O - Dipartimento di Lingue e Letterature Straniere e Culture Moderne

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The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Lexicography worldwide:
theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives
False Anglicisms in Italian
Polimetrica
Cristiano Furiassi
International Scientific Publisher
2010 Polimetrica ® S.a.s.
Corso Milano, 26
20052 Monza – Milano
Phone ++39. 039.2301829
Web site: www.polimetrica.com
ISBN 978-88-7699-203-2 Printed Edition
ISBN 978-88-7699-204-9 Electronic Edition
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free
access.
This book is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica B License”.
“Polimetrica B License” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the
contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the
publisher are always recognised and mentioned as such. It does not allow
use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit.
Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the
contents of the work in paper and electronic format and by any other
means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the
author’s property.
Stampato con il contributo dell’Università degli Studi di Torino,
Dipartimento di Scienze del Linguaggio e Letterature Moderne e
Comparate.
To my parents and sister
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
3.5 Conclusion
...................................................................................... 59
Table
of Contents
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Foreword
...................................................................................................
11
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Preface ....................................................................................................... 13
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 17
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
1. Defining and Classifying False Anglicisms ......................................... 19
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
1.1 A Critical Survey of the Literature ................................................... 19
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
1.2 A Definition of False Anglicisms ..................................................... 34
5.1.3
Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin ....... 101
A LitmusIncluding
Test for Detecting
False
Anglicisms
.................................
36
Urs Watter
1.4 A Classification of False Anglicisms ................................................ 38
5.11.4.1
StateAutonomous
Interest and Responsibility
Compounds (AC) ................................................ 39
towards
their Citizens
Living Abroad
........................................... 102
1.4.2
Autonomous
Derivatives
(AD) ................................................
40
1.4.3 Compound Ellipses (CE) .......................................................... 41
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
1.4.4 Clippings (C) ............................................................................ 43
Semantic
Shifts
................................................................
44
5.31.4.5
Migration
Policy
and(SS)
Ethics
......................................................... 106
1.4.5.a Metonymic Shifts ..............................................................46
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia
...................................................... 108
1.4.5.b Metaphoric
Shifts ..............................................................
47
1.4.5.c
Meronymic
Shifts
..............................................................
47
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
1.4.6 Eponyms (E) ............................................................................ 48
5.61.4.7
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
Toponyms
(T) ..........................................................................
49
1.4.8 Generic Trademarks (GT) ........................................................ 50
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
1.5 Other Phenomena Related to False Anglicisms ................................ 52
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
1.5.1 Functional Shifts ...................................................................... 53
1.5.2 Hybrid Anglicisms ................................................................... 53
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
1.6
False
Anglicisms and False Friends .................................................. 55
Barry
Halliday
C. Furiassi, False Anglicisms in Italian. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher
Monza/Italy
8
10
Cristiano Furiassi – False Anglicisms in Italian
Table of Contents
3.4Mediated
The Human
Rights’
Approach
........................................................ 58
1.7
False
Anglicisms
...............................................................
58
3.5The
Conclusion
1.8
Origins ......................................................................................
of False Anglicisms ......................................................59
59
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
1.9
Attitudes towards
False Anglicisms ..................................................60
64
1.10 The Spread of False Anglicisms in European Languages ................... 65
Reflections
on of
Recent
1.11
The Impact
False Migration
Anglicisms Policies
on the English Language ................. 68
1.12 False Anglicisms in the Language Contact Scenario ...................... 71
Laura Zanfrini
2. Lexicography, Corpus Linguistics and False Anglicisms .................. 77
2.1 Electronic Resources......................................................................... 77
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
2.1.1 Electronic Dictionaries ............................................................. 78
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but not Workers’
Migration ............. 73
2.1.2
Computer
Corpus
Lexicography
..............................................
79
4.3
From
Guest
Workers
to
Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
2.2 Lexicographic Products .................................................................... 82
General
Dictionaries
82
4.42.2.1
Selective
Policies
and the.................................................................
Brain Drain............................................ 87
2.2.2 Dictionaries of Foreign Words and Neologisms ...................... 85
2.3 The Lexicographic Approach to False Anglicisms ........................... 86
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
2.3.1 The Inadequacy
of General Dictionaries ..................................97
86
2.3.2 The Limitations of Dictionaries of Foreign Words and
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Neologisms
.......................................................................................
88
Urs Watter
2.4 Language Corpora ............................................................................ 91
Newspaper
Corpora....................................................... 95
5.12.4.1
StateItalian
Interest
and Responsibility
2.4.1.atheir
The Citizens
La Repubblica
96
towards
Living Corpus
Abroad................................................
........................................... 102
2.4.1.b The HF Corpus ..................................................................97
5.22.4.2
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
English
Corpora
.......................................................................
98
2.4.3
Italian
Newspaper
Archives
...................................................
100
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
2.4.4 Web Corpora .......................................................................... 100
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
2.5 The Corpus-Based Approach to False Anglicisms ......................... 101
5.52.5.1
“Colombia
nos the
une”
Exploring
La......................................................................
Repubblica Corpus .....................................109
102
2.5.1.a
Orthographic
Complexity
................................................
102
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
2.5.1.b Morphological Variation .................................................105
2.5.1.c Prototypicality
.................................................................114
106
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
2.5.2 Advantages and Limits of the Corpus-Based Approach ........ 107
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
2.6 The Corpus-Driven Approach to False Anglicisms ........................ 107
2.6.1Together
Exploitingfor
thethe
HFWell-being
Corpus ......................................................
108
Working
of Migrants ........................... 119
2.6.1.a
Intersecting
Word
Lists
...................................................
108
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
Table of Contents
10
9
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human
Rights’ Grapheme
Approach ........................................................
58
2.6.1.b
Recurrent
Combinations ................................109
2.6.1.c Merging the Methods ......................................................110
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
2.6.2 Advantages and Limits of the Corpus-Driven Approach ....... 111
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
2.7 Lexicographic and Corpus Linguistics Criteria .............................. 112
FinalofWord
List........................................................................ 113
4.2.8
TheThe
Ethics
Migration.
Reflections
on Recent
MigrationinPolicies
2.9
Quantifying
False Anglicisms
the Italian Language ................... 117
3. ALaura
Dictionary
Zanfriniof False Anglicisms in Italian (DFAI) .......................... 119
3.1
4.1Introduction.....................................................................................
Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour ..119
65
3.2
Audience
119
4.2The
Initiatives
for..................................................................................
Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour
Migration but not Workers’ Migration .............121
73
3.3 Macrostructure
................................................................................
4.3Microstructure
From Guest Workers
to Unwelcome Guests ..................................122
82
3.4
.................................................................................
Spelling
..................................................................................
4.43.4.1
Selective
Policies
and the Brain Drain............................................123
87
3.4.2 Pronunciation ......................................................................... 124
4.53.4.3
EqualGrammar
Opportunity
and Denied Opportunities ................................124
90
................................................................................
3.4.4 Typology
................................................................................ 125
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
3.4.5 Date ........................................................................................ 126
3.4.6 Mediating Language............................................................... 126
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
3.4.7 Frequency ............................................................................... 126
Urs3.4.8
Watter
Usage Domain ........................................................................ 128
3.4.9
...............................................................................
129
5.1 StateDefinition
Interest and
Responsibility
3.4.10
Collocation
...........................................................................
130
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
3.4.11 Italian Synonym ................................................................... 130
5.23.4.12
Applied
EthicsTranslation
..............................................................................
English
Equivalent ............................................104
130
3.4.13
Cross
Reference
...................................................................
131
3.4.14 Example ............................................................................... 131
3.5 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols......................................... 132
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
Dictionary ................................................................................................ 135
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Conclusion ............................................................................................... 215
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ............................................................................................ 219
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
10
Table of Contents
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Foreword
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Laura Zanfrini
Initiatives study
for Governing
and Humanitarian
Dr 4.2
Furiassi’s
is the Family
impressive
result of seven years of
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
notthe
Workers’
Migration
.............
painstaking work. He was inspired by
research
undertaken
by 73
his
teacher
and Guest
colleague,
Virginia
Pulcini,Guests
who has
studied the impact
4.3 From
Workers
to Unwelcome
..................................
82
of English on the Italian language from at least 1994, and by the
publication of the results of my major research project on Anglicisms
4.5European
Equal Opportunity
and(Görlach
Denied Opportunities
in 16
languages
2001, 2002a,................................
2002b, 2003). 90
Dr Furiassi .........................................................................................
has, with great insight and diligence, taken up the
Bibliography
97
opportunity of investigating a topic, which was covered in my
Dictionary
of Including
EuropeanEmigrants
Anglicismsin(DEA),
but did of
notOrigin
receive
major
5. Colombia:
Their Societies
.......
101
attention.
However,
he
was
able
to
use
the
DEA
data
for
Italian
as a
Urs Watter
starting point, checking the correctness of entries and supplementing
State Interest
and Responsibility
the5.1
evidence
(especially
for the post-1995 period). He also added
towards
their
Citizens
Living
Abroadanalysis,
...........................................
statistical research methods
in corpus
which provided 102
him
with
dates..............................................................................
and token frequencies – features largely absent
5.2contexts,
Applied Ethics
104
from the DEA, since this is based on informants’ judgments rather
than corpora.
He Migration
has carefully
the term
‘false Anglicism’, making108
use
5.4
Policydefined
in Colombia
......................................................
of a comprehensive survey of earlier research and has classified the
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
types according to morphological and semantic criteria; he has also
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
achieved
convincing
decisions on the thorny problems of what
makes
(natively ....................................................................................
unrecorded) compounds and divergent meanings
5.7 Challenges
114
evidenced by the Italian items conspicuous enough to qualify as
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
false
Anglicisms.
His venturing into corpus attestations is valuable,
since he is able to explore the potentials and limitations of this
approach.
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
12
10
Table of Contents
3.4
TheAnglicisms
Human Rights’
Approach
58
False
have
a great........................................................
many different sources, ranging
from
speakers’/writers’ practice to sophisticated word3.5incompetent
Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
play produced by fully bilingual users; he has largely left this field
......................................................................................... 60
forBibliography
further exploration.
The main section of his book, the Dictionary of False Anglicisms
4.
The
Ethics
of Migration.
in Italian
(DFAI),
is done very carefully, giving all the linguistic
Reflections
on Recent
information one
could Migration
wish for,Policies
including detailed definitions,
collocations and translations into ‘proper’ English as well as
Laura Zanfrini
felicitous quotations.
4.1
Policies
and Structural
Demand
for relevance
Immigrant Labour
.. 65
TheRestrictive
results here
published
will have
some
for contact
linguistics,
lexicography
and
language
teaching.
They
illustrate
a
fascinating
facetLabour
of verbal
culturebutinnot
a globalizing
world. .............
It is hoped
Migration:
Migration
Workers’ Migration
73
that his research will continue in this field and that similar studies
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome
Guestsresults
..................................
82
will4.3beFrom
undertaken
for other
DEA languages:
would then help
to place
the Italian
situation
into
a contrastive
light.
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the
Brain
Drain............................................
87
June
14th 2010 ......................................................................................... 97
Bibliography
Görlach
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies ofManfred
Origin .......
101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
10
Table of Contents
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Preface
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Laura Zanfrini
4.2 you
Initiatives
for Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
Have
ever met
a recordman?
Have
you ever gone footing? Have
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
.............
73
you ever played basket? Have you not
everWorkers’
read a Migration
novel with
a happy
end?
you ever
mettothe
mister ofGuests
your ..................................
favorite soccer team?
4.3Have
From Guest
Workers
Unwelcome
82
Have you ever broken the carter of your bike? Have you ever seen a
car hit a new jersey? Have you ever used a ticket restaurant? Well, if
Opportunity
Opportunities
................................
90
you4.5areEqual
a native
speakerand
of Denied
English,
probably you
do not even know
what
I am talking
about. These questions include words, such 97
as
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
recordman, footing, basket, happy end, mister, carter, new jersey,
and
ticket restaurant,
which most
ItalianSocieties
speakers
believe
be
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants
in Their
of Origin
.......to101
purely
English
–
and
used
in
English
–
but
that
a
native
speaker
of
Urs Watter
English would not consider part of his/her own language – and
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
would
neither
understand
nor use. These lexical items are false
towards
their
Citizens
...........................................
102
Anglicisms, coinages thatLiving
are Abroad
increasingly
found in the Italian
language
and Ethics
that might
sound alien if used in an English-speaking
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
environment, at least in certain contexts.
The existence of false Anglicisms is just another example of the
important
role that
English
has today.
Indeed, lexical borrowings 108
and
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
calques from English have become part of the Italian vocabulary and
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
are constantly increasing in number. Also new coinages that
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
resemble
English
words are frequently used by Italian speakers. This
is 5.7
dueChallenges
to the fact
that English-sounding and/or English-looking
....................................................................................
114
words have a positive cultural connotation.
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
This book provides
a systematic lexicological framework and116
an
ad hoc lexicographic reference tool on false Anglicisms useful not
Working
Together for
Well-being
only
to linguists,
but the
also
to Italianof Migrants
speakers, ...........................
Italian learners119
of
Barry
Halliday
English, translators, journalists, and native speakers of English. It
Monza/Italy
14
10
Table of Contents
3.4 Thethe
Human
Rights’ Approach
58
analyzes
phenomenon
of false........................................................
Anglicisms in Italian, which has
so 3.5
far Conclusion
received only
fragmentary attention from linguists. One aim59is
......................................................................................
to address the descriptive problems that scholars face when dealing
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
with
false Anglicisms.
The other aim is to illustrate the
methodological issues involved in the retrieval and study of false
4. The Ethics Both
of Migration.
Anglicisms.
concerns have led to the compilation of a
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
dictionary of false
Anglicisms
in Italian.
The entire work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is
Laura Zanfrini
devoted to the systematization of the subject matter. It includes a
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Structural
Demand
for Immigrantexplanations
Labour .. 65
theoretical
introduction
which
provides
lexicological
for the different phenomena considered, with particular reference to
the often
heterogeneous
terminology
used Migration
to refer.............
to false
Migration:
Labour Migration
but not Workers’
73
Anglicisms. By drawing on the literature on Anglicisms and false
4.3 From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
Anglicisms,
the book
provides
the reader
with
a definition of false
Anglicisms
andPolicies
a detailed
A litmus test was also
4.4 Selective
and theclassification.
Brain Drain............................................
87
devised to differentiate false Anglicisms from real ones. Other issues
4.5 Equalare
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
addressed
the distinction
between
false Anglicisms
and false
friends,
the origin
of false Anglicisms, the impact of false
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Anglicisms on Italian and English, and the attitudes towards false
Anglicisms
their diffusion.
Atinthe
endSocieties
of the chapter,
is a
5. Colombia:and
Including
Emigrants
Their
of Originthere
....... 101
descriptive
Urs Watterframework of language contact that sheds new light on
false Anglicisms.
The second chapter focuses on the ways in which the study of
false Anglicisms may be approached and improved by exploiting
5.2 Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
lexicographic
resources
and corpus data. With regard 104to
lexicography,
inadequate
treatment
of false Anglicisms is evident
5.3 Migrationthe
Policy
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
just by referring to already existing dictionaries. With regard to
5.4 Migration
Policy
Colombia
......................................................
108
corpus
linguistics,
thein use
of corpora
to trace examples of false
Anglicisms
is described.
Dictionaries and corpora have also been
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
109
crucial for establishing clear-cut criteria which eventually led to the
5.6 AlianzaofPaís
..................................................................................
112
compilation
a definitive
list of false Anglicisms in Italian.
TheChallenges
third chapter
describes the procedures carried out in order
to
5.7
....................................................................................
114
compile a dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian and illustrates
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
both macrostructure and microstructure features. The audience is
also described. Various problems encountered in finding proper
English
translation equivalents and in providing suitable definitions
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
Preface
10
15
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human Rights’
Approach ........................................................
of false
Anglicisms
are discussed.
The dictionary is also preceded 58
by
a user’s
guide
including
acronyms,
abbreviations,
and
symbols.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
The final part of the book features a dictionary of false
Bibliography
60
Anglicisms
in .........................................................................................
Italian. A list of 286 false Anglicisms obtained
through the lexicographic and corpus linguistic procedures described
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
became
the word
list of the dictionary.
Reflections
onto
Recent
Migrationthe
Policies
With regard
methodology,
approach is mainly synchronic
rather than diachronic. Although it is largely agreed that the study of
Laura Zanfrini
language contact should be based upon diachronic investigation, the
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
present
analysisPolicies
considers
lexical items
which
appear to
be false
Anglicisms when one compares the contemporary stage of Italian
with that
of English.
clues are.............
given 73
for
Migration:
LabourHowever,
Migrationsome
but notdiachronic
the dating of certain false Anglicisms and for etymologies which
4.3 From
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
prove
particularly
problematic.
What
lies atPolicies
the coreand
of the
theBrain
following
pages is the belief that, even
4.4
Selective
Drain............................................
87
though the phenomenon of false Anglicisms in Italian has only been
4.5 Equal Opportunity
Opportunities
marginally
considered,anditDenied
deserves
further................................
attention since 90it
influences
the .........................................................................................
Italian lexicon considerably – as well as other
Bibliography
97
languages which are in contact with English – and therefore needs to
be
explained and
categorized.
5. Colombia:
Including
Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
10
Table of Contents
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Acknowledgements
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Laura Zanfrini
4.2book
Initiatives
for result
Governing
and Humanitarian
This
is the
of aFamily
research
project started in 2001. Its
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not Workers’
Migration
.............
73
publication would not have been possible
without
the help
of the
following
who have
supported Guests
me in ..................................
conceiving, planning,
4.3 Frompeople
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome
82
writing, and proofreading the present work.
I am greatly indebted to Virginia Pulcini (Università degli Studi
4.5
Equalfor
Opportunity
andand
Denied
Opportunities ................................
90
di Torino)
her insight
the extraordinary
care with which she
hasBibliography
monitored my
research. I owe very warm thanks to Maria Teresa
.........................................................................................
97
Prat Zagrebelsky (Università degli Studi di Torino), who has devoted
her
time mostIncluding
generously
with extensive
during
whole
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Theircomments
Societies of
Originthe
.......
101
process
of
writing.
Urs Watter
I want to thank Knut Hofland (Universitetet i Bergen), coordinator
5.1
Interest and Computer
Responsibility
of theState
International
Archive of Modern and Medieval
towards
their
Citizens
Livingoffered
Abroadhis
...........................................
102
English (ICAME), who kindly
expertise in dealing with
computational
tools. ..............................................................................
Further thanks are due to Guy Aston (Università
5.2 Applied Ethics
104
di Bologna) for providing me access to linguistic resources of utmost
importance. I am also very grateful to Carla Marello (Università degli
Studi
Torino),Policy
who has
encouraged
my effort since the initial stages
5.4di
Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
of the research, and Giovanni Iamartino (Università degli Studi di
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
Milano), who has always shown confidence in the project. I wish to
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
express
my gratitude
to Manfred Görlach (Universität zu Köln) 112
and
Anthony
Cowie
(University
of
Leeds)
for
their
valuable
comments
and
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
stimulating suggestions on how to organize the lexicographic matter
116
andBibliography
compile the.......................................................................................
dictionary. John Humbley (Université Paris DiderotParis 7) also deserves special mention for his precious suggestions on
Working
Togethermaterial.
for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
key
bibliographic
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
18
10
Table of Contents
3.4
The Human
Approach
58
I would
like toRights’
acknowledge
my........................................................
debt to Elana Ochse, Chris Owen,
and3.5Franca
Barrilà
(Università degli Studi di Torino) who provided
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
native speaker’s insights through timely corrections on the final draft. I
.........................................................................................
60
alsoBibliography
wish to express
my appreciation to Paolo Mairano (Università
degli Studi di Torino) who gave much-needed feedback on the
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
phonetic
transcriptions
included in the dictionary.
Reflections
on was
Recent
Migration
Policies
This project
also
supported
by the 2006 Laurence Urdang
EURALEX (European Association for Lexicography) Award, which
Laura Zanfrini
greatly encouraged me to pursue this lexicographic enterprise.
4.1
Policies
andbook
Structural
for Immigrant
Labourfrom
.. 65
TheRestrictive
publication
of this
was Demand
made possible
by funding
the Dipartimento di Scienze del Linguaggio e Letterature Moderne e
Comparate
of the
Università
degli
di Torino
and the.............
Ministero
Migration:
Labour
Migration
butStudi
not Workers’
Migration
73
dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR) through the
4.3 From Guest
Workers
Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
Programma
di Ricerca
ditoInteresse
Nazionale
(PRIN) 2007, entitled
Dictionaries,
and Words across Languages,
4.4 SelectiveLanguage
Policies andMaterials
the Brain Drain............................................
87
Cultures and Ideologies (# 2007YRY2LY) and coordinated by
4.5 Equal
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Giovanni
Iamartino.
Besides acknowledging
the role of colleagues, whose support has
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
been decisive in ensuring the outcome of this project, I am
particularly
toEmigrants
my parents
sister,
to whom
this.......
volume
5. Colombia:indebted
Including
in and
Their
Societies
of Origin
101
is dedicated,
Urs Watter for setting me out on the route to university and for
believing in my abilities over the years.
The responsibility for the final product, including possible
inaccuracies or omissions, obviously remains my own.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
10
Table of Contents
The Humanand
Rights’
Approach ........................................................
58
1.3.4
Defining
Classifying
False Anglicisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Laura Zanfrini
1.1 A Critical Survey of the Literature
Traditionally,
false
Anglicisms
have Guests
only ..................................
been hinted at when
4.3 From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
82
studying the lexical influence of languages in contact and usually
classified as a subgroup of Anglicisms: the aim of this survey is to
4.5 Equal
andand
Denied
................................
90
isolate
falseOpportunity
Anglicisms
to Opportunities
clarify the terminological
issues
involved.
Up to.........................................................................................
now, the specific treatment of false Anglicisms has
Bibliography
97
not received adequate attention and the existing literature has been
unable
to Including
provide Emigrants
univocal interminology
and
unambiguous
5. Colombia:
Their Societies
of Origin
....... 101
definitions.
Urs Watter
Many different terms are used to refer to the phenomenon of false
5.1 in
State
Interestand
andfalse
Responsibility
loans
general
Anglicisms in particular. With regard to
towards
their
Citizens
...........................................
102
false loans, the following Living
labels Abroad
have been
used: false loans (Hope
1971,
Pulcini Ethics
1994),
pseudo-loans (Sanniti di Baja 1992, Pulcini
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
1999, 2002, Fischer 2008), pseudoborrowings or pseudo-borrowings
(Kirkness 2001, Fischer 2008), and pseudo-formations (Fischer
5.4 Migration
Colombia ......................................................
108
2008)
in EnglishPolicy
and in
pseudoprestiti
(De Mauro and Mancini 2003),
falsi
prestiti (Klajn 1972, Dardano 1978, Iamartino 2001, Torretta
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
2002, Rosati 2004), finti prestiti (Marello 1996), prestiti apparenti
5.6 Alianza
PaísFanfani
..................................................................................
112
(Gusmani
1986,
1991a, Torretta 2002, Bombi 2005), prestiti
fittizi
Rana 1989),
and falsi esotismi (Gusmani 1986, Cardona
5.7 (La
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
1988, Bombi 1991, 2005, De Mauro and Mancini 2003) in Italian.
Bibliography
116
With regard.......................................................................................
to false Anglicisms, the following labels have been
used: false Anglicisms or false anglicisms (Moss 1995, Pulcini
Working
Together
for the
Well-being
Migrants ...........................
119
1997a,
Nicholls
2003,
Furiassi
2003),ofquasi-English
words (Görlach
Barry Halliday
2003), pseudo-English (Rothenberg 1969), pseudo English words
Monza/Italy
20
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Approach ........................................................
58
(Onysko
2007b),Rights’
pseudo-English
loans (Hope 1971), pseudo
anglicisms,
pseudoanglicisms,
pseudo-anglicisms, or Pseudo3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Anglicisms (Hastings 1984, Filipović 1985, Dardano 1986b, Pratt
Bibliography
60
1986,
Spence .........................................................................................
1987, Moss 1995, Picone 1996, Pulcini 1997b,
Nicholls 2003, Görlach 2003, Gottlieb 2004, 2005, Brazaitis 2006,
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
Onysko
2007a,
2007b, Fischer 2008), and pseudo-English words
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
(Görlach 2003)
in English
and Policies
falsi anglicismi (Fanfani 1991a,
Bombi 2003, 2005), falsi anglismi (Beccaria 1992, 2006),
Laura Zanfrini
pseudoanglicismi (Klajn 1972, Bruni 1984, Serianni 1987, Rando
4.1 Restrictive
Structural
for et
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
1987,
Dardano Policies
1987a, and
1993,
1998,Demand
Dardano
al. 2000,
Fanfani
1991a, 2002, Iamartino 2001, Serafini 2002, Giovanardi 2007),
pseudoanglismi
(Beccaria
2006),but
andnotanglicismi
apparenti.............
(Serianni
Migration: Labour
Migration
73
1987) in Italian.1
4.3
Workersonto Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
In From
orderGuest
to report
the high degree
of variability in the
terminology
thisandsection
includes
a critical survey of the
4.4 Selectiveused,
Policies
the Brain
Drain............................................
87
literature on false Anglicisms – mostly published in English and
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
................................
90
Italian
– with
special reference
to Opportunities
the Italian language.
Authors who
have
dealt with.........................................................................................
false Anglicisms are quoted in chronological order.97
Bibliography
In 1950, Haugen – although without specifically analyzing the
phenomenon
false Anglicisms
thatSocieties
a loan: of Origin ....... 101
5. Colombia: of
Including
Emigrants–insaid
Their
Urs Watter
[…] may vary all the way from an imitation satisfactory to a native
5.1 StatetoInterest
and the
Responsibility
speaker
one that
native speaker would not recognize at all.
(Haugen
1950:
212)
towards
their
Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
1
Terminological
ambiguity
is also ......................................................
evident in other linguistic traditions:
5.4 Migration Policy
in Colombia
108
Pseudoanglizismen (Cypionka 1994: 8, Schweickard 1998: 298) or
Scheinentlehnungen
(Carstensen
1980: 77, 1981: 175) in German, faux anglicismes
5.5 “Colombia nos
une”......................................................................
109
(Deroy 1956: 63, Humbley 1974: 55, 2008a: 228, Spence 1987: 169, Thody 1995:
Alianza2008:
País29),
..................................................................................
112
104,5.6
Bogaards
pseudo-anglicismes (Trescases 1983: 87, Humbley 2008a:
229, Bogaards 2008: 23), or sur-anglicismes (Guiraud 1971: 40) in French, and
5.7anglicismos
Challenges(Lorenzo
....................................................................................
114
falsos
1996: 177) or pseudoanglicismos (Rodríguez Segura
1999: 28, Gómez Capuz 2000: 62, 2001: 54, Capanaga 2002: 69, Rodríguez
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
González
2002: 144)
in Spanish. It is curious to notice that Mengaldo (1994: 116
130)
uses the label ‘parole fantasma’, i.e. ghost words, to refer to false Anglicisms in
Italian.
In fact,
according
Landau
(2001: 42):
‘A ghost word
is a word that119
has
Working
Together
fortothe
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
never
existed
in actual usage but that appears in dictionaries through the
Barry
Halliday
lexicographer’s error.’.
Monza/Italy
1. Defining and Classifying False Anglicisms
10
21
Table of Contents
3.4of
The
Human Rights’orApproach
........................................................
58
Lack
understanding
misunderstanding
on the part of the native
speaker
of English
runs as a leitmotiv through the various definitions
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
provided and seems to be what actually differentiates an Anglicism,
.........................................................................................
60
i.e.Bibliography
a real English
borrowing, from a false Anglicism.
In 1971, Hope began to recognize and analyze the phenomenon of
4.
The
EthicsinofRomance
Migration.
‘false loans’
languages by stating that:
and “Non-policies”
in Italy
andrecipient
Europe language
...........................................
Here
a word is created
in the
on the pattern of61
Laura which
Zanfrini
forms
exist generally in the source, but without corresponding
to a specific etymon (e.g. the French ‘pseudo-English’ loans
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
Immigrant
.. 65
autostop
and Policies
recordman
which have
alsoforon
occasionLabour
passed
temporarily
Italian). […]
Notand
all Humanitarian
false loans are accurately
4.2 Initiativesinto
for Governing
Family
described
as
loan-creations.
A
number
of pseudo-forms
felt by73
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’
Migration .............
native speakers to be loan-words are indeed traceable to foreign
etyma,
lossWorkers
of semantic
motivation
has..................................
led to ellipsis and82
4.3 Frombut
Guest
to Unwelcome
Guests
consequent reduction to a single substantive what was initially a
4.4 Selective
Policies
and 1971:
the Brain
87
transparent
phrase.
(Hope
618,Drain............................................
619)
In 1972, Klajn started to examine false Anglicisms in Italian for
.........................................................................................
97
theBibliography
first time providing
the following definition:
vero pseudoanglicismo,
o falso
[…] sarebbe
una .......
parola
5. Un
Colombia:
Including Emigrants
in prestito
Their Societies
of Origin
101
ritenuta
inglese, ma che in inglese non esiste affatto. Tali esempi non
Urs Watter
si trovano, ma di pseudoanglicismi è lecito parlare in due casi: a) se la
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
parola
usata
in italiano
ha un significato talmente diverso da quello
towardsdatheir
Abroad ...........................................
102
originale
nonCitizens
essereLiving
più sentita
come semplice mutamento
semantico, ma come un lessema nuovo; b) se l’italiano adopera un
5.2 Appliedo Ethics
..............................................................................
104
composto
locuzione
creata con elementi inglesi, i quali però in
2
inglese
non formano
(Klajn 1972: 101)
5.3 Migration
Policyun
andinsieme.
Ethics .........................................................
106
5.4
Migration
Colombia
......................................................
108
A few
years Policy
later, in
Dardano
(1978:
84) introduced the term ‘falsi
prestiti’
to broadly
refer......................................................................
to the phenomenon of false loans. More
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
109
specifically, Dardano used the terms ‘pseudo-Anglicisms’ (Dardano
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
All5.7
translations
from
Italian into English – signaled by ‘Tr.’ – are by the author.
Tr.
‘A real pseudoanglicism, or false loan […] is a word that is considered English, but
116
doesBibliography
not exist in.......................................................................................
English at all. Even though examples cannot be found,
pseudoanglicisms occur either: a) if a word used in Italian has a meaning which is so
different
from
the original
cannot be considered
simply
a semantic shift, but
Working
Together
forthat
theitWell-being
of Migrants
...........................
119is
perceived
a new lexeme; or: b) if a compound or phrase created from English
Barry as
Halliday
elements is used in Italian but does not form a combination in English.’.
2
Monza/Italy
22
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human
Approach ........................................................
58
1986b:
244)
and Rights’
‘pseudoanglicismi’
(Dardano 1987a: 26, 1993: 52,
1998:
356, Dardano
et al. 2000: 32) to denote false loans of supposed
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
English origin. Dardano defined false Anglicisms as:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
[…] parole che non esistono in inglese come tight, oppure parole che
usaofcon
tutt’altro significato: dancing «sala da ballo» (ingl.
4. l’inglese
The Ethics
Migration.
dancehall),
smoking
«abito
da sera»
(ingl. dinner jacket o tuxedo).
Reflections on Recent
Migration
Policies
3
(Dardano
1987a:
26)
Laura Zanfrini
In 1985, Filipović (1985: 249), who widely contributed to the
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Structural
Demand
Immigrant Labour ..[…]
65
study
of Anglicisms
inand
Europe,
stated
that for
‘pseudoanglicisms
are4.2
composed
elements,
butHumanitarian
are not themselves English
Initiativesof
forEnglish
Governing
Family and
expressions.’.
Filipović
also
added
a
structural
arguing
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ explanation
Migration .............
73
that false Anglicisms are adapted loans:
By their definition pseudoanglicisms are words and expressions
4.4 Selective
Policies elements
and the Brain
coined
of component
whichDrain............................................
are by themselves English loans87
adapted
the system
of the
borrowing
language […].90
4.5 Equal to
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
Pseudoanglicisms are formed in two ways: a) by composition using
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
two
Anglicisms
already integrated into the system of the borrowing97
language; b) by derivation using a suffix from the giving language.
A third Including
form of pseudoanglicisms
is developed
ellipsis.
It
5. […]
Colombia:
Emigrants in Their
Societiesthrough
of Origin
....... 101
isUrs
often
the case that the suffix -ing is dropped in English words and
Watter
pseudoanglicisms are formed. (Filipović 1985: 250, 251)
their Citizens
Living
Abroad the
...........................................
102
In towards
1986, Gusmani,
while
analyzing
phenomena connected
to
linguistic
interference, warned the reader about the fact that:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Là
l’archetipo
straniero
sia verisimilmente ipotizzabile 106
o
5.3 dove
Migration
Policy and
Ethicsnon
.........................................................
comunque si riscontri una discrepanza tra esso e il supposto prestito,
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
tale
da porre inPolicy
dubbio
la reale esistenza
di un rapporto mimetico, 108
si
dovrà mettere in serio conto la possibilità di un prestito apparente.
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
L’apparenza, tuttavia, non è ingannevole in misura identica e in
parecchi
casiPaís
non..................................................................................
è possibile prendere una decisione netta, in quanto
5.6 Alianza
112
lo stesso rapporto mimetico che condiziona il prestito conosce
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
gradazioni
molto
varie: quello che importa è prendere coscienza del
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
3
Tr. ‘[…] words
that dofor
notthe
exist
in English such
as tight, or
words that are used
Working
Together
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119in
English
with
totally different meanings: dancing «sala da ballo» (English dancehall),
Barry
Halliday
smoking «abito da sera» (English dinner jacket or tuxedo).’.
