Diapositiva 1 - Ambiente e territorio

Drosophila suzukii
due anni di monitoraggio in Emilia Romagna
Rocchina Tiso
Servizio Fitosanitario – Regione Emilia-Romagna
Vignola 26 marzo 2013 – Sala dei Contrari
Drosophila suzukii
3,0 mm
D. melanogaster
D. suzukii
Drosophila suzukii – origine e diffussione
 osservata per la prima
volta su ciliegio in
Giappone nel 1916
 nel 1930-31 fu trovata
in altre zone del sud-est
asiatico su fragole
selvatiche e ciliegio
 presente in Cina, Taiwan,
Corea, Pakistan,
Myanmar, Thailandia,
Russia, India
Drosophila suzukii – in Europa
2009
2012
2011
2011
2012 2012
2010
2012
2008
2009
2010
Drosophila suzukii – in Italia
Drosophila suzukii – Pest risk assessment EPPO
 costituisce una minaccia per la
nostra area geografica
 alta probabilità di ulteriore
diffusione
 impossibile l’eradicazione e
difficile la gestione
inserita nella Lista A2 dell’EPPO
Drosophila suzukii – perché è un rischio per le colture?
Attacca i frutti sani
Ampio range di piante ospiti
Alto potenziale riproduttivo
Alto potenziale di dispersione
Drosophila suzukii – attacca i frutti sani
Photos by Dr. Elizabeth
Bees, WA State Univ. 2011
 l’ovopositore fortemente seghettato permette di
incidere l’epidermide dei frutti maturi ancora
sulla pianta
 le uova vengono inserite direttamente nella
polpa
 le larve si sviluppano all’interno del frutto
Drosophila suzukii – ampio range di piante ospiti
Mirtilli, Lamponi, More
Ciliegie
Albicocco
Fragole
Pesche e nettarine
Uva
Segnalata anche su: prugne e su frutti sovramaturi e danneggiati (fichi, cachi,
pomodoro, melo, pero).
Attacca anche piante spontanee e ornamentali: caprifoglio, sambuco, ecc.
Drosophila suzukii – elevato potenziale riproduttivo
depone per 10-59 giorni; 1-3
uova per frutto; 7-16 frutti per
giorno; in totale circa 400
uova per femmina
Sviluppo da
uovo ad adulto
in circa 7-19
giorni con
temperature di
28-18°C
rispettivamente
schiusura uova in 12-72 ore
Può compiere 713 generazioni
all’anno
3-15 giorni allo stadio di pupa
3 stadi larvali in 3-13 giorni
Drosophila suzukii – elevato potenziale di dispersione
 la rapida diffusione della specie
sembra confermare un elevato
potenziale di dispersione
 dispersione soprattutto passiva: i
frutti, prima dell’attività delle
larve, appaiono intatti
 dispersione naturale meno
probabile. Non vi sono dati
specifici sulla capacità di
spostamento di D. suzukii.
Drosophila suzukii – limiti climatici
 tollerante a condizioni climatiche anche estreme
 limiti termici per l’ovideposizione: 10-32 °C
 picco di attività e sviluppo: 20-25 °C
 il maschio non è fertile con temperature > 30 °C
 si ha una certa mortalità con temperature sotto
lo zero e con temperature superiori a 32 °C
 sensibilità al secco: gli adulti muoiono in assenza
di acqua dopo 24 ore
Drosophila suzukii – Strutture coinvolte nell’attività tecnica in
Emilia-Romagna
 Servizio Fitosanitario Regione Emilia-Romagna
M. Boselli, R. Tiso, C. Tosi, C. Arvieri
 Consorzio Fitosanitario di Modena
S. Caruso, G. Vaccari, R. Nannini, P. Bortolotti
 Consorzio Fitosanitario di Piacenza
R. Colla, R. Bottazzi
 Consorzio Fitosanitario di Parma
R. Zambini, C. Delvago
 ASTRA
S. Paolini, D. Dradi
 CRPV
M. G. Tommasini
 Coordinatori e tecnici della Produzione Integrata
Drosophila suzukii - monitoraggio in Emilia-Romagna
 Estate 2010: primi monitoraggi in
alcune aree della Romagna e del
Modenese; nessuna rilevazione
 Anno 2011 (Modena e province
orientali) e 2012 (tutta la Regione):
 monitoraggio degli adulti con
trappole
 esame di campioni di frutta
Drosophila suzukii : monitoraggio adulti
 Il monitoraggio è stato
effettuato mediante trappole
artigianali innescate con aceto
di mele.
la trappola è stata appesa ai
rami dei fruttiferi da
monitorare al livello della frutta.
ogni settimana è stato
controllato il contenuto della
trappola e sostituito l’innesco.
