juncao - Embassy of the People`s Republic of China in the Kingdom

juncao - Embassy of the People`s Republic of China in the Kingdom

JUNCAO Technology
And Its Application
In Lesotho
Prof. Lin Zhanxi & Mdm Lin D.M.
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU)
Fujian Province JUNCAO Bio-Engineering Center
2009 April
1
Provincial JUNCAO Center in FAFU
2
What is mus hroom ？
WITHOUT LE AVES, WITHOUT
BUDS, WITHOUT FLOWERS.
YET, THEY FORM FRUIT;
AS A FOOD, AS A TONIC, AS A
MEDICINE,
THE ENTIRE CRE ATION IS
PRECIOUS.
戊
辰
年
张
树
庭
可
食
可
补
可
药
，
周
身
是
宝
。
无
叶
无
芽
无
花
，
自
身
结
果
。
Prof. Shuting -Chang
3
4
5
6
Wild mushroom collected on 2 June 2006
7
Domesticate
new spieces
8
Become new commercial vari ety
9
Health enhancers from mushroom derivatives
10
Mushroom healthcare/medicines products
11
Preface-the origin of JUNCAO sci ence research
The traditional cultivation method is utilizin g wood logs
which caused conf lict between mushroom production and
environment saf ety.
12
Preface-the origin of JUNCAO sci ence research
传统香菇、木耳、灵芝等食（药）用菌的栽培是以木材为原料
Wood is conventional raw material for cultivating substrates of
Lentinula edodes、Auricularia polytricha and Ganoderma lucidum
13
Eg. the production volume in
Shouning county dropped by 90%.
14
Preface-the origin of JUNCAO sci ence research
A revolution:
From production-oriented approach to
environment-oriented approac h
In 1983, the research on uti lizing wild
grasses to grow mushrooms succeeded
and since then, the technol ogy has been
developed via applications in China and
other countries.
15
BEFORE
Mushroom
JUNCAO CONCEP T
m
o
o
r
h
Mus
Forage
Grass
Soil & water
conservation
16
Plant-Mushroom-Animal Cyclic production
(reversible)
17
１ Ｗhat is JUNCAO technol ogy/industry
定义 –菌草
Definitions-JUNCAO
Ø菌草（J
U
N
C
A
O）：可以作为栽培食（药）用菌培养基的草本
植物简称菌草。
ØJUNCAO
Herbaceous plant that can be used as the culture substrate for
cultivation of edible and medicinal fungi.
18
Dicranopteris dicnotoma
Phragmitas communis Trin
Vetiveria vizanioides
Neyraudia reynaudiana (Kunth) Keng
19
Saccharum robustum Pennisetum Sinese Roxb
Themeda
gigantia(Cav.)Hack Var.
villosa
Saccharum
arundinaceum
May Grass
20
Cymbopogon citratus(DC.) stapf
Miscanthus floridulus
Medicago sativa L.
Arundo donax L.
21
22
１ Ｗhat is JUNCAO technology/industry
定义－菌草技术
Definitions－JUNCAO Technology
Ø菌草技术：运用菌草栽培食（药）用菌和生产菌体蛋白饲料、
菌物肥料的综合技术简称菌草技术。
ØJUNCAO technique
Techniques that use JUNCAO to cultivate edible and
medicinal fungi and produce mushroom protein forage.
23
45 species of JUNCAO
herbaceous plants
can be used to
Cultivate 55 species of
mushroom in commercial scale
24
１ Ｗhat is JUNCAO technology/industry
定义-菌草业
Definitions－JUNCAO Industry
Ø菌草业：运用菌草技术及相关技术形成的产业
简称菌草业。
ØJUNCAO industry
Industry formed by using of JUNCAO technique and
some other interrelated techniques.
