docHISTORY - arnoldsche
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HISTORY - arnoldsche
8 9 HISTORY HISTORY Aureliano Anacleto Toso, c. 1915. Corrado ‘Dino’ Martens, c. 1940. As with many glass factories on Murano, the origin of the Vetri decorativi di Murano, Rag. Aureliano Toso was rooted in the past of other Muranese glassworks. Founded in March 1938 on existing premises, its past marked the factory’s early production. In December 1931 the Maestri vetrai Muranesi of Giacomo Cappellin ceased production and by January 1932 was declared bankrupt.1 While some of Cappellin’s important former clients, such as Cappa-Bava Quintilli in Florence and Albert and Marcel Barbier (owners of the company Veronese) in Paris, expressed interest in a continuation of production, a number of former glassblowers decided to continue alone. In July 1932 they founded the Società industriale tra maestri vetrai di Murano, which operated from Fondamenta Lorenzo Radi on Murano.2 Though the company also continued artistic production, which included re-numbered Cappellin models, it mainly concentrated on illumination. The latter was mostly produced to order for Veronese in Paris. Around 1934, when Marcel Barbier, owner of Veronese, signed an exclusivity contract with the newly founded Artistica soiera e vetreria, Barovier, Seguso & Ferro, the Società industriale tra maestri vetrai di Murano started to go into decline. In May 1935 the premises on Fondamenta Lorenzo Radi were taken over by Romano Mazzega, who initiated modern contemporary production, at irst under the denomination Succ. società industriale tra maestri vetrai di Murano and later as Vetreria artistica Romano Mazzega.3 The sole founder of the Vetri decorativi di Murano, Aureliano Anacleto Toso, was born in March 1894 as the son of Lorenzo Toso, a partner in the Fratelli Toso glassworks. Aureliano graduated as a ragioniere (accountant) and started to work as such for the Cassa di risparmio in Venice. In May 1920 he entered the Fratelli Toso glassworks as an accountant and became a partner in the irm in June 1926 (retroactive from 1 January 1925). In May 1932 he decided to withdraw from Fratelli Toso to become one of the general directors (together with Mario and Renzo Camerino) of the Società anonima successori Andrea Rioda. This glass factory had emerged from an association of former blowers from the Arte decorativa vetraria – Andrea Rioda after the sudden death of Rioda in 1921. In 1932 the company was reorganised and henceforth inancially backed by Salviati (at that time owned by Mario and Renzo Despite the stamps, which were added at a later time, these drawings show products of the Società industriale tra maestri vetrai di Murano, c. 1932–35. This association of former MVM-Cappellin glassblowers was clearly inluenced by their former employer. Aside from the very similar production, the reputed search for perfection by Giacomo Cappellin is well relected in these high quality model drawings. When the premises were taken over, the archives were abandoned, and years later Aureliano Toso incorporated some of their models into his early production. WORKS 36 WORKS 37 024 025 026 “Oriente” c. 1952, Dino Martens, H 10.5 cm, courtesy Collection Bruno Bischoberger (CH) “Oriente egloga” (model 3154-1952), Dino Martens, W 24.5 cm, courtesy L. Holz, Berlin (D) “Oriente osellare Congo” (model 3125-1952), Dino Martens, exhibited XXVIa Biennale