÇè
äÿmè H®[eçÄ´ uèuÄ´ Oe÷| æê`xçJ"" æF ¿”U
page161-168
page 7
168
«wH{]û# πô&|øÂº uèu¨Ç õèÃ πô&|øÂº M≥x ôæ¿HTó
õì {]° πHèT» RH| æGçJ""
õ`”ÿ úaTì πQç—\ úaU πQwH# ô&|øÂº´ºèç H+I
uèu πQç—\ π”J O÷]º ºIÄ´ H+H:Ç ô&|øÂº´ºè ôH#ó
õä±&F c¨Ç {]° ôè≈ πô&|øÂº M≥x º¿[“Ä´è [ez´
J∫ä{Ä´è HR÷èû` ûÔH—# ûôBè æ T\| õèÃ ®¿ {]°
ôæC¡ó {]° ºdonÄ™Jó ıI‘{Ä´èT ´≈o º¿`”wÄ™J""
page161-168
page 8
ôw]
Appendix
page169-194
page 1
vô&|øÂº {]° OÈKÛÄ´ éÿ eH úaUÇ vcÚ´ πËÒ
ôHn {π""
(û Gustav Arén, Envoys of the Gospel in Ethiopia, 1999)
page169-194
page 2
!
ôw] 1 - Appendix I
ûôHn {π |Jm% OÈKı πzm√
(JE692E, —. 548-561, 586-7, 595-600)
«H+T» H+H:Ç Tè·Çó «O» πô&π\dH+P oÃ πôHn {π OÈKı" (JE692E)""
(vá√” üJ—HÈû# voèı ºH´ πÁKÚ´ ä´)
17. eH ä—¿ “I
eH ä—¿ “I πQä—` m%T ä—`ç õ´ä|ñ õ´ä|ç z[| πGä
vπôæäz% x±# J∫ J∫ {]° ôH"" ô} ÆÈS vËÒ| π{]° OÈKı
eH “I c&ç—` õè¬F æIJ"" “I πQH#| M≥x ü—\ π®◊v|
1
T°èº| õœ” ôæ{®oT"" wH{]¢Ç õåF π“I M≥x ûõeº
ÔJc´ ®¿ R√“eü` õè¿ zi—\ñ û±&ºT ÔJc´ ywd ô÷—x
ûwM` ®¿x zmO÷#"" ywd RH| Hûx|T v&Gè OWR]º RH|
ä´ñ v“Jì"" û±&ºT —çH+ πQwH´è œ[| zû|H´ ô&|øÂº
®÷# æIH#""
ü—^Ä´ c&®÷# ”è BH# wè≈ —&±+ ôJ®÷#Tó π®¿¿ ®◊
2
ºJ®¿¿ m[ õèœ ó æF “I πzwH M≥x û±&º zäe} O◊ç vwH+
3
4
√` —Iç vQH#| œ[| (®è≥) √`Å zmO÷"" IPèç ıπH#è
v—#è õº[w õè¿ ±Iè Bê ê[""
5
ûO◊T üÏ+ Jxä ≈è”J eO Oè”Y{Ä´ ®ç” c—≈
6
ûdÄ´ Oè”Y| vÚ| 102 ÆO| Bê| äv`"" æFT ôÏ+ æeKo
vä—W# v5 ÆO| v6 h&F 9)4ÆOz ÆHTñ v04)4 ÆOz TM[|
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
page169-194
page 3
O π—I""
Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work, pp. 56-57 and 138.
O""
«IPè» πQH#| ”Ø±#è zû|H´ ä´ó
v_T æ¤T^J"" ûxz%è
RH{Ä´ ä´""
O ”YÅÄ´""
O ÆO""
172
ä´ó πQH# ôH#"" õ´äzì´ ”è π“H:Ç ®¿ ô&|øÂº O´◊|
7
v≤! (O^ z°H DæRê| eO Oè”Yz% ≤! ) Oè”Y| 0ÆO|
v9)# ÆOz TM[| ä´""
Ô[è–Ç eH “I πËÒ| {]° vê Ø´m|ç vOOÒ`
8
ä´"" õì ”è ô≤∑ ÷&ê πËÔ´è {]° ôæzè ä´""
“H:Ç c&O÷# v“Ié ®è≥ (œ[|)9 ®ÿz´ Ka Íy
vQwJ ô—` —v#"" vKa Íy ™çzì v™ç πQp`◊|ç πQi—^|
|èj û@_ wM` ôHÇ"" “H:Ç ôw{Çèç ıÿ[{Çè û±&F Á
®◊ä æIH#"" eH±&FTñ ≠#Rè Íy wz* æIH#"" æFT ûÍy Á
ıÿ[| ®◊ RH| ä´"" eH±&F “H:Ç HÁ æc”√H#"" c´T
õèedT û±&ºÇ Á ôæ÷◊T"" °J°J ä´"" “I BH# û±&º
HÁæz% æc”√J"" û±&ºT cè“ç x±# ı]√ v”T ıπJT º`√H#""
vKa Ív# J∫ J∫ uèu ºIÄ´ ÿm*| M≥yÇ ôH#"" ∆ê
æwIH#"" π“Iè M≥x æOeIH#"" ûc&√U õeû Ív# 4mèñ ûÍv#
õeû y[è 5mè ºeû+√J""
10
11
“H:Ç 2 ä—≈ çÄ´ó v`z%Rç y[ç æwIH#""
v`z%R 6 J–Çè ®H¿"" õä`dÄ´T õåF çÄ´ó
1ñ û[∫
2ñ O[™
3ñ ô&z%
12
4ñ ô°z%
13
5ñ ®[èh
14
6ñ Bvç
πv`z%R πvû@` JÀñ û[∫ 6 J–Ç ÜæHïÇ ®H¿"" õä`dÄ´Tó
1ñ H&vè
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
page169-194
page 4
oèı πO""
ô≤∑ ÷&ê πËÒ| πQH#| π|ì´è ≈`c| õè¿Gä ôæ{®oTó ±+çB
H“Iè ôeÛız´ πËÒ| æOeIJ""
O""
H+T «v`z%R»è õç «v[æz%R»è ºÔ^ùÄ™J""
«y[è» õç «y[ç» πôè≈ ä—≈ eT æOeIH#""
O «ôûz%»è õç «ô°Ä%»è ¿“”U HπxÅÄ´ eHQÈÛÄ´ πeMz| —#√æ
ôæOeJT""
H+T «®[èi»è õç «®[èÿi»è ºÔ^ùÄ™Jó ôBè ¿”U O «®[èh»""
H+T BTvç""
ôw] 1 - Appendix I
173
15
2ñ |H:R"" ®H:
3ñ œH+
4ñ ôy
5ñ H#w
6ñ ≠He çÄ´""
®H: û7 c+}Ç 7 ®H¿""
1ñ Cvê
2ñ ≠væ
3ñ ôH&
4ñ nH#
5ñ ôTy
6ñ C√
7ñ ‘^ çÄ´""
ûåF H+I ¿”U H®H: v¢ñ êH&ö&ã πQwH# 2J–Ç ôH# πQH# ôH#""
y[ç 01J–Ç ®H¿""
1ñ √¤
2ñ œH+
3ñ ¢ê
4ñ yÇ
5ñ ôü¢
6ñ ®y
7ñ H#w
8ñ ‡H+
9ñ H&yè
0ñ —@≈\
01ñ G¢ çÄ´""
õåF
16
|H:R æwIH# ""
õåF
c¿Å æwIH#""
õåF G¢ æwIH#""
û®H: J–Ç 3z% ÚzïÇ v®H: eT æ÷^H#ó 4z% v®[c¿Å eT
æ÷^H# æwIJ""
17
O[™ πv`z%R BHzì JÀ ®`≈ºèè ®H¿""
15. H+T «z%HR»ñ «z%IR» "" «®H:» πz¤O[´ Hõ`R| æBè ôæBè
ôæ{®oT""
16. t. 15è zOJû|""
17. ôè¡ «è» veMz| π—w OGè ôHv|ó t. 19è zOJû|""
page169-194
page 5
174
®`≈ºè 3J–Çè ®H¿"" õä`dÄ´Tó
1ñ ôç
18
2ñ ≠#`
3ñ ôv÷&è19 çÄ´""
õåF πO[™ J–Ç vÜæJç vx≤| ûBH# ævJ◊H#""
æFT π“I M≥x ô[R™* M≥x ä´ç õ”±&ôxK+`è
ôºóT"" õ”±&ôxK+` HPc+ Èˆ ûc÷´ ü0z% nI| H“I
π—:¿H´ O O]º |õ≤≥ ºèz ôTI° õé äîó ûé vm` H+I
20
ôTI° ô{TJ° ºH´ xÅ ™ç ä—\ ä´` ûwF`æ M” ‘∆H:ä|
πQºezT[´ K™`º eI◊ BH#è æÔ^Jç ≤ÒèT ®è±#èT
wM\èT ¿è—&º´èT —¿H#èT ºOJüH#ç æc”√H#T""
BHzì õB≈è cèvz —#√ o√Sè cèvz ÷&ç õºH õè¿
°èz*ºè ºûx^J""
fezì TèT v&Gè vKc| ôæTJT""
ô^zì ôw| õçz%è ô°xa vØ≈S πvH÷´èT
wJè ^´è ºûx^J"" ôH±&º v¤Ù RH| vhè‘ —#wô+
æÔ[≈v{J""
ôTezì äıe π—¿H v—#R πäıe ™“ vO°ÔJ võœ” x±#
—è±x æm◊J"" ¿”U ä—\ {æ} vô∫ vH#w zÔ`∆v|T
πQU|T ôH""
21
v¤ÙºÄ´ ®æT vÇH:{Ä´
e≈ezì Tè≥`
û°èz*ºêÇ æJo õäc# OJüT æÔ`√H#""
õä±&FT πv`z%Rç πy[è J–Ç π“I ä—≈ BH# ûMÏèä|
Ta õeûjT”Jç õè¿ °Fä| ºH OÆ`” ôIÄ´"" æF
OÆ`“Ä´ —√ æwIJ"" —√ RH| õè¿ °Fä| ºH h#O| YJ◊èT
ä´"" æ§´T YJ◊çÄ´ õè¿ ±OçÄ´ m@ÿ` H8 H8 ÆO|
ä´"" ±OçÄ´ v8 v8 ÆO| æûÔIJ"" —√ æH#{J""
v8 v8 ÆO| πQûıH#|T w5 H#yÇ eT õè¿ z÷^ 5
çÄ´"" v8 v8 ÆO| ôè≈ H#w zja H+I´ H#w c&kT õè¿ H+I´
22
M≥x è—#Y wIw|T —+{T πHwÄ´T"" õeû 8ÆO| HH#w
æ{±≤H#"" û8 ÆO| vâI H+I H#w ækRJ"" π±&º —&±+ Hπä—√Ä´
eT º®◊H#ç æ—±^H#""
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
page169-194
page 6
H+T ô#\""
O""
O""
≠ÌS «ôOè≥^»""
O wHv|T""
ôw] 1 - Appendix I
175
ä—\ õè¿ì æOeIJ"" õì ÆO| võπ ®è—+I™* eT
23
õè¿Tè÷^Ä´ ñ 1 Rz,ëñ 2 R`peñ 3 H#neñ 4 øKèe xHè
24
H4 ÆO{| eT õè¿Tèc◊Ä´ ñ õäc#T v8 ÆO| ôè≈ eT
æc◊H#"" $´è ±Oè w5 ô`vïÇ eT æ÷^H#"" $´è ±Oè
c&¤è z—≥a H#w æGçJ""
25
eT
æFT $´ ±Oè ü5 πQûıJ º5 ô`vïÇ
πQ÷^v| õåF çÄ´""
26
27
O O]º´ñ —√ v&Ò`Ã ä´"" BHzì´ñ G[{
28
®æT QJwFó fezì´ñ TèÇH+ ®æT P¿çó ô^zì´ñ
¡H:ó ôTezì´ñ avH& æwIH#"" õä±&F π“I M≥x Y^| ôw
29
¡H:Ç v$ v$ ±Oè æOIHdH#"" π“I {Im% M” æF ä´""
¿”U û±&F H+I U“d ¢H# πQwJ Y^|ç M” ôIÄ´""
U“d HwØ≈ ä´"" õc#T π÷#| Jœ õè¿RH| ºH ä´"" ¢H# û‘d
®—è ä´"" æFT [√| ®æT ô≤∑ õè¿RH| ä´""
πM“Ä´T Y`Æ| õè¬F ä´"" “I ûz®H¿ Ta õeû
Uz% ≈[e M”ç Y`Æ| ôH´"" ôwz% z—≥a H#w c&Gèñ JÀ H8
ÆO| ô&|Q¢ æGçJ""
mÿH: H8 ÆO| ¿vH+ æGçJ"" πM”è Y`Æ| üwz%
ûjR”H:ÇT æR^J""
fezìñ ÷&ˆH& æwIJó äË π®◊ ä´"" æ±ıçJñ
æ¤ı^Jñ πÔm¿´èT æW^J"" z´ æF ûÛ æF vŒ πQH´
πHT"" v±Ôè v‡Ô^ æ◊IH# æ“¿IH#"" πäË ±Oè ä´ç ä—`
30
πHv|T ""
4zì m@è√I æGçJó vØ`“{ vO¿OT æê^J"" ®¿
¤Ù æE√Jñ vhè‘T æmO◊J""
5zì πm@è√Iäz%è ±Oè û¤[c vâI ºaRæ æwIJ"" ®¿
¤Ù ôæE≈T ®¿ hè‘T ôæ®◊T"" πm\| ®¿ ¤Ù c&K+¡ õc#
31
vOè¿` æm^J"" H+w mRì ®èvƒ æGçJ"" πRèèT v”ç ıπJ
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
page169-194
page 7
O õè¿T÷^Ä´""
O õè¿Tc◊Ä´""
O »ï|""
ÁKÚ¨Ä% —√è õç H#wèñ πH#w´è πzÁ´∞ eTç πh#O| eTñ πH#w¨Ä%è
o¿T zûzJ πQc÷#| vzHºπ OJ° ä´"" H±&F ≈`c| Oäi´è πôw
wM`æè ≈`c| R≈[” æê`xçJ"" —√ Y`Æz% ä´ó H#w wè≈ ±Oè
z—≥a 8 ÆO| πQ—≤ |´J≈ ä´"" «v&Ò`Ã» v&ÒŒ ä´""
ôw wM`æ ôº´m%|T""
H+T TeH+""
O {H#m%""
O πHvT""
O mOì""
176
õº[¿ ævIJ"" xÅ üè≈ v[| 1 v” 1 ıπJ 1 cè“ õèÃ 2
ôæ®e≈T""
õè¬BT õåFè 5 OÆ`“| c&ÔÈT $ ±Oè æGä™J""
û±&F vâI æ—±^Jç H#w æGçJ""
ô∫ ”è û®—ã zO`Ÿ ®—ã π®¿¿´è ækRJ"" —√´è
32
π¤[c H#w ækP{J"" ô∫T yû#è ôeO`p v¤Ù æmvIJ"" yû#
RH| π®æ^ ¡I ä´"" õc#T ov+ π÷—v πz®H®H õè¿ v|[
Oè”Y| πûv[ ä´"" vc# zh#U æO[ov{J"" 8 ÆO| zh#U
æÔ`√J"" û8 ÆO| vâI æi^J"" ôæÔ`≈Tó û¤ÙT
ôæ¿èT"" H#w ¡HÅ æwIJ"" ô∫ v¿À ûx±# H#yÇ “^
æÔ`√J""
v8 v8 ÆO| “I BH# zcxey πQÔ`≈v| ºHÔ´T π8
ÆO| {]°ç ı`≈ πQä—`v| πzämÔ´ zäoˆ ô¬e M”
πQW^v| HQO◊´T π“I M”ç Y`Æ| πQcv°v| y{´ç
¤Ù´ vm≈U ±Oè y[ç äv`"" û±&ºT πQÔ`¿´ ôw P√ç
æwIJ"" ôw P√ç RH| OX&K™* ®æT πzmw RH| ä´""
ûy[çT û®÷# vâI õeû≤_ ûπ‘d´ ®¿`c# exûz%ç
|õ≤±#è cTz´ πQOHc# 2 2 c´ æJû# äv\"" õäc#T vzOHc#
—&±+ võπ¤Ù´ ô∫ v°x` æmvIÄ™J"" õä±&FT œI æwIH#""
vJxdÄ´ ®æT vTJ°{Ä´ π{®m% çÄ´ç vcJı OAûJ
v&E¡ πQäüÄ´ πHT""
ûy[ç û®÷# ®¬F πBH#T ¤Ù OJü yH: ô™j äv[""
33
ô∫T πQÔ`¿´ û“Iè äv["" vâI ±Oè “H:Ç õevdÄ´ c&◊H#
34
y{T c&÷wÄ´ vQÿfiT c&Hº∫ v¤ÙT zHº∫""
32. O »i""
33. O""
34. π«Qÿfi»ñ «SÿÅ» |°°Hì |`—>T Tè õè¿Gä HR®o ôJzÅHT""
nH#T ôè√è≈ y{ «OÿÅ» zxH: zÈˆ æ—ìJ"" ”è πûx| Oè“ OGè
ôHv|"" «û”^î ®¬F h™è πzH:R “I SÿÅ ôc[v|""»ñ (EMML 1515
p. 160)"" û±OÅ vÚ| πQ¿[” πûx| ¿T Rıceç Omw| ºHv|
ôTJ¢ v±&B eT æ÷^J"" ôè≈ Tè‡ °èz*ºêÄ%è c&®oeñ «õè¿
“IT ¿O OÿÅ HÔ[e æmv# º¿`—# µO\» æIJ (EMML 144, f. 113a)""
ôTJ¢´ ®¿ Ÿ`ä| c&®÷# πQº¿`—#| OGãè πJR¡ {]° ºe[√J""
úaU¨Ç vè—#W# h#Tç vô&|øÂº Oè”Y| Iæ HO O]º —&±+ c&ºTÎ#
≈J πQº¿`—#v|è ±ƒ õèƒ| “éè õè¿ä—^Ä´ ÁKÚ¨Ä% c&z`û#
õè¬F æIH#ó «æF IH: πQwJ c´ v#I ıπJ ÿm%` v” ä‡ IT ov+ æ¥
(û÷èuæ ±è≈) O◊ó Tè I≈`” ôH´"" û±&F vâI ... õè¬F ôH´ó v—#è
ıπH#è IVè ô`¿F ¿RÄ´è vov+ ôO≈ HćF m≈OF ôèz ”Tw`Fè
zmwó HÔ[eFT mw´ó J–ÇFT õè√èz æmv#"" Y“´èT ôèz vÚ|
page169-194
page 8
ôw] 1 - Appendix I
177
eH±&F ô™j OJü yH: πz%HR35 ¤Ù Gä"" πô∫T º´
—Iè ä´"" πOfiT ÷#H+ Gä"" õû#H+{ Ofi ä—Y{| ôH#v|""
πæz% ¤Ù ü^ m@`m@^ Gä""
36
ûv#`n v{Ç πK[`—+ “I ¤Ù vH#H: äv[""
õè¿±&FT ®H: ô\c+T vπ¿ÕÄ´ ¤Ù ô¿[—#""
æ§´T ¤ıºÄ´ vOcxcwÄ´ Bû| õè√æäd v√”R™*
37
TåJ° ô™œ zûHûH# "" õè¬F eHGä “H:Ç v¤ÚºÄ´
πQÔ`¡v| w÷—wÄ´ üHä´ °èz*ºè äè ûTèH´ æJo
πä`dÄ´ πziH πÁçT ä´""
v“I Y`Æ| vH#w vô∫ v¤ıºÄ´ “I ºwz%èç πçz%è
Jœ ôº—wT"" º‘z%è πõáz%è Jœ ôº—wT"" M” zIJˆ v&º—wT
õeûU| πQº¿è x`z% o◊| ôHv|"" û®—ä# û±O¡ R”w|
vä`dÄ´ ±è≈ õ`T ä´""
ÿèz%èT ôJz O[T õèœ v¤Ù ôı`c´|T v&Gè
ûM” ®÷# RH| ä´ó vM“Ä´T æÔ[≈wÄ™J"" eH±&FT o¡e
‰´H:e õè¬F æIJ"" õ”±&ôxK+` πc´è Ú| ôæ} ôº¿ITç
M” dæcÎÄ´ πv¿H# BH# ºH M” æ÷ÛH#ç"" M”
zW`}IÄ´T πv¿H# vM” æÔ[≈wÄ™J"" M”è πQcP
võ”±&ôxK+` ±è≈ Ë≈nè ôæ¿H#Tç M”è πQc\ õä`dÄ´
æÁ≈nH# õèœ"" M” πH+IÄ´ ôM≤x ûwF`ºÄ´ M” v&º¿`—#
õä±&º M” wæê^Ä´ H^dÄ´ M” çÄ´"" M”èT vR≈[”
vJwÄ´
πzËÔ´è
æ—J◊H#
õèv`dÄ´T
JwÄ´
æOc°`wÄ™J"" ôdwÄ´T æ—YËÄ™J"" õ”±&ôxK+`T vc´
TY÷&` vQÔ`≈v| mè vô&πc#e °è}e õé v®è—+J
õè√ezR`B ı`√Ä´ æGçJ õè√H´ πQGèv| —&±+ ôH"" aS
38
2"11-17"" 1"42""
“H:Ç vDæRê| ô[R´ºè çÄ´"" xÅ πK™`º R◊|
ä´ õèÃñ 1 ôTI° õè√H ºńH#ó ™n —#^Å æH#{J""
vzÄ—\ç vz¤äm% —&±+ ®¿ cRæ ººH#ó ®¿±&º´T æHTçH#""
33
35.
36.
37.
38.
page169-194
page 9
vJzF ôxIÄ´ ôH´"" ... IH:T æFè ä—` cT} πä—[´è BH# ô≈`‘ ...
ôJO◊T xH: ü≥RÇ õè≈`ºe Iû"" û±&F vâI ô≥RÇ õè≈`ºe eR
W^™*| °z| vä“]| xH: c´è BH# cxey z™—#"" (IH:) ≈J äe} IPè
ä≈} J–Ä%è ôeû|H: “I ûQwJ ¡` —x} fi| v#è õπvI ®z| õπ÷◊
‘– c`} zmO÷» (EMML 144, ff. 107b-108a)""
O »H#R""
O ûv#`{""
vdv&º´ H≠OÌ õè√æ∆Jz% æGçJ""
O ""
178
û“I BH# ôem≈U π®H: “I ôcHO"" mÿH: πSfi
“H:Çñ ä—Y{| ää πQH#ñ û—&v+ R∆ ºH# ôcHP"" mÿH´
vK[`—+ ûzR ±#]º ºH# “H:Ç TeaÇ v—±#™Ä´ —&±+ v”≈
39
cHPó vâIT wÁ+ TåJ° ±Oè õeû ô&z% cHO""
40
ôBèT πm[´ “I ºR^ ®{¿`è eH÷I °èz*ºè
ûOGè õeIT OGèè æO`◊J"" “I ôR^è OÿIz% —è±xè
vO´¿¡ç v°Ûz% vO¤ûã õèoÛ| Gêv| ä´ õèÃ πõeIT
v&Gè ®æT π°èz*ºè πDæRê|è °Û|ç v—@ä| Hæ} eI®m
ôæ¿HT""
“H:Ç vc+| oç|ç O“¿J æo` xH´ M” πc\v| T°èº|""
T°èº|"
(—. 555-561)
v®H:ñ vÚ| —ç dºcJPñ ôè≈ œ”ç ‘v≥ w—^Ä´ äv[ó
OJüT pè– Tj| äv[Ç´"" ôè≈ π¤™ Jœ OJû OJüT —ç
ûc+| ºJ¿[c —:v≥ v‘[v+| äv["" π±&F œ”ç Tj| v±&F —:v≥
ıo` zä≈Û äıe ôJm[w|T"" ±®|`T HTî{ |Oí´ äv[Ç""
ûØH{| ôè≈ mè vzOÄ y{ ô—íÇ´ó Ôn≈™èT HOÔÁT
º±Ç´"" v“I Y`Æ| ºJ—¿H c´ ûc+| ôæ¿èT äv[ó
æJm%èT û—#JRd Tj| TèT ôæm`x äv[""
41
eH±&F õè¬F ôI|ó πz¿[— ä—` dæcR ôæm`Tç õéT
—ç O^πè ôI®◊BTç æF ä—` v&cR ôèÇ |ä®]ºHjó wJjèT
42
{eä´]ºHjó eH±&F "" ôBè ôæGèT"" vâI ”è û±OÅ —≈Ω
vzOHeB —&±+ v”Jÿ ®√œ ô¿`”iHB"" πœ”ç πõ—H+ Tj|
Gäj ôBè ûé O^Ωè üI®◊B Jœ “^ x|—î vâI IèÇ {Io
Üı[|ç ä´` æGèxiJ ôI|""
õc#™ ”è ôè≈ —&±+ v°Ò ı|®| zä≈Ûñ vc# ıo` õd|
Jx™ znÿI;Jçñ æFR Tè Ä”aFó õé ôè¡è JŒè vTY÷&`
vè¬F ºH eı^ õc≈JAHB õc#è ”¿Jç cJvF õº±ÔèF ç
ôHÇ´""
õc# ”è ôΩ x|÷æî ä´ õèÃ æFe O´¿≈T ôæ¿Hó
π±&ºè œ”ç —:v≥ Jœ —≈Ω vâI πz¿[— ä—` dæcR ôæm`Tç
v&cR æ—HìJ"" õè£è õéè ûä±` ô≤á`z, º÷ÛìJ ôI|""
39.
40.
41.