Monza/Italy
10
23
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Rights’farApproach
problema,
e, anziché
di ogni........................................................
erba un fascio, distinguere tra le58
diverse categorie di fenomeni. (Gusmani 1986: 100)4
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Gusmani
seems.........................................................................................
to share the idea that false Anglicisms – and false
Bibliography
60
loans in general – are deceiving because of the absence of an English
model.
By focusing
the Migration
lack of anPolicies
English model, in 1987 Spence
Reflections
on on
Recent
stated
that:
Laura Zanfrini
Where words are formed from recognisable English elements to
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and no
Structural
forinImmigrant
Labour
.. 65
produce
lexemes
that have
formal Demand
equivalent
English (and
never
have had one), it seems difficult not to see them as pseudo-anglicisms.
4.2 Initiatives
(Spence
1987: for
173)
In line
Filipović
251), Spence
180) added that
4.3
Fromwith
Guest
Workers(1985:
to Unwelcome
Guests (1987:
..................................
82
‘[…] the concept of pseudo-anglicism is an historical one’, thus
4.4 Selective Policies
and the Brain
87
emphasizing
the necessity
of Drain............................................
a diachronic approach to the
5
description
of the phenomenon.
Spence also................................
recognized that the
and Denied Opportunities
90
difference between false Anglicisms and adapted Anglicisms is
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
slight:
5. […]
Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
Societies
of Origin
....... 101
there would
be hesitation
overin
theTheir
borderline
between
adaptations
Urspseudo-anglicisms.
Watter
and
This kind of problem is even more difficult to
solve when one is attempting to determine the degree of semantic
deviation that justifies one speaking of “falseness”. (Spence 1987:
181)towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
4
Tr.
word or phrase
might
be considered an apparent loan when the foreign
5.5‘A“Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
archetype is not likely to exist or there is a discrepancy with the supposed borrowing
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
so that
the relationship
between the two words is jeopardized. However, it is112
not
always a case of formal resemblance and it is often impossible to come to a final
5.7 Challenges
114
decision,
since the ....................................................................................
relationship that characterizes borrowings may have various
shades; what really matters is being aware of the problem and differentiating
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
between
the diverse
phenomena instead of generalizing.’.
5
With regard to French, Picone (1996: 5) recognized that a ‘Pseudo-Anglicism’ is
coined
‘[…]Together
when a French
neologism
madeof
upMigrants
of English...........................
constituents mimics
an
Working
for the
Well-being
119
integral
Barryborrowing.’.
Halliday He provides new look and tennisman as examples of false
Anglicisms in French.
Monza/Italy
24
10
Table of Contents
3.4
Human Rights’
58
By The
focusing
on the Approach
attitude ........................................................
of British and American native
speakers
towards......................................................................................
false Anglicisms, Serianni defined ‘anglicismi
3.5 Conclusion
59
apparenti’ or ‘pseudoanglicismi’ as:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
[…] vocaboli molto comuni che un inglese o un americano non
nell’accezione in cui sono usati in Italia. […].
4. capirebbero,
The Ethics ofalmeno
Migration.
6
(Serianni
1987:
ix)
In Laura
the Zanfrini
same book prefaced by Serianni, Rando added that
‘pseudoanglicismi’ are:
[…] voci di origine o di forma inglese che però, non vengono usate in
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
quella
lingua for
[…],
oppure quei
vocaboli
formati per ellissi di una
Migration:
Labour Migration
not7 Workers’ Migration ............. 73
parola
inglese. (Rando
1987: xxii,but
xxiii)
In 1989, the term ‘prestito fittizio’ was introduced by La Rana
4.4 Selective
and the
Brain
Drain............................................
87
(1989:
307) to Policies
label false
loans.
Two
years later, Fanfani suggested
that4.5a Equal
distinction
had
to
be
made
between
‘prestiti
apparenti’
and
‘pseudo-anglicismi’ or ‘falsi-anglicismi’. The former, ‘prestiti
Bibliography
97
apparenti’,
were.........................................................................................
defined as:
[…]
Urs termini
Watter che hanno un aspetto del tutto inglese anche se un inglese
non li riconoscerebbe o li riconoscerebbe a stento. Difatti sono
5.1 State Interest
andoResponsibility
coniazioni,
sviluppi
deformazioni autonome che non si riferiscono
towards
their modello
Citizens inglese,
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
ad alcun
preciso
come, ad
es., carter e claxon che in
inglese sono marchi di fabbrica mentre in italiano […] son divenuti
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
degli
appellativi.
(Fanfani
1991a: 13)8
6
Tr.
apparent
Anglicisms,
or «pseudoanglicisms»
[…] are very common
5.4‘[…]
Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
words that an English or American speaker would not understand, at least with the
meaning
with which nos
theyune”
are used
in Italy. […].’.
5.5 “Colombia
......................................................................
109
7
Tr. ‘[…] «pseudoanglicisms» […] lemmas which have either an English origin or
5.6 Alianza
112
an English
form País
that, ..................................................................................
however, are not used in that language […], or words formed
through the ellipsis of an English word.’.
8
Challenges
Tr.5.7
‘apparent
loans’....................................................................................
[…] ‘[…] words that have a totally English appearance 114
even
though an English speaker would either not recognize them at all or would have
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116or
difficulty
in recognizing
them. They are in fact coinages, developments
autonomous deformations which do not refer to any precise English model as, for
instance,
carter
and claxon,
which
are trademarks
in English
[…] but have become
Working
Together
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
appellative
nouns in Italian’. With regard to ‘apparent loans’, Torretta (2002: 11)
Barry Halliday
states that ‘[l]a denominazione ‘apparenti’ deriva dal fatto che l’aspetto formale
Monza/Italy
10
25
Table of Contents
The Human
Rights’ Approach
58
The3.4latter,
‘pseudo-anglicismi’
or ........................................................
‘falsi-anglicismi’ were defined as:
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
[…]
termini per
i quali non è possibile ritrovare una precisa59
corrispondenza
formale in inglese. Auto-stop, beauty-case, footing, ad60
Bibliography .........................................................................................
es. […]. (Fanfani 1991a: 14)9
Fanfani (2002: 222) has maintained the term ‘pseudoanglicismi’
even
in later studies.
In
1991,
Bombi put forward a plausible reason for the birth of
Laura
Zanfrini
false Anglicisms in Italian, explaining that ‘falsi esotismi’ are:
[…] quelle creazioni realizzate con materiale straniero ma prive di
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Humanitarianispirate. Attivo
modello
nellafor lingua
da Family
cui siandpresumono
Migration: ci
Labour
Migration
but not
Migration
.............e73
ogniqualvolta
sia una
situazione
di Workers’
intenso contatto
culturale
linguistico,
il
fenomeno
del
falso
prestito
conosce
oggi
un
notevole82
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ..................................
incremento a seguito degli estesi rapporti tra lingue […]. (Bombi
1991:
87)10 Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.4 Selective
Equalstudy
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
In 4.5
a later
published
in 2005,
Bombi slightly
modified her
previous
statement
by adding that:
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
In realtà non si può fissare una netta linea di separazione tra prestiti
veri e falsi, dal momento che anche questi ultimi sono indirettamente
Urs Watterdall’esistenza di una dinamica interlinguistica […]. (Bombi
sollecitati
11
2005:
148)Interest
5.1 State
and Responsibility
Bombi agrees with Spence (1987: 180), maintaining that:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
suggerirebbe
una derivazione
diretta dalla
lingua straniera, ma in realtà tali forme
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia
......................................................
108
sono state generate direttamente nella lingua indigena.’. Tr. ‘The label ‘apparent’ is
meant
indicate thatnos
theune”
formal
aspect suggests a direct derivation from the foreign
5.5to“Colombia
......................................................................
109
language, although such forms are actually coined in the native language.’.
9
Alianza País ..................................................................................
112
Tr.5.6
‘pseudo-Anglicisms’
or ‘false Anglicisms’ ‘[…] words which do not have
an
equivalent form in English. For example, auto-stop, beauty-case, footing […].’.
10 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Tr. ‘[…] false exoticisms […] creations made with foreign material but lacking a
model in the language which they are supposed to derive from. The phenomenon of
falseBibliography
loans, which.......................................................................................
is active any time there is a situation of intense linguistic116
and
cultural contact, is increasing nowadays as a result of the widespread exchanges that
are
occurringTogether
between different
Working
for the languages.’.
Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
11
Tr.
‘There
really is no clear boundary between real and false loans since even the
Barry
Halliday
latter are indirectly elicited by an existing interlinguistic trend […].’.
Monza/Italy
26
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human
Approach
........................................................
Nello
studio
dei Rights’
falsi esotismi
e, più
in generale, dei prestiti apparenti58
si deve sempre procedere integrando il confronto interlinguistico in
3.5 Conclusion
sincronia
con ......................................................................................
il parametro dell’analisi diacronica, decisiva per59
attribuire
la parola
in questione alla categoria del vero o del falso60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
prestito. (Bombi 2005: 157)12
Although false Anglicisms are nowhere close to being stabilized in
Italian, in 1992 Sanniti di Baja maintained that:
Zanfrini
ItLaura
seems
almost impossible to revise the use of many of the old
pseudo-loans
because
they are Demand
too much
part of the
Italian
4.1 Restrictive[…]
Policies
and Structural
foraImmigrant
Labour
.. 65
system and are by now highly codified. (Sanniti di Baja 1992: 158,
159)
Underlining the novelty of false Anglicisms, in the same year
4.3 From
Guest241)
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guestsspesso
..................................
82
Beccaria
(1992:
argued
that ‘Noi siamo
più inglesi degli
inglesi
[…]. Usiamo
che nessun inglese si sognerebbe
4.4 Selective
Policiesfalsi
and anglismi
the Brain Drain............................................
87
di usare […].’.13
In 1995, Moss lamented the fact that:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
[…] a phenomenon which is often mentioned but on which no detailed
has yet
appeared
is the way
in which
Italian
modifies
5. study
Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin
.......the
101
appearance or meaning or use of a certain number of […] crude
Urs Watter
anglicisms while still retaining their basic English complexion,
12
Tr. ‘In the study of false exoticisms and, more in general, of apparent loans, it is
always
necessaryEthics
to proceed
by integrating a synchronic interlinguistic comparison
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
with the parameter of diachronic analysis, which is vital to determine whether a
5.3belongs
Migration
and
.........................................................
106
word
to thePolicy
category
of Ethics
real or false
loans.’.
13
Tr. ‘We are often more English than the English […]. We use false Anglicisms
Migration
Policy
in never
Colombia
that5.4
English
speakers
would
even ......................................................
dream of using.’. It is worth noticing108
that
Beccaria (1992: 241) uses the term anglismo rather than anglicismo. According to
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
the GDU, the former, anglismo, has entered the Italian vocabulary more recently
(1970)
is considered
truly Italian, the latter, anglicismo, is older (1829) but112
is a
5.6 but
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
calque from the English word Anglicism. Also inglesismo, the oldest one (1757), is
5.7 Challenges
114
accepted
in Italian as....................................................................................
a variant of anglismo or anglicismo. However, Sabatini (2008:
268) recognizes: ‘[…] la forma anglicismo, che deriva dal francese anglicisme ed è
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
penetrata
in italiano
nel corso del sec. XIX, come ormai più comune. Ma la forma
anglismo, derivata più tardi direttamente dall’inglese, sarebbe più pertinente […].’.
Tr.
‘[…] theTogether
form anglicismo,
which derivesoffrom
French ...........................
anglicisme and entered
Working
for the Well-being
Migrants
119
th
Italian
during
the
course
of
the
19
century,
as
the
most
common.
But the form
Barry Halliday
anglismo, later derived directly from English, would be more appropriate […].’.
Monza/Italy
10
27
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Approach
........................................................
thereby
making Rights’
of them
‘pseudoanglicisms’
or ‘false anglicisms’.58
(Moss 1995: 124)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Therefore,
Moss
provided the following definition:
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
I take as pseudoanglicisms those unadapted borrowings which,
through their appearance or their morphological use, have deviated or
Reflections
Recent
Migration
Policies
are
different on
from
an original
English
form so that a native speaker of
Italy would
and Europe
...........................................
English
who knew in
Italian
be aware
of such deviation or61
Laura Zanfrini
difference
on encountering them in a written context. (Moss 1995:
127, 128).
Moss
attempted
a classification
of false
Anglicisms and made a
4.2 also
Initiatives
for Governing
Family and
Humanitarian
distinction
between
types.
false
Anglicisms
Migration:
Labourseveral
Migration
but notSome
Workers’
Migration
.............may
73
involve ‘[…] only small changes of orthographical form compared
with the original English. […] (e.g. confort, gol, poney, vafer,
4.4 Selective
and the
Brain are
Drain............................................
87
zombi).’
(MossPolicies
1995: 129).
Others
‘[…] lexical items which have
the4.5
same
exterior
form
as
ones
borrowed
from
English
but
have
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
become modified semantically compared with the original. […] boss,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
feeling,
manager,
and showroom […].’ (Moss 1995: 130). Another
false Anglicism is ‘[…] an English word […] adopted by Italian as a
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Anglicism
Origin ....... may
101
different
part Including
of speech.’
(Moss 1995:
132).
A false
Urs
Watter
also occur when ‘[…] the Italian pseudoanglicizing form depends on
an 5.1
abbreviation
that
it Responsibility
has operated on the original English term, the
State Interest
and
part usually
being
taken
the whole.
established examples
of
towards their Citizensfor
Living
AbroadWell
...........................................
102
this kind of elliptical adaptation are basket from ‘basket ball’,
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
clergyman from ‘clergyman’s dress’ […].’ (Moss 1995: 132).
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
106
Moreover,
falsePolicy
Anglicisms
may.........................................................
be ‘[…] forms which in particular
grammatical contexts depart from their original usage. […] (e.g. un
dribbling, un poker, un software) […]’ or ‘[…] ‘English-looking’
5.5 that
“Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
terms
do notnos
actually
exist in English but have been invented
in
Italian
by false
with similar forms that English does have
5.6 Alianza
Paísanalogy
..................................................................................
112
(e.g. cover man based on ‘cover girl’ […]) […].’ (Moss 1995: 134,
5.7 Challenges
135).
Finally, in....................................................................................
addition to ‘[…] terms like carter, scotch, 114
and
spider,
English
brand
names
which
have
failed
to
survive
in
English
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
(or perhaps have never been used) […]’ and ‘[…] ‘mixed’ language
forms
such
as autogrill,
acronyms
such as ‘USA’
Working
Together
for the ciclocross
Well-being […]’,
of Migrants
...........................
119
andBarry
‘vip’,
which
have
‘[…]
pronunciations
so
different
from the
Halliday
Monza/Italy
28
10
Table of Contents
3.4 Theoriginal
Human […]’,
Rights’may
Approach
........................................................
58
English
be considered
false Anglicisms (Moss
1995:
135, 136). ...................................................................................... 59
3.5 Conclusion
In 1996, Marello introduced the label ‘finti prestiti’:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Vi sono poi quei casi curiosi di finti prestiti: pile, termine che noi
d’aver
preso dall’angloamericano, in Gran Bretagna e negli
4. crediamo
The Ethics
of Migration.
Stati
Uniti
non
si usa.Migration
La microfibra
in questione è detta fleece.
Policies
14
(Marello
1996:
36)
Laura Zanfrini
4.1
Policies (1999:
and Structural
Immigrantlabeling
Labour .. 65
In Restrictive
1999, Italiano
36), Demand
without for
explicitly
the
phenomenon,
that falseFamily
Anglicisms
are unknown in English4.2 Initiativessaid
for Governing
and Humanitarian
speaking
countries:
‘[…]
ormai
vengono
coniate
espressioni
«nuove
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration
.............
73
di zecca» con soli termini inglesi. Prolificano ovunque locuzioni
4.3 From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests Italiano
..................................
82
sconosciute
in paesi
di lingua
inglese […].’.
(1999: 57) also
recognized
that
thereandare
‘[…] Drain............................................
prestiti che cambiano il loro
4.4 Selective
Policies
the Brain
87
significato originario nel processo di adozione. Tre esempi di questo
15
and Denied
................................
90
procedimento
sono i sostantivi
slip,Opportunities
footing e spot.’.
In more recent
years, ‘falsi prestiti’ or ‘pseudoanglicismi’ have
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
been dealt with by Iamartino (2001: 122), who stated that ‘[…] non
sono
prestiti nemmeno
quelle parole
che una
linguaofcrea
combinando
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants
in Their
Societies
Origin
....... 101
Urs Watter
materiali
lessicali di origine alloglotta.’.16
In 2002, Serafini claimed that the coinage of false Anglicisms in
Italiantowards
is considered
fashionable:
their Citizens
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
14
Tr. ‘There are curious instances of fake loans: pile, a word that we believe to be
taken
American-English,
is not used in Great Britain or in the United States.
5.5from
“Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
109
This micro-fiber is called fleece.’.
15
5.6 ‘[…]
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
Tr.
nowadays
brand new expressions are coined using English words.
Expressions unknown to English-speaking countries proliferate everywhere […].’.
5.7borrowings
Challengesthat
....................................................................................
114
‘[…]
alter their original meaning in the adaptation process.
Examples of this kind are slip, footing and spot.’. Except for slip, the examples
Bibliography
116
quoted
by Italiano.......................................................................................
(1999: 57) are not semantic shifts. In fact, footing is made
by
joining the English free morpheme foot and the suffix -ing and spot is the elliptic
form
of the English
compound
commercial.
Working
Together
for thespot
Well-being
of Migrants ........................... 119
16
Tr.
‘false
loans or pseudoanglicisms […]’ ‘[…] words that a language creates
Barry
Halliday
combining material of foreign origin are not authentic borrowings.’.
Monza/Italy
10
29
Table of Contents
The Human
Rights’
Approach
E3.4proprio
di moda
si può
parlare,........................................................
se si giunge addirittura a coniare58
parole dall’aspetto inglese che però gli inglesi non usano o non hanno
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
mai
usato (pseudoanglicismi)
[…]. (Serafini 2002: 603)17
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
In 2002 McArthur (2002: 155), without specifically alluding to
false
noticed how ‘highly Anglicized Italian’ includes
4. TheAnglicisms,
Ethics of Migration.
‘restriction
and
adaptation
of senses:
un flirt (‘an affair’); […] un
Reflections on Recent Migration
Policies
mister
(‘a
sports
coach’)’
and
‘clipping
compounds: un full (‘a full
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europeof...........................................
61
hand
[of
cards]’);
un
night
(‘a
night
club’)’.
Laura Zanfrini
In 2003 Nicholls described ‘pseudo-anglicisms’ or ‘false
anglicisms’
as follows:
Pseudo-anglicisms
[…]Migration
are loan but
words
gone wrong.
They look
like73
Migration: Labour
not Workers’
Migration
.............
English words and often came from English words but they are used
differently.
[…] Workers
Some false
anglicisms are
invented
by analogy with82
4.3 From Guest
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
other English terms, presumably out of a feeling that they ought,
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the
Brain Drain............................................ 87
logically,
to exist.
(Nicholls
2003)
Görlach labeled the phenomenon using the terms ‘quasi-English
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
words’,
‘pseudo-English
words’, and ‘‘pseudo’ anglicisms’:
the distinction
between
‘proper’
‘pseudo’
anglicisms
is.......
a nice
5. […]
Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in and
Their
Societies
of Origin
101
one.
[…] Non-E. [Non-English] features can be found in a) spelling,
Urs Watter
when native words or items borrowed from other languages are spelt
5.1ifState
Responsibility
as
they Interest
were E.and
[English]
[…] b) pronunciation, when words from
theirare
Citizens
LivingasAbroad
102
othertowards
languages
pronounced
if they...........................................
were E. […] c) morphology,
when derivation and compounds are made that may or may not
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
conform
withEthics
E. patterns,
but are certainly not recorded in E. […] d)
meaning,
whenPolicy
E. words
are applied
to non-E. contexts (sometimes
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
the ‘deviance’ is caused by the loanword’s fossilizing older E.
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
meanings)
[…].Policy
(Görlach
2003: 62)...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
With regard to pronunciation, an instance of English pronunciation
attributed
to aPaís
non-English
borrowing is the word stage – meaning
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112
‘apprenticeship’, ‘internship’, ‘placement’, ‘residency’, ‘training
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
course’, or ‘training period’ – which is a borrowing from French, i.e.
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
17
Tr. ‘If Italians
coin for
words
have anofEnglish
appearance
but that English
Working
Together
thewhich
Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
speakers
not use and never did (pseudoanglicisms) it is because it is fashionable
BarrydoHalliday
[…].’.
Monza/Italy
30
10
Table of Contents
3.4
Rights’
Approach ........................................................
58
[staʒ
], The
but Human
is usually
pronounced
by Italian speakers as if it were
English,
i.e. [steidʒ
].18 Although many Italian speakers are not aware59
of
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
theBibliography
fact that stage
is
borrowed
from
French
and
believe
it
to
be
......................................................................................... 60a
genuine English borrowing, the word stage cannot be considered a
false
Anglicism
Italian.
4. The
Ethics of in
Migration.
In
2003,
De
Mauro
and Mancini
Migration
Policies suggested the following
definition
of
false
Anglicisms:
Laura Zanfrini
[…] ‘pseudoprestiti’: parole che nella lingua da cui fingono di trarre
origine
o non esistono
hanno
uso e Demand
valore del
differenti,
come
4.1 Restrictive
Policies oand
Structural
fortutto
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
beauty case o […] footing. (De Mauro and Mancini 2003: iii)19
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
In 2004,
Rosati
recognized
that:
[…] ci sono anche molti falsi prestiti (detti anche anglicismi apparenti
o4.4pseudoanglicismi;
inglese,
false-loans
o pseudo-loans) – parole87
Selective Policiesinand
the Brain
Drain............................................
molto comuni […] che un inglese non capirebbe nell’accezione in cui
20
4.5 Equal
and Denied
Opportunities
................................ 90
sono
usateOpportunity
in Italia. (Rosati
2004: 19)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
An Italian scholar who has dealt with false Anglicisms in depth is
Pulcini.
She has provided comprehensive definitions of false
Anglicisms
Urs Watterthat have tackled several structural points. In 1994
Pulcini defined ‘false loans’ as:
[…]towards
words which
have acquired
new meaning
in Italian: smoking (in
their Citizens
LivingaAbroad
...........................................
102
English ‘dinner jacket’), tight (‘morning coat’), body (‘leotard’),
5.2 Applied Ethics
104
montgomery
(‘duffel..............................................................................
coat’), golf (‘jumper’), toast (‘toasted sandwich’),
footing
(‘jogging’).
these and many other words and
5.3 Migration
PolicyLinguistically,
and Ethics .........................................................
106
phrases have been ‘nativized’ into Italian, having become part of the
Italian
lexis with
an independent
meaning
from the original English one.
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
(Pulcini 1994: 51)
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza
País
..................................................................................
This
is probably
due
to the fact that the Italian vocabulary also includes the112
real
Anglicism stage – homograph of the French stage – which is used to refer to the
5.7 Challenges
114
flooring,
usually in a....................................................................................
theater or stadium, where artists perform.
19
Tr. ‘[…] ‘pseudoloans’: either do not exist or have completely different uses or
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
meanings
in the language
which they pretend to originate from.’.
20
Tr. ‘[…] there are also many false loans (also labeled apparent Anglicisms or
pseudoanglicisms;
false-loans
pseudo-loans
English) ...........................
– words which are 119
very
Working Together
for theorWell-being
of inMigrants
common
but that an English speaker would not understand from the way in
Barry[…]
Halliday
which they are used in Italy.’.
18
Monza/Italy
10
31
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human
Approach ........................................................
58
Then,
she used
theRights’
term ‘false-anglicisms’
to refer to:
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
[…]
words which
look and sound more or less English but have a59
separate
meaning:
beauty-case (make-up bag), fotoreporter60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
(photographer-cum-journalist), autogoal (own-goal), mister (coach),
(football
big scorer), golf (jumper), flipper (pinball game),
4. bomber
The Ethics
of Migration.
record-man (record holder), autostop (hitch-hiking), speaker TV
(newsreader), spot (TV commercial), to identify some well-known
in Italy
examples.
(Pulcini 1997a:
79)and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
A third
label wasPolicies
later used:
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Pseudo-anglicisms,
or ‘faux emprunts’
French and ‘falsi prestiti’ in
4.2 Initiatives for Governing
Family andinHumanitarian
Italian,
are words
which
look English
in fact Migration
are not part
of this73
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but notbut
Workers’
.............
language […]. Pseudo-anglicisms could be considered as autonomous
4.3 From of
Guest
Workersbased
to Unwelcome
..................................
coinages
a language
on items Guests
of another
language through82
various semantic and syntactic mechanisms: reduction of compounds
(‘toast’ from ‘toasted sandwich’), extension of a rule (‘footing’ by
analogy
with
e.g. ‘boating’
and ‘rowing’),
change................................
of a brandname into90
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
a common noun (‘carter’ for crank-case). They may be un-English
Bibliography
coinages
made.........................................................................................
up with English words, as for example: milord, milady97
(my lord, my lady), recordman (record holder), autostop (hitch-hike)
beauty-case
(make-up
bag). (Pulcini
1997b:
155) of Origin ....... 101
5. and
Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
Urs Watter
In 1999, Pulcini (1999: 362) also stated that ‘[p]seudo-loans are
5.1 State Interest
and which
Responsibility
autonomous
coinages
resemble but are not real English words’
towards
their
Citizens
Abroad ........................................... 102
and in 2002 she proposed aLiving
classification:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
The following types of pseudo-loans can be distinguished: (a) lexical
5.3 Migration i.e.
Policy
and Ethics .........................................................
106
pseudo-loans,
combinations
of English lexical items and/or Latin
prefixes to form a word which does not exist in English, e.g.
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia
......................................................
108
recordman
(‘record-holder’),
autostop
(‘hitch-hiking’), autogol (‘own
goal’),
beauty-case
(‘make-up
bag’); (b) morphological pseudo-loans,
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
i.e. reduction of a compound or elision of an element in the English
5.6 Alianza e.g.
País ..................................................................................
112
expression,
happy end (‘happy ending’), trench (‘trench coat’),
smoking (‘smoking jacket’), gin tonic (‘gin and tonic’); (c) semantic
5.7 Challengesi.e.
....................................................................................
114
pseudo-loans,
attribution of a new meaning to an already existing
English
word,.......................................................................................
e.g. footing (‘jogging’), speaker (‘newsreader’), slip
Bibliography
116
(‘panties’), stage (‘short training course’). (Pulcini 2002: 163)
In 2005, Gottlieb outlined a comprehensive taxonomy of ‘PseudoBarry Halliday
Anglicisms’ as follows:
Monza/Italy
32
10
Table of Contents
3.4Archaisms
The Humanderived
Rights’from
Approach
........................................................
(i)
English
expressions now obsolete: […]58
(‘smoking’, via German, from smoking jacket, now dinner jacket or
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
tuxedo)
(ii)
Semantic slides
where an English word is used ‘wrongly’: Swedish60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
babysitter (for English baby bouncer […])
(iii) Conversions of existing English words, for example adjective into
noun: German Handy (for mobile phone or cellular phone)
Reflections
on Recent
Migrationexisting
Policies
(iv)
Recombinations,
reshuffling
English lexical units: Italian
and Europe
...........................................
slowfood
(as opposedintoItaly
American
fast food)
[…] (Gottlieb 2005: 164)61
Laura Zanfrini
Gottlieb
(2005: Policies
166) concluded
thatDemand
‘[…] pseudo-Anglicisms
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
for Immigrant Labour ..[…]
65
are sometimes coined in the domestic culture.’.
4.2
Initiatives
for Governing
Family
Humanitarian
In 2007
Giovanardi
(2007:
251) and
stated
that ‘[…] non sono rari i
Labour Migration
not Workers’
Migration
73
casi diMigration:
pseudoanglicismi,
cioè di but
vocaboli
usati in
italiano,.............
ma senza
alcuna
corrispondenza
lingua madre,
oppure usati con 82
un
4.3 From
Guest Workersnella
to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
significato diverso rispetto all’originale.’.21
4.4
Policies
and the
87
A Selective
very recent
study
on Brain
falseDrain............................................
Anglicisms, within the wider
framework
of Anglicisms,
was published
by ................................
Onysko, who stated
and Denied
Opportunities
90
that:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Pseudo anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms are indicators of lexical
5. productivity
Colombia: Including
in Their Societies
of Origin
....... 101
in the RLEmigrants
[Receptor Language].
[…] pseudo
anglicisms
Urshybrids
Watter result from a novel combination of borrowed lexical units.
and
[…] On closer scrutiny, the definition of pseudo anglicisms borders on
5.1 State Interest
andsemantic
Responsibility
morphological
and
changes of borrowings in the RL. […]
their Citizens
Living
Abroad ...........................................
102
Thetowards
term “pseudo
anglicism”
describes
the phenomenon that occurs
when
the
RL
uses
lexical
elements
of
the
SL
[Source
Language]
to
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
create a neologism in the RL that is unknown in the SL. (Onysko
2007a:
52)
5.3 Migration
Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration
Policy in that:
Colombia ...................................................... 108
Onysko
also recognized
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
[…] pseudo English words, i.e. pseudo anglicisms, […] are virtually
unknown
in País
the English
language cultural areas, so these terms could
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112
not have been copied from an English model. […] On closer analysis,
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
however,
pseudo
anglicisms are not totally unrelated to an English
model.
[…] pseudo
anglicisms are derived from English lexical units,
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
21
Tr. ‘[...] pseudo-Anglicisms,
that is words of
commonly
used
in Italian but without
Working
Together for the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
any Barry
equivalent
term in the donor language, or used with a different meaning, are not
Halliday
unusual.’.
Monza/Italy
10
33
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Approach ........................................................
whose
originalRights’
denotations,
however, become blended in58
unprecedented ways as a new lexical unit is constructed […]. (Onysko
3.5 Conclusion
...................................................................................... 59
2007b:
221, 222)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Terminological ambiguity is also evident in Fischer, who states
that:
[…] pseudo-borrowings or pseudo-loans […] are words or word
in Italy
elements
in languages
other and
thanEurope
English...........................................
that were borrowed from61
Laura Zanfrini
English
but are used in a way that native English speakers would not
recognize.
Pseudo-anglicisms
oftenDemand
take for
theImmigrant
form ofLabour
blends,
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and Structural
.. 65
combining elements of multiple English words to create a new word.
(Fischer
2008: for
7) Governing Family and Humanitarian
4.2 Initiatives
For the purposes of this book, the umbrella term ‘false
4.3 From Guest
to Unwelcomeused,
Guestswithout
..................................
82
Anglicisms’
willWorkers
be consistently
differentiating
between
the various
labels
provided
by the scholars surveyed.
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the
Brain Drain............................................
87
In the definitions reviewed there seems to be widespread
agreement on the absence of an English lexical model which inspires
theBibliography
coinage of .........................................................................................
false Anglicisms. However, false Anglicisms are97at
least partially connected to an English model, which is creatively
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrantsmodel
in Their
of Origin .......
reshaped.
In fact,
the supposed
is Societies
freely reinterpreted
in101
the
Urs
Watter
Italian language by joining two English free morphemes in order to
form
compound
thatResponsibility
does not exist in English, e.g. recordman, by
5.1aState
Interest and
obtaining
a
new
word
which
is made
an English free morpheme
towards their Citizens Living
Abroadof...........................................
102
and an English suffix, e.g. footing, by deleting the head of an English
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
two-word
compound,
irrespective of the ellipsis rules proper of104
the
English
language,
e.g.
basket,
by
clipping
a
genuine
English
word,
e.g. happy end, by reusing an English word with a new meaning that
is not found in English, e.g. mister, and by employing proper names,
e.g.5.5carter,
placenos
names,
e.g. new jersey, or trademarks, e.g. ticket
“Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
restaurant, which look English in form, as common nouns. On the
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
one hand, the fact that an English model is somehow recognizable
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
justifies
the choice
of the label ‘Anglicism’. On the other hand,114
the
factBibliography
that the Anglicism
is so reinterpreted that either does 116
not
.......................................................................................
formally exist in English or is used with a different meaning in
Italian
justifies
the choice
the labelof‘false’.
Working
Together
for the of
Well-being
Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
34
10
Table of Contents
Human Rights’
Approach
........................................................ 58
1.23.4AThe
Definition
of False
Anglicisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
A theoretical definition of false Anglicisms is based on the definition
Bibliographyprovided
.........................................................................................
60
of Anglicisms
by Görlach:
4. An
Theanglicism
Ethics of isMigration.
a word or idiom that is recognizably English in its
form
(spelling,
pronunciation,
morphology,
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies or at least one of the
three),
but
is
accepted
as
an
item
in the ...........................................
vocabulary of the receptor61
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe
language.
(Görlach
2003:
1)
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
65
Therefore,
a false
Anglicism
may beDemand
definedfor
as Immigrant
a word orLabour
idiom..that
is 4.2
recognizably
its and
formHumanitarian
(spelling, pronunciation,
Initiatives forEnglish
GoverninginFamily
morphology,
or
at
least
one
of
the
three),
but
is Migration
accepted .............
as an item
73
in the vocabulary of the receptor language even though it does not
22
4.3orFrom
Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests meaning
..................................
exist
is used
with
a conspicuously
different
in English.82
False
Anglicisms
are the
creations
of the Italian language that
4.4
Selective
Policies and
Brain Drain............................................
87
formally resemble English words but actually do not belong to the
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied instead
Opportunities
................................
90
English
language,
e.g. recordman
of record
holder. There are
alsoBibliography
false Anglicisms
that are proper English words but are used97in
.........................................................................................
Italian with totally different meanings, e.g. smoking instead of tuxedo
23
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
of Origin
....... 101
or
dinner jacket.
False
Anglicisms
areSocieties
considered
authentically
Urs Watter
English
by most Italian speakers.24
22 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Since the exact provenance of a precise lexical model is not always readily
identifiable, no distinction is made between ‘false Anglicisms’ and ‘false
5.3 Migration
and
Ethics
.........................................................
