bouche de betizac

kiwifruit
apricot
chestnut
cherry
strawberry
minor
fruit species
almond
BOUCHE DE BETIZAC
40
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
apple
walnut
pear
peach
bush and
cane berries
plum
table
grapes
chestnut
I
talian production of chestnuts surpasses 50,000 metric tons annually, approximately half of chestnut
production in Europe. China dominates the international market with production of over a million
metric tons annually of Asian chestnuts, different from European varieties belonging to the species
Castanea sativa, which are known to be of better quality.
In the last twenty years the Italian chestnut industry has revived. Many old chestnut groves have been
pruned for renewal, the damage from chestnut blight has receded and the market for high quality nuts
(European chestnuts and hybrids) has been profitable and encouraging for growers. The revival of
the chestnut industry has given birth to the concept of the specialized orchard planted with chestnut
varieties to provide high quality nuts for fresh consumption and upmarket sweets.
The fresh market demands large chestnuts (for roasting and boiling), while the processing industry
requires easily peeled chestnuts suitable for candying, syrups and “marron glacè”.
Both markets prefer and pay more for large nuts of European varieties.
Unfortunately, the Oriental chestnut gall wasp, a dangerous parasite imported from China, has been
present in Italy for the last ten years, first in the province of Cuneo and now spread throughout Italy.
The gall wasps, classified in the order hymenoptera, afflict chestnut shoots by damaging growth and
preventing female flowers from blooming, thus seriously compromising yield.
Releases of a natural parasite of the wasp, imported from Japan (Torymus sinensis) seem to have
been effective, and may be able to contain the damage from the gall wasp.
CLIMATE
AND SOIL
Chestnut is native to southern
Europe. Its ideal habitat is from
600 to 800 m above sea level but
can be found above 1000 m in
southern areas of its range.
Chestnut prefers deep, moist,
sub-acidic (pH between 5 and
6.5) soils with balanced composition of clay-sand-loam and
without active lime.
The trees suffer from high summer temperatures and from
winter lows under -16 to -18°C.
Chestnut requires fair amount of
water, at least 700 mm annually,
well-distributed through the year.
Chestnut prefers south-eastern,
southern, south-western or
western exposures in temperate
climate zones.
sativa), members of the species C. mollissima Bl. (Chinese
chestnut), C. crenata Sieb. and
Zucc. (Japanese chestnut) and
Euro-Japanese hybrids. The European chestnut is used for both
nuts and lumber, while the Asian
species are used primarily for
nuts.
CULTIVATED
VARIETIES
a)European chestnut
(C. sativa Mill.).
-Varieties for fresh use and
processing: Fiorentino or
Casentinese, Castel del Rio,
di Marradi, Chiusa Pesio, Lu-
SPECIES
The wide assortment of chestnut
varieties includes, in addition to
European chestnut (Castanea
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
41
CHESTNUT_VISION©
for the detection of chestnuts’ quality
SIZE
AL
EXTERNTS
C
DEFE
A significant advance
in the automated selection of chestnuts
“WE BUILD” INNOVATION!
to give RESULTS!
UNITEC S.p.A.
Via Provinciale Cotignola, 20/9
48022 - Lugo (RA) Italy
tel. +39 0545 288884
Email: [email protected]
www.unitec-group.com
walnut
pear
peach
bush and
cane berries
plum
chestnut
table
grapes
PRUNING
serna, Val Susa (in Italy) and
Montagne, Sardonne, Comballe (in France)
- Varieties only used fresh:
Tempurive, Castagne della
Madonna, Precoce di Roccamonfina, Garrone rosso,
Garrone nero, Gioviasca, Bionda di Mercogliano e Montemarano;
-Varieties for drying and milling:
Frattona, Gabbiana, Siria,
Pastinese e Carpinese.
b)Euro-Japanese hybrids.
Trees come into production
precociously (two-three years
after planting). They are harvested earlier in the season
(September), so they are often planted for the production
for early market. These trees
are smaller than European
chestnuts and are well-suited
for cultivation in semi-intensive orchards (160-180 trees/
ha). The nuts, large and with
a low percentage of defects
(seed coat within the nut), are
suited for fresh consumption
and industrial processing. Of
note are: Primato and Lusenta (of Italian origin); Bouche
di Betizac (figure on the left),
Bournette, Maridonne, Marlhac, Vignols (bred in France);
Maraval, Marigoule (figure on
the right), Marsol, Precoce
Migoule are other French hybrids used as cultivars as well
as clonal rootstocks.
ORCHARD PLANNING
Chestnut (C. sativa) prefers zones
with annual mean temperature of
8-15 °C and tolerates some winter cold (-15 °C). New plantings
do best in hilly areas or low mountains, with good sun exposure
and low risk of late spring frosts.
The ideals soil are medium to
deep, light textured, fertile, acidic
(pH 5-6.5) and well-drained. Tree
spacing depends on the vigour of
the cultivar and of the rootstock.