Fori di 4-5 mm
Drosophila suzukii – rilievo adulti
Caratteri chiave per l’identificazione di D. suzukii
MASCHIO
FEMMINA
Macchia nera sul bordo
posteriore delle ali
2 pettini di
setole nere sui
tarsomeri delle
zampe anteriori
Ovopositore fortemente
seghettato
Drosophila
campioni
Drosophila suzukii
suzukii –– analisi
analisi dei
dei campioni
Drosophila suzukii - risultati monitoraggio 2011
Adulti rilevati
con trappole
39 campi
positivi su 47
monitorati
Campioni di
frutta positivi
ciliegie (20)
albicocche (3)
more (3)
fragole rif. (4)
fichi (3)
sambuco (2)
Drosophila suzukii – danno alle colture nel 2011
si stima che siano stati persi circa 150 tonnellate di prodotto
in alcune aziende collinari del Cesenate, a fine di giugno- inizio luglio, è stato
osservato un attacco molto forte di D. suzukii su una varietà tardiva di
ciliegio (cv Corniola).
Drosophila suzukii – attività tecnica nel 2012
 Monitoraggio degli adulti su tutto il
territorio regionale
 Esame dei campioni di frutta con sospetto
danno da D. suzukii.
 Prove di campo, su ciliegio, per valutare
l’attività di alcune s.a.
 Prova confronto trappole
Drosophila
suzukiisuzukii
- monitoraggio
adulti nel 2012
Drosophila
in Emilia-Romagna
Numero aziende monitorate: 118
Piacenza: 5
Parma: 5
Forlì-Cesena: 26
Reggio-Emilia: 7
Ravenna: 13
Bologna: 14
Modena: 39
Ferrara: 9
 installazione trappole: metà aprile
 rilievi settimanali (cambio aceto)
 ultimi controlli: da luglio ad novembre
 in alcune aziende con alta popolazione di D. suzukii il monitoraggio è ancora
in corso
Drosophila suzukii : monitoraggio adulti nel 2012
colture monitorate
susino,
albicocco: 1
piccoli frutti: 3
fragola: 4
vite: 11
pesco, nettarine,
percoche: 4
susino; 6
albicocco: 5
misto con
ciliegio: 20
ciliegio. 64
Drosophila suzukii - risultati monitoraggio 2012
84
34
Modena: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii 2012
Media delle catture
Modena: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii 2012
Presenza danni (8-giugno)
Modena:
monitoraggio
adulti
D. suzukii
Modena
catture elevate
ma senza
danno 2012
Catture elevate ma senza danno
Modena: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii 2012
Rilevati danni alla produzione
Primi danni (4-giugno)
Forlì-Cesena: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii 2012
Catture medie per trappola
24
22
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
N° Maschi
N° Femmine
Tot
17
-o
tt
31
-o
tt
3ot
t
t
19
-s
e
5se
t
13
-g
iu
27
-g
iu
11
-lu
g
25
-lu
g
8ag
o
22
-a
go
ag
30
-m
ag
16
-m
ag
2m
r
0
18
-a
p
Numero adulti catturati
20
Confronto andamento climatico del 2011-2012
100
Montereale (Cesena)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
20
-m
22 ag
-m
24 ag
-m
26 ag
-m
28 ag
-m
30 ag
-m
ag
1gi
u
3gi
u
5gi
u
7gi
u
9gi
11 u
-g
i
13 u
-g
i
15 u
-g
i
17 u
-g
i
19 u
-g
i
21 u
-g
i
23 u
-g
i
25 u
-g
i
27 u
-g
i
29 u
-g
iu
1lu
g
3lu
g
5lu
g
7lu
g
9lu
11 g
-lu
13 g
-lu
15 g
-lu
g
0
Pioggia (mm) 2011
Pioggia (mm) 2012
Temp. Max. (°C) 2011
U.R. (% ) 2011
Temp. Max. (°C) 2012
U.R. (% ) 2012
-a
11 p r
-m
26 ag
-m
a
10 g
-g
i
25 u
-g
i
10 u
-lu
25 g
-lu
g
9ag
24 o
-a
go
8se
23 t
-s
et
8ot
23 t
-o
t
7- t
no
22 v
-n
ov
7di
22 c
-d
ic
6ge
21 n
-g
en
5fe
b
20
-fe
b
7m
22 ar
-m
ar
6ap
r
26
Ferrara: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii 2012
Iolanda (Ferrara)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
femmine
maschi
totale
Prova confronto trappole
1
CONTENITORE
COLORE
n -Ø FORI
ATTRATTIVO
QUANTITA'
CAMBIO
INNESCO (gg)
2
3
4
5
6
7
Tap Trap
Bottiglia + Bottiglia
Rossa +
Bottiglia Pannello
(super Drosotrap Ceratrap Bottiglia Bottiglia
rosso
bait)
(collo
stretto)
Bianco/Ro
Trasp/Ross
Bianco
Rosso
Rosso
Giallo
Rosso
sso
o
6 - 0,5mm 6 - 0,5mm 6- 0,5mm 3 - 12 mm 3 – 12 mm
22mm
8
Bottiglia
Rosso
6 - 0,5mm 6 - 0,5mm
3/4 aceto
3/4 aceto
Dros’attrac
mele + 1/4
mele + 1/4
Innesco
Aceto di
Aceto mele Aceto mele vino rosso
vino rosso
®
Ceratrap
vino
+ zucchero
+ zucchero
canna
canna
Acqua +
lievito +
zucchero
200 cc
200 cc
200 cc
300 cc
300 cc
200 cc
200 cc
200 cc
7
7
7
14
21
7
7
7
Andamento catture primavera - estate
Media catture/data
uova
Nessun danno sui frutti
Trappole maggiormente attrattive
Conclusioni
 la presenza di D. suzukii è ormai accertata su tutto il territorio
regionale.