42.
page169-194
page 10
O
O
O
O
ô+z%""
e÷I""
dæR""
e±&F""
ôw] 1 - Appendix I
179
õgT ”≈ πHFT æFè ä—` ûéç üèz vm` H+I c´ Rè
º´m™Jç æcRJ xHF |÷^÷^HFç |Ô^HF ôHÇ´""
õc#T væ õè”¬ºe ä—`j õè¬F ûGäñ vâI eH Jœj
õè√æ÷ÿ|j æFäèT TY÷&` Hc´ õè√{®‡ xH: vÈã OKI
õè¿ Y^{Ä´ ôRI|"" û±&F vâI v\üv+ dæ—çí% BHz%T
vπv+{Ä´ E¡""
R{ v¤HR vm÷a´ eı^ C∆ û¡` zhj‘ zmO÷ó
õgT Jœ™è wè≈ T°èº| Jü ®¿±&º eı^ c¿¿Ç´"" JÀT
v¿[c —&±+ º±´ç ®¿ \o eı^ ®c¿´"" û±&ºT æF Jœ
43
44
π®è≈S Jœ ä´ç ô¿^ ¿áç ô≈`“ÇB z÷èonÇB
÷xm%Jîç ôã\Jî xH: û®√œ ±O≈ v+| ôê[´""
—&±+´ πjx`ç πe`p| πO”¿J —&±+ äv`çñ ôw| õç| v+z
45
±O≈T A#H# zc`p zjŸ æGçJ (®æT “¡ —≈H:| æGçJ)
xH´ ôJoc´ ≥T ôH#""
æF —:v≥T ÿm*| cèx} ôè≈ Jxe πıπJ ¿T mx}
46
ôè≈ ‹v+ æ¥ ®¿ \o ô—` CŒ —¿JA#îó cHw´è ôe◊H#îó
π¿T hR´è ‹v+´è ”è ôO◊Bî xH: ôdºÄ´"" vv+z% æ±Ôè
O[""
æFÇ c+|T Tèe JÕÇè ÷ı} ô±èzïÇ xèGè H`c#T
H—:[v+{Çè Uz% (ä´ç) õè¿c´ BH# C¿è õè£è ¿áç O◊Fñ
õè£ mçF õèvH´ xI ûä wJ™ ®¿ v+z% E¡ç õè£ ¿áç —wFñ
õè£ mçF ôH#|""
õc#T õè£ ¿áç pºÇBî xH: õè¿ Y^z% eH JÕÇB
U| KUz% ô&c&åz* ô&èƒv&æè ûè—#¿z% ô&c&å ºû+í%% xH:
47
ôÁççÄ´"" æFT °Ò ôæOJewÇB πQº≈—´è æe◊ÇB
RH| ä´""
48
û±&F vâI zäe{ ûQ±ıä´ c´ “^ zäe{ ±ÔäÇ""
±Ôè ûzÔÁO c´ BH# vπv+z% zvzä""
æF —:v≥ç æÇ c+| πQOÅÄ´è —&±+ c&÷wvm% 1mè
v\üv+ z—çí%ñ °Ò ı|®{Ä´èT ÔÁP"" ûÚzì´ πQvJÿ
õœ” ôÿxn ®¿¿Ç´""
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
page169-194
page 11
O »“Ä´"" æF vÁKÚ´ ôR`ì J° H&Gè æÇIJ""
O »nÄ´"" õè¿ tÿ` 43""
vâI voèı á√” Iæ πz¤O[""
O cI»""
O""
O""
180
õc#T ôè≈ —&±+ Jw;è O≥ê{Jç ÿm*| cäwx} õèv&
ôI|"" Tä´ Tè GèF ôHÇ´""
49
wJè aÄ æF ôè≈ π—¿H BHzì ºJ¿—O õºH#
c¿v#îç ôdÔ\î ôI|""
æFR Tè Ä”aF ¿”U BHzì´è JŒè ”¿H´ xI
50
c÷Ç´"" ®e∆T û®è≈P “^ ¤Ta (ôãa|) O◊ç õè¿
Úzì´ —wó Tï~èT ÔÁO""
õè¿JR¡ ¿”U õèv& ôI|"" ûÿm*| —&±+ vâI õgT
3ì´è Jœ™è ¿”U ”¿H´ xI c÷Ç´"" ®e∆T û®è≈UÄ% “^
ôê[´"" õè¿JR¡T —¿JB xH: —w"" õe™èT Tj| ôûJ
ô≈`‘ º±""
v¿[ T —&±+ æF —:v≥ —√æç œ”ç Gä"" õä±&ºèT J–Ç
õπzOIHc õººÄ´ vT”x õºeOÅÄ´ ô¿—#""
û5 û6 ÆO| vâI x`z% —#√æ ôHîç 7 v+| ®H:
æcxcxJî xH: Hh#P HK∫ ä—[´"" vBH#T vK∫ |õ≤≥
zcvcv#"" ºÆ& πQwJ {Io —#wÆ+ ô¿[—#""
v—#wÆ+´T OAûJ æF —:v≥ zäe} pO"" ePî ±O∆Äñ ™n
51
õ”±&ôxK+` æeRÇB ""
—#wÆ+´T ≥T xH: ä—\è HOeR| ô¿O÷"" *ôè¡
52
Y^{Ä´ —#wÆ+´èç ô—\è pH+´èç ô≈w\è ûO[m vâIñ
ä—\è õè¬F ä´ c&J O[""
πTä”^ÇB ä—` õ—H+è πQºep◊ ä´ç ôem≈RÇB
õc#è õè√æ—Hî õW\Jî ôH"" º c´T zº±ç {W[""
ä—\èT ûO O]º´ õeû O¤[i´ñ π±&F c´ Tj|
õc#è vOOí| v°Ò ı|®| zä≈Û vJ–Ç™ º¿[—Ç´è
53
‡ûçç —@≈ ä—` BH# ä—^Ä´""
õä+ ”è J–Ä%è ôJ—¿Jû#Tó vOJüT y{ õπO—xB
ôd¿”B õèÃñ xH: hJU ôe—&Ÿ w÷—v# ôãbÄ´ äv`ç zäc#
xH: v—#wÆ+´ OAûJ ôm%Uñ õäG J–ÇF xH: Iw{Ä´ ôe[ûv""
J–Ä, Uz% xH: zeÛ πp[÷ç vÖ±è z¿m%f πäv[ ôw|T
54
≈è—| dºev´ πJ–Ä%è O—í| v–a´ vcR wæãT wºÄ´
—&±+ π¿e{ ≈è“÷+ ¿è”Ÿ õè¿ ≈è“æ Gä""
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
page169-194
page 12
O ºH»""
O""
«ôH» O¤O` äv[v|""
«õè¿ Y`Æ{Ä´» HRH|""
O ‡¢»""
O »Ç""
ôw] 1 - Appendix I
181
c´T BH# v±&F c´ ¿”ä| v±&ºÇ c+| ‡ûçç °Û|
z¿ämç z—[O""
û±&F vâI ¿”U æF c´ v—#wÆ+´ OAûJ zäe} pOñ
õè¬F c&Jñ ®√–Äç ±O∆Ä Gæñ ¿”U õez* ePî ôè≈ —&±+
Hì πQ÷oO´è ä—` õè≈çexç Y^| õè≈ç®◊ õè≈çmçT
Jè—^ÇB""
Ø´m| πH+IÄ´ õècfÇç ô^™*}Ç õè£ HJ–ÅÄ´
æ^^H#"" eH J–ÅÄ´T ^dÄ´è HU| ôdJÔ´ æc◊H#"" c¨Ç
πQwH# ıÿ[}Ç πì c+}Ç ”è ûõèedç ûô^™*| õœ” æûÛH#""
æFT °Û{Ä´ πY“ ı|®{Ä´è HOÔÁT J–ÅÄ´è HU|
ôdJÔ´ õeû&c÷# πJwÄ´ OhÔèç O¿è¿è æ{ºJ""
õè¬F ûGä õè”ƒF vè¬F ºH# ıÿ[}Ç c+}Ç vQwH#
Onç|ç O◊I| O“¿JT æo`"" ®è≈T ®è≈Pèñ wJè ^T
wJè ^´èñ v&Ä—` πQ[√´èñ v&·F ôxa| πQ®◊´èñ
v&peJ πQºäd´èñ v&U| πQmx[´è våF ÿˆÇ T°èº|
55
õè√æ◊I´ç õè√æ—≈H´ õçè| jR”H:Ç H±&F ä—` π´J
Y^| ô≈`—#"" õç}ÅÇè çÄ´ç ä´ õèÃ c+}Ç ûc´ H&p÷\
ôæ—wÄ´ äv["" õè”ƒF vc+| Omçç|ç O◊I| æo` ôH""
ä—\T v—#wÆ+´ BH# Ú| πz®¿¿ç ºR[ Gä"" û±&F vâI
jR”H:Ç vc+}ÅÄ´ Iæ æFè Y^| W\""
ôè¿ì ä—`ñ c+| Jœ ww|™ v+| û®è≈UÇ™ “^ è|
ô|üÔJ""
BHzìñ vc´ x|U| πäıe ™“™ π®è≈ äıe ™“
õû#H+{ % m%T ûx| æBèó π®è≈ ”è ) m%T ûx|""
56
fezì´ñ ôw| c+| JÀè c&≈` JŒè jfiHB ævJó
wJ™T õè¿w`º mÿoŸ æ”≤|"" ¢xJI C√T ûH+I c´
x|®J≈ J–Ñè ¤Ta OJf ®e∆ π”≈ æ”≤|""
57
ô^zìñ û®è≈ wæçÒ x|º≥ πoç| ™“ ´jR™
58
HwJ™ ôè≈ ®æÔè æeÿ"" HgT 1 hRç Oe{¨| æeÿ"" æFèè
59
æ¥ ®¿ v+|™ πQE≈v| mè ô^^ æwIJ"" æFT πØò mè
RH| ä´"" H±&F Iè¡ ®æÔè Oç– 7|T 0`T m%T ûx| ôxa
®e∆ ûwJ™ v[| º—wJ""
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
page169-194
page 13
O õç|""
O e»""
«wæçÛ»? |`—>P ”JÈ ä´ó nH# ”è πzHO¿ ôæ¿HT""
{]û# õ´ä| v&Gè ≈`—&z% πzÔÁO´ vo`x —&±+ ä´ HRH| æÅIJ""
O πT|E≈v|""
182
õc#T ûÿm*| wJè aÄ% “^ Bê ô—&Ÿ zhJU æE√J""
wHv+z%T ¤™{ç ®” πQº´m%|è jR”H:Ç ÷`} —:[v+}Ä%èT
cxey OxJç O÷ÿ ôo`y õc#T ûTjz% “^ ô—&Ÿç zhJU
æpºJ""
ºT õè¿¿[c π´jR´è ê æeRJ"" ºO◊´èT
ôe[°y ôJˆ æmO◊J""
60
jR”H:ÇT õè”ƒF õçèz vBH# J|[√¡ πQ—wÇB
®è≈RRÇ çÇB æI;Ä™J""
û±&F vâI ûOJüT ¤™{ “^ OxJç O÷ÿ æm`wJ""
õä`dÄ´T v¿e{ c&vH# c&÷÷# c&fi®z% ´H´ ºO÷#|è ®æÔè
ôe[°v´ HOç– ºO÷#|è ûx}ÅÄ´è OJc´ æ±´
®¿v+{Ä´ æE√H#""
û±&F vâI ®¿ ´jR´ v”Jÿ õπzOIHc õè¿ wHv+|
æGçJ"" Ÿ\è v¿À ôm%U æ—wJ"" wHv+z% vS√ ãa c&O◊
πTjz%è ´jR Ÿ` v¿À m%U wπ —&±+ ®¿âI´ zOJf
õeû&®◊H| û—:[v+| c&fi®| æpºJ"" ®¿\o ô—` πE¿
õè¿GäT ç v+z%è ÷xo xH: æ÷^™J"" πTjz% ´jR ûv+z%
Oÿ} õè¿ wH v+| Bê wHv+z% c&c^´ πäv[´è õπW^
61
õeû&OHe æpπ™J ""
“H:Ç æFè Y^| πW\ OÄT c+|è ÷xp R√è πHTç
Iè¬| c+| BH| ®è≈ v&÷xn| æiIJñ Onç|ç O“¿J
æm^J xH´ ä´""
eH “I |´J≈
(—. 586-7)
62
π“I |´J≈ õè¬F ä´ó Ú| π÷^çÄ´ v`z%R 6 y[è 01 BHz%
®è≈RRÇ 07 J–Ç ®J¡""
πv`z%R J–Ç
1ñ û[∫
2ñ O[™
3ñ ô&z%
63
4ñ ô°z%
60.
61.
62.
63.
page169-194
page 14
O õçz""
O π»""
t. 10è zOJû|""
t. 12è zOJû|""
ôw] 1 - Appendix I
183
5ñ ®[äi
64
6ñ Bvç çÄ´
πû[∫ J–Ç
1ñ H&vè
2ñ Sfi
65
3ñ |H:R
4ñ ®H:
5ñ œH+
6ñ ôy
7ñ H#w
8ñ vIØ çÄ´
πO[™ J–Ç
1ñ
2ñ
3ñ
4ñ
®`≈ºè
ô\c&
ô&z%
ÿP“
®`≈ºè 3 æ®J√J
1ñ ôç
66
2ñ ≠#`
3ñ ôv÷&
õåF BH# πO[™ J–Ç çÄ´"" õåF πO[™ J–Ç vÜæJç vx≤|
ûBH# ævJ◊H#"" eH±&FT vBH# æ—ìH#""
πô&z% J–Ç
1ñ œH+
2ñ H#w
63
πô°z%
J–Ç
1ñ œè—#`
2ñ ¤Û
64. «T» z´◊ ä´ õèÃ «BTvç« ä´""
65. H+T z%HRó t. 15èç 16è zOJû|""
66. t. 18è zOJû|""
page169-194
page 15
184
π®[äi J–Ç
1ñ c∫
2ñ ôv#
3ñ fiv#
4ñ æH#
5ñ —>≈\
6ñ û#{æ
7ñ ôU\
8ñ Ga çÄ´
πBvç
64
J–Ç
1ñ ^º
2ñ ô±y
3ñ ôhè—+ çÄ´""
õä±&F ®H:Ç ºR^ —:[v+| eHGã “Jìè ôÿız´ wR`ì
æç—^H#"" ôhè—+¨Ç π|”_ ‘[v+| eHGã “Jìè ôÿız´
v|”`ì æç—^H#""
67
πy[è J–Çñ
1ñ √¤
2ñ œH+
3ñ ¢ê""
65
õä±&F |H:R æwIH#""
4ñ yÇ
5ñ ôü¢
6ñ ®y
7ñ H#w""
õåF c¿Å æwIH#""
8ñ ‡H+
9ñ H&vè
0ñ —#≈\""
õåF G¢ æwIH#""
01ñ G¢""
67. t. 11è zOJû|""
page169-194
page 16
ôw] 1 - Appendix I
185
π√¤ J–Çñ
1ñ H+n
2ñ ¤Hw""
πœH+ J–Çñ
1ñ ®H“
2ñ —#R""
π¢ê J–Çñ
1ñ H&P
2ñ œR
3ñ —+^""
πyÇ J–Çñ
1ñ ôxÄ%
2ñ ”TxÄ%""
πôü¢ J–Çñ
1ñ ®v]
2ñ —Iè""
π®y J–Çñ
1ñ H#S
2ñ H&vè""
πH#w J–Çñ
1ñ S{
2ñ ™∫ æwIH#""
π‡H+ J–Çñ
1ñ —#HH+
68
2ñ cIH+ñ
68. 2 z[e} vâI û«cIH+» mÿH: zÈÛ<J""
page169-194
page 17
186
πH&vè Jœñ
69
1ñ ôvz* ""
π—#≈\ Jœñ
1ñ ¿^""
πG¢ Jœñ
67
1ñ y[ç ""
õåF BH# π“I ôw}Ç çÄ´""
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π®H: õeJTç õ´äzì´ {]°e õè¬F ä´""
(—. 592-594)
πõeIUÇ O O]º äv&æç è—#Y πOKO≈è πJÀè πÛ÷&R wJ
70
ôH&è ôx¿`FRè πQwJ —¿H´"" ºH& Jœ ûÛ÷&R πz®H¿´
Kcè ä”Z äv`ç vâIT πQä”W# πOKO≈ πÛ÷&R πÆH& J–Ç
70
çÄ´ç πôx≈ [FRè J–Çç ®—êÇ BH# πÆH&è ¿T zvoH´
æÔÀçJ c&H# zc¿´ ®¿ ô&|øÂº Oÿz´ ûh™ væÛ|
zmO÷#"" æFT πGä vè—#Y ≈”ç Qüô+J ±Oè ä´""
≈”ç Qüô+J û6)%6 (õeû) 6)*2 ÆOz TM[z @6 ÆO|
ä—W"" vc# ±Oè éÿ õåF õeIUÇ væÛ| —v#"" v±&º ±Oè πäv\
zû{|H´ πä—W# ä—Y{|ç O£èè| üFç|T veèıçÄ´ ≥T
xH™Ä™Jç x±# —è±x õπc÷# vR{HJ πä—Y{z%è πO£èèz%è
Jx ôx`¿´ õåF õeIUÇ me me õºH# vh™ √` H√` wJ∫
ôTw w`‘w õeû ®H: ô—` õºezR\ c´ c^j DæRê{Ä´è
±[—#ç ôcÒ"" x±# ºJzR[ M≥xè ôcHP""
®H:T väv[v| ûåF õeIUÇ “^ z—çî} πõeITè
DæRê| OeR| O["" û±&FT vâI ûåF õeIUÇ ûH# πQwJ
hF Oÿ} ôezR[´ç û®è≈UÄ% zHæ}ñ õc# ücHOT πõeIT
®—è õπv[{ E¿""
69. «ôv÷&» æGè?
70. O""
page169-194
page 18
ôw] 1 - Appendix I
187
wÁ+ ÆT¿ Èøè ¿°U πäv[71 õè¿ —ç õπzäd ôjÄ—["" eH
72
±&FT v±&º ±Oè v´≈R ôeÔ_ —&±+ vä—W vBHzì´ (ÆO|)
wè≈ ®—è “I wè≈ ®—è õeIT õπzäd v&ºeÄ”^Ä´ “Iè xÅ
HRÿn| õåF ûæÛ|ç û®H: õeIUÇ HO{[o è—#W#ç O£èèz%
üFçz%T zcxev´ wè≈ Bä´ Oû\"" O°[´T ôJm\
73
ûõeIUÇ “^ {[m% ""
Ø`nÄ´T Hè—#Y H&{±±#ç H&—x\ñ vDæRê{Ä´
74
H&ê\ñ vπM≥wÄ´ võº—^Ä´ H&kP ñ w—^Ä´ éÿ ºH
°èz*ºèè õè√æv≈H#ñ v+z
°èz*ºèT H&÷xm% õèÃ
IºnÿH#ñ v±&F ´J °èz*ºêÇ v®è—+J õeIUÇ vt`Æè
zRTH´ ´J dºÔ`c# vıo` H&ê\ {[m%""
eH±&F væÛ| w`‘w wH# õeIUÇ ôHn ®æT —∑ zxH:
®IeR zxH: û®—çÄ´ zkO"" π®JcRè |`’S vâI ûõeIUÇ
{]° Iæ õçO◊™Hè""
H®H:T è—#Y cÿ}| û™π| ®¬F ºHè ô—` º±ç ”≤z%
èz%T ô¿[—"" π±&º ô—` eT ÿè| I¢ OJ≤ æwJ äv`ó ®H:
ûº±´ ®¬F veP ®H: zxH: z÷^"" æF πGä vh& 3)^3 ÆOz
TM[| ä´""
®H:T —ç vMæ®z% dH ô—\è H7z% J–Ä% ôüıH: c◊Ä´""
ô—^Ä´T vπeRÄ´ z÷^""
πCvê ®[CRê zwHó
πnH# ®[nH# zwH"" ®[ RH| ô—` ®æT Oè¿` RH| ä´""
π≠væ ≠væ v+|ñ
πÆH& ÆH& v+|ñ
75
πôTy H— ôy ñ
πE√ H— E√ñ
π‘^ H— ‘^ zwH"" H— ®æT H“ RH| OJü RH| ä´""
eH±&FT ô—\ vÿoH# ®H: 7 v+| ®H: æwIJ""
71. ÆÏ+ ÆT¿ Èøè c&ä”Y vô&|øÂº ”≤| e` πäv\ πõeIT A—aÇ ô≈O´
≠TÎ´v| äv`ó æF ≠OÌ dÿçô+J πôTIû#è Oèv` HOmR| õè¿Uû[
Ææä| ä´ xH: O{Ä´ó Peruchon, "Histoire des Guerres d' ‘Amda íyon,
pp. 271-363, 361-493.
72. ´≈R ôeÔ_ πä—W´ v1292-1306 Æ. T. ä´""
73. π”xÍÇè {]° æOeIJ"" OHü´ºè (ü}H&¢Ç) v&ºeÄ”bÄ´
°èz*ºêÄ% ûõeIUÄ% “^ zeRP æwIJ""
74. OkT Oi` πPH# YJ◊è TJ°| ä´""
75. «T» z´◊ ä´ õèœ nH# “ôTy” ä´""
page169-194
page 19
188
π®H: õ´äzì {]° æF ä´"" π“éè °{x zmvHó ô[`—+ ®`∆
πõeIT °{x zR[ó ”^î c&O◊ ôxa O◊ RH| ”è ıÁ#T
Kc| õè¿Gä v{]û# ôHOeRR|ç vä—\ BH# æ{ºJ""
eH “I z¤R] ºı {]°
(—. 568-9 572-3)
(ôHn {π OÈKÛÄ´ éÿ eHúaU ûQä—[´ ºı {]° x±#
cxev™J"" ôè√è∆Ä% õè¬F c&H# æ T^H#ó “H:Ç ôw{Ä´
ô^| ®è∆Ç (û[∫èñ z%HRèñ Ofièñ ®H:è) fe| c+}Ç
(ôJ¢èñ ¡[z*èñ ôºèz%è) ®J¿"" ®è∆Ä% π´‡ c+}Ç v&{÷#(!)
ôá}ÅÄ´è ô—v# æH#ç J–ÅÄ´è æ±[≥^H#"" {]û# ûô RO\
Iæ wæ{OèTñ eHúaU¨Ç πQÈı c´ πJœ J–Ä%è ≥`≥`ç
Rè π| õè¿cÔ[ πQcÿè Tè‡ dº÷ç´ ôºJıT"" eH±&F
ûôHn {π OÈKı vm√B| Iæ û±&F v{Ç ºH#|è BHz%è
õ¤T^HB""
ôè¡ {]° (—. 568-9)ó
76
û[∫ ôºèz%è ô”x}ñ
ô”x} ô\c&èñ ôºèñ v+}èñ æz%è ®H¿""
77
78
ππc#ıè Jœ ô”x}
√”OìT πõeIT OKO≈è
79
|—>]è ñ ã]è ®H¿""
ôºT ô\c& v&U| õè¿ õeIT M” π®è≈Pè Tj| ®`f
c#wèñ ≈è—>`—@^è ®H¿"" ûèx —¿J ôæOHJ ≈[eñ ûô¿J
80
õeû ÿJ◊J ≈[eñ û|”_ vOHe æÛ|èñ TY^m%è ô—` BH#
81
æ±´{J"" ®—”è ñ ôcy|èñ ÿm%` T≈`èñ ¤`¤`èT BH#
æ±´{J""
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
page169-194
page 20
æz% «ô&z%» ä´""
«è» veMz| π—wÇ æOeIJ""
«π» veMz| π—wÇ æOeIJ""
|—>] H{À^ (œv#z*) eT πc÷´ πúaU ä—≈ OGã ä´""
πôÛaÇ H+I eT""
®—” πôv#ä dPô+J A—[ exû| äv["" —≈IÄ´è e{H&eçe û#`
ôd|U{Jó Kur, Actes de Samuel de Wagag. ôcy| —√RÄ´è ºuuPv|
¿x` ä´"" x±#¨Ä%è Oä¢d| ôBè v|”_ äÏ ô´› ±Oä Oè”Y|
πúä” ôwI| ô[√;Ä´""
ôw] 1 - Appendix I
189
|H:R ôJ¢è ô”x} πSfi ôxÄ%è82ñ √¤èñ c∆è83
®H¿""
77
√”OìT û[∫ v&U| πOKO≈è πc#ıè Jœ Tjz%è
®`f ^º ºH#|è “H:Ç ®H¿ó |H:R æwIH#"" œH+T π|H:R Jœ
ä´ æIH#"" ÿè| π≤` Jœ ä´ æH#| äv`"" vv[| éÿ ô”î}
ôd¿—´ó eH±&F π|H:R Jœ zwH""
®H: º¿J c+| ô”x} üH#è ®H¿ç Uz""
√”OìT |H:R π®H:è Tj| ®`f wv#èñ —:^èñ ô&H#èñ
84
nH#èñ üH:èñ C√èñ û#{æè (®H¿) "" õä±&F 7z% |H:R çÄ´""
v´è Jœä| ®H: æwIH#""
85
√¤ π|H:R Jœ ä´"" 4 v+| ôxÄ%èñ 8 v+| ”TxÄ%èñ
7 v+| “Ièè æ®J√J""
86
87
√”OìT ºxÄ% Sfiè (Tj|) ®`f S{èñ y[çèñ A—[ ¿™a
88
ºH´è c∆è æ®J√J"" õä±&FT ô¤x`ñ ®[∆añ êê æwIH#""
SfiT ¡[z*è ô”x} œÛ`èñ ®—+¡èñ H&vèè ®H¿""
89
û#{æT v]ºè v´è üxÄ% Sfi Tj| ®H¿Ç´""
90
õç{Ä´ ÿm%` ièoI ôæ÷ vI ç| "" õä±&F BH# õeû ÆÁ+ Jxä
≈è”J ±Oè ≈[e 7 7 Bä´ vô&|øÂº BH# OJz´ û°èz*ºè
“^ õû#J vû=J Bä´ ê\""
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
ôä“—\ H+H:Ç ôxÄ%¨Ç ®æT H+H:Ç Sfi¨Ç ºH# ºeOeIJ""
«f∆è» RHz% dæGè ôæm`T""
«®H¿» ôJzm√Tó z[e} æGçJ""
O J≈""
t. 80è zOJû|""
ºJzm√""
v±&F ôä“—` ¿™a æwJ πäv[´ f∆ OGã ä´ó πô} ≠ÌST õTä|
õè¿±&B ä´"" |°°H#è ”è võ`”÷ìä| R®o ºeÄ”^J"" vπ—&±+´
ô&|øÂºè π—:ví% TØ^w´ºè πä¿Û<Ä´ ü`{¨ÇT õè v`dÄ´
ôæeRPT"" ¿™a ”^î O O]º π®“´ π°èz*ºè ”≤| eHGä ô√J
ô÷—x OGè ôHv|ó ®æT BH| f∆¨Ç äv\ó ®æT f∆ ûô√J
πQ™cè cÚ ô—` äv["" O÷]ºä{Ä´ eHm[´ πy{ eUÇ Bé{ HR®o
πQÔJ” ˘aÙc` ]Å`≈ ¯è°[e| cxey ºdzO´è Rèvx æÇIJó
Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands, Lawrenceville (New Jersey)
1997.
89. O û#{]è""
90. ÁKÚ´ H+H:Ç M≥yÇ mè√´◊ñ íñ õèt^]|ñ ôèv◊ õè¿QvH#
πcP ôæOeH#T""
page169-194
page 21
190
H+I´ {]° (—. 572-3)ó
û[∫ ôºèz%è ô—wç 0 ®H¿ó
®H¿ õädÄ´T õåF çÄ´""
1ñ ô\c+
2ñ ô&z%
3ñ ÿP“
4ñ ÃH+
5ñ c#w
6ñ œ—#`—>`
7ñ fiÛ
8ñ ^º
9ñ ô±y
0ñ ôhè—+
Sfi ôJ¢è ô”x} ôe^ ôTe| ®H¿"®H¿
1ñ c∆
2ñ ôv#
3ñ fiv#
4ñ æH#
5ñ —>≈\
6ñ û#{æ
7ñ ôU\
8ñ G\
9ñ H+n
0ñ ¤Hw
01ñ ®H“
02ñ —#R
03ñ H+P
04ñ œR
05ñ —+^ çÄ´""
91
|H:R ¡[z*è ô”x} ôe^ ôTe| ®H¿"®H¿
1ñ
2ñ
3ñ
4ñ
ôxÄ%
”èxÄ%
®v]
—Iè
91. O ¡[zè""
page169-194
page 22
ôw] 1 - Appendix I
191
5ñ ô√
6ñ H#S
7ñ H&vè
8ñ S{
9ñ ™∫
0ñ —#HH+
01ñ cIH+
02ñ ™À
03ñ ôyz,
04ñ ¿^
05ñ y[ç
®H: 7 Te}Ç ô”x} û7
û7 Iæ v+| W`} 7 J–Ç ®H¿ó
®H¿ eRÄ´T
õåF çÄ´"1ñ Cvê
2ñ ≠væ
3ñ ôH&
4ñ nH#
5ñ ôTy
6ñ K&√
7ñ ‘^ æwIH#""
π“I M≥x vπä—√Ä´ õåF çÄ´ó πû[∫ J–Ç 0ñ πSfi J–Ç
92
05ñ π|H:R J–Ç 05ñ π®H: J–Ç 7 v≈T\ v≈P\ $593 ä—≈
çÄ´""
π“I Y^|ç M”
(—. 597-600)
vô&|øÂº °èz*ºèñ
è °èz*ºè vQwJ M≥x M”ç Y^|
õπz¿ä—— vπ—&±+´ ôæÔÁTTó πOè”Y| ô™œT ôºpO´T""
õ”±&ôxK+` vÔ÷[´ ÆHT vº—\ vπ¿Tv# ô[R™* v&Gèñ
°èz*ºèT v&Gèñ õeITT v&Gèñ ôæB√™*T v&Gèñ BH# vπ®—ã
Áè} πpO M” ôH´"" û} TèT v&Gè vÿm*| ä—` v{çj
94
T°èº| wJ Tjz%è ôæÔ{Tó πQºÛ{T πHT""
92. O""
93. O"" «$7» OGè äv[v|""
94. O πQÛ{Tó ≠ÌS πQºÛ{T""
page169-194
page 23
192
“I ”è TèT vT°èº| v&Gè v[¢ º—w| Tjz%è û}
ôæÔ{T"" “I v{Io ‡èo ûTjz% v&Hæ õgT C√ ûH+I
x|®J≈ vâI ®¿ [¢ wJ™ x|OHe J–Ç™è æ≤ |OHdHÇ""
w|OHeT v±&ºT x|U| J–Ç™ H[¢ wJ™ Bä´ æE√H# õèÃ
H®H√Ä´ ôw{Ä´ ôæGãT""
eH±&FT πO O]º wJ™ πÔ{| c+| x|®J≈Jî J–Ä,
IæGã õºH ôè√è≈ û¤äm´ vm` πQº—w| πHT"" æFT π[¢
wJ™ πäv[ v&U| õåF û´‡ πO÷# J–Ç ±\ ºæ¿H#
õè¬®`c#| ºńJç πx`z% ‡èo ä—` üJGä v™≤ ä—`
°èz*ºè õè¿QwH# —:[v+}Ä% π[¢ Tjz%è ôæÔ{T""
RázT ôJ÷ÛTç õä±&º π´‡ Jœ õè¿ J–Ä% |°°J çÄ´ç
è|è æ®`dH#"" õc#T ûH+H:Ç Tj}Ç v&®J≈ ™ç JÀ vû=\
v“Jì ôè“Û πQwH´ π[¢ Tjz% πz®H¿´ ä´""
[¢ RH|T πM” πû&√è πO O]º Tj| RH| ä´""
¿”U v“Jì ‡èo RH| ä´"" ûm%w}Ä% ®æT ûBHzìæz% û[¢
TèT {IIpÇ ÜæHïÇ J–Ç v&®J≈ ™ç ®^h# πO O]ºæz%
π[¢ Tjz% JÀ ä´"" c+| Jœ v&®J≈ ÔÈR ®¿ wJ™ |E√HÇó
õè¿ õeIT Y^| vwI; ®—è |÷^HÇ""
“I ûH+I ‘d õèÃ TèT v&Gè û±O¡ ôæ“wT"" õè¿ “I
±\è pÿa πQºó πHT"" {Im% Ø´m{Ä´ ±^Ä´è Ot÷`
ä´"" ôw| HJÀ |´J¡è ºezT[™J"" eH±&F õeû 0 |´J≈
v&Gè ôæ“v#T""
95
vô&|øÂº ı|K ä—Y| õeû 4 |´J≈ H&“v# væä™J""
ÆÁ+ ±`ô ºØpx xÅ v7 |´J≈ H&“v# vOè”Y{Ä´ M≥x BH#
96
ô™œ ä”[´ äv\"" æFT ô™œ õeû ≤_ ûh™ vz—>H|ç
vOè≥ñ v—:è¿`ñ vv+—T≈`ç v‘ÕTñ û|”_ vKRc+èñ vH+IT
ô—` x¥Ç Y^| æ÷xnH#ó õè¿ õ”±&ôxK+` nJ BH#
ºev#{J""
v“I OËMı| ûzc⁄Ä´ ûRæ÷xm%| °èz*ºè ää
ûQH#| —:[v+}ÅÄ´ æJo πQiJ x±# OJüüT ä—` ôHv|""
97
√\ ôè≈ |Jo |Jo BH#è xIj πQº¿`”wÄ´ ä—` ôH""
õc#T õ”±&ôxK+`è ôHR®o ä´ó RH| M—#èç |õ≤±#è vBH#
eı^ Oê\èT ôº´m%T"" cR∫è õ”±&ôxK+` æH#{J"" Rè
Ô÷[F v&H#| ≠#OT æIJ"" vzp÷# w±ãT —&±+ ®¿ cRæ ººH#ç
vJwÄ´ õè√H ºe{ńH#""
95. O ı{""
96. O ûz»""
97. O""
page169-194
page 24
ôw] 1 - Appendix I
193
“I ÿè| ûTjz% ®è≈ v&º—î æ—J äv`ñ vÚ| õè√dπä""
98
cè“ üc[H| üe{®m´ vâI ”è ûTjz% —x} v&º—í´ ôè√Ç
99
ôæH´T"" πTjz%è ´jR Ÿ` û¿ÕÒ m%U wπ —&±+ õè¿ —w
ºńJç zOJf ®¿âI æE√J""
v“I M” π¿T Y^|
π“I π¿T Y^| w^| °ıJ æûÔIJ""
O O]º ¤™ v&U| —√∫ ) m%T ûx| æûıIJ""
BHzì c+| x|U| % m%T ûx|ó
fezì ÷v&xñ ôèÿ[ìñ hRéñ Ûm* wH õœñ BH# v&U|
$ m%T ûx| æûıIJ""
ô^zì Jœ ôwz%è v&—Jñ JÀ π[¢ Tjz% Jœ v&Gè ºwz%
®—êÇ ≈è—&º û®—v# ôe[´ ûwM` æÿH#{J õèÃ õ`RÄ´
ä´ç v¿T Rıce ôæ¿v≈v#|T"" õçz% [¢ πH+I| õè¿GäÇ ”è
πçz% ®—êÇ zmxH´ ®e¿´ ) m%T ûx| æ°ÔH# õèÃ πM” Jœ
ôæ¿HTç ôæ¿x¿x æIH#"" ôw| JÀè v&—≈Jd v&H# ôæ—JT
æIH#""
eH “I ûQä—` {]° û[œT w‡\ñ ûx±# vÿm*z% æF
ævnçJ"" û±&F mÿHè πõç]ºè (ä—`) {]° ôèÈÛHè""
100
18. eH ä—¿ õç`º
(—. 600)
πõç]º M≥x BH# πüT ±` ä´"" ä—¿ øo◊è Oÿz´ πä—¿ û=dè
Oè”Y| v®c¡ —&±+ñ M≥v#èT vŸ` ôÿız´ πz[Ô´è wd¿¡
—&±+ vô&|øÂº ¿v#x √` H√` v®IUñ vc&√Uñ vû=H:ñ v¢è{ñ
vôUa v≥èœa πQê` M≥x ä´"" õc#T ûŸ` vâI ûä—¿
øo◊è ä—Y{| —x} HädÄ´ z—≥} —xa πQê` ä´""
m≈U “H:Ç dæ±#| H#oRñ œRñ H+nñ |v+ñ —#Rñ ûÛñ
æF BH# πõç]º M≥x ô—` äv`"" vâI “H:Ç õºeHmm%| π“I
ô—` Gä"" æF BH# ûm≈U Ta õeû m√R™* TåJ° ±Oè
û±&ºT vâI õeû ±Oä °è|ç zºæ¥ õè¿ O◊ ôè≈ õç]º
zxH: ûè—#W ä—Y| v{Ç ôè≈ è—#Y ækTv| äv`""
98. O û»""
99. vâI πz¤O[""
100. æF °ıJ eHä—¿ õç`º ä´ó õ±&F πm√B| eH úaU eIHv| ä´""
page169-194
page 25
±+çB H“Iè ®¿ õè”H&≥ì ûz[—:P| ôè¡ Å`Je v+û&è”DT""
(û Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. 105: 1999 Lectures and Memoirs. )
page169-194
page 26
!