European chestnuts require 10 x
12 m to 12 x 12 m and the less
vigorous Euro-Japanese hybrids
8 x 8 m (see figure) to 10 x 10
m. Before planting the orchard it
is important to be sure that the
chosen cultivars are genetically
compatible and that they flower
simultaneously. To assure thorough cross-pollination, it is important to plant more than two
inter-compatible cultivars.
The vase training system is
particularly suited for European cultivars. The trees have
3-4 main scaffold branches at
150-180 cm height to allow
the free passage of vehicles
under neath. The branches
are spaced evenly around the
trunk, with a correct insertion
angle, with the goal of forming an open vase. At the end
of the fourth year the plants
have usually attained the desired form, and pruning is limited to thinning to favour light
penetration in the canopy, removal of dead, rotten or damaged branches and to promote
growth. Orchards with close
tree spacing or Euro-Japanese
hybrids may adopt the pyramid
training system, with a central
axis and lateral branches with
wide insertion angle spaced
around this axis.
FERTILISATION
An initial soil fertilisation is
used to correct any insufficiencies discovered with soil tests.
Generally, organic fertilisation
is recommended, with the addition of 30-40 t/ha of composted manure, or as much
as is required to reach 2-3%
organic matter. Before planting, mineral fertilisers containing phosphorus and potassium
CASTEL DEL RIO
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
43
kiwifruit
chestnut
apricot
cherry
strawberry
minor
fruit species
almond
apple
MARIGOULE
must also be added, (in the
form of super phosphate and
potassium sulfate), as these
nutrients are relatively immobile in the soil profile. The
tree’s nitrogen requirement
varies greatly with the age. A
potential nitrogen fertilisation
program for the first five years
would be 50 g/tree in the first
year, increased by 50 g /tree
in next years up to 250 g /tree
in the fifth year, in the form of
acidifying fertilisers.
HARVEST
PESTS
AND DISEASES
Chestnuts are usually harvested
manually (yields of 10-15 kg/
hr/person), with high costs and
intensive labour. Mechanical
harvesters, using aspiration, or
sweepers, are becoming more
common in large flat orchards
where their use is possible. Most
nuts are destined for the fresh
market (roasted or boiled chestnuts), with a growing demand
from the beginning of harvest
(September) through November.
Fungal diseases: ink disease
(Phytophthora cambivora, P. cinnamomi), chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), wood rot,
anthracnose (Micosphaerella
maculiformis), black rot (Ciboria
batschiana), mummification (Phomopsis endogena).
Insects: Cydia fagiglandana, C.
splendana, Pammene fasciana,
Curculio elephas, Dryocosmus
kuriphilus.
Nutrition programme to improve the production of Chestnut
Shooting
Vegetative
development
Flowering
Fruit
enlargement
Maturation
soil application
IDROL-VEG
20 l/ha
Improves soil structure and
facilitates the nutrients absorption
foliar application
LEVO-ENERGY
IDROL-VEG
3 kg/ha Biostimulant, enhances the pollen
and the ovary fertility and it facilitates the fertilisation.
Improves the fruit setting
4 l/ha
Improves the absorption and effectiveness of pesticides treatments,
increases the quality and the production
For further information please contact our Technical Department
L.E.A Srl Tel.+39 059 86.38.811 Fax +39 059 86.38.017 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.leaagricoltura.it
44
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
3 kg/ha
Biostimulant, anti-stress.
Improves the fruit enlargement
Picking
walnut
pear
peach
bush and
cane berries
plum
chestnut
table
grapes
Japanese cultivars, Euro-Japanese hybrid cultivars, pollinizers
Cultivar
Catkins
Pollinizers
Ginyose (G)
longistamine
Tsukuba (G)
Tsukuba (G)
longistamine
Ginyose (G), Vignols (I)
Bouche de Bétizac (I)
astamine, brachistamine
Belle Epine (E), Marron de Chevanceaux (E),
Marron de Goujounac (E).
To a lesser extent: Bournette (I), Maraval (I),Marsol
(I), Precoce Migoule (I)
Bournette (I)
longistamine (medium pollen fertility)
Belle Epine (E), Maraval (I), Marigoule (I), Marsol
(I), Precoce Migoule (I)
Maraval (I)
longistamine (low pollen fertility)
Bournette (I), Marigoule (I), Precoce Migoule (I)
Maridonne (I)
mesostamine (low pollen fertility)
Belle Epine (E), Marron de Goajounac (E),
Marigoule (I)
longistamine (medium pollen fertility)
Verdale (E)
Belle Epine (E), Marron de Chevanceaux (E),
Marron de Goujounac (E), Portaloune (E). To a
lesser extent: Bournette (I), Maraval (I), Marsol (I),
Precoce Migoule (I)
Marsol (I)
longistamine
Precoce Migoule (I)
longistamine (low pollen fertility)
Vignols (I)
longistamine
Belle Epine (E), Bournette (I), Marigoule (I),
Precoce Migoule (I)
Belle Epine (E), Bou rnette (I), Ginyose (G),
Marigoule (I), Marsol (I), Tsukuba (G), Vignols (I)
Ginyose (G), Marigoule (I), Precoce Migoule (I)
(I) Euro-Japanese hybrid; (G) Japanese chestnut; (E) European chestnut.