 le prime catture sono state rilevate ai primi di maggio.
 nel periodo primaverile-estivo in generale le catture sono state
estremamente basse e per alcuni periodi quasi completamente
assenti così come i danni alla produzione.
 l’andamento climatico del 2012 è stato caratterizzato nel periodo
primaverile-estivo da alte temperature ed assenza di precipitazioni
 in settembre, dopo un periodo piovoso, i voli sono ripresi con catture
molto elevate.
 nelle poche trappole ancora in campo le catture non si sono mai
azzerate.
Grazie dell’attenzione
Materiali Metodi
• Tesi: 8 trappole differenti per
forma, colore, tipo di innesco;
• Coltura: ciliegio;
• Siti di prova: n 3 aziende
localizzate in provincia di ForlìCesena
» Bocchini Luca (pianura cesenate), vr
Bigarreau burlat;
» Dradi Corrado (pianura forlivese), vr
Bigarreau burlat;
» Campana Adelmo (collina cesenate), vr
Corniola;
• Periodo: primo rilievo
Conclusioni
•Le basse catture registrate nel corso della
stagione primaverile-estiva 2012, non hanno
consentito di delineare nette differenze di
efficacia fra le trappole;
•E’ comunque individuabile una linea di
tendenza, confermata dall’unico rilievo
autunnale:
Innesco aceto mele + vino + zucchero di canna sembra
avere maggiore efficacia nella cattura dell’insetto;
•Periodo autunnale idoneo a confronti con
Andamento climatico del 2012
S.Agata B. andamento della tmax giornaliera in confronto al
clima 1991-2010
40
tmax clima 19912010
35
Titolo asse
30
25
20
15
10
30-…
23-…
16-…
09-…
02-…
26-…
19-…
12-…
05-…
29-…
22-…
15-…
08-…
01-…
24-…
17-…
10-…
03-…
27-…
20-…
13-…
06-…
29-…
22-…
15-…
08-…
01-…
Confronto Temp. Max 2012/2011
Vignola - confronto dati meteo
anni 2011 e 2012
35
33
31
29
27
25
23
21
19
17
15
aprile
maggio
giugno
luglio
Tmax 12
Tmax 11
agosto
settembre
ottobre
01
-a
p
08 r
-a
p
15 r
-a
p
22 r
-a
p
29 r
-a
06 pr
-m
13 ag
-m
20 ag
-m
27 ag
-m
a
03 g
-g
i
10 u
-g
i
17 u
-g
i
24 u
-g
i
01 u
-lu
08 g
-lu
15 g
-lu
22 g
-lu
29 g
-lu
05 g
-a
g
12 o
-a
g
19 o
-a
g
26 o
-a
g
02 o
-s
e
09 t
-s
e
16 t
-s
e
23 t
-s
e
30 t
-s
e
07 t
-o
t
14 t
-o
t
21 t
-o
t
28 t
-o
tt
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Pioggia 2011
Pioggia 2012
T. max 2011
T. max 2012
U.R. 2011
U.R. 2012
31
-m
a
04 g
-g
i
08 u
-g
i
12 u
-g
i
16 u
-g
i
20 u
-g
i
24 u
-g
i
28 u
-g
i
02 u
-lu
06 g
-lu
10 g
-lu
14 g
-lu
18 g
-lu
22 g
-lu
26 g
-lu
30 g
-lu
03 g
-a
g
07 o
-a
g
11 o
-a
g
15 o
-a
g
19 o
-a
g
23 o
-a
g
27 o
-a
g
31 o
-a
g
04 o
-s
e
08 t
-s
e
12 t
-s
e
16 t
-s
e
20 t
-s
e
24 t
-s
e
28 t
-s
et
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Pioggia 2011
Pioggia 2012
T. max 2011
T. max 2012
U.R. 2011
U.R. 2012
-m
ag
04
-g
iu
08
-g
iu
12
-g
iu
16
-g
iu
20
-g
iu
24
-g
iu
28
-g
iu
02
-lu
g
06
-lu
g
10
-lu
g
14
-lu
g
18
-lu
g
22
-lu
g
26
-lu
g
30
-lu
03 g
-a
g
07 o
-a
g
11 o
-a
g
15 o
-a
g
19 o
-a
g
23 o
-a
g
27 o
-a
g
31 o
-a
go
31
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Pioggia 2012
T. max 2012
U.R. 2012
100
45
90
40
80
35
70
30
60
25
50
Est
Nord
20
40
15
30
10
20
10
5
0
0
1° Trim.
2° Trim.
3° Trim.
4° Trim.