Ethnography of the Galla (±+çB H“I)
By Abba Bahriy
In transliterating names and other words, the system I followed is this:
(a) for vowels: “e” for gi'iz or first order and hamis or fifth order; “u” for ka'ib
or second order; “i” for salis or third order and for sadis or sixth order; “a”
for rabi' or fourth order; and “o” for sabi' or seventh order. The “h” has
lost the gi'iz vovel for the rabi'.
(b) for consonants: I have “h” for A, K and Ö ; “s” for c and W; “'” for ô and
≠, ignoring both when they come at the beginning of a word; “ch” for Ä;
“tch” for ¤; “t” for z and ÷; “gn” for í; “j” for ; “ts” for Á and Î; and
“p” for ˜ and „.
Expressions in parenthesis are supplied for the sake of English.
I (hereby) begin to undertake studies1 of the Galla in order that I may
know the number of their tribes, their zeal to kill people, and the
brutality of their demeanor. If there is anyone who would say to me,
“Why has he written about the wicked ones like the history of the
good?”, I will give him an answer, saying to him: “Search in the books,
and you will see that the history of Muhammad and the history of the
kings of the Muslims have been written, although they are our enemies
2
in religion. Giyorgis Welde Amid , too, has written the history of the
1. Lit. “write.”
2. Giyorgis Welde Amid (1205-1273 A.D.) was a Coptic historian who wrote the
history of the world from creation to 1260 A.D. Among the Copts he is known
as Jirjis Ibn Abi Y‹sir Ibn Abû Al-Makarîm Ibn al-‘Améd al-Makin. The Ge‘ez
translation of his work, made in the second half of the thirteenth century, is
known by his name.
page195-214
page 1
196
ZinguÕn3 kings of the Barbarians,4 who are the Afridon5 and the other
kings of Persia, who are called at this era the Sofi.”
Section 1
6
7
The owner of (this) book says: The Galla appeared from the west and
8
crossed the river of their country, which they call gelena , to the frontier
9
10
of Bali , in the time of the Hatse Wenag Segged. They are the two
11
12
tribes who are called Bereytuma and Boren.
Bereytuma begot six children. The first was called Kerreyu, the
second Merewwa, the third Ittu, the fourth Akkechu, the fifth Weren13
14
tisha, and the sixth Humbena.
The father of the Boren was called Seppira15.
Seppira begot Datche, and Datche begot Metcha. Metcha begot
Da'ale and Jidda.
And the two brothers gave birth to many tribes, which are the
sons of De'ale: Hoko; second, Tchile; third, Obbo; and fourth, Suba.
3. In the world history by Giyorgis Welde Amid, “ZinguÕn” (plural of “ZinguÕ”)
refers to the Babylonians, e.g., EMML 21, f. 40b, Macomber, A Catalogue of
4. ‘Agam/‘ajam in Arabic is “non-Arab”, “pagan”, and “Persia.”
5. The reference must be to the Farédun dynasty.
6. I.e. “the author.”
7. If the Oromo crossed the frontier of Bale to come to central Ethiopia, they could
not have come from west. Ethiopian writers sometimes confuse the names of the
cardinal points. Dillmann has references, e.g. Isaiah 11:11, and 45: 6, to some
older manuscripts where “mi’rab” appears where “misraq” is expected; see
Dillmann, Lexicon linguae aethiopicae, col. 964. The author might have meant
to say, “the Galla came to the west.”
8. The word probably means “river.”
9. Today changed to “Bale.”
10. Wenag Segged/Libne Dingel (1508-40) died fleeing from the forces of Imam
Ahmad Ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.
11. Also called “Bertuma.”
12. It is not known how the two tribes are related.
13. Also called “Werrensha” and “Werrensh.”
14. Also called “Hubbena”, with “m” assimilated into “b.”
15. In Ge'ez it means a “band of people,” from Greek speira “military unit;” see
Leslau, Comparative Dictionary of Geez, p. 509 (col. 1); and n. 28 below.
page195-214
page 2
197
Jidda begot Hakako, his first-born; second, Gudru; and third,
Liben.
Furthermore, Datche begot the Datch--and called them by his
16
own name --the Kono, Becho, and Jille.
And these, too, gave birth to many tribes. Their names are
these: the children of Becho are Uru and Ilu; the children of Datch are
17
18
Soddo , Abbo, Galan; the sons of Kono are Seqseq , Liben; the sons of
Jille are Ela, Abbo, and Li'is.
19
All these are called Tulema, because they are many. They
used to make war together; (but) after a long while, they quarreled with
each other and separated from each other, as Abraham and Lot separated
when their herds became a multitude, that they said to one another: “Let
us separate, so that if you are to the right, I be to the left; or if I am to the
20
right, you be to the left.” And it (now) happened as it happened (then).
Similarly, the two tribes of De'ale, who are the Tchile and the
21
Hoko, and also the two tribes of Jidda, Liben and Gudru , separated
22
from their brothers and formed unity; and were called Afre, in the time
23
of the luba which the Boren call Ambisa--the Bertuma call him
Robale.
Furthermore, the Hakako, sons of Jidda, and the children of
24
De'ale, Abbo and the Suba, formed unity in the time of the luba, called
16. This means “Datch” and “Datche” are the same.
17. Could this mean that the Soddo Gurage got its name from this tribe?
18. There is a region in Gojjam which has this name. It must have received it from
Oromo who have since become Amharic speakers.
19. This reasoning gives the impression that “tulema” means many.
20. Gen. 13: 9. Since the allusion is to explain the reason for their separation, we
can infer that the separation of the two tribes was caused by their growing
number of cattle. The reason the other sources give is “miticha.”
21. In the text it is usually “Guidru.”
22. From afur meaning “four”. Beckingham and Huntingford have given the
English equivalent of most of these Oromo terms in their Some Records of
Ethiopia, pp. 111-29.
23. Same as “Bereytuma.”
24. Luba (“the circumcised”) is the equivalent of the messiah or hastega of the
Christians.
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Birmeje; and were called Seddecha.25 These, too, gave birth to many
tribes. These are their names:
The sons of Tchile are Gelam and Webbo/Abbo.
The sons of Hoko are Kiremo, Imuru and Jidda.
The sons of Liben are Waliso, Kutawe and Amiyye.
The sons of Gudru are Sirba, Melol and Tchereqa.
The tribes of Hakako are Abbo, Harsu and Limu.
The tribes of Suba are Hagelebabo and Tchura.
The tribes of Abbo/Obbo are Seyyo, Abono, Tum'e and Leqa.
26
When all these are allied, they are called Metcha ; and when they
quarrel, they are called Afre and Seddecha. When they are all united
27
with the Tulema, they are called Seppira.
28
Boren, on his side, begot twelve29 children. The first was
Datche, the second Jille, the third Kono, the fourth Becho. These are
25. From “sedi” (“three”).
26. There is a region in Gojjam which has this name. It must have received it from
Oromo who have since become Amharic speakers.
27. See n. 15 above.
28. It seems that Oromo tribes are identified by any one or two of their ancestors;
here by Seppira and/or Boren. The name Seppira is enigmatic; see n. 15 above.
According to Mersie Hazen Welde Qirqos, the Oromo elders are not familiar
with this name, EMML 3749, p. 57. There is a tradition that the ancestors of the
Galla are the Portuguese whom Atse Gelawdewos settled in the south after the
war with Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Gragn). The Portuguese could
have encouraged the “Galla” to revolt against the kingdom which refused to
convert to Catholicism. Almeida reports that when Patriarch Dom Jo‹o
Bermudez, their spiritual leader, was expelled from Ethiopia, “God made known
to him that the rod and whip which he had first put into the hands of Granh
(Gragn) and the Moors (Muslims) of Adel to punish the obstinacy of the
Abyssinians, had now been delivered to the Gallas and that they were to be a
crueller scourge and almost the total ruin of that contumacious empire. So, the
Patriarch, as he came on his way (out of Ethiopia) pronounced many curses on
the lands through which he passed, and said, many times that there were certain
black ants invading the kingdoms and the provinces of the empire, destroying
and wholly devastating it.” See Beckingham and Huntingford, Some Records of
Ethiopia, p. 135.
29. Possibly a mistake for eleven.
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called Tulema. The fifth was Hakako, the sixth Obbo, the seventh
Suba--these (three) are called Seddecha. The eighth was called Tchile,
the ninth Liben, the tenth Gudru, the eleventh Hoko--these (four) are
called Afre.
Section 2
30
The Dawwe, who devastated Betre Amora, are (part) of the Boren
people. There are those who say that they are from another (tribe), citing
their fight with the Boren as the reason. This, however, is a naive story,
not true. But the informer says, “When they (first) left their country,
they did not all leave, but whoever wished (to stay) stayed, and whoever
wished (to leave) left.” For they have no master who would give them
orders; rather, they do what their hearts like.
Those of the Boren who stayed behind left their country (later)
31
32
by way of Kuera; and Fasil attacked them, but they killed him. At that
time the Dawwe began to attack the Christians.
And at that time the writer of this story prophesied, saying, “I
fear the killers of Fasil, for they have tasted Christian blood.” They,
30. Betre Amora is originally a name of an army contingent, like Betser Waget. It
probably comes from betser amora “vulture to the enemy”. The region where a
contingent is permanently stationed is, like a tribe, called by the name of the
contingent.
31. Also “Kuera” in the old Amharic panegyric edited by Guidi, “Le canzone
geez-amariña.” It must be an ancient name of a tribe/place. Some sources give
Huera. This may or may not be a reference to Kuyera near Shashemenne or to
Koyra in Gamo. However, Abba Bahriy's spelling cannot be glossed over
because these names look similar to “Kuera”. These names are three different
forms which may or may not derive from the same original name of one place.
The question is which Damot was the province to which Fasil was appointed
governor. Ato Ambellu Kebede notes on 16 Ginbot, 1944 E.C. (May 22, 1952)
that when he was serving as a Supreme Court Judge in Gemu Gofa Province,
elders told him that the former name of Tchencha was Hara, EMML 5731, f.
114a. This is at least the direction from which the Dawwe invaded and where
Abba Bahriy lost his property to them.
32. Sertse Dingil appointed Fasil/Fasilo governor of Damot in the third year of his
reign and within a year, he revolted but was defeated. He must have been
reappointed only to meet his death at the hands of the Dawwe (see also n. 31
above).
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indeed, devastated Betra Amora and Wej; it happened according to his
words, for the spirit of prophecy is not far from the clergy. The Dawwe
chased this prophet, devastated his country of Gamo, and looted all that
he possessed.
So let us return to the story of the Bereytuma, which we have
suspended to this time.
Section 3
Kerreyyu begot six sons. They became many and powerful tribes. The
first of them was Liben, the second Wello, the third Jille, the fourth
Obbo, the fifth Suba, the sixth Bela'.
And Wello begot six sons, who are Werre Bukko, Werre Guira',
33
Werre Nole'elu --these are under the name of Wello--Werre Kerreyyu,
33
Werre Ilu, and Werre Nole'ali --and these three are called Seddecha.
34
Their separation took place at the time they killed Aboli. But now they
have come together in peace against us; they have plotted and made a
covenant (to ruin us).
Section 4
35
Merewwa Ayya begot Ana, Uru, and Abeti. Similarly, their children
and their grandchildren multiplied and formed many tribes. Each one's
name is derived from its respective tribe.
They have neither king nor master like other peoples; rather
they obey a luba for eight years. And after eight years another luba is
appointed, and the first is relieved. They do so at every period.
The meaning of luba is “those who are circumcised at the same
36
time.” And the order of their circumcision is like this: when a luba
steps down, the Bertuma and Boren each gives itself a name, just as the
33. Note the difference between “Nole'eli” and “Nole'ali.”
34. Aboli died in 1576 E.C. His death has been recorded in many sources.
35. Other sources give Merewwa only.
36. One generation of Oromo men was circumcised together to lead the nation. The
generation as army and its head had the same name. In such cases, in translating
I use “they” when I think the text refers to the luba generation and “I” or “he”
when the luba is the leader.
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nigus's regiments are called Sillus Hayle37, Bedil Tsehay,38 and Giyorgis
39
Hayle.
Section 5
Similarly, the one who was circumcised when he started attacking Bali
was called Melbah. I do not know the name of his father, for there is no
one who tells me.
Section 6
The second luba was called Muddena. The name of the father of this one
was Jibbena. It was he who crossed the river Webi.
Section 7
The third luba was called Kilole; he attacked the lowlands of Dewwaro,
40
such as the Adel Mebreq and its lowlands.
Section 8
The fourth luba was called Bifole; it was he who devastated the whole
41
of Dewwaro and began attacking Fetegar.
He began to take people captives, and made of them servants,
42
43
and called them geber. He also began to drink koso. (In contrast) the
first (three) lubas, which we have mentioned, killed people, men and
women. They killed horses and mules; they spared only sheep, goats,
37. “(The Holy) Trinity is my power.”
38. “A (shining) sun at victory.”
39. “(St.) George is my power”.
40. Like Betre Amora (see n. 30), Adel Mebreq too was a name of a contingent,
giving its name to the region where it was stationed. It must must have been the
creation of Atse Zer'a Ya'iqob (1434-68).
41. Fetegar was the region between Bulga and Gurage.
42. Possibly name of people forced to servitude; see Guidi, “Le canzone geezamariña.”, p. 59.
43. Local medicine against tapeworm.
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and cows44. They did not kill the animal in their stomach45 with
medicine; it just slid down their thighs, as (it does with) beasts.
Section 9
46
The fifth luba was called Mesle . It was he who slaughtered the Jan
47
48
49
Amora and fought with Hamelmal at Dego. He devastated all the
districts, and became a master over them; he moved (into them) with his
herd. The previous Galla, on the other hand, attacked from Webi and
returned there.
50
Our King Atsnaf Segged fought him, setting out from Asa
Zenneb. And when Nur went down to his country, having done what he
had, he (Mesle) met him near Hazelo and killed most of his (Misle's)
countless people. Ever since the Galla appeared in our country, they
were not slaughtered as (much as) they were slaughtered at that time.
And Nur's army slaughtered at that time were more than the army of
Awsa, about which we shall report in due time. Thus God avenged on
51
them the blood of his servants which they had spilt in Mej.
52
This Mesle began riding horses and mules, which has not
happened before him (with the Galla), until he said of the lubas who had
preceded him, “I made those who walked on two and three legs walk on
four legs.” The reason for his saying “on three legs” was because they
(the Galla) leaned on their spears when they were tired during a journey.
44. The Ge‘ez “lahm” refers to cows and oxen, “bovine,” “cattle.”
45. The tapeworm.
46. In other sources also “Michle.”
47. Another contingent that gave its name to the location where it was garrisoned.
48. Grandson of Libne Dingel through his daughter Romane Werq.
49. Zer’a Ya‘iqob was crowned at Dego. He had built an important church there
which he called Mekane Maryam and endowed lavishly, Perruchon, Les
Chroniques de Zar’a Yâ‘eqôb, pp. 54-5.
50. Gelawdewos (1540-59), who defeated Gragn but was killed by Nur, Gragn's
successor.
51. Historians think this to be Wej but the reference is most probably to the war
against the Abeti at Mej, in 1570 A.D.; see Getatchew Haile, Bahra Hassab,
Collegeville (Minnesota) 1993 E.C., p. 248.
52. The Oromo are today famed for their horsemanship.
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Section 10
The five lubas whom we have mentioned ruled forty years; their sons
were not circumcised. The uncircumcised used to abandon (their) sons
and daughters, for such is their tradition. And if they (the fathers) are
circumcised they reared the boys, but the girls they continued to abandon until two to three years after the time they had been circumcised.
Section 11
After (the reign of) the five lubas, the sons of Melbah were circumcised,
and were named Harmufa. He slaughtered the Giyorgis Hayle at
Qetchino. The Boren call him Dullu. It was he who devastated Gegn,
Angot, and Amhara.
It was he who began attacking Begemdir. Harmufa of the
Bertuma attacked Begemdir and killed Waka, the brother of Harbo. At
that time Harmufa uttered insulting words; he said, “The Sidama who
53
are clothed in the body of water, I have hurled into the body of water.”
Section 12
After eight years Harmufa was relieved and Robale, son of Muddena,
whose name has been written in Section Six, was appointed. It was he
who devastated Shoa and began attacking Gojjam.
54
The Hatsege attacked him (Robale) at Ziway, and killed many
of his (army), and took his cattle booty. Many enriched themselves with
that booty.
55
He (Robale) killed Azmach Zer'a Yohannis, head of the dignitaries, may peace be upon him!
53. The Oromo called the Christians (and the Amhara in its meaning of
“Christians”) “Sidama”, just as others call the Oromo “Galla.” Here “clothed
with body of water” refers to the Christian baptism. The Oromos knowledge of
the ritual indicates the close contact between them and the Christians.
54. The Hatsege here and elsewhere in this text is Sertse Dingil/Melek Segged.
55. The death of this general has been reported in Sertse Dingil's history, but the
source does not tell how the general died, saying only that the king promoted the
general's personal attendants to the rank of tchewa, “land owning soldiers.”
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At that time, soli and bidaro became ilala56 at the Suba of the
tribe of the Boren.
Five years after this, the Hatsege attacked Robale of the Abeti
57
at Weyna Deg'a and killed them without sparing any. Some say (just)
over ten remained and came home to carry the news.
Section 13
After eight years, Birmeje son of Kilole, who had devastated Dewwaro,
was appointed. This Birmeje (generation) of the Boren made shields of
58
cow-hides as tall as themselves, and attacked the Maya, the people of
archery, and defeated them, as they could not find (a place) to shoot
them because they shielded themselves with dry cow-hides.
59
(The Birmeje) pressed hard on azmach Deharegot, the king's
general; they killed Zinnay and his attendants. In the past he
(Deharegot) defeated them many times; but (this time) it happened (so)
by the will of God, because the sins of the Christians had not been
requited--the conqueror was defeated. They devastated Ar'ign, the country of his governorate. They killed Gato, Betro, Bedlo, Amdo, and
60
others. These two districts, where all the poor enrich themselves,
became desert.
56. What is meant here is not clear. It could also mean “... soli and bidaro were
made into instruments of alarm.” Ato Amha Asfaw tells us in his Amharic book
Yilala Dennebo, 1995, how people perform wailing, singing “yilala dennedo,”
when they mourn their dead. “Yilala” is an Oromo word borrowed by Amharic,
meaning “lookout”. And according to Cecchi, “bideù”, most probably a variant
of “bidaro”, is a kind of alarm bell made out of tree-trunks used to warn of an
approaching enemy, A. Cecchi, De Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa, Vol. II, p.
327-8, n. 1; and Vol. III, p. 123. Dennebo could be a third type of ilala (after soli
and bidaro) practiced by the people who occupied this region.
57. This took place at Mej in 1570 E.C.
58. This “tribe” appears in several places far from each other and as recently as in
the reign of Yohannis I (1667-82) when one of them had a Christian name,
Mikha Giyorgis.
59. A very famous general during the reign of Sertse Dingil.
60. Only one district is mentioned.
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The Birmeje of the Bertuma attacked Dembya and killed Aboli
of the royal family, Semre Ab the bahir negash, and others.
(All) this happened where our king, who is powerful in his
deeds and wise in his counsel, was not. Had he been in Dembya, what
happened to Robale would have happened to Birmeje. But in order that
the victory would happen alternately, God directed the king's journey to
Damot. He found victory where he went; and his dignitaries were
defeated where he was not.
Section 14
The Birmeje of the Boren put Damot under siege and captured people
and livestock when they found the country without a savior and a
deliverer.
At that time the dej azmach was Asbo. He took counsel with his
brothers, gathered the army, and pursued them. He arrived as they were
dividing their booty. The chosen ones (the infantry) and the cavalry
surrounded them with a meslist; this means they surrounded them with
three (rows of) invaders. The Galla fled and (many) were killed.
Most of them hid in a large cave. (The army) collected wood
and made fire at the mouth of the cave. Many came out for fear of the
fire and were taken prisoner, until they brought to him the boy of the
61
royal family who had been taken captive together with many cap62
63
tives. They (Asbo's army) cut off the heads of the dead; they were
too many to count. (This way) he kept his country.
61. “The boy of the royal family” was young Susinyos. The story has been
recounted in his chronicle. The reason that his name is not mentioned in the
Zenahu le-Galla could be that clerics of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church,
including copyists, did not like to mention the name of a renegade who betrayed
his Church. But the fact that the name of Sertse Dingil, Abba Bahriy's most
beloved monarch, is not mentioned is possibly for a different--though related-reason: fear of Susinyos who killed Sertse Dingil's son and heir.
62. In the chronicle of Susinyos, “with many captives” refers to those released with
the boy, not to those taken captive with the boy.
63. This is an ancient custom practiced in Ethiopia and the rest of the world; see, for
example, Mat. 14:8-10.
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After this, until the end of the tenure of Birmeje, (the country
will be defended). But the (punishing) hand of God will still remain
64
stretched because the sin of the Christians is not atoned yet. Although
they were defended in the days of Birmeje, the latter luba, which we
shall mention afterwards in the proper place, would destroy them.
Section 15
After this, Birmeje was relieved and Mul'ata son of Bifole was appointed. He made a dullagutto on Gojjam. The meaning of dullagutto is
“war of topknot” For when the Galla are circumcised at the same time,
65
they give themselves a name, as we have said at the beginning of
Section 4, and they attack a country which their predecessors have not
attacked. If they kill people or large animals, they shave their whole
head, leaving a little hair (topknot) in the middle of their skull. But he
who did not kill does not shave himself, so much so that he suffers from
lice. For this (reason) they are zealous to kill us.
In those days the Hatsege decided to go to the land of Damot.
And while he was on the journey, he heard that the Galla had attacked
the country of Gojjam and that his mother the Queen had gone up to
66
Debre Abriham to seek refuge there.
Wezero Tewdada, the sister of his ancestors King Atsnaf
Segged and King Admas Segged, may peace be upon them, (was also
there). When the Galla fell upon them suddenly, at a time they did not
expect them, all the people of the country were terrorized and their army
scattered. But her (Tewdada's) eldest son showed force over the Galla,
who were approaching his mother, (and) chased them away, for he was
a young man praised for his prowess. (Then) he came back and took his
mother by the hand and brought her up to a high mountain called
67
Jibbela.
64. An allusion to Is. 5: 25.
65. Sic.
66. This Amba was once used as a detention center for royal children who were
thought to pose a threat to the power of the incumbent king.
67. This was the mountain where Tedla Gwalu climbed to defend himself when Atse
Tewodros attacked Gojjam, EMML 5403, f.108b. Later King Tekle Haymanot
(of Gojjam) had made it prison, ibid., f. 180b.
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The Hatsege, for his part, cancelled his journey, and came in
haste to where the Galla were and arrived with the army. He ignored the
rules of his ancestors the kings; for when they come to the war front,
their custom was to send the fighters ahead, and to stand (aloof) with the
chosen cavalry and infantry, and praise him who flings forward and
punish him who lags behind.
This time, however, our king put himself at the head of the
force and showed force. When the army saw this, they rushed forward
and became wild in (fighting) the Galla; they killed all without sparing
any. Most of them were hurled over the precipice, until the people of the
countryside and the peasants killed them wherever they found (them).
He (the king) ordered that they cut off the heads of the Galla.
The (heads) filled Adora, which is a wide place.
(Then) they brought down the Itege and Wezero Tewodada
68
from the mountains where they were. And he (the king) received them
with honor.
When they (the two women) saw the large number of the
enemy's heads which had been cut off, they rejoiced a great joy and
69
praised God who set the spirit of victory on his anointed.
As for the cattle they rescued from the hand of the Galla, they
returned them to those from whom they were looted.
Section 16
After this our king decided to take an expedition, for he does as he
thinks and executes as he says. He went to Wej to attack the Galla, who
70
are called Dawwe. The Galla call them “the latter Galla,” but (other)
71
people call them “Dawwe” because they pained them.
68. Adbarat is the plural of debr, meaning “mountain” and “monastery”. The two
ladies were at two different refugee centers.
69. The kings are referred to as the mesiah “the anointed”.
70. The expression, “the latter Galla,” is missing in the Vienna copy, obviously by
mistake of the copyist. But the London text is not corrupt. The question is
whether or not the Oromos use the name “Galla.” Or could this be the author's
perception?
71. There seems to be a play with words. In Ge‘ez “dewe” ¿™, means “illness” or
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The reason for his (the king's) expedition there was that he
thought that they (the Galla) would battle with him and that they would
not flee; but when he arrived where they told him they were, he did not
find them. He searched, but he did not find their dwelling.
When he did not find animal booty and a fight of the flesh, he
decided to fight with the devil and take from him as booty the souls of
the pagans. (Therefore,) he summoned the people of Innarya, Bosha,
and Gomer and said to them, “Become Christians!” And they became
(Christians); they were baptized in Christian baptism.
Section 17
When the Mul'ata of the Werdi'aya attacked the country of Ras Welde
Kristos, (the latter) conquered them, recovered their booty, and killed
many of them. He pursued a party of them until they hurled themselves
over a precipice. (This way) he defended the country till the Hatsege
returned. When the Hatsege returned, he found the country defended by
the diligence of Welde Kristos and by his battle. For that reason he made
him master over his house and set him governor over the whole of his
72
kingdom.
Section 18
The Mul'ata of the Boren afflicted the Christians of Damot; they
scattered them and devastated their country. During their time Shoa and
Damot became deserts.
The reason that I have written at one time the victory of the
Galla, and at another time the victory of the Christians, is because it is
the custom of the books, which say, “Today to you and tomorrow to the
73
other.” Victory belongs at one time to this one, and another time to
that one. He who conquers always is the one God who is above all. The
country submitted to him (to the Mul'ata of the Boren), and none
remained (free).