Fonti: Bellini, 1995; Bounous et al, 1992; Bounous ct al, 1997.
European chestnut cultivars and pollinizers
Cultivar
Catkins
Pollinizers
Belle Epine
longistamine
Marigoule, Marsol, Portaloune
Bouche Rouge
astamine or brachistamine
Belle Epine, Marigoule
Dorée de Lyon
brachistamine
Belle Epine, Marigoule, Montagne
Laguepie
mesostamine
Belle Epine, Marigoule, Montagne
Marron de Chevanceax
longistamine (fertile pollen)
Belle Epine, Marigoule
Marron de Goujounac
longistamine
Marigoule, Montagne, Precoce Carmeille
Marrone di Chiusa Pesio,
astamine
Belle Epine, Boumette, Madonna, Marsol,
di Viterbo, Fiorentino
Precoce Migoule
Marrone di Greve
astamine
Maraval, Marsol, Precoce Migoule
Marrone di Luserna
astamine
Ginyose, Vignols
Montagne
longistamine
Precoce Carmeille
Pelosa Grossa
astamine
Tsukuba, seedlings of C. sativa
Pelosa Piccola
astamine
Tsukuba, seedlings of C. Sativa
Portaloune
longistamine
Belle Epine, Marigoule, Marsol
Precoce Carmeille
longistamine
Marigoule, Montagne
Sardonne
astamine
Longistaminate cultivars of C. sativa
and C. mollissima
Verdale
longistamine
Belle Epine, Marron de Goujounac, Montagne
(I) Euro-Japanese hybrid; (G) Japanese chestnut; (E) European chestnut.
Sources: Bellini, 1995; Bounous et al, 1992; Bounous ct al, 1997.
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
45
kiwifruit
apricot
chestnut
cherry
strawberry
minor
fruit species
almond
apple
Pest and disease management for Chestnut
DISEASE / PEST
Active Ingredient
Dose
CHESTNUT BLIGHT
(Cryphonectria parasitica)
COPPER OXYCHLORIDE 32%
250-500 g/hl
LEAF SPOT
(Mycosphaerella
maculiformis)
COPPER HYDROXIDE 25%
210-220 g/hl
LAMBDA-CIALOTRINA 9,48%
20-25 ml/hl
ETOFENPROX 30%
50 ml/hl
LAMBDA-CIALOTRINA 9,48%
20-25 ml/hl
ETOFENPROX 30%
50 ml/hl
LEPIDOPTERA
(Cydia fagiglandana)
(Cydia splendana)
CHESTNUT WEEVIL
(Curculio elephas)
CHESTNUT GALL WASP
(Dryocosmus kuriphilus)
Commercial Product Name
TREBON UP
TREBON UP
parasitoid TORYMUS SINESIS
PRODUCTS OF THE SYNGENTA GROUP ARE IDENTIFIED WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE LOGOS.
THE FOLLOWING TABLES INCLUDE CROP PROTECTION PRODUCTS AUTHORIZED IN ITALY AT THE DATE THIS DOCUMENT WAS CREATED.
46
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
Notes
Un partner unico per un’agricoltura
che guarda sempre avanti
Syngenta è l’unico Gruppo mondiale interamente dedicato all’Agribusiness, una realtà unica
che integra competenze, risorse scientifiche e supporto tecnico commerciale, in grado di
proporre soluzioni innovative e concrete agli imprenditori agricoli e alla filiera.
Il suo impegno è quello di offrire all’agricoltura italiana gli strumenti per un futuro da protagonista
perché possa contribuire in modo determinante al risultato economico del Paese.
Per conseguire questo obiettivo, Syngenta ha scelto di unire i propri business in modo da
garantire a chi opera in agricoltura un’offerta unica e completa, comprendente sementi
(Seeds), agrofarmaci (Crop Protection), insetti ausiliari (Bioline), servizi ad alto valore aggiunto
e programmi di Agricoltura Responsabile.
Grazie all’innovativa combinazione di questi elementi, Syngenta promuove soluzioni integrate
che massimizzano la profittabilità dell’impresa agricola e soddisfano le richieste della filiera
agroalimentare. Ponendo l’agricoltore al centro della propria attenzione, Syngenta si propone
come l’interlocutore di riferimento, in grado di fornire un supporto costante e adeguato
alle diverse esigenze di tutti coloro che scelgono di fare un’agricoltura al passo coi tempi,
puntando su innovazione, qualità e sostenibilità, per produrre di più e meglio.
• Sementi
• Agrofarmaci
• Insetti ausiliari
• Servizi ad alto valore aggiunto
• Programmi di Agricoltura Responsabile TM
Syngenta è uno dei principali attori dell’agro-industria mondiale. Il gruppo impiega più di 26.000 persone in oltre 90 paesi che operano con un unico
proposito: Bringing plant potential to life (Sviluppare il potenziale delle piante al servizio della vita).
® Marchio registrato di una società del Gruppo Syngenta.
www.syngenta.it