106
Americanisms’.
ThePolicy
English
milieu
which
prompts the coinage of false Anglicisms
is conceived as a whole, without differentiating between British English, American
English, or other well-established varieties of English. Görlach (2003: 63) indeed
points
‘[…] the nos
veryune”
restricted
possibility of determining by formal means109
the
5.5out
“Colombia
......................................................................
provenance of anglicisms from Britain or America (or Australia, etc.) […]’.
23
As
(2008:
points out: ‘[…] at least in theory, we have to distinguish
5.6Fischer
Alianza
País 3)
..................................................................................
112
between the borrowing process as such, i.e. when the borrowing enters the receiver
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
language,
and consecutive
processes, i.e. when the newly borrowed word undergoes
further changes in the language of which it has now become part.’.
24 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Gani (2002: 20) states that ‘[o]ccasionally, the English used is not
incomprehensible, but brings a smile to an English speaker’s lips.’. Gani (2007: 41)
also
adds that
‘[i]ronically,
Italians
using English
‘imports’...........................
have no trouble at
all
Working
Together
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
119
understanding
each
other.
It’s
English
speakers
who
are
unfamiliar
with
Italian
who
Barry Halliday
get confused.’.
Monza/Italy
10
35
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human Rights’
Approach
........................................................
False
anglicisms
are either
formally
or semantically different from the58
original English words from which they are supposed to derive, so that
3.5 Conclusion
both
an English......................................................................................
native speaker, proficient in Italian, and an Italian59
native
speaker,.........................................................................................
proficient in English, would recognize them in spoken60
Bibliography
and written registers. (Furiassi 2003: 123)
At any rate, false Anglicisms per se should not be classified as
adapted Anglicisms since they are neither orthographically nor
morphologically
adapted to the structure of the Italian language.
Laura Zanfrini
False Anglicisms, which formally mirror English orthographic
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
for Immigrant Labour
65
patterns,
may bePolicies
essentially
definedDemand
as English-looking
words,.. i.e.
words
constituted
sequences
of characters
which are typical of the
4.2 Initiatives
forby
Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
English
language.
With regard to orthography, words such as autogol, bloc notes,
4.3 From
Guest Workers in
to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
eliskì,
and fotoreporter,
which the lexical
item (-gol instead82
of
-goal,
bloc
instead
of
block),
the
combining
form
(fotoinstead
of photo-), or both (eli- instead of heli- and -skì instead of -ski) are
adapted
to the orthographic conventions of Italian, are rare instances
of Bibliography
graphically .........................................................................................
adapted false Anglicisms but will not be considered
97
false Anglicisms proper (Hall 1957: 24, Rando 1970: 130). Some of
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their Societies
of Origin .......since
101
these
might beIncluding
labeled as
hybrid Anglicisms,
e.g. fotoreporter,
Watter
theyUrsare
constituted by a mixture of Italian and English forms.
Conversely,
the forms
autogoal, block notes, and heliski will be
5.1 State Interest
and Responsibility
considered
false
Anglicisms
sinceAbroad
no graphic
adaptation occurs.25102
...........................................
The extent to which false Anglicisms may undergo orthographic
5.2 Applied
changes
is Ethics
limited..............................................................................
to the elimination of a space or 104
the
addition/deletion
of
a
hyphen
in
compounds,
a
variability
which
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106is
also very common in English.26 These devices can be considered
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia
108
minor
graphic strategies
which do......................................................
not really prevent linguists from
classifying
suchnos
compounds
as false Anglicisms (Furiassi 2005:
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
283). In fact, there are usually three alternative patterns: solid
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
compounds, e.g. recordman, compounds separated by a space, e.g.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
25
The compound photoreporter is not used in the Italian language.
26
As statedTogether
by Moss (1995:
129):
‘[…] the of
hyphen
either ...........................
brings together the119
two
Working
for the
Well-being
Migrants
separately
spelt
words
of
the
English
original
or
breaks
into
two
an
original
single
Barry Halliday
word […].’.
Monza/Italy
36
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human
Rights’ Approach
........................................................
58
beauty
case,
or hyphenated
compounds,
e.g. block-notes.27 At times,
the3.5
same
false Anglicism
may have all these forms, e.g. longseller,
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
long seller, and long-seller.
Bibliography
60
With regard.........................................................................................
to morphology, derivatives should be considered the
output of the assimilation process of borrowings, i.e. adapted
4. The Ethicsrather
of Migration.
Anglicisms,
than false Anglicisms. The resulting form has no
Reflections
Recentsince
Migration
Policies
equivalent in on
English
material
of the recipient language, i.e.
Italian, is added to forms imported from the donor language, i.e.
Laura Zanfrini
English. For instance, the English verb to format needs to be adapted
Restrictive in
Policies
Demand
Immigrant Labour
.. 65
into4.1formattare
orderand
to Structural
comply with
thefor
morphological
rules
of
Italian verb formation.28 Hence, the adding of suffixes is a way of
adjusting
the borrowing
to thebut
structural
patterns
of the
Italian
Migration:
Labour Migration
not Workers’
Migration
.............
73
language.
4.3
From Guest
Workers
Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
A curious
example
of atofalse
Anglicism
which
has lost all English
traces
in ItalianPolicies
is golf:and
thisthe
false
Anglicism
is so rooted in the Italian
4.4 Selective
Brain
Drain............................................
87
language that several derivatives were coined by means of Italian
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
Deniedgolfone
Opportunities
90
suffixes,
e.g.
golfetto, and
golfino,
(Melzi................................
1990: 133). These
derivatives,
however,
should not be considered false Anglicisms
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
since false Anglicisms – to be defined as such – may only be adapted
in
in order
to comply
with the
phonological
of
5. pronunciation
Colombia: Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Originsystem
....... 101
29
Italian.
Urs Watter
Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
1.3 Atowards
Litmustheir
Test
for Detecting
False
Anglicisms
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
A litmus test can be run in order to identify false Anglicisms in
5.3 Migration
Policy
and other
Ethics language.
.........................................................
106
Italian,
as well as
in any
When a word of supposed
English
origin,
i.e.
having
rather
indisputable
English
spelling
or
27
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
The label ‘solid compounds’ is used by Cowie (1983: 104).
28
5.6 recognized
Alianza País
112
As
by..................................................................................
Bisetto (2004: 62): ‘I prestiti che, ancor oggi, devono
necessariamente subire un processo di adattamento alla forma di parola dell’italiano
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
sono5.7
i verbi
per i quali
l’aggiunta del “morfema verbale” (-are, di solito) che rende
le parole conformi alla forma di citazione dei verbi è obbligatoria.’. Tr. ‘Borrowings
Bibliography
116
which
– even now .......................................................................................
– must necessarily be adapted when entering Italian are verbs:
the
“verbal morpheme” (usually -are) is obligatory in order to formulate the infinitive.’.
29
The different
Italian for
pronunciation
of English
acronyms ...........................
(Moss 1995: 135), 119
such
Working
Together
the Well-being
of Migrants
as AIDS,
and VIP – pronounced as acronyms instead of initialisms or vice
Barry USA,
Halliday
versa – will be considered a case of phonological adaptation of real Anglicisms.
Monza/Italy
10
37
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Rights’inApproach
........................................................
pronunciation,
appears
an Italian
text or utterance and that text58
or
utterance
is
translated
into
English
by
a
native
speaker,
if
the
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
supposed borrowing from English is felt by the native speaker to
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
need
substitution
– since it is not understood or looks/sounds
inappropriate – it is considered a false Anglicism. Conversely, if in
4. The
Migration.the supposed borrowing is not felt to need
the
caseEthics
of a of
translation,
Reflections
on
Policies non-adapted Anglicism.
substitution, theRecent
wordMigration
is a genuine
Therefore, the questions asked at the beginning of the introduction
Laura Zanfrini
may now be reconsidered as reliable explanatory examples in order
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
to validate
the litmus
test:
1.a Avete mai incontrato un recordman?
1.b Have you ever met a recordman?
1.c Have you ever met a record holder?
2.a Siete mai andati a fare footing?
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
2.b Have you ever gone footing?
2.c Have Including
you ever gone
jogging?
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
3.aState
Avete
mai and
giocato
a basket?
5.1
Interest
Responsibility
Citizens
Living
Abroad ........................................... 102
3.btowards
Have their
you ever
played
basket?
5.2
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
3.cApplied
Have you
ever
played basketball?
4.aMigration
Avete mai
lettoinun
romanzo
con un happy end?
5.4
Policy
Colombia
......................................................
108
4.b“Colombia
Have younos
ever
read
a novel with a happy end?
5.5
une”
......................................................................
109
4.cAlianza
Have you
ever read a novel with a happy ending?
5.6
País ..................................................................................
112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
5.a Avete mai incontrato il mister della vostra squadra di calcio
Bibliography
....................................................................................... 116
preferita?
5.b Have
you ever
metWell-being
the misterof
ofMigrants
your favorite
soccer team?
Working
Together
for the
...........................
119
Barry
Halliday
5.c Have
you ever met the coach of your favorite soccer team?
Monza/Italy
38
10
Table of Contents
3.4
Human
........................................................
58
6.aThe
Avete
maiRights’
rotto ilApproach
carter della
bicicletta?
3.5
59
6.bConclusion
Have you......................................................................................
ever broken the carter of your bike?
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
6.c Have you
ever broken the chain guard of your bike?
7.a Avete mai visto una macchina urtare un new jersey?
and
Italya and
Europe
61
7.b “Non-policies”
Have you everinseen
car hit
a new...........................................
jersey?
Laura Zanfrini
7.c Have you ever seen a car hit a traffic divider?
8.aInitiatives
Avete mai
ticketand
restaurant?
4.2
for utilizzato
Governingun
Family
Humanitarian
8.b Have you ever used a ticket restaurant?
4.3
Guest
to Unwelcome
Guests .................................. 82
8.cFrom
Have
youWorkers
ever used
a meal ticket?
Examples 1.a, 2.a, 3.a, 4.a, 5.a, 6.a, 7.a, and 8.a show utterances
which may be heard or read in daily Italian. If English translations of
Bibliography
97
such
sentences .........................................................................................
are attempted, the translator would certainly feel that
the English-looking and English-sounding words (in italics) in the
5. Colombia:
Including
Theirare
Societies
Origin
Italian
sentences
cannotEmigrants
be kept, asinthey
in 1.b, of
2.b,
3.b, .......
4.b, 101
5.b,
Urs
Watter
6.b, 7.b, and 8.b, but must be substituted by proper English
equivalents,
as in 1.c,
3.c, 4.c, 5.c, 6.c, 7.c, and 8.c.
5.1 State Interest
and 2.c,
Responsibility
1.45.2
A Applied
Classification
of False Anglicisms
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
Due
their manifold
features,
Anglicisms pose some problems
5.3toMigration
Policy and
Ethicsfalse
.........................................................
106
if scholars wish to classify them.30 This is evident considering the
5.4 Migration
Policy in
Colombia
......................................................
108
numerous
definitions
and
classifications
surveyed thus far. In fact,
false
originate
from various linguistic processes. Even
5.5 Anglicisms
“Colombia nos
une”......................................................................
109
though in some cases false Anglicisms may not fit into rigid
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
categories and it is sometimes difficult to determine their origin,
5.7 types
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
eight
of false
Anglicisms can be distinguished: autonomous
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
30
As Dardano et al. (2000: 32) state: ‘[…] il continuo prodursi di forme miste e di
pseudoanglicismi
pone for
ai ricercatori
vari problemi,
anche di...........................
natura classificatoria.’.
Working Together
the Well-being
of Migrants
119
Tr. ‘[…]
continual production of mixed forms and pseudoanglicisms gives rise to
Barrythe
Halliday
a number of problems for researchers, also of a classificatory nature.’.
Monza/Italy
10
39
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Approach
........................................................
58
compounds
(AC),Rights’
autonomous
derivatives
(AD), compound ellipses
(CE),
clippings (C),
semantic shifts (SS), eponyms (E), toponyms
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
(T), and generic trademarks (GT).31 As previously shown, the litmus
.........................................................................................
60
testBibliography
devised applies
to all types of false Anglicisms.32
4. TheAutonomous
1.4.1
Compounds (AC)
False
Anglicisms made up of autonomous compounds are nonLaura Zanfrini
English compounds formed with two lexical elements that can be
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
for Immigrant
Labour ..is
65a
separately
foundPolicies
in English,
whose Demand
compound
form, however,
genuine
Italian for
product.
This Family
leads to
coinage of brand-new false
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
andthe
Humanitarian
Anglicisms:
such
compound
words
are
not
used in
English.............. 73
Migration
A typical example of a false Anglicism constituted by an
4.3 From Guest
Workersistothe
Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
autonomous
compound
word recordman
which is not used82in
English
but isPolicies
actually
of two authentic English free
4.4 Selective
andcomposed
the Brain Drain............................................
87
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
31
False
Anglicisms which are classified as eponyms, toponyms, and generic
Urs Watter
trademarks – trademarks which have acquired a generic meaning and that sound or
look5.1
English
an Italian
– undergo a particular kind of metonymic shift,
State to
Interest
and speaker
Responsibility
i.e. a type
of
semantic
shift,
which
consists
in ‘downgrading’
the proper noun102
to a
Abroad
...........................................
common noun and in applying the names of people, places, or trademarks to
common
items. According
to Ephratt (2003: 393), this process is called genericness.
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
32
Although there are some differences, the division of false Anglicisms into
5.3 Migration
Policy
andtaxonomy
Ethics .........................................................
categories
is similar
to the
outlined by Gottlieb (2005: 164), 106
who
identifies ‘archaisms’, i.e. compound ellipses, which are viewed as the diachronic
5.4 than
Migration
Policy inoutcome
Colombia
rather
the synchronic
of ......................................................
language contact, ‘semantic slides’,108
i.e.
semantic shifts, and ‘recombinations’, i.e. autonomous compounds and autonomous
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
derivatives. On the other hand, Onysko (2007a: 52) does not seem to agree that
‘pseudo
Anglicisms’
be divided into ‘lexical pseudo loans’, i.e. autonomous
5.6 Alianza
Paísshould
..................................................................................
112
compounds, ‘morphological changes’, i.e. compound ellipses and clippings, and
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
‘semantic
pseudo loans’,
i.e. semantic shifts, since ‘the division […] blurs114
the
difference between semantic and morphological adaptation of Anglicisms […] and
.......................................................................................
116
the Bibliography
creation of pseudo
Anglicisms as lexical units irrespective of an English model.’.
Onysko (2007a: 55) considers ‘pseudo Anglicisms’ in the narrow sense only: ‘[…]
English
lexical
elements
lexical creations
[…] without
an English model
Working
Together
forused
thefor
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
[…]’.
According
to
Onysko’s
taxonomy,
only
autonomous
compounds
would be
Barry Halliday
classified as false Anglicisms.
Monza/Italy
40
10
Table of Contents
33
3.4 The Human
58
morphemes,
i.e. Rights’
record Approach
and man.........................................................
The English equivalent is the
34
compound
record......................................................................................
holder.
3.5 Conclusion
59
Conversely, compounds such as web-cafè or cafè-racer – cafè
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
being
clearly French
– should be labeled as ‘loanblends’ (Lass 1969:
66, Haugen 1950: 218) or ‘hybrid compounds’ (Onysko 2007a: 52)
4. The Ethics
Migration.
instead
of falseofAnglicisms.
Reflections
on
Recent Migration
It is worth considering
that notPolicies
all false Anglicisms appearing as
two words necessarily fall within the category of autonomous
Laura Zanfrini
compounds. For instance, according to the GDU, camera car is used
4.1 Restrictiveand
Policies
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
.. 65
in motorcycle
car racing
to indicate
a special
cameraLabour
located
on
the4.2
vehicle
while
racing:
the
real
English
word
being
on-board
Initiatives
35
camera.
However,
car
exists inMigration
Italian .............
as a real
Migration:
Labourcamera
Migration
butalso
not Workers’
73
Anglicism and it refers to a moving vehicle equipped with a camera
Fromfor
Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
and4.3used
special
types
of shooting,
especially
in the moviemaking
industry.
Therefore,
false
Anglicism camera car would
4.4 Selective
Policies
and thethe
Brain
Drain............................................
87
be more appropriately classified as a semantic shift rather than an
autonomous
compound.and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
1.4.2 Autonomous Derivatives (AD)
Watter number of cases an English free morpheme and an
In Urs
a limited
English
bound
morpheme
may be joined to give birth to a false
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
Anglicism
in
Italian.
A
prototypical
example of autonomous
Abroad ...........................................
102
derivative leading to a false Anglicism is footing, which was first
5.2 Applied
Ethics
attested
in Italian
in..............................................................................
1921 (GDU) and was mediated by French. 104
The
false
Anglicism
footing
is
composed
of
the
lexical
element
foot
and
33
According
to Görlach
(2003:
61): ‘The element -man is apparently on109
the
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
borderline of suffix and lexical morpheme.’.
34
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
According
to Spence
(1987: 181): ‘It is clear that the words that one can 112
most
clearly label as “bogus” are those that have no formal equivalent in English, and
5.7have
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
never
had […].’.
In line with Spence’s belief , Onysko (2007a: 54) recognizes
that ‘[…] a pseudo Anglicism is not the result of lexical transfer (i.e. borrowing) but
Bibliography
116
is the
product of a.......................................................................................
language-inherent creation that is based on a novel combination
and use of English lexical material in the RL [Receptor Language].’.
35
From thisTogether
point forward,
the dictionaries
and included
in the reference
Working
for the
Well-beingconsidered
of Migrants
...........................
119
section
willHalliday
be listed by means of the most common abbreviations or acronyms used
Barry
in the literature.
Monza/Italy
10
41
Table of Contents
The Human element
Rights’ Approach
........................................................
58
the3.4
grammatical
-ing.36 The
first element had already been
well-known
to both
French and Italian speakers through the authentic
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Anglicism football (Moss 1995: 133); the second element is a very
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
productive
suffix
in English. The English equivalent is jogging. False
Anglicisms classified as autonomous derivatives are not used in
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
English
to identify
the same Italian referent.
andCompound
“Non-policies”
in Italy
and Europe ........................................... 61
1.4.3
Ellipses
(CE)
Laura Zanfrini
Even though the ellipsis of compounds is a quite common word4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
for Immigrant
.. 65
formation
process
in both
English Demand
and Italian,
certain Labour
ellipses
of
English
compounds
are
characteristic
of
the
Italian
language
(Luciani
CreulyMigration:
1987: 298,
Iamartino
2001:
121).
As recognized
by Vogel
Labour
Migration
but not
Workers’
Migration .............
73
(1990: 100), no other language ‘[…] shows as consistent a pattern of
shortening of compounds as Italian. […] the reducing of English
4.4 Selective
and the Brainand
Drain............................................
87
compounds
is Policies
quite productive
continues to contribute new
forms
to
Italian
[…].’.
For
instance,
the
word
basket
does
not
function as the elliptical form of basketball in the English language.
.........................................................................................
In Bibliography
fact, the false
Anglicism basket is not likely to be intuitively97
or
immediately associated to the sport of basketball by a native speaker
37 Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
5. English.
Colombia:
of
Urs Watter
5.1 StateitInterest
Responsibility
Although
does notand
happen
in the Italian language, it is worth noticing that in
Citizens
Living
Abroad
...........................................
Spanishtowards
there aretheir
hybrid
derivatives
which
exploit
the productivity of the suffix102
-ing
by attaching it to Spanish free morphemes. Riquelme (1998: 87) defines them:
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
‘Vocablos
espurios,
bastardos
[…] híbridos desternillantes como en español
cuerding o puenting: ni bridging ni «puenteo» […].’. Tr. ‘spurious, bastard words
[…] hilarious hybrids as in Spanish cuerding or puenting: neither bridging
nor 5.4
«puenteo»
[…].’.
It is interesting
to notice
how both cuerding and puenting 108
have
Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
a typically Spanish root, i.e. cuerda and puente, and, at the same time ‘a little
English
flavor’ added
the......................................................................
-ing suffix. These coinages would be classified
5.5 “Colombia
nosbyune”
109as
‘hybrids’ or ‘loanblends’ (Lass 1969: 66, Winford 2003: 45). Plausible English
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
equivalents
are ropelling
and bunjee jumping respectively. Another very recent
example is balconing, which can be defined as ‘the dangerous practice of jumping
5.7balconies
Challenges
....................................................................................
from
towards
swimming pools’. According to Heath (1994: 388),114
‘the
introduction of a foreign affix into target language word morphology’ may be
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
defined
as the ‘borrowing
of grammatical morphemes’.
37
Dardano (1998: 357) argues that ‘[…] in luogo di clip si usano anche videoclip e
video;
quest’ultimo
pseudoanglicismo,
che (per
un fenomeno119di
Working
Together èforuno
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
reinterpretazione
in cui il determinante è scambiato con il determinato) elimina la
Barry Halliday
“testa” del composto […].’. Tr. ‘[…] in addition to clip Italian has videoclip and
36
Monza/Italy
42
10
Table of Contents
3.4
The Human
Rights’
Approachoriginating
........................................................
Therefore,
false
Anglicisms
from the ellipsis of 58
an
English
compound
can be formally found in English, though with59a
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
different meaning. After becoming lexical units semantically affected
.........................................................................................
60
by Bibliography
but formally
independent from the English compounds from
which they derive, such elliptical forms may hinder the full
4. The Ethics of of
Migration.
comprehension
the word in question, e.g. water in place of water
38
Reflections
on
Recent Migration Policies
closet.
Indeed, non-English compound ellipses derive their meanings
Laura Zanfrini
from the English compounds which have been truncated. In English
4.1 Restrictive
andwhich
Structural
Demand foronImmigrant
Labour
.. 65
compounds,
the Policies
modifier,
is collocated
the left of
the head,
adds a specification to the meaning of the head. However, English
compounds
do not
have
the same
structure
as Migration
Italian compounds,
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but not
Workers’
............. 73
where the head usually comes first, followed by the modifying
39 Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.3 From
element.
In fact, in post-modifying languages, i.e. Italian, the righthand
element
would and
normally
deleted. Conversely, in pre4.4 Selective Policies
the Brainbe
Drain............................................
87
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
Their Societies
....... 101of
video;
the latterIncluding
is a false
Anglicism,in which
(accordingoftoOrigin
the process
Urs Watter in which the head and the modifier change place) eliminates the
reinterpretation
head of the compound […].’. The CDAE gives a different interpretation, recognizing
5.1asState
Interestellipsis
and Responsibility
video
the accepted
of videoclip, thus turning it into a real Anglicism, not a
towards
their there
Citizens
Living
Abroadof...........................................
false one.
In English
are other
examples
the same phenomenon: when102
the
ellipsis of a compound is formed, the element on the left is kept instead of the
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
element
on the right.
According
to the NODE, an instance of this is the word skate,
which is used as the elliptical form of skate-board.
38 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
As Iamartino (2001: 121) puts it: ‘[…] è palese che i lessemi così ottenuti
riducono
fortemente
le proprie
connessioni
formali e semantiche con le forme
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
originali […].’. Tr. ‘[…] it is evident that lexemes which are formed this way
strongly
reduce formal
semantic
connections with the original forms […].’. 109
5.5 “Colombia
nosand
une”
......................................................................
39
As Sanniti di Baja (1992: 155) states: ‘The structure of English compounds, too,
..................................................................................
112to
can5.6
be Alianza
changed País
through
an analogous process of nominalization: we can refer
instances such as night from night club, cocktail from cocktail party, pocket from
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
pocket
book.’. In addition,
Vogel (1990: 99-101) states that ‘[…] when Italian
borrows a particular type of compound from English, typically only one of its
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
members
is retained
[…]. What is interesting about the way in which Italian borrows
and shortens the type of compounds in question is not only that it reduces the
compound
a single word,
butWell-being
that the word
is retained
is precisely the119
one
WorkingtoTogether
for the
of that
Migrants
...........................
native
speakers
of English would not choose if they were to shorten the same
Barry
Halliday
compounds.’.
Monza/Italy
10
43
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Rights’
58
modifying
languages,
i.e.Approach
English,........................................................
compound ellipses are more likely
40
to occur
by eliminating
the word on the left.
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Bibliography
60
1.4.4
Clippings.........................................................................................
(C)
Clippings
are of
one
of the productive word-formation strategies of the
4. The Ethics
Migration.
English
language
whichMigration
involve Policies
the shortening of words. Forms
Reflections
on Recent
‘abbreviated
from
larger
words’
(Plag
2003:
121) are very common
...........................................
61
in Laura
English,
e.g.
ad
for
advertisement
(end
clipping), specs for
Zanfrini
spectacles (medial clipping), phone for telephone (initial clipping).
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
However,
as Ross
(1999:
87) argues:
‘[…]
it is cross-language
clipping
that gives
to […]Family
enigmas
4.2 Initiatives
for rise
Governing
and[…].’.
Humanitarian
4.3 FromtoGuest
to ‘Il
Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
According
KlajnWorkers
(1972: 72):
conflitto, nei
composti,
tra la sequenza italiana
e quella inglese non sempre ha per conseguenza una diminutio capitis […]. A volte è
l’ordine degli elementi o il loro rapporto che si inverte per sottostare alla regola
dell’attributo
[…] and
La parola
serbare la forma
originale, invertendo
4.5 Equalpreposto.
Opportunity
Deniedpuò
Opportunities
................................
90
però l’ordine delle funzioni, per cui il secondo termine, che in inglese era il
principale
(determinato),
viene inteso come attributo (determinante).’. Tr. 97
‘In
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
compounds, the contrast between the Italian sequence and the English one does not
always result in a diminutio capitis […]. Sometimes it is the order of the elements or
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
Origin .......
their
relationshipIncluding
that is inverted
in orderintoTheir
followSocieties
the rule ofofadjective
first.101
[…]
Urs
Watter
The word can keep the original form but invert the functional order, so that the
second element, which is the main one in English (head), is now viewed as an
5.1 State
Interest and
Responsibility
adjective
(modifier).’.
Chiarioni
(1974: 84) confirms this: ‘L’applicazione formale
towards their
Citizens
Abroad
del trattamento
italiano,
cioè Living
l’omissione
del ...........................................
secondo termine, in questo 102
tipo
d’espressioni binomie inglesi (jolly, cocktail, night per jolly joker, cocktail party,
5.2club)
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
night
mostra
che tali
espressioni sono state adottate e diffuse specialmente
da
chi aveva minor conoscenza e minor pratica della loro lingua d’origine.’. Tr.
‘Applying the Italian form to these kinds of binomial English expressions, that is
omitting
the secondPolicy
element,
[…] shows......................................................
that such expressions have been adopted
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
108
and used especially by those speakers with a limited knowledge of the language
from
they originated.’.
Moreover, dealing with false Anglicisms in the press,
5.5which
“Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
109
Dardano (1986a: 490) claims that ‘[s]pesso l’inglese della stampa presenta fenomeni
Alianza País
..................................................................................
112
che5.6
esemplificano
ampliandole
le tendenze che caratterizzano i contatti tra lingue.
[…] si propone quel tipo di adattamento che consiste nell’eliminare il secondo
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
elemento,
cioè il «determinatum»,
dei composti nominali, attribuendo al tempo
stesso al primo elemento, cioè al «determinans» il significato del composto […].’.
.......................................................................................
116
Tr. Bibliography
‘The use of English
words in the press exemplifies and magnifies the trends
which characterize language contact. […] what is proposed is a kind of adaptation
that
consistsTogether
in eliminating
the Well-being
second element,
namely the...........................
«determinatum», 119
from
Working
for the
of Migrants
nominal
Barrycompounds
Halliday and at the same time attributing to the first element, namely the
«determinans», the meaning of the compound […].’.
40
Monza/Italy
44
10
Table of Contents
3.4
TheAnglicisms
Human Rights’
58
False
thatApproach
originate........................................................
from clippings are abbreviations
of real
English words
that would not be accepted in English, e.g. flirt
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
for flirtation, happy end for happy ending, relax for relaxation. The
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
difference
between
compound ellipses and clippings is that the
former involve the elimination of an entire lexical item while the
4. Theare
Ethics
of Migration.
latter
limited
to the deletion of a suffix.
andSemantic
“Non-policies”
Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
1.4.5
Shifts in
(SS)
Laura Zanfrini
As Tosi (2001: 207) says: ‘Sometimes borrowed words maintain
4.1original
Restrictive
Policies and
Demand
Immigrant
Labour .. 65
their
meaning
and Structural
sometimes
they for
alter
either meaning
or
form,
or
both.’.
With
reference
to
imported
Anglicisms,
Tosi
(2001:
216) adds
that Italian
the Migration
meaning’.............
and other
Migration:
Labour ‘sometimes
Migration butchanges
not Workers’
73
times ‘uses old meanings’ or makes ‘semantic alterations. […] This
phenomenon sometimes surprises native speakers of English […].’.
4.4 Selective
Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
According
to Filipović:
4.5 Equal
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
There
are Opportunity
also cases when
an Anglicism
expands
the number of its90
meanings
after
it has been integrated into the receiving language.97
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
(Filipović 1996b: 45)
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin41....... 101
Semantic shifts involve a process of meaning extension. A false
Urs Watter
Anglicism derived from a semantic shift is a word that may be
5.1 State Interest
and Responsibility
encountered
in English
but that takes on a new meaning in Italian
42
towards
Citizens
Abroad
...........................................
(Merlini
1987:their
316).
TheLiving
meaning
given
to such items strikes102
the
41
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
The label ‘semantic shifts’ may partially overlap with what Lass (1969: 66) labels
5.3 Migration
Policy and Ethics
.........................................................
106
as ‘loanshifts’,
i.e. non-adapted
borrowings
entering a language with a usage which
is different from the native one, and with what Weinreich (1963: 49) labels as
‘homonyms’, i.e. ‘if there is a “leap” in meaning, a HOMONYM is established in the
recipient
language’.nos
According
to Lass, a ‘loanshift’ may be either a 109
‘loan
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
homonym’, when a word takes on a completely different meaning from its original
one,5.6
or Alianza
a ‘loan synonym’,
when a word in a receiving language maintains one
País ..................................................................................
112or
more, but not all the meanings it has in the donor language. With regard to the
5.7 Challenges
114
present
classification....................................................................................
of false Anglicisms in Italian, only ‘loan homonyms’ will
be
considered as false Anglicisms generated by semantic shift.
42 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
When semantic extensions take place, some scholars refer to them as
‘semantically adapted Anglicisms’ instead of false Anglicisms. For instance,
Gottlieb
(2005:
165) provides
typology of of
‘semantic
loans’,
i.e. ‘existing words
Working
Together
for the aWell-being
Migrants
...........................
119
acquiring
meanings or new homonyms’, in which ‘extensions’ are included.
Barry new
Halliday
However, ‘extensions’ do generate false Anglicisms since meaning extension
Monza/Italy
10
45
Table of Contents
3.4 TheEnglish
Human Rights’
58
ordinary
speakerApproach
as odd.........................................................
In Italian, for example, the word
mister
– besides ......................................................................................
being used as a real Anglicism – also refers to the
3.5 Conclusion
59
trainer of a sports team: the appropriate English equivalent would
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
actually
be either
(sports) coach or trainer.43
Even though they are formally identical in both languages, false
4.
The
Ethics
of Migration.
Anglicisms
characterized
by a semantic shift are words that have kept
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
an authentic English
form
but whose
meaning significantly departs
from the English original (Chiarioni 1974: 85). Therefore, the
Laura Zanfrini
acceptable degree of semantic difference which would allow certain
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
andas
Structural
Demand forisImmigrant
Labour .. 65
lexical
items to be
labeled
false Anglicisms
incomprehensibility
since it is evident that the attribution of new meanings to Italian false
Anglicisms
which
have
Englishbuthomographs
leads 73to
Migration:
Labour
Migration
not Workers’ eventually
Migration .............
ambiguity.44
4.3
From Guestmeaning
Workers torestrictions
Unwelcome Guests
82
Conversely,
should..................................
be considered real
Anglicisms
since
only one
several
meanings accepted in English
4.4 Selective
Policies
and of
thethe
Brain
Drain............................................
87
is used in the borrowing language. The English form is borrowed but
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
not4.5
allEqual
its meanings
(Geeraerts
1997:
94). Consequently,
on the one
hand,
words such
as bar, boss, and drink – ‘loan synonyms’ according
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
to Lass (1969: 66) and ‘semantic narrowing’ according to Alexieva
(2008:
43) and
Dunn (2008:
53)in– Their
are authentic
borrowings
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
Societies of
Origin .......from
101
English,
even though in Italian they are only used with one of the
Urs Watter
several meanings accepted in English. In Italian, the Anglicism bar is
inevitably jeopardizes comprehension: a new meaning, which is not present in
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
English,
is acquired
in the
borrowing language. In fact, in the taxonomy proposed
by
Gottlieb there seems to be a certain degree of overlap between ‘extensions’,
considered as real Anglicisms, and ‘semantic slides’, considered as false Anglicisms.
43
According
to Fanfani
174, 175),
at times, words borrowed from English
5.4 Migration
Policy(2003:
in Colombia
......................................................
108
display ‘[…] sfumature diverse o addirittura un certo scarto rispetto al significato
dell’inglese.
[…] la nos
semantica
della parola è ormai slegata da quella della lingua
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
modello ed è sostanzialmente determinata dai riaggiustamenti imposti dalla lingua
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
ricevente.’.
Tr. ‘[…]
different shades of meaning or a certain distance from112
the
proper English meaning. […] the meaning of the word is far from the meaning it has
5.7donor
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
in the
language
and is substantially determined by the readjustments imposed
by the recipient language.’.
44 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
On semantic shifts, Chiarioni (1974: 85) maintains that ‘[…] il vocabolo straniero
viene spesso adottato con accezioni diverse (o con diversa estensione di significato)
rispetto
allaTogether
lingua d’origine.’.