25
１ Ｗhat is JUNCAO technology/industry
26
Energy Grass
Heat Value of Grass: 3580 Kal/Kg
Heat Value of Mushroom Residue:
3495 Kal/Kg
Crude Coal: 5000Kal/Kg
27
JUNCAO Technology spread to 76 countries
28
Listed as UNDP “China Science & Technolog y Poverty
Reduction Capacit y Building” Project in 1996
29
Geneva State Prize on the 20th International
Invention Exhibition
30
Prize of Ministr y of Internal Affaris and
Ministry of Land Reform of the 85th
International Invention Exhibition in
France
31
35 International Training
Courses, 1076 trainees
32
The 2nd International Symposium
om JUNCAO Industry
Development (Fuzhou)
1996，1st International
Symposium on JUNCAO
industry development (Fuzhou)
33
The 3rd International
Symposium in Yinchuan
34
The 4th International Symposium in South Africa
35
2. JUNCAO Technology in Lesotho
n
n
Project starting in September 2007
By now,
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
JUNCAO ba se at Masianokeng established
3 JUNCAO mushr oom production cooperatives
formed
Extend to 4 districts, 18 villages
140 households participating
63 mushroom shed built
763 technician/farmers trained
14 officials trained in FAFU,china
36
2005, Mdm. Mothokho （ 2nd from left at front row ） visited
JUNCAO Research Institute of FAFU. Prof. Lin Zhanxi (2nd from
right at front row) introduced JUNCAO technology to her.
37
2005.11
2 officials attended trai ning course on JUNCAO
Technology in FAFU sponsored by Chinese
government.
2006.2
a group of officials attended a 3 -day study
workshop in KZN
2006.4
the then Minister of Agriculture, visited KwaDindi
JUNCAO Flagship Site in KZN
2006.10.09
Chinese government & Lesotho government
signed agreement on JUNCAO T echnology
project.
2006.11
5 officials from Ministry of Agriculture took
training in FAFU.
2006.12
Mdm Mothokho attended the 4th International
Symposium on JUNCAO Industry Development
in Pietermaritzburg,KZN .
38
2007.05.21
Prof. Lin zhanxi and Mdm Lin Dongmei
met Mdm Mothokho discussed the
objective & implementation strategy of
the project.
2007.09.13 Chinese expert team arrived.
The project formally started.
39
On December 10, 2007, 88 days after Chinese expert team’s arrival, the
first flush of mushroom was harvested at the Base. Yield was measured by
Chinese experts and local officials = 24 Kg /m 2.
* The mushroom strain we selected is vigorous with high
yield and strong resistance to disease.
40
The launch of Sino-Lesotho JUNCAO
Technology Demonstration Base
(2007.11.31)
41
42
Planting JUNCAO
for soil & water
conservation
43
Advantages of JUNCAO technique and the
production & extension model in Lesotho
n
Small investment for farmers
simple shed and tools;
44
Advantages of JUNCAO technique and the
production & extension model in Lesotho:
n
Easy management:
average 1 hour a day managing 10 m2 mushroom
trench,
even children and disabled people can manage.
45
46
Advantages of JUNCAO technique and the
production & extension model in Lesotho:
n
Year-round business: (applying JUNCAO
technology) 4 seasons a year, non -stop
without affected by weather.
n
Efficient land utilization:
10 m 2 mushroom trench
= 300kg fresh mushroom for 1 season
= 1200kg fresh mushroom in 1 year
47
Advantages of JUNCAO technique and the
production & extension model in Lesotho:
n
Quick return:
Farmers selling at 20 Maloti/kg fresh mushroom,
10 m2 trench gives 24,000Maloti a year;
Investment back within 7-10 days after planting;
“cash crop”
48
Advantages of JUNCAO technique and the
production & extension model in Lesotho
n
Green technology:
q
Using straw, grass as raw
materials, sustainable
development;
q
Mushroom residues are good
ferterlizer for other crops,
vegetables and flowers, even
good feed.
q
Cyclic production system
gives the optimal productivity
of local natural resources.