Ovest
Prove sperimentali
 allestite due prove di con prodotti fitosanitari registrati
confrontando diverse strategie (Cesena; Bologna).
Una prova nuove sostanze attive (Cesena).
Drosophila suzukii
Studio di laboratorio e di campo sulla difesa del ciliegio
(Beers et al., 2011)
Efficacia di piretroidi, fosforganici e spinosine
Acetamiprid e Imidacloprid scarsa efficacia sugli adulti; da valutare l’effetto
sistemico (si è visto che vi è una bassa % di sviluppo delle uova deposte)
Studi preliminari di timing indicano che occorrono almeno 2 trattamenti nelle
condizioni della California.
Il timing ottimale dipende dalle situazioni locali. Ad esempio in California si
ha il picco delle catture in primavera, mentre in Oregon il picco si ha da metà
agosto a novembre cioè dopo che la maggior parte delle cultivar sono state
raccolte
Relazione tra catture e infestazione è da studiare perché in alcuni casi
sembra inversa
Spintor fly non sembra efficace per D. suzukii
Raccomandazioni negli USA per la lotta su ciliegio
Monitoraggio con trappole innescate con aceto di mele o altro
installare le trappole nelle parti ombreggiate della chioma
controllo 2 volte la settimana dal primo viraggio di colore
contare maschi e femmine
al primo adulto catturato eseguire i trattamenti
Suscettibilità frutti
Early Burlat è più suscettibile di Black Tartarian che è più suscettibile
di Bing. Per Bing il colore preferito è rosso scuro , per le altre 2 è rosso
Pratiche agronomiche
Se l’impollinatore è a maturazione precoce rimuovere i frutti
prima dell’invaiatura della varietà principale cambia colore oppure
trattare gli impollinatori
Controllo chimico
Trattare quando la cv più precoce cambia colore e ripetete ogni
7-14 gg a seconda dei prodotti impiegati fino alla raccolta
osservando l’intervallo di carenza
Drosophila suzukii in Emilia-Romagna
Monitoraggio adulti
Estate 2010 primi monitoraggi in
alcune aree della Romagna e del
Modenese; nessuna rilevazione;
Fori di 4-5 mm
 Il monitoraggio può essere effettuato mediante
trappole artigianali innescate con attrattivi di aceto
di mele.
la trappola va appesa ai rami dei fruttiferi da
monitorare al livello della frutta o, nel caso della
fragola, tra le foglie della pianta, interrando il
contenitore leggermente per evitare che si
rovesci.
ogni settimana occorre controllare il contenuto
della trappola e sostituire l'attrattivo.
Principali temi di ricerca e sperimentazione
 Miglioramento delle conoscenze della biologia e del
comportamento
svernamento
resistenza alle basse temperature
capacità di spostamento
relazione tra catture e danno
ospiti alternativi
sensibilità varietale e suscettibilità dei frutti
 Miglioramento dei metodi di monitoraggio
valutazione degli attrattivi e della colorazione delle trappole
valutazione del modello previsionale utilizzato negli Stati Uniti
Principali temi di ricerca e sperimentazione
Valutazione dei metodi di controllo non chimico
mass trapping
reti antisetto
attract and kill
sostanze repellenti
prodotti microbiologici, parassitoidi e predatori
Valutazione dell’efficacia e della persistenza di prodotti chimici
prove di campo e di laboratorio
Da E. H. Beers, Timothy J. Smith, and Doug Walsh
(Posted online 12 August 2010) sito
•
•
•
•
•
•
The following life history parameters are taken from the original 1939 study by Kazawa. Up to 13 generations/year were recorded. These studies
also indicated that the time from egg to adult was 8-11 days under optimal temperatures, which are about 77 °F; The egg stage lasted from 1-3
days, the three larval stages 3-13 days, and the pupae 4.5 days. Development was proportionately slower at 60 F. The life cycle in the field
during the cherry season is expected to be about 2-3 weeks. Adults can live 3-9 weeks, although the adults that overwinter live for many
months. The females lay from 1-60 eggs per day, averaging about a dozen (when all generations are included). Total lifetime fecundity of the
females is 200-600 eggs.
Spotted wing drosophila prefers a moderate climate, such as that found in the coastal areas of the west; however, recent experience has shown
that is will also become established in hot-summer/mild winter areas such as California’s central valley. Activity is suppressed by high summer
temperature (110-115 °F), but resumes when temperatures drop off in the fall.
Life stages
Egg: Eggs are translucent white, elongate, and about 0.6 x 0.18 mm. They are laid in the flesh of the fruit. There are a pair of "breathing tubes"
attached to one end of the egg; these protrude from the puncture made by the female's ovipositor and are visible as white threads on the
surface of the fruit. These are frequenly fused at the tips, giving the appearance of a single thread.
Larvae: Fully grown larvae are typical Drosophila larvae, with black mouth hooks at the front end, and a pair of disctintive tan caudal spiracles
at the rear end. The caudal spiracles, along with the prothoracic spiracles, can be used to differentiate the larvae of Drosophila from the larvae
of cherry fruit flies (tephritids). There are three larval instars, with the last instar about 4 mm long.