“sickness.” However, identifying Dawwe (√™,) with Jawi (Õ™*), “serpent,” as
some authors have done, is unwarranted.
72. Welde Kristos ultimately met his death at the hand of the Oromo during the reign
of Susinyos.
73. Source not identified.
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When this essay was written, the tenure of Mul'ata, son of
Bifole, was in its seventh year. They were about ready for the circumcision and the appointment of the sons of Mesle. If I am still alive, I shall
write later about the battles and killings which would take place in their
time; and if I have died, others will write about me and about the coming
luba. But happy is he who is dead, for he is resting!
Section 19
The knowledgeable ones make an extensive inquiry, asking, “How is it
that the Galla defeat us, although we are many, and many are our arms?”
There are those who say, “God has allowed them because of our sins.”
And there are who say, “It is because of our nation's division into ten
classes. Nine of these do not come close to any battle, and they are not
ashamed of their fear. But the tenth class battles and fights to the best of
its ability. Although our number is big, those who can fight are few, and
those who do not come near the battle are many.”
One of these is the party of the monks, who are countless. There
are those who become monks in their youth, when monks lure them
while they are studying, like (the case of) the writer of this essay and
those like him. There are also those who become monks because of fear
of battle.
The second group is called debtera. They study the scriptures
and all the profession of the clergy; they clap with their hands and stamp
74
with their feet; they are not ashamed of their fear. They take as their
models the Levites and priests, namely, the sons of Aaron.
75
The third group is called jan hatsena and jan me'asere. These
guard justice and guard themselves from battle.
76
The fourth is the group of deggafoch of the women of the
dignitaries and the (royal) ladies, powerful men and strong young men.
They do not come near the battle; they say, “We are attendants of the
women.”
74. I.e. when they chant and dance during religous feasts.
75. These are people of the law, judges.
76. Supporters, who probably assisted the women when they would walk and mount
their mules.
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77
78
79
The fifth group is called shimagille , geze , and be'ale rist .
They give a portion of their land to the peasant and demand his services;
they are not ashamed of their fear.
The sixth group is the peasants. They spend their day in the
fields and are oblivious about fighting.
The seventh group is those who benefit themselves from commerce. They make profit for themselves.
The eighth group is the artisans, such as the smiths, scribes,
80
tailors , carpenters, and their like. They do not know fighting.
The ninth group is the minstrels, those who play the qende
81
82
kebero and the begena , who make begging a profession. They bless
the one who rewards them; they give him vain glory and idle praise.
And when they curse the one who does not reward them, they are not
83
charged, for they say, “This is our tradition.” They keep themselves
very far from battle.
84
The tenth group is those who carry the shield and spear .
85
These can do fighting, and “follow the steps of the king to run.”
Because of the fewness of these, our country is destroyed.
The Galla, on the other hand, do not have any of these nine
classes which we have mentioned. All are trained in warfare, from the
small to the big. For this reason they destroy us and kill us.
Those who say, “They kill us by the order of God,” find a
reason in the defeat of the children of Israel and their destruction at the
77. Elders.
78. “A class of landlords; see EMML 1832, f. 1a/varia (1), Getatchew Haile, A Catalogue, Vol. V, p. 249. The Amharic meggazo (“rented land”) could be related
to it.”
79. Landowners, one of the two classes. The be'ale rist were apparently entitled to
keep the farmers on the land.
80. Includes people who worked on leather.
81. Drum.
82. Harp.
83. These must be the “lalibela”/“amina”/ “abba widdaqi.”
84. Who carry arms.
85. A misunderstood version of Song of Songs 7: 5. In the source, the word is
“asere”, a verb meaning “to bind.” It is misunderstood as a construct form of
“aser” “trace”, “footstep”. Based on that misunderstanding, it has become the
title of one of the types of Ge‘ez poems (asere nigus) offered to the monarch.
page195-214
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211
hands of the kings of Persia and Babylon. They say, “If a fighter is
victorious, who would ask help from God the Exalted and Most High?
And if the many conquer the few, the words of scripture which say, 'One
86
shall put a thousand to flight, and two shall chase ten thousand', would
be vain”.
O knowledgeable ones, you know whether the words of the
former arguers or of the latter arguers are credible.
Section 20
So, let us return to the exposition of the Galla.
They call the small children mucha', and those who are older
they call elman. And those who are older than these, who begin to do
fighting, they call gurba'.
The young men who are not (yet) circumcised, who call kelela
87
88
their hair which they dress like gora , they call quendela . If they kill
people, an elephant, a lion, a rhinoceros, or a buffalo, they shave
89
(leaving) a topknot in the middle of their skull. But he who has not
killed does not shave. (Even) those who are married do not shave
themselves unless they have killed.
In the time of Mul'ata they ate the buffalo; and (so) they said, “If
we ate it, it is like a cow, and we ought not to shave our heads when we
kill it.” A party of them said in insulting words, “Let us not shave our
heads when we kill the people of Shoa and Amhara, for they are but
speaking cows; they cannot fight.”
90
91
All the unmarried Galla, whether luba or quendela , are
called qero and live (together) in one dwelling, the qero of the luba with
86. Deut. 32:30.
87. All three manuscripts have “gora.” I do not know what this word means. It
could be the name of a non Oromo tribe whose members wore this unique
hairstyle.
88. The word has become Amharic but refers to the hairstyle, not to a class of
people.
89. The sentence is corrupt.
90. Circumcised.
91. Uncircumcised.
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212
the luba, that of the quendela with quendela, and the qero of the geber
with the geber.
They appoint about twenty people to build the sequela; and they
92
call them ajertu .
93
Furthermore, they appoint (people) for killing cows; and they
94
are called qelta .
Also, two people are appointed who roast the meat and cut it
95
up, and distribute it in pieces equally to all; they call them wajo .
Furthermore, they appoint five men to milk the cows of all; their
96
name is halebdo .
Furthermore, they appoint (people) for scooping the milk and
97
giving it to each in measurement; their name is tihito .
Furthermore, they appoint seven people for bringing home the
98
herds. They also search for the strayed. Their name is berbado .
They also choose from among themselves two and authorize
them to admonish and punish the one who goes to a woman; these are
99
called gorsa . This abstinence is not for righteousness, but so that they
may be alert and diligent for fight. For he who is married thinks of that
100
by which he would please his wife .
Furthermore, they appoint about ten people to drive the cattle;
101
their name is tewwutu . Any of them who wish to marry separates
102
himself and lives in his own house; they call him jilhika .
92. Builder. sequela (Amharic “seqela”) is a rectangular house.
93. The number of the “qelta” or “butcher” is missing.
94. Butchers.
95. Roasters, possibly from “wada” “to roast.”
96. Milkers, definitely related to Ge‘ez/Arabic “halib,” “milk” )
97. Unknown to me.
98. From “barbada” “to search”, “to want.”
99. Instructor, adviser.
100. I. Cor. 7:33.
101. Inspectors.
102. Obviously, “married herdsman.”
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213
The old they call milguddo103. They (the old), too, do not rest
104
from fighting, unless they are too feeble, like our brothers Zeppo and
105
Abba Hara .
There is no one else who has found an enemy who is (so)
zealous to do evil; and there is no one else who has found a master and
a king who is (so) zealous to do good. May God guard him for a long
period of time and for length of days.... (Thus) says Bahriy.
103. Elder.
104. In the chronicle of Sertse Dingil, Zeppo is Ze-Peraqlitos.
105. Hara Dingil for whom a gedl has been written, EMML 69, Macomber, A
Catalogue of Ethiopian Manuscripts, Vol. I, p. 71.
page195-214
page 19
πô} ÆÌSè OÈKı ôdTa º÷çç ®¿ õè”H&≥ì πz[—:O wæ\
zıI""
page195-214
page 20
!
Concerning the Galla
by Aleqa Tayye
(pp. 548-561, 586-600)
The following is my English translation of excerpts from an unpublished work by
Aleqa Tayye, JE692E, pp. 548-561, 586-7, 595-600 that I included here. Many of
these sections have been translated and published by Professors Grover Hudson
and Tekeste Negash from the 1920 edition of Aleqa Tayye's πô&|øÂº M≥x
{]°; see bibliography. Historians will notice the striking similarity of most of
these excerpts to those in Ato Atsme's Ye-Galla Tatik, edited and translated by
Bairu Tafla.
(“17” and “18” are the numbers of the sections in the manuscript.)
17. Concerning the Galla Tribe
There are many various serious, true, and fictitious stories, that are being
told in different (forms) about the Galla tribe. The history book that Ato
Atsme wrote states the following when talking about the Galla: “The
reason why the people called Galla left their country is not well known.
Historians say that these Galla people migrated from Asia and crossed
over to Madagascar, and that they migrated from there and settled at a
seacoast near Mombassa. (The name) “Mombassa” means in the Galla
language good for pasturing animals. And from there they came to
1
Ethiopia following the stream called Gennale.”
1. Bairu Tafla, Aêma Giyorgis and His Work, p. 138. It is not clear where the
quotation ends. The pieces that deal with the Galla in Aleqa Tayye's work are
page215-242
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216
However, when they left their country, they did not all leave at
the same time. Rather, those who wanted left, and those who did not
remained behind. This people, called Galla, came, setting out from
there, and settled at the frontiers of Bale, at the bank of the stream
2
(river) called Gelana. They led a nomadic life, breeding their cattle,
goats and sheep.
There are those who say that their arrival took place 102 years
before the reign of Atse Libne Dingil, whose regnal name was Wenag
3
Segged . This was in the fifth year of Atse Yishaq, 6904 Year of the
4
World, 1404 Year of Mercy. But the truth about (the time of) the
coming of the Galla to Ethiopia is the tenth year of the reign of Zagwe
(during Merra Tekle Haymanot, whose regnal name was Zagwe), in 930
5
Year of Mercy.
The history of the Galla that the Westerners have written is
from their personal knowledge and research. But we (write), having
6
seen the history which Azzaj Tinno has written.
When the Galla came (to Ethiopia), they came from the river
(stream) Gelane and entered into a country called Haro Wilabo. In Haro
Wilabo there is a pond which a swimmer can cross and pass through.
The Galla say, “As regards our forefather and creation, we came from
this water.” Hence they say “umman Wilabo batti.” And this means,
“There came out a creation from the water of Wilabo.” Therefore the
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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page 2
almost identical to those in Ato Atsme's. Although Tayye wrote his book after
Atsme and quotes him, it is impossible to conclude that he got them all from the
latter. Both probably had access to sources not known to us. One of these
sources depended heavily on Abba Bahriy's Zenahu le-Galla. My suspicion is
that one of their sources was a work by Azzaj Tinno, Susinyos's chronicler,
elaborating the Zenahu, because both quote Tinno where one would expect Abba
Bahriy, and their version of the Zenahu is sufficiently different from Abba
Bahriy's original.
Put in parenthesis by the copyist.
Libne Dingil/Wenag Segged (1508-40).
Yishaq reigned in 1406-1421 E.C. (=Year of Mercy).
The time each king of the Zagwe dynasty reigned has yet to be firmly established.
See no. 1.
217
Galla prostrate themselves to the ground before water. Neither people
nor animals drink from that pond; it is forbidden. All the Galla prostrate
themselves to the ground before that water. There they slaughter
fattened ox and many gelded steer as well as sheep and goats.
There are several peoples in Haro Wilabo who have different
languages. They are called Doras. They look like the Galla people. It
takes four days to walk from Sidamo to Wilabo, and 5 days from Wilabo
to Boren.
7
The Galla are of two tribes; they are called Bertuma and
8
Borena .
Bertuma begot six children. These are the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Kerreyyu
Merewwa
Ittu
9
Akkitu
Werreneshe10
11
Hubbena
Kerreyyu, Bertuma's first-born child, begot six mighty children. And
these are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Liben
12
Tiloma Wello
Jille
Abbo
Luba
Ales
7. Also “Bereytuma.”
8. Also Boren.
9. Obviously a mistake. It should be “Akkichu.”
10. Also “Werrentisha” and “Werrensha”.
11. With “m” of Humbena assimilated.
12. Most sources (including Tayye, if only rarely) have “Tulema.” The place of
“Wello” in the sentence is not clear. It is probably added as a correction.
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218
Wello begot seven (children) from seven women. These are:
1. Hibeno
2. Abey
3. Ali
4. Qalu
5. Ambo
6. Hida
13
7. Gora
There are those who say that Wello has other children than these, called
Bekko and Noli'inu.
Borena begot eleven children (these are):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Datche
Jille
Kono; these are called Tiloma.
Boch
Akako
Webbo; these are called Seddecha.
Luba
Tchile
Libon
14
Guidru
Hoko; these are called Hoko.
It is said that the first three of Wello's children are called by the name of
Wello, and the (last) four by the name of Werreseddecha.
Merewwa, the second child of Bertuma, begot Werdeyyan.15
Werdeyyan begot three children. These are (the following):
1. Ana
13. One wonders whether this name has any relation to the enigmatic gora, given in
Zenahu le-Galla (see its section 20) as the hairstyle of the quendela.
14. The “i” in Guidru could be ignored.
15. The "n" could be the Amharic object marker, mistakenly taken as part of the
name.
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219
2. Ur16
3. Abeti
These children of Merewwa are greater than others in number and
might.
Because these people of the Galla are a heathen people, they do
not know God. What the Galla are mainly missing in the Ten Commandments which God gave to Moses in writing is the first commandment only which says, “I am your God; worship no other god than me.”
Because of the imperfection of the natural law and because they did not
have an apostle to teach them, they fear every thing. They therefore
worship the tree, the river, the body of water, the rock and the cliff, and
prostrate themselves to the ground (before them).
17
Second, they call Sunday the Senbete gudda , and Saturday
18
Senbete tinna, and observe (them) like the Christians.
Third, whatever happens, they do not swear falsely.
Fourth, they honor their fathers and mothers, and they honor
their peers who are older than them. Or else they will be (tried and)
19
sentenced by the tcheffe, that is, by the shengo assembly.
Fifth, he who kills people will be penalized with a guma,
reparation of a huge amount of money for the price of life. Furthermore, there are those who die, sentenced by the ayyu and the luba, with
the case being reconsidered.
Sixth, the rank and file passes better judgement in their tcheffe
and court sessions than the Christians.
These descendants of Bertuma and Boren, all of the Galla
20
tribes, have a (system of) hierarchy from childhood to old age like that
of the priesthood. This hierarchy is called geda. Geda is an office (and)
authority similar to priesthood. This, their authority, is for every eight
years like the number of their life span. Their years are divided into eight
years; they call it geda.
16. Otherwise always “Uru”.
17. “The big Sabbath.”
18. “The small Sabbath.”
19. “Tcheffe” (Oromo) and “shengo” (Amharic) means “assembly.”
20. Or “grade.”
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(The lubas) are five, since each of the (five) eight-year period is
named after the name of the respective five lubas. Every eight years a
luba is removed and another luba is appointed. They do not have a
21
master or a balabbat as do other people who have kings. They accept
orders from a luba for eight years. After eight years, another luba is
appointed. At that time, (each tribe) gives a name to its (class) and is
circumcised.
The system looks like ours. As we call the year after the name
of one of the Evangelists--as we give to each of the four years a name,
calling them 1 Matthew, 2 Mark, 3 Luke, 4 John--they, too, give a name
to the (period of) eight years. They call (the divisions of) the forty years
after the names of the five warriors. When (a Galla) completes the forty
years, he will be circumcised and become a luba.
These are the names of the five warriors for whom the forty
years are divided into five (eight-year period and) after whom the
periods) are called:
The first geda is Birmeji, the second is Horreta or Milbah, the
22
third Minchile or Muddena, the fourth Dullo, the fifth is called Robeli.
These abba dullas of the system of the Galla people recur every forty
years. This is the major rule of the Galla.
Furthermore, they have, other than this, an order and a rule,
which are called mogasa and kolu. Mogasa is for strangers. It is
23
something like yetut lij. Kolu concerns the one from the same tribe.
24
This is like a helper or azzaj.
And this is the order of their rule: The Galla have laws and
procedures (to follow) from the day they are born to their death. When
the father is circumcised and becomes a luba, the son becomes itmiko
for eight years.
Next he becomes a debele for eight years; he learns the order of
the law from his father (and) the elderly.
21. Traditional chief.
22. Also “misle”.
23. Amharic for “(nominally) adopted child”. Such a child is not treated as a real
child; the system is a means of acquiring a mentor.
24. A deputy in administrative matters.
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221
Third, he will be called tifoli. (At this stage) he is free: he sings,
dances and does whatever he wishes. No one would say to him, “Do not
do (this); this is bad; or this is good.” They (the tifoli) quarrel and kill
each other during singing and dancing. But since it is the age of
freedom, there will be no case against him.
25
Fourth, he becomes quendela. He leads a subdued and quiet
life. He comes to the tcheffe and sits at the shengo.
Fifth, when he completes his age of qondala-hood, he is called
yaromay. He does not come to the tcheffe nor go to shengo. He remains
in the village when the rest go to the tcheffe. He turns into a thief,
robber, and vagabond. He slaughters and eats anyone's sheep or goat.
However, he takes only one sheep, or one goat, or one ox from a barn;
he should not take two.
When he completes these five stages this way, he become 40
years old. After that he is circumcised and becomes a luba.
The ayyu, however, is chosen from his people; his people
appoint whom they like. They appoint (an ayyu) the luba who completes his geda (time). And the ayyu sits at the tcheffe, having let his
bokku be blessed (by the assembly). Bokku is a club of olivewood. It is
well soaked in butter and polished; it is honored like the royal scepter.
He (the ayyu) is appointed by it and is blessed. He is appointed and sits
in judgement for eight years. After eight years he is removed from the
office; he will no longer sit in judgement nor come near the tcheffe. He
will be designated luba dullecha. The ayyu sits in judgement with many
lubas at his courtyard.
In former times, the place and the tcheffe where all the Galla
assembled every eight years to pass judgements, where the history and
judgements of the past eight years were recounted, where new rules are
promulgated--criticizing what should be criticized--and where the future
Galla rules and procedures were proclaimed, was Borena. The one who
sits for judgement there was called Abba Muddana. The meaning of
Abba Muddana is messianic or the anointed.
Since they left Borena, and to this day, each tribe sends two
people to him (to abba Muddana) who would hear his proclamation and
25. The word is amharicized to refer to a certain hairstyle.
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orders and report back. And when they come back, the ayyu at each
tcheffe receives them with honor. These are called jila. Since they are
recognized by their clothes or their signs, no one touches them if they
26
walk in the middle of a battlefield.
Since they left Borena the tcheffe of all took place at Melka
Bollo (in) Awash. And the ayyu used to sit in judgement at Galan. Later,
when the Galla quarreled with each other, when the place was cramped
27
for them, and when they parted each other in mititcha, they separated
in tcheffe as well.
Thus, the Melka Bollo (in) Awash became (site of) the tcheffe
of the Tulema. And that of the ayyu is at the same Gelan; and that of the
Metcha became at Tule. Half of the Metcha have kings.
The (site of) the tcheffe of the Yittu became Karra Quirquire,
below Burqa.
The (site of) the tcheffe of the Galla of Harerge was at Lulo.
And similarly the Wello and Aruse held tcheffe at their respective courtyards.
Their tcheffe were banned by a proclamation (issued) by Menelik II, in order to prevent an eventual disturbance emanating from the
gatherings. Nevertheless, the judgements which the Galla pass at their
tcheffe are better and are more observed than (those by) us who are near
them and claim to be Christians.
According to the Galla law, (passed) by the luba, ayyu (and)
their tcheffe, a Galla does not marry a child of his parents. He does not
marry his uncle's or sister's child either. If he marries, in violation of the
law, he receives a harsh punishment, one that would lead to death.
Marriage to one of one's own people and relatives is taboo with them.
28
It (internecine marriage) has never been initiated ; and if (it
ever was, but) they have abolished it at a tcheffe, it would still mean a
26. That is, when one Galla tribe fights another Galla tribe. For the Oromo, a Galla
tribe is no different from a non-Galla tribe.
27. The description is identical to what we have in Abba Bahriy's Zenahu, section 1:
“They quarreled with each other and separated from each other, as Abraham and
Lot separated when their herds became a multitude.”
28. These paragraphs seem to have been added to refute the view that the Oromo
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violation of the law. They will be sentenced according to their law.
Relative to this, St. Paul says as follows: “For God shows no partiality.
All who have sinned apart from the law will also perish apart from the
law, and all who have sinned under the law will be judged by the law.
For it is not the hearers of the law who are righteous in God's sight, but
the doers of the law who will be justified. When Gentiles, who do not
possess the law, do by nature what the law requires, they are a law to
themselves, even though they not have the law. They show that what the
law requires is written on their hearts, to which their own conscience
also bears witness; and their conflicting thoughts will accuse or perhaps
excuse them on the day when, according to my gospel, God, through
Jesus Christ, will judge the secret thoughts of all”, Romans 2:11-17;
1:42 (sic).
The Galla are heathens in religion. This, however, is only due
to lack of an apostle, because they know that there is one God; they call
him Waqa Gurracha. When they are in trouble and distress, they look
up to the sky and pray in that direction.
Wello embraced Islam before all the Galla. Next the Metcha
Galla, who claim that they are royal, who are on the other side of the
Gibe, embraced Islam. Next the Galla around the city of Harerge
became Muslim by force when the Egyptians ruled them. And later,
during the time of Atse Menelik, (those) as far as Ittu became Muslims.
And now, the rest of the Galla prefer to be Muslim than
Christian, because they hate the Amhara army. The reason that the Galla
hate the Amhara is because (the latter) is a stumbling block, because of
their love for money, evilness, and cruelty, not because they knew (the
difference), distinguishing the bad and the good of Islam and Christianity.
Why the Galla Are not Jealous
(pp. 555-561)
The reason why the Galla issued a law saying, “Let there be no jealousy
and killing of each other because of women” (is as follows):
ancestors married their sisters. But the tale is not different from what the
Christians teach about the marriage of the children of Adam and Eve.
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224
In Wello, long before they (the Galla) became Muslims, there
was a young hero in their country. He had a comely and beautiful wife.
There was in the neighborhood a handsome young son of a nobleman
who had not slept with a woman. The wife of this hero was so stung by
the love for this young man that she became crazy. She always desired
to go to bed with him.
One day she found him at a convenient place. She seized him
to fulfill her desire. According to the law of the Galla, however, a man
who has not killed (people) cannot sleep with a woman. He would never
do so, especially with the wife of a young man.
So he said to her as follows: “What has happened will never
remain unheard; and since I have not fulfilled my obligation to kill, you
will be disgraced, and you will disgrace your husband if this affair
becomes public. So it should not happen now. But later, when I come
back from a military expedition having killed, I will make you my lover
openly. If you are found with me, who has not fulfilled his obligation to
kill, it will be afterwards a big shame and disgrace to you, as you are a
wife of the hero so and so.”
But since she had already been stung with a wicked lust, and
her heart had been consumed with the fire of love for him, she said to
him: “As for this, it won't be a problem for you. I will send you in secret
one child of mine to such and such a place. Kill him, take his male
organ, and come home accompanied by singers.”
But he said to her: “Oh no, you must hate me; this is not love.
If I kill the son of that young hero, he will kill me when it becomes
public, because what has happened never remains unheard. He will
destroy not only me but also my relations.”
And she said: “Do not worry. Who do you think will know and
hear this affair, other than I and you, that you suspect and fear?”
He made her swear a firm promise according to their law,
saying, “Well, then, if your position is this, (swear) that you will not
regret about your child, and that you will not share this secret with
others.” Then each of the two went to their respective homes without
sexual intercourse.
In the evening he went to the appointed place in the dark and
stayed hiding in the bush. And she sent her son there with an errand for
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an excuse. When the child arrived, he seized him and sent him off to a
far away place. There he kept him at a house of a friend and relative,
saying: “This child is a son of my brother. Please guard him and keep
him with good care for me.”
Since the time was a time of social unrest, robbery and killing,
the parents and all close relatives mourned and did nothing, assuming
that he may have been either kidnapped and sold or that a bandit had
killed him.
And this young man, after a while, smeared a piece of cloth
with goat's blood, carried a dagger, and claimed: “I went to a far away
country and killed. But they forced me to abandon the trophy. However, I brought the clothes (covered) in blood and the dagger” and
showed them to them. The singing began at his house.
And this woman, saying: “Even if we are mourners because our
child is lost, since the death concerns him, our neighbor, as well, let us
go to him like others and say to him, 'we are happy that you returned
safely and that you succeeded',” went to his house with her husband and
29
said, “We are happy that you returned safely and that you succeeded.”
And he, having said, “I am happy that you stayed well”29,
consoled them, saying, according to tradition, “About the death of your
son, hamotu isinitti indebiyyin kenguddetu isini yakennu.” This means,
“May he not repeat the wicked (incident) on you; may he give you the
one that will grow.”
After this, she stood up and sang with those who were singing.
As soon as the singing was over, people dispersed to their respective
homes.
This young man and this woman were waiting for an opportune
time, and they met one day for the intercourse. They fulfilled their evil
lust. She loved him very much, even more than before.
Since he had already assessed her heart, he said no to her after
a while. “Why? What happened to you?” she asked him.
He said to her, “My peers insulted me and put me to shame, saying,
"This killer of (only) one, who did not repeat."”
29. These are standard Amharic formulas of greetings exchanged with someone who
comes back from a long, and possibly perilous, journey.
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“But this should not be your worry. Kill my second child, too”
she said to him and gave him her second child.
He took him (to that far away country) and kept him together
with his brother, and returned, as he did before. And he fulfilled her
desire.
Again, he said no to her, as he had done before. After a while
she gave him her third child, too, so that he might kill him. He took him
and kept him with his brothers. And he came home claiming as before
that he had killed. And he kept her like a wife.
As this young man was well established, he became a killer and
a hero. And he frequently visited the children. They grew up, he
providing them enough food.
Five or six years later, he told the official, the hayyu, saying, “I
have a very important matter; let the Seven-House Wello make an
assembly for me.” By the command of the hayyu, they came together
from all places. They held a big assembly called ya'i.
This young man stood in the middle of the assembly (and said),
“Listen to me, O my people; may God Waqa listen to you.”
The assembly paid attention in silence to hear the matter.
Having blessed the assembly and the country, the (spirits) qolle and
adbar, according to their tradition, he began the story, saying like this:
“The story I shall tell you is one that would enrage so and so. Please
bind him first, for me, so that he may not kill me.” That man was seized
and bound.
He told them the story, from the beginning to the end, all the
cruelty and wonder the wife of this man did to her children, desiring
him, stung by an evil lust.
He said, “But I did not kill the children; on the contrary, I
brought them up, feeding them (well) in a good place.” As he had kept
them near him, decorated and ornamented, he asked them to stand up;
and making them stand up in the middle of the assembly, he handed
them to their father, saying: “Here are your children.”
When the father, who thought his children were dead and
became despondent and crushed by sorrow, suddenly and unexpectedly
heard about the finding of his children with his own ears and saw them
page215-242
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227
with his own eyes, he was shocked by a shock of joy and became like a
rock.
And all the people were stunned and astounded by the goodness
of this man and the cruelty and wickedness of that woman.
After this, this man further got up and stood in the middle of the
assembly (and) said thus: “O my friends and my people! Listen to me,
further. Let me ask you that we think about what is beneficial to us,
once for all, and establish a rule and make corrections.
Even the beasts and wild animals which are without knowledge
are tenderhearted towards their kids. And they give their life for the
sake of their kids. But our women, the creatures called humans, are
wicked, much more than beasts and wild animals. This wickedness of
theirs will be seen by the fact that their hearts are covered and swollen so
much so that they deliver their children to death to fulfill the lust of their
bodies.
If this is the case, as of now let jealousy, quarrel and killing of
each other because of such creatures, called women, be abandoned.
You, the elderly, make a binding rule, so that, because of these corrupted ones, quarrelling with, and killing, a brother by his brother and a
friend by his friend, who would help him if he is in need, who would
come out with him, if he cried for help, who would pick him up if
wounded (in a battle), who would bury him if he died, may not happen.
Except that they are our mothers, women should have not been considered humans. As of now, let jealousy and quarrel about women be
abandoned.”
The suggestion was loved and (found) good by the entire
assembly. After this the elders passed these rules on women:
First rule, let not a daughter share landed property with her
brothers in her father's house.
Second, if she is murdered, let her blood compensation be half
the blood compensation for man, 50 cows--that for a man is 100 cows.
Third, when a father gives his daughter in marriage, let him
declare, “I have sold my daughter.” And let her husband rule her
crushingly like a slave. If she runs away and has children from another
man, let him take her back, together with her children, and rule her by
force.
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Fourth, if she is caught in an illicit relation with a man, let her
lover give one heifer to her husband in lieu of jealousy. Let him give
30
31
her, too, one shemma and a mirror. The day on which he goes to her
house carrying these is called arara, and this means “a day of reconciliation.” To accompany this one heifer, he takes seven to ten cows together
and brings them into the pen of her husband.
He himself goes, decorated and ornamented, with some of his
friends. And her husband waits, inviting elders who know how to
entertain and tell stories, gathering his neighbors, preparing food and
drink, and he himself is decorated and ornamented with his wife.
And the other one, as soon as he arrives, kisses his lover's
forehead, hands over what he brought, and passes over and sits.
The elders would say to them, “As of now, you are brothers
who should help each other in all matters.”
After this, food and drink are served with good entertainment.
And they, having spent the day joyfully eating, drinking and entertaining
themselves, return home, handing over the heifer they brought and
taking back the cows they brought for accompaniment.
After this, he comes often to his lover openly and acts as a
husband. He comes in, sticking his spear (to the ground) at the door.
