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An innovative strategy for re-imaging
an urban region The IBA Emscher Park in the Ruhr
Contents
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The Ruhr: A Brief Introduction
Challenges of Revitalizing the Ruhr
International Building Exhibitions
The IBA Emscher Park Strategy
After the IBA Emscher Park
Ruhr 2010: Cultural Capital of Europe
What can be Leant from the Strategy
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Lecture series:
Spatial Strategies
for Urban Regions
Academia di
architettura,
Università della
Svizzera Italiana
Mendrisio,
14-04-2010
Klaus R. Kunzmann
The RheinRuhr Metropolis
Duisburg
Essen
Dortmund
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The Ruhr
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Klaus R. Kunzmann
Population 5,2 Mio > Declining Population
11 Cities and 4 counties >Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg, Bochum etc,
No regional capital, no regional administration
Structural change from the secondary to the tertiary sector >high unemployment
May be a not so great urban region!
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Klaus R. Kunzmann
The urban landscape of
the Ruhr is the outcome
of a century of coal and
steel production
Brownfields all over
(~ 30 %)
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The Ruhr: Challenges of Revitalization
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Socio-Economic Challenges
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Long dominance of large corporations
Qualification deficits
High unemployment 2010: 12 to 16%
Derelict industries and brownfields all over >high transaction costs of revitalization
Little inward investment and not much demand for land
Selective outmigration, ethnic polarization and demographic aging
Traditional reliance on state subsidies
Politico-Administrative Challenges
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One dominant political party...considerable clientilism >guanxi
Strong unions (co-determination)
Insu!cient regional co-operation >no regional spirit
Extreme pragmatism >no visionary power
Inward looking attitudes >parochialism
Image
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Negative image. >di!cult regional and urban marketing
Low quality of architecture and townscape
Little tourism > no show-up in international tourist guides
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International Building Exhibitions
Klaus R. Kunzmann
A mainly German Tradition In Germany
World exhibitions >1851 London, 1889 Paris 1989 /1900, later in Chicago,, Antwerp, Brussels
1899-1914 Darmstadt > Mathildenhöhe, werkbund
1903 Dresden >Die deutschen Städte
1910 Berlin >Allgemeine Städtebau-Ausstellung, followed by exhibitions in Duesseldorf
and Berlin
1927 Stuttgart>Weissenhofsiedlung
1931 Berlin>Die deutsche Bauausstellung
1932 Cologne >Die Neue Zeit, Werkbund
1951 Hanover > Constructa
1957 Berlin >INTERBAU
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Quelle: disp 174/Ursula von Petz
International Building Exhibitions
Klaus R. Kunzmann
since 1979
1979-1987 Berlin > IBA neu, (new urban design), IBA alt (urban regeneration)
1989-1999
Ruhr >IBA Emscher Park
2000-2012 Niederlausitz/ Brandenburg/Saxony >IBA Fürst Pückler Land
2002-2010 IBA Saxony-Anhalt >Stadtumbau
2007-2013 IBA Hamburg >Sprung über die Elbe
2009-2020 IBA Basel
And more cities are considering to host an IBA >Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Berlin
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The IBA Emscher Park Strategy
Klaus R. Kunzmann
A Model for Strategic Regional Development? For Revitalization?
A holistic ten years (1989 to 1999) top-down initiative /strategy with a grassroots
philosophy to re-imagine the Ruhr
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What were the Goals?
Which Principles did Guide the Implementation?
How was the Strategy Formed?
Who Formed the Strategy?
Who Financed the Strategy?
What were the Highlights of the Strategy?