Tr. ‘[…] theofforeign
lemma
is often adapted119
and
Working
for the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
acquires
different semantic shade (or a different meaning extension) if compared
Barrya Halliday
to the donor language.’.
Monza/Italy
46
10
Table of Contents
3.4used
The as
Human
Rights’ of
Approach
........................................................
58
only
a synonym
pub (Hazon),
boss, usually referring to the
head
a criminal
organization (GDU), has a negative connotation,
3.5of
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
and drink only indicates an alcoholic beverage in Italian (DEA). On
.........................................................................................
60
theBibliography
other hand,
words such as box, miss, and mister – ‘loan
homonyms’ according to Lass (1969: 66), ‘homonyms’ according to
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
Weinreich
(1963:
49), ‘extensions’ according to Gottlieb (2005:
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policiesto Alexieva (2008: 44) and
165), and ‘semantic
widening’
according
Dunn (2008: 54) – must be classified as false Anglicisms since they
Laura Zanfrini
acquire a new meaning in Italian. In English, box does not refer to a
4.1 Restrictive
Structural Demand
for Immigrant
garage,
a miss Policies
is not and
a showgirl,
and mister
is never Labour
used ..as65a
synonym of coach or trainer.
How
differentLabour
can the
meaning
the Migration
English homograph
Migration:
Migration
but be
not from
Workers’
............. 73
and how can semantic distance be measured? Since the intelligibility
4.3 From
Workers to Unwelcome
..................................
82
criterion
is Guest
not completely
watertight,Guests
to verify
whether a false
Anglicism
generated
by the
a semantic
shift occurs, the previously
4.4 Selective
Policies and
Brain Drain............................................
87
illustrated litmus test should be run.45
4.5
Equal Opportunity
andby
Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
Finally,
as suggested
Moss
(1995: 130),
false Anglicisms
characterized
semantic shifts may be classified according to the
Bibliographyby
.........................................................................................
97
types of meaning relations which take part in their coinage:
metonymic
metaphoric
andSocieties
meronymic
shifts.
The
5. Colombia:shifts,
Including
Emigrantsshifts,
in Their
of Origin
....... 101
ordinary
speaker is not usually conscious of such processes, even
Urs Watter
though these semantic relations may be among the core linguistic
reasons that structurally explain false Anglicisms.
5.2 Applied
EthicsShifts
.............................................................................. 104
1.4.5.a
Metonymic
Migration
Policy and Ethics
106
An5.3
instance
of metonymic
shift.........................................................
is the false Anglicism poker, which
generally
denotes
the
famous
card
game
in
both
Italian
and
English.
However, in Italian poker also indicates the score that can be
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
obtained
in suchnos
a game
when a player has four cards of the same
kind.
The proper
English equivalent is actually four of a kind
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
5.7 Challenges
Since
the semantic....................................................................................
distance of the Anglicism from the English homograph is114
not
always easy to measure, in some cases the borderline between semantically adapted
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116to
Anglicisms,
i.e. real
Anglicisms, and false Anglicisms becomes fuzzy. According
Pulcini (forthcoming): ‘[…] when a word is borrowed from a language into another
aWorking
certain amount
of semantic
deviation
from the
source word
takes place so that
the
Together
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
sameBarry
word,Halliday
even when referring to the same entity, ends up having ‘much the same
meaning’ but not quite ‘the same meaning’ in the host language.’.
45
Monza/Italy
10
47
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human Rights’
Approach ........................................................
58
(Oxford-Paravia).
Consequently,
the Italian false Anglicism poker,
meaning
‘score’,......................................................................................
can be considered to be in metonymic relation with
3.5 Conclusion
59
the real Anglicism poker, meaning ‘card game’.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
1.4.5.b Metaphoric Shifts
A Reflections
metaphoriconshift
occurs
when Policies
seemingly unrelated subjects are
Recent
Migration
compared
and
leads
to
the
formation
of a ...........................................
new concept that resembles
61
the Laura
original
concept.
An
example
of
metaphoric
shift is the false
Zanfrini
Anglicism bomber, which is used in Italian instead of the real
4.1 Restrictive
Structural Demand
for Immigrant
.. 65
Anglicism
strikerPolicies
or topand
goal-scorer
to indicate
‘a player Labour
who scores
many
goals’ (Hazon).
The Family
original
is represented by a
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
andconcept
Humanitarian
bomber
airplaneLabour
whileMigration
the new but
concept,
whichMigration
generates.............
the false
Migration:
not Workers’
73
Anglicism, is based on the fact that just as a bomber airplane drops
many bombs, a bomber, used in the sense of striker or top goal46
4.4 Selective
Policiesgoals.
and the
Brain Drain............................................ 87
scorer,
scores several
1.4.5.c Meronymic Shifts
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Meronyms indicate parts which form a greater concept. For instance,
the
false Anglicism
flipper
is actually
theSocieties
name ofof one
of .......
the 101
two
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Origin
plastic
devices
that
push
the
ball
inside
a
pinball
(machine).
The
Urs Watter
false Anglicism flipper can then be considered as a meronym of
5.1 State
Interest and
Responsibility
pinball
(machine).
Meronyms
are the opposite of holonyms: in the
towards
their
Citizens
Living
present case pinball (machine) Abroad
can be...........................................
viewed as the holonym102
of
47
flipper.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
46
A problematic false Anglicism which may have originated through a metaphoric
shift5.4
is Migration
spider, indicating
car. Indeed, the Devoto-Oli defines
Policy ainconvertible
Colombia sports
......................................................
108
spider as: ‘Autovettura sportiva, decappottabile, a due posti. [Propr. “ragno” per la
forma]’,
thus asserting
spider
was coined since the shape of the car resembles
5.5 “Colombia
nosthat
une”
......................................................................
109
that of a spider. However, the false Anglicism spider may also be viewed as a
5.6 Alianza
Paíscoined
..................................................................................
112A
trademark
originally
to denote some Italian car models (Moss 1995: 135).
further explanation for the origin of this word is the ellipsis of the compound spider
5.7 (GDU).
Challenges
....................................................................................
wheel
Besides
the entry spider, the Merriam-Webster contains114
the
compounds spider cart and spider phaeton, which might be connected to the origin
Bibliography
116
of spider.
Finally,.......................................................................................
it is interesting to note that the GDU also includes the spelling
spyder, which has actually been used as a trademark for some car models.
47
Even though
the DEA
not mark the of
word
flipper ...........................
as a false Anglicism,
Working
Together
fordoes
the Well-being
Migrants
119it
explains
‘[t]his term came to be accepted together with the newly introduced
Barrythat
Halliday
pinball machines during the 1960s and in due course spread to (almost) all parts of
Monza/Italy
48
10
Table of Contents
3.4Eponyms
The Human
Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
1.4.6
(E)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
According to the CODL, an eponym is ‘[a]n individual name from
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
which
a common
noun is derived: e.g. that of ‘the eponymous’ Lord
Sandwich as the source for sandwich’ and eponymy is ‘the relation
4. The Ethics
of Similarly,
Migration. according to the OCEL, an eponym is ‘[a]
between
them’.
Reflections
on
Recent
Migration
personal name from
which
a word Policies
has been derived […]. The person
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...........................................
61
whose name is so used […]. The word so derived […].’.48 In a
Laura Zanfrini
broader sense:
[…] eponyms are words referring to objects or activities which are
4.2 Initiatives
for person
Governing
and Humanitarian
named
after the
whoFamily
invented
and/or diffused them. Such
Migration:
Labour Migration
but not Workers’
Migration
words
are a particular
kind of metonymy
which consists
in .............
applying73
the names of inventors to common items […]. (Furiassi 2006c: 200)
Sometimes
the Policies
shift from
to common noun has already
4.4 Selective
and proper
the Brainnoun
Drain............................................
87
occurred in the English language. These instances, e.g. sandwich,
4.5be
Equal
Opportunity
andAnglicisms
90
must
classified
as real
in Italian................................
(Dardano 1978: 84).
Other
times the.........................................................................................
names of inventors are not used in English to denote
Bibliography
97
common items and occur only in Italian.49 As Spence states:
Urs Watter
the Continent. Since the term is not English (which has pinball machine), the term
Interest
and Responsibility
may5.1
beState
a German
coinage
based on English to flip.’. The false Anglicism flipper
towards
theiraCitizens
102
may indeed
be either
semanticLiving
shift ofAbroad
the real...........................................
English word flipper or an ellipsis
of the compound flipper pinball, as attested by the existence of the International
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
Flipper
Pinball Ethics
Association
(IFPA). It is worth noting that Moss (1995: 104
131)
considers flipper a metonymy and Klajn (1972: 105) a synecdoche.
According to Cardona (1988: 123) and Baugh and Cable (1993: 299-301),
eponyms
may derive
from proper
nouns or......................................................
from trademarks.
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
108
49
As Gusmani (1986: 101, 102) argues: ‘[…] un nome proprio straniero viene
accolto
come appellativo
per ......................................................................
un oggetto che sta in una qualche relazione (sia109
essa
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
reale o supposta) con la persona che porta quel nome, con quel marchio e via
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
dicendo.
[…] In questo
tipo di casi si è verificato, in generale al momento stesso
del
prestito, uno slittamento semantico dovuto ad erronea interpretazione del nome
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
proprio
come appellativo,
favorita dall’ambiguità del contesto in cui la parola è 114
stata
dapprima conosciuta o da altre circostanze esterne (marchio di fabbrica scritto
Bibliography
116
sull’oggetto
ecc.).’........................................................................................
Tr. ‘[…] a proper noun of foreign origin is adopted to indicate
an object which is (truly or supposedly) related to the person with that name, with a
certain
brand,
and so forth.
[…] Well-being
In these instances
a semantic
shift has taken place
Working
Together
for the
of Migrants
...........................
119–
usually
when
the borrowing occurred – due to a misinterpretation of the proper noun
Barry
Halliday
as common noun, which has been favored by the contextual ambiguity in which the
Monza/Italy
10
49
Table of Contents
3.4fair
Thenumber
HumanofRights’
Approach
A
[…] words
are ........................................................
derived from English proper nouns58
that have never – unlike sandwich, jersey, cheddar and others – been
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
employed
as common
nouns in English. It does seem rather bizarre to59
class
as an anglicism
a form that has never functioned as a lexeme in60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
English – which is true of carter […] and of a number of others.
(Spence 1987: 176)
Reflections
Recent
Migration
Policies
Such
eponymsonhave
been
considered
false Anglicisms since they are
50 in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
not used in English. For example, pullman is used instead of bus or
Laura Zanfrini
coach, carter instead of chain-guard, crank case, or gear case, and
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Structural
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
montgomery
in place
of and
duffel
coat orDemand
duffle coat
(Oxford-Paravia).
1.4.7 Toponyms
(T)
A toponym is a place name. Alternatively, in the RDLL the label
‘toponymic’, instead of ‘toponym’, is used to refer to a ‘[t]erm for
4.4 Selective
Policies
Brain Drain............................................
87
geographic
areas
suchandasthecities,
villages, states, and countries.’.
According
to
the
OCEL:
Although
not.........................................................................................
toponyms properly so called, many nouns have97
Bibliography
toponymic origins and/or associations […]. Such words are often
trade and
food. […]
SomeSocieties
words, though
originally
5. associated
Colombia:with
Including
Emigrants
in Their
of Origin
....... 101
toponymic,
are
more
properly
eponyms
(coined
from
personal
names
Urs Watter
and titles drawn from place-names) […].
When towards
a toponymic
becomes
generic,
it is...........................................
not only used to refer to102
the
their Citizens
Living
Abroad
name of a place but may be associated with an object or a concept
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
with
that geographical name. Although it is often mistaken for an
eponym,
a popular
example
of .........................................................
a toponym, which is widespread106in
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
English, is sandwich (Auchter 1998: 222).
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6was
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
word
first known
or by other external circumstances (brand name written on
the
product, etc.).’.
50 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
The word liberty can be added to this list. Etymologically, it refers to the proper
name of the owner of a store in London (Arthur Lasenby Liberty) selling fabrics,
Bibliography
116
furniture,
and other.......................................................................................
objects characterized by floral patterns (GDU). In Italian, liberty
indicates a particular floral style in fashion and elegantly decorated buildings in
architecture
(DELI). Even
some dictionaries
(Hazon ...........................
and Ragazzini) consider
Working Together
forthough
the Well-being
of Migrants
119
liberty
a real
Anglicism in Italian, the equivalent English word is art nouveau
Barry
Halliday
(Oxford-Paravia).
Monza/Italy
50
10
Table of Contents
3.4
The Human
Rights’
Approach
58
However,
some
toponyms
of ........................................................
British or American origin, which
have
generic,
are not used in English and must be considered
3.5become
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
false Anglicisms. For instance, new jersey is used in Italian to refer
.........................................................................................
60
to Bibliography
a long, uninterrupted,
reverse T-shaped concrete median barrier
used to separate lanes in highways (GDU). Etymologically, the false
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
Anglicism
new
jersey derives from the toponym of the American
Reflections
Recent where
Migration
Policiesmedian barriers were first
state of NewonJersey,
concrete
developed and installed.
Laura Zanfrini
1.4.8
Trademarks
4.1Generic
Restrictive
Policies and (GT)
Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Another
important
category isFamily
that of
also referred to as
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
andtrademarks,
Humanitarian
‘brandMigration:
names’ Labour
(Moss Migration
1995: 135),
names’
(OED),
but not‘proprietary
.............
73
‘proprietary terms’ (OCEL), ‘trade names’ (Hartmann and James
2001, OCEL), ‘trade terms’ (OED), or ‘word marks’ (Ephratt 2003:
4.4 A
Selective
Policies
and theby
Brain
87
393).
trademark
is defined
the Drain............................................
OCEL as follows:
4.5sign
Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
A
or name
that is secured
by legal
registration
or (in some cases)90
by
established.........................................................................................
use, and serves to distinguish one product from similar97
Bibliography
brands sold by competitors […]. […] companies complain when their
trademarks begin to be used as generic terms in the media or
elsewhere […]. There is in practice a vague area between generic
Urs Watter
terms
proper, trademarks that have become somewhat generic, and
trademarks
that are
as such. The situation is complicated
5.1 State Interest
andrecognized
Responsibility
by different
usages
in
different
countries
[…]. […] a trademark 102
is
towards their Citizens Living Abroad
...........................................
registered by adding TM (for ‘trademark’) or R (for ‘registered’) in a
superscript
the term […]. The term usually differs from
5.2 Appliedcircle
Ethicsafter
..............................................................................
104
trade name […] by designating a specific product and not a business,
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
service,
or class
of goods,
articles,
or substances: but some trademarks
and
trade
names
may
happen
to
be
the
same.
[…]
The
inclusion
of
such names in dictionaries, even when marked ‘trademark’ or
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
‘proprietary
term’,
indicates
that their status has begun to shift.
Trademark names used as verbs are a further area of difficulty, both
5.6 Alianza
112
generally
andPaís
in ..................................................................................
lexicography. One solution adopted by publishers of
dictionaries
is to....................................................................................
regard the verb forms as generic, with a small initial
5.7 Challenges
114
letter […].
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Some trademarks may be affected by genericness, i.e. ‘[…] the use
Working
Together not
for the
Migrants
...........................
119
of
the trademark
as Well-being
a mark butof as
a descriptive
word […].’
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
10
51
Table of Contents
3.4 The2003:
Human404).
Rights’With
Approach
........................................................
58
(Ephratt
regard
to trademarks which become
generic,
the OCEL
also recognizes that:
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
In
law, a trademark
ceases to be protected when it comes to be more60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
widely used for, and understood as, a type rather than a brand: for
theofproprietary
4. example,
The Ethics
Migration.names Hoover for type of vacuum cleaner
and
Xerox
for
that makes
xerographic copies are, despite
Reflections onequipment
Recent Migration
Policies
being trademarks, widely used for vacuum cleaners in general and
xerographic copies of all kinds. When so used, especially as verbs,
Lauraare
Zanfrini
they
written without an initial capital (to hoover; a xerox, to
xerox).
In such
uses and
the Structural
terms areDemand
in effect
generic. When
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
for Immigrant
Labourthis
.. 65
happens, the mark is referred to as generic or a generic.51
Migration: Labour
Migration
but not Workers’
Migration
............. 73is
The relationship
between
false Anglicisms
and generic
trademarks
explained
by Klajn:
Pseudoanglicismi
possono
anche quando nomi propri o87
and thenascere
Brain Drain............................................
marche commerciali angloamericane diventano nomi comuni in altre
52
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and103)
Denied
Opportunities ................................ 90
lingue.
(Klajn
1972: 102,
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Accordingly, Gottlieb (2005: 167) notices how ‘[…] pseudo-English
trade marks may become generic terms, losing both their ‘alien’
heritage and their commercial nature.’.53
Urs Watter
Undoubtedly, there are some generic trademarks, such as Jeep™
State ™
Interest
Responsibility
or 5.1
Kleenex
whichandare
the same in English and Italian. However,
towards theirtrademarks
Citizens Living
...........................................
102
English-looking
mayAbroad
also be
coined in languages other
than
English
since,
as
Pahta
and
Taavitsainen
maintain:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
51
According
to Solly
227, 228): ‘This is not necessarily good news 109
for a
5.5 “Colombia
nos(2002:
une”......................................................................
company: the entry of these words into common use in the language might testify to
the 5.6
commercial
of its advertising and market; on the other, it brings the112
risk
Alianzasuccess
País ..................................................................................
of ‘genericide’ and thus the serious loss of revenue to the business.’.
52 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Tr. ‘Pseudoanglicisms also arise when English or American proper nouns and
brand names become common nouns in other languages.’.
53 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Graphically, trademarks are often – though not always – recognizable in
dictionaries since they are marked with special labels, i.e. ® and ™ (Zardo 1996: 373,
®
374).
With regard
to texts,
(2003: 402)
‘[…]
to add the sign ‘119
’ in
Working
Together
for Ephratt
the Well-being
of suggests
Migrants
...........................
™
every
mention
of
a
registered
trademark
and
the
sign
‘
’
for
an
unregistered
Barry Halliday
trademark.’.
Monza/Italy
52
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human Rights’brand,
Approach
........................................................
An
English-language
trademark,
company name, or slogan58
lends a commodity an up-to-date, fashionable and youthful image.
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
(Pahta
and Taavitsainen
2004: 183)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Trademarks that must be classified as false Anglicisms are those
which
the following parameters:
4. Thecomply
Ethics ofwith
Migration.
Reflections
on Recentmust
Migration
Policiesi.e. ‘a trademark loses its
a) the trademark
be generic,
in Italy
and Europe
61
specific referential
features
and is...........................................
used with a more general
Laura
Zanfrini (Furiassi 2006c: 200);
reference’
4.1
Policies
and look
Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
.. 65
b) Restrictive
the trademark
must
or sound
English,
i.e. it isLabour
coined
by
means offor
real
English Family
words,and
e.g.Humanitarian
ticket restaurant;
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
LabourisMigration
but recognizable
not Workers’ Migration
.............
73
c) Migration:
if a trademark
not readily
as English
in form,
it must
be Workers
owned by
a company Guests
which ..................................
is based in an English4.3 From
Guest
to Unwelcome
82
speaking country, e.g. rimmel;
d) the trademark must not be used in English, at least not in the
54 ................................ 90
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
way it
used in Italian,
e.g. caterpillar.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Instances
of generic
trademarks, whose formal appearance leads
Italian speakers to consider them English but which are instead false
5. Colombia: peculiar
Including Emigrants
TheirAutogrill
Societies®of Origin
....... 101
Anglicisms
to Italianin are
for motorway
®
™
™
Urs
Watter
restaurant, K-Way for Windbreaker , Rimmel for mascara, and
®
Ticket
Restaurant
for Responsibility
meal ticket.55
5.1 State
Interest and
1.55.2
Other
Phenomena
Related to False Anglicisms
Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
To be complete, other types of coinages which are somehow related
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
to false
Anglicisms
need
to be mentioned.
However, these coinages,
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
54
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
A unique generic trademark recorded in Italian dictionaries (Gabrielli) is
5.7 ™Challenges
114
Klaxon
: it refers to....................................................................................
‘a type of horn’ in Italian whereas it indicates ‘a type of siren’
in English (Furiassi 2006c: 211). However, since the Italianized spellings claxon and
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
clacson
are far more
common, klaxon will not be considered as a false Anglicism.
55
The Hazon, the Oxford-Paravia, and the Ragazzini curiously record K-Way® in
both
English
and Italian.
The Well-being
Oxford-Paravia
also includes
windbreaker as
an
Working
Together
for the
of Migrants
...........................
119
equivalent
of K-Way® in American English, while the Hazon labels Windbreaker™
Barry Halliday
as a trademark, which is confirmed by the Merriam-Webster.
Monza/Italy
10
53
Table of Contents
The Human
Rights’
........................................................
58
i.e.3.4
functional
shifts
andApproach
hybrid Anglicisms,
will not be considered
false
3.5Anglicisms.
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
1.5.1
Functional
Shifts
A4. particularly
The Ethics ofinteresting
Migration. phenomenon concerns ‘functional shifts’
(Merriam-Webster),
also
called Policies
‘conversions’ (Bauer 1983: 32,
Migration
Gottlieb
2005:
164),
‘zero
derivations’
(EDLL), or ‘zero forms’
61
(Todd
and
Hancock
1986:
507).
These
lexical
items change the word
Laura Zanfrini
class without changing the form when shifting from English to
Italian.
Since
functional
shifts are
alsoand
very
common in the English
4.2
Initiatives
for Governing
Family
Humanitarian
language,
in theLabour
process
of cross-linguistic
they are
Migration:
Migration
but not Workers’conversion
Migration .............
73
considered false Anglicisms only when the meaning acquired in
Italian differs considerably from the English meaning. For instance, a
4.4 Selective
Drain............................................
87
functional
shiftPolicies
whichand
is the
alsoBrain
a semantic
shift – therefore a false
Anglicism
–
is
flirt,
an
English
verb
(and
noun)
that
may
be
used
in
Italian as a noun to refer to a lover or a date.56
Bibliography
97
By contrast,.........................................................................................
functional shifts which do not involve semantic
shifts, e.g. snob, an English noun which may be used as an adjective
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrantsreal
in Their
Societiessince
of Origin
in
Italian, must
be considered
Anglicisms
they.......
can101
be
Urs
Watter
found in English in spite of the different word class (Furiassi 2007:
229-233).
In fact,
if the meaning remains the same, the
5.1 State Interest
and Responsibility
comprehension
of
the
borrowing
which has undergone
towards their CitizensEnglish
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
conversion in Italian is not impaired, especially considering that
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
English is a language where functional shift is quite common.57
1.5.2 Hybrid Anglicisms
Hybrids are also known as ‘hybrid compounds’ (Weinreich 1963:
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
52), ‘mixed forms’ (Moss 1995: 135), or ‘loan blends’ (OCEL).
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112
According
to País
Fischer
(2008: 6, 7), hybrids may also be labeled
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
116
ItBibliography
is not an easy.......................................................................................
task to trace the origin of the false Anglicism flirt: it may
be
considered either as the functional (and semantic) shift of the verb to flirt or as the
clipping
of the
noun flirtation.
Working
Together
57
InBarry
contrast
with what is stated here, Gottlieb (2005: 164) considers ‘conversions’ a
Halliday
type of false Anglicisms.
56
Monza/Italy
54
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human Rights’
Approach ........................................................
58
‘mixed
compounds’,
‘semi-calques’,
or ‘partial substitutions’. With
regard
to hybrid Anglicisms,
Onysko acknowledges that:
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Hybrid
anglicisms
[…] have stirred some controversy as to the degree60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
their creation is influenced by the existence of an English model.
2007a:
52)
4. (Onysko
The Ethics
of Migration.
Onysko
also argues that:
Laura
Zanfrini
The
notion
of hybridity […] relates to derivational processes including
affixation
of borrowed
bases
and the
formation
of compounds
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour ..of65
native and borrowed free morphemes. (Onysko 2007a: 55)
HybridMigration:
Anglicisms
areMigration
here defined
the narrow
sense
as the
Labour
but not in
Workers’
Migration
.............
73
outcome of a combination of an Italian free morpheme with an
English free morpheme, e.g. affluenza record, vendite boom, zanzara
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the
Drain............................................
killer.
Although
hybrids
in Brain
general
and hybrid Anglicisms 87in
particular
play
a
significant
role
in
lexical
productivity
in Italian,
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
................................
90
hybrid Anglicisms cannot be properly considered false Anglicisms
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
because
they are
mixed forms which include an authentic Italian
58
lexical item and an authentic English lexical item.
5. Colombia:
Their Societies
of Origin
.......
101
However, Including
there are Emigrants
also someincombining
forms,
such as
auto-,
Urs
Watter
mini-, and tele-, which, joined with real English words, give birth to
false
autogoal, minibasket, and telefilm.59 Although
5.1Anglicisms,
State Interest e.g.
and Responsibility
58
A curious instance of hybrid Anglicism in Italian is retour match, i.e. return
5.2orApplied
104
match
second Ethics
game in..............................................................................
English, which combines a French free morpheme and
an
English free morpheme. See Frenguelli (2005: 170) for a detailed classification of
hybrid Anglicisms in Italian.
59
According
to thePolicy
CODL,
combining......................................................
form is ‘[a] form of a word, or a 108
form
5.4 Migration
in aColombia
related to or in meaning like a word, used only as an element in compounds […]’.
Combining
forms innos
the une”
Italian
language are dealt with by Ramat (1998: 13),109
who
5.5 “Colombia
......................................................................
labels them ‘prefissoidi’: ‘[…] un altro ‘europeismo’ evidente a livello delle
5.6 Alianza
Paísè ..................................................................................
112
strutture
del lessico
costituito oggi dai cosiddetti «prefissoidi» quali euro-, mini-,
tele- e simili, pienamente produttivi anche in italiano […]. Si tratta veramente di uno
5.7 Challenges
114
‘stock’
di morfemi ....................................................................................
europei, che si applicano a referenti tipici della vita attuale
(pertanto con diffusione anche extraeuropea) e rappresentano un tipo di
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
composizione
nominale
molto agile, il quale era fondamentalmente estraneo116
alla
struttura delle lingue romanze ma si è poi affermato fortemente in anni recenti sotto
laWorking
spinta di Together
modelli anglosassoni
[…].’. Tr. of
‘[…]
another ‘Europeanism’
which
for the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119is
evident
at Halliday
the structural level of the lexicon is formed by means of the so-called
Barry
«prefixoids» such as euro-, mini-, tele-, etc., fully productive also in Italian […].
Monza/Italy
10
55
Table of Contents
3.4combining
The Human forms
Rights’are
Approach
........................................................
58
such
of Latin
or Greek origin, they are also
well-established
in the English language and their reintroduction59in
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
Italian, and the Romance languages in general, is due to the influence
of Bibliography
English. For.........................................................................................
this reason, the lexical items coined by means 60
of
combining forms will not be considered hybrids but false Anglicisms
4. Thecan
Ethics
of Migration.
which
be classified
as autonomous compounds.
1.6Laura
FalseZanfrini
Anglicisms and False Friends
At first glance, it would not seem too complicated to distinguish
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Humanitarian
between
false Anglicisms
andFamily
false and
friends.
However, the difference
Labour Even
Migration
but not
Workers’
Migration
73
is not Migration:
always evident.
though
they
are often
related.............
to and/or
mistaken
for
false
friends,
false
Anglicisms
are
a
phenomenon
of
their own.60
4.4
Policies
and the (Browne
Brain Drain............................................
87
TheSelective
label ‘false
friends’
1987: i, Browne and Natali
1989,
Browne
et al. 1995)
derivesOpportunities
from French................................
‘faux amis’ (Spence
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
90
1987: 169, Ballard 1999: 11) and has an equivalent Italian term
Bibliography
97
which
is ‘falsi.........................................................................................
amici’ (Pulcini 1997b: 153). The same linguistic
category exists also in German, as ‘falschen Freunde’ (Carstensen
5. Colombia:
Including
Their Societies
of Origin
.......(Sañé
101
1980:
94), and
Spanish,Emigrants
as ‘falsosinamigos’
or ‘falsos
afines’
Urs Watter
and Schepisi 1992: v). False friends are pairs of words that have a
similar
or identical
form
but a partially or totally different meaning.61
5.1 State
Interest and
Responsibility
5.2areApplied
Ethicsof..............................................................................
104of
They
a real ‘stock’
European morphemes which apply to referents typical
everyday life (therefore common in extra European contexts too) and represent a
versatile kind of nominal composition. In the past they were never present in the
structure
of Romance
languages
but have......................................................
quickly developed in recent years thanks
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
108
to the thrust of Anglo-Saxon models […].’. See Haller (1988), Bombi (1993), and
Antonelli
(1996) for nos
a detailed
analysis of combining forms in Italian.
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
60
As Spence argues: ‘The basic difficulty one faces when seeking to define pseudo5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112
anglicisms
in anyPaís
precise
way is that there is no yardstick by which one can establish
the degree of semantic or formal difference that justifies the classification of
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
lexemes
as faux anglicismes
rather than as faux amis.’ (Spence 1987: 170).
61
As Prat Zagrebelsky (1997: 221) states: ‘Per «falsi amici» si intendono quelle
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
parole
appartenenti
a lingue diverse che, benché simili per pronuncia e grafia,
divergono totalmente o parzialmente nel significato […].’. Tr. ‘The term «false
friends»
denotes
wordsfor
belonging
to differentoflanguages
that
have a total or partial
Working
Together
the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
difference
in meaning, although they are phonetically and graphically similar.’. The
Barry Halliday
definition of false friends provided here is also supported by Bombi (1996: 57):
Monza/Italy
56
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Rights’ Approach
........................................................
58
According
to the CODL,
a false friend
is ‘[a] word which sounds like
one3.5
inConclusion
another language
and may be taken by mistake as having the
......................................................................................
59
same meaning.’. In addition, according to Pulcini:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
The difference in meaning between formally congruent forms derives
their historical
evolution within each language. (Pulcini 1997b:
4. from
The Ethics
of Migration.
153)
False
friends
Laura
Zanfrinialways refer to forms which are etymologically
connected (Bombi 1996: 62). Instances of false friends are library
Restrictive
Policies
andfrom
Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
.. 65
and4.1libreria
(book
shop)
the Latin
etymon
librarĭa,Labour
education
and4.2educazione
(politeness)
from educatiōne,
fabric and fabbrica
Initiatives for
Governing Family
and Humanitarian
(factory)
from
fabrĭca,
and
factory
and
fattoria
(farm) from
factor
.............
73
(Merriam-Webster).62
4.3
Guesthand,
Workers
Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
OnFrom
the one
the todifference
between
false Anglicisms and
false
seems
to be
a terminological
nature. False friends are
4.4friends
Selective
Policies
andofthe
Brain Drain............................................
87
‘L’espressione
falsi
amici ricopre quelle ingannevoli corrispondenze istituibili97
tra
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
coppie di parole che, pur presentando affinità formale, sono caratterizzate da una
diversificazione semantica secondariamente intervenuta nelle varie tradizioni:
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin
.......
l’affinità
dei significanti
peraltro
non è casuale
in quanto
si tratta
di termini
con101
una
Urs
Watter
comune base etimologica, spesso di matrice latina.’. Tr. ‘The expression false
friends covers those deceptive correspondences that can be established between
5.1pairs.
StateAlthough
Interestthey
and are
Responsibility
word
similar in form, there is a semantic difference that has
towards
their
Citizens
Living
Abroadover
...........................................
102of
taken place
among
various
linguistic
traditions
time: moreover, the affinity
meanings is not random since it involves words that share a common etymological
5.2very
Applied
Ethics Hayward
..............................................................................
core,
often Latin.’.
and Moulin (1984: 190) also state that ‘[t]he 104
kind
of error we are dealing with usually involves two different languages. Confusion
arises because word A (which belongs to the foreign language being learned or used)
looks
sounds exactly
or nearly
like word
B, which belongs to the learner’s mother
5.4orMigration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
tongue. The user then establishes an unwarranted inter-lingual equivalence on the
basis
this total ornos
partial
similarity.
[…] The best definition of the problem109
one
5.5of“Colombia
une”
......................................................................
can give is probably in Saussurean terms. In the learner’s mother tongue a particular
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112in
signifiant
is associated
with a particular signifié. Once the signifiant appears, even
a foreign-language context, the above-mentioned association is so strong that the
Challengesthinks
....................................................................................
114
user5.7
automatically
of his mother-tongue signifié (in its totality).’.
62
As Mazzon (1994: 246) claims: ‘[…] parole come in fact (in realtà), actually
Bibliographylecture
.......................................................................................
116
(effettivamente),
(conferenza), morbid (morboso), eventually (alla fine),
library (biblioteca) cambiano il loro significato con quello del “falso amico” italiano
più
prossimo.’.
Tr. ‘[…]for
words
such as in fact
realtà), actually
(effettivamente),
Working
Together
the Well-being
of(in
Migrants
...........................
119
lecture
(conferenza),
Barry
Halliday morbid (morboso), eventually (alla fine), library (biblioteca)
change their meaning with the “false friend” that is closest in Italian.’.
Monza/Italy
10
57
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Rights’
........................................................
58
especially
discussed
in Approach
translation
studies and language teaching
when
translators......................................................................................
and teachers face word pairs which can 59
be
3.5 Conclusion
deceiving. False Anglicisms do not involve a comparison of word
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
pairs
in different
languages and are more pertinent to language
63
contact and interlinguistic studies (Bombi 1996: 57).
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
On the
other
hand, the difference between false Anglicisms and
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
false friends has
to be traced
backPolicies
to the meaning of the adjective
‘false’. The modifier ‘false’ has two different meanings according to
Laura Zanfrini
the head to which it is related. With regard to false friends, ‘false’
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand forIndeed
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
refers
to something
deceptive
and misleading.