When the husband comes from the field, and sees the spear of his wife's
lover standing at the door, he turns away and stays to visit a neighbor
until he (the lover) gets out for him. And if he (the husband) has to go
to a far away land, he calls him (the lover) and tells him to look after the
house. His wife's lover comes to his house, and stays until he returns,
being the head of the household and doing what a head of a household
does.
The Galla made this law because whatever happens, it is
impossible to watch over a woman and stop her, believing that it is better
that two men watch over her rather than one man and saying: “Let
jealousy and killing over women be abandoned.”
30. Ethiopian toga.
31. This indicates that either the story is anachronistic or the tradition is not ancient.
page215-242
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229
Concerning the Galla Genealogy
(pp586-592)
The genealogy of the Galla is as follows: Bertuma and Boren, the two
brothers whom we listed earlier, begot seventeen children, Bertuma six
and Boren eleven.
The descendants of Bertuma are:
1. Kerreyyu
2. Merewwa
3. Ittu
4. Akkichu
5. Werrenesha
6. Hubbena
The descendants of Kerreyyu are:
1. Liben
2. Metcha
3. Tiloma
4. Wello
5. Jille
6. Abbo
7. Luba
8. Bela'
The descendants of Merewwa are:
1. Werdeyan (sic)
2. Arusi
3. Ittu
4. Timuga
Werdeyan (sic) begot three (children):
1. Ana
2. Ur
3. Abeti
All these are descendants of Merewwa. These children of Merewwa are
superior in might and number to all (others). And because of this, they
are found everywhere.
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230
The descendants of Ittu (are):
1. Jille
2. Luba
The descendants of Akkichu (are):
1. Jingur
2. Tcheffa
The descendants of Werrenesha (are):
1. Seyyu
2. Abu
3. Tchabu
4. Yilu
5. Guidru
6. Kutay
7. Amoru
8. Horo
The descendants of Hubbena are:
1. Rayya
2. Azebo
3. Ashenge
These Wello speak in Amharic, losing Galligna because they have been
neighbors of the Amhara. The Ashenge speak in Tigregna, losing
Galligna because they have been neighbors of the Tigre.
The descendants of Boren (are):
1. Datche
2. Jille
3. Kono
The (following) are called Tiloma:
1. Boch
2. Akako
3. Webbo
4. Luba
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231
The (following) are called Seddecha:
1. Tchile
2. Liben
3. Gudru
The following are called Hoko;
1. Hoko
The descendants of Datche (are):
1. Leqa
2. Tcheleba
The descendants of Jille (are):
1. Wellegga
2. Gumma
The descendants of Kono (are):
1. Limu
2. Jimma
3. Gera
The descendants of Boch (are):
1. Abbechu
2. Gimbichu
The descendants of Akako (are):
1. Weberri
2. Gelan
The descendants of Webbo (are):
1. Lume
2. Liben
The descendants of Luba (are):
1. Metta
2. Wayyu
The descendants of Tchile (are):
1. Gullale
2. Selale
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232
The descendant of Liben (is):
32
1. Abeti
The descendant of Gudru (is):
1. Derra
The descendant of Hoko (is):
1. Borena
All these are the ancestors of the Galla.
The True story about the Islamization of the Wello
(pp. 592-594)
The true story of the Islamization of the Wello is as follows:
(A man) called Abderrahman killed Ali, the husband of Fatima,
the daughter of Muhammad, the first prophet and king of the Muslims.
Because Hasan, the son of Ali born by Fatima, had ascended the throne,
and because the successors will be the descendants of Muhammad,
Fatima and Ali, all the children and party of Abd Rahman migrated to
Ethiopia and settled in Yifat, in Shoa, fearing that they would destroy
them to avenge Ali's blood. This took place during the time of King
Digna Mika'el.
Digna Mika'el reigned 26 years, from 656 (to) 682 (Year of
Mercy). These Muslims moved into Yifat during his time. Because the
kings who successively reigned at that time, the officials, and the clergy
ignored them--because of dereliction of their responsibility--these Muslims gradually spread and widened their man-made religion, preaching it
on the borders of Shoa, at Aliyyu Amba, at Argobba, up to the country
of Wello, by giving out a lot of money and by deception. They
converted to Islam many of the uneducated people.
And Wello met with these Muslims from where he was and
started to learn about the Islamic religion. Then a certain sheik called
Kellu, from these Muslims, came (to him) and taught him (the religion).
32. With the simple “t”, possibly a mistake in restoring the name from a book in a
European language.
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233
And after he, separated from his brethren, became Muslim, the party of
the Muslims continued to gather strength.
(The Muslims) who were weakened during Atse ‘Amde
33
Tsiyon , caused havoc, reviving again and again. And so, at that time,
34
during Wedma Asferre , during the second year of his reign, when the
Galla on one hand and the Muslims on the other continued to rise up and
wreaked havoc on them, the king, the officials, and the clergy came
together and counseled in unity to make peace with these Muslims of
Yifat and Wello, in order to combat only the Galla. They not only
counseled, but indeed made peace with the Muslims.
The condition for peace was that they submit to the king and
pay tribute, keep their religion, have the authority over their people and
territory to appoint officials, not oppress the Christians residing in their
territory, and not burn but protect churches. They made peace on these
conditions, the Christian swearing by the Gospel and the Muslims by the
Qur'an so that they might live in peace upholding the agreement.
So a head or a ruler, one from their own, called Welasma, was
appointed over the Muslims residing in Yifat and Argobba. We will
come to the meaning of Welasma later in connection with the history of
the Muslims.
A king was given to Wello, too; he occupied the country
beyond the (river) Wayet and made it his dominion and heritage.
Originally, the name of that country was Lako Melza. After Wello
occupied it, it was called Wello, by his name. This took place in 1363
Year of Grace.
And Wello, when still alive, gave his country, dividing (it) to
his seven children. And their countries were called by their respective
names.
The one of Hibeno was called Werrehimano.
That of Qalu was called Werreqalu--werre means settlement or village.
That of Abbey (was called) Abbey Bet.
33. The allusion is obviously to the Atse's war with the Islamic revolt; cf. Perruchon,
“Histoire des guerres d'‘Amda íyon,” pp. 271-363, 361-493.
34. Widm Asferre (1299-1314).
page215-242
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234
That of Ali (was called) Ali Bet.
That of Ambo (was called) Lege Abbo.
That of Heda (was called) Lege Heda.
And that of Gora (was called) Lege Gora. Lege or Legi means wide
field.
So the country in its entirety is called The Seven-House Wello.
This is the true story of Wello. That the assertions, that
“(Wello) went down to Harerge and learned the book of Islam (there)”
and that “When Gragn came, he came with (him)” are completely false
is obvious from the contradiction of the history and from all the story.
Supplement from the Oral History about the Galla
(pp. 568-9, 572-3)
Among the many oral histories about the Galla some start their account
saying, “The father of the Galla begot four sons (Kerreyu, Tulema,
Metcha and Wello) and three daughters (Alko, Duretti and Ayantu).
When the boys could not find women from outside their family, they
married their sisters,” and list their descendants. Even though the
beginning of the account is not credible, any one who writes about the
Oromo cannot gloss over it without studying the list of the descendants
and report on who settled where. Therefore I add the following two to
what I copied from Aleqa Tayye's history book.
One Story: (pp. 568-9)
Kerreyu married Ayantu and begot Arusi, Ayya, Betto and Yittu.
Furthermore, he married the daughter of Islam Muhammad
35
36
Yesuf and begot Teguri and Nuri.
And when Arusi died, Ayya inherited his brother's wife,
following the Islamic tradition, and begot Suba and Dinguirguira. These
have occupied the Eastern country from Nib Gedel (to) Ayimmelel; and
35. Ms “of Yesuf,” (sic).
36. This implies that Tajura, in Djibouti, got its name from a Galla tribe.
page215-242
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235
from Adel to Tiltal.37 They have occupied Yifat and the entire Eastern
38
country up to the border of Tigre. They have occupied also Wegeg ,
39
Asebot and the Tiqur Midir.
Tiloma married Alko and begot Abbichu of Metcha, Datche
and Soddo.
Furthermore, when Kerreyyu died he (Tiloma) inherited his
wife, the daughter of Muhammad Yesuf and begot the Galla who are in
Rayya. They are called Tiloma. They say that Jille, too, is Tiloma's son.
40
At the beginning they used to say about him that he was a son of a zar.
He found him in a barn and raised him. “Hence,” they say, “they say that
he was called Tiloma's son.”
Wello married an Adel woman and died having begotten Kallu.
Furthermore, Tiloma inherited Wello's wife (and begot) Babbu,
Gora, Ilu, Qalu, Kalo, Hida and Kutay. These seven are Titoma.
According to the (tradition) of inheritance, they are called Wello.
Datche is Tiloma's son. He begot the Four-House Abbichu, the
Eight-House Gimbichu and the Seven-House Galan.
Furthermore, he inherited (the wife) of Abbichu of Metcha and
41
42
begot Metta, Borena, Seddo who is in Dawwaro. These are called
Atchebir, Werredoru and Nono.
And Metcha married Durette and begot Jifar, Wegedu, and
Liben.
And Kutay begot Beriya from the wife of Metcha of Abbichu
by inheritance. Their mother (the inherited wife) is a rat-eating black
Shanqilla.
37. “Tiltal” is the traditional Amharic name for the people of Affar.
38. In the Middle Ages, the diocese of Abune Samu’el of Wegeg. His gedl has been
edited by Kur, Actes de Samuel de Dabra Wagag.
39. This is where Abune Samu’el of Wegeg established his monastery, which,
despite attacks from people hostile to their religion, still flourishes.
40. Spirit.
41. Probably “Soddo.”
42. This implies that Dewwaro was today's Soddo of the Gurageland. This can be
possible only if we assume either the existence of two places by the same name
or that Soddo was a large territory bordering Adel. There are two reasons for
this. First, Dewwaro was the first territory that Gragn attacked when he started in
page215-242
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236
All these lived in Ethiopia since Atse Libne Dingil, filling
Ethiopia settling in seven (groups) on equal level (in rights and duties)
with the Christians.
Another Story: (pp. 572-3):
Kerreyyu married Ayantu and begot ten (children). These are:
1. Arusi
2. Ittu
3. Timuga
4. Jille
5. Suba
6. Jigurguir
7. Tchafu
8. Rayya
9. Azebo
10. Ashenge
Metcha married Alko and begot fifteen (children):
1. Seddo
2. Abbu
3. Tchabu
4. Yilu
5. Guidru
6. Kutay
7. Amoru
8. Horru
9. Leqa
10. Tcheleba
11. Wellegga
12. Gumma
13. Lemu
14. Jimma
15. Gera
1527 invading the Ethiopia outside his realm; second, Debre Asebot, the
Monastery of Abune Samu'el of Wegeg, assumed to be in Dewwaro, is in
Tchertcher.
page215-242
page 22
237
Tiloma married Duretti43 and begot fifteen (children):
1. Abbichu
2. Gimbichu
3. Weberri
4. Galan
5. Ada
6. Lume
7. Liben
8. Metta
9. Wayyu
10. Gullalle
11. Selale
12. Waju
13. Abote
14. Derra
15. Borena
Wello married seven wives, built houses in seven places and begot
seven children. These are their names:
1. Hibeno
2. Abey
3. Ali
4. Qalu
5. Ambo
6. Hida
7. Gora
These are the Galla people, arranged according to their tribes: the ten
children of Kerreyu, the fifteen children of Metcha, the fifteen children
of Tiloma and the seven children of Wello. The total is forty five (sic).
43. MS “Durette.”
page215-242
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238
Orders of the Galla and Rules
(pp. 597-600)
Christianity in Ethiopia: Rules and orders are often legislated with the
people called Christian, but are not executed. Even a governmental
proclamation would not enforce them. In the world that God created,
(people) in every country and of tradition, whether heathen, Christian,
Muslim, or Jew, everyone has rules upheld by the people. (As it
happens among Ethiopian Christians) there is no husband who ever
divorces his wife, whatever happens, for a trivial matter, for a flimsy
reason. There is no one who executes the divorce either.
But a Galla never divorces his wife whom he married in reko.
If a Galla is separated from his wife because of great difficulty, and if
she bears a child by another one, and she comes back later to her reko
husband, she brings her children with her. If she does not come back but
dies there, her children will not belong to their biological father, but go
to belong to her reko husband.
For this reason, except for a few who have problems, there is no
one who would marry a woman whom her first husband divorced,
saying, “If she bears for me, they would not be my children.” And
because her reko husband knows that when he dies, these children who
came from outside, who are not his seed, would inherit (his property), he
will not easily divorce his reko wife, like his neighbors who call
themselves Christians, unless he is desperate.
44
Since honesty has not disappeared, those children from outside are like his children; (treated) equally, they inherit landed property.
And if he begot from other wives, his main child, his first-born, called
angaffa, in Galligna, is the one born from his reko wife.
Reko means the first legal and covenant wife. Furthermore, it
means “difficulty” in Galligna. Even if he begets big and mighty
children from his concubines or second wife, the principal heir is the son
of his first, the reko, wife. If he begets a girl, she moves totally to her
44. The word is mahitem “seal” or “stamp,” usually a soft cotton cord put round the
neck of the child as a sign of Christianity on the day he/she is baptized. The word
is used, as in here, figuratively to mean “honesty.”
page215-242
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239
husband. And as in the Islamic tradition, she will be called by the
people of her husband.
Whatever happens, the Galla do not marry from their own
people but from another tribe. There is no one like the Galla who knows
his genealogy by recitation. Their main knowledge is reciting their
genealogy. The father teaches his genealogy to his child. So they do not
intermarry even up to the tenth generation.
According to the Fitha Negest of Ethiopia, it has been ruled that
45
people may intermarry after the fourth generation . Except that Atse
Zer'a Ya'iqob has decreed that all people in his kingdom intermarry
46
To this day, many people in
(only) after the seventh generation.
Shoa--in Tegulet and Menz--in Gonder, in Begemdir and Gojjam, in
Tigre--in Hamasen--and in other regions observe this proclamation (as)
a rule; they take it like a word of God.
In the Galla (tradition) there are very many things that are far
better than in their neighbors' (tradition) to whom the scriptures, which
they do not observe, are given and who call themselves Christians. But
there is one big (really) big, thing that makes everything naught against
them, and that is lack of the knowledge of God. That is, they do not
know his laws and commandments and that he is omnipresent. They call
the sky God. When asked “Who created you?” they would say
“ummem”. Since they look up to the sky when in rage and sorrow, they
show that he is in their heart.
The Galla used to kill a man if he found him with his wife, as
we have shown earlier. But after he brings for him an ox and makes (the
affair) known to him, he would not say anything if he found him with his
wife. When he sees the spear of his wife's lover standing at his door, he
(the husband) would know that he (the lover) is there and would turn
around and go back.
45. See Abba Paulos Tzadua, The Fetha Nagast, pp. 134-5.
46. The source is not identified.
page215-242
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240
The Law of blood according to the tradition of the Galla
The Galla tradition of blood is divided into four:
47
48
First, if a tchewa is dead , the killer pays 100 cows.
48
Second, if a woman is dead , (the killer pays) 50 cows.
Third, if an artisan, smith, weaver, tanner, or any other crafts48
man, is dead (the killer) pays 40 cows.
Fourth, if a son kills his father, and if the son is the son from his
reko wife, the people of his father will tie a rock to his waist and throw
him in a body of water. They will not beat him to shedding blood
because that is taboo to them. But if his mother has no reko privilege,
they say that the relatives of his mother should receive him and take him
and pay 100 cows. He should not be beaten (to bleed) because he is not
a legitimate son.
When asked: “How about if a father kills his son?” they say he
would not do it.
This, abbreviated and few (stories) from the history of the
Galla, told at length and in many (versions), suffices. Next to this we
will bring, (the story of), the history of the Innarya.
49
18. Concerning the Tribe of Innarya
(p. 600)
The entire people of Innarya is a scion of Ham.50 At the time, when the
tribe of Yoqtan came and usurped the kingdom of the tribe of Cush,
destroying the people in war and causing the rest to flee, this people
lived on the southern borders of Ethiopia, in Welamo, Sidamo, Kullo,
Konta, Amoro, and Zinjiro. After the war, they submitted to the kings of
the tribe of Yoqtan, and showed allegiance to them by paying tribute.
47. “Landed soldier.” Here it probably refers to a man who is not in the category
listed under “Third”.
48. That is, “murdered.”
49. This section deals obviously with Innarya, the region which became part of the
Oromo since they moved into it in the sixteenth-seventeenth century. But the
two paragraphs have a lot to say about the Galla/Oromo.
50. I.e. they are speakers of a Cushitic language. “Ham” is the equivalent of
page215-242
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241
Earlier, before the Galla occupation, Luqma, Jimma, Leqa,
Tibbe, Guma, and Kefa were all territories of the people of Innarya.
Later, because the Galla caused it to be evacuated, it became Galla
territory. A king called Innarya used to be appointed over it, under the
king of kings, in accordance with the (tradition) that continued from
ancient time to the time of Menelik I, and after that up to the time of
51
Christianity .
“Ethiopia” in the Arabic/Ge’ez literature. Since Cush is a son of Ham, there is no
serious reason for preferring one over the other as a name for a branch of
languages.
51. As his Chronicle and the Zenahu le-Galla testify, Sertse Dingil was instrumental in christening them.
page215-242
page 27
BL Or. 534, f. 168b.
πôw wM`æ cIO o¡dè""
(—È 50 Iæ v|èh# zm≈}H{J"")
page215-242
page 28
!
™v& OËMı|
(ûTáË[ nI| “^)
O = OÈKÒ (eMz| ûGä ûOÈKÒ ä´ó em√ ºdd|B| ôæ¿HT
HRH|)""
OèÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`pe (xI{)ñ ±+çB Hôw wM`æ ±ÁKˆ vJdä
”Ø≥ñ ô¬e ôww 09)%9 Æ. T.ñ EMML 3749.
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ÆOz TM[|""
OÈKÔ o√c+ v”Ø≥ç vôR`ìñ ô¬e ôvw 09)%1 ÆOz TM[|""
Kz{ ±±`ô ºØpxñ Enno Littmann, Philosophi Abessini, CSCO, script,
aeth., ser. prima t. 31, Paris 1904, reprint, Vol. 18, t. 1, Louvain (1962),
pp. 3-28.
eè°d`ñ võè”H&≥ìñ E. A. Wallis Budge, The Book of the Saints of the
Ethiopian Church, Vol. I/II, reprint, Hildesheim · New York 1976.
wM[ Kdx (v—+{Ä´ ÜæH+ e` õæ)""
wM\ ±´ƒñ πô&|øÂº {]° û1884 õeû 1966ñ ô¬e ôvw 1989
Æ.T.""
wM`æ (ôw)ñ ±+çB H“Iñ I. Guidi, Historia Gentis Galla, CSCO, ser.
altera t. 3, Paris 1907, reprint, Vol. 20, script, aeth. t. 3, Louvain (1961),
pp. 223-231.
——ñ ÆHS õhz,/Oz°ñ «π“I {]° ÁKÚ´ - wM`æ History of the
Galla (Oromo) of Ethiopia By Bahrey”ñ (ô√¬eç ÿè{´ºè ÿç}Ç
HM≥x Re{®m*º vπ—&±+´ πQ®◊ OÈK+|)ñ oÈ 1ñ tÿ` 2ñ
aR ÿ`/84 (Vol. I, No 2, Rome January/98).
x`Dã HSfç {y` ™Qñ πúaU M≥x {]°ñ ô¬e ôvw 1993 (Æ.
T.)""
z°H ô&πc#e (ôHn)ñ π‘ÕT {]°ñ EMML 4802 and EMML 5403.
z°H Ë≈o Oû=]ºñ πô&|øÂº {]° û≠Ï+ z,¨≈ae õeû m√R™*
ÜæH YIc+ñ ô¬e ôvw !ì —&±+ "#$%& Æ. T.""
{π (ôHn)ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ JE692E""
page243-250
page 1
244
——ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ ô¬e ôvwñ "#$() Æ. T.""
——ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ Grover Hudson and Tekeste Negash, History of
the People of Ethiopia by Aläqa Tayyä, Uppsala 1987.
ÜæH YIc+ (è—#W ä—Y| ±ô&|øÂºñ m√R™*)ñ Mæ®z,ç πô&|øÂº
õ`TÕñ *ì OÈKıñ ô¬e ôvw "#$(! Æ.T""
á\æ ®J¿ YIc+ (xIz,è —+{)ñ OÈKÔ oéñ (ô¬e ôvw) "#$*
ÆO| õT≈á[ J¿z% H°è}e""
——ñ πô&|øÂº {]°ñ á|Oz%è π1928 Æ. T. πÛh&e| ®[^
º¤ç—Ô´""
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ôTA ôcÛ´ñ æII ¿äyñ 1995 Æ. õ.""
õ±&º´ = üHÔ´ tÿ` éÿ vzOHûz´ Tè‡""
û&®° (vû&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+ e` õæ)""
û&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+ (v°ıH —&ø`—&e e` õæ)""
°ıH —&ø`—&eñ û&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+ñ ¿e{ z°H ®J≈ñ (û&®°)ñ
OÈKÔ c™e´ ®”e ®O≥—v nI| K¬eñ ô¬e ôvw "#$+,
ÆOz TM[|""
´√c+ R`ºT o√c+ R`ºTñ (ô¬e ôvw) "#$(* Æ. T.
≠ÌS/wæ\ zıI (v≠ÌS õç vBairu Tafla e` zOJû|)""
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Chroniques de Zar’a Yâ‘eqôb et de Ba’eda Mâryâm, rois d'Éthiopie de
1434 a 1478, Paris 1893.
æJR ƒ_dñ πô&|øÂº {]° vôY^ e≈ezì´ °ıH ±Oèñ ô¬e
ôvw 09)%9 Æ T""
—x[ YIc+ (ÁKÙ |õ≤≥)ñ {]û ±Oè ± √”R™* TåJ° è—#W ä—Y|
±ô&|øÂºñ ô¬e ôvw 09)%9 Æ T""
—x[ YIc+ ú√ñ |≥{ HO{cv&ºñ ûBH#T vÿm*z%ñ (ô¬e ôvw)
1990 Æ.T.
—≈H K^ ≈è”Jñ EMML 69, William F. Macomber, A Catalogue of
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CSCO, Vol. 287, script. aeth. t. 57, Louvain 1986.
—+{Ä´ ÜæH+ñ wM[ Kdx π±Oè s÷^ o`dÇè û{]° Re{®i
“^ñ ¢H+œ˚&J (Qåf{) 09)(3 Æ. T.""
˚& = ˚&πç (π˚&πç´ oÃ O{®m*º)""
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246
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Aläqa Tayyä, Uppsala 1987.
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page 6
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249
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Staatsbibliothek, Stuttgart 1989.
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Acquired since the Year 1847, London 1877.
page243-250
page 7
BL Or. 534, f. 137a.
õeüBè ûz—í%| πO≥P[ °è}e oœ¨Ç ôè¡""
(—È 43-44 Iæ zm≈~J"")
page243-250
page 8
!