Pupae: Pupae are medium brown with two distinctive structures at the anterior end, resembling the prothoracic spiracles. Pupae are about 3
mm in length, with females slightly larger than males.
•
Adult: The adults resembles Drosophila melanogaster except for a few distinguishing characteristics. Overall the adults are about 3 mm in
length, with a tan body and red eyes. There are 1 pair of wings, plus the halteres common to the Diptera. The abdominal segments have dark
brown bands on the posterior edge. The key character of female D. suzukii is their heavily sclerotized and serrated ovipositor, which is lacking in
D. melanogaster. The key character for the males is the single spot on each wing, from which the species gets its common name. The spots are
on the leading edge of the wing near the tip. However, it should be noted that the spots are not visible when the adult male first emerges; it
takes 8-10 hours for them to be fully formed. An additional characteristic of the males are the dark bands encircling the forelegs.
•
The short term life history is typical of an insect that can reproduce quickly, and produce succeeding generations in a short amount of time as
long as a suitable host is present. The seasonal life history in eastern Washington has yet to be established. Overwintering in this region is
suspected, but not confirmed. Overwintering has been confirmed in mild-climate areas such as California, temperate regions of Oregon, and
western Washington. A theoretical distribution map of spotted wing drosophila indicates that much of eastern Washington is classed as either
"marginal" or “unsuitable" for establishment. The experience of 2010 is that even if this species does not overwinter here, seasonal re-invasion
may give essentially the same management scenarios.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Competition and natural enemies are not likely to influence the limits to the area of potential establishment. There
are also little data available that could help to determine whether natural enemies will have an influence on the
suitability of establishment but the effect is likely to be very low. The outbreaks in Europe have shown that the
presence of potential natural enemies was not sufficient to prevent establishment. However, Grassi (personal
communication) in 2009 reared one unidentified pupal parasitoid from D. suzukii on raspberries in Trentino, Italy.
The situation might be different in other parts of the PRA area, e.g. there could be competition with Rhagoletis on
cherry. There are no data on biological control but it is mentioned in the Japanese literature that larvae of D.
suzukii were naturally parasitized by a species belonging to the genus Phaenopria (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae)
(EPPO
2010), Ganaspis xanthopoda (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), Asobara japonica and Asobara tabida (Hymenoptera:
Braconidae) (Mitsui et al, 2007; Mitsui & Kimura, 2010). The Ganaspis species reared from D. suzukii is
genetically
different but morphologically similar to G. xanthopoda (Kimura pers. comm.) Ganaspis species and Asobara tabida
are widespread in Europe; G. xanthopoda is a “tramp” species with a wide distribution (Melk & Govind, 1999).
Pupal
parasitism was not recorded.The overall parasitisation rate, predominantly from urban and wild sites using banana
baits, was low (4.2%) Mitsui et al., 2007) but this does not include the added effect of pupal parasitoids. Parasitoid
rates in natural Drosophila populations are highly variable, e.g. 12% in a Dutch woodland to 39-85% in Tunisia
(Janssen et al. 1988).
There may be potential for biocontrol in fruit crops such as blueberries with generalist rove beetles such as Atheta
coriaria. However, there is as yet, little information available (pers comm. Tracy Hueppelsheuser, 2010). For
competition there is no information in the literature. To date there is no evidence of competition in North America
where other fruit flies are present. Despite the potential for competition and parasitism, the EWG considered the
uncertainty to be low.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Visual examination of the Köppen-Geiger climate zones, hardiness zones and degree day maps shows that the
climate in its current area of distribution is largely similar to that in the PRA area where hosts are present. Only
northern areas of Europe and Russia where hosts are present are unsuitable. In many areas, there are sufficient
accumulated degree days for numerous generations to be completed in the summer. Although 250 degree days is
required for development from egg to adult, a simple division of the annual degree days to obtain a map of the
number of generations possible in an area was not considered very appropriate because (a) an additional period is
usually required by insects before adults are ready to oviposit, (b) considerable individual variation can be
expected
with overlapping generations occurring and (c) the grid cells summarise and interpolate climate measured at
weather stations and many locations within each grid cell will have different temperature accumulations. Although
the higher the degree day accumulation above 10ºC, the greater the number of generations expected, the species
cannot tolerate high temperatures if humidities are low and, in the southern Mediterranean areas, the species may
survive only in irrigated crops. Information from Trentino-Alto Adige region suggests that the species can be
abundant even in areas where the degree day accumulations indicate that only one or two generations per year
can
be completed.
The pest overwinters as adult consequently cold winters are not favourable for its survival however, Kimura (pers.
comm.) considers that in Hokkaido, severe winter causes high mortality but population survives in habitats
associated with human habitation and is increased by entry with fruit imports from elsewhere in Japan.