‘false
friends’
are the opposite of ‘friends’, which have been defined either as
wordsMigration:
belonging
to Migration
different but
languages
thatMigration
share .............
the same
Labour
not Workers’
73
etymology and have the same or a close form and meaning, or as true
4.3 From (Pulcini
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome
82
loanwords
1997b:
150). WithGuests
regard..................................
to false Anglicisms,
‘false’
contrasts
with and
something
true, real, and authentic. False
4.4 Selective
Policies
the Brain Drain............................................
87
Anglicisms are in fact the opposite of real Anglicisms, i.e. loanwords
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
directly
borrowed
from and
English.
Furthermore,.........................................................................................
there may be a certain degree of overlap between
Bibliography
97
false friends and false Anglicisms only when the latter are formed by
autonomus
compoundin ellipses,
clippings,
or semantic
5. Colombia:derivatives,
Including Emigrants
Their Societies
of Origin
....... 101
shifts,
since in these four cases Italian false Anglicisms and real
Urs Watter
English words are not only similar but identical. For instance, the
autonomous derivative footing, the combination of foot plus -ing,
does not share any of the meanings of its English homograph. In
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
English
the compound
ellipsis water, from water closet, would never
be 5.3
used
to referPolicy
to a and
toilet
bowl,
the clipping flirt, from flirtation,
Migration
Ethics
.........................................................
106
would never indicate a lover or a date, and the semantic shift mister
5.4 Migration
Policyorin trainer.
ColombiaThe
......................................................
108
never
means coach
false Anglicism footing sinply
happens
to havenos
an une”
English
homograph, whose meaning is totally
5.5 “Colombia
......................................................................
109
unrelated; water and flirt have English homographs because the
5.6 Alianza
former
is partPaís
of a..................................................................................
real English compound, i.e. water closet, and112
the
latter
the bare infinitive flirt; mister has an identical
5.7 coincides
Challengeswith
....................................................................................
114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
63
As Browne (1987: i) acknowledges: ‘[…] sebbene l’esistenza dei «falsi amici» sia
cosa
ben nota,
spesso cifor
troviamo
in difficoltàofquando
dobbiamo
tradurli.’. Tr. 119
‘[…]
Working
Together
the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
although
existence of «false friends» is well known, we are often in trouble when
Barrythe
Halliday
we have to translate them.’.
Monza/Italy
58
10
Table of Contents
3.4 in
TheEnglish
Human because
Rights’ Approach
........................................................
form
it is a false
Anglicism only insofar as 58
its
meaning
is
concerned.
These
types
of
false
Anglicisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59–
autonomous derivatives, compound ellipses, clippings, and semantic
Bibliography
60
shifts
– are the.........................................................................................
only ones which have formal equivalents in English.
Conversely, autonomous compounds, e.g. recordman, do not exist in
English.
Reflections
Recent
Migration
Policies
At most, on
false
friends
between
English and Italian may be
forcedly considered a sub-group of false Anglicisms since the label
Laura Zanfrini
‘false Anglicisms’ also includes formally identical items in two
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Structural shifts,
Demandjust
for Immigrant
Labour‘false
.. 65
different
languages,
i.e.andsemantic
as the label
friends’ does (Pulcini 1997b: 150). However, the idea of classifying
false Migration:
friends asLabour
subordinate
Anglicisms
is not
totally
Migrationtobutfalse
not Workers’
Migration
.............
73
convincing from a methodological and heuristic perspective. False
4.3 From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
Anglicisms
are more
likely
to originate
because
of a spontaneous
creative
act Policies
or even
misunderstanding
rather than for 87
an
4.4 Selective
and the
Brain Drain............................................
etymologically justified reason.64
97
1.7Bibliography
Mediated.........................................................................................
False Anglicisms
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their
of Origin
101
As
Gottlieb Including
(2005: 166)
affirms:
‘[…]Societies
the transfer
of .......
English
Urs Watter
language features is often relayed via a third language.’. In fact, false
Anglicisms
which and
areResponsibility
mediated by French, e.g. recordman, or by
5.1 State Interest
towards theirsuch
Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
other languages,
as German,
e.g. flipper,
have been labeled102
by
Görlach
(2003:
60)
as
‘English
words
disguised
through
mediation’.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
It is worth pointing out that some autonomous compounds, e.g.
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
106
autostop,
beauty
case,
block .........................................................
notes, recordman, recordwoman,
autonomous
derivatives,
e.g.
footing,
compound
ellipses,
e.g.
golf,
64
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
At times, false friends are calques that are successively created in the ‘receiving’
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
language,
e.g. assumere
from to assume, realizzare from to realize, evidenza 112
from
evidence. Coco (2003: 45) emphasizes ‘[…] come la somiglianza formale tra parole
5.7 eChallenges
....................................................................................
114si
inglesi
italiane favorisca
la produzione di calchi nella nostra lingua e come ciò
accompagni ad uno slittamento semantico del termine italiano, che può assumere
Bibliography
116
significati
nuovi .......................................................................................
e apparire alla sensibilità dei più accorti come usato
impropriamente.’. Tr. ‘[…] that the formal similarity between English and Italian
words
fosters
the coinage
calques
and that of
thisMigrants
is associated
with a semantic119
shift
Working
Together
forofthe
Well-being
...........................
of the
Italian
word, which may acquire new meanings and appear inappropriate by
Barry
Halliday
expert readers.’.
Monza/Italy
10
59
Table of Contents
3.4 The clippings,
Human Rights’
........................................................
58
smoking,
e.g. Approach
happy end,
and semantic shifts, e.g. slip,
which
entered the......................................................................................
Italian lexicon in the past, were often characterized
3.5 Conclusion
59
by the mediation of French.65 This demonstrates that many false
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
Anglicisms
mediated
by other languages have been part of the Italian
vocabulary for a long time (Furiassi 2003: 139, 140). For instance,
4. The Ethics
according
to of
theMigration.
GDU, the lemma slip was first attested in 1935,
Reflections
on Recent
recordman in 1905,
and Migration
smoking asPolicies
far back as 1891.66
Laura Zanfrini
1.8 The Origins of False Anglicisms
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
andAnglicisms
Humanitarian– are commonly
False
Anglicisms
– as wellFamily
as real
Migration:
but notthe
Workers’
.............with
73
encountered
in Labour
Italian,Migration
confirming
idea Migration
that anything
American
or
British
characteristics
is
prestigious.
False
Anglicisms
account for the massive influence that the English language and the
4.4 Selective
the Brain which
Drain............................................
87
American
andPolicies
Britishandculture,
are considered modern,
efficient,
andOpportunity
positivelyand
connoted,
have had and................................
continue to have 90
on
4.5 Equal
Italian.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
False Anglicisms
are no doubt very popular and attractive and
they are the manifestation of language creativity (Fanfani 2002: 222).
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their
Societies ofthat:
Origin ....... 101
This
statementIncluding
is supported
by Hope,
who maintains
Urs Watter
False
loans
are obvious
evidence of constructive intervention on the
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
receiver’s part improving on the material provided externally, and so
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
Though
referring
to real
Anglicisms, the following statement by Görlach (2002a:
5) may also be applied to false Anglicisms: ‘Modern borrowing is most often
straight from English – whether from BrE or AmE, and from written, spoken, or
electronic
sources.Policy
The channels
of earlier
loans were often more indirect:
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
borrowing might predominantly or exclusively depend on written sources and might
be through
the language(s)
in the schools and most prestigious in109
the
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”prevalent
......................................................................
society. […] This mediation left unmistakable traces in the spelling, pronunciation,
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112in
morphology,
andPaís
meaning
of such Anglicisms, often deleting all English features
their form.’. Görlach (2003: 60) also recognized that ‘E. [English] words passing
5.7 Challenges
114
through,
say, French....................................................................................
or German were often changed significantly, sometimes losing
all traces of their E. [English] origin in the process.’.
66 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
As Moss (1995: 134) affirms: ‘[…] since most of these same hypercorrected terms
also exist in French and, in terms of linguistic borrowing, Italian’s linguistic debt to
French
has been
and continues
be considerable,
it may well
be that at least some
Working
Together
for the to
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
of these
are anglicisms which have been mediated into the language through
Barryforms
Halliday
French.’.
65
Monza/Italy
60
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human Rights’
........................................................
are
borrowings
used forApproach
their contribution
to the resources of the58
literary medium – for local colour, perhaps, or for their poetic or other
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
stylistic
overtones.
(Hope 1971: 723)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Why are false Anglicisms so popular? The reasons for the use and
spread
of false
Anglicisms in Italian are manifold and can be
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
explained
both
linguistically
and extra-linguistically, i.e.
Migration Policies
psychologically,
sociologically,
politically.
The structural
Laura
Zanfrini reasons for the spread of false Anglicisms in Italian
are mainly due to the phonic effect that English-sounding words have
Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
and4.1
their
great ‘handiness’, i.e. they are easy to use and mix within
Italian
sentences.
As Burchfield
vii, viii) affirms: ‘[…]
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family (2001:
and Humanitarian
Migration:
Workers’
Migration
............. 73
elements
of the Labour
EnglishMigration
languagebut
arenotbeing
adopted
in a spectacular
fashion […].’.67 In addition, false (and real) Anglicisms are
undoubtedly very straightforward and effective as they play on the
4.4 Selective
Policies
the Brainand
Drain............................................
87
linguistic
principle
ofand
economy
emphasize concepts through
semantically
rich
formulas
(Dardano
1998:
358).
There have been various theories with regard to the linguistic
Bibliography
97
motivations
for.........................................................................................
the coinage of false Anglicisms. Some scholars
(Pulcini 2002: 163, Busse and Görlach 2002: 29) maintain that
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
Societies
of Origin
....... 101–
Italian
speakers
– and Emigrants
speakers of
languages
other
than English
Urs
Watter
create false Anglicisms because they have a limited competence in
68
English.
(Gusmani 1986: 109, Onysko 2007a: 55)
5.1 StateOther
Interestscholars
and Responsibility
argue towards
that some
proficiency
in English
necessary in order to create
their
Citizens Living
Abroadis...........................................
102
false Anglicisms. Jezek (1993: 206) even presupposes that a certain
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
degree of bilingualism or at least a frequent contact with an English5.3 Migration
Policy andmust
Ethics exist.
.........................................................
106
speaking
environment
Indeed, the fact that false
Anglicisms
are
coined
by
means
of
real
English
words
implies
that
Italian speakers who use them must have at least some knowledge of
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza
112
Berruto
(1987:País
87)..................................................................................
adds that ‘[…] non raramente in italiano i termini stranieri
subiscono sviluppi autonomi dal punto di vista semantico o formale […], come golf
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
che5.7
diventa
“capo d’abbigliamento”,
[…] night-club che si semplifica in night […].’.
Tr. ‘[…] foreign words in Italian often change their semantic and formal properties
.......................................................................................
116
[…],Bibliography
like golf which
means “garment”, […] night club which is reduced to night
[…].’.
68
As stated Together
by Pulcini (2002:
‘The coinage
of pseudo-loans
is prompted partly
Working
for the163):
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
by aBarry
limited
competence in English and by the creative desire to coin an EnglishHalliday
looking word for stylistic purposes.’.
67
Monza/Italy
10
61
Table of Contents
The Human
Rights’
58
the3.4
English
language.
In Approach
fact, not ........................................................
only must the constitutive elements
of 3.5
false
Anglicisms
be familiar to those who create false Anglicisms,
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
but the specific function of certain morphemes and the mechanisms
.........................................................................................
60
of Bibliography
derivation and
compounding must also be known.69 A further
explanation is provided by Wilkinson (1991: 52), who suggests that
‘[…] Europeans […] will continue to acquire more English through
their
contacts with other Europeans than through contact with those
forLaura
whom
it is the mother-tongue.’. This is confirmed by Modiano
Zanfrini
(2007: 533), who states that ‘[…] mainland Europeans are claiming
69
The nature of false Anglicisms has been discussed in detail by Gusmani (1986:
4.3‘Pur
From
Guest Workers
to genere
Unwelcome
Guests
82
109):
ribadendo
che questo
di parole
esula..................................
dall’ambito degli autentici
prestiti, bisogna tuttavia ammettere che l’atto creativo è stato influenzato – anche se
solo indirettamente – dalla tradizione linguistica straniera, perché esso presuppone la
conoscenza
di alcune
caratteristiche
dell’altra
lingua e la volontà
di imitarle. Si tratta
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
in sostanza di formazioni analogiche su modelli stranieri noti attraverso altri prestiti
o laBibliography
conoscenza diretta
della lingua, modelli che però non vengono direttamente
.........................................................................................
97
riprodotti (epperciò non ha senso parlare di prestiti), ma soltanto presi come punto di
riferimento per ulteriori autonome creazioni: […] la materia di cui sono costituiti è
5. Colombia:
Including
Their Societies
....... 101
[…]
d’influsso straniero
e Emigrants
[…] non vi in
è diretta
imitazione of
diOrigin
un archetipo.
Le
Urs
Watter
componenti possono essere di origine alloglotta, il prodotto (cioè la parola in quanto
tale) resta un’innovazione indigena. Siccome il prestigio che circonda la forma
5.1 Statestraniera
Interestè and
Responsibility
d’impronta
un fattore
determinante nella diffusione dei falsi esotismi e
their Citizens
Living
...........................................
102
poiché towards
essi presuppongono
una
buonaAbroad
conoscenza
delle strutture della lingua
imitata, sarà possibile incontrarne soprattutto in quegli ambienti in cui si assiste ad
Applied
Ethicstra
..............................................................................
una5.2
profonda
simbiosi
culture diverse, con preminenza di una sull’altra.’.104
Tr.
‘Although these kinds of words are not exactly authentic borrowings, their creation
has been affected – even if only indirectly – by the tradition of learning foreign
languages,
since itPolicy
presupposes
the knowledge
of some features of the 108
other
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
language and the will to mimic it. In essence, they are analogical formations on
foreign
models known
other loans or through direct knowledge of109
the
5.5 “Colombia
nos through
une”......................................................................
language itself. However, these models are not reproduced directly (that is why it is
5.6 Alianza
País
..................................................................................
112
nonsense
to define
them
as borrowings), but only taken as reference points for other
invented words: […] they are made up […] of foreign elements but […] there is no
5.7imitation
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
direct
of a foreign
archetype. Even if components are of foreign origin,
the
product (namely the word itself) is still a native innovation. The prestige of a form
.......................................................................................
116
withBibliography
foreign characteristics
is a determining factor in the spread of false exoticisms
and, since they presuppose a good knowledge of the structures proper of the
language
which
is beingfor
imitated,
they are found
mainly in...........................
contexts where there
Working
Together
the Well-being
of Migrants
119is
symbiosis
between different cultures, with a certain predominance of one over the
Barry Halliday
other.’.
Monza/Italy
62
10
Table of Contents
3.4 Theand
Human
Approach
........................................................
5870
English,
in Rights’
doing so
are molding
it into something new.’.
Finally,
Chiarioni
(1974: 85) and Colombo (1993: 186) argue that
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
false Anglicisms are the invention of Italian speakers who do not
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
have
a sufficient
knowledge of the Italian language itself.71
Although the answer to the question of why they are so popular is
4.
The
Migration.
still farEthics
from of
certain,
it is clear that false Anglicisms are created by
Reflections
on
Recent
Migration–Policies
‘inventors’ – usually
journalists
whose final aim is not accuracy
but the impact they want to make on the audience (Accornero
Laura Zanfrini
2005).72 In fact, most false Anglicisms have been introduced and
4.1 popular
RestrictivebyPolicies
and Structural
Demand
for reasons
Immigrant
Labour ..and
65
made
newspaper
texts for
stylistic
(Furiassi
Hofland 2007: 347). The channels through which false Anglicisms
have spread
– Labour
newspapers,
magazines,
television,
radio,
and the
Migration:
Migration
but not Workers’
Migration
.............
73
Internet – are numerous and easily accessible. Therefore, since false
4.3 From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Anglicisms
are very
likely
to appear Guests
in the..................................
media, especially 82in
advertising,
their
impact
onthe
Italian
bound to increase constantly.87
4.4 Selective
Policies
and
BrainisDrain............................................
Psychologically, the use of false Anglicisms gives Italian
4.5 Equal
................................
speakers
theOpportunity
status, the and
authority,
and the allure
they crave. From90a
sociological
perspective,
the taste for the exotic, the charm of97a
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
foreign language, and the glamorous quirk of being creative and
playing
with language
the coreinmotivations
forofthe
birth.......
of false
5. Colombia:
Including are
Emigrants
Their Societies
Origin
101
Urs Watter
70
Among English deverbal nouns ending in -ing, which, according to Mollin (2004:
5.1areState
Interest
and Responsibility
132),
typical
of Euro-English,
zapping, that is the practice of switching channels
towards
their
Living
Abroad
...........................................
102
by rapidly
pressing
theCitizens
buttons on
the remote
control
in order to skip advertisements
when watching television programs, is frequently used in Italian. However, although
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104of
channel
surfing and
channel
hopping seem to be preferred by native speakers
English, zapping cannot be considered a false Anglicism since it is attested in the
OED and the Merriam-Webster.
71
As
(1974:
85) in
says:
‘Un’accettazione
indiscriminata dei forestierismi
5.4Chiarioni
Migration
Policy
Colombia
......................................................
108è
generalmente favorita da un’insufficiente conoscenza della propria lingua […].’. Tr.
‘People
who accept foreign
words
indiscriminately are generally speakers who 109
have
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
a somewhat limited competence of their own language […].’.
72
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112la
Gusmani
(1986:
110, 111) argues that ‘[s]embra opportuno riservare
designazione di falso esotismo a quei casi in cui chi ha messo in circolazione queste
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114in
innovazioni
l’ha fatto
col proposito di impiegare un forestierismo, sia che fosse
qualche modo cosciente di contrabbandare un «ghost-word» sia che fosse convinto
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
della
reale esistenza
di un corrispondente nell’altra lingua.’. Tr. ‘It is probably 116
more
appropriate to label as false exoticisms only cases in which those who introduced
these
innovations
did itfor
in the
order
to use a foreign
word, either
because they 119
were
Working
Together
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
somehow
of smuggling in a «ghost-word» or because they were sure of the
Barry aware
Halliday
existence of an equivalent item in the other language.’.
Monza/Italy
10
63
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Approachsocially
........................................................
58
Anglicisms,
whichRights’
then become
acceptable.73 In fact, young
speakers
– though
unconsciously – seem particularly prone to using
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
false Anglicisms in Italian as a way to feel closer to the international
Bibliography
milieu
in which.........................................................................................
they live. Since teenagers will grow older sooner60
or
later, it is likely for some false Anglicisms to propagate (and for
4. Theto
Ethics
of Migration.
others
be dropped)
in the future.74
Reflections
Recent Migration
Finally, theonpolitical
reason forPolicies
the spread of false Anglicisms in
Italian coincides with the conditions which favored the circulation of
Laura Zanfrini
real Anglicisms (Rando 1973a). As Prat Zagrebelsky argues:
The Italian context, where no linguistic policy is seriously enforced,
4.2 Initiatives
for of
Governing
andaHumanitarian
unlike
the case
France, Family
provides
good background for the
Migration:
Migration but
not Workers’
Migrationof.............
observation
of Labour
the ‘spontaneous’
selection
and integration
English73
words into the language. (Prat Zagrebelsky 1999: 108)
Italian,
as opposed
tothe
French
(Dardano 1994: 429, Humbley
4.4
Selective
Policies and
Brain Drain............................................
87
2008b: 85-89) and Spanish (Calvi 1998, Carrera Díaz 2000), has
4.5 Equal
and Denied
Opportunities
90
always
beenOpportunity
a ‘democratic
language’,
open to ................................
neological borrowing
from
other languages
(Pulcini 2002: 153). In fact, ‘extrovert
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
73
Referring
to ‘falsi esotismi’ or ‘pseudoprestiti’, De Mauro and Mancini (2003: ix)
Urs Watter
claim that ‘[…] il bisogno di interscambio linguistico è così forte da portare alla
formazione
prestitiand
di Responsibility
desiderio, avventurose coniazioni glottologicamente
5.1 StatediInterest
improprie
di là d’ogni
effettivo Living
contattoAbroad
tra lingue.
[...] Non c’è da stupirsi se102
essa
towards
their Citizens
...........................................
sedimenta in elementi lessicali.’. Tr. ‘[…] the need for linguistic interchange is so
strong
luxury
loans..............................................................................
are created, adventurous coinages that are inappropriate
5.2 that
Applied
Ethics
104
from the glottological point of view, beyond any kind of real contact between
5.3 Migration
and that
Ethics
106
languages.
[…] It isPolicy
no wonder
they.........................................................
settle as lexical elements.’.
74
As Giovanardi (2003: 17) states: ‘L’universo giovanile è permeato di anglicismi.’.
Policy
in Colombia
Tr. 5.4
‘TheMigration
world of young
people
is imbued......................................................
with Anglicisms.’. Radtke (1992: 26)108
also
adds that ‘[l]’uso ricercato di prestiti fa sorgere nei giovani la convinzione di essere
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
‘più avanzati’ rispetto ad altri strati sociali e questa convinzione rafforza in loro il
senso
solidarietà
e il..................................................................................
sentimento di identificazione.’. Tr. ‘The sophisticated use
5.6diAlianza
País
112of
loans makes teenagers believe that they are ‘more advanced’ than other social strata.
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
This5.7
belief
strengthens
their sense of solidarity and identification.’. Again referring
to the language of young people, Jezek (1993: 207) states that ‘[r]isulta difficile,
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
all’interno
di questo
magma linguistico, individuare se alcune espressioni siano 116
state
forgiate in ambiente anglo-americano o se, piuttosto, siano nuove creazioni nate in
Italia.’.
Tr. Together
‘Within thisfor
linguistic
jumble, itof
seems
difficult
to determine whether
Working
the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
some
expressions
were
coined
in
an
American-English
context
or are new creations
Barry Halliday
invented in Italy.’.
Monza/Italy
64
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The towards
Human Rights’
Approach
58
attitudes’
the influence
of........................................................
English on Italian are widespread
(Furiassi
2008a: ......................................................................................
316, Petralli 1992a: 126). In addition, as argued 59
by
3.5 Conclusion
Sabatini:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
The Italian situation is still affected, perhaps, by the reaction to the
imposed
by the fascist government. (Sabatini 2008: 267)
4. «purism»
The Ethics
of Migration.
“Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
1.9and
Attitudes
towards False Anglicisms
Laura Zanfrini
Scholars
have different
opinions
about
the influence
that Anglicisms
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
and false Anglicisms have on the Italian language (Furiassi 2008a:
314, 315).
Some linguists (Dardano 1986b, Castellani 1987, Hastings
1987, Bolelli 1987, Nencioni 1987, 1996, Migliorini 1992, Sobrero
4.3 Colombo
From Guest1993,
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
1992,
D’Achille
2003, Giovanardi
2003, 2007) adopt
an 4.4
‘introvert
andtheare
against
their use, maintaining that
Selectiveattitude’
Policies and
Brain
Drain............................................
87
Italian is being spoiled by the unmonitored penetration of Anglicisms
Equal
Opportunity coinage
and Denied
................................
and4.5the
unsupervised
of Opportunities
false Anglicisms.
Borrowings 90in
general
are viewed
as an attempt to take over the national language
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
and more prescriptive measures should be taken in order to protect
75
it.
Others (Bruni
1984,
Vanvolsem
1985,
Berruto
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of 1987,
Origin Beccaria
....... 101
1992,
Urs2006,
Watter Moss 1992, Simone 1993, Lepschy and Lepschy 1995,
1999a, Marello 1996, Cortelazzo 2000, Fanfani 2002, Serafini 2002,
Serianni 2002, Bombi 2005, De Mauro 2005) have an ‘extrovert
attitude’, are less worried about their presence, and consider the use
5.2 Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
104
of Anglicisms
and false
Anglicisms one of the many ways in which
the5.3
Italian
language
can
beEthics
enriched.
As Rothenberg argues:
Migration
Policy
and
.........................................................
106
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
108di
Colombo
(1993: Policy
186) thinks
that false......................................................
Anglicisms are ‘[s]cherzi della mania
imporre prestiti stranieri a parlanti ancora incerti nell’uso dell’italiano. Una mania
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
che crea mostriciattoli non solo perfettamente inutili, ma inventati di sana pianta:
non5.6
mi Alianza
risulta che
in qualche
paese anglofono ticket abbia il significato che gli112
si è
País
..................................................................................
dato da noi; è un’invenzione nostrana come l’ormai assimilato golf (che in inglese
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
non5.7
indica
un indumento)
e il più recente footing, inaudito su labbra anglofone.’
Tr.
‘[t]ricks played to impose foreign borrowings to Italian speakers who are still
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
insecure
about using
their own language. A mania that creates totally useless 116
little
monsters based on nothing. There is no English-speaking country where ticket has
the
same meaning
it hasfor
in Italian;
it is an invention,
like the...........................
already assimilated119
golf
Working
Together
the Well-being
of Migrants
(which
does
not
refer
to
a
piece
of
clothing
in
English)
and
the
more
recent
footing,
Barry Halliday
never used by English-speaking lips.’.
75
Monza/Italy
10
65
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human
Rights’
........................................................
Still,
Italians
should
notApproach
automatically
reject Anglicisms, nor wait58
cravenly until such terms have become accepted even by purists. Well
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
selected
Anglicisms
[…] can enrich the language […]. Courage,59
vision,
good sense,
good taste, and a sense of humor are essential; and60
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
cultivated, creative Italians with such endowments should welcome
and adapt Anglicisms that could be uniquely useful and readily
assimilable in Italian, and even esthetically qualified. (Rothenberg
Reflections
on Recent Migration Policies
1969:
164, 165)
Laura
After Zanfrini
taking stock of such different perspectives, one can only
conclude
that noPolicies
linguistic
contamination
be interpreted
as
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demandshould
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
wrong since it is always the product of cultural change, thus being a
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family and
and Humanitarian
symptom
of vitality,
development,
growth. As Beccaria (1992:
76
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
notpregio
Workers’
.............
73
263, 264) maintains: ‘Esser misti è un
nonMigration
un difetto.’.
1.10
Spread
of False
Anglicisms
in European Languages
4.4The
Selective
Policies
and the
Brain Drain............................................
87
As attested by Filipović (1996a), Deneire (1997), and Görlach
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
(2002b),
numerous
studies have been carried out recently on the
influence of English in Europe. According to Filipović:
In
theWatter
twentieth century the contact of English with other languages of
Urs
Europe became closer due to new means of communication. The
5.1 State
result
wasInterest
a veryand
freeResponsibility
and versatile linguistic borrowing of English
towards
their Citizens
Living
Abroad ...........................................
102
words
by European
languages.
(Filipović
1996b: 38)
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
Filipović
(1985:
254)
also observed how ‘Anglicized jargon 104
is a
frequent
source Policy
of pseudoanglicisms
in various countries.’. Indeed,
5.3 Migration
and Ethics .........................................................
106
the phenomenon of false Anglicisms is not just a feature of Italian:
like most aspects of English today, false Anglicisms are also present
77
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”languages.
......................................................................
109
in many
other European
76
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Tr. ‘Being mixed is a merit not a fault.’. In addition, as Moore and Varantola
5.7 150)
Challenges
....................................................................................
(2005:
argue: ‘As
long as language can assimilate the linguistic loan, play114
with
it and mould it to fit its own patterns, there is no danger. On the contrary, the
Bibliography
116
changes
are normal.......................................................................................
developments in language contact.’.
77
The DEA documents the spread of English in 16 European languages including
Albanian,
Finnish,
German,
Greek, Hungarian,
WorkingBulgarian,
TogetherCroatian,
for the Dutch,
Well-being
of French,
Migrants
...........................
119
Icelandic,
Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish. Some
Barry Halliday
contributors to the DEA and other authors also compiled dictionaries of Anglicisms
Monza/Italy
66
10
Table of Contents
3.4
Humanas
Rights’
........................................................
ForThe
instance,
statedApproach
in the DEA,
in Icelandic city dress refers58to
‘a man’s
suit composed
of a black jacket and waistcoat and striped
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
trousers’; in Norwegian road-racing means ‘car (or motor bike)
78
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
racing’;
in Dutch
a space cake is ‘a cake filled with hashish’;60in
German a handy is ‘a mobile phone’;79 in Russian a clipmaker is ‘a
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
person
who produces
videoclips’; in Polish caddy refers to ‘a kind of
Reflections
on Recent
Policies
trousers’; in Croatian
a Migration
barmixer is
‘a person who mixes cocktails’;
in Bulgarian a paceclock is ‘a device that measures the speed of a
Laura Zanfrini
runner’; in French baby-foot is used to refer to ‘table football’; in
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
for ImmigrantinLabour
.. 65
Spanish
a filmletPolicies
is ‘a commercial
spot
on TV/cinema’;
Romanian
(and French, its source) roastbeef is used as a nickname to refer to
‘the English’;
inLabour
Finnish
soft-ice but
is ‘a
kind
of ice cream
Migration:
Migration
notspecial
Workers’
Migration
.............sold
73
in a soft, i.e. semifluid, form’; in Hungarian a deep cleaner is ‘a
4.3 Fromlotion’;
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
cosmetic
in Albanian
(via French)
a recordman is 82‘a
sportsman
whoPolicies
has achieved
a record’;
in Greek no future refers87to
4.4 Selective
and the Brain
Drain............................................
‘an attitude expressing hopelessness (among young people)’.80
4.5
Equalfalse
Opportunity
and Denied
................................
Some
Anglicisms
haveOpportunities
even reached
the status 90
of
internationalisms
or, more appropriately, pseudo-English
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
internationalisms, i.e. English-looking words which have the same
form
and the
same Emigrants
meaning in
manySocieties
languages
of different
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
of Origin
....... 101
Urs Watter
in their own languages. Although the following list does not mean to be exhaustive,
5.1examples
State Interest
and Responsibility
some
are Carstensen
et al. (2001) for German; Alfaro (1970), Lorenzo
their Citizens
Living
...........................................
102
(1996), towards
and Rodríguez
González
and Abroad
Lillo Buades
(1997) for Spanish; Höfler
(1982), Rey-Debove and Gagnon (1990), and Tournier (1998) for French; Graedler
Applied(1997)
Ethics for
..............................................................................
104
and5.2
Johansson
Norwegian; Sørensen (1997) for Danish; and Seltén
(1993) for Swedish.
According to Johansson and Graedler (2002) also snacksy is a false Anglicism
which
used in Norway.
5.4isMigration
Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
79
According to Gottlieb (2005: 166), also Dressman, meaning ‘male model’, City,
meaning
‘center of town’,
and......................................................................
Oldtimer, meaning ‘classic car’, are false Anglicisms
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
109
which are used in Germany and Austria.
80
5.6 examples
Alianza País
..................................................................................
112
The
provided
seem to answer the complaint made by Petralli (1992a:
119): ‘[…] i fenomeni neologici relativi ai prestiti linguistici sono stati spesso visti
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
(malvisti)
unilateralmente
dalla parte della lingua d’arrivo di volta in volta implicata.
Così facendo si è però trascurata una dimensione europea del prestito interlinguistico
.......................................................................................
116to
già Bibliography
operante da parecchio
tempo: […].’. Tr. ‘[…] neologistic phenomena related
linguistic borrowings have often been interpreted (seen as unpopular) from the onesided
point Together
of view offor
thethe
target
language of
involved.
By ...........................
doing so, the European
Working
Well-being
Migrants
119
phenomenon
of interlinguistic borrowings – which has been active for a long time –
Barry Halliday
is being neglected […].’.
Monza/Italy
10
67
Table of Contents
3.4 The families
Human Rights’
Approach
........................................................
language
(Petralli
1992a:
121, 1992b: 74). Obviously, 58
all
false
Anglicisms
may
eventually
acquire
the
status
of
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
internationalisms. For instance, autostop (hitchhiking), happy end
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
(happy
ending),
recordman (record holder), and smoking (dinner
jacket or tuxedo) are found in several European and non-European
4. The Ethicsthus
of Migration.
languages,
giving rise to ‘World-Wide Pseudo-English’
Reflections
on Recent
(Carstensen 1986:
831).Migration Policies
In addition, it is also worth noting that the phenomenon of false
Laura Zanfrini
loans in Italian is not restricted to false Anglicisms.81 As recognized
Restrictive
Policies
Demand
Immigrant(2003)
Labour false
.. 65
by 4.1
Marello
(1996:
36)and
andStructural
De Mauro
andforMancini
Gallicisms, e.g. pain brioche, porte-enfant, tonné, false Germanisms,
e.g. blitz,
and Labour
false Hispanisms,
espadrillas,
may
also 73
be
Migration:
Migration but e.g.
not Workers’
Migration
.............
found.82
4.3
From
Guest
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
Vice
versa,
as Workers
recognized
by Lepschy
and Lepschy
(1999b: 191),
Pinnavaia
(2001:
106, and
107),
207), Iamartino (2002: 32,
4.4 Selective
Policies
theTosi
Brain(2001:
Drain............................................
87
2003: 215), Sanson (2002: 336), Stammerjohann (2008: xi),
and Denied
................................
90
Stammerjohann
et al. (2008),
andOpportunities
Furiassi (forthcoming),
there are
some
false Italianisms
– mostly based on semantic shifts – which are
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
found in English. For instance, the false Italianism confetti is used in
English
to indicate
‘tinyEmigrants
colored paper
disks
or paper
streamers
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
Societies
of Origin
.......[…]’
101
(Merriam-Webster),
i.e. coriandoli in Italian (Oxford-Paravia).
Urs Watter
Nevertheless, confetti is employed in Italian to refer to dragées or
sugared almonds (Oxford-Paravia). Moreover, in Italian the word
stiletto means dagger (Oxford-Paravia). Conversely, in English,
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104–
stiletto
– usually
found
as a modifier in the phrase stiletto heels
refers
to ‘a high
thin
women’s shoes […]’ (Merriam5.3 Migration
Policy
andheel
Ethicson.........................................................