O÷m@T
(á = á√” n = note)
-A Axz —&ø`—&eñ Ú{´^]" 22
Axz —&ø`—&e Ä`ä|ñ ˘aÙc`"
10
Aü¢ñ ô≤∑" 65ñ 78ñ 143ñ 145ñ
165
A—[ R`ºT" 17ñ 144
A—[ ¿™a" 189
AÔ °è}eñ ¿œ ô≥RÇ" 146ñ
148
BTvç" 63ñ 76ñ 172(á)ñ 183(á)
Bvç" 172ñ 183-184
Cvê" 173ñ 187ñ 191
C√" 173ñ 189
DO`jQ|" 45(á)
DvÌè≈ñ ôæû+" 15ñ 26ñ 96ñ
84(á)ñ 100ñ 100(á)
Dèz*è”ˆ`≈" 59ñ 61(á)ñ 93(á)ñ
157
DæRê|" 24ñ 99
E√" 187
Fè≈/Fè∆Ç" 25ñ 99
G[{" 175
G\" 190
Ga" 184
Gc+Ø" 42ñ 43(á)
G¢" 63-65ñ 76-78ñ 77(á)ñ 173ñ
184ñ 186
-HHT¤è" 132ñ 134
H`™*" 111ñ 115
HvÅ" 136
Hwc&ñ Y∫T" 147
Hwc&ñ h#T" 149
H—" 187
H— E√" 187
H—K&√" 165
H— ôy" 187
H— √¬" 18
H— ‘^/H——:^" 165ñ 187
page251-278
page 1
H“" 187
H”" 110(á)ñ 131ñ 134
H#H:" 177
H#S" 8ñ 19ñ 185ñ 191
H#ne" 49(á)
H#neñ ®è—+I™*" 125(á)ñ 154ñ 175
H#oR" 193
H#w/H#w¨Ç/H#yÇ" 19ñ 33ñ 64ñ
66-67ñ 69ñ 72ñ 74ñ 77-78ñ
77(á)ñ 80-83ñ 80(á)ñ 87ñ
89ñ 92ñ 101ñ 104ñ 126ñ
133ñ 135ñ 151-152ñ 155157ñ 156(á)ñ 163ñ 173-177ñ
175(á)ñ 183-185
H#w ¡HÅ" 176
H#w—+" 155ñ 158
H&P" 64ñ 78ñ 107ñ 185
H&vè/H&yè" 63-65ñ 76-78ñ 77(á)ñ
80ñ 132-133ñ 135ñ 142ñ
144ñ 172-173ñ 183-186ñ
189ñ 191
H&|Rèñ ô+ê" 58ñ 60(á)
H&º(ôRJº)" 3
IFT" 73
IH:" 104(á)ñ 105ñ 105(á)ñ
176-177(á)
IT/IUÇ" 82ñ 92ñ 105ñ 117ñ
171ñ 176-177(á)
IT ê" 104-105
Ie{" 22ñ 105
IyI" 108
I¢ OJ≤" 187
H+P" 190
H+n" 64ñ 78ñ 107ñ 185ñ 190ñ
193
H+™´ºè" 90
Jdä °è}eñ ôe’" 147ñ 149
Jdä °è}eñ πôv+zÖ#è XFH:
Jœ" 147ñ 149
Jxe cÚ¨Ç" 90
Jxä ≈è”Jñ ôÏ+" 76-77(á)ñ
105ñ 124ñ 164ñ 171ñ 189
Jô&e" 64ñ 77ñ 77(á)
252
J¿|" 131ñ 143-144ñ 148ñ 150
H:H+¨Ç" 90
H:_èeñ ¿Õ≥RÇ" 166
H:_è≥ πèeè" 61(á)
H:è∆è" 35-36ñ 57-58ñ 60ñ 63ñ
78(á)ñ 88(á)
H:ÿ" 64ñ 77
-K -
KHv" 92(á)
KHx∆" 74ñ 92ñ 92-93(á)ñ 167
KH&yñ ô≤∑" 111-112ñ 114ñ 117
KIw" 108
KOJRJ" 19ñ 67ñ 82ñ 82(á)
KPe ®è≥" 148ñ 150
KRc+è" 192
KT" 101
KTy" 139
K[`—+" 177-178
K]`" 131
K]e" 73
K^ ≈è”Jñ ôv#ä/ôw" 74ñ 93ñ
93(á)ñ 124ñ 125ñ 125(á)
K`" 134
K`PÛ" 67-68ñ 83-84ñ 157
K`c#" 64ñ 78ñ 107
K`yñ ô≥RÇ" 68ñ 83ñ 111112ñ 115ñ 129-130
Ka Íy" 172
Kcè" 186
Ke’" 27(á)
Kvi/KvkÇ" 28ñ 29ñ 30ñ 104(á)
Kz{ ±±`ô ºØpx" 56
Kü¢" 63-64ñ 76ñ 78
K™`º/K™`º|" 128ñ 150-151ñ
174ñ 177
K∫" 180
Kæ}î" 146ñ 148
K¬e û&√è" 49ñ 49(á)
K≈º/K≈º¨Ç" 29ñ 101ñ
118(á)ñ 167
K—Hwy" 64ñ 78ñ 107
KÏ+/KÏ+—+/ôÏ+—+" 68ñ 70-71ñ 8485ñ 84-85(á)ñ 87ñ 89ñ 110ñ
110(á)ñ 113ñ 155
K#√ƒ" 128
K&√" 191
K&œ^" 46
K+|" 25ñ 25
M`nêe" 41
M≥oô+J" 120ñ 122ñ 122(á)
N^" 139
page251-278
page 2
-OOHdæ" 98
OHü´ºè" 187(á)
OH° c—≈ñ ôÏ+" 99ñ 105(á)ñ
112ñ 115ñ 127-129
OJü" 187
OJü yH:" 176-177
OJ°≠ —x`ô+J" 36ñ 49
OJ°Æ °è}eñ ê" 136-137
OJ≤" 105
OH:J" 64ñ 78
OKO≈" 30ñ 63ñ 75ñ 85(á)ñ
97ñ 188-189
OKO≈ Kcèñ ∆°z`" 24(á)ñ
146
OKO≈/OKO≈ ô&xè çc&`
ô&xè ô#eRè ô&xè v≈Iæñ
è—#Y" 43-44ñ 46
OKO≈ñ äv&∫" 25ñ 99ñ 103ñ
151-152ñ 186
O[x" 41(á)
O[™" 63ñ 76ñ 106ñ 146ñ 148ñ
172-174ñ 182-183
O[™ ôº" 66ñ 80
O[¨" 63(á)
O^ z°H DæRê|" 172
OèÆ+ Ö±è ®J¿ m*`peñ °v#`
xI{" 15ñ 26ñ 35(á)ñ 58ñ
58(á)ñ 78(á)ñ 107ñ 109(á)
Oc&M/Oc&K™*"" 70ñ 77(á)ñ 88ñ
129ñ 131ñ 176
Odıè|" 43(á)
Oez™≈≈" 77(á)
Oez—x^è" 72
OezËT`" 77(á)
Oe{¨|" 181
Oeû[T" 10ñ 50
Oeıè ®J¿ R`ºTñ ˘aÙc`"
61(á)
OmT`" 10ñ 32
Om,∆ç™*" 46
OzûJ" 145(á)
Oz°" 15
OÜJæ" 91(á)ñ 115(á)
Oäû=c+¨Ç" 89
Oä¢d|" 72ñ 89ñ 98
Oå|" 105(á)
Oç" 105(á)
Oè{ ¿Ô`" 137
Oè≥" 192
Oè—¿" 93(á)
Oè—∆" 93(á)ñ 166
O÷m@T
Oü]" 92(á)
Oüä R`ºT" 21
Oüä YIc+" 165
O°xx" 43ñ 43(á)
O£èè|" 72ñ 90
O≥P[ °è}e" 36(á)ñ 36-37ñ
39ñ 45-48ñ 45(á)ñ 47-48(á)ñ
57
O≥P[ °è}eñ ô‡\" 36ñ 4748
O≥P[ √™*|" 36-37ñ 44-47ñ
48(á)
O≥P[ ıW#Kè ®ÁH:z |û#≤è"
50
O≥P`" 116-117(á)
O≥—v uèu" 102
O∑" 67(á)ñ 83(á)
O√å|" 82
O≈Üé ÆHT" 79(á)
O≈ı" 117
O≈ıØ" 113
Oœ" 67ñ 82ñ 82-83(á)
O—≥" 140-141
OÿTm% øKèe" 116(á)
OÿÅ/Qÿfi" 176ñ 176(á)
Ofi" 63-64ñ 76ñ 78ñ 78(á)ñ
105(á)ñ 157-158ñ 177-188
OÈKÔ c™e´ ®”e ®O≥—v
nI| K¬e" 98(á)
OÈKÔ o√c+" 41(á)
OÈKÔ ô+`Tºe" 121(á)
OÈKÔ √èô+J" 49
OÈKÔ ÔIeÛ" 40-41
PJô{" 69ñ 71ñ 73ñ 87ñ 89ñ
91ñ 157
P^≈ üQJñ ∆°z`" 58
Pc+" 151-152ñ 174
Pü }°Å" 18ñ 18(á)
P¿ç" 66ñ 68ñ 81ñ 84ñ 157ñ
175
P—`" 105
P÷&¢^" 19
P÷& —Iè" 19
PfiØ" 73ñ 91
QJwF/SJwM" 66-67ñ 81ñ 83ñ
101ñ 104ñ 156-157ñ 156(á)ñ
175
Qc&øêÇ" 109
Qh&ä]" 29
Q|˛¶ñ ˘aÙc`" 61(á)
Qåf{" 7ñ 60
Qçeñ ôÏ+" 164
Qüô+Jñ ê/è—#Y" 41(á)
page251-278
page 3
253
Qüô+Jñ o¡e" 81(á)ñ 137ñ 147ñ
149
Qüô+J õT\ñ °v#` Jœ" 166
Q°ºe" 121(á)
Qÿfi/OÿÅ" 176ñ 176(á)
RUñ vœaè≈" 153-154
RUñ ¿Õ≥RÇ" 154
R`peñ ®è—+I™*" 175
R`{ ôR[ñ ®æ±a" 10
R`ºTñ o≈e|" 17(á)ñ 49(á)ñ
124
RjH#|" 148ñ 150
Rz,ë" 50(á)ñ 115-116(á)
Rz,ëñ ®è—+I™*" 125(á)ñ 136ñ
175
Rá¿[ R`ºT" 147-150
Rãô+J ôJS√" 59
RèÕa" 25
R°Tv`ñ ™*JºTñ ∆°z`" 61(á)
Rº" 68ñ 84-85(á)ñ 85ñ 129ñ
131
R√“eü`" 25ñ 171
SJwM/QJwF" 66-67ñ 81ñ 83ñ
101ñ 104ñ 156-157ñ 156(á)ñ
175
S{" 185ñ 189ñ 191
Sèƒ≥" 123
SÿÅ/Sÿfi" 176(á)
Sfi/Sfi¨Ç" 105ñ 153ñ 178ñ
183ñ 189-191ñ 189(á)
TJ—@∆" 74ñ 93ñ 93(á)
TYô" 41
TYô ôR[ñ ®æ±a" 10
T`n|" 26ñ 95ñ 163
TeH+" 19ñ 67ñ 72ñ 82-83ñ 89ñ
157ñ 175(á)
TeaÇ" 178
TåJ°ñ m√R™*" 26ñ 193
TåJ°ñ √”R™* ôÏ+" 18ñ 21ñ 2223ñ 84(á)ñ 97ñ 161ñ 164166ñ 177-178
TèÇH+" 175
TèÕ`" 18ñ 81(á)
T°A —&ø`—&c" 84(á)
TØ^w´ºè" 28-29ñ 50(á)ñ 109
TØ^x" 41(á)ñ 76ñ 98
T≈[ HT¤è" 132ñ 134
T≈[ o`ì" 143ñ 145
T≈[ v≈" 131ñ 134
T≈[ v#√" 134
T≈[ wM`" 107(á)
T≈[ v+Õ" 101
T≈[ ôI" 136
254
T≈[ û:H&d" 142
T≈[ ®œ" 129-130
T≈[ µR" 144
T≈[ ∂è v≈J" 132
T≈[ ¿”Æ" 112
T≈[ —èµ" 145
T≈[ —#Rè" 148ñ 150
T≈[ ‘ÕT" 145
T≈[ ¤" 165-166
TÈ™/TÌ™" 85(á)ñ 125
UTwd" 24
U[j" 85(á)
U[|" 27
U_|" 25
Uô ôèvd" 107
U–" 19
U“d" 175
UÔ` ´K" 41(á)
UÚd ¢H#" 175
-W WT[ ôxñ wM` ä“j" 69ñ 86
W`Î °è}e" 129-130
W`Î øc+ı" 17
W`Î ≈è”Jñ ôÏ+" 35ñ 39-40ñ
42-44ñ 45(á)ñ 46ñ 48ñ 55ñ
79(á)ñ 80(á)ñ 84-87(á)ñ
90(á)ñ 93(á)ñ 99ñ 105-106ñ
108ñ 110ñ 115ñ 125ñ 127131ñ 139ñ 145ñ 150ñ 156
W`Ó" 146ñ 148
XFH YIc+ñ è—#Y" 164ñ 164(á)
XFH:ñ ôv+zÖ#è" 147ñ 149
Xô&`" 25
YH#e ÖæI" 87(á)
YH#e ÜæH+" 66ñ 80ñ 101- 102
YIc+" 37
YJ◊è c—≈ñ è—#Y" 131ñ 133135ñ 137-138ñ 141-142ñ
144-145ñ 150-152
YØH °è}eñ ê" 132ñ 134ñ
143ñ 145
Y∫T" 77(á)
YøT" 147
Y”® nJ" 164
-[-
[¢" 192-193
[√ô&" 110-112ñ 114-115
]Å`≈ ¯è°[e|ñ ˘aÙc`"
189(á)
êä|" 27(á)
page251-278
page 4
^õπ ô+Jºe" 46
^º" 78(á)ñ 184ñ 189-190
^õπ øKèe" 23
`K+ñ MOT" 20
`x" 146ñ 148
aS" 177
avH&" 175
awH+" 64ñ 68-69ñ 77ñ 77(á)ñ
84-86ñ 84(á)ñ 156-157
a—+" 154-155
-ccHw" 179
cIH+" 185ñ 185(á)ñ 191
cIO o¡dè" 36ñ 49ñ 119ñ 242
cIRñ ôv#ä" 18
cJıñ πõaT{" 98
cP è—#Yñ ô}" 22
c^™," 136
c`R|" 85(á)
cmI" 92
coco" 64ñ 77
csI" 74ñ 92
cxô |ü|" 118-119ñ 123ñ 129ñ
146ñ 158
cèvJ|ñ ®æ±a" 164
cèvz —#√" 174
cèvz ÷&ç" 174
cè“" 172ñ 176
cÆ&≈" 30
c∫" 184
cæ◊è" 71ñ 88ñ 105ñ 142ñ 144
cø" 64ñ 107
c¿Å" 64-65ñ 78(á)ñ 78ñ 80ñ
156ñ 173ñ 184
c¿æ" 139
c¬" 78(á)
c∆" 189-190
c„&^/d„+^" 63-64ñ 64(á)ñ 76ñ
78ñ 78(á)
cÛæºè" 72
c#RH+¨Ç" 26
c#RH+¨Ç/c#RJì" 99ñ 100ñ
109(á)
c#_" 25
c#eèøeñ ôÏ+" 8ñ 56ñ 79(á)ñ
83(á)ñ 85-87(á)ñ 106ñ
110(á)ñ 118ñ 123-124ñ 126ñ
126(á)ñ 129ñ 131ñ 134ñ 137ñ
139ñ 140-141ñ 144-146ñ
145(á)ñ 148ñ 150ñ 164
c#eèøeñ ôv+zÖ#è" 139
O÷m@T
c#w" 63-65ñ 68ñ 76ñ 78ñ 80ñ
84(á)ñ 136-137ñ 188ñ 190
c#w ±y[è" 84(á)
c#z%ô+J" 121(á)
c#â" 132ñ 134-135
c#√è" 99
c#ı —U" 27
c&_ñ" 147
c&`w" 64ñ 78
c&ê√" 153
c&°eñ ˚+aåüñ ∆°z`" 140(á)
c&√R/c&√R¨Ç" 19ñ 68ñ 83ñ
84(á)ñ 99ñ 102ñ 106ñ
118(á)ñ 127ñ 163ñ 165
c&√Tz*z*" 102
c&√U/c&√UÇ" 25ñ 99ñ 172ñ 193
dPô+Jñ ôv#ä" 137ñ 188(á)
dPô+J üJØ" 117(á)
dPô+J ±®—”ñ ôv#ä" 81(á)
dPô+J —#w/‘w|" 29(á)ñ 30
d`ü" 131ñ 134
doeo" 64(á)
dw" 39ñ 41
dûI" 132ñ 135
d™*ae" 112ñ 116ñ 116(á)
dÿçô+J" 24ñ 187(á)
d„+^/c„&^" 63-64ñ 64(á)ñ 76ñ
78ñ 78(á)
c+R™*/c+R´ºè" 19ñ 24ñ 28ñ
100-101ñ 100(á)
c+û&" 15ñ 85(á)ñ 34
c+ı v`" 127-128
eR√" 143ñ 145
eSè" 107(á)
eT∞è" 17
e`çæ" 111
eoH|" 128
exJºêe" 24
exez," 164
e{H&eçe û#`" 188(á)
ez,Ûè e|_Jc&è" 61(á)
e|_Jc&èñ ez,Ûè" 61(á)
eÖ&ä ≈è”J" 76(á)
eÖ&è" 76(á)
eç`" 118ñ 131ñ 134
eçè" 80(á)
eèƒ" 114
e™*≈/e™*≈êÇ" 103
fH&" 68ñ 84ñ 84(á)
fø" 78
f∆/f∆¨Ç" 64ñ 77ñ 81(á)ñ
189(á)
fÚ" 63ñ 75ñ 75(á)
page251-278
page 5
255
-h hRé" 193
hxhy/ÄxÄy" 82(á)ñ 88ñ 112ñ
116ñ 116(á)ñ 133ñ 135ñ 146ñ
148ñ 150
hè¢^" 8ñ 18ñ 19ñ 22
hè‘" 175
h™" 18ñ 22ñ 29ñ 68ñ 71ñ 73ñ
82(á)ñ 84ñ 89ñ 92ñ 97ñ 105ñ
107(á)ñ 129-130ñ 140-141ñ
157ñ 159ñ 163-165ñ 176(á)ñ
186ñ 192
h™[—≈ñ ®æ±a" 166
h”I" 105
h&_" 149
ihOé" 79(á)
ih+" 132ñ 134
ièoI" 107ñ 147ñ 149ñ 189
h+}" 147ñ 149
jIæ§`" 57-60ñ 61(á)
jTx^ û#_" 156ñ 156(á)
j™√" 110-111ñ 114-115
-mmHO ®òñ ®æ±a" 164(á)
mJ{/mJ{¨Ç" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á)
mez èFx" 81(á)
me|" 85(á)ñ
133ñ 135
mvI ÍT" 143
mè√´◊" 189(á)
mè∆I" 74ñ 92
m‡ê" 67ñ 83
m%è·" 127m@è√I" 175
nH I" 103
nH#" 173ñ 187ñ 189ñ 191
na√" 148ñ 150
nf" 140-141
m,a" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á)ñ 133ñ 135
m,ä≥" 25
m,÷R" 146ñ 148
oRJ" 70ñ 87ñ 127
oRè|ì" 100
o`ì" 143ñ 145
ovI" 145
ov#Ø" 77(á)
ov+" 176(á)
oxÆ|" 126
ox÷&" 75(á)
o¡e øKèe ∫å˚èz*" 7ñ 11ñ 60
o√S" 174
o√c+ R`ºT" 21(á)ñ 98(á)
256
pUfÇ" 158
paè}e" 92(á)
p√ cÚ¨Ç" 90
p“" 148ñ 150
se÷è÷&êeñ ôv+}" 136
se÷è÷&êeñ √”R™*" 127-128
sè¿I/sè¿I¨Ç" 73-74ñ 87(á)ñ
91-92(á) ñ 91-92ñ 123ñ
133ñ 135
uÆ|" 139
t`wè" 80(á)ñ 102ñ 112ñ 117ñ
138ñ 138ñ 147ñ 149
t`Æè" 187
tÌ`" 154-155
-vvIõ/vIØ" 65ñ 80ñ 141-142ñ 183
vIæäF" 30
v[è{" 132ñ 134
v[æz%R" 55ñ 63ñ 65ñ 76ñ 80ñ
172(á)
v]º" 189
v_" 82ñ 107ñ 117
v`H&è" 36(á)ñ 57ñ 61(á)
v`H&è v+z OËMı|" 57
v`v`/v`vaÇ" 98
v`w√" 92ñ 92-93(á)
v`w∆" 74ñ 167
v`z%R" 64ñ 66ñ 68ñ 77ñ 80ñ
83ñ 86ñ 99ñ 132ñ 134ñ 151152ñ 156ñ 172-174ñ 172(á)ñ
182
v`çwe" 85(á)
vjH:" 143ñ 144-145
voJ" 67
voH:/voH:¨Ç" 82-83ñ 114ñ
117ñ 126(á)
v|a" 69
vÉ" 64ñ 77-78
vüÛñ ôÏ+" 22ñ 152-154
v¢" 173
vÆH DTd" 48(á)
vÆH è|" 72ñ 90
vπäñ ô“Û]" 22
v¿\" 85(á)
v≈" 131ñ 134
v≈Iæ" 18
v≈J ÎKæ" 66ñ 80
v≈H:" 69ñ 85
v T≈`" 101
v—ç" 73
v—+T≈`/v+—T≈`/v+—+ T≈`" 68ñ
page251-278
page 6
68(á)ñ 83ñ 83(á)ñ 101ñ 105106ñ 137ñ 143-144ñ 146ñ
148ñ 156ñ 192
v”" 82ñ 105ñ 171-172ñ 175176ñ 176(á)
vÿ[ ôU^" 79(á)ñ 79ñ 157
vÿ^T^" 65(á)ñ 79(á)
vÿÛ^" 127-128
vÿ^ ôU^" 65ñ 79ñ 79(á)ñ
82(á)
vÁ` ôU^" 79(á)
vÎ` kzJ" 81(á)
vÎ` ™ |" 81(á)
v#J—+/v#J“" 20ñ 81(á)
v#\° ôx¬" 36(á)
v#^n" 156
v#`n" 177
v#`{" 177(á)
v#çº" 166
v#è" 177(á)
v#¢" 139
v#√" 134
v&HR" 81(á)
v&Ò`Ã" 175ñ 175(á)
v&ÒÃ" 19
v&ÒŒ" 64ñ 68-69ñ 78ñ 85-87ñ
156-157ñ 175(á)
v&|®¿≈ä|" 166
v&√a" 68ñ 84ñ 84-85(á)
v&ˆH+" 66ñ 69ñ 71ñ 81ñ 87ñ 89ñ
157
wHv—ç¨Ç" 90
wH õœ" 193
wHûva¨Ç" 90
wH&" 26ñ 63ñ 66ñ 76ñ 76(á)ñ 81ñ
104
wH+" 29ñ 76(á)ñ 157ñ 171
wJÅñ Ú{´^]" 22
wM[ Kdx" 9-10ñ 13ñ 15ñ 23ñ
25ñ 31-32ñ 45ñ 46(á)ñ
108(á)
wM`" 25ñ 107(á)ñ 174
wM` ä“j" 55ñ 85(á)ñ 130ñ 143ñ
145
wM` ôYw" 112ñ 117
wM`æñ ôw" 11ñ 33ñ 35(á)ñ 3539ñ 43-52ñ 47(á)ñ 53-54ñ
56ñ 57ñ 59ñ 59(á)ñ 74ñ
76(á)ñ 78-79(á)ñ 84(á)ñ
86(á)ñ 88(á)ñ 90(á)ñ 93ñ 99ñ
101-102ñ 118-119ñ 123ñ
125-127ñ 125(á)ñ 167ñ
175(á)ñ 242ñ 278
O÷m@T
257
wM` —U" 26-27
w]º/w`º" 107ñ 181
w]“R" 26
weJøeñ πxIz,êÇ —+{ (xIz,è
—+{)" 29ñ 166
wv#" 189
wv&H:è" 73ñ 91ñ 121(á)
wx õJOè¿x" 24
wèÕ" 145(á)
wæ\ zıIñ ∆°z`" 59ñ 60(á)ñ
61ñ 61(á)ñ 84(á)ñ 108(á)ñ
214
wœñ ™H&e" 59
v+`d" 81(á)
v+z JK+T" 20ñ 20(á)
v+z R`ºT" 143ñ 144
v+z ôTÜ^" 143ñ 145
v+z °èz*ºè" 84(á)
v+z “I" 15ñ 98ñ 136-137ñ 148
v+z Ô[èœ" 98
v+}" 188
v+û&è”DT" 59ñ 61ñ 61(á)ñ
93(á)ñ 194ñ 157
v+Õ/v+Õ¨Ç" 100-101
xH#æ û&√è" 90(á)
xIz,è —+{" 132ñ 134
xIz,êÇ" 132ñ 134
xJØ|" 140-141
x]z*j Iæx^]" 11
x]{åº" 29
x^´û+T˜`" 15
x`" 132-133ñ 135
x`Dã HSfñ ô}" 76(á)ñ 79(á)ñ
109(á)
x`x` R`ºT" 35ñ 35(á)
xäæ ¿™" 91(á)
xõc+ õ”±&ôxK+`" 17
y[ç/y[êÇ/y[è" 25ñ 63-69ñ
64(á)ñ 71ñ 76-80ñ 79(á)ñ
83-86ñ 84(á)ñ 89ñ 99ñ 102ñ
106ñ 139ñ 156ñ 172-174ñ
172(á)ñ 176ñ 182ñ 184ñ
186ñ 189ñ 191
yi" 71ñ 88
yi h#T" 128-129
ywd" 25ñ 171
yÇ" 173ñ 184-185
yû#" 176
-z zOe—è" 30
zTv+è" 136
z[Ô ô+`Tºe" 121(á)
page251-278
page 7
z`z%H&ºêc" 123(á)
zèvI|" 63ñ 151
zôT[ ô&πc#e" 22
z°H DæRê|ñ è—#Y" 164
z°H DæRê|ñ ôw" 140
z°H YH#e" 147ñ 149
z°H YIc+ ÷&êñ ô≤∑" 8ñ 145
z°H ô&πc#e/™oœ^ (z°H+)ñ ôHn"
8ñ 21ñ 25ñ 27ñ 167
z°H —&ø`—&eñ √U| ÁKÔ IT"
129-130
z™M∆ v+z °èz*ºè" 37
z´√√/z,¨√√ñ ®æ±a/™,±a " 70ñ
87ñ 87(á)ñ 88
z≥ü[ ≈è”J" 164
z≥üa" 93(á)ñ 166
z≈wv R`ºT" 82(á)
z—≥a" 71
z—>H|" 192
z%HR/z%HR¨Ç/zH:R/|H#R/z%IR/
|H:R" 64ñ 64(á)ñ 77-78ñ
77(á)ñ 105ñ 105(á)ñ 125(á)ñ
140-141ñ 153ñ 173ñ173(á)ñ
176(á)ñ 177ñ 183-184ñ
183(á)ñ 188-191
z%H# m%w H#w" 152-153
z%H#ñ ÁKÙ IMT" 29ñ 165-166
z%H# Ô^" 8ñ 19
z%Tô+" 64ñ 78ñ 107
z%`°/z%`¢Ç" 56ñ 123ñ 125ñ
97(á)
{y` ™Qñ ô}" 76(á)ñ 79(á)ñ
109(á)
{Ç {Ç ”xÈ" 98
{Øü ä—Y|" 165
{π —x[ R`ºTñ ôHn" 8ñ 25ñ
27ñ 48(á) 59ñ 60ñ 60(á)ñ
61(á)ñ 97ñ 99ñ 104(á)ñ 170171ñ 188
{¿c {T^|ñ ˘aÙc`" 8ñ 11ñ
60(á)
{ƒëñ ôw" 140
{À^" 188(á)
z,Rè" 25
z,TçØ" 25
z,¨√√/z´√√ñ ®æ±a/™,±a" 70ñ
87ñ 87(á)ñ 88
z,¨≈aeñ ôÏ+" 18ñ 22ñ 116(á)
|J" 82(á)
|`û=" 138
|v+" 193
|èv&|" 65ñ 80
|´Ú{™*" 24
258
|”^æ/|”_/|”_¨Ç" 28ñ
45(á)ñ 84(á)ñ 100ñ 100(á)ñ
106ñ 107(á)ñ 110ñ 114ñ
136ñ 143ñ 145ñ 163ñ 184ñ
188ñ 188(á)ñ 192
|”_ O¢èè" 85(á)ñ 143ñ 145
|—>]" 188ñ 188(á)
}^ Oe°" 18
-Ä Ä\H&" 15ñ 45(á)ñ 46ñ 47(á)
ÄxÄy/hxhy" 82(á)ñ 88ñ 112ñ
116ñ 116(á)ñ 133ñ 135ñ
146ñ 148ñ 150
ÇH:|" 174
-Ö Ö^" 79(á)ñ 91(á)
Ö±H:" 67ñ 82
ÖæH OH¢|" 164
ÖæI|" 81(á)ñ 147
Ö¿[" 93(á)
Ö¿a" 93(á)
ÜæI|" 102ñ 150
Ö@Jm@/±Ö>Jt" 119ñ 121
-ä -
äAx|" 72
äTd" 57
äc&v#ñ ôÔ è—#Y" 22
äv&æ" 65ñ 80
äé|" 105(á)
ä—Y| m√R™*" 48(á)
ä—¿ ô&πc#eñ Ænv+ cÆ|" 17
ä—¿ û#d" 101
ä—&≈" 72
ä“X&ñ ôv+}" 163
ä—+" 73
ä‡ X`" 82(á)ñ 97
ä·" 154-155
äÛî ±—`" 81(á)ñ 92(á)
äı÷ì" 19ñ 31
äıÿ" 112ñ 133ñ 135ñ 138ñ 154
ã]" 188
ã` (PKO≈ ôJPÕC≈ñ
ô&RT)" 67ñ 82ñ 82(á)
å´ ø`°" 9-10
ç`" 138
çú≈ñ ôÏ+" 27(á)ñ 82(á)
page251-278
page 8
çæŒ]º" 150(á)
ç˜*π`ñ Œé^J" 36
ç¸Gñ Fè∆Ç" 99
èe`" 113ñ 117
èe` nç" 147ñ 149
èx —¿J" 188
èô#e πRê" 147
è™æñ ôw" 113ñ 118
è”≈" 90
êH&ö&ã" 173
êH+ôH&" 65ñ 80
êH+ô+H#" 65ñ 80
êá" 120ñ 122
êê" 189
-ô ôFº" 117
ôFº Ôœ" 97
ôHe|ø" 18
ôHv" 92(á)
ôH&" 173ñ 191
ôH&" 186
ôH&ñ ê" 30
ôH& ®J¿ ôœx/ôH& ®J¿ ô&xè
ôœx" 131ñ 134
ôI" 136
ôIv&¨Ç" 92(á)
ôJFT|" 67ñ 74
ôJS√ (Rä#ô+J)" 59
ôJ{πñ ®æ±a" 22
ôJ¢" 105(á)ñ 188-190
ôJ∫ ôTw" 186
ôK¡ ØÌ" 18ñ 97
ôM≤x" 71ñ 88
ôO≈" 176(á)
ôQ`/è—#Y" 18
ôRH+o" 25
ôR^/ôTK^/ôTÜ^/ôR`ì/
ôRaÇ" 9ñ 19-20ñ 25ñ 27ñ
31ñ 41(á)ñ 51ñ 55-56ñ 5861ñ 67ñ 73ñ 75ñ 77(á)ñ 83ñ
83(á)ñ 85(á)ñ 92ñ 91-92(á)ñ
97ñ 99-103ñ 100(á)ñ 105ñ
107-108ñ 124ñ 137-138ñ
143-146ñ 148ñ 163-167ñ
178ñ 179(á)ñ 184
ôS]ü/ôS]üêÇ/ôS]ü´ºè" 7ñ
9ñ 99
ôTvH# ûv¿ñ ô}" 79(á)
ôTvd" 77ñ 77(á)ñ 84(á)
ôTv&d" 64ñ 156
O÷m@T
ôTw R`ºT" 148ñ 150
ôTw`" 131ñ 134
ôTy" 78(á)ñ 139ñ 173ñ 187ñ
187(á)ñ 191
ôTÖ ôeÛ´ñ ô}" 10-11ñ 85(á)
ôTÜ^ dæè|/ôTK^ dæè|"
82(á)
ôTÜ ô&πc#e" 164
ôTΩ/õTΩ" 64ñ 78
ôU\" 184ñ 190
ôU^" 18ñ 82(á)ñ 79
ôUa" 193
ôUç|" 144
ô[Q" 124-125
ô[`—+" 188
ô[è’ƒ ü`≈" 10
ô\c&" 81(á)ñ 101ñ 183ñ 188
ô\c+" 177ñ 190
ô]è‘" 154
ô^^" 181
ô^|ø" 77(á)
ô_èñ Qez,`" 48(á)
ô`c#"
136-137
ô`c&" 81(á)ñ 167
ôè◊◊H&e" 123(á)
ô`w Tè‡" 79(á)
ô`wx" 81(á)ñ 102ñ 147ñ 149
ô`wØz% ®è—+J" 22
ô`õî" 69ñ 85ñ 85(á)ñ 105
ô`û YH#e" 50(á)ñ 50-51
ô`û+" 50
ô`û+¨H:Ã" 101
ô`™," 73
ô`‘w" 186-187
ôaè" 72ñ 90
ôc[ è—#Y" 90(á)
ôc`" 90(á)
ôcy|" 188ñ 188(á)
ôcÛ" 97
ôem,ÿe" 98
ôe’" 147
ôeÛ ®cè" 164
ôhè—+/ôhè—+¨Ç" 184ñ 190
ôj’’" 137
ôm,|µ`" 80(á)ñ 132ñ 135
ôvv ûzRñ ô}" 19
ôvz*" 186
ôv÷&" 66ñ 68ñ 80ñ 83(á)ñ 85ñ
85(á)ñ 125(á)ñ 136-137ñ
146ñ 148ñ 174ñ 183ñ 186(á)
ôv#" 184ñ 190
ôv#i°`ñ ¬ºpè" 75(á)
ôv&c&åº´ºè" 28ñ 29ñ 30ñ 146
page251-278
page 9
259
ôw P√" 151-152ñ 155ñ 157-158
ôw P√ç" 176
ôwæ" 132ñ 134ñ 139
ôw ¡H:Ç" 175
ôw”Ø" 67
ôx`DT" 25ñ 64ñ 70ñ 77
ôxoJ|" 67ñ 111
ôxÄ% Sfi" 189
ôxÄ%/ôxÄ%¨Ç" 185ñ 189-190ñ
189(á)
ôxº" 132ñ 134ñ 142ñ 142
ôxΩ" 164
ôx¿`FRè" 186
ôx≈Jn≈`ñ è—#Y" 131ñ 134
ôx≈ [FRè" 186