d’Arte, Venice 1952, H 30 cm, courtesy L. Holz, Berlin (D) WORKS 50 51 041 042 “Filigrana semplice girata” (model 5085-1952), Dino Martens, H 27.5 cm, courtesy Collection Bruno Bischoberger (CH) “Filigrana zigzag” (model 3159-1952) / “Filigrana zigzag” (model 3005-1951/52), Dino Martens, H 37 cm / W 24 cm, courtesy L. Holz, Berlin (D) WORKS WORKS 52 WORKS 53 043 “Eldorado” (model 3040-1952), Dino Martens, H 21.5 cm, courtesy M. Heiremans, Antwerp (B); drawing: private archives, Venice (I) WORKS 58 59 048 049 “Eldorado” c. 1953, Dino Martens, H 27 cm, courtesy L. Holz, Berlin (D) “Eldorado svasso” (model 5295-1953) / “Eldorado” (model 5289-1953), Dino Martens, H 19.5 cm / H 40 cm, courtesy M. Heiremans, Antwerp (B) WORKS WORKS 68 69 056 057 058 “Filigrana semplice a fascia bianca nera” (model 5382-1954), Dino Martens, exhibited Forme nuove in Italia, Zurich 1954, H 20.5 cm, courtesy Collection Bruno Bischoberger (CH) “Filigrana semplice a fascia bianca nera” (model 5621-1954), Dino Martens, H 23.5 cm, courtesy Quittenbaum, Munich (D) “Filigrana semplice a fascia bianca nera” (model 5383-1954), Dino Martens, exhibited Venetiaans glas, Den Haag 1954, H 28.5 cm, private collection, Chiny Suxy (B) WORKS WORKS 70 WORKS 71 059 060 “Filigrana semplice a fascia bianca rosa” (model 5836-1954), Dino Martens, H 28.5 cm, courtesy Th. Stein, Cologne (D) “Filigrana semplice a fascia rosa” (model 5669-1954), Dino Martens, H 23.5 cm, courtesy Quittenbaum, Munich (D) WORKS 112 WORKS 113 099 100 “Vaso delicato” (model 6378-1956), Dino Martens, W 30.5, courtesy Collection Bruno Bischoberger (CH); drawing: private archives, Berlin (D) Unidentiied (model 6379-1956), Dino Martens, H 38 cm, courtesy Collection Bruno Bischoberger (CH) ARCHIVE 1951 164 ARCHIVE 1951 165 1951 Model 2993 Model 2921 Model 2937 Model 2989 Model 2943 Model 2949 Model 2951 Model 2957 Model 2995 Model 2997 Model 3007 Model 3003 Model 3013 ARCHIVE 1958 242 Model 7071 Model 7076 Model 7080 Model 7073 Model 7074 Model 7077 Model 7078 Model 7080 ARCHIVE 1958 243 Model 7089 Model 7094 Model 7101 Model 7127 Model 7131 Model 7140 Model 7143 Model 7146 MODEL LIST 312 The following model list is based on information originating from a combination of various sources. It represents the hitherto known production of the Vetri decorativi di Murano, Rag. Aureliano Toso between 1938, the foundation of the factory, and 1968, the year in which all artistic production ceased. The lead for this new extensive list was published in 1999 in Dino Martens – Muranese Glass Designer (Arnoldsche 1999). That list was mainly based on the company’s photographic model books and a number of original model drawings kept in various archives. Additional information was then retrieved from the A.S.A.C. archives in Venice, the Triennale archives in Milan and contemporary literature. All of that information was reviewed and incorporated into the present list, which has now been extended beyond the Martens era. The recent discovery of two important groups of material regarding the Vetri decorativi di Murano, Rag. Aureliano Toso not only provided new insights into this factory’s production but also shed light on the origins of its foundation. The large quantity of annotated original model drawings in both archives enabled, aside from a more precise dating, the retrieval of the original denominations of most of the artistic series. Dimensions are given in cm. D H