106
Webster), i.e. tacco a spillo or scarpa con tacco a spillo in Italian
in Colombia
(Oxford-Paravia).
Other
examples......................................................
of false Italianisms in English108
are
bimbo,
gondola,
latte,
pepperoni,
and
terrazzo.
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
Görlach
(2003: 125-162)
acknowledges the importance of compiling dictionaries
of -isms from languages other than English, starting from Gallicisms and
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Germanisms.
82
In contrast with Marello (1996: 36), who considers espadrillas a false Hispanism,
De
Mauro and
Mancinifor
(2003)
consider it a of
variant
of espadrilles,
a genuine 119
loan
Working
Together
the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
fromBarry
French.
The false Hispanism espadrillas corresponds to alpargatas or
Halliday
esparteñas in Spanish.
81
Monza/Italy
68
10
Table of Contents
3.4The
The Impact
Human Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
1.11
of False
Anglicisms
on the English Language
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Italian spoken and/or written with many Anglicisms and/or false
Bibliographywhich
.........................................................................................
60
Anglicisms,
has been alternatively labeled as ‘italiese’
(Chiarioni 1974: 85, Dardano 1986b: 242, 1998: 356), ‘Ingliano’
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
(Devereux
1976:
301), ‘italo-inglese’ (Stammerjohann 2003: 78),
‘itangliano’ (Elliot 1977: 8, Dunlop 1989: 33, McArthur 2002: 155,
Venuta 2004: 5, Beccaria 2006: 146), ‘Italish’ (Gani 2003: 174),
Laura Zanfrini
‘anglo-italiano’ (Italiano 1999: 36), and ‘itanglese’ (Venuta 2004: 5),
4.1 Restrictive
andof
Structural
Immigrant
65
is neither
a newPolicies
variety
Italian Demand
(Sanga for
1981:
102) Labour
nor a ..new
83
variety
of English
(Bressan Family
2006: 315).
Instead, the coinage and
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
and Humanitarian
spreadMigration:
of false Anglicisms
may
be
interpreted
phenomena
which
Labour Migration but not Workers’asMigration
.............
73
may affect the English language.84
83
Bressan (2006: 315) adds ‘inglese maccheronico’ and ‘spaghetti English’ to this
list.4.5
In addition,
when French,
Spanish are................................
spoken or written with
Equal Opportunity
andGerman,
Denied and
Opportunities
90a
large number of Anglicisms (and false Anglicisms), the following labels are used:
‘franglais’
(Étiemble
1980, Hartmann 1983b: 117, Bogaards 2008: 13) 97or
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
‘franricain’ (Hagège 1987: 16), ‘Germish’ (Vogel 2004: 57), ‘Denglisch’,
‘Germang’, ‘Engleutsch’, ‘Neudeutsch’, ‘McGermish’ (Busse 2008b: 60) or
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin
‘Denglish’
(Bergien
2008: 183),
and ‘Spanglish’
(San
Vicente 2002:
21). ....... 101
84 Urs Watter
Crystal (1988: 134) maintains that ‘[i]nevitably, the emergence of new Englishes
raises the spectre of fragmentation – the eventual dissolution of English into a range
5.1 Stateunintelligible
Interest and languages
Responsibility
of mutually
[…].’. Prat Zagrebelsky (1998: 7) states that
towards their
Citizens
LivingsiAbroad
...........................................
102le
‘[è] impossibile
predire
se in futuro
svilupperà
un rapporto equilibrato tra
esigenze per un verso di garantire l’intelligibilità e per l’altro di riconoscere le
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104in
diversità
e le specificità.
O se, al contrario, si arriverà come è già avvenuto
passato per altre lingue internazionali, alla fissione dell’inglese in diverse lingue.’.
Tr. ‘It is impossible to predict whether there will be a balanced relationship between
the 5.4
needMigration
for granting
mutual
comprehension
on the one hand, and acknowledging
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
diversity and specificity on the other. Or, vice versa, whether English will be fixed
in different
languages,
already
happened to other international languages in109
the
5.5 “Colombia
nosasune”
......................................................................
past.’. As Italiano (1999: 36) claims: ‘Così si sta creando una variante di inglese5.6 Alianza
País
..................................................................................
italiano
totalmente
originale,
che un giorno potrebbe, perché no, far ritorno al 112
natìo
suolo inglese e ivi assumere legittima statura di forma alternativa.’. Tr. ‘A totally
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
original
variety of English-Italian
is being created. One day this variety could return
to the native English territory and become a legitimate accepted alternative there.’.
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
Italiano
(1999: 105)
further develops her theory: ‘Ciò che gli stranieri fanno 116
della
miriade di pezzetti d’inglese a loro disposizione, potrebbe risultare persino così
innovativo
accattivante
farne
ritorno sul of
suolo
inglese sotto
una nuova forma
WorkingeTogether
fordathe
Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119e
con Barry
un nuovo
significato, al punto di spingere all’obsolescenza i termini originari.
Halliday
La lingua che si troverà più perdente sarà forse l’inglese stesso […].’. Tr. ‘What
Monza/Italy
10
69
Table of Contents
3.4
Human Rights’
........................................................
58
TheThe
presence
of falseApproach
Anglicisms
may be viewed either as the
‘nativization’
(Knospe
2007: 140), i.e. Italianization, of English 59
or
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
as the ‘Englishization’ (Kachru 1994: 140) of Italian, a language
Bibliography
60
whose
speakers.........................................................................................
‘[…] ‘digest’ linguistic material transferred from
English […] freely and creatively.’. However, as summarized by
Fischer:
and foreignization
“Non-policies”ofinother
Italylanguages
and Europe
...........................................
[…]
through
English seems unlikely61
Laura(Fischer
Zanfrini2008: 4)
[…].
4.1
Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
ImmigrantofLabour
.. 65
Vice
versa, Policies
since false
Anglicisms
arefor
instances
language
change,
is the for
English
language
endangered by them? As
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Familyreally
and Humanitarian
forecast
by Simone
(1988:
200), is
witnessing
the.............
birth and
Migration:
Labour
Migration
butthe
notworld
Workers’
Migration
73
growth of ‘neoinglese’? Obviously, in the age of ‘global English’
(Salvi 2002, Crystal 2003), ‘world English’ (Baugh and Cable 1993),
4.4 Selective
the Brain Drain............................................
87
‘English
as aPolicies
worldandlanguage’
(Conrad and Fishman 1977),
‘international
English’
(Ross
1997,
Seidlhofer
2003),
or
‘English
as
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90a
lingua franca’ (Mauranen 2005, Seidlhofer 2001, 2007), false
Bibliography
Anglicisms
may.........................................................................................
eventually do more harm to English than Italian.8597
On the one hand, it is interesting to notice how false Anglicisms
5. Colombia:
Theiraccording
Societies oftoOrigin
.......
101
originate
fromIncluding
the sameEmigrants
processes in
which,
Crystal
(2003:
Urs
Watter
160), are typical of the vocabulary features of new Englishes, i.e.
compounding
fromandEnglish
elements, word-class conversion, and
5.1 State Interest
Responsibility
varioustowards
processes
of
abbreviation,
and blending.102
In
their Citizens Living Abroadclipping,
...........................................
addition, Crystal (2003: 160) states that sometimes ‘[…] a word or
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
phrase from a well established variety is adopted by a New English
Migration
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
and5.3
given
a newPolicy
meaning
or use,
without undergoing any structural
change.’. On the other hand, some word-formation processes which
lead to the coinage of false Anglicisms in Italian coincide with the
5.5 “Colombia strategies
nos une”......................................................................
109
word-formation
which give birth to neologisms in English,
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
foreigners do with the myriad pieces of English available to them may even become
Bibliography
116a
so innovative
and .......................................................................................
intriguing that such words may return to their original soil with
new form and a new meaning, thus making the original words obsolete. The
language
that
will lose more
willWell-being
perhaps be English
itself […].’.
Working
Together
for the
of Migrants
........................... 119
85
See
McArthur
(2001: 4, 5) for a comprehensive list of labels used to refer to
Barry
Halliday
English as a world language.
Monza/Italy
70
10
Table of Contents
The Human Rights’
Approachchange,
........................................................
58
i.e.3.4compounding,
semantic
proper-noun derivatives,
shortenings,
and ......................................................................................
trademarks (Ayto 1996: 65).
3.5 Conclusion
59
As recognized by Berns (1995a: 6), it is true that ‘[…] Europeans
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
make
adaptations
and introduce innovations that effectively deAmericanize and de-Anglicize English’ but false Anglicisms may
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
eventually
affect
English, by ‘de-Anglicizing and de-Americanizing’
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
it (Berns 1995b:
26), only
if they
are, in turn, introduced in the
English language.
Laura Zanfrini
However, the ‘Europeanization of English’ (Quirk 1970: 68)
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Demand for
Labour
.. 65
through
the reborrowing
ofStructural
false Anglicisms
is Immigrant
not common,
except
for a very limited number of cases.86 For example, the compound
slow food,
originally
a false
Anglicism
Italian,Migration
may be .............
considered
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but not in
Workers’
73
a lexical innovation reborrowed by real English from pseudo4.3 From
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
English.
AsGuest
explained
by McFedries
(2004:
172),
the term slow food,
coined
in Italy Policies
in 1986,
to ‘[a]n
agricultural and gastronomic
4.4 Selective
andrefers
the Brain
Drain............................................
87
movement that emphasizes traditional, organic growing methods and
Equal Opportunity
Denied
90
the4.5
appreciation
of fineandfood
andOpportunities
wine’ or to................................
‘[f]ood grown and
consumed
in this
way’. The Slow Food movement was actually
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
founded in Italy in 1987 and, according to the GDU, slow food has
®
been
attested Including
in Italian Emigrants
since 1989.inThe
compound
Slow
Food
5. Colombia:
Their
Societies of
Origin
.......soon
101
became
a registered trademark – now used generically – and then
Urs Watter
spread to other languages, including English. Therefore, slow food
will not be considered a false Anglicism but a neologism in the
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
86
As Scollon and Wong Scollon (2005: 31, 32) state: ‘A world-wide movement in
reaction
to both thePolicy
health in
andColombia
sociopolitical
consequences of producing and eating
5.4 Migration
......................................................
108
fast food has begun in Italy. The name for the movement uses the English words
“slow
even when
speaking
and writing in Italian, a move accomplished
5.5food”,
“Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109in
part by registering the English words as a brand name, Slow Food®.’. In addition,
5.6 (2003:
Alianza
País
..................................................................................
112di
Bombi
112)
states
that ‘[l]’impiego del sintagma in riferimento ad un fatto
civiltà tipicamente italiano ci induce a interpretare tale neoformazione come una
5.7 Challenges
114di
creazione
autonoma ....................................................................................
dell’italiano in termini di falso anglicismo. […] la creazione
slow food è stata agevolata dalla pregressa integrazione in italiano dei prestiti slow e
.......................................................................................
116
fastBibliography
food […].’. Tr.
‘The fact that the phrase is used to refer to a cultural concept
which is typically Italian leads us to think that this neologism is an autonomous
creation
of the
Italian language,
therefore a false
Anglicism. ...........................
[…] the coinage of 119
slow
Working
Together
for the Well-being
of Migrants
foodBarry
was favored
by the integration of the borrowings slow and fast food in Italian
Halliday
[…].’.
Monza/Italy
10
71
Table of Contents
87
3.4 Thelanguage.
Human Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
English
In fact,
the CALD
defines slow food as ‘good
food
is prepared
and cooked carefully’.
3.5that
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
All in all, because of their sporadic nature, false Anglicisms
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
should
not be viewed
as a phenomenon that may seriously endanger
the vocabulary of English, at least in the near future.
1.12
Anglicisms
in the
Contact Scenario 61
andFalse
“Non-policies”
in Italy
andLanguage
Europe ...........................................
Laura Zanfrini
In finalizing the definition, classification, and systematization of
false Anglicisms in Italian, some remarks about their linguistic status
4.2be
Initiatives
fororder
Governing
Humanitarian
must
added in
to be Family
able to and
relocate
false Anglicisms within
Migration:
Migrationscenario
but not Workers’
Migration
.............with
73
the broad
and Labour
multi-faceted
of language
contact,
particular
reference
to
the
lexical
influence
exerted
by
English
on
Italian.
4.4
SelectivetoPolicies
and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
According
Onysko:
Despite groundbreaking research in the field of language contact […],
the
definition .........................................................................................
of language influence and thus the conceptualization of97
Bibliography
the term anglicism has remained subject of controversy […]. (Onysko
215) Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
5. 2007b:
Colombia:
Urs Watter
This is even truer for false Anglicisms, which have traditionally
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
received
less
attention
from linguists: some scholars consider ‘false
towardsatheir
Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
Anglicisms’
subtype
of ‘adapted’
or ‘indirect
Anglicisms’ whereas
other
scholars
consider
‘false
Anglicisms’
an
independent
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
manifestation of language contact.88
87
With
regard to neologisms
in English, Onysko (2007a: 55) notices that 109
‘[…]
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
dictionaries lag behind in documenting English neologisms, which can be borrowed
Alianza
..................................................................................
112
[…]5.6
before
beingPaís
registered
in English. […] This emphasizes the fact that possible
pseudo anglicisms need to be confirmed with the help of dictionaries and native
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
speakers.’.
88
As Fischer (2008: 9, 10) maintains: ‘Another question is whether pseudoBibliography
116
anglicisms
should.......................................................................................
be viewed as anglicisms, since they are not true borrowings.
Nevertheless, most scholars at least deal with pseudo-anglicisms in connection with
anglicisms,
since the influence
of English is
many pseudoWorking Together
for the Well-being
of obvious.
MigrantsMoreover,
...........................
119
formations
lend themselves to study because they are so impressive and
Barry Halliday
extraordinary.’.
Monza/Italy
72
10
Table of Contents
3.4
Therecent
Humanpast,
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
In the
when
scholars
approached the complex issue58
of
language
contact......................................................................................
(Haugen 1950, Weinreich 1963, Hope 1971, Klajn
3.5 Conclusion
59
1972, Filipović 1985, Dardano 1986b, Viereck 1986), a traditional
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
typological
classification
differentiated between ‘borrowings’ 60
or
‘loanwords’, ‘calques’, and ‘hybrids’. Under the heading ‘borrowings’
4. The
or
‘loanwords’,
‘non-adapted’ or ‘direct borrowings’ or ‘loanwords’
Reflections
Recent Migration
Policies
and ‘adapted’ on
or ‘indirect
borrowings’
or ‘loanwords’ were identified.
As shown in Fig. 1, within this framework and with reference to the
Laura Zanfrini
lexical influence exerted by the English language, ‘false Anglicisms’
4.1considered
Restrictive Policies
andkind
Structural
Demand or
for ‘indirect
ImmigrantAnglicisms’,
Labour .. 65
were
a special
of ‘adapted’
either
morphologically
suited
to
the
rules
of
the
supposed
recipient
language
or semantically
apt for itsbutcultural
context.
Migration:
Labour Migration
not Workers’
Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers language
to Unwelcome
contact Guests .................................. 82
(lexical influence of English on Italian)
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
borrowings
hybrids
calques
or loanwords
(hybrid Anglicisms)
(calques from English)
(Anglicisms)
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
towards
their Citizens Living Abroad ...........................................
102
non-adapted
or direct
adapted or indirect
borrowings or loanwords
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
(non-adapted
or direct
Anglicisms)
(adapted or indirect Anglicisms)104
false loans
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ......................................................
108
(false Anglicisms)
5.5 “Colombia
nos
une”......................................................................
109
Figure
1. Language
Contact:
A Traditional Typology
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
However,
as shown
by more recent studies (Gusmani 1986, 1989,
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
Picone 1996, Iamartino 2001, Busse and Görlach 2002, Humbley
Bibliography
116
2002,
Pulcini .......................................................................................
2002, Onysko 2004, 2007a, 2007b, Gottlieb 2004,
2005, Fischer 2008), ‘false Anglicisms’ are not to be considered as
Working Together
the Well-being
...........................
‘Anglicisms’
sensufor
stricto
since they of
areMigrants
autonomously
created –119
not
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
10
73
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Rights’ Approach
........................................................
borrowed
– by non-English
speakers
in a non-English context.89 58
As
claimed
by
Busse
(2008b:
64):
‘pseudo-Anglicisms
[…]
are
not
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
borrowings […].’.
Bibliography
With regard.........................................................................................
to morphology, false Anglicisms would have to 60
be
seen as a phenomenon per se, unsubordinated to ‘adapted’ or
90
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
‘indirect
Anglicisms’.
False Anglicisms are coined with the aid of
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
English
language
material
but are
not formally adapted to the
supposed recipient language system, as happens instead for ‘adapted’
Laura Zanfrini
or ‘indirect Anglicisms’. On the one hand, false Anglicisms
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand for
Immigrant
Labour ..and
65
constituted
by Policies
autonomous
compounds,
e.g.
recordman,
autonomous derivatives, e.g. footing, are not to be considered
‘adapted’
or ‘indirect
Anglicisms’
since
they Migration
consist in.............
the free
Migration:
Labour Migration
but not
Workers’
73
combination of English lexical and/or morphological material on the
91 Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Guestspeakers.
Workers to
part4.3ofFrom
Italian
On the other hand, false Anglicisms
89
As
(1986: 106) argues:
‘Una particolare
categoria
di prestiti apparenti
4.5Gusmani
Equal Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90è
quella costituita dai cosiddetti ‘falsi esotismi’ […], parole che hanno tutto l’aspetto
di forestierismi
o sono
addirittura identiche, in apparenza, ad un termine straniero,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
ma che in realtà sono state create indipendentemente da un preciso modello. Che
non si sia in presenza di un genuino fenomeno di prestito è dimostrato o dall’assenza
Colombia:
Including Emigrants
instraniera
Their Societies
of esiste,
Origin
di5.un
eventuale corrispondente
nella lingua
o, se questo
dal.......
fatto101
che
Urs
Watter
esso ha un significato affatto diverso.’. Tr. ‘A particular category of apparent
borrowings is constituted by the so-called ‘false exoticisms’ […], words that totally
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
resemble
or are
even formally
identical to foreign words, but that have been in fact
their Citizens
Living model.
AbroadThe
...........................................
102
created towards
independently
from a precise
fact that this is not a genuine
borrowing is demonstrated either by the absence of an equivalent item in the foreign
5.2 Applied
Ethics
104
language
or, if this
exists,..............................................................................
by its totally different meaning.’.
90
As Gusmani (1986: 99) maintains: ‘[…] l’aspetto straniero di un termine non
costituisce in sé garanzia sufficiente per considerarlo un forestierismo. […]
Determinanti
restano
la presenza
di un modello
alloglotto e la verisimiglianza108
che
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
tra questi e il termine in questione intercorra un rapporto mimetico.’. Tr. ‘[…] the
foreign
appearance of
word......................................................................
is not by itself sufficient to consider it a borrowing.
5.5 “Colombia
nosa une”
109
[…] The determining factors are the presence of a foreign model and the possibility
País ..................................................................................
112
that5.6
the Alianza
word in question
is an imitation of the foreign element.’.
91
As Gusmani (1986: 114) argues: ‘[…] la combinazione, nei processi di
5.7 Challenges
114
derivazione
o anche....................................................................................
di composizione, di elementi linguistici d’influsso straniero,
ormai perfettamente accclimatati in un dato sistema, può benissimo attuarsi
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
nell’ambito
di questo
stesso sistema e non rientrare quindi a nessun titolo 116
nella
fenomenologia del prestito.’. Tr. ‘[…] the combination – in the processes of
derivation
compounding
– ofWell-being
linguistic elements
of foreign
influence, which119
are
WorkingorTogether
for the
of Migrants
...........................
already
an Halliday
established part of a given linguistic system, may take place within this
Barry
system and lie outside the phenomenology of linguistic borrowings.’. Moreover,
Monza/Italy
74
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Approach
........................................................
58
originating
from Rights’
compound
ellipses,
e.g. basket, and clippings, e.g.
happy
end, cannot
be considered ‘adapted’ or ‘indirect Anglicisms’
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
since they neither conform to the rules of English word formation
.........................................................................................
60
norBibliography
obey the rules
of Italian word formation.92
With regard to semantics, false Anglicisms occur only when
4.
The
Ethics
of Migration.
meaning
extension
takes place since the new meaning acquired in
Reflections
on Recent
Policies
Italian is distant
from Migration
the meaning
(or meanings) of the English
homograph. Therefore, not even semantic shifts, e.g. mister,
Laura Zanfrini
eponyms, e.g. carter, and toponyms, e.g. new jersey, are a subtype of
4.1 Restrictive
PoliciesAnglicisms’:
and Structuralthese
Demand
for Anglicisms
Immigrant Labour
.. 65a
‘adapted’
or ‘indirect
false
acquire
totally new meaning in Italian and do not simply select one of several
meanings
that aLabour
word Migration
already has
in Workers’
English.93Migration
False Anglicisms
Migration:
but not
............. 73
originating from generic trademarks are a case apart since in the
4.3 From
Workerswhich
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
coinage
of Guest
trademarks,
eventually
become
generic, different
linguistic
strategies
either a British or American
4.4 Selective
Policiesare
and involved:
the Brain Drain............................................
87
trademark, which is not generic in English, e.g. Rimmel™, becomes
Iamartino
(2001: 122)
states that ‘[…] non sono prestiti nemmeno quelle parole 97
che
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
una lingua crea combinando autonomamente materiali lessicali di origine
alloglotta.’. Tr. ‘[…] even those words that a language creates by combining lexical
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
material
of foreign
origin cannot
be calledin
borrowings.’.
92 Urs Watter
By referring to ‘prestiti ‘decurtati’’, Gusmani (1986: 100) claims that ‘[…]
composti inglesi che appaiono, soprattutto in francese e in italiano, in una forma
5.1 State
Interest
andcon
Responsibility
abbreviata,
cioè
in genere
perdita del secondo elemento: dunque la discrepanza
their
CitizensquiLiving
Abroad ...........................................
rispettotowards
al modello
concerne
il significante.’.
Tr. ‘‘clipped’ borrowings’ 102
‘[…]
English compounds that are often clipped – mainly in French and Italian – through
Applied
the 5.2
ellipsis
of theEthics
second..............................................................................
element: so the discrepancy with the model concerns104
the
form of the word.’. In addition, Dardano et al. (2000: 41) say that ‘[l]’anglicismo
“tagliato” [è] una “falsificazione” della grammatica inglese.’. Tr. ‘Anglicisms which
are 5.4
“clipped”
[are] aPolicy
falsification
of English
grammar.’.
Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
93
Gusmani (1986: 104) remarks that ‘[s]embra poi improprio attribuire la qualifica
di veri
prestiti alle designazioni
di oggetti che traggono spunto dalla provenienza
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
109
degli stessi dall’ambiente a cui, a torto o ragione, sono sentiti legati […]. […] di
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112la
prestito
si potrà legittimamente
parlare solo a proposito del nome proprio, mentre
creazione dell’appellativo, fondata su un’associazione di idee compiuta in ambiente
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
esclusivamente
italiano,
è avvenuta al di fuori di ogni influsso della tradizione
alloglotta.’. Tr. ‘It does not seem appropriate to attribute the status of real
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
borrowings
to those
designations of objects that have been inspired by116
the
environment which they are (rightly or wrongly) believed to be connected to […].
[…]
the only
borrowed
is the proper
noun, whereas
the creation 119
of a
Working
Together
forelement
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
common
which is based on an association of ideas entirely made in an Italian
Barrynoun,
Halliday
environment, has occurred with no influence on the part of the foreign tradition.’.
Monza/Italy
10
75
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Approachis
........................................................
generic
in Human
Italian Rights’
or a trademark
coined in Italy (or elsewhere) 58
by
®
combining
real
English
words,
e.g.
Ticket
Restaurant
.
Since
very
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
often generic trademarks are not coined in an English-speaking
®
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
context,
e.g. Autogrill
, there is no reason to classify these types60
of
false Anglicisms as ‘adapted’ or ‘indirect Anglicisms’.
4. The
Ethics of
As Sanniti
di Migration.
Baja argues:
and
“Non-policies”
in Italy
andof
Europe
...........................................
A
loan
has to do with
the act
lending,
though here there often61
Laura Zanfrini
remains
very little which is borrowed, and a lot which is taken,
changed and added. (Sanniti di Baja 1992: 159)
This
the reason
the graph
Fig.Humanitarian
1 has been drawn anew in
4.2isInitiatives
for why
Governing
Familyinand
order Migration:
to grant false
Anglicisms
the
prominence
they deserve
within
Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration
.............
73
the scenario of language contact. In Fig. 2 false Anglicisms
4.3 Froman
Guest
Workers representation
to Unwelcome Guests
..................................
82
constitute
alternative
of language
contact on the
same
level asPolicies
Anglicisms,
calques
from English, and hybrid
4.4 Selective
and the Brain
Drain............................................
87
Anglicisms.
language contact
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
(lexical influence of English on Italian)
Urs Watter
borrowings
hybrids
calques
5.1 State Interestfalse
andloans
Responsibility
or loanwords
(false
Anglicisms)
(hybrid
Anglicisms)
(calques from English)
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...........................................
102
(Anglicisms)
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
non-adapted or direct
adapted or indirect
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia ......................................................
108
borrowings
or loanwords
(non-adapted or direct Anglicisms)
(adapted or indirect Anglicisms)
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
Figure
2. Language
Contact: A New Typology
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
10
Table of Contents
The Human Rights’Corpus
Approach ........................................................
2. 3.4
Lexicography,
Linguistics and False 58
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Anglicisms
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Laura Zanfrini
2.1 Electronic Resources
Electronic
resources
be essential
research instruments 87
for
4.4 Selective
Policiesproved
and thetoBrain
Drain............................................
the study of false Anglicisms and for the compilation of a dictionary
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
of false
Anglicisms
in Italian.
Nowadays, .........................................................................................
there are two stages of dictionary making for which
Bibliography
97
computers are essential: the exploitation of already available
machine-readable
lexicographic
suchof Origin
as electronic
5. Colombia: Including
Emigrants inresources
Their Societies
....... 101
Urs Watter– both on-line and in CD-ROM format – and the use of
dictionaries
electronic
corpora (Calzolari et al. 1987: 55).1
Thetowards
retrieval
analysis
ofAbroad
false ...........................................
Anglicisms is possible both
theirand
Citizens
Living
102
through dictionaries and through corpora, where textual data may be
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
converted
intoEthics
lexicographic
information. In conjunction with nativespeaker
intuition,
electronic
dictionaries
and computerized corpora
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
provide evidence on the basis of which the lexicographer may
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
evaluate
whether
or not
a candidate
item should qualify as a false
2
Anglicism.
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
1
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
According to Barnbrook (1996: 134): ‘The need for computer assistance in
5.7 Challenges
114
lexicography
is now....................................................................................
fully established, although it is a fairly recent development.
[…] Modern dictionaries, like most modern publications, depend on the
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
technologies
of word
processing, desktop publishing and data manipulation116
that
computers have made possible. […] Lexicography already makes extensive use of
basic
text exploration
[…].’.
Working
Togethertechniques
for the Well-being
of Migrants ........................... 119
2
Rundell
and Stock (1992: 28, 29) state that ‘[t]he arrival of large corpora has
Barry Halliday
clearly revolutionized lexicographic practice. It has also sparked a lively debate on
Monza/Italy
78
10
Table of Contents
3.4Electronic
The HumanDictionaries
Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
2.1.1
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Although
they are
secondary sources of linguistic investigation,
existing
dictionaries
constitute
a
valid
starting
point
for
the
making
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
of new dictionaries and assist the lexicographer in drafting a
provisional
listofof
candidate entries.
4. The Ethics
Migration.
Through
the
electronic
medium,
dictionaries have become richer
Policies
andand
more
user-friendly,
and
the
range
of ...........................................
possible uses and users has
“Non-policies” in Italy and Europe
61
expanded.
Most
recent
on-line
or
CD-ROM
dictionaries are not
Laura Zanfrini
simple transcriptions of paper dictionaries: they are real linguistic
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Structural Demand
Immigrant
Labourfrom
.. 65
laboratories,
where
theandlanguage
can be for
actively
studied
3
different
perspectives.
Electronic
are convenient tools
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Familydictionaries
and Humanitarian
Migration
not Workers’
............. 73
whichMigration:
enhance Labour
the scope
of but
linguistic
and Migration
metalexicographic
research and allow scholars to deal with the internal structure of the
dictionary far better than printed editions (Marello 1996: 219).
4.4
and advantages
the Brain Drain............................................
OneSelective
of thePolicies
several
of electronic dictionaries 87is
modularity,
i.e.
the
possibility
of
being
partially
modified and adapted
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................
90
in order to better interact with the specific needs of the user. Moreover,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
electronic
dictionaries
take advantage of multimedia facilities, using
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
Societies intuition’.
of Origin[…]
.......while
101
the
relative value
of corpusEmigrants
evidence and
‘native-speaker
Urs
Watter
intuition is a valuable aid to interpreting the evidence of a corpus, it cannot on its
own form the basis of a reliable – still less authoritative – account of word meaning
Interest
Responsibility
or 5.1
wordState
usage.
Our and
dependence
on native-speaker intuition is likely to be
towards
their Citizens
Living
Abroad
...........................................
102as
progressively
reduced
as corpora
become
bigger
and more representative, and
automatic analysis tools become more sophisticated. […] whether the role of
5.2 Applied
Ethicsever
..............................................................................
104
intuition
can or should
be eliminated altogether is […] a question that will
be
hotly debated for years to come.’.
3
According to Dodd (2003: 355): ‘It is clear that we are not far from the point at
which
dictionary
will incease
to be ......................................................
merely a product, such as a book, 108
or a
5.4 the
Migration
Policy
Colombia
somewhat more sophisticated substitute for a book, for example a CD-ROM, which
remains
as fixed in its
contents
as a book is, and will also become a service.’. In109
fact,
5.5 “Colombia
nos
une”......................................................................
some dictionaries were not originally conceived as electronic but they have only
Alianza País
been5.6transferred
into..................................................................................
electronic format by exactly mirroring paper editions.112
As
Fontenelle (1997: 2) argues, there is a difference between a ‘machine-readable
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
dictionary
(MRD)’, i.e.
‘a dictionary which had been encoded in machine-readable
form for typesetting purposes’ and a ‘computerized dictionary’, i.e. ‘a dictionary
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
whose
organization
of information is based on a set of explicit and well-defined
conventions.’. In addition, Wilks et al. (1993: 9) add the label ‘machine-tractable
dictionary
to for
contrast
‘machine-readable
dictionary
(MRD)’: ‘MachineWorking(MTD)’
Together
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
tractability
means […] the conversion of an existing dictionary to a form that is
Barry Halliday
appropriate for further CL tasks.’.
Monza/Italy
2. Lexicography, Corpus Linguistics and False Anglicisms
10
79
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human Rights’ codes
Approach
........................................................
58
various
communicative
such
as writing, sounds, and images.
Also
and ......................................................................................
tables are often easily obtainable and printable. 59
An
3.5graphs
Conclusion
additional user-friendly feature of electronic dictionaries makes it
Bibliography
60
possible
for the.........................................................................................
user to look up a word just by keying in part of it, thus
saving a great amount of time. By means of Boolean operators, which
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
enable
dictionary
users to combine different parameters, electronic
Reflections
on Recentfull-text
Migration
Policiesvery quickly.4 For instance,
editions also perform
searches
etymological
queries allow the user to verify whether the presence of a
Laura Zanfrini
false Anglicism in Italian is mediated by another language. Moreover,
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
usage
and register
labelsand
addStructural
frequency
data and
specify the
semantic
field to which a false Anglicism belongs.5
Finally,
theseLabour
types Migration
of customized
be easily
saved
Migration:
but not searches
Workers’ can
Migration
.............
73
and reused when needed. Therefore, the feasibility of full-text
4.3 From
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
searches
is Guest
the main
reason
for choosing
electronic
dictionaries82to
study
false Anglicisms,
thisDrain............................................
procedure allows the user 87to
4.4 Selective
Policies and since
the Brain
retrieve the precise target entries in the whole dictionary rapidly.
2.1.2
Computer.........................................................................................
Corpus Lexicography
Bibliography
97
Technology has revolutionized many areas of linguistics and one of
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
Their Societies
....... 1016
the
tools which
has undergone
the in
greatest
changes of
is Origin
the dictionary.
Urs Watter
5.1 State
Interest
Full-text
searches
areand
alsoResponsibility
defined as multiple searches, cross searches, or complex
searches.
5
Among the several advantages of electronic dictionaries, a word can be searched
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
for 5.2
even
when the
exact
spelling is unknown (Jackson 2002: 69-72). Indeed,
electronic dictionaries – independent from a rigid alphabetical order – do not require
the user to know the lemma form of the searched word which is being looked up.
Users
look upPolicy
all theinwords
that ......................................................
start, end, or contain a specific string
5.4may
Migration
Colombia
108of
characters using wildcard options, i.e. ? and *. A certain item may be looked up in
different
parts of the
i.e. definition, semantic fields, examples,
5.5 “Colombia
nosmicrostructure,
une”......................................................................
109
etymology, etc. Complex searches may be carried out using Boolean operators by
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
coordinating,
alternating,
or excluding the desired parameters, i.e. AND, OR,112
and
NOT. The user can also rapidly switch from one entry to another. In addition, it is
5.7possible
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
often
to obtain
information about morphology, e.g. plurals, inflected forms,
and semantics, e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms. Finally, as argued by Spina
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
(2001:
95) and Marello
(2002: 159), it is possible to listen to the pronunciation116
of a
specific word without necessarily being able to read the symbols used in phonetic
transcription,
such as IPA
Phonetic
Alphabet)............................ 119
Working Together
for(International
the Well-being
of Migrants
6
Dodd
352) argues that ‘[t]extual analysis software has been associated
Barry(2003:
Halliday
mostly with literary studies, but it has become obvious that it is of great value to
4
Monza/Italy
80
10
Table of Contents
3.4 though
The Human
........................................................