49
“1A+3S” strategy
Adaptation
Simplification
Standardization
Systematization
50
2005 Lesotho Trainees with lecturers
51
2006 Lesotho Trainees with Prof. Chang &
Prof. Xie
52
2007 Lesotho train ees on
the closing ceremony
2008 training courses
53
3. JUNCAO technology i n other
Africa countries
54
3.1 JUNCAO project in South Africa
55
Flagship site &
JUNCAO mushroom
growers cooperative
56
57
Flagship
site:
A KW
DINDI
Farm
58
59
Machine planting and harvesting Giant J UNCAO
60
The soil-turning ceremony of KZN JUNCAO base at
Cedara (investment 60 million Rand) on 2008 July 29.
61
Donation of production machines from Chinese
Embassy to local farmers.
62
2006 Dec 13，signing the agreement of Friendship Province
Relationship Agreement in Fuzhou.
63
3.2 JUNCAO Technology in Rwanda
Rwanda Agri culture Technology Demons tration Center – investment
about 6 million USD, total 22 ha
64
Sericulture
Soil and water conservation
Upland rice
JUNCAO
mushroom
Paddy rice
Fig. The technologies to be demonstrated in the Center:
Recycling and optimizing the utilization of
resources,
improve land utilization, conserve soil and water and
complete product chain
65
66
67
68
4. Nutritional and medici nal
values of mushrooms
* Information from International JUNCAO Tec hnology Training
Course Materials, Prof. Lin Zhibin
69
蛋白质 Proteins
Proteins are vital substan tial base and e xistent mo dality. Mushroom
contains man y proteins and amino acids, w hich associate deliciou s
taste with mushroom.
Protein content ( g/100g dried w eight)
Lentinus edodes Xianggu 香菇
17.3%
Hercium erinaceus Houtou 猴头菌
26.3%
Flammulina velutipes
Golden needle mushroom 金针菇
20.9%
Volvariella volvaca Straw mushroom草菇
25.9%
Pleurotus ostreatus Oyster mushroom
平菇
7.8-17.7%
Grifola frondosa Hui shuihua灰树花
19.7%
Pleurotus nebrodensis白灵菇
14.7%
pork(loin) 猪肉
9.5%
Chicken(meat) 鸡肉
19%
Beef(loin) 牛肉
17.5%
Flour 面粉
9.9%
Rice 稻米
7.8%
potato(raw) 马铃薯
2.8%
70
Edible fungi mainly contain threonine,
valine,isoleucine , leucine, phenylalanine, lysine,
methionine, tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine, arginine,
cysteine, aspartic acid, serine, glumatic, proline,
glycine, alanine, and etc.。
Edible fungi contains
15.7% of total amino acids
and 6.43% of essential;
amino acids (dried weight).
71
Content of essential amino acids(mg/100g)
Amino acid
Agaricus
bisporus
Button
mushroom
(双孢菇)
Lentinus
edodes
Xianggu/
shiiitake
(香菇)
Pleurotus
ostreatus
Oyster
mushroom
(平菇)
cystine
23
24
28
methionine
33
29
35
threonine
111
98
106
valine
121
124
112
isoleucine
91
79
82
leucine
153
133
139
lysine
143
122
126
tyrosine
283
265
219
phenylalanine
107
91
111
72
核酸 Nucleic acid
The nucleic acids, RN A and DNA, have important
action on the proliferation and development in cells. It
is material basis of genetics. Human bod y requires to
take nucleic acids from food.
The Content of nucleic acids
is about 5.4% ~8.8%( dried
weight) for button
mushroom, straw
mushroom, and o yster
mushroom.
73
脂肪 Fats
Any of a group of organic compounds,
including the fats, lipoids (phospholipid,
ester,sugar, sterol), oils, and triglycerides, that
are insoluble in water but soluble in common
organic solvents, and together with
carbohydrates and proteins constitute the
principal structural material of living cells.
Dried edible mushroom contained 2%~5% of fat,
which mainly unsaturated fatty acid.