Architectural Flagships of the Strategy
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IBA Emscher Park Strategy
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Goals of the strategy
Integrated Regional development
Environmental regeneration, environmental renewal as a prerequisite for future economic
development
The fundamental elements of the environmental strategy were: (Karl Ganser)
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No further land-exploitation, but rather the transition to the reutilization of land. No
projects from the city drawers. >Brownfield instead of greenfield development
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The prolongation of the life spans of buildings and production facilities through
maintenance, modernization and re-use; new construction based on principles of
environmentally friendly building practices. >Green architecture
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The transformation of the production structure in the region towards environmentally
friendly products and manufacturing methods >Green production processes
Integrated projects: Each project must contribute to the achievement of environmental, social
architectural and economic goals
The plan learns from the projects, whereas in traditional planning schemes, the plan is given.
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IBA Emscher Park Strategy
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Principles of the Strategy
Karl Ganser in: VI. Architecture Biennale Venice 1996
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Urban planning generates architecture >Prosper III in Bottrop
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Architecture organizes urban planning >A housing project for single mothers
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Landscaping shapes settlements > BUGA Gelsenkirchen
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Architecture demands landscape >Siedlung Schüngelberg
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Architecture stimulates investors >Siedlung Küppersbusch
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Architecture as a catalyst for technical innovation > Mont Cenis
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No quality without competition!
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IBA Emscher Park Strategy
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Who formed the strategy?
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top down initiative from the state government
prime minister fully endorsing and supporting the project
young state minister of urban planning
small agency >deliberately outside of existing institutions, with a charismatic project
manager and young enthusiastic sta"
• Four advisory and decison-making boards >political, regional and local professionals
and multi-disciplinary scientists
• Groups of the civil society responding to the call
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IBA Emscher Park Strategy
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Who financed the strategy?
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A small budget for the IBA Agency for financing running costs, competitions, as well as
comprehensive information and communication activities, and with seed money for
innovative projects
Various state ministries contributed to the financing of individual projects
A revolving land property fund for brownfields
Emscehr Programm??ß
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IBA Emscher Park Strategy
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Five phases of strategic development
More than 20 years: 1999 to 2010
First an idea and a memorandum.
Than, over time, the strategy evolved in the process of realizing the idea and when spreading the
message regionally
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• Exploring the
Implementing
first projects and
disseminating
the strategy
message
regionally
• Concentrating
activities at
selected future
locations
>flagships
• Linking single
projects and
creating regional
networks
• Consolidating
projects and
spreading the
approach to
other regions
>Regionale
Exploration
regional territory
and identifying
suitable projects
Dissemination
Profiling
Networking
Consolidation
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Klaus R. Kunzmann
What has been done?
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Conservation of the industrial heritage
Considerable brownfield redevelopment
New energy promotional achievements
A regional landscape park
Technology parks in the Green
The re-naturalisation of the Emscher river
New approaches to a"ordable housing
The arts, seen as an engine for change
New quality standards
Change of regional image
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Principles were > Process rather the plans and blue prints
> Civil society rather than public sector
> Incrementalism with a perspective
> Quality rather than quality
> Brownfields rather than green fields
> Small rather than big
A big learning project!
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Emscher Landscape-Park
Klaus R. Kunzmann
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Emscher Re-naturalization
Klaus R. Kunzmann
A river turned into an open sewer and re-naturalised into a river
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Emscher Re-naturalization
Klaus R. Kunzmann
A river turned into an open sewer and re-naturalised into a river
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Emscher Science &Technology Parks
Klaus R. Kunzmann
19 modern commerce, service and science
and technology parks, promoted as "working
in the park” have been built on brownfields
by the IBA Emscher Park. Implemented as
public and private Investment joint ventures,
these projects, have a large proportion of
open and green space, and high ecological
and architectural standards.
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Housing
Klaus R. Kunzmann
25 public housing projects with 2500 new and
3,000 refurbished housing units were initiated
with higher ecological, social, and architectural
standards. Thereby various forms of owneroccupied a"ordable and self-help housing were
experimented.