Even
onlyRights’
a few Approach
decades ago
the idea of using computers58to
compile
a dictionary
seemed unfeasible, computational linguistics
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
had already anticipated the wide range of opportunities that
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
technology
would
offer. Lexicography has proved to be dynamic and
open to the integration and the enrichment brought about by new
4. The Ethics
Migration.to Dodd:
research
tools.ofAccording
in Italy and
Europe
Itand
is “Non-policies”
not hard to imagine
a future
in ...........................................
which the production of61
Laura Zanfrini
dictionaries
will be aided to a yet greater extent by computer. A very
large proportion of all texts produced nowadays are at some stage put
into computer-readable form […]. (Dodd 2003: 354)
Since
the early
1970sMigration
computers
been used
on a large
scale73in
Migration:
Labour
buthave
not Workers’
Migration
.............
the production of dictionaries, and over the last few years they have
significantly modified the working techniques used to compile
7
4.4 Selective
andinformation.
the Brain Drain............................................
87
dictionaries
andPolicies
to present
As recognized by Biber et al.:
Today, advances in computer technology have given corpus-based
lexicographic
research several advantages over earlier work. (Biber et97
Bibliography .........................................................................................
al. 1998: 22)
Computer
Urs
Watter corpus lexicography may be viewed as a field of
research which combines the perspectives of computational
linguistics,
computational lexicography, and computer corpus
linguistics (Ooi 1998: 2). Computer corpus lexicography may also be
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
lexicographers
as well.
ThisinisColombia
thanks to ......................................................
its capacity to produce at short notice,108
and
5.4 Migration
Policy
with absolute accuracy, a list of all the words used in a given text in either alphabetic
or frequency
order, whether
normal
or inverse, and to expand this to an index giving
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
each word’s place of occurrence in the text if needed. It can also provide a
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112in
concordance,
permitting
the immediate surroundings of each word to be examined
detail, with right-sorted and left-sorted contexts usually both possible.’.
7
5.7Marello
Challenges
....................................................................................
114di
As
(1996:
155) argues: ‘Il calcolatore elettronico, permettendo
immagazzinare e rielaborare grandi quantità di dati, è stato fondamentale per le
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
operazioni
di spoglio
preliminari alla compilazione di dizionari storici e soprattutto
per redigere concordanze, liste di frequenza, dizionari inversi […].’. Tr. ‘Since it is
possible
to store
and process
a large
amount of
computers
have been of utmost
Working
Together
for the
Well-being
ofdata,
Migrants
...........................
119
importance
for the preliminary steps in compiling historical dictionaries and
Barry Halliday
especially concordances, frequency lists, reverse dictionaries […].’.
Monza/Italy
10
81
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Rights’ Approach
........................................................
58
viewed
asHuman
the making
of dictionaries
with the aid of machine8
readable
corpora.......................................................................................
Halliday in fact argues that:
3.5 Conclusion
59
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
The
effect of
these resources on dictionary-making is already60
apparent: the dictionary can now be founded on authentic usage in
and speech.
(Halliday 2004: 17)
4. writing
The Ethics
of Migration.
Compiling
a dictionary
of false
Anglicisms
with the aid 61
of
and
“Non-policies”
in Italy and
Europe
...........................................
corpora
has
several
advantages.
First
of
all,
frequency
lists
and
Laura Zanfrini
concordance lines show how often and where a false Anglicism is
encountered. It is also possible to detect the most frequent spelling
4.2 multiple
Initiativesorthographic
for Governingvariants
Family and
when
areHumanitarian
found in the corpus. This is
Migration:
Labour
Migration
not Workers’
Migration
73
particularly
useful
since
somebutfalse
Anglicisms
– .............
especially
autonomous
compounds
–
often
vary
in
spelling
as,
for
instance,
longseller, which can also be spelt long seller or long-seller. In
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the
Brain Drain............................................
87
addition,
the most
common
collocations
of each false Anglicism help
to 4.5
distinguish
between and
alternative
senses and determine
the typical
Equal Opportunity
................................
90
contexts in which they appear.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Computerized
corpora also prove to be useful for retrieving,
collecting, and storing real citations to be quoted in the example
section
of the microstructure (Sherman 1979: 142). According to
Urs Watter
Cowie (1989: 55), examples have two major functions: ‘[…] that of
5.1 State aInterest
Responsibility
clarifying
senseandand
that of distinguishing between senses.’.
towards
their Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
Examples
extracted
from corpora
– as opposed
to made-up examples
– show
the
searched
words
in
context
and
grant
the
authenticity
of
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
the false Anglicisms selected and included in the dictionary.
5.3 Migration
Policy and
.........................................................
106
Authentic
examples
alsoEthics
show
the grammatical and semantic
9
properties
that false
in the Italian language. 108
The
5.4 Migration
PolicyAnglicisms
in Colombia have
......................................................
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
8
The
role
of ..................................................................................
corpora in dictionary-making is highlighted by Rundell112
and
5.6pivotal
Alianza
País
Stock (1992: 21), who state that ‘[…] corpus data must now be regarded as an
5.7 Challenges
114
indispensable
tool in....................................................................................
any serious dictionary venture.’. This is confirmed by Tognini
Bonelli and Sinclair (2006: 217), who point out that ‘[…] major dictionaries will be
Bibliography
116
based
on corpora in.......................................................................................
the years to come […].’.
9
As Drysdale (1987: 213) points out: ‘Examples are often overlooked in the
discussion
lexicography,
either
because they
are considered
to be less important
WorkingofTogether
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
thanBarry
definitions,
which may be true, or because they are thought to involve less of
Halliday
the lexicographer’s skill, which is not true. […] reliance on made-up examples
Monza/Italy
82
10
Table of Contents
3.4 microstructural
The Human Rights’
Approach
58
only
feature
of ........................................................
the dictionary that most corpora
cannot
provide is......................................................................................
pronunciation.
3.5 Conclusion
59
Finally, even though definitions are not directly supplied by
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
corpora,
contexts
of occurrence and collocations are certainly an aid
to the lexicographer who has to create definitions to be included in a
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
dictionary.
According
to Hanks:
Italya and
Europe analytical
...........................................
[…]
any attempt to in
write
completely
definition of any61
Laura Zanfrini
common
word in natural language is absurd. […] What a good
dictionary offers instead is a typification: the dictionary definition
summarises what the lexicographer finds to be the most typical
common
features,
in his experience,
in the use, context, and
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family and Humanitarian
collocations
of
the
word.
(Hanks
1979:
38)
2.2 Lexicographic Products
All4.5
theEqual
lexicographic
resources
consulted
are referred
to by means90
of
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
acronyms or abbreviations which are well-established in the
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
literature. The dictionaries mentioned below – electronic editions
were preferred to paper editions in order to carry out a quick and
efficient
investigation – are listed in chronological order from the
Urs Watter
least recent to the most recent. A comprehensive list is available in
State Interest
and Responsibility
the5.1
reference
section.
2.2.1
Dictionaries
5.2General
Applied Ethics
.............................................................................. 104
The5.3list
of the latest
of.........................................................
the Italian monolingual dictionaries
Migration
Policyeditions
and Ethics
106
consulted in order to detect the presence of false Anglicisms in the
5.4 Migration
Policy
Colombia ...................................................... 108
Italian
vocabulary
is asinfollows:
5.5
“Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
109
Dizionario
etimologico
della lingua italiana (DELI) published
in
1999; País .................................................................................. 112
5.6 Alianza
Grande
dizionario
italiano dell’uso (GDU), also known114
as
5.7
Challenges
....................................................................................
GRADIT, in seven volumes: six volumes were published in
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
2000 and
the supplement Nuove parole italiane dell’uso116
del
involves
risk of creating some sentences that are forced and artificial, whether
Barrythe
Halliday
awkwardly stilted or inappropriately colloquial.’.
Monza/Italy
10
83
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Humandizionario
Rights’ Approach
58
Grande
italiano........................................................
dell’uso was published in 2003
10
(De Mauro
2003a);
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
11
Il Vocabolario
Treccani (Treccani) published in 2003;
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
Il Sabatini Coletti. Dizionario della lingua italiana (DISC)
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
published
in 2007;
Grande dizionario italiano (Gabrielli) published in 2008;
Laura
Zanfrini 2010. Vocabolario della lingua italiana (DevotoIl Devoto-Oli
Oli) published in 2009;
Lo Zingarelli 2010. Vocabolario della lingua italiana (Zingarelli)
4.2 Initiatives for Governing
published in 2009.12
In addition, some monolingual English dictionaries were
examined in order to verify whether English-looking words extracted
4.4 Selective
Policies and the
Brain Drain............................................
87
from
Italian monolingual
dictionaries
and collections of foreign
words
and
neologisms
were
to
be
considered
false
or
real
Anglicisms:13
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
14
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) published in 1989;
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Originpublished
....... 101
The New Shorter
Oxford
English
Dictionary
(NSOED)
Urs Watter
in 1997;
Applieddella
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
Il5.2
dizionario
lingua
italiana (De Mauro) was also examined; the De Mauro
is the abridged edition of the GDU.
The on-line edition of the Treccani is available at www.treccani.it.
12
Since
1994 the Policy
Zingarelli
has been ......................................................
updated yearly (Petralli 1996: 20). 108
Each
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
edition includes neologisms, Anglicisms, and also false Anglicisms that previous
editions
did not list. nos
For une”
instance,
concept store appears in the 2004 edition though
5.5 “Colombia
......................................................................
109
not in the 2003 edition. This commercially strategic policy is of great use to scholars
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
interested
in metalexicographic
issues, thus making it possible to do diachronic
research on the same source (Pulcini 1999: 361). It now seems that other major
5.7 Challenges
dictionary
publishers....................................................................................
have adopted the same strategy. The on-line edition of114
the
Zingarelli is available at www.dizionari.zanichelli.it.
13 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
The observation made by Onysko (2007a: 55) on the limitations of monolingual
English dictionaries is of core importance: ‘[…] dictionaries are not capable of
containing
possible English
the lack of
an entry in an English
Workingall
Together
for the compounds
Well-beingsoofthat
Migrants
...........................
119
dictionary
is not tantamount to its non-existence in the English language.’.
Barry
Halliday
14
The updated and revised on-line edition of the OED is available at www.oed.com.
10
Monza/Italy
84
10
Table of Contents
3.4
The Human
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
Webster’s
Third
New
International
Dictionary Unabridged
15
(Merriam-Webster)
published in 2000;
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
The New Oxford
Dictionary of English (NODE) published 60in
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
2001;
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
Concise
Oxford
English Dictionary (COED) published in 2004;
Cambridge Dictionary of American English (CDAE) published in
2007;
Laura
Zanfrini
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE)
published in 2009.
TheMigration:
following
advanced learner’s English dictionaries were also
Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
used:
Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (MEDAL)
4.4 Selective
Policies
published
in 2002;
4.5
Equal Advanced
OpportunityLearner’s
and Denied Dictionary
Opportunities(OALD)
................................
Oxford
published 90in
2005; ......................................................................................... 97
Bibliography
Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
(COBUILD)
published
in 2006;
Urs Watter
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (CALD) published in
5.1 State
2008.
Finally, Italian-English bilingual dictionaries were examined in
5.2 to
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
order
find real
English
equivalents of false Anglicisms:
5.3
Migration
Policy Il
anddizionario
Ethics .........................................................
106
Oxford
Paravia.
inglese-italiano italiano-inglese
(Oxford-Paravia) published in 2006;
Grande dizionario inglese (Picchi) published in 2007;
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
Grande dizionario di inglese (Hazon) published in 2009;
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Il Ragazzini 2010. Dizionario inglese-italiano italiano-inglese
(Ragazzini) published in 2009.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
15
The
on-line
edition of the Merriam-Webster is available at www.merriamBarry
Halliday
webster.com.
Monza/Italy
10
85
Table of Contents
3.4Dictionaries
The Human Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
2.2.2
of Foreign
Words
and Neologisms
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Several
dictionaries
of foreign words – including Anglicisms – and
neologisms
were
also
used
to
extract
false
Anglicisms
not
found
in
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
general dictionaries. Although these dictionaries are more likely to
record
coinages,
they should be consulted with caution since
4. The recent
Ethics of
Migration.
they
are
less
reliable
in
determining
whether a neologism will last
Policies
andand
survive
in
the
language.
The main
resource taken into consideration in order to draft a
Laura
Zanfrini
provisional list of false Anglicisms in Italian is the DEA (A
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Structural Demand
for Manfred
ImmigrantGörlach
Labour ..and
65
Dictionary
of European
Anglicisms),
edited by
16
published
in 2001.
In addition,
Dizionario degli anglicismi
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family the
and Humanitarian
Migration:
Labour Migration
but by
notGaetano
Workers’Rando
Migration
73
nell’italiano
postunitario,
compiled
and.............
published
in 1987, was consulted. Although it is not up to date and does not
clearly mention the selection criteria adopted, i.e. adapted
4.4 Selectivecalques,
Policies and
Brain Drain............................................
87
Anglicisms,
andthe
encyclopedic
information are included
along
with
non-adapted
Anglicisms,
this
dictionary
was
used
since
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90it
is the only existing dictionary of Anglicisms in Italian (Pulcini 2007:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
291).
The complete list of glossaries and collections of foreign words
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies of Origin
.......
and
neologisms
consulted,
arranged
in chronological
order,
is101
the
Urs
Watter
following: Jacono (1939), Monelli (1943), Panzini (1950), Migliorini
(1963),
Klajn
(1972),
De Felice (1984), Pasquarelli and Palmieri
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
(1987),towards
Pittàno
2001), Carpitano 102
and
their(1987),
CitizensQuarantotto
Living Abroad(1987,
...........................................
Càsole (1989), Cortelazzo and Cardinale (1989), Cosoli (1989),
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Schmid (1989, 1992), Vassalli (1989), Amato et al. (1990), Lurati
5.3 Migration
Ethics
.........................................................
106
(1990),
Magni Policy
(1990),and
Zolli
(1991),
Bencini and Citernesi (1992),
Bolelli
(1993),
Mini
(1994),
Verardi
(1995),
Cortelazzo
(1995,
1996,
1997), Onorati (1996), Giovenali (1997), Lucarini and Scrofani
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
(1999),
Adamo and
Della
Valle (2003, 2005, 2009), De Mauro 109
and
Mancini
(2003),
and Gualdo (2003), Bencini and Manetti
5.6 Alianza
PaísGiovanardi
..................................................................................
112
(2005), De Mauro (2006).17
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
16
As Görlach (1994, 1997, 1998) points out, the DEA was previously conceived as
the
UDASELTogether
(Usage Dictionary
of AnglicismsofinMigrants
Selected European
Languages).
Working
for the Well-being
...........................
119
17
InBarry
addition
to the above list, several lists of Anglicisms and false Anglicisms were
Halliday
retrieved in the following articles: Marri (1988a, 1988b, 1989a, 1989b, 1989c, 1990,
Monza/Italy
86
10
Table of Contents
TheLexicographic
Human Rights’ Approach
........................................................
58
2.33.4
The
Approach
to False Anglicisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
The phenomenon of false Anglicisms in Italian was initially studied
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
through
the analysis
of general dictionaries and collections of foreign
words and neologisms and a provisional list of false Anglicisms was
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
obtained.
Although
the editors of these dictionaries proved to be
aware of the fact that some English-looking words in the Italian
vocabulary are not real English words, only some false Anglicisms
Laura Zanfrini
were recognized as such: at times false Anglicisms are mistaken for
and Structural
for Immigrant
.. 65
real4.1Anglicisms.
Therefore,
only Demand
a limited
numberLabour
of false
Anglicisms
wereforfound
through
dictionaries.
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
2.3.1 The Inadequacy of General Dictionaries
The inclusion and definition of false Anglicisms in Italian
4.4 Selectivedictionaries
Policies andistherather
Brain problematic
Drain............................................
87
monolingual
since the procedures
followed
by
dictionary
editors,
when
dealing
with
false
Anglicisms,
do not always seem to be consistent. In some cases false Anglicisms
97
areBibliography
not treated.........................................................................................
adequately even in the most up-to-date Italian
monolingual dictionaries, i.e. Devoto-Oli, DISC, GDU, and
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
Societies
of Originare
.......often
101
Zingarelli.
The
labels Emigrants
used to refer
to false
Anglicisms
Urs
Watter
ambiguous and false Anglicisms are sometimes inappropriately
recorded
asInterest
true Anglicisms
(Furiassi 2003: 126, 127).
5.1 State
and Responsibility
None
of the
Italian
dictionaries
consulted
includes a full range
towards
their
Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
of false Anglicisms and there are remarkable differences in the
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
labels used to refer to them: the Devoto-Oli uses the formulas ‘non
Migration
Policy anglosassoni’
and Ethics .........................................................
106
in 5.3
uso
nei paesi
or ‘non usato/a nei paesi
anglosassoni’;
the
DISC
labels
each
false
Anglicism
as
‘voce
pseudoingl.’; the GDU identifies false Anglicisms with the label
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
‘voce
pseudoingl.’;
finally,
the Zingarelli labels false Anglicisms
with
abbreviations
‘pseudo-ingl.’ or ‘vc. ingl. non usata 112
nei
5.6the
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
paesi anglosassoni’.
5.7
Challenges
114
According
to....................................................................................
a recent study (Furiassi 2003), the three entries
explicitly
labeled
as false Anglicisms in the Devoto-Oli are beauty
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
1991),
Fanfani
(1991a, 1991b, 1991c, 1992a, 1992b, 1992c, 1993a, 1993b, 1993c,
Barry
Halliday
1994a, 1994b, 1994c, 1995, 1996), and Fazi (1988).
Monza/Italy
10
87
Table of Contents
3.4 footing,
The Human
Approach
58
case,
andRights’
free shop.
The........................................................
seven entries registered as false
Anglicisms
in the......................................................................................
DISC are beauty case, beauty hostess, Citymatic59®,
3.5 Conclusion
happy end, naziskin, paraflying, and talkman. The thirteen items
Bibliography
60
included
in the.........................................................................................
GDU as false Anglicisms are baby pusher, beauty,
18
beauty-case, far west, gin fizz, helisky, infotainment, nightclubbing,
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
pair-oar,
play-out,
recordman, recordwoman, and Slow-Food®. The
Reflections
on Recent
Policies
three
entries which
areMigration
considered
to be false Anglicisms in the
Zingarelli are block-notes, flipper, and recordman.
Laura Zanfrini
Except for recordman, which is present in both the GDU and the
4.1 Restrictive
Structural
Labour .. the
65
Zingarelli,
and Policies
beauty and
case,
which Demand
appearsfor
inImmigrant
the Devoto-Oli,
DISC, and the GDU, all the other items vary in each dictionary.
The total
number
of Migration
false Anglicisms
is twenty-three,
which
Migration:
Labour
but not Workers’
Migration .............
73
appears to be very limited. Therefore, no definite picture emerges
4.3this
From
Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
from
examination.
Moreover,
three
outDrain............................................
of twenty-three are actually true
4.4
Selectivesince
Policies
and items
the Brain
87
Anglicisms, i.e. infotainment, nightclubbing, and pair-oar, the
4.5 Equal
................................
90
findings
areOpportunity
even more and
contradictory.
Despite the
fact that the GDU
treats
the entries
infotainment, nightclubbing, and pair-oar as false
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Anglicisms, they can be found in the LDOCE, the NODE, and the
Merriam-Webster.
These
discrepancies
may
lead scholars
have
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Originto.......
101a
biased
picture of the incidence of false Anglicisms on Italian.
Urs Watter
Although there are not very many false Anglicisms in the Italian
vocabulary, there are many more than the ones recorded in the
dictionaries analyzed.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
18
The form helisky, recorded in the GDU, the Devoto-Oli, and the Zingarelli, is
clearly
a misspellingnos
ofune”
heliski,
which derives from the blending of heli-, 109
from
5.5 “Colombia
......................................................................
helicopter, and -ski, from skiing. As Fanfani (1991: 14) states: ‘[…] è risaputo che la
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
y, in5.6
quanto
grafema
forestiero, esercita un’attrattiva e […] non deve essere 112
stato
estraneo […] a casi di “ipercorrettismo” […].’. Tr. ‘[…] it is well-known that y,
5.7a Challenges
....................................................................................
114to
being
foreign grapheme,
is particularly attractive and […] somehow connected
“hypercorrection” […].’. It must be noted that the written variant eliskì is also
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116in
attested
in the Zingarelli.
In addition, French etymology is assigned to helisky
both the Devoto-Oli and the Zingarelli, while the GDU considers it ‘voce
pseudoingl.’.
Finally, for
sincethe
theWell-being
NODE includes
the noun
heli-skiing, meaning
Working Together
of Migrants
...........................
119
‘skiing
in Halliday
which the skier is taken up the mountain by helicopter’, heliski, the
Barry
clipping of heli-skiing, will be considered a false Anglicism.
Monza/Italy
88
10
Table of Contents
3.4The
The Limitations
Human Rights’
........................................................
58
2.3.2
of Approach
Dictionaries
of Foreign Words and
Neologisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
TheBibliography
collections.........................................................................................
of foreign words and neologisms available for the
60
Italian language were analyzed manually: some were very accurate,
as
far as
methodology
was concerned, and exhaustive; others were
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
simple
miscellanea.
Nonetheless,
all contained false Anglicisms
Reflections on Recent Migrationthey
Policies
thatand
were
not
recorded
in
general
dictionaries.
The most
detailed lexicographic resource considered is the DEA
Laura
Zanfrini
(A Dictionary of European Anglicisms). The search for false
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Demand for Immigrant
.. 65
Anglicisms
in the
DEA and
wasStructural
rather straightforward
since, Labour
as Görlach
(2001:
xxi) clearly
indicates,Family
each entry
followed by an asterisk ‘is
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
and Humanitarian
Migration:
Labour although
Migrationan
butAnglicism
not Workers’
Migration .............
73
not a word
in English,
nevertheless’.
The 162
items alphabetically listed below in Tab. 1 are marked with an
asterisk in the DEA and labeled ‘It’, i.e. attested in Italian.
A (15)
eurocity
madison
scout
4.5Afro-look
Equal Opportunity
and class
90
executive
maizena™ ................................
script-girl
after-ski
F (9)
matchball
self-actor/-ing 97
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
after sun
five-o’clock tea
matchwinner
shed roof
airfresh™ Includingfloating
mediaSocieties
man
shetland
5. Colombia:
Emigrants in Their
of Origin
....... 101
Urs
Watter
antibaby
pill
fly-and-drive
megabit
shirting
antidoping
flying
junior
midrange
six-days
5.1
State Interest and
Responsibility
antidumping
forcing
minibasket
ski
stopper 102
art director
forechecking
minimarket
skunks
auditing
Fosbury flop
montgomery
skylab
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3
Migration Policyfree
and
Ethics .........................................................
auto-camping
climber
Muppets
slowfox 106
auto-caravan
free
muting
smoking 108
5.4
Migration Policy
inclimbing
Colombia ......................................................
autoreverse
G (5)
N (1)
soft porno
autoscooter
gin-fizz
net (ball)
soft white
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6autostop
Alianza País ..................................................................................
gin-tonic
O (2)
soft-core 112
autotraining
gold-exchange
off-off
software house 114
5.7
Challenges ....................................................................................
(standard)
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
B (4)
golf
oxford
sonnyboy 116
babydoll
Good Templar
P (13)
star system
hammerless
pay-TV
stockhouse
Working
Together for the
Well-being ofparking
Migrants ...........................
beauty farm
H (8)
stark delicious 119
Barry
Halliday
body-shirt
Monza/Italy
10
89
Table of Contents
™
3.4 boxer
The Human Rights’
Approach
........................................................
handicam
peeling
stop-and-go 58
(13)
hard discount
pershing
stripteaser
3.5 CConclusion
......................................................................................
59
cableman
hard porno
playgirl
stunt girl
carpool
horror show
powersteering
sweating system
I (2)
primaries
taxi-girl
IC
progressive jazz
Bibliography
60
camping-gas .........................................................................................
heavy rock
powerlifting
super-G
carter
hot jazz
preshave (lotion)
T (13)
cellotape
hydroforming
pressbook
tax-free shop 61
and
“Non-policies”
in Italy and Europe
...........................................
™
cinemascope
Laura Zanfrini
cinerama™
taylorism/Taylor
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrantsystem
Labour .. 65
clivia
4.2 Initiatives
for investment
Governingfunds
Family andpuddling
Humanitarian toe-loop
compoundJ
(5)
punching
ball Migration
top .............
class
73
copy-shop
jacket crown
Q (0)
top manager
cowper-
jamming
R (12)
top weight
4.4cracking
Selective Policiesjazzband
and the Brain Drain............................................
87
randomization
topless
test Opportunityjetand
linerDenied Opportunities
randomize ................................
topmodel
4.5crash
Equal
90
D (9)
jet-society
ranking list
travelling matte
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
daltonian
K (2)
record(s)man
trawler-yacht
day hospital
knockdown
reforming
truck (system)
diplexer
Urs
Watter
K-way™
relax
tubeless
discman
L (6)
™
™
Remington
U (1)
doomwriting
land-art
reset
u(ltra)p(ast)e(uriz
102
ation)
double-face
leasing
restyling
V (1)
5.2
Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
double-scull
lobbyism
ribs
video art
doubleton
longplay
riding coat
W (0)
5.4dressman
Migration Policy in
Colombia ......................................................
108
looping
roastbeef
X (0)
E (3)
lynch
S (26)
Y (0)
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
easy rider
M (12)
salvationist
Z (0)
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Table
False Anglicisms
in the DEA
5.7 1.
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
The criteria adopted in the DEA – described exhaustively in Görlach
(2003)
deserve for
further
remarks. ofFirst
of all,
the number119
of
Working– Together
the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
lexicographic
sources exploited by the DEA compilers (Görlach
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
90
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human
........................................................
58
2001:
xviii)
to Rights’
verify Approach
the authenticity
and usage of candidate
Anglicisms,
i.e. to
attest to their presence in the English language,59is
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
limited to The Concise Oxford Dictionary (COD) published in 1995,
.........................................................................................
60
theBibliography
Shorter Oxford
English Dictionary (SOED) published in 1993,
and The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology (BDE) published in
4. The19Ethics of Migration.
1988.
Reflections
on Recent
Policieswith an asterisk in the DEA
Secondly, some
of theMigration
entries marked
and existing in the Italian language were found in English
Laura Zanfrini
dictionaries and/or corpora with the same meaning given in the DEA
Restrictive
Policiesbeandconsidered
Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
and4.1should
therefore
real Anglicisms.
For
instance,
reset was recorded in the LDOCE and defined as ‘a control that is
used to
make a Labour
machine
or instrument
ready toMigration
work again’.
Also
Migration:
Migration
but not Workers’
.............
73
some toponyms which have become generic can be found in English
4.3 From Guest
Unwelcomewas
Guests
..................................
82
dictionaries.
For Workers
example,to Shetland,
defined
in the MerriamWebster
as ‘a Policies
fabric and
or athegarment
made of Shetland wool’ and
4.4 Selective
Brain Drain............................................
87
Oxford was defined in the LDOCE as ‘a type of shirt made of thick
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
andofDenied
Opportunities
................................
90
cotton’.
In addition,
some
the items
marked with
an asterisk in the
DEA
are not .........................................................................................
found in Italian dictionaries and/or corpora, e.g.
Bibliography
97
dressman, soft white.
Finally, other
itemsEmigrants
only appear
in Societies
the Italian
language
as
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
of Origin
....... 101
translations,
Urs Watter e.g. dopo sole from after sun, renditions, e.g. servo
sterzo from powersteering, or adaptations, e.g. salvazionista from
salvationist. Some of the Anglicisms marked with an asterisk and
attested in Italian are obsolete, e.g. Cinemascope™ (Pulcini 2008c:
5.2 Conversely,
Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
104
477).
some
items, such as beauty case, flipper, and jolly,
which
are false Policy
Anglicisms,
are.........................................................
not marked with an asterisk in106
the
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
DEA and therefore not included in the list above.
5.4
Policy
in Colombia
108is
TheMigration
exclusion
of some
recent ......................................................
false Anglicisms from the DEA
justified
by the nos
factune”
that......................................................................
the DEA word list was collected prior109to
5.5 “Colombia
1995. As Görlach explains:
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
The Dictionary of European Anglicisms is intended as a
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
documentation of the lexical input of English into European languages
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
19
The following remark made by Bailey (2003: 256) is curious: ‘[…] some of these
“non-English”
anglicisms
fact English,ofthough
not included
in the Concise
Working Together
forare
theinWell-being
Migrants
...........................
119
Oxford
Dictionary.’,
Barry
Halliday as is his suggestion that ‘[o]ne would be happy to introduce
some of these “non-English” anglicisms to our language.’.
Monza/Italy
10
91
Table of Contents
3.4 to
The
Approach
........................................................
up
theHuman
early Rights’
1990s (with
a cut-off
date of 1995) […]. (Görlach58
2001: xvi)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Since
more than.........................................................................................
a decade has passed, new false Anglicisms are likely
Bibliography
60
to be in use nowadays.
Another
reason
why some newly attested false Anglicisms are not
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
recorded
in
the
DEA
the fact Policies
that the dictionary project is not
Reflections on RecentisMigration
based
on
corpus
evidence.
Indeed,
as
Görlach
points out:
...........................................
61
Laura Zanfrini
[…] the basic decision as far as the currency of loanwords from
4.1 Restrictive
Policieswas
andnot
Structural
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
English
is concerned
to rely Demand
on text corpora.
(Görlach
1997:
68)
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but not
73
Even if
large and
balanced
corpora
are Workers’
not easy Migration
or cheap.............
to collect,
many
moreGuest
electronic
shouldGuests
be obtainable
now for the
4.3 From
Workerscorpora
to Unwelcome
..................................
82
languages for which they were not available when the DEA was
compiled. If a new corpus-based edition of the DEA is compiled, it
4.5 Equal
................................
would
be ofOpportunity
paramountand
importance
to verify whether
the corpora90to
be used comply with the parameters of representativeness and
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
comparability (Busse 2008a).20 Although it will be very difficult to
achieve,
Hartmann
hopes,
as general
desiderata
in lexicography,
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin .......that:
101
Urs Watter
[…]
every European language should have a set of comparable (and
interchangeable)
text Responsibility
corpora, concordances and databases of both
5.1 State Interest and
written
and
spoken
material,
should
be made available to
towards their Citizens Livingwhich
Abroad
...........................................
102
lexicographers, language teachers and students […]. (Hartmann 2006:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
156)
2.45.4
Language
Corpora
Migration Policy
in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia
nosaune”
......................................................................
109
Inevitably,
it takes
certain
amount of time for general dictionaries
and5.6
even
dictionaries
of
foreign
words
and
neologisms
to
record
the
Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
latest innovations which take place everyday in the language
5.7 Challenges
114
(Furiassi
2008b: ....................................................................................
153, 154). As Bowker and Pearson argue:
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
20
Humbley Together
(2008b: 103)
‘[…] to continue
the DEA
and to be stricter
on
Working
forsuggests:
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
the Barry
criteriaHalliday
of inclusion, so that cross-linguistic comparisons can at least be made
with some accuracy.’.
Monza/Italy
92
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
One
of Human
the biggest
problems
associated
with dictionaries is their58
inherent incompleteness. […] dictionaries go out of date very quickly.
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
(Bowker
and Pearson
2002: 15)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Even if the dictionaries used were up-to-date and scientifically valid,
other
such as Italian newspaper corpora and English
4. The sources,
corpora,
were
consulted
in order Policies
to undertake further research on
false
Anglicisms
since,
as
recognized
Meijs (1996: 100), ‘[…]
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europeby
...........................................
61
lexicography
without
computerized
corpus
data is practically
Laura Zanfrini
unthinkable nowadays.’.21
Although there is a consensus among linguists on the fact that
‘[t]here
is no such
thing as aFamily
perfect
for lexicography […].’
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
andcorpus
Humanitarian
Migration:
Labour2008:
Migration
.............help
73
(Atkins
and Rundell
54),but
thenotfollowing
considerations
explain why newspaper corpora are likely to be the best compromise.
Some authoritative scholars maintain that ‘the language of
4.4 Selective
the Brain
87
newspapers
is Policies
just oneand
variety’
of Drain............................................
the language (Sinclair 1991: 18)
and4.5
that
‘analyses
must
be
based
on
a
diversified
corpus
representing
a wide range of registers in order to be appropriately generalized to
.........................................................................................
97
theBibliography
language as
a whole’ (Biber 1993: 220); others believe that
‘newspapers employ a variety of text types or genres’ (Jucker 1992:
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin
.......today
101
3)
and that ‘for
a linguistic
study
of general
language
use
Urs
Watter
focusing on vocabulary or grammar, newspaper texts clearly offer a
more
basis
literary or specialized categories’ (Engwall
5.1 adequate
State Interest
andthan
Responsibility
22
1994: towards
64). their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
21
With regard to newspaper language, Dardano (1986a: 492) claims that ‘[…] il
linguaggio dei giornali presenta una duplicità di aspetti; da una parte costituisce
un’entità
ben differenziata
alla ......................................................
lingua comune, dall’altra appare come
5.4 Migration
Policy inrispetto
Colombia
108lo
specchio e il promotore di innovazioni riguardanti il futuro della nostra lingua. Il
linguaggio
dei giornali
anticipa
quello che può definirsi una nuova fase
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109di
europeizzazione dell’italiano.’. Tr. ‘[…] newspaper language has two main aspects;
País
112
on 5.6
the Alianza
one hand
it ..................................................................................
represents a well-defined entity if compared to everyday
language; on the other hand, it appears as the mirror and the promoter of innovations
5.7 Challenges
114
regarding
the future ....................................................................................
of our language. Newspaper language anticipates what can
be
defined as a new phase of the Europeanization of Italian.’.