See Appendix
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hosts are very widespread in the EPPO region except for the extreme north and the arid areas of Asia and in
most of
these areas, the climate is suitable for establishment. Apart from climate, no other biotic or abiotic factor limits
distribution. Currently, D. suzukii is found in areas with the extremely cold temperatures of -35ºC that occur in
hardiness zone 4, however, based on Kimura (pers. comm.), in these areas, survival may depend on the
availability of
suitable over-wintering habitats associated with human habitation. D. suzukii is also currently limited to areas
where
the annual degree day accumulation above a base temperature of 10ºC does not exceed 500 (fig. 11 in Annex 1)
although one generation is still likely to occur in areas where the annual degree day accumulation above a base
temperature of 10ºC exceeds 250 (Fig.13 in Annex 1). The extent to which Fig. 11 or Fig. 13 is more
representative of
the area suitable for establishment is difficult to determine without more information on the northern limits to its
distribution in mainland Asia. For the same reasons, neither CLIMEX nor Maxent provide additional insights into
the
potential northern limit to the distribution in Europe and Asia. However, the information from Hokkaido (Kimura,
pers. comm.) suggests that this northern limit will be closely related to human habitation and the overwintering
habitats it provides.
• Considering the life cycle with up to 15 generations (Kanzawa,
1935), the fast development time (8 to 14 days in
• optimal conditions), some 400 eggs laid per female (maximum of
992 eggs/female), duration of oviposition of 55
• days (maximum of 99 days) (Kanzawa, 1939) and high insect
mobility (see question 4.01), it is very unlikely that it will
• be possible to eradicate the pest in infested areas without natural
barriers. If the infestation is detected early in a
• small and restricted area (like a valley) with low abundance and well
implemented measures there is a chance for
• eradication.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
In less than two years, D. suzukii spread along the West Coast of North America,
from California's Central Valley to
British Columbia (Lies, 2009) and damage has been recorded. Several berry growers
in California, Oregon and
Washington have reported up to 100% crop losses in some fields. In Willamette
Valley (Oregon) peach growers
experienced losses of up to 80 percent in some orchards (Herring, 2009). In 2009,
California lost some one-third of
its cherry crop from Davis to Modesto . Crop losses up to 20 percent were seen in
Oregon raspberries (Herring,
2009). In addition, the spotted wing drosophila has been found infesting the fruit of
raspberry, blackberry,
blueberry, and strawberry plantings on the central coast. It was estimated that onequarter of late season
blueberries and raspberries in Oregon were destroyed (Lies, 2010).
However it should be noted that recent experience in California has demonstrated
that damage can be quite
sporadic. The pest is quite sensitive to local climate factors and damage is
determined by whether or not conditions
are optimal. Therefore different patterns of damage are seen.
• It was noted that recent experiences in North
America since 2008 have shown that the impact
of D. suzukii on local
• agriculture tends to decrease, although the
conditions each year cause variations in
populations, increased
• awareness, improved monitoring, and
treatments may have reduced populations (
Hueppelsheuser & Hauser, pers.
• comm., 2010).
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Sanitation.
Any fruit that remains in the field or orchard serves as a food source and allows eggs and larvae to fully develop and
serves as a fly production source. When feasible, fruit from the crop site should be removed and destroyed either by
burial or disposal in a closed container. This will reduce the pest numbers. Composting is not a reliable way to
destroy eggs and larvae in fruit.
2. Area-wide management.
Management practices carried out over a wide area are essential. Even if precise flight distances are unknown, D.
suzukii is considered to be able to fly some kilometres within a territory. It is important for every grower within and
next to a fly-infested area to participate, because a single, unmanaged field or orchard will serve as a source of
infestation to nearby susceptible crops. Attention should also be given to meadows with scattered fruit trees,
abandoned orchards and private gardens, all of which provide additional hosts.
3. Plant protection products
Active substances such as organophosphates, pyrethroids, and spinosyns have been shown to be very effective in
reducing numbers of D. suzukii adults and are expected to give coverage for 7-10 days. As always, plant protection
products must be used in line with the instructions on the product label in particular the maximum delays before
harvest
The fruit is most susceptible to attack after it has coloured and developed some sugar. If monitoring indicates pest
presence at this time, an insecticide spray should be applied to protect the fruit during this time. If monitoring
indicates a high population earlier in the season, an earlier spray to reduce populations may be warranted in
addition to a pre-harvest application. Post-harvest application to host crops can also be considered to decrease fly
numbers.
D. suzukii is often not noticed until fruit is being harvested. Sprays at this time will not protect the crop, because
larvae are already in the fruit. There are no effective tools for controlling larvae within the fruit (the eggs are laid in
the fruit so the larvae are never found outside the fruit).
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The EWG was confident that increased associated costs would be incurred at least in the first years of infestations,
but given the inexperience with the pest the level of uncertainty was considered high. Costs will be incurred for
labour and materials associated with monitoring, sanitation management, and additional targeted applications of
plant protection products. Due to limited experience in areas experiencing D. suzukii infestations, there is some
uncertainty regarding exactly how expensive control and management strategies may be. Optimal control
management strategies are yet to be well defined and these may or may not incur increased costs in terms of
chemical use and/or labour.