ôx≈∫" 48ñ 48(á)
ôy" 63(á)ñ 64ñ 77-78ñ 7778(á)ñ 173ñ 183
ôyH& (J≠#J)" 65ñ 69ñ 80ñ 80(á)ñ
86
ôyz," 191
ôyê" 64ñ 78ñ 107
ô|aèc R`ºT" 165
ô|çz,ëñ ê" 143ñ 145
ô|çz,ëñ o¡e" 47(á)
ôç" 66ñ 80ñ 136-137ñ 146ñ
148ñ 174ñ 183
ôç÷&¨Ç" 90
ôèe|" 72
ôèvd" 73ñ 76-77(á)ñ 91ñ 113ñ
117ñ 141-142
ôèvd ®¿o" 107
ôè|a˙H:Ã/ôè|a˙H:Ãe}Ç"
55ñ 56ñ 101
ôè¢v_/ôè¢v`" 20
ôè—:|/ôè‘|" 67ñ 83ñ 83(á)ñ
110ñ 113
ôèÿ[ì/ôèÿ[ïÇ" 90ñ 193
ôèÚH:Ç" 84(á)
ôõIı c—≈/ôØIı c—≈" 84(á)ñ
92(á)ñ 126(á)ñ 136
ôûz%" 172(á)
ôûÄ%" 63ñ 76
ôü¢" 173ñ 184-185
ô°c#R™*/ô°c#T"100-101
ô°z%" 172ñ 182-183
ô°Ä%" 172(á)
ô•ø" 145
ô¶Ä%" 142ñ 144
ô™j" 18ñ 176-177
ô´X" 67ñ 82
ô´^]e" 91
ô´^Õ" 76(á)
260
ôá¯" 99ñ 124(á)
ô´dxøc" 123(á)
ô±y" 184ñ 190
ô±+" 85(á)
ô≥R]¨Ç" 90
ô≥RaÄ*" 73
ô∫" 174ñ 176-177
ôº" 188
ôºèz%" 105(á)ñ 188ñ 190
ôæB√™*/ôæB≈" 110ñ 151-152ñ
191
ôæOHJ" 188
ôæw"
146ñ 148
ôæû+ DvÌè≈" 26ñ 100ñ 100(á)
ô¿J" 43-44ñ 104(á)ñ 126(á)ñ
142ñ 144ñ 188-189
ô¿J Ox[o" 66ñ 81ñ 81(á)
ô¿_¨Ç" 100
ô¬e ôvw" 18ñ 21ñ 41(á)ñ 61(á)
ô¬e ôvw ∫å˚èz*" 109(á)
ô√" 25ñ 190
ô√J/ô√H:Ç" 18ñ 20ñ 81-82(á)ñ
105ñ 125-126ñ 144ñ 189(á)
ô≈Re U—d" 87(á)
ô≈Re c—≈" 70ñ 87
ô≈ô" 164(á)
ô≈º" 166
ô≈ºT c—≈ ô&ºc#" 29ñ 105ñ
122ñ 125(á)ñ 152-153ñ 157ñ
165
ô∆^" 70ñ 88
ô∆çæ" 118
ô T" 63
ô `z%" 74ñ 92
ô—´ T≈`" 101
ô—´/ô—´ì/ô—¨Ç" 99ñ 100101ñ 100(á)ñ 110(á)ñ 132133ñ 135
ô”Æ≥ºè" 28
ô◊H&" 67
ôÿçı c—≈" 82(á)
ô¤x`" 189
ôÈçı c—≈" 67ñ 70ñ 82ñ 82(á)ñ
87
ôÏ+—+/KÏ+/KÏ+—+" 68ñ 70-71ñ 8485ñ 84-85(á)ñ 87ñ 89ñ 110ñ
110(á)ñ 113ñ 155
ôÒ`" 77(á)
ôÛ`/ôÛaÇ" 116(á)ñ 188(á)
ôı]ü/ôı]ü™*/ôı]ü´ºè" 24ñ
29ñ 100ñ 103
ôı]∆è" 63ñ 75ñ 75(á)
page251-278
page 10
ôıê" 67ñ 70ñ 110-112ñ 133ñ
137ñ 146-147
ôı_" 64-65ñ 77ñ 77(á)ñ 78ñ
156
ôıa ôæ—x" 80(á)ñ 102
ô#\" 174(á)
ô#\üI" 136-137
ô&H#" 64ñ 77ñ 189
ô&II" 68ñ 84ñ 84-85(á)
ô&^è/ô&^êÇ" 75ñ 75(á)
ô&dæºe" 39ñ 41ñ 41(á)ñ 76(á)ñ
86(á)ñ 114(á)
ô&z%" 63ñ 76ñ 106ñ 142-145ñ
172ñ 178ñ 182-183ñ 188(á)ñ
190
ô&z,—+" 70ñ 88
ô&|Q¢" 175
ô&|ø„&e" 104
ô&|øÂº/ô&|øÂº™*/ô&|øÂº™*ä|/
ô&|øÂº´ºè" 7-9ñ 15-17ñ
21-31ñ 24(á)ñ 41(á)ñ 55-56ñ
56(á)ñ 58-61ñ 76-77(á)ñ 8185(á)ñ 98-99ñ 100-101ñ
100(á)ñ 102-104ñ 106ñ 108109ñ 118ñ 122-123ñ 125ñ
145-146ñ 155-158ñ 161ñ
163-168ñ 171-172ñ 176(á)ñ
186ñ 187(á)ñ 189ñ 189(á)ñ
191-193
ô&è¬ºèe" 99
ô&π\dH+T" 8ñ 17ñ 25ñ 29ñ
29(á)ñ 60ñ 121(á)ñ 171
ô&πaT" 123(á)
ô&πc#e" 49(á)
ô&πc#e °è}e" 110-111ñ 114ñ
131-132ñ 134ñ 148ñ 150152ñ 177
ô&ºc# (ô≈ºT c—≈)ñ m√R™*ñ
ôÏ+" 29ñ 105ñ 122ñ 125(á)ñ
152-153ñ 157ñ 165
ô&øx" 120ñ 122
ô&øôeñ ôÏ+" 29
ô&”ç±&ø —#æ¬" 59
ô&Û|" 110
ô+I" 64ñ 77ñ 77(á)
ô+JRè" 73ñ 91
ô+J≤v+J" 48(á)
ô+JÛ≥" 25
ô+ôH&eñ v&|®¿≈" 153-154
ô+`Tºe" 120-121ñ 121(á)
ô+`|^/ô+`|^™*" 56ñ 59ñ 85(á)ñ
107(á)
O÷m@T
ô+d´" 25
ô+z%" 178(á)
ô+ê H&|Rè" 58ñ 60(á)
ô+∆T" 25
ô+∆T dô+`" 25
õH ôH√" 100
õH ôQ√/õH ÆQ√" 77(á)ñ 100
õH ô`wØz%" 77(á)
õH ô≥’’" 100
õH ÆQ√/õH ôQ√" 100
õH —v≥" 100
õJıøe" 22
õK#≈/õB≈" 134ñ 174
õP\" 64ñ 78
õTv&J{" 149
õTv&eRè" 143-144
õTΩ" 154-155
õY^ô+J" 105(á)
õ[ì" 92(á)
õì" 90
õaT{" 98
õeIT/õeIUÇ/õeJTç" 25ñ
27(á)ñ 29ñ 75ñ 75(á)ñ
82(á)ñ 98ñ 104(á)ñ 105ñ
107(á)ñ 110-111ñ 114ñ 125ñ
131ñ 152ñ 157-158ñ 163ñ
186-188ñ 187(á)ñ 191-192
õe^ô+I´ºè/õe^ô+J" 73ñ 91ñ
115(á)ñ 121(á)ñ 126
õez*Ôè Eæ≥" 10
õe°è≈`" 147ñ 149
õe°è≈`º" 17
õeº" 25ñ 171
õwx" 18ñ 88(á)
õä‡II" 158
õç]º" 61(á)ñ 71ñ 88ñ 101ñ
107ñ 125ñ 150ñ 152-153ñ
156ñ 193ñ 193(á)
õèed" 82
õè∏^` ≠Rãô+J" 20ñ 22
õè¿`{" 105
õè≈`ºeñ ô≥RÇ" 99ñ 99(á)ñ
104(á)ñ 105ñ 177(á)
õè”H&≥ v+z OËMı|" 36
õè”H&≥/õè”H&≥ì/õè”H&≤´ºè"
29(á)ñ 30ñ 36ñ 58-61ñ
61(á)ñ 92-93(á)ñ 157
õèı^≥" 148ñ õèı^≥" 150
õ”[ïÇ" 87ñ 150
õ”`" 70
õ¤—+" 155
úS{™*/úS}¨Ç"" 100
ú`R" 25
page251-278
page 11
261
ú`}∆°d™*/ú`}∆°e" 28-29ñ
109ñ 129
úaR™*/úaTì/úaU/úaU¨Ç" 78ñ 15-16ñ 18-20ñ 23-31ñ
38ñ 54-55ñ 56(á)ñ 59-60ñ
76-79(á)ñ 82-84(á)ñ 88(á)ñ
93(á)ñ 100-101ñ 95ñ 97109ñ 104(á)ñ 108-109(á)ñ
118-119ñ 122-127ñ 129ñ
135(á)ñ 137-138ñ 145-146ñ
150ñ 150(á)ñ 153ñ 155-158ñ
163-168ñ 176(á)ñ 188ñ
188(á)ñ 193(á)
úy" 63ñ 65ñ 76ñ 78ñ 80ñ 107
úä”" 188(á)
-û ûHI" 73ñ 87(á)ñ 91
ûH#" 186
ûH&I ®≈Tç" 46-47ñ 47(á)
û[∫" 63ñ 65ñ 76ñ 80ñ 105(á)ñ
105-106ñ 141-143ñ 172ñ
182-183ñ 188-191
û[∫ ÒŸ" 144
ûva" 73ñ 149
ûx|" 82ñ 91-92ñ 105ñ 107ñ
176(á)ñ 181
ûz{" 104(á)
ûäÆè" 25
ûÛ" 84(á)ñ 193
ûıÉÇ" 100(á)
û#`ñ e{H&eçe" 188(á)
û#d/û#d™*" 99ñ 20ñ 100-101ñ
104ñ 118ñ 118(á)
û#{]" 184ñ 189-190ñ 189(á)
û&H:H+" 66ñ 68ñ 81ñ 85ñ 157
û&[U" 64ñ 78
û&√ä ®J≈ °ıH+ñ ôHn" 56ñ 98
û&√è" 119ñ 120
üFç|" 72ñ 90
üH#" 189
üH+ı" 111-113ñ 115-117
üH:" 189
üQJñ P^≈ñ ∆°z`" 58
üR™*/üT" 20ñ 99-100ñ 193
ü^ m@`m@^" 177
ü}H&°/ü}H&¢Ç" 29ñ 86(á)ñ
93(á)ñ 123ñ 104(á)ñ 187(á)
üû#|" 105(á)
üæa" 58
û+^" 65(á)
°Fä|" 72ñ 90
262
°H&RèÕa" 26
°èz*ºè/°èz*ºêÇ/°è|ç"
24(á)ñ 37ñ 65ñ 69ñ 71ñ
75(á)ñ 77(á)ñ 79ñ 8384(á)ñ 85-86ñ 88-89ñ
88(á)ñ 91(á)ñ 98-99ñ
100(á)ñ 105-107ñ 109-110ñ
114ñ 122ñ 125-128ñ 129ñ
131ñ 139ñ 145ñ 150-152ñ
155-158ñ 163ñ 165-166ñ
174ñ 176(á)ñ 177-178ñ
187ñ 187(á)ñ 187ñ 189ñ
189(á)ñ 191-193
°è}d™*ºè" 111ñ 114
°è}e" 18ñ 31ñ 37ñ 42-43ñ
48ñ 110-111ñ 114ñ 131-132ñ
134ñ 148ñ 150-152ñ 110111ñ 114ñ 120-121ñ 132ñ
134ñ 147ñ 150-151ñ 177
°e{å" 84(á)
°v& nH: Qüô+J" 30
°{x" 188
°|Å" 144
°ıH" 93(á)
°ıH:" 93(á)
°ıH:ñ —:∂T ä“j" 147ñ 150
¢H#" 175
¢H+œ˚&J" 7ñ 11ñ 60
¢f/¢Z" 66ñ 81ñ 82(á)
¢èf¨Ç" 118(á)
¢è{" 193
¢è”_e v+z OËMı|" 36(á)
¢ê" 64ñ 77-78ñ 139ñ 173ñ 184ñ
185
¢æ^" 79(á)
û:H&d" 142ñ 142
û:e|a" 156
û@ç|" 73
û=H:" 193
û=d" 193
û={™," 64ñ 78
û=è≈J" 133ñ 136
û=π^" 79(á)
£^" 65(á)ñ 79(á)
!^" 27(á)ñ 65ñ 79ñ 79(á)
-§ß≈ —vº" 148ñ 150
-® ®Hn" 17ñ 101ñ 105ñ 125126(á)ñ 132ñ 135ñ 139ñ
142-145
page251-278
page 12
®H“" 29ñ 185ñ 190
®IU" 25ñ 27ñ 193
®IeR" 187
®H+" 157-158
®J{" 73
®Jô&e" 77(á)
®J¿ Oè”Y|" 86(á)
®J¿ è—#Y" 140-141
®J¿ °è}eñ ê" 71ñ 89
®J¿ °è}eñ ôv+zÖ#è" 132ñ
134ñ 147 ñ149
®J¿πeñ OT_" 22
®J¿ —x`ô+Jñ Jœ" 22
®J≈º —x`ô+J" 30
®J∆ñ Ú{´^]/Ú| ô´^]"
143ñ 145
®H:/®H:Ç" 65ñ 80ñ 80(á)ñ 105ñ
105(á)ñ 122ñ 141-142ñ 144ñ
165ñ 173ñ 173(á)ñ 177-178ñ
180ñ 183-184ñ 186-189ñ 191
®[" 187
®[CRê" 187
®[Qã" 136-137
®[U" 25
®[c¿Å" 173
®[c+§+" 20
®[nH#" 187
®[ v#¢" 65ñ 80
®[x" 90(á)ñ 129-130
®[äi/®[äi¨Ç" 150-152ñ 183184
®[èi" 132ñ 134ñ 142ñ 143-145ñ
172ñ 172(á)
®[è÷&i" 63ñ 76
®[èÿi" 172(á)
®[ êH+ôH&" 65ñ 80
®[ êH+ô+H#" 65ñ 80
®[ ô&H#" 65ñ 80
®[ û[∫" 65ñ 80
®[∆a" 189
®[ —>^õ" 65ñ 80
®[◊π" 136-137
®_x¢" 136-137
®_À" 136-137
®_—#" 136-137
®ò"
131ñ 134
®`√º" 124ñ 125(á)ñ 144
®`≈ôº" 71ñ 89
®`≈ºè" 173-174ñ 183
®cè c—≈" 164
®cè ôTw" 132ñ 135
®v]" 185ñ 190
®v&" 66-67ñ 81-82ñ 81(á)
O÷m@T
®y" 64ñ 78ñ 78(á)ñ 173ñ 184185
®z|" 92ñ 104(á)ñ 177(á)
®|®|" 74
®ç” c—≈ñ ôÏ+" 63ñ 76ñ 7677(á)ñ 156ñ 156(á)ñ 171
®ç” ôèvd" 76(á)
®è√d" 132ñ 134
®è≈—+" 110(á)ñ 131ñ 134
®è—+J" 177-187
®æ^ ¡I" 176
®æç Æ[x" 154
®æç¿“" 83(á)
®æç ¿”Æ" 68ñ 85ñ 146ñ 148ñ
150
®æ≤≥aÇ" 90
®æÔè" 181
®√–ñ ô}" 166
®œ" 65ñ 71ñ 80ñ 88ñ 129-130ñ
129-132
®œ nÈ" 130(á)
®—^" 149
®—”" 188ñ 188(á)
®—+¡" 189
®”√" 137
®ÚR" 141-142
™*JºT RûTv`ñ ∆°z`" 61(á)
™H&e wœ" 59
™H&f" 64ñ 78
™jè”zè" 36(á)
™n" 146ñ 177ñ 180
™v& hvH&" 125ñ 157
™èü" 154-155
™ü" 68ñ 83
™™," 116(á)
™π|" 187
™∫" 185ñ 191
™√" 92(á)
™À" 191
™–" 74ñ 92
™,±a" 70
™,≤≥`" 72
Ív#" 172
´Jè›z*" 18
´^è" 112ñ 117
í" 18
´jR" 181-182
óa" 146ñ 148ñ 148ñ 150
´√c+ R`ºT" 21(á)ñ 98(á)
´√c+ °è}e" 47
´≈R ôeÔ_" 187ñ 187(á)
´fiI" 136-137
´fiH+" 122
page251-278
page 13
263
-≠ ≠He" 173
≠Rãô+J ôx`DTñ °v#` ô}" 101
≠T¿" 93(á)
≠T∆" 166
≠[x/≠[w™*/≠[xì/Æ[x/Æ[xì/
Æ[yÇ" 27(á)ñ 39ñ 41ñ 75(á)ñ
97(á)ñ 99ñ 101ñ 103ñ 123
≠ev" 93(á)
≠ey" 166
≠væ" 173ñ 187ñ 191
≠væ v+|" 187
≠v&æ ÍT" 127-128ñ 145
≠x¿I" 29ñ 30
≠ T" 75(á)
≠ÌO —&ø`—&eñ ô}" 59
≠ÌS/ÆÌS/ÆÈS/ÆÿSñ ô}" 8ñ
25ñ 27ñ 60ñ 61(á)ñ 81(á)ñ
84(á)ñ 97ñ 108(á)ñ 108ñ 138ñ
162ñ 171ñ 174(á)ñ 189(á)ñ
191(á)
≠#OT" 192
≠#\" 64ñ 66ñ 77ñ 80ñ 146ñ 148
≠#^ô+Jñ o¡e" 81(á)
≠#`" 174ñ 183
ÆHS õhz,ñ ˘aÙc`" 15ñ 58(á)ñ
59
ÆH&" 30
ÆH&" 186-187
ÆH& v+|" 187
ÆH&ñ |Jm% ê" 29-30
ÆH&ñ |èh# ê" 29ñ 29(á)
ÆOz cRØ{|/ÆOz cRØ|" 46ñ
51
ÆOz v#\üè cRØ|" 51
ÆOz ô“`" 46
ÆOz õe°è≈`" 46
ÆOz ÆHT" 46
ÆT¿ Qüô+J/ÆT¡ñ ê
v&|®¿≈" 27(á)
ÆT¿ Èøèñ ôÏ+" 104(á)ñ 107(á)ñ
187ñ 187(á)
ÆT¡/ÆT¿ Qüô+Jñ ê
v&|®¿≈" 27(á)
ÆT∆" 69ñ 85ñ 93(á)
ÆW`z% nI|" 163
ÆX" 67(á)
ÆX ±äx" 67ñ 82
Æ[x/Æ[xì/Æ[yÇ/≠[x/≠[w™*/
≠[xì" 27(á)ñ 39ñ 41ñ 75(á)ñ
97(á)ñ 99ñ 101ñ 103ñ 123
Æey" 84(á)ñ 93(á)
264
Æeyñ ¿œ ô≥RÄ*/¿œ ô≥RÇ"
69ñ 86
Æwæ" 153ñ 154
Æ´¿ ”≤|" 101
ÆÈn" 140-141
ØHz ôû:z,|" 9
Øx^æeÿ" 36
Øèpñ OH° K^" 147ñ 149
ØèwpTñ õ¤—+" 27(á)
Ø≥^" 120-121
Ø◊ä ≈è”J" 76(á)
Ø◊è" 76(á)
≥èœa" 193
≥™æ" 68ñ 84ñ 85(á)ñ 140ñ 141
≥Ûè v+|" 147ñ 149
-µ µR" 142ñ 144
∂^" 132ñ 134
∂è" 82(á)
∂è KÁç" 72ñ 90
∂è OÆW_" 72ñ 90
∂è v≈J" 132ñ 135
∂è ôU^" 67ñ 82ñ 82(á)
-± ±R`ºT" 126(á)
±YIc+" 137
±Z" 166
±[—T" 133ñ 136
±`ô ºØpxñ ôÏ+" 18ñ 19ñ 21ñ
27(á)ñ 56ñ 106(á)ñ 192
±`ô ºØpxñ ÔIeÛ´" 16
±`ô øKèeñ ô≥RÄ*/ô≥RÇñ
—:∂T ä“j" 68ñ 84ñ 8485(á)ñ 129-130
±Ö>Jt/Ö>Jt" 119ñ 121
±èz^" 91(á)
±è”" 146ñ 148
±ô&πc#e" 149
±ü`ºe" 40ñ 41ñ 41(á)
±√”T" 91(á)
±≈è”Jñ ôÏ+" 107
±—` m*a" 92(á)
±Ê" 74ñ 93ñ 166
±Îô|/Îô|" 115(á)ñ 117(á)
±ıÿ[|" 77(á)
≤RéJñ ô≤∑" 21
≤TJ —&ø`—&e" 30
≤`" 189
≤}" 27
≤è±&w`" 24-25
≤"/≤"¨Ç" 27ñ 27(á)ñ 101ñ
155ñ 172
≤ı" 97ñ 98ñ 174
±+çB Hôw wM`æ ±ÁKˆ vJdä
”Ø≥" 26(á)ñ 58
±+çB H“I" 57
±+ç O™ØJ" 8ñ 16
±+ç R`peñ ôv#ä" 27
±+ç äv&º|" 120ñ 122
±+çæ" 85
≥Gè" 91
≥èœ" 25
page251-278
page 14
-ππOè/πOç™*" 27(á)
πRä °è}eñ ê" 132ñ 134ñ
146-147-149
πRêñ |èh#" 147ñ 149
πc#ı" 188-189
πèeèñ H:_è≥" 61(á)
πô&|øÂº M≥x {]°" 60(á)ñ 215
πúaU M≥x {]°" 109(á)
πÀ/πÀ¨Ç" 29ñ 30
π“Iç πh™ Oè”Y| {]°" 60
π“Iç πô&|øÂº Oè”Y| {]°"
59
π‘ÕT {]°" 116(á)
∫Jøe" 150
ºaRæ" 175
ºÆ&" 180
ºØpxñ ôÏ+" 25ñ 79(á)ñ 87(á)ñ
138
ºØpxñ ôv+}" 82(á)ñ 163ñ 164
æB¬/æB¬¨Ç" 27(á)ñ 114
æH#" 184ñ 190
æII" 85(á)
æII ¿äy" 85(á)
æJR ƒ_dñ °v#` ô}" 54ñ 56ñ
108ñ 108(á)
æYKo" 25
æYKoñ wM` ä“j" 56ñ 85(á)ñ
130
æYKoñ ôÏ+" 27ñ 79(á)ñ 108ñ
171
æz%" 177ñ 188ñ 188(á)
æû#ê ôTI°ñ ôÏ+" 27ñ 155
æÛ|" 113ñ 186-188
æÛ”" 61(á)
øJøeñ |”_ Oû:èèñ wM[ ä“j"
143ñ 145ñ 148
øKèe O¿x`" 75(á)
øKèeñ OÿTm%" 116(á)
O÷m@T
265
øKèeñ m√R™* ôÏ+" 84(á)ñ
92(á)ñ 126(á)ñ 136ñ 164
øKèeñ ®è—+I™*" 115(á)ñ 175
øKèe ‰‰e ±åm*∫" 75(á)
øKèeñ ÁKÙ IMT" 166
øc+ı ®J¿ ¢`øè" 75(á)
øo◊è" 104ñ 193
-¿¿Tv&º" 69ñ 86ñ 107(á)ñ
125(á)ñ 125ñ 129-130ñ 139ñ
167
¿U v#éñ ô}" 164(á)
¿]Ë" 146ñ 148
¿^" 105ñ 143-144ñ 186ñ 191
¿vH+" 175
¿wò" 116(á)
¿x[ H&wêe" 27(á)ñ 140-141
¿x[ O≈Üå| (R`ºT)" 21-22
¿x[ R`ºT" 21ñ 43-45ñ 45(á)
¿x[ {y`" 111ñ 115
¿x[ Ö±H:" 81(á)
¿x[ ä—:≈’≈" 165
¿x[ ôcy|" 81(á)
¿x[ ôx`DT" 87ñ 87(á)
¿x[ ®—”" 81(á)
¿x[ ≈Ö#Ü" 140
¿x[ ”Pè" 81(á)
¿x[ ÈwM" 81(á)
¿xz^/¿xz^¨Ç" 72ñ 90ñ 124
¿Ö[‘|ñ ô≥RÄ*" 68ñ 85ñ
85(á)ñ 112ñ 117
¿ã" 84(á)
¿èm≥" 148ñ 150
¿èpa Oè—≈" 145
¿è—&º" 174
¿ôH+" 63-64ñ 76ñ 78
¿§ê" 85(á)ñ 125
¿™" 91(á)
¿™a" 66ñ 68ñ 81ñ 81(á)ñ
85ñ 104(á)ñ 105ñ 110ñ 113ñ
130-131ñ 157ñ 189ñ 189(á)
¿™," 88(á)ñ 110ñ 207-208(á)
¿œ" 146
¿“ T≈`" 116
¿“ˆÄ*" 72ñ 90
¿”Æ" 85(á)ñ 112
¿‘" 19ñ 21ñ 67ñ 82
¿‘Tc&d" 8ñ 18ñ 19
¡H#" 67ñ 83
¡I" 87(á)
¡I—#}" 69-71ñ 87(á)
¡H:" 175
page251-278
page 15
¡[z" 190(á)
¡[z*" 105(á)ñ 188-190
¡≈" 141-142
¬JRè" 76(á)
¬R —&ø`—&e" 125(á)
¬`R" 165-165
¬ä”ƒñ —+{" 19
¬ºxH:e" 24
¬—H#"
133ñ 136
¬”¿R" 78(á)
√R" 80(á)
√U|" 79(á)ñ 80(á)ñ 86-87ñ
86(á)ñ 89ñ 105ñ 107(á)ñ
125ñ 127ñ 129-130ñ 132ñ
135ñ 145(á)ñ 154ñ 157ñ 166
√U| ÁKÔ IT" 130(á)
√w|" 147ñ 149
√á[‘|ñ ®œ nÈ" 129-130
√èô+J" 49(á)ñ 120ñ 122
√ôH+" 63-64ñ 77
√™*" 79(á)
√™*|" 20(á)ñ 36ñ 43-44ñ 47(á)ñ
113ñ 117
√™," 65-71ñ 79(á)ñ 79-80ñ 88ñ
88(á)ñ 102ñ 118ñ 127ñ 128
√—#d" 111ñ 114
√¤" 63-64ñ 76-78ñ 165ñ 173ñ
184-185ñ 189
ƒU°^c&" 158
ƒ` YJ◊è" 11ñ 60
ƒy^ h˜`≈ñ ∆°z`" 10
≈JäX+ñ ôdIÚ" 22
≈`dä O≥P`" 44
≈`dä ≠#^ô+J" 81(á)
≈wç" 147ñ 149
≈x" 141-142
≈x ôèvd" 147ñ 149
≈è" 165-166
≈è—>`—@^" 188
≈”ç Qüô+Jñ è—#Y" 186
∆ê" 172
∆a Räm*º" 97
∆v&" 18
∆v&|" 136
∆xÆ YJ◊è/∆w YJ◊è" 112113ñ 116-117ñ 116(á)
∆Û Qüô+J" 20
- Òç™*/ Òè/ Òèì/
ÒêÇ" 26ñ 57-58ñ 61(á)ñ
100ñ 103ñ 140(á)
266
ÃH+" 190
Ã√" 63ñ 76ñ 78
ÕèGæ" 84(á)
ÕèŒa¨Ç" 100
Õ™*" 88(á)ñ 153-155ñ 208(á)
œI" 176
œH+" 64-65ñ 77-78ñ 77(á)ñ 80ñ
141-142ñ 173ñ 183-185ñ 189
œJCü" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á)
œR" 185ñ 190ñ 193
œvI" 70ñ 87ñ 87(á)
œvç" 66ñ 81
œv#z*" 188(á)
œè—#`" 183
œ√" 64ñ 77-78
œ—#`—>`" 190
œÛ`" 189
-— —H{" 97
—Hç" 63ñ 76ñ 76(á)
—I" 171(á)
—IT" 64ñ 78
—Iç" 63(á)ñ 76(á)ñ 171
—Iç c—è" 76(á)
—Iç ¡H+" 76(á)
—Iè" 103ñ 105ñ 157ñ 177ñ 185ñ
190
—I´ƒëñ ôÏ+" 7ñ 82(á)ñ
104(á)ñ 105
—OÄ%" 29
—P ‘Û" 35(á)ñ 79(á)
—S" 82(á)
—U" 65ñ 80
—^T Ûc&J" 164
—v_/—v_¨Ç" 90
—v`" 66-74ñ 81ñ 92ñ 108
—v`R" 132ñ 135
—w`" 107
—x[ YIc+ñ ôHnñ ÁKÙ |õ≤≥"
18ñ 22ñ 164
—x[ YIc+ ú√ñ ô}" 23ñ 164(á)
—x[ õ”±&ôxK+`" 29ñ 30
—x`ô+Jñ o¡e" 24ñ 49
—çH+" 171
—èµ" 144-145
—î" 67ñ 83ñ 83(á)
—±+" 72ñ 90
—¿J" 174
—¿R" 134
—√" 174-176ñ 175(á)
—≈H ôw K^ ≈è”J" 125(á)
—≈H ÚoŸ`" 57
page251-278
page 16
—#HH+" 185ñ 191
—#R" 174ñ 185ñ 190ñ 193
—#Rè" 148ñ 150
—#^" 136-137
—#^Tw (R`ºT)" 20ñ 21
—#^Ø" 65(á)
—#^—+/—#^—+¨Ç" 29ñ 77(á)ñ 7981(á)ñ 84(á)ñ 100ñ 125ñ
127-129
—#v`Õ R`ºT" 30
—#}" 87(á)
—#æ¬" 59-60ñ 62ñ 60-61(á)ñ
91(á)
—#¬ÔÅ" 28
—#≈\" 25ñ 76ñ 77(á)ñ 186
—#Ã" 101
—&Q^¨Ç" 100
—&v+" 152-154ñ 157ñ 163ñ 178
—&ø`—&e ®J¿ ÆQ≈" 63ñ 75ñ
75(á)ñ 79(á)
—&ø`—&e" 128-129
—&ø`—&eñ o¡e" 128-129
—&ø`—&e ÜæH+" 66-67ñ 80-83
—&ø`—&eñ ¿Õ≥RÇ" 125(á)
“I|" 98
“Ié" 172
“Iè" 176ñ 189
“Ièñ ®è≥" 99
“Iñ ®è≥" 105
“J I" 103
“H:" 70(á)ñ 102
“U" 35ñ 38ñ 76(á)ñ 79(á)ñ
84(á)
“[≈" 116(á)
“i" 90
“}" 69ñ 85
“éè" 176(á)ñ 188
“¡" 179
“√" 100-101ñ 118(á)
“Û|" 132-133ñ 135
—+^" 185ñ 190
—+{Ä´ ÜæH+ñ ˘aÙc`" 7-8ñ
61(á)
”TxÄ%" 185ñ 189
”]°" 78(á)
”^î" 17ñ 26-28ñ 76(á)ñ 8182(á)ñ 91(á)ñ 104(á)ñ 105ñ
108ñ 122-123ñ 125-126ñ
156(á)ñ 156-158ñ 164-165ñ
188ñ 189(á)
”xÏ™*/”xÓÇ/”xÈ/”xÍÇ" 29ñ
75(á)ñ 113ñ 117ñ 187(á)
”x[ MRR|" 17
O÷m@T
267
”xÈñ {Ç {Ç" 98
”|J" 105
”èxÄ%" 190
”è¿vJ" 81(á)
”è¿v[|" 130
”è≈ v[|" 129
”Ø≥" 7ñ 9ñ 15ñ 29-31ñ 35ñ
41(á)ñ 46-47ñ 47-48(á)ñ 51ñ
55-61ñ 61(á)ñ 63ñ 75ñ 7578(á)ñ 82-84(á)ñ 86(á)ñ
88(á)ñ 92(á)ñ 98ñ 101ñ 103ñ
109ñ 116(á)ñ 167ñ 171(á)
”±#`" 77(á)
”≥[|" 66ñ 83(á)
”≥^|" 89
”≥`" 80(á)
”≈T" 110ñ 113
‘O`" 71ñ 88
‘[w" 148ñ 150
‘^" 73ñ 91ñ 91(á)
‘^" 173ñ 187ñ 191
‘`d" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á)
‘`‘^" 145
‘j" 91
‘vç √¤ñ ê" 23ñ 161ñ 166
‘èü" 107
‘è¿`/—:è¿`" 29ñ 81(á)ñ 153154ñ 159ñ 163ñ 192
‘è“" 147ñ 149
‘∂T/—:∂T/‘ÕT/—:ÕT" 8ñ
21(á)ñ 68-70ñ 77(á)ñ 80(á)ñ
84ñ 87ñ 97ñ 101ñ 105-106ñ
107(á)ñ 112ñ 116(á)ñ 117ñ
124-125(á)ñ 129-130ñ
130(á)ñ 136ñ 139ñ 142-145ñ
145(á)ñ 157ñ 163ñ 167ñ 192
—:^" 189
—:`wõ" 73ñ 91
—:`‘^" 143
—:h" 73ñ 91
—:èœ" 158
—>^—+" 77(á)
—>hè" 56
—>ƒI" 108
—>≈\" 173
—>≈\" 63-65ñ 77-78ñ 77(á)ñ
184ñ 190
"{" 132
÷v&wè/÷v&x" 72ñ 193
÷x OèÕ" 97(á)
÷èuæ" 176(á)
÷´z%" 74ñ 92ñ 92(á)
÷#H+" 177
÷#÷+ õè∏^` ≠Rãô+J" 18
÷&êñ ô≤∑" 83(á)ñ 93(á)ñ 150ñ
167ñ 172ñ 172(á)
÷&ˆH&" 175
◊H&ºè" 99
◊c´ ¿e{ñ ¢U∆`" 23
◊ç" 45(á)ñ 157
◊∞|" 127-128
◊æz%ñ õz,—+" 20-22ñ 22(á)
◊æ}" 108
ÿC}/ÿÖ&}" 74ñ 92ñ 167
ÿJ◊J" 116(á)ñ 188
ÿP“" 183ñ 190
ÿTm|" 88ñ 132ñ 134ñ 143-144
ÿ\äF Ûè{ñ ô}" 36(á)
ÿm%` T≈`" 105(á)ñ 188
ÿvvïÇ" 90
Ÿ`" 90
-÷ -
-„ -
÷H{" 153-154
÷I" 97
÷OèÕ" 97(á)ñ 138
page251-278
page 17
-¤ ¤" 165-166
¤Hw" 185ñ 190
¤[n" 64ñ 78
¤[è" 143-144
¤`¤`" 81(á)ñ 188
¤èÅ" 79(á)
¤Ôè{" 81(á)
¤Û" 183
¤Ù" 174-177
¤Ù ∆èd" 18
‹^" 64ñ 78
‹v+" 179
fiv#" 184ñ 190
fi|" 177(á)
fiÛ" 190
fl^" 79(á)
‡H+" 63-65ñ 76-78ñ 77(á)ñ 173ñ
184-185
‡J“" 118ñ 131ñ 134
‡¶^" 148ñ 150
‡ı^/‡ıaÇ" 78(á)ñ 98ñ 137