22 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
The issue of representativeness is obviously a complicated one. Kilgarriff (1997:
137) poses the following questions: ‘[…] what different text-types do we want in the
corpus,
and Together
in what ratios?
How
many samples
of each, and
in what sample 119
size?
Working
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
AndBarry
the entirely
practical question that this then collides with is: how many samples
Halliday
of each text type can we get hold of, with what copyright restrictions, and at what
Monza/Italy
10
93
Table of Contents
3.4
Human Rights’
Approachoften
........................................................
58
TheThe
language
of newspapers
works as a mediator between
‘specialized
discourse’
and ‘general language’ (Gotti 2003: 26). The
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
fact that false Anglicisms are often graphically marked and explained
by Bibliography
glosses after.........................................................................................
their occurrence in newspaper texts is likely to 60
fix
them in both the passive and the active lexical competence of Italian
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
newspaper
readers.
According to Gotti (2003: 64), ‘terms coined in a
Reflections
on Recent
Migration Policies
specialized setting
are increasingly
likely to become part of everyday
lexis’, thus introducing Anglicisms and false Anglicisms, which may
Laura Zanfrini
be initially circumscribed to specialized fields, in general use.
4.1 Restrictive
Indeed,
as Moss Policies
argues:and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 the
Initiatives
for Governing
and Humanitarian
As
most widely
diffused Family
of the written
media, these [newspapers
buttonot
Workers’
Migration
and Migration:
magazines]Labour
are theMigration
most likely
reflect
the majority
of .............
people’s73
exposure to the use of anglicisms in the language. (Moss 1992: 132)
Newspaper
language
indeed
‘highly
receptive and open towards
4.4 Selective
Policiesisand
the Brain
Drain............................................
87
neologisms, loanwords and linguistic creativity in general’ (Furiassi
and Hofland 2007: 349). Italian newspapers – as potentially
Bibliography of
.........................................................................................
97
representative
a wide range of registers – were chosen because
they are rich in false Anglicisms, which, along with Anglicisms, are
5. Colombia:
in Their connotation,
Societies of Origin
....... 101
very
often Including
used forEmigrants
their positive
strategically
Urs
Watter
communicative features, and intrinsic ‘stile brillante’ (Marello 1996:
23
32).5.1
By Interest
referring
Italian newspapers, Robinson (2006: 13)
State
andto
Responsibility
cost. The outcome is a corpus which will never be beyond challenge at a theoretical
5.2but
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
level,
which does
nevertheless
allow us to address with a degree of objectivity
some central questions about the language, where before we could only speculate.’.
Biber (2008: 63, 64) adds that ‘[r]epresentativeness refers to the extent to which a
sample
includes Policy
the fullin Colombia
range of ......................................................
variability in a population. […] 108
the
5.4 Migration
representativeness of a corpus depends on the extent to which it includes the range
of 5.5
linguistic
distributions
in......................................................................
the population. […] linguistic representativeness
“Colombia
nos une”
109
depends on issues such as the number of words per text sample, the number of
5.6 Alianza
País
112
samples
per ‘text’,
and..................................................................................
the number of texts per text type.’.
23
Though referring to the broad phenomenon of foreign words in Italian
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
newspapers,
the following
quotations may also be of significant value for114
the
description of false Anglicisms. By referring to borrowings in the press, Vanvolsem
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
(1985:
162) affirms
that ‘[l]’uso delle parole straniere ormai appare a tutti i livelli
della lingua dei giornali […].’. Tr. ‘Nowadays the use of foreign words appears at
every
level of
newspaper
Dardanoof(1987b:
61) adds
that ‘[l]’anglicismo
Working
Together
forlanguage.’.
the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
[…]Barry
spessoHalliday
deborda in ogni settore del quotidiano, come indice di prestigio, di
precisionismo, di rapporto diretto con le fonti dell’informazione.’. Tr. ‘Anglicisms
Monza/Italy
94
10
Table of Contents
3.4 Thethat
Human
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
suggests
‘[…]
English
is being
used as a language of status58to
draw
attention.’.
The press indeed plays a very important
3.5 readers’
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
role as a primary source for the introduction of Anglicisms and false
Bibliography
60
Anglicisms
in .........................................................................................
the Italian language (Merlini 1986: 19).24 The
connotative meaning associated to real English or simply English4. The Ethics
Migration.
looking
wordsof is
perhaps the main reason why they are used in
Reflections
on
Recent
Migration Policies
newspaper articles
and especially
in eye-catching headlines (Magni
and “Non-policies”25in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
1968, Proietti 1992). Because of its high receptivity and openness
Laura Zanfrini
Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
[…]4.1
often
appear inPolicies
every section
of newspapers
as a for
mark
of prestige,
‘precision’,
and of a direct relationship with information sources.’. Finally, Carrera Díaz (2000:
Initiatives
for che
Governing
Family
andèHumanitarian
19) 4.2
states
that ‘[q]uel
soprattutto
colpisce
la fortissima e peculiare presenza
Migration:integrali
Labournei
Migration
not Workers’scritti,
Migration
73
degli anglicismi
mezzi dibut
comunicazione
cioè .............
nella stampa
italiana, aspetto che, mi pare, non trova paragone nei mass media di nessuna delle
Fromromanze
Guest Workers
Unwelcome
..................................
82
altre4.3
lingue
[…].’. Tr.to‘What
is reallyGuests
striking
is the strong and unique
presence of non-adapted Anglicisms in written media, that is, in the Italian press. It
seems that this does not happen to the same degree in the mass media of the other
Romance
languages […].’.
24 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
As for the lexical features of on-line newspapers, Bonomi (2002: 343, 344)
recognizes
‘[…] una
forte componente attualistica (stranierismi, soprattutto angloBibliography
.........................................................................................
97
americanismi, e in minor misura neologismi).’. Tr. ‘[…] an important present-day
component (foreign words, especially Anglicisms and Americanisms, and, to a
5. Colombia:
lesser
extent, neologisms).’.
25 Urs Watter
On the reasons for the spread of English loanwords in the Italian press, Dardano
(1986a: 488, 489) claims that ‘[…] prevale senza dubbio il potere connotativo dei
5.1 State
Interest
andèResponsibility
vocaboli
stranieri,
il quale
certo un fattore determinante nelle scelte del linguaggio
towards
theirun’altra
Citizensmotivazione
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
dei giornali.
Spesso
dell’anglicismo
appare in primo piano:
l’inglese, ricco di monosillabi e bisillabi, torna utile nei titoli […]. Anche per coloro
Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
che5.2
hanno
una mediocre
conoscenza dell’inglese la brevità delle parole e 104
delle
espressioni è indice di rapidità e modernità; la stessa plasticità di una lingua, che ha
categorie morfosintattiche facilmente intercambiabili e ampie possibilità di
composizione
nominale,
diffusi ......................................................
sentimenti di ammirazione. Rispetto108
alla
5.4 Migration
Policysuscita
in Colombia
complessa grammatica dell’italiano, l’inglese appare come una lingua facile e
funzionale.
[…] sia nos
gli anglicismi
sia i neologismi ubbidiscono ad alcune tendenze
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
di fondo della scrittura giornalistica: la ricerca della concisione nei titoli, la
5.6 Alianza
País
..................................................................................
collocazione
delle
parole
chiave nei luoghi di massima evidenza, l’alternanza112
dei
sinonimi, la «citazione» della fonte.’. Tr. ‘[…] the connotative power of foreign
5.7 Challenges
114of
words
undoubtedly ....................................................................................
prevails, being a key factor in the linguistic choices
newspapers. There is another important reason for the use of Anglicisms: English,
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
which
is full of oneand two-syllable words, comes in handy in headlines 116
[…].
Short words and expressions are a sign of speed and modernity, even for those that
only
have aTogether
limited competence
in English; of
theMigrants
flexibility ...........................
of a language, that119
has
Working
for the Well-being
easily
interchangeable
morpho-syntactic categories and many possibilities of
Barry
Halliday
nominal composition, arouses broad feelings of admiration. In comparison with
Monza/Italy
10
95
Table of Contents
3.4 Theinnovations,
Human Rights’
Approachvocabulary
........................................................
58
towards
newspaper
has managed to greatly
affect
Italian usage
in toto (Guţia 1981): written texts in fact favor
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
highly motivated vocabulary acquisition and are therefore
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
particularly
suitable
for the study of this lexical phenomenon. The
fact that false Anglicisms are contextualized and sometimes directly
4. The Ethics
Migration.
explained
in of
Italian
newspapers may give them more chances to
26
Reflections
on
survive.
Laura Zanfrini
2.4.1
Italian Newspaper Corpora
4.1 RestrictiveaPolicies
and Structural
Immigrant
.. 65
Unfortunately,
large-scale
generalDemand
corpusforsimilar
to Labour
the British
National
Corpusfor(BNC)
is still
unavailable
for the Italian language.27
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
Italian
which
is so complex,
English Guests
seems to..................................
be an easy and functional
4.3 grammar,
From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
82
language. […] both Anglicisms and neologisms are effective in underlying trends of
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the
Drain............................................
87
newspaper
language:
the quest
forBrain
concise
headings, making key words most
evident, alternating synonyms, “quoting” sources.’.
26 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
On the role played by the press in spreading Anglicisms, Dardano (1986a: 485)
argues that ‘[l]a stampa svolge certamente un ruolo di primo piano nel campo del
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
prestito linguistico: il testo scritto permette l’apprendimento mediato e formalmente
più motivato di anglicismi puri e variamente adattati perché in esso le diversità
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
Their Societies
of Origin
101
grafiche,
fonologiche
e morfologiche
cheinseparano
le due lingue
trovano.......
soluzioni
più Urs
idonee
alla struttura dell’italiano e più vicine alle aspettative dei lettori
Watter
qualificati. Inoltre il testo scritto, tendenzialmente più stabile di quello orale, offre
5.1 State
Interestdiand
Responsibility
maggiori
possibilità
accompagnare
con glosse e con collegamenti intratestuali
chiarificatori
gli their
anglicismi.’.
‘The press
certainly
has a central role in the 102
field
towards
CitizensTr.Living
Abroad
...........................................
of linguistic borrowing: the written text makes the acquisition of both non-adapted
Appliedadapted
EthicsAnglicisms
..............................................................................
104
and5.2
variously
mediated and more formally motivated, since
orthographic, phonological, and morphological variants, which separate the two
5.3 Migration
and
Ethics
.........................................................
106of
languages,
are morePolicy
suitable
to the
structure
of Italian and match the expectations
the educated reader. In addition, the written text, which is usually more stable than
Migration
Policy
Colombia ......................................................
the 5.4
spoken
one, has
moreinopportunities
to provide Anglicisms with glosses108
and
clarifying intratextual links.’.
27 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
The only available corpus of written Italian is the Corpus di Italiano Scritto
(CORIS),
which, País
however,
is not rich in false Anglicisms. The CORIS was compiled
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112
at the Centro Interfacoltà di Linguistica Teorica e Applicata (CILTA) of the
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
Università
di Bologna,
Italy. It was devised in 1998 and is available on-line on
an
experimental basis. According to Rossini Favretti et al. (2002: 27): ‘The project
aimsBibliography
to create .......................................................................................
a representative and sizeable general reference corpus116of
contemporary Italian […]. CORIS contains 100 million running words and will be
updated
every
two years
of a built-in
monitor ...........................
corpus. It consists 119
of a
Working
Together
forby
themeans
Well-being
of Migrants
collection
of
authentic
texts
in
electronic
form
considered
to
be
representative
of
Barry Halliday
written Italian […]. Besides the defined model, a dynamic model (CODIS) was
Monza/Italy
96
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Rights’
58
Therefore,
in order
to Approach
retrieve ........................................................
and study false Anglicisms, two
corpora
of Italian......................................................................................
newspaper language were considered, i.e. the 59
La
3.5 Conclusion
Repubblica corpus and the HF corpus.28
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
Italian newspaper
corpora were mainly analyzed in order to verify
how the false Anglicisms found in the lexicographic products
4. The Ethics
Migration.
consulted
areofused.
In addition, the collocations of each false
Reflections
on
Migration
Policies between alternative senses.
Anglicism made Recent
it possible
to distinguish
By highlighting the typical contexts of occurrence in which false
Laura Zanfrini
Anglicisms appear, authentic examples were also selected. Finally,
Restrictiveof
Policies
and Structural
Demand for
Immigrant
Labour
65
the4.1
application
computational
techniques
made
it possible
to ..find
new false Anglicisms that were not included in the dictionaries
consulted.
Investigating
Italian but
newspaper
corpora
and .............
comparing
Migration:
Labour Migration
not Workers’
Migration
73
data included in English corpora was essential in order to distinguish
4.3 From
Guest
authentic
and
falseWorkers
Anglicisms.
2.4.1.a The La Repubblica Corpus
The La Repubblica corpus was compiled at the Scuola Superiore di
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Lingue
Moderne
per Interpreti e Traduttori (SSLMIT) of the
Università di Bologna, Italy. The La Repubblica corpus amounts to
in Their
Societies
of Origin
....... 101–
380,823,725
tokens. Emigrants
The corpus
includes
593,593
articles
Urs
Watter
originally collected in 16 CD-ROMs – that appeared in 5,163 issues
published
betweenand1985
and 2000 by the national daily La
5.1 State Interest
Responsibility
Repubblica,
one
of
the
most
widely-read
Italian newspapers. 102
The
Abroad ...........................................
corpus is also tokenized, POS-tagged, lemmatized, and categorized
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
in terms of genre and topic (Baroni et al. 2004). Advanced searches
5.3 Migration
Policy and
Ethics
.........................................................
106
in the
La Repubblica
corpus
can
be performed through the Corpus
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
designed,
which allows
the selection of subcorpora […] in order to adapt the corpus
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
structure to different comparative needs. A number of tools were developed, both for
5.7 access
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
corpus
and corpus
POS tagging and lemmatisation.’. See also Rossini Favretti
(2000) for more details about the CORIS and the CODIS.
28 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
The corpora considered for analysis do not include the most widely read free-press
newspapers distributed in Italy, i.e. Leggo, City, and Metro, even if the free press
has
reached Together
a wide audience
the last decade
and at times
– as recognized
by
Working
for theover
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
Frenguelli
(2006: 231-233) – has even outnumbered the best-selling Italian
Barry Halliday
newspapers, i.e. Corriere della Sera, La Repubblica, and La Stampa.
Monza/Italy
10
97
Table of Contents
29
3.4 The
Human(CQP)
Rights’(Evert
Approach
........................................................
Query
Program
2005).
The La Repubblica corpus58is
considered
a pioneer
project in the compilation of a large-scale
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
corpus – more than 100 million words – of Italian newspaper
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
language.
4. The Ethics
of Corpus
Migration.
2.4.1.b
The HF
Theand
HF“Non-policies”
corpus was implemented
at the ...........................................
Bergen Advanced Training
in Italy and Europe
61
SiteLaura
in Multilingual
Tools
(BATMULT)
of
the Universitetet i Bergen,
Zanfrini
Norway.30 The corpus was named HF after the initials of the
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and Knut
Structural
Demand
Immigrant
Labour ..The
65
surnames
of its compilers,
Hofland
andfor
Cristiano
Furiassi.
acronym
also recalls
the nameFamily
of a building
at the university campus
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
and Humanitarian
whereMigration:
the projectLabour
startedMigration
(Furiassibut
and
350).............. 73
notHofland
Workers’2007:
Migration
The HF corpus contains texts gathered along a ten-month span –
from August 2003 to May 2004 – from the web sites of three Italian
4.4 SelectiveLaPolicies
and the Brain
Drain............................................
87
newspapers:
Repubblica,
Corriere
della Sera, and La Stampa.
The4.5method
used
to
select
articles
and
include
them
in
the
HF
corpus
employed enhanced Unix scripts combined with w3mir software,
Bibliography
which
was used.........................................................................................
to copy and mirror HTML texts from the web sites97
of
the newspapers considered. The texts collected amount to about
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
Their from
Societies
of Origin .......about
101
24.34
million Including
tokens (about
13.44 in
million
La Repubblica,
Urs
Watter
6.51 million from Corriere della Sera, and about 4.39 million from
La 5.1
Stampa)
and 384,414
types. The software used to search the
State Interest
and Responsibility
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
29
A previous experimental version of the La Repubblica corpus included
175,239,348 tokens and 880,111 types. The texts collected covered a time span of
eight
from 1985
to 1993,
including......................................................
more than 224,000 articles that appeared
5.4years,
Migration
Policy
in Colombia
108
in about 2,000 issues of the Italian newspaper La Repubblica. This version of the
corpus
also implemented
at the
Scuola Superiore di Lingue Moderne per Interpreti
5.5 –“Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
e Traduttori (SSLMIT) of the Università di Bologna, Italy, and available for research
5.6 Alianza
País
..................................................................................
112
purposes
since the
beginning
of 2002 – is searchable with SGML Aware Retrieval
Application (SARA) (Aston and Piccioni 2004). SARA is the software used to search
Challenges
114of
the 5.7
British
National ....................................................................................
Corpus (BNC). See Aston and Burnard (1998) for the use
SARA with the BNC.
30 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
The Bergen Advanced Training Site in Multilingual Tools (BATMULT) is located
in the Avdeling for kultur, språk og informasjonsteknologi senter (Aksis), formerly
Humanistisk
informasjonsteknologi
(HIT) andof
now
Uni Digital.
The implementation
Working Together
for the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
of the
project
developed at BATMULT was partly sponsored by the Marie Curie
Barry
Halliday
Training Site (MCTS) host fellowship.
Monza/Italy
98
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Humanon
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
corpus
is based
Corpus
Workbench
(CWB) and each newspaper
may
be searched
individually.
3.5also
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
The HF corpus, which has been accessible on-line since 2004
Bibliography
60
exclusively
for.........................................................................................
research purposes, is available for future work, not
only to find instances of false Anglicisms but also to retrieve
4. The Ethicsneologisms,
of Migration.and other features of Italian newspaper
Anglicisms,
Reflections
language.
Laura Zanfrini
2.4.2
English Corpora
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
English
corporaPolicies
were mainly
analyzed
in order
to verify
whether
candidate
items,for
i.e.Governing
words likely
to be
Anglicisms, were indeed
4.2 Initiatives
Family
andfalse
Humanitarian
31
false Migration:
AnglicismsLabour
or real
English
words.
English
corpora
were
Migration
but not
Workers’
Migration
.............
73
looked up any time an English-looking word extracted from either
lexicographic resources or Italian newspaper corpora was absent
4.4the
Selective
Policies
and the Brain
Drain............................................
87
from
English
dictionaries
consulted.
In addition, English corpora
were
searched
in
order
to
find
instances
of
real
English
equivalents
of false Anglicisms.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
The following
is the alphabetically-ordered list of the English
corpora and/or corpus collections utilized: the British National Corpus
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
....... 101
(BNC),
the Bank
of English
(BoE),
the Societies
Corpus of
of Origin
Contemporary
Urs
Watter
American English (COCA), the International Computer Archive of
Modern
andInterest
Medieval
(ICAME), and the International Corpus
5.1 State
and English
Responsibility
32
of English
(ICE).
The BNC is a corpus of about 100 million words of British
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
English of which 90 % is constituted by written texts and 10 % by
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics of
.........................................................
spoken
texts. The
compilation
the BNC started in 1991 and106
the
latest
edition
was
released
in
2007.
The
BNC
project
was
carried
out
and is managed by an industrial/academic consortium which includes
“Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
the5.5
University
of nos
Oxford
and Lancaster University, UK.33
31
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
As Aston and Burnard (1998: 48) state: ‘One of the most widespread uses of large
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
corpora
of contemporary
language is to identify changes in vocabulary. Many
recently-published dictionaries of English have used corpora to hunt for neologisms,
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
or for
evidence that
words or senses have fallen into disuse, in order to decide 116
what
words and senses they should include.’.
32
See Hockey
(1998) for
comprehensive
electronic ...........................
resources and databases
Working
Together
fora the
Well-beinglistofofMigrants
119
available
for
research.
Barry
Halliday
33
See Leech et al. (2001) for further information on the BNC.
Monza/Italy
10
99
Table of Contents
3.4
Human
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
TheThe
BoE
project
was
launched
in 1991 at the University 58of
Birmingham,
UK.
The BoE is a monitor corpus, i.e. constantly
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
updated, which has now reached over a billion words of both spoken
.........................................................................................
60
andBibliography
written registers.
The BoE is mostly made of British English
34
texts but also American and Australian English texts are included.
4. The
Migration.
The Ethics
COCA,ofcompiled
at Brigham Young University, Utah, USA, and
Reflections
on
Recent
Migration
first released in 2008,
contains
morePolicies
than 400 million words, including
approximately 20 million words each year from 1990 to 2009. The
Laura Zanfrini
COCA is a collection of American English texts equally divided among
35
4.1 Restrictive
Policiesmagazines,
and Structural
Demand forand
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
spoken,
fiction, popular
newspapers,
academic.
The ICAME is a collection of corpora which resides at the
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family
and Humanitarian
36
Universitetet
i Bergen,
Only
following
corpora
included
Migration:
LabourNorway.
Migration but
notthe
Workers’
Migration
.............
73
in the archive were used: the Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus of British
4.3 From
Guestincluding
Workers toapproximately
Unwelcome Guests
..................................
82
English
(LOB),
1 million
words of written
British
English,Policies
started and
in 1970
and Drain............................................
completed in 1978; the Freiburg4.4 Selective
the Brain
87
Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus of British English (FLOB), including
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
Opportunities
90
about
1 million
wordsandofDenied
British
English, ................................
started in 1991 and
completed
in 1998;
the Brown Corpus of American English (BROWN),
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
including nearly 1 million words of written American English, started
in
1964 and Including
completed
in 1979;in the
Corpus
of
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
TheirFreiburg-Brown
Societies of Origin
....... 101
American
English (FROWN), including about 1 million words of
Urs Watter
American English, started in 1992 and completed in 1998.37
Finally, the ICE is a corpus collection that accounts for different
geographical varieties of both written and spoken English. The ICE
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
project
began in
1990
and includes several components corresponding
to different
varieties
English:
Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, New
5.3 Migration
Policyofand
Ethics .........................................................
106
Zealand, Jamaica, East Africa, India, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the
5.4 Migration
Policy
Colombia ......................................................
108
Philippines.
Each
ICE incomponent
amounts to about 1 million words.
For5.5
the“Colombia
present analysis,
only the British English component of109
the
nos une”......................................................................
ICE, i.e. ICE-GB, was considered. The ICE-GB, released in 1998 and
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
34
Only the sample version of the BoE was consulted. See Hunston (2001) for a
Bibliography
116
detailed
analysis of.......................................................................................
the BoE.
35
See Davies (2009) and Davies et al. (2008) for a complete description of the COCA.
36
See Hofland
et al. (1999)
for aWell-being
description of
ICAME collection.
Working
Together
for the
ofthe
Migrants
........................... 119
37
See
Hofland
and Johansson (1982) for a detailed description of the BROWN
Barry
Halliday
corpus included in the ICAME collection.
Monza/Italy
100
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Rights’ College
ApproachLondon,
........................................................
58
developed
at University
UK, is based on the Survey
38
of English
Usage......................................................................................
(SEU).
3.5 Conclusion
59
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
2.4.3
Italian Newspaper
Archives
Although
newspaper
archives are not proper corpora, they were
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
considered
foron
analysis
they include
Reflections
Recentsince
Migration
Policies the latest articles published
to and
date.“Non-policies”
The archivesin of
the
best-selling
Italian newspapers, i.e.
Italy and Europe ...........................................
61
Corriere
della
Sera,
La
Repubblica,
and
La
Stampa, were exploited
Laura Zanfrini
in order to retrieve examples of false Anglicisms attested in Italian
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Structural
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
monolingual
dictionaries
but
absent Demand
from Italian
newspaper
corpora,
i.e.4.2
theInitiatives
La Repubblica
corpus Family
and theand
HFHumanitarian
corpus.
for Governing
ForMigration:
instance, Labour
doomwriting,
attested
the DEA,
the Gabrielli,
Migration
but notinWorkers’
Migration
.............and
73
the GDU, was only found in Italian newspaper archives but not in
Italian newspaper corpora. The false Anglicism doomwriting may be
4.4 Selective
Policies and
the Brain
Drain............................................
87
defined
as ‘pessimistic
style
of writing,
affected by an apocalyptic
vision
of
the
future,
which
consists
in
describing
and
prophesizing
disasters’.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
2.4.4 Web Corpora
Corpora,
as well as dictionaries, may not be totally reliable in
Urs Watter
recording the latest changes in the use of language. For this reason it
State Interest
and Responsibility
was5.1necessary
to resort
to web corpora in order to extend the range
39 their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
towards
of analysis. Web corpora were analyzed when items that might be
considered
were found neither in English
5.2 Appliedfalse
Ethics Anglicisms
..............................................................................
104
dictionaries nor in English corpora. Eventually, the presence of such
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
items
in a certain
number
of different
English texts extracted from
the5.4
Web
would Policy
lead the
researcher
to consider them as very recent
Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
neological formations in the English language, i.e. real Anglicisms.
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6Greenbaum
Alianza País
..................................................................................
112
See
(1991a,
1991b, 1996) for a description of the ICE.
On the issue of considering the Web as a corpus, Grefenstette (2002: 214) states
Challenges
....................................................................................
that5.7
‘[t]he
future lexicographer
will not only master his or her language, but will114
also
master the computer. Lexicography will be performed by computational
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
lexicographers
rather
than by language artisans.’. In addition, Carr (1997: 116
209)
suggests the term ‘Cyberlexicography’, which is definable as ‘employing the
Internet
to compile
or create
dictionary’. See
Aristar Dry...........................
and Rodrigues Aristar
Working
Together
for thea Well-being
of Migrants
119
(1998)
for Halliday
more information on how the Web can contribute to both linguistic and
Barry
lexicographic research.
38
39
Monza/Italy
10
101
Table of Contents
3.4
The Human
Rights’by
Approach
........................................................ 58
However,
as noticed
Grefenstette:
3.5 Conclusion
[…]
the WWW......................................................................................
is big, but it is obviously not as clean as a corpus of59
newspaper
texts
[…]. (Grefenstette 2002: 206)
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
Therefore,
theof only
reliable resources used were WebCONC and
4. The Ethics
Migration.
WebCorp.
WebCONC
WebCorp
are systems employed to extract
Reflections
on Recentand
Migration
Policies
andand
customize
concordances
from
texts
included in web sites.
“Non-policies” in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
WebCorp
is
a
set
of
tools
which
allows
access
to the Web as a corpus
Laura Zanfrini
(Morley 2006, Renouf et al. 2007). WebCONC is a single tool used to
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
65
generate
Key Word
in Context
(KWIC)
concordances
based
on ..web
pages.
Both systems
allow theFamily
researcher
to limit the analysis to one
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
and Humanitarian
language
– English
or Migration
Italian inbut
thisnotcase
– either
by selecting
the
Migration:
Labour
Workers’
Migration
............. 73
language in which web sites are written (WebCONC) or by specifying
the web site domain (WebCorp), e.g. .it for Italy, .uk for United
Kingdom.
Along
with
considering
corpora,
Word Spy
was also employed
4.5
Equal
Opportunity
andweb
Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
for further investigation on false Anglicisms. According to McFedries
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
(2004:
x), Word
Spy is a web site ‘devoted to “lexpionage”, 97
the
sleuthing of new words and phrases’ in the English language. It does
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their but
Societies
Originthat
.......have
101
not
include “stunt
words”
or “singlets”,
‘newofterms
Urs
Watter
appeared multiple times in newspapers, magazines, books, Web sites,
and5.1
other
sources’.
Word Spy also provides a definition of the
Staterecorded
Interest and
Responsibility
items collected
and
shows
the
context
of occurrence.
Abroad
........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
2.5 The Corpus-Based Approach to False Anglicisms
5.4 Migration
Policyapproach
in Colombia
......................................................
108
In the
corpus-based
to false
Anglicisms, Italian newspaper
corpora,
i.e. the La Repubblica corpus, were analyzed in order to
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
gather usage instances of false Anglicisms which had already been
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112
attested
in thePaís
lexicographic
resources consulted.40 The corpus-based
approach
highlights
the instability of false Anglicisms in Italian 114
and
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
40
According to Tognini Bonelli (2001: 65): ‘[…] the term corpus-based is used to
refer
to a methodology
thatthe
avails
itself of the
corpus mainly
to expound, test
Working
Together for
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119or
exemplify
theories and descriptions that were formulated before large corpora
Barry Halliday
became available to inform language study.’.
Monza/Italy
102
10
Table of Contents
3.4degree
The Human
Rights’ Approach
........................................................
58
their
of orthographic
complexity
and morphological variation.
It also
makes it possible
to detect different degrees of prototypicality.
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Bibliography
60
2.5.1
Exploring.........................................................................................
the La Repubblica Corpus
A4. list
false of
Anglicisms
TheofEthics
Migration.obtained from lexicographic resources was
compiled
and on
then
the La
Repubblica
corpus was consulted in order
Reflections
Recent
Migration
Policies
to and
verify
whether
they
were
all
present.
However, not all false
“Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...........................................
61
Anglicisms
extracted
from
the
dictionaries
were
found. Vice versa,
Laura Zanfrini
the La Repubblica corpus contains false Anglicisms which are not on
and Structural resources.
Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
the4.1
listRestrictive
compiledPolicies
from lexicographic
2.5.1.aMigration:
Orthographic
LabourComplexity
Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
With
to punctuation,
false Anglicisms
encountered in press
4.3 regard
From Guest
Workers to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
articles may be marked with single quotation marks, e.g.
‘recordman’,
double inverted commas, e.g. “beauty farm”, double
angle
brackets,
e.g. «food
valley»,
or italicized
orthography, e.g.
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
beauty case. However, false Anglicisms which are frequently used
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
are not always graphically marked, e.g. footing. Sometimes false
Anglicisms
generic
trademarks,
and
5. Colombia: derived
Including from
Emigrants
in Their
Societies of eponyms,
Origin ....... 101
toponyms
are
written
with
an
initial
capital
letter,
e.g.
Autogrill.
Urs Watter
However, it is also important to add that misspellings are frequent in
5.1 State texts,
Interestespecially
and Responsibility
newspaper
in connection with the use of Anglicisms
towards
their
Citizens
Living
Abroad ...........................................
102
and false Anglicisms. Rothenberg advanced
the following justification:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Some pseudo-English must be due to the difficulty of printing foreign
terms
correctlyPolicy
[…]. (Rothenberg
1969: 151)
5.3 Migration
and Ethics .........................................................
106
5.4 Migration
Colombia whether
......................................................
108
Although
it is Policy
still in
uncertain
misprints are occasional
mistakes
due to nos
haste
errors, there are numerous examples109
of
5.5 “Colombia
une”or
......................................................................
misspelling made by the authors of newspaper articles, e.g. breafing
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
or breefing
instead
of briefing, pull instead of pool, spyder instead
of
spider,
streap(tease)
or streep(tease) instead of striptease, and wisky
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
instead of whisky or whiskey.41
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
41
AccordingTogether
to Hall (1957:
‘L’esistenza
di queste alternanze
è comprovata
Working
for the24):
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
dagliBarry
sbagliHalliday
di ortografia che si manifestano un po’ dappertutto nella trascrizione di
nomi e di parole straniere. Si trovano principalmente in scritti di persone incolte o
Monza/Italy
10
103
Table of Contents
3.4
The Human
Rights’ Approach
Although
misspellings
do not........................................................
qualify as false Anglicisms, 58at
times
this lack ......................................................................................
of precision may affect frequency counts. For
3.5 Conclusion
59
instance, skimann was also found in the La Repubblica corpus as
60
theBibliography
erroneous .........................................................................................
transcription of skiman. In addition, the false
Anglicism pull is used – fortunately only very few times – as the
4. The Ethics of
Migration. variant of the authentic Anglicism pool,
inappropriate
orthographic
Reflections
on
Recent
Migration
in cases where the
context
would Policies
have required the real Anglicism
pool, e.g. ‘C’è un pull di investigatori distaccato dalle indagini
Laura Zanfrini
tecniche per lavorare soltanto sul testamento politico dell’ex
4.1 Restrictive
and1988).
Structural
Demand
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
sindaco.’
(LR 15Policies
gennaio
Finally,
thefor
false
Anglicism
water,
which is the compound ellipsis of the real Anglicism water-closet,
was sometimes
associated
to thebutitem
closed instead
of .............
closet, i.e.
Migration: Labour
Migration
not Workers’
Migration
73
water-closed, e.g. ‘In particolare, l’attentatore ha collocato
4.3 Fromnel
Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guestsclosed,
..................................
l’ordigno
piccolo
vano,
sopra il water
dove si trova82il
senza solide conoscenze di altre lingue […]. Ma di tali inesattezze non sono scevre
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
neanche
pubblicazioni
di livello superiore; […] anche nei giornali delle città
principali […] e nelle opere di professori universitari.’. Tr. ‘The presence of
orthographic
variants
is witnessed
by spelling
mistakes
which of
areOrigin
widespread
the
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
.......in101
transcription of proper nouns and foreign words. They are mainly found in the
Urs Watter
writings of the unlearned or people without a good knowledge of foreign languages
[…].5.1However,
such and
mistakes
are also evident at higher levels; […] in the
State Interest
Responsibility
newspapers
of
the
main
cities
[…]
and Abroad
in works...........................................
written by university professors’.
102
As Erasmi (1983: 241) notices: ‘Per le parole prese tali e quali si noteranno a volte
incertezze
ortografiche;
sarà possibile leggere spyder, wisky dove il primo
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104è
senz’altro un errore e dove nel secondo sarebbe possibile vedere un inizio di
5.3 Migration
Ethicswords
.........................................................
106
adattamento
graficoPolicy
[…].’. and
Tr. ‘When
are taken just as they are, some spelling
mistakes may occur; