No Slide Title - Warner College of Natural Resources

University of Macerata
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
Wilderness tourism and strategic system thinking
for Marine Protected areas organizations.
The Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Scuba diving case study
Pathways to Success 2010
Sect. III - People, wildlife, and protected areas: international perspectives
on conflict and collaborative conservation
Federico Niccolini
University of Macerata
Augusto Navone
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo
Marine Protected Area
YMCA of the Rockies , Estes Park. Colorado - September 30, 2010
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
University of Macerata
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
Some References
Augusto Navone
Director of Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo MPA
Federico Niccolini
Organizational Science Researcher- University of Macerata
Teacher in protected areas’ management for some master or
post graduated courses (i.e. University of Camerino, Scuola
Superiore Sant’Anna)
Italian Protected Areas’ consultant (i.e. Migliarino - San
Rossore Massaciuccoli Regional Park ; Abruzzo National Park;
Sasso-Simone e Simoncello Regional Park; Tavolara Punta
Coda Cavallo MPA; Asinara National Park)
Foreign Protected Ares consultant (i.e. US National Park
Service, 2001-2005
Member of the “World Commission on Protected Areas” (IUCN)
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
1
University of Macerata
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
The research structure
The methodology:
- Main disciplines: social and organizational (public sector) sciences
- Main purpose: collecting information for managerial implications
- Integrated Qualitative and quantitative analysis
- Semi-structured interviews using different types (one for every stakeholder
category) of long (from 20 to 33 questions) questionnaires conducted in
person (a), participant observation (b) and study of statistical documents (c)
Many questions - 3 + 1 key:
1.Which role can play a PA authority for better
conservation of wilderness and environment, and in a wider
perspective for the human well-being (society) of an area?
2.Which are the key interactions between stakeholders and the environment ?
3.Which is the value/role of symbol species in a PA. And more specifically,
which is the role of groupers (Epinephelus Marginatus) in the MPA studied?
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
University of Macerata
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
The research structure
Broader question: in a organizational point of view, what could means
“integrating human dimensions into fish and wildlife management?”
Two presuppositions:
) A MPA organization, with enough resources, competences, power and
a shared Responsible Development (after RD) vision can, not only
manage effectively wildlife and ecosystems, but also improve the social,
economical and cultural future of an area (Q. 1)
) The strategic system thinking approach is useful to interpret the
answers to the main research questions: it is useful to understand the role of
symbol species (in this case groupers) (Q. 3), the behavior of key
stakeholders categories (including scuba and other tourists behaviors) (Q. 2),
as well as to guide the MPA organization in reaching the RD vision (Q. 1)
Two phases:
- 1) The wide perspective (multi key stakeholder analysis): 2005
- 2) The focalization on groupers (using scuba sector analysis): 2007; 2009
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
2
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
1 phase (2005):
The overview: “multi-key
stakeholder analysis”
University
st of Macerata
Key entrepreneurs
(30 to 33 questions)
Key informants (27 questions)
13 interviews to people that deeply
know (and presumably “appreciate” )
the MPA and that have not any specific
economic interest in the path of the
development, such as long-term
volunteers, teachers, artists, MPA
founders …
R
N of Interv.
Fisherman
9
Scuba diving
9
Boat Renting
8
Hotel and restaurants
23
Commerce and services
26
Total
75
Short interviews
Long interviews
Common (beach) tourists
2595
184
Scuba - divers
73
60
Sailors
166
46
Total
2834
290
Key tourists
(20 questions)
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
1 phase (2005):Tavolara
A complex
panel of indicators
and measure to represent a complex situation
University
of Macerata
st
The system of indicators (65)
Measures Units > 100
Economy
(41)
Society (24 )
(Demography, education,
employment, drug
consumption, criminality,
environmental education ..
General (13)
Key activities (28)
(income, act. composition,
entrepreneurship, MPA culture diffusion,
sustainable development culture.. ….
Tourism (18)
(official and perceived seasonality,
customer satisfaction, Knowledge of
MPA..
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
(relevance
in the economy
…)
Fishing (6)
(Understanding of MPA benfits, MPA
collaborative orientation …
Building ind. (4)
(Pressure on MPA, …)
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
3
University of Macerata
The
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
2nd
phase: the grouper focalization. The
scuba-diving sector investigation.
Number of interviews
Diving (entrepreneurs)
(Total Population = 18)
Divers (tourists)
2007
16 (87%)
30
2009
9 (50%)
248
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
University of Macerata
The case study –
Tavolara Punta
Coda Cavallo
MPA
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
The Context
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
4
University of Macerata
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
The case study –Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo MPA
AGENZIA GOVERNATIVA REGIONALE SARDEGNA PROMOThe Context
REGIONE AUTONOMA DELLA SARDEGNA
The evolution:
ZIONE
-1982: identification of the MPA: many
risks for a precious environment
- 1997: Institution of the MPA
- 2004: Creation of the MPA organization
(a consortium of the 3 municipalities)
Before 1997: mainly non conservative
use of the landscape and of the wildlife
Few groupers into the parks
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
University of Macerata
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
Introduction - The MPA authority action
Many outputs: one of the most significant
is the increasie of number and size of
groupers into the protected area: (see the
Density (no. ind. 125 m2)
Visual census analysis output)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
Zones (level of protection)
1.0
0.5
0.0
A
B
C
The grouper became a symbol of ecological
restoration and seems to drive a different
touristic philosophy: the scuba sector grew (almost
3-4 dicembre 2009 – Geovillage, Hotel Melià - Olbia
10.000 official scuba
each year) and become more
regulated and organized
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
5
University of Macerata
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
The rule of big groupers
….. very important
11%
According with the 89%
of scuba-diving
(entrepreneurs), tourist
prefer locations
populated by big
groupers
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
University of Macerata
Yes
No
89%
Do you believe that scuba prefer to visit sites
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
where they can see big groupers?