The sterols of mushroom could decrease blood
cholesterol.
74
Fat content ( g/100g dried weight)
Lentinus edodes
Xianggu（香菇）
1.7~3.1%(75% of unsaturated
fatty acid)
Auricularia auricular
Golden Needle（金针菇）
1.7~5.7%(69.0% of unsaturated
fatty acid)
Agaricus bisporus
White button mushroom (双孢菇)
3.1%（80.5% of unsaturated fatty
acid)
Volvariella volvaca
Straw mushroom （草菇）
2.24%~3.6%(85.4% of
unsaturated fatty acid)
Grifola frondosa
Hui Shuhua（灰树花）
3.2%
Dictyophora indusial
Lady’s skirt （竹荪）
2.46%
whole wheat（全麦）
2.9%
Brown rice（黑米）
2.1%
Chicken (meat)（鸡肉）
10.6%
Pork (loin)（猪肉）
19.9%
Beef(loin) （牛肉）
15.9%
75
碳水化合物与纤维素 Carbohydrate and Fiber
Carbohydrate is m ain energy
source for hum an body. It also has
physiological and pharm acological
activity.
The content of carbohyd rate is 30%
~ 93% in edible mu shroom
.
The content of fiber (or cellulose) is
2.5%~21.5% (average of 8%).
Cellulose can promote gastriintestinal mov ements and prev ent
constipation. It also can d ecrease
blood cholesterol lev el.
76
Content of carbohydrate and fiber
Mushroom
Carbohydrate
(g/100g dried weight)
Fiber (g/100g dried
weight)
Energy(Kcal/100g
dried weight)
Lentinus edodes
57.9
6.7
261
Flammulina
velutipes (fresh)
5.45
1.77
Pleurotus ostreatus
Oyster mushroom
57.6~81.8
5.6~8.7
Volvariella volvaca
4~20
Grifola frondosa
61.06
9.74
Tremella fuciformis
44.29
21.1
Dictyophora indusial
39.7
8.84
Whole wheat
69.0
2.5
328
rice
74.4
2.7
350
Chicken(meat)
0.1
0
180
Pork(loin)
0.2
0
262
Beef(loin))
0.2
0
224
328~367
77
维生素 Vitamins
Vitamin is an y of various fat-soluble or w ater-soluble organic
substances essential in minute amounts for normal grow th and
physiological and bioche mical activity of the bod y and obtained
naturally from plant and a nimal foods.
The content of vitamin(Vit.) in edible fungi are 2~8
times compared with vegetables .
Almost edible mushrooms have Vit. B1, Vit. B2, Vit.
B6, Vit. B12, Vit. C, Vit. D, nicotinamide(Vit.PP ),
Pantothenic Acid, folic acid, caritinoid(a, b, g), and
etc.
Such as Lentinus edodes (Xianggu) contain 128~
400 IU/g (dried w eight) of Vit. D comparable so ybean
only contains 6 IU/g (dried weight )of Vit.D.
78
Content of Vitamins in Lentinus edodes and other food
Vit. A
(Unit)
Vit.B 1
(mg)
Vit.B 2
(mg)
Vit.B 3
(mg)
Vit.C
(mg)
L. edodes
(fresh)
0
0.08
0.23
4.0
0
L. Edodes
(dried)
0
0.48
1.57
19.0
0
Whole wheat
0
0.34
0.11
5.0
0
Rice
0
0.23
0.008
3.6
0
Potato(fresh)
0
0.11
0.06
1.0
36
Chicken(meat)
50
0.20
0.21
2.7
0
Pork
5
0.61
0.15
7.4
0
Beef
6
0.07
0.23
4.3
0
79
无机元素 Inorganic element
An inorganic element, such as calcium, iron,
potassium, sodium, or zinc, that is essential to
the nutrition of human being.