L W = = = = Diameter Height Length Width DM E.N.A.P.I. EP GM GP GZ JL WGV = = = = = = = = Dino Martens Ente nazionale dell’artigianto e le piccole industrie Enrico Potz Georg Meistermann Gino Poli Gianni Zennaro Jan Lewitt Willy G.Vuilleumier Cairo 1949 = Les Arts Decoratifs Venetiens, Cairo (EG) The Hague 1954 = Venetiaans glas, Gemeentemuseum ’s-Gravenhage, The Hague (NL) Florence 1951 = Mostra Mercato Artigianato, Florence (I) Liège 1958 = Aspects de la verrerie contemporaine, Musée Curtius, Liège (B) London 1955 = Italian Contemporary Handicrafts, The Italian Institute, London (UK) Manchester 1956 = Modern Italian Design, City Art Gallery, Manchester (UK) Milan 1951 = IXa Triennale di Milano, Milan (I) Milan 1952 = IV Mostra Nazionale Selettiva Dell’Artigianato Artistico, l’Angelicum Milan (I) Milan 1954 = Xa Triennale di Milano, Milan (I) Milan 1957 = XIa Triennale di Milano, Milan (I) Paris 1956 = Verres Murano, Pavillon de Marsan, Paris (F) Venice 1940 = XXIIa Esposizione Biennale Internazionale d’Arte di Venezia, Venice (I) Venice 1948 (I) = XXIVa Esposizione Biennale Internazionale d’Arte di Venezia, Venice (I) Venice 1948 (II) = XXXVIa Mostra Colletiva dell’Opera Bevilacqua La Masa, Venice (I) Venice 1950 = XXVa Esposizione Biennale Internazionale d’Arte di Venezia, Venice (I) Venice 1952 = XXVIa Esposizione Biennale Internazionale d’Arte di Venezia, Venice (I) Venice 1954 = XXVIIa Esposizione Biennale Internazionale d’Arte di Venezia, Venice I) Venice 1956 = XXVIIIa Esposizione Biennale Internazionale d’Arte di Venezia, Venice (I) Venice 1957 = XLVa Mostra Colettiva Dell’Opera Bevilacqua La Masa, Venice (I) Venice 1960 (I) = XXXa Esposizione Biennale Internazionale d’Arte di Venezia, Venice (I) Venice 1960 (II) = XLVIIIa Mostra Colettiva Dell’Opera Bevilacqua La Masa, Venice (I) Verona 1958 = Vetri di Murano, Palazzo Della Gran Guardia, Verona (I) Zurich 1954 = Forme nuove in Italia, Kunstgewerbemuseum, Zurich (CH) MODEL LIST 1938–40 313 MODEL DESIGN DESCRIPTION DIMENS. 1938 MODEL DESIGN DESCRIPTION DIMENS. 839 Standing solid zebra H 19 841 Standing solid elephant H 21 365 Soiato goblet on foot 843 Standing solid girafe H 21.5 404 Incamiciato table lamp 845 Vecchio Murano-bowl H 10.5 407 Incamiciato table lamp 858 DM Opal vase on foot with applied scattered murrine (Venice 1952) H 36.5 DM Opal vase with applied scattered murrine H 28 409 Incamiciato table lamp 411 Incamiciato table lamp 434 Soiato vase with morise handles on foot 443 Soiato vase with morise handles on foot 447 Soiato vase on foot 485 Soiato vase with morise handles on foot 489 Pulegoso vase with handles on foot 494 Pulegoso a stampo ritorto vase 631 Yellow tazza on green stepped base W 47.5 657 Soiato vase with two handles H 19 703 Vetro pesante-bowl with two bird on a branch candlesticks D 27.5 708 Soiato vase with two handles on foot 730 Soiato vase 864 Soiato goblet on foot 866 Soiato vase on foot 875 Pulegoso a stampo ritorto-vase 877 Pulegoso vase 884 744 752 H 19 Pulegoso vase on foot with handles Sommerso bowl a bolle with solid bird H8 L 21.5 DM Pulegoso a stampo ritorto-vase with morise handles 888 A bolle vase with tear-shaped applications on foot 893 A bolle vase with tear-shaped applications 944 Two birds on a rock 946 A bolle-bird 948 Two solid birds on a rock 979 Pulegoso a stampo ritorto-vase 980 Pulegoso a stampo ritorto-vase 985 Pulegoso oro sommerso-ish on a rock 986 Parrot on