Experience and associated costs of D. suzukii control to date: British Columbia (Hueppelsheuser, pers. comm.,
2010):
From limited experience of D. suzukii control in berry crops in British Columbia, it is estimated that some 1-3
insecticide sprays, i.e. 1-2 spring and/or pre-harvest sprays, and 1 post harvest spray will be required (although this
has yet to be demonstrated in a full season of D. suzukii exposure). To some extent, D. suzukii numbers may be
suppressed in conventional agricultural systems in which growers already use some relevant insecticides (e.g.
cherries, managed for Cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis spp.)). Many growers in North America use GF-120, a commercial
attract-and-kill product that has been shown to kill D. suzukii but is not effective in reducing the fly
population. Cherry growers therefore need to ensure some broadcast canopy sprays are integrated into their
rotation, based on fly trapping information. In this case, there will not necessarily be more insecticide applications,
though they are likely to be different. Therefore increase in control costs for cherry is limited.
There may be costs associated with obtaining registrations for important plant protection products. British
Columbia for example has emergency registrations for malathion, cypermethrin, spinatoram, and spinosad for
berries, stone fruit, and grapes for D. suzukii in 2010, though many of these products were already registered for at
least some fruit crops for other pests.
Associated costs of trapping: BC currently has some 4 trapping projects, hiring about 7 summer students, plus
support activities from the provincial and federal government (insect identification, laboratory space, vehicles,
supervision). The projects are funded by a combination of grower organization research and development funding
and government funds. Cost for supplies: some 600 traps have been placed, costing $1.5 each, plus the cost of bait
solution (yeast+sugar or cider vinegar 1-2 oz per trap; cost for the whole season has yet to be calculated). Some of
the projects are expected to continue, albeit refined, though this is not yet certain. Additionally, private consultants
are also trapping so there is some cost being borne by the growers themselves.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The EWG concluded that the potential for economic consequences due to D. suzukii incursions
were major, with
'low' uncertainty.
The strongest factor determining this decision was the fact that there is already evidence of
extremely high crop
yield losses where this pest establishes. Notwithstanding that there are some uncertainties:
- limited information regarding damage in Asia although it is suspected that susceptible crops are
not widely grown.
- uncertainty regarding whether establishment will be possible, for example, in Northern Europe.
- The potential economic costs associated with control and management.
Despite the above uncertainties, the EWG was confident that when establishment occurs,
damage is almost certainly
going to be high initially. Management and experience, or even the fact that growers could change
their
agricultural systems and grow different crops altogether, may well reduce damage levels in the
future.
An additional consideration was that the EWG did not consider that grapes could be regarded to
be a major host.
However, there is some uncertainty over this point and the possibility of infestation potential could
not be ruled out.
In such case the potential for economic damage in the region is higher.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chemical treatments:
There are no chemical treatments for controlling larvae within the fruit (the eggs are laid in the fruit so the larvae
are
never found outside the fruit).
Cold treatment:
For cherries cold treatment is possible provided that fruits are kept 96 hours continuously at 1.66 degrees
(Kanzawa,
1939). For other fruits no information is available. It should be noted that these are laboratory results which
have
not been verified in commercial consignment conditions. In addition small fruits are usually traded quickly as
they
do not keep for long periods which is unlikely to be compatible with the duration mentioned for cherry.
Other treatments
Controlled atmosphere should be investigated but no data is available for the moment for D. suzukii.
There is no information on the efficacy of irradiation on D. suzukii. Information on to what extent irradiation is used
in EPPO countries was not available to the EWG. In the EU, few countries allow the irradiation of fruits (see the list
of
Member States’ authorisations of food and food ingredients which may be treated with ionising radiation (2009/C
283/02). In addition the treatment, should be conducted in an approved irradiation facility (see Commission
Decision of 7 October 2004) so irradiation is not a feasible measure for all EU trading partners. As irradiation only
sterilize insects and does not kill them, presence of living insects remains a concern for some countries.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Measures that are considered sufficient as single measures
Specified growing conditions (growing the plants under a net or in screened greenhouses and
trapping
to verify pest freedom)
Pest Free Area (following ISPM no. 4)
Other measures that can be considered on a case by case basis and upon request
o Import for processing provided that it can be guaranteed that no escape of flies is possible
o A possible combination of measures in a systems approach could be
Consignment originating from an area of low pest prevalence
Surveillance of the crop based on trapping
Treatments of the crop
Inspection during packing and handling
Cold treatment (but see comment just below)
o Cold treatments for cherry fruits; data are needed for the efficacy on other fruits than cherry and
for cherry data on efficacy of the treatment for commercial consignments are lacking.
o There is no data available for other treatments (controlled atmosphere, irradiation), such
treatment
can be considered upon request.
Drosophila suzukii
Nel 1931 il giapponese Matsumura Suzuky descrive per
la prima volta la specie
Caratteristiche morfologiche: Drosophila suzukii
3,0 mm
D. melanogaster
D. suzukii
Caratteristiche morfologiche: Drosophila suzukii
Photo by Sasaki
La femmina, è dotata di un ovopositore fortemente seghettato
che le permette di incidere l’epidermide dei frutti maturi ancora
sulla pianta inserendo l’uovo direttamente nella polpa.