Edible fungi hav e a number of
inorganic el ement includi ng sodium,
potassium, calcium, iro n,
phosphorus. Such as Lentinus
edodes (dried weight) contains
2140mg/100g of potassium, 19
mg/100g of calcium, 25mg/100g of
sodium, 3.3mg/10 0g of iron and
268mg/100g of
phosphorus.
80
Pharmacological effect of Mus hroom
üAntitumor effect
üImmuno-modulating effect
üBlood fat regulating effect
üLiver-protective effect
üAntioxidative and free radical -scavenging
activity
üAnticoagulant and platelet aggregation
inhibiting effect
üGastric ulcer -protective effect
üAntiaging effect
üOthers
81
抗肿瘤活性
Antitumor ac tivity
Polysaccharides are an active component
isolated from over 100 of edible fungi.
Mushroom polysaccharides have antitumor
activity in transplanted animal tumor models.
82
LINGZHI ，Reishi
Antler shape Lingzhi cultivated with JUNCAO has higher
contents of polysaccharides & triterpenoids
83
Th
em
e
ch
a
ni
s
mo
fGL
－P
Ta
n
ti
tu
m
ore
f
fe
c
t
Inhibition of angiogenesis b y Gl-PT-treated serum or Gl-PT.
After a 48 h exposure of the CAMs to 50mg×kg-1 Gl-PT-treated
serum (10μl/disc) or 80μg/disc Gl-PT, the microvasculature
reduced and some areas CAM vessel development were
blocked. n=5 (photograp hed by Digital Camera)
Control
Gl－PT
membrane
Gl－PT Serum
84
n
The pilot phase of a medicinal mushroom project is
supported by UNDP/UNAIDS/UNOPS and has been.
conducted in Swaziland, Tanzania & Zambia
n
To determine the efficacy of Lingzhi in the
treatment of HIV/AIDS patients.
* Information from International JUNCAO Tec hnology
Training Course Materi als, Prof. Shuting Chang
85
n
A healthy person’s normal range of CD4 cells is
between 500-2000 cell/ml of blood.
n
When these cells are reduced to 200 cells/ ml,
progression to AIDS sets in, whereby the body is
unable to defend itself against various diseases,
including certain types of cancers.
86
Sample results from Zambia
Parameters
Body weight
Commencement
of Lingzhi
capsule testing
administration
57kg
Results after
one month
59kg
CD4 test
367 cells
440 cells
Haemoglobin test
(HB)
13.8 g
14.2 g
87
Patients’ progress from one site (Tanzania)
Progress after three months (average
increase)
Treatment
Number of
Patients
ARV only
25
0.8
62
0.50
ARV +
Lingzhi
18
3.4
125
0.47
Lingzhi
only
10
2.6
36
0.80
Body
CD4 (cells)
weight (kg)
HB (g)
88
n
Patients’ skin complexion improved, warts
disappeared, and patients themselves reported a
significant health improvement.
n
Patients’ oral thrush healed.
q Oral thrush is one of the most frequent
opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS in
Europe and USA, in over 80% of cases
q
In African patients, 53-65% are reported as having
the disease. Healing of mouth sores enables
patients to eat food and strengthens body’s
natural resistance.
89
n
In HIV/AIDS patients, the intestinal lining gets
damaged, making it difficult for food to be
absorbed in the body, and causing many
patients to die simply from starvation.
n
HIV/AIDS patients given Lingzhi products,
were found have repaired damaged lining of
the intestine, improving food absorption, and
consequently the health of the patients.
90
G
K
2
9
after 3 mths
49KG
91
South Africa Experiment: the body weight changes after
taking Lingzhi for 1 month
NO.
Before
After
D
d2
1
52
55
3
9
2
48.5
50
1.5
2.25
3
22
25
3
9
4
78
78
0
0
5
85
87.5
2.5
6.25
6
65
67
2
4
7
81
83.5
2.5
6.25
8
52
53
1
1
15.5
37.75
合计
92
Eat more mushroom, you will be
Happier!
Healthier!
&
Live longer!
93
94