a rock 987 Bird on a rock 988 Two birds on double branch 989 Two parrots on a rock 990 Bird on a base 991 Bird on double branch W 22.5 755 Two solid birds on rock 756 Solid ish or bird 757 Solid ish or bird 994 Vetro pesante-bowl 758 Solid ish or bird 995 Pulegoso sommerso a bolle-bowl 759 Solid ish or bird 760 Solid ish or bird 1553 DM A canne ritorte-lamp base H 31 761 Solid ish or bird 1554 DM Filigrana semplice-lamp base H 30 762 Solid ish or bird 1555 DM Filigrana semplice-lamp base H 38 763 Solid ish or bird 1556 DM A canne ritorte-lamp base H 31 764 Solid ish or bird 765 Solid ish or bird 1574 DM A canne ritorte-lamp base H 31 766 Solid ish or bird 767 Solid ish or bird Bollicante-vase H 26 768 Solid ish or bird 769 Sommerso nest-shaped bowl with two solid birds H 14 771 Two solid birds on rock H 20 1940 790 Two solid resting antilopes H 16.5 2001 Soiato vase with two handles on foot 836 Standing solid donkey H 17.5 2003 Vase on foot with vertical thread applications 1768 H 12 MODEL LIST 1940 314 MODEL LIST 1940 315 MODEL DESIGN DESCRIPTION DIMENS. MODEL DESIGN DESCRIPTION DIMENS. MODEL DESIGN DESCRIPTION DIMENS. MODEL DESIGN DESCRIPTION 2006 DM Soiato chalice (Venice 1952) H 36.5 2074 Blu-mould-blown vase with two handles on foot H 24 2185 H 40 2289 2007 DM Soiato chalice (Venice 1952) H 46 2075 Verde-mould-blown vase with two morise handles H 25 2186 DM Vetro cristallo a festoni (fenicio)-vase H 33 2076 Ametista-mould-blown vase with two morise handles H 25 2187 DM Vetro cristallo a festoni (fenicio)-vase H 36 2298 DM Vetro pesante a spinte-vase Nero-mould-blown vase with two handles H 25 2188 DM Vetro cristallo a festoni (fenicio)-vase H 33 2299 DM Vetro pesante a spinte-vase DM Vetro cristallo a festoni (fenicio)-vase DM 2010 Mould-blown soiato vase H 25 2077 2011 Filigrana doppia-plate on foot D 34 2078 2012 Filigrana doppia-bowl on foot D 35 2079 2013 A bolle sommerse-ashtray D11 2080 DM Filigrana doppia-vase with two handles on foot H 33 2191 DM Vetro cristallo a festoni (fenicio)-vase H 30 2302 DM Vetro pesante a morise vase 2014 Vase with morise handles on foot H 25 2081 DM Filigrana doppia-vase with two handles on foot H 30 2192 DM Vetro cristallo a festoni (fenicio)-vase H 32 2303 DM Double-handled vetro pesante vase 2015 Filigrana doppia sommerso-bird on a rock H 12 2082 DM Filigrana doppia-vase with two morise handles H 33 2193 DM Vetro cristallo a festoni (fenicio)-vase H 35 2016 Horizontal vecchio Murano ish H 30 2083 DM Filigrana doppia-vase with two morise handles on foot H 25 2194 Vecchio Murano table bell H 15.5 2017 Filigrana doppia sommerso-ish on a rock H 20.5 2084 DM Filigrana doppia-bowl on foot D 36 2018 Horizontal vecchio Murano ish H 16 2085 DM Filigrana doppia-bowl on foot D 28.5 2208 Vetro cristallo a bolle bird 2209 DM Nero-mould-blown vase with two morise handles H 25 2189 DM Vetro cristallo a festoni (fenicio)-vase H 38 2300 DM Vetro pesante a spinte-vase Filigrana doppia-jug on foot H 40 2190 DM Vetro cristallo a festoni (fenicio)-vase H 33 2301 DM Double-handled vetro pesante vase 2307 Vetro pesante a spinte-smoker’s set 2308 Vetro pesante-smoker’s set Vetro cristallo a bolle bird 2311 Costolature ritorte-jug 2212 Cristallo fenicio-smoker’s set 2316 Vetro cristallo a coste ritorte-vase 2213 A bolle-smoker’s set 2317 Vetro cristallo a coste/a-bolle vase 2318 Vetro cristallo a coste ritorte-vase 2340 Vase H 25 2342 Vase H 25 2019 DM