·S" 132ñ 135
„ôH&Ÿe" 48-49ñ 74(á)ñ 93(á)
‰´H:e" 128-129
‰´H:eñ o¡e" 177
268
‰—>Sè" 50
„+ÿae" 29ñ 111ñ 115ñ 128-129
-ÁÁKÔ/Ù IT" 130
ÁKÚ¨Ç" 90
ÁKı|" 72
ÁTô" 146ñ 148
Á“" 126
ËaË" 111-112ñ 115-116
ÈIH:" 132ñ 134
Èøè" 107(á)ñ 120-121
ÈÕ v`" 139
-Î -
Î^xºè" 72
Îô|/±Îô|" 115(á)ñ 117(á)
Ì^Ø" 136
-ÔÔH— x`" 132-133
ÔH”" 90(á)
ÔIc&¨Ç" 110(á)
ÔIi/ÔIi¨Ç" 56ñ 85(á)ñ
110(á)ñ 110-118
Ô[cì/Ô[cïÇ" 87ñ 149-150
Ô[cîä|" 83(á)
Ô[e/Ô[fÇ" 67ñ 82-83ñ 83(á)ñ
97ñ 105ñ 114ñ 126(á)ñ 133ñ
133ñ 140ñ 147-148ñ 176(á)
Ô[èdæì" 59ñ 61(á)
Ô[èœ/Ô[è–Ç" 98-99ñ 105ñ
172
Ô√{" 156
Ô÷“`" 66ñ 81ñ 81(á)ñ 101ñ
104(á)ñ 105ñ 110ñ 113ñ
130-131
ÒIe" 29
ÒŸñ û[∫" 144
ÚJÊeñ õ¤—+" 104(á)
ÚoŸ`" 57ñ 112ñ 116
ÚèKc" 119ñ 121
Û_e" 126(á)
Ûè/Û`fÇ" 63ñ 73ñ 75ñ 75(á)ñ
91
Ûc&H¿eñ ôv+zBè/ôv+zÖ#è" 139
Ûc&Jñ ôÏ+" 104(á)ñ 136ñ 136(á)
Ûc&Jñ —^T" 164
Ûc&J/Ûc&H:" 65ñ 79ñ 79-80(á)ñ
85(á)ñ 110(á)ñ 127-128
Ûc&ü" 127-130ñ 140ñ 157-158
page251-278
page 18
Ûh&e}Ç/Ûje|" 20ñ 163(á)
Ûm*" 193
Ûãô+Jñ ô≤∑" 112ñ 116
Û÷&R" 186
ı]√" 107ñ 172
ıoañ ôTwê (wITwê)" 149
ı|K ä—Y|" 41ñ 192
ıπJ" 82ñ 105ñ 171-172ñ 175176ñ 176(á)ñ 179
-˜ ¯]e" 61ñ 61(á)
¯è°[e|ñ ]Å`≈ñ ˘aÙc`"
189(á)
˘_±&√è|" 158
˘az,e{è|/˘az,e{è}Ç" 29ñ
121(á)
˙Hz*ü" 15ñ 99
˙H&e" 10
˙`z%“J/˙`z%“H:Ç" 78(á)ñ
104(á)ñ 122-123
-˚ ˚&°}]ºñ è”Y|" 29
˚&πç" 11ñ 57-58ñ 60-61ñ 61(á)ñ
63ñ 76(á)ñ 78-79(á)ñ 88(á)
˚&πç v+z Oè”Y{™* v+z
OËMı|" 57
˚+aåü c&°eñ ∆°z`" 140(á)
-AAaron: 209
abba dullas: 220
Abba Muddana: 221
abba widdaqi: 210(n)
Abbechu: 231
Abbey: 233
Abbey Bet: 233
Abbichu: 235, 237
Abbichu, Four-House: 235
Abbo: 197-198, 217, 229
Abbo/Obbo: 198
Abbo/Wabbo: 198
O÷m@T
Abbu: 236
Abd Rahman: 232
Abeti: 200, 202(n), 204, 219, 229,
232
Abey: 218, 237
Aboli: 200, 200(n), 205
Abono: 198
Abote: 237
Abraham: 197, 222(n)
Abu: 230
Abune: 236(n)
Abyssinians: 198(n)
Ada: 237
Adam: 225(n)
adbar/adbarat: 207(n), 226
Adel: 198(n), 201, 235, 235(n)
Adel Mebreq: 201(n)
Admas Segged, King: 206
Adora: 207
Aêma Giyorgis/Atsme, Ato: 215,
215(n), 216(n)
Aeth. 4: 57, 57(n), 160
Affar: 235(n)
afre: 197-199
African: 24(n)
Afridon: 196
‘Agam/‘ajam: 196(n)
Agau: 100(n)
ajertu: 212
Akako: 218, 230-231
Akkechu: 196
Akkichu: 217(n), 229-230
Akkitu: 217
Ales: 217
Ali: 218, 232, 234, 237
Ali Bet: 234
Aliyyu Amba: 232
Alko: 234-236
Almeida: 198(n)
Amade Tsiyon, Atse: 233
amba: 206(n)
Ambellu Kebede, Ato: 199(n)
Ambisa: 197
Ambo: 218, 234, 237
page251-278
page 19
269
Amdo: 204
Amhara: 100(n), 203, 203(n), 211,
223
Amharic: 4, 197-199(n), 204(n),
210-211(n), 218-219(n),
220(n), 225(n), 230, 235(n)
amharicized: 221(n)
amina: 210(n)
Amiyye: 198
Amoro: 240
Amoru: 230, 236
Ana: 200, 218, 229
angaffa: 238
Angot: 203
Arab/Arabic: 196(n), 212(n),
241(n)
Arabia: 26(n)
arara: 228
archery: 204
Arén, Gustav: 170
Argobba: 232-233
Ar'ign: 204
Aristotle: 123(n)
Artisans: 210
Aruse: 222
Arusi: 229, 234, 236
Asa Zenneb: 202
Asbo: 205
Asebot: 235, 236(n)
asere: 210(n)
asere nigus: 210(n)
Ashenge: 230, 236
Asia: 215
Atchebir: 235
Atsme/Aêma Giyorgis, Ato:
215(n), 216(n)
Atsnaf Segged, King: 202, 206
Awash: 222
Awsa: 202
Ayantu: 234, 236
Ayimmelel: 234
Ayya: 234
ayyu: 219, 221-222
Azebo: 230, 236
270
-BBabbu: 235
Babylon: 211
Bacheler: 92(n)
Bedlo: 204
Bahriy, Abba: 4, 195, 199(n),
205(n), 213, 216(n), 222(n)
Bairu Tafla: 215, 215(n)
balabbat: 220
Bale: 196(n), 216
Bali: 196, 201
baptism: 203(n), 208
barbada: 212(n)
be'ale rist: 210, 210(n)
Becho: 197-198
Beckingham: 96, 197-198(n)
Bedil Tsehay: 201
Begemdir: 203, 239
begena: 210
Bekko: 218
Bela': 200, 229
berbado: 212
Bereytuma: 196, 197(n), 200,
217(n)
Beriya: 235
Bertuma: 196(n), 197, 200, 203,
205, 217-219, 229
Betre Amora: 199, 199(n), 200,
201(n)
Betro: 204
betser amora: 199(n)
Betser Waget: 199(n)
Betto: 234
bidaro: 204, 204(n)
bideù: 204(n)
Bifole: 201, 206, 209
Birmeje: 198, 204-206, 220
BL Or. /Or. 534: 12, 36, 57, 94,
242, 250
Boch: 218, 230
Bokku: 221
Bollo: 222
Boren: 196-200, 198(n), 203-205,
208, 217, 217(n), 219, 229-230
page251-278
page 20
Borena: 217-218, 221-222, 232,
235, 237
Bosha: 208
British Academy: 194
British Library: 36, 36(n)
British Museum: 36(n)
Buffalo: 211
Bukko: 200
Bulga: 201(n)
Burqa: 222
butter: 221
-CCarpenters: 210
Catholicism: 198(n)
cattle: 202(n), 207, 216
cavalry: 205, 207
Cecchi, Antonio: 162, 34
Christening: 241(n)
Christian/Christians: 197(n), 199,
203(n), 204(n), 206, 208, 219,
222-223, 225(n), 233, 236, 238239
Christianity: 24(n), 223, 238,
238(n), 241
chronicles: 16
circumcision/circumcised: 197(n),
200(n), 206, 209, 211, 221
Commerce: 210
Coptic: 195(n)
Copts: 195(n)
cows: 202, 202(n), 212, 227-228
CSCO: 11
Cush: 240, 241(n)
Cushitic: 240(n)
-DDa'ale: 196
Damot: 199(n), 205-206, 208
Datch: 197, 197(n)
Datche: 196, 197-198, 197(n), 218,
230-231, 235
Dawwaro: 235
Dawwe: 199, 199(n), 200, 207,
208(n)
O÷m@T
271
De'ale: 196-197
debele: 220
debr: 207(n)
Debre Abriham: 206
debtera: 209
deggafoch: 209
Dego: 202, 202(n)
Deharegot, Azmach: 204
Dembya: 205
dennebo: 204(n)
Derra: 232, 237
deut: 211(n)
Devil: 208
dewe: 207(n)
Dewwaro: 201, 204, 235(n),
236(n)
Digna Mika'el: 232
Dillmann: 196(n)
Dinguirguira: 234
Djibouti: 234(n)
Dom Jo‹o Bermudez, Patriarch:
198(n)
Doras: 217
Drum: 210(n)
dullagutto: 206
dullecha: 221
Dullo: 220
Dullu: 203
Durette/Duretti: 234-235, 237
EMML 3473: 36(n)
EMML 3749: 26(n), 35(n), 58(n),
78(n),109(n), 198(n)
EMML 3987: 27(n)
EMML 3996: 47(n)
EMML 4802: 21(n)
EMML 5298: 125(n)
EMML 5403: 25(n), 107(n),
116(n), 124(n), 145(n), 206(n)
EMML 5731: 79(n), 199(n)
EMML 5747: 125(n)
EMML 5781: 21(n)
EMML 5782: 22(n)
EMML 5783: 22(n)
EMML 5784: 22(n)
EMML 7109: 65(n), 67(n), 79(n),
80(n), 84(n), 136(n), 156(n)
EMML 7346: 104(n)
English: 4, 195, 215
Ethiopia/Ethiopian: 4, 24(n),
26(n), 196(n), 198(n), 205(n),
215-216, 228(n), 232, 236,
236(n), 238-240, 241(n)
Ethiopian Orthodox Church:
205(n)
Ethnography: 195
European: 123(n), 232(n)
Eusebius: 123(n)
Evangelists: 220
Eve: 225(n)
-EEEDN: 15
Egyptians: 223
Ela: 197
Elephant: 211
Elman: 211
EMML 21: 75(n), 196(n)
EMML 69: 93(n), 125(n), 213(n)
EMML 144: 176(n), 177(n)
EMML 1515: 176(n)
EMML 1517: 61(n)
EMML 2335: 36(n)
EMML 2393: 61(n)
EMML 2706: 50(n)
page251-278
page 21
-FFanta 1: 36(n)
Farédun: 196(n)
Fasil/Fasilo: 199, 199(n)
Fatima: 232
Fetegar: 201, 201(n)
Fitha Negest: 62, 239
Frobenius-Institut: 96
-Ggada-Systems: 119(n)
Galan: 197, 222, 237
Galan, Seven-House: 235
272
Gamo: 4, 199(n), 200, 204
geber: 201, 212
geda: 219-221
gedl: 213(n), 235(n)
Ge'ez: 4, 196(n), 202(n), 207(n),
210(n), 212(n), 241(n)
Gegn: 203
Gelam: 198
Gelan: 222, 231
Gelana: 216
Gelane: 216
Gelawdewos, Atse: 198(n)
Gelena: 196
Gemu Gofa: 199(n)
Gennale: 215
George, St.: 201(n)
Gera: 231, 236
Geze: 210
Gibe: 223
Gimbichu: 231, 237
Gimbichu, Eight-House: 235
Giyorgis Hayle: 201, 203
Giyorgis Welde Amid: 195,
195(n)
goat/goats: 201, 216-217, 221,
225
Gojjam: 197(n), 198(n), 203, 206,
206(n), 239
Gomer: 208
Gonder: 239
gora: 211, 211(n), 218, 218(n),
234-235, 237
gorsa: 212
Gospel: 233
Gragn: 202(n), 234, 235(n)
Granh (Gragn): 198(n)
Greek: 196(n)
Grover Hudson: 215
Gudru/Guidru: 197-199, 197(n),
218, 218(n), 230-232 236
Guidi, Ignazio: 54
Guira': 200
Gullale: 231, 237
guma: 219, 241
page251-278
page 22
Gumma: 231, 236
Gurage: 197(n), 201(n)
Gurageland: 235(n)
gurba: 211
-HHadya: 119(n)
Hagelebabo: 198
hairstyle: 211(n)
Hakako: 197-199
Halebdo: 212
halib: 212(n)
Ham: 240, 240(n), 241(n)
Hamasen: 239
Hamelmal: 202
Hara: 199(n)
Hara Dingil: 213(n)
Harbo: 203
Harerge: 222-223, 234
Harmufa: 203
Haro Wilabo: 216-217
Harp: 210(n)
Harsu: 198
Hasan: 232
Hastega: 197(n), 203-204, 206208
Hayes, Stephen: 10
hayyu: 226
Hazelo: 202
Heda: 234
heifer: 228
Hibeno: 218, 233, 237
Hida: 218, 235, 237
Hoko: 196-199
Hoko: 218, 231-232
Horn of Africa: 26(n)
Horo: 230
Horreta: 220
Horru: 236
horses: 201-202
Hubbena: 196(n), 217, 229-230
Hudson, Grover: 215
Huera: 199(n)
O÷m@T
273
Humbena: 196
Humbena: 217(n)
Huntingford: 197-198(n)
Jirjis Ibn Abi Y‹sir Ibn Abû AlMakarîm Ibn al-'Améd alMakin: 195(n)
John: 220
-Iilala: 204, 204(n)
Ilu: 197, 200, 235
Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim alGhazi (Gragn): 196(n), 198(n)
Imuru: 198
infantry: 205, 207
Innarya: 208, 240-241, 240(n)
Isaiah: 196(n)
Islam: 223, 232, 234
Islam Muhammad Yesuf: 234
Islamic: 232, 233(n), 239
Islamization: 232
Israel: 210
Itege: 207
itmiko: 220
Ittu: 196, 217, 223, 229-230, 236
-JJan Amora: 202
jan hatsena: 209
jan me'asere: 209
Jawi: 208(n)
JE692E: 30(n), 60-61, 60-61(n),
99(n), 105(n), 171(n), 215
Jerome: 123(n)
Jesus Christ: 223
Jew: 238
Jibbela: 206
Jibbena: 201
Jidda: 196-198
Jifar: 235
Jigurguir: 236
jila: 222
jilhika: 212
Jille: 197-198, 200, 217-218,
229-231, 235-236
Jimma: 231, 236, 241
Jingur: 230
page251-278
page 23
-KKaffa: 100(n)
Kallu.: 235
Kalo: 235
Karra: 222
Kefa: 241
Kelela: 211
Kellu, Sheik: 232
Kerreyu: 196, 234, 237
Kerreyyu: 200, 217, 229, 235-236
Kilole: 201, 204
Kiremo: 198
Kolu: 220
Kono: 197-198, 218, 230-231
Konso: 119(n)
Konta: 240
koso: 201
Koyra: 199(n)
Kuera: 199, 199(n)
Kullo: 240
Kutawe: 198
Kutay: 230, 235-236
Kuyera: 199(n)
-Llahm: 202(n)
Lako Melza: 233
lalibela: 210(n)
leather: 210(n)
Lege Abbo: 234
Lege Gora: 234
Lege Heda: 234
Lege/Legi: 234
Legi/Lege: 234
Lemu: 236
Leqa: 198, 231, 236, 241
Levites: 209
Liben: 197-200, 217, 229, 231232, 235, 237
274
Libne Dingil, Atse /Wenag
Segged: 196, 196(n), 202(n),
216, 216(n), 236
Libon: 218
lice: 206
Li'is: 197
Limu: 198, 231
Lion: 211
London: 207(n)
Lot: 197
luba/lubas: 197, 200-203, 200(n),
206, 211, 217-2222, 229-231
Luke: 220
Lulo: 222
Lume: 231, 237
Luqma: 241
-MMadagascar: 215
Mark: 220
Mat./Matthew: 205(n), 220
Maya: 204
Mebreq: 201
meggazo: 210(n)
Mej: 202, 202(n), 204(n)
Mekane Maryam: 202(n)
Melbah/Milbah: 201, 203, 220
Melek Segged/Sertse Dingil, Hatsege: 199(n), 203-205(n),
213(n), 241(n)
Melka: 222
Melol: 198
Menelik I: 241
Menelik II, Atse: 222-223
Menz: 239
Merewwa: 196, 200(n), 217-219,
229
Merewwa Ayya: 200
Merra Tekle Haymanot,: 216
Mersie Hazen Welde Qirqos:
198(n)
mesiah: 207(n)
Mesle: 202, 209
meslist: 205
page251-278
page 24
Messiah: 197(n)
Metcha: 196, 198, 222-223, 229,
234-237
Metta: 231, 235, 237
Michle: 202(n)
Mikha Giyorgis: 204(n)
Milbah/Melbah/Milbah: 201, 203,
220
milguddo: 213
Milk: 212
Minchile: 220
Minstrels: 210
Mi'rab: 196(n)
mirror: 228
misle: 202, 220(n)
Misraq: 196(n)
Miticha: 197(n), 222
mogasa: 220
Mombassa: 215
Monks: 209
Moors: 198(n)
Moses: 219
mountains: 207
Ms. orient. quart. 996: 57, 57(n)
Mucha: 211
Muddena: 201, 203, 220
Muhammad: 195, 232
Muhammad Yesuf: 235
Mul'ata: 206, 208-209, 211
mules: 201-202
Muslim/Muslims: 195, 198(n),
223-224, 232-233, 238
Nib Gedel: 234
Nole'ali: 200(n)
Nole'elu: 200
Noli'inu: 218
Nono: 235
Nur: 202, 202(n), 234
-OObbo: 196, 199-200
Obbo/Abbo: 198
olivewood: 221
Or./BL Or. 534: 49
O÷m@T
275
Oromo/Oromos: 4, 196-198(n),
200(n), 202-204(n), 207208(n), 211(n), 219(n),
222(n), 234, 240(n)
ox: 217, 221, 202(n)
-PPagan: 196(n), 208
Paris: 16
Paul, St.: 223
Peasants: 210
Persia: 196, 196(n), 211
Portuguese: 198(n)
Priests: 209
-QQalu: 218, 233, 235, 237
qelta: 212, 212(n)
qende kebero: 210
qero: 211
Qetchino: 203
qolle: 226
qondala-hood: 221
quendela: 211-212, 218(n), 221
Quirquire: 222
Qur'an: 233
-RRayya: 230, 235-236
reko: 238, 240, 238
Religion: 24
Rhinoceros: 211
Robale: 197, 203, 204-205, 220
Romane Werq: 202(n)
Romans: 223
-SSabbath: 219(n)
Samu'el, Abune: 235(n), 236(n)
Saturday: 219
Scribes: 210
Seddecha: 198-200, 218, 231
page251-278
page 25
Seddo: 235-236
Selale: 231, 237
Semiten: 100(n)
Semre Ab, Bahir negash: 205
Senbete gudda: 219
Senbete tinna: 219
Seppira: 196, 198, 198(n)
seqela: 212(n)
Seqseq: 197
sequela: 212, 212(n)
Serpent: 208(n)
Sertse Dingil/Melek Segged, Hatsege: 199(n), 203-205(n),
213(n), 241(n)
Seyyo: 198
Seyyu: 230
Shanqilla: 235
Shashemenne: 199(n)
sheep: 201, 216-217, 221
shemma: 228
shengo: 219, 219(n), 221
Shepherd, Deborah J.: 10
Shield: 210
shimagille: 210
Shimbera Kure Archives: 54
Shoa: 203, 208, 211, 232, 239
Sidama: 203, 203(n)
Sidamo: 119(n), 217
Sillus Hayle: 201
Sirba: 198
sky: 239
slave: 227
Smiths: 210
Soddo: 197, 197(n), 235, 235(n)
Sofi: 196
soli: 204, 204(n)
Somali/Somalis: 26(n)
Song of Songs: 210(n)
souls: 208
spear: 210, 228
steer: 217
stomach: 202
Striedter, Karl Heinz: 96
Suba: 196-200, 204, 234, 236
276
Sunday: 219
Susinyos, Hatsege: 205(n),
208(n), 216(n)
-Ttailors: 210
Tajura: 234(n)
tapeworm: 201-202(n)
Tayye, Aleqa: 215, 215-217(n),
234
Tchabu: 230, 236
Tchafu: 236
Tcheffa: 230
Tcheffe: 219, 219(n), 221-222
Tcheleba: 231, 236
Tchencha: 199(n)
Tchereqa: 198
Tchertcher: 236(n)
Tchile: 196-199, 218, 231
Tchura: 198
Tedla Gwalu: 206(n)
Tegulet: 239
Teguri: 234
Tekeste Negash: 215
Tekle Haymanot, King: 206(n)
Tertullian: 123(n)
Tewdada/Tewodada, Wezero:
206-207
Tewodros, Atse: 206(n)
tewwutu: 212
Thanksgiving Day: 9
Tibbe: 241
tifoli: 221
Tigray: 100(n)
Tigre: 235, 239
tihito: 212
Tiloma: 217-218, 229-230, 235,
237
Tiltal: 235, 235(n)
Timuga: 229, 236
Tinno, Azzaj: 216, 216(n)
Tiqur Midir: 235
Titoma: 235
toga: 228(n)
page251-278
page 26
topknot: 206, 211
Trinity, Holy: 201(n)
Tule: 222
Tulema: 197-199, 197(n), 217(n),
222, 234
Tum'e: 198
-Uummem: 239
Ur: 219, 229
Uru: 197, 200, 219(n)
-VVienna: 207(n)
Vulture: 199(n)
-Wwada: 212(n)
wajo: 212
Waju: 237
Waka: 203
Waliso: 198
Waqa Gurracha: 223, 226
Wayet: 233
Wayyu: 231, 237
Webbo/Abbo: 198, 218, 230-231
Weberri: 231, 237
Webi: 201-202
Wedma Asferre: 233
Wegedu: 235
Wegeg: 235, 235-236(n)
Wej: 200, 202(n)
Welamo: 240
Welasma: 233
Welde Kristos: 208, 208(n)
Welde Kristos, Ras: 208
Wellegga: 231, 236
Wello: 200, 217-218, 217(n), 222224, 229-230, 232-235, 237
Wello, Seven-House: 226, 234
Wenag Segged/Libne Dingil, Atse:
196, 196(n), 202(n), 216,
216(n), 236
O÷m@T
277
Werdeyan/Werdeyyan/Werdi'aya:
208, 218, 229
Werentisha: 196
werre: 233
Werre Bukko: 200
Werre Guira': 200
Werre Ilu: 200
Werre Kerreyyu: 200
Werre Nole'elu: 200
Werredoru: 235
Werrehimano: 233
Werrenesha: 229-230
Werreneshe: 217
Werrensh: 196(n)
Werrensha: 196(n), 217(n)
Werrentisha: 217(n)
Werreqalu: 233
Werreseddecha: 218
Weyna Deg'a: 204
Widm Asferre: 233(n)
Wilabo: 216-217
Ye-Galla Tatik: 215
Yesuf: 234(n)
yetut lij: 220
Yifat: 232-233, 235
yilala: 204(n)
yilala dennedo: 204(n)
Yilu: 230, 236
Yishaq, Atse: 216, 216(n)
Yittu: 222, 234
Yohannis: 204(n)
Yoqtan: 240
-ZZagwe: 216, 216(n)
zar: 235
Zenahu le-Galla: 4, 205(n),
216(n), 218(n), 222(n), 241(n)
Ze-Peraqlitos: 213(n)
Zeppo: 213, 213(n)
Zer'a Ya'iqob, Atse: 201(n), 239,
202(n)
Zer'a Yohannis: 203
Zinjiro: 240
Zinnay: 204
Ziway: 203
-Yya'i: 226
yaromay: 221
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page251-278
page 27
page251-278
page 28

Yeabba Bahriy Dirsetoch

Transcript

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