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
The rule of big groupers
….. very important
Most demanded scuba-sites are the ones in which is possible
to see big groupers (total range = 20 sites)
Sites where is possible
to see big groupers
Most preferred scuba
sites
160
140
120
140
150
120
119
125
125
119
80
97
80
96
60
60
40
20
-
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
118
100
115
100
58
Co-graduation
index = 98%
40
59
53
45
45
20
-
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
6
Tavolara
Punta
Coda
Cavallo Marine Protected
Area, Italy
Q. 2 - The tourists
and
the
environment.
The
satisfaction: some key outputs
University of Macerata
Appreciation of the MPA functions and of
the wide eco-systemic aspects
“Sand” tourists
Answer
rate
Alternative
Water quality
Landscape
Air quality
Coast/beach
Hospitality/Kindness
Green
Leisure
Security
Villages
Traffic
Crowding
Education of jet-skiers, windsurfer..
Prices
Vote
(max 10)
8,75
8,68
8,32
8,02
7,64
7,23
7,26
6,57
6,70
5,93
5,48
5,84
4,84
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
98%
83%
90%
99%
100%
93%
91%
100%
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
Scuba - divers
Vote
(max 10)
Answer
rate
9,03
8,97
8,73
8,31
8,07
7,80
7,42
6,79
6,75
6,35
5,75
5,37
5,15
100%
100%
100%
98%
98%
100%
87%
93%
98%
95%
92%
98%
98%
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
Tavolara
Punta Coda Cavallo Marine
Protected
Italy
The tourists and the
environment:
some
keyArea,
outputs
University of Macerata
Eco and wilderness tourism orientation
If you should win a vacation: which location would you choose?
DESCRIPTION
USTICA (MPA)
LAVEZZI (MPA)
ISOLA DI MONTECRISTO
(STRICT NATURE RESERVE)
PORTO CERVO
PORT-CROS (MPA)
RIMINI
NIZZA
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
Scuba-divers
“Sand” tourists
Answer
Answer
Tot. %
rate
rate
21 33%
31 15,3%
16 25%
54 26,7%
11
10
4
1
1
17%
16%
6%
2%
2%
31 15,3%
100%
52 25,7%
12 5,9%
5 2,5%
17 8,4%
76%
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
7
Tavolara Punta Coda
Cavallo
Marine
Protected Area, Italy
The tourists behavior:
some
key
outputs
University of Macerata
Eco and wilderness tourism orientation
INTERPRETATION
Scuba-divers
“Sand” tourists
Total
%
Total
%
MPA Eco-tourism
41
64,0%
97
48,0%
Strict Wilderness tourism
11
17,2%
31
15,3%
Luxury Tourism
11
17,2%
69
34,2%
Mass-tourism
1
1,6%
5
2,5%
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
University of Macerata
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
Q. 3. The role of the MPA – An holistic role
An output of the research: a grouper and scuba-diving sector SWOT
Main challenges and opportunities for groupers and scuba divers
Treats and weakness
•
•
•
•


•
•
•
•
High seasonality in the scuba and in the whole tourism sector
Overcrowding (including few scuba-sites) in the 2 peak months (2 weeks for scuba-sites)
High prices for related services (lodging, meals ..)
Very low level of foreign tourists, including eco-tourists
Opportunities and Strengths
High appreciation of environmental characteristics of the tourists (including wildlife for scuba)
High level of availability of scuba diver to have more regulation to improve conservation
standards
High level of fidelity of scuba
High level of knowledge of scuba about the presence of the big groupers
High percentage of scuba that have observed groupers
Good capacity of dialogue between MPA Authority and diving centers
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
8
University of Macerata
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
Conclusions – Big groupers/scuba tourism and MPA
Big groupers are relevant attractors for the scuba-tourism
Big groupers are evaluated mainly in the interactions and in the ties with a
complex and well conserved ecosystem
Most of the tourists show a systemic and holistic approach to their experience
The output of the research are coherent with the theoretical
framework. The systemic approach interpret not only wildlife and
ecosystem elements dynamics, but also to tourists and scuba
behaviors , other socio-economical components and to the MPA
organization and strategy
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
University of Macerata
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
The enlarged systemic perspective - The role of
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo (TPCC) MPA as
Responsible development Public Authority
TPCC MPA can become a laboratory, a “dynamic space”
where to experiment tools, techniques and grow
knowledge and values of conservation, environmental
education, responsible tourism and sustainable
development to be applied in other integrated zones of
sea, coasts and lands of all the Sardinia Island
From this:
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
To this:
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
9
University of Macerata
Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo Marine Protected Area, Italy
Conclusions – Organizational studies and HDoW
For a protected area authority - in a organizational point of view “Integrating Human dimensions into Fish and Wildlife management”
could mean use a strategic holistic/systemic thinking approach, that
considerate:
ECOLOGY
Integrating HDoW
from an
organizational
point of view
ECONOMY
SOCIETY
(Picture recreated by: Niccolini F., Responsabilità Sociale e Competenze organizzative distintive,
ETS, Pisa, 2008: par 2.5)
Federico
Corso Niccolini
di Organizzazione Aziendale
Augusto Niccolini
Navone
Prof. Federico
10