Vetro sommerso con archi-vase H 21 2086 DM Vetro pesante sommerso-vase H 30 2020 DM Vetro sommerso a fasce irregolare-vase H 19 2087 DM Vetro pesante sommerso-vase H 25 2021 Table lamp H 26.5 2088 Solid vertical ish W 29 2022 Table lamp H 27 2089 DM Filigrana semplice sommerso ish on rock 2023 Table lamp H 24.5 2090 DM Filigrana semplice sommerso horizontal ish 2024 Table lamp H 18.5 2091 DM Filigrana semplice sommerso bird on rock 2230 Double-handled soiato bowl on foot 2025 Table lamp H 18.5 2092 A Pulegoso sommerso-small bird 2231 Soiato vase on foot 2026 Table lamp H 18.5 2093 Pulegoso sommerso-bird 2232 Soiato vase on foot 2027 Candleholder H 8.5 2094 2028 Double candleholder H 25 2095 2029 Candleholder H 12.5 2030 Triple candleholder H 16.5 2031 Triple candleholder H 13.5 2036 Tree with bird H 25 2126 DM Zanirico-vase on morise foot (Venice 1940) H 15.5 2037 Bird on a rock H 19 2126 DM Zanirico-bowl on morise foot (Venice 1940) D 22 2241 2038 Horizontal vecchio Murano ish H 19.5 DM 2098 2125 Duck with head facing backwards W9 2233 Vecchio Murano-vase on foot Vetro pesante sommerso irregolare-vase H 21 2234 Double-handled soiato vase on foot 2235 Double-handled soiato vase on foot 2344 Vase H 25 Conical vase with two snake handles on foot H 35 2236 Soiato bowl on foot 2345 Vase H 19 2237 Vecchio Murano-bottle vase on foot 2238 Soiato vase with two double handles Soiato vase on foot 2039 DM Sommerso-cylindrical vase H 38.5 2128 DM Zanirico-vase on morise foot (Venice 1940) H 15 2244 2040 DM Vetro sommerso con archi-vase H 40 2129 DM Zanirico-bottle vase on morise foot (Venice 1940) H 31 2245 2041 DM Vetro sommerso a fasce spiralate-vase H 30 2130 DM Fasce verticali-vase on morise foot (Venice 1940) H 22.5 2042 DM Vetro sommerso a fasce irregolare-vase 2131 DM Vetro pesante rigadin a fasce ritorte-vase (Venice 1940) H 15 2043 Small jug H 7.5 2132 DM Fasce verticali-bowl on morise foot (Venice 1940) D 24 2044 Small cup with undulating rim D 10 2133 DM Vaso pesante a bolle con fascia spirale a quattri colori (Venice 1940) H 25 2045 Balloton-basket on foot H 13 2134 DM A scacchi-bowl (Venice 1940) D 15 2046 Fumé dec.rosso-horse H 9.5 2047 Bluino-elephant W9 2136 DM Vetro pesante a due fasce opposti-vase (Venice 1940) H 17 2048 Cristallo dec. nero-bulldog W 10.5 2137 DM Vetro pesante a canne piatti colorate sommerso-vase (Venice 1940) H 13.5 2049 Rosé dec. nero-pig W 9.5 2050 Bluino dec. nero-rabbit W 11 2139 DM Zanirico lower cup on fasce ritorte leaf plate (Venice 1940) W 23 2051 Cristallo dec. nero-cat W 9.5 2140 DM A quadri-bowl with curled handle on morise foot (Venice 1940) W 31 Pulegoso sommerso-vase with morise handles on foot H 15 2141 DM A canne-long-stemmed lower (Venice 1940) L 34 2142 DM Soiato-high-stemmed vase with morise (Venice 1940) H 48 2052 DM 2250 Vetro cristallo a festoni (fenicio)-vase Vetro cristallo a festoni (fenicio)-vase DM Vetro cristallo a festoni (fenicio)-vase 2350 Vase with two right-angled leaves 2362 Triple candlestick DM Zanirico verticale-vase on morise foot 2363 Double candlestick 2364 Candlestick 2365 Candlestick 2366 Candlestick 2367 Candlestick Bulbous soiato jug on tall stem DM Slender soiato goblet on tall stem Vecchio Murano-goblet on foot H 45 2383 DM Filigrana semplice-vase H 12 2384 DM Zanirico verticale-vase H 11.5 DM Zanirico verticale-vase on morise foot 2385 Zanirico verticale-triangular vase H 11.5 2262 Vetro cristallo pesante