The Siedlung Küppersbusch and Schlüngelberg are
two examples
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Housing
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Schlüngelberg
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Land Art
Sculptures in public spaces in the industrial landscape,
making use of the artificial landscape of collieries
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Ruhr: Industrial Heritage Trails
Klaus R. Kunzmann
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IBA Emscher Park Flagship Projects
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Hafen Duisburg
Landschafts-Park Duisburg
Zeche Zollverein
Nordstern Park Gelsenkirchen
Mont Cenis Herne
Jahrhunderthalle Bochum
Gasometer Oberhausen
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Klaus R. Kunzmann
Gasometer
Klaus R. Kunzmann
(Centro)
History
Gas storage facility closed in 1988 and listed as historical monument
A structure of a larger steel works complex
….in the geographical centre of Oberhausen…. demolished in 1990
Today a new flagship and symbol (industrial cathedral) of the Ruhr
A much acclaimed exhibition space and a panorama tower …117m
Special exhibitions: History of the Ruhr, Christo “The Wall”, History of Television”, “Blue Water”,
“Wind of Hope” etc.
Europe’s biggest shopping centre
…… with an outdoor dining promenade,
an aquarium and an amusement park
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Klaus R. Kunzmann
Essen:Zeche Zollverein
History
The most modern and largest pit in 1932 >design: Fritz Schupp and Martin Kremmer
15.000 miners when it was closed in 1986
Coking Plant built in 1950
2001 UNESCO World Heritage Site
………..as representative example of the development of heavy industry in Europe
Today…….on an area of 1 million m#, master planned by Rem Koolhaas
• Visitor centre and convention space
• Design centre NRW
• The NRW Design Museum …in a former boiler house >design: Norman Foster
• The Zollverein School of Management and Design >design: SANAA, Tokyo
• The Ruhr Museum in the old coal washing facilities >design: Rem Kohlhaas
• Workshops for creative industries
• A creative village…o!ces, studios, apartments, restaurants and a plaza
• The NRW centre for modern dance
• Casino Restaurant
• Triple Z Future Centre…studios, o!ces, workshops for creative industries
• Coking plant as space for the arts and entertainment
• A public park ….40 ha of pioneer forests and industrial nature
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Klaus R. Kunzmann
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Jahrhunderthalle Bochum
History
1902 built as a a state-of-the art exhibition hall for at the Duesseldorf exhibition
Returned to Bochum to serve as a production space for “Bochumer Verein” ….steel industry
1993 saved and renovated as a stage for performing arts and concerts
Today
A new urban park (Westpark) …opening up the “forbidden city”
2003 modernised and turned into the new concert hall
……….one of the key venues of the Triennale Ruhr Festival
Spaces near the city centre waiting for new housing and o!ce development
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Herne: Mont-Cenis Academy
Klaus R. Kunzmann
History
1978 end of coal production on the site
Today
Training academy of the Ministry of Interior of NRW with seminar facilities, meeting rooms,
accommodation facilities, a restaurant, a gymnasium, a library, a civic hall and leisure
facilities. It started with a two stage competition in 1991 won by the French architects
Jourda & Perraudin. In a second stage of this competition the German architects Hegger,
Hegger Schleif joined the design team.
Very innovative solar energy
production integrated into the roof.
The biggest such structure in the
world.
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Klaus R. Kunzmann
Nordstern Park
Hisitory
Colliery closed in 1993
1997 Bundesgartenschau
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Public park
Entertainment space
A new modern bridge
A jetty for boat tours long the canals
Open air amphitheatre
Large Children Playground
Miniature Railway Museum
Headquarter of THS ….
Since 1920 Corporation for Miner’s
Housing
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Innenhafen Duisburg
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Innenhafen Duisburg
History
Part of the largest inland harbour of Europe
Since 1900: Centre of the German corn market
Harbour mills and silos: food storage facilities for the Ruhr
Listed warehouses
Today
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a new working, residential and leisure area
Waterfront promenade
Küppersmühle Museum of Contemporary Art
O!ces
Jewish Museum
Waterfront residences
ATLANTIS. A museum for children
2001: Marina for 133 yachts
Restaurants, bistros and bars
……………a new heart of the city!