Drosophila suzukii – perché è un rischio per le colture?
D. melanogaster
D. suzukii
Delle circa 1500 specie appartenenti al genere Drosophila solo D. suzukii e D.
subpulchrella (presente in Giappone) ovidepongono su frutti sani
Drosophila suzukii – perché è un rischio per le colture?
Attacca i frutti sani
D. melanogaster
D. suzukii
Ampio range di piante ospiti
Alto potenziale riproduttivo
Alto potenziale di dispersione
Drosophila suzukii – elevato potenziale riproduttivo
 in Giappone, D.suzukii
circa 13 generazioni
all'anno
 in California, ne sono
state contate da 3 a 10.
 dal punto di vista
climatico D.suzukii
sembra preferire una
elevata umidità e
temperature moderate e
non sembra ostacolata da
inverni freddi.
Caratteristiche morfologiche: Drosophila suzukii
Maschio
L’adulto di D. suzukii misura circa tre millimetri di lunghezza: ha grandi e
caratteristici occhi rossi e il corpo color bruno-miele, con bande scure sulla
parte dorsale dei segmenti addominali
Caratteristiche morfologiche: Drosophila suzukii
Ovideposizione
Photos by Dr. Elizabeth Bees, WA State Univ. 2011
http://jenny.tfrec.wsu.edu/opm/gallery.php?pn=165
Drosophila suzukii - danno su ciliegio
Drosophila suzukii - monitoraggio in Emilia-Romagna
 Monitoraggio con le trappole:
39 campi positivi su 47 monitorati.
Campioni di frutta esaminati e risultati positivi:
20 di ciliegie, 3 di albicocche, 3 di more coltivate, 4 di fragole
rifiorenti, 3 di fichi e 2 di sambuco.
Drosophila suzukii : monitoraggio
adulti
Impostazione
monitoraggio
 installazione trappole: metà aprile
 rilievi settimanali (cambio aceto)
 ultimi controlli: da luglio ad novembre
 In alcune aziende con alta popolazione di D. suzukii
il monitoraggio è tuttora in corso.
Drosophila suzukii - risultati del monitoraggio
in Emilia-Romagna
 La prima cattura è state rilevata nell’ultima settimana del mese di
maggio a Vignola
 In provincia di Modena il numero dei maschi catturati nelle diverse
aziende si è mantenuto generalmente a livelli bassi con una media
di 68 maschi per trappola nell’arco delle 18 settimane
(valore minimo 11 e valore massimo 210).
Bologna : monitoraggio adulti 2012
catture medie per trappola
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Maschi
Femmine
Totale
ov
12
-n
ov
05
-n
tt
29
-o
tt
22
-o
tt
15
-o
tt
08
-o
tt
01
-o
et
24
-s
et
17
-s
et
10
-s
et
03
-s
go
27
-a
go
20
-a
go
13
-a
go
06
-a
30
-lu
g
0
-m
ag
4gi
18 u
-g
iu
2lu
16 g
-lu
30 g
-lu
13 g
-a
27 go
-a
go
10
-s
e
24 t
-s
et
8ot
22 t
-o
t
5- t
no
19 v
-n
ov
3di
17 c
-d
i
31 c
-d
ic
21
Ferrara: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii 2012
IOLANDA (FE)
250
200
150
100
50
0
FEMMINE
MASCHI
TOTALE
-m
ag
ag
-s
e
-d
i
v
c
-n
o
v
-o
tt
-o
tt
-n
o
12
28
14
31
17
t
t
t
3ot
19
5se
-m
ag
13
-g
iu
27
-g
iu
11
-lu
g
25
-lu
g
8ag
o
22
-a
go
30
16
2m
Numero adulti catturati
Parma: monitoraggio adulti D. suzukii 2012
Langhirano - Vite
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Confronto andamento climatico del 2011-12
Montereale (Cesena)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
20
-m
22 ag
-m
24 ag
-m
26 ag
-m
28 ag
-m
30 ag
-m
ag
1gi
u
3gi
u
5gi
u
7gi
u
9gi
11 u
-g
i
13 u
-g
i
15 u
-g
i
17 u
-g
i
19 u
-g
i
21 u
-g
i
23 u
-g
i
25 u
-g
i
27 u
-g
i
29 u
-g
iu
1lu
g
3lu
g
5lu
g
7lu
g
9lu
11 g
-lu
13 g
-lu
15 g
-lu
g
0
Pioggia (mm) 2011
U.R. (% ) 2011
Pioggia (mm) 2012
Temp. Min. (°C) 2012
Temp. Min. (°C) 2011
Temp. Max. (°C) 2012
Temp. Max. (°C) 2011
U.R. (% ) 2012
Rilievo uova
• Comparsa uova in data 20/06/2012 per due
delle tre aziende monitorate, assenti nella
terza;
• Grado di infestazione variabile dal 3 al 6%;
• Nessun danno riscontrato sui frutti (anche in
sovramaturazione).