costolature irisé-shell bowl 2386 Fasce ritorte-vase H 16 2263 Vetro pesante bullicante-vase on foot 2387 Filigrana doppia-oval bowl on foot W 19 2388 Filigrana semplice orizzontali-bowl with morise handles D 24 2390 Vetro pesante a bolle-triangular bowl W 17 2261 2267 2053 DM Pulegoso sommerso-vase with applied rim, two handles H 15.5 DM Pulegoso sommerso ritorto-vase with two leaf handles H 15.5 2055 Solid griafe H 15.5 DM Reticello a fasce-plate on morise foot with two curled handles (Venice 1940) W 36 2271 2056 Solid terrier ears upright H 11.5 DM Pulegoso Mask (Venice 1940) 2272 Soiato vase with snake handles on foot H 35 2058 Lamp base/vase on foot H 25 2163 DM Filigrana semplice-vase with two handles 2059 Filigrana semplice-vase H 25 2164 DM Filigrana semplice-vase with two handles DM DM DM Filigrana doppia-vase on foot 2253 DM DM 2270 H 25 2348 2349 DM 2247 2054 2057 DIMENS. Bowl with two bird bowls A canne-vase on morise foot Incamiciato vase with two handles and morises DM 2273 2274 DM 2275 DM Double-handled incamiciato vase on foot 2398 Zanirico ritorto-heart-shaped bowl W 16.5 Vetro pesante a spinte-vase 2399 Zanirico-vase on foot H 12 Irregular vetro pesante bowl 2400 Zanirico-heart-shaped bowl W 14.5 Vetro pesante a spinte-vase 2401 Filigrana semplice-bowl on foot H 10 Vetro pesante a spinte-vase 2402 Zanirico ritorto-bowl on foot D 17 2276 Irregular vetro pesante-bowl DM 2061 DM Vetro pesante con archi-vase H 15 2166 DM Zanirico-two-handled bowl on foot (Venice 1940) W 22 2404 Filigrana doppia-bowl with ring handles W 20 2062 DM Vase with two morise handles on foot H 25 2167 DM Vetro pesante costolatura spiralata-vase (Venice 1940) H 21.5 2278 Vetro pesante cristallo a coste irisé-vase on foot 2405 Filigrana semplice-bowl H 10 2168 DM Vetro pesante costolatura spiralata-vase (Venice 1940) H 13.5 2279 Vetro pesante cristallo a coste irisé-vase on foot 2406 Filigrana semplice-bowl on morise foot W 15.5 2169 DM Vetro pesante a fasce sommerso-vase (Venice 1940) H 16 2279 Vetro pesante cristallo a coste irisé-bowl on foot 2407 2280 Vetro pesante a coste ritorte-vase on foot 2408 2172 DM Pulegoso a stampo ritorto-vase with snake handles DM Zanirico verticale vase Filigrana semplice sommerso-oval vase H 28 DM Filigrana doppia vase D 20 2410 Fasce verticali-vase H 21.5 2411 Filigrana semplice-bowl on morise foot D 22.5 Vetro pesante-smoker’s set 2412 Filigrana doppia-bowl on morise foot D 17 Bowl with two solid ish 2414 Filigrana semplice-vase on foot H 35 2066 Blu opaco-mould-blown vase with two handles H 35 2067 Blu opaco-mould-blown vase with two handles H 34.5 2068 Blu opaco-mould-blown vase with two handles H 35 2069 Blu opaco-mould-blown vase on foot H 34.5 2173 DM Pulegoso a stampo ritorto-vase with morise handles 2283 Vetro pesante a bolle-smoker’s set 2070 Small bowl with horse W 12 2174 DM Pulegoso a stampo ritorto-vase with morise handles 2284 Vetro pesante-smoker’s set 2071 Small bowl with cat W 9.5 2175 DM Filigrana semplice-vase with two morise handles 2285 2072 Small bowl with dog W 11.5 2176 DM Filigrana semplice-vase with two handles 2073 Fumé-mould-blown vase with two morise handles on foot H 24 2409 2288 DM DM TECHNIQUES 362 363 TECHNIQUES Vetro Epico (1953): The denomination Epico referred to the use of aventurine. This was a precious glass with very precise demands during its production and therefore came with a high risk of failure. Aside from