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Klaus R. Kunzmann
Landschaftspark Duisburg
History
1985 closure of the steelworks
one furnace demolished, one sold to India
1989 City of Duisburg decides to develop a landscape park on the site
1990 competition among landscape architects 1994 Park is opened to the public
Today
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a successful public park
Mountain climbing training area
Panorama platform
Concert hall
Open air theatre
Discotheque
Gasometer, a training ground
for rescue divers
Open air events
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Klaus R. Kunzmann
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Landschaftspark Duisburg
History
1985 closure of the steelworks
one furnace demolished, one sold to India
1989 City of Duisburg decides to develop
a landscape park on the site
1990 competition among landscape architects
1994 Park is opened to the public
Today a successful public park
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Concert hall
Open air theatre
Discotheque
Theatre
Open air events
Gasometer turned into a training ground for rescue divers
Mountain climbing training area
Panorama platform
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Landschaftspark Duisburg
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Klaus R. Kunzmann
The Cultural Capital of Europe 2010
Programme Philosophy
! The Ruhr Mythology
! Redesigning the metropolis
! Discovering Images
! Changing Stages
! Living Music
! Exploring Language
! Boosting the Creative Industries
! A Time to Celebrate
! Moving Europe
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Kultur 2010
Klaus R. Kunzmann . Potsdam
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The Cultural Capital of Europe 2010
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Re-designing the Metropolis
How do we want to live? This is a question which concerns us all. The vision of RUHR.2010 is
for the Ruhr region to become a new kind of metropolis. Just like Europe is becoming a unity
made up of many countries, the 53 towns and cities with their 5.3 million inhabitants are
forming a new entity. Following on from the Emscher Park International Building Exhibition,
RUHR.2010 is all about enhancing the quality of life in this polycentric urban agglomeration.
RUHR.2010 has encouraged local, national and international designers, planners, architects
and artists to think outside the box. Exponents of the fine arts and town planning, landscape
gardening and architecture are all collaborating in new ways. The thoroughfares between the
towns are to be turned into conduits of inspiring experience. New cultural sites are emerging.
And artistic interventions are driving the momentum for change.
Boosting the Creative Industry
The strategy of RUHR.2010 is to pursue cultural and political innovation, particularly within
"Boosting the Creative Industry". RUHR.2010 encourages the development of "Creative
Quarters" and structures with a long-term impact in all genres of the "Creative Class". And
with "2010lab" it has given rise to the first internet and television platform catering for all
types of categories and topics for artists and creative minds with online resources. The
funding strategies focus on people, markets and the media.
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Klaus R. Kunzmann
Das Stahlwerk aus Dortmund auf dem Weg nach China
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Dortmund: Future Location Phoenix
Dortmund: Location Phoenix
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Phoenix = 200 ha site of a former steelwork south of the city centre >closed in 2001
• Part of the city’s concept of “Future locations”
>six huge development areas
137 Mio $ project aims at establishing prime
locations for innovative industries and housing
• Key feature: development of an artificial lake on the
eastern part of the site
• Involvement of a large group of public, semi-public
and private actors from
local, regional and state level
Klaus R. KunzmannKlaus
.Potsdam
R. Kunzmann
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The Cultural Capital of Europe 2010
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Moving Europe
What does our future look like? The European Union is deeply rooted in the Ruhr region, not
least because of the major part the Ruhr played in the creation and operation of the European
Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), forerunner of the European Union. The Ruhr’s experience of
150 years of immigration has imparted to it a vital spark. With TWINS as the largest twin town
project in the history of Europe and MELEZ as a festival and laboratory of cultural diversity,
RUHR.2010 highlights both sides of European identity: internationality and interculturality.
Scientific reflection and looking ahead to future decades are a vital part of the fabric of the
Capital of Culture year, the aim being to explore cultural opportunities as an engine for European
social development and find e"ective strategies to enable its realisation.