the diicult manufacturing process for the aventurine itself, the resulting glass mixture was also very unstable and rather unsuitable to blow. After the blown aventurine form was completed, it was wrapped with a double spiralling band composed of two transparent colours. As with Oriente and Eldorado, all Epico models had a personal name. Filigrana semplice a fascia bianca nera (1954): Aside from the Oriente series this line was one of the most commercial achievements of Dino Martens. While clearly a half-iligree application (fused glass canes, spirally deformed), inside the factory this technique was nevertheless known as filigrana semplice (simple iligree), where the use of the term filigrana is a contradiction in terms (see also filigrana doppia). Variations existed in blue and pink. Vetro Arabesco (1954): A series of free-blown objects of which the surface was entirely covered with inely ground glass. Whereas form details in contrasting colours (usually black or white) were applied to nearly all models, the most noticeable feature was the arbitrary glass trails applied to the body. The resemblance to Arab script gave the name to this series. Vetro Scapigliato (1954): Closely related to contemporary art movements, this simple technique consisted of enclosing heated multicoloured glass canes arbitrarily between two layers of colourless glass. Vetro Epico, fascia filigrana semplice (1953): Variation of Vetro Epico, in which the spiralling band was made of fused glass canes (a half-iligree application). Vetro Gagiandra (1954): An extremely limited series due to production diiculties. While basically a simple a canne application (the fusing of lattened glass canes), the unusual thickness of the canes and the complexity of their production techniques (among which the use of aventurine) caused problems during the annealing process. Production of Gagiandra therefore ceased within the year. Vetro Variegato (1954): Another variation of colouring glass by means of ground glass particles. Finely ground glass in a mixed variety of colours was picked up with a colourless blown form. Reheating followed by blowing into a mould with tight ribbing created a wavy pattern, enhanced by a spiralling deformation of the vessel while still hot. Vetro Pittorico (1954): Yet another variation on the use of ground glass. The rim of a full-blown Pulegoso object (detached from the blowing pipe and held on its pontil) was rolled over multicoloured ground glass particles. A short reheating caused it to become smooth, but this process was interrupted before the form and the ground glass merged. The inal shape of the object was obtained using modelling tools. Vetro Scherzo (1954): Derived from the Pulegoso Arlecchino series. The decoration of Vetro Scherzo (or joke) consisted of scattered murrine, glass cane segments, zanfirico canes and retortoli pieces enclosed in a colourless layer over a Pulegoso object. Vetro Aurora (1954): This series used a relatively simple technique derived from Vetro Variegato. After a Variegato piece was completed, the object was blown once more in another mould, this time with regularly placed sharp protrusions on the inside, which left indents in the surface of the hot glass. A cover of colourless glass resulted in trapped air in each indent. Short reheating caused the enclosed air to expand into a round bubble, which in turn pushed the coloured layer into an aura around it.