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The Cultural Capital of Europe 2010
Klaus R. Kunzmann
Re-designing the Metropolis
How do we want to live? This is a question which concerns us all. The vision of RUHR.2010 is
for the Ruhr region to become a new kind of metropolis. Just like Europe is becoming a unity
made up of many countries, the 53 towns and cities with their 5.3 million inhabitants are
forming a new entity. Following on from the Emscher Park International Building Exhibition,
RUHR.2010 is all about enhancing the quality of life in this polycentric urban agglomeration.
RUHR.2010 has encouraged local, national and international designers, planners, architects
and artists to think outside the box. Exponents of the fine arts and town planning, landscape
gardening and architecture are all collaborating in new ways. The thoroughfares between the
towns are to be turned into conduits of inspiring experience. New cultural sites are emerging.
And artistic interventions are driving the momentum for change.
Boosting the Creative Industry
The strategy of RUHR.2010 is to pursue cultural and political innovation, particularly within
"Boosting the Creative Industry". RUHR.2010 encourages the development of "Creative
Quarters" and structures with a long-term impact in all genres of the "Creative Class". And
with "2010lab" it has given rise to the first internet and television platform catering for all
types of categories and topics for artists and creative minds with online resources. The
funding strategies focus on people, markets and the media.
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IBA Emscher Park 2010. What is left?
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Klaus R. Kunzmann
Problems clearly turned into regional assets
The image of the region has changed, a new identity is
The industrial heritage is preserved and used
The IBA projects have become a splendid source of inspiration and a quarry of ideas on
innovative regional modernisation., locally, nationally and internationally
The IBA has become a globally acclaimed model for creative regeneration and is being copied
The huge landscape park is under implementation
The re-naturalisation of the Emscher is gradually taking place
Regional expertise in revitalizing brownfields has been developed and has become a
marketable service New locations in the region have emerged
New jobs in creative and service industries have been recreated
New architectural and environmental standards are being applied
Private developers are demonstrating more courage
Attitudes of the large corporations have slightly changed
Many citizens of the Ruhr have become ambassadors of the region
Essen has been selected as Cultural City of Europe 2010
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Klaus R. Kunzmann
Die Erfahrung:
.......große Aufmerksamkeit, viele Veröffentlichungen, Besuche im Ruhrgebiet
> Sondernummer von Urban Planning International
> Beijing ?
Interesse an IBA Erfahrungen für die Umstrukturierung von alten Industrieanlagen in
der Stadt. Inzwischen auch bereit Teile alter Industrienanlagen zu erhalten
> Shanghai ? Interesse an IBA für ein Gelände der EXPO
> Chungchen ? An Erfahrungen der Umstrukturierung des Ruhrgebiets und der Rolle der IBA
interessiert
The IBA Strategy: What can be learnt?
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Klaus R. Kunzmann
Strategic planning does not require a plan, but an open strategic concept
An open concept ....call for projects, for ideas is better than a master plan
Transformation is a long process and requires both vision and pragmatism, and leadership
Problems and projects can be turned into potentials and assets
Project screening >high quality standards for architecture, landscape and energy e!ciency
pays o" in the long run
Process not only project management is essential
Culture and events are important change agents
Images matter! > architecture, sculptures, landscape
Courage to experiment rewards
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and soon
Klaus R. Kunzmann
IBA-Emschertal 2020
Just (April2010) o!cially announced:
Zukunftswerkstatt IBA !!
More financial means for the Emscher Region
Volume: 200 Million $ > 250 Mio SFr
in additon to. 2.8 billion $ already promised!
For innovative and sustainable development of brownfields (new housing concepts,
integration projects etc) on both banks of the renaturalized Emscher river by internationally
renowned architects and planners
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Klaus R. Kunzmann
You wish to see more?
http://www.essen-fuer-das-ruhrgebiet.ruhr2010.de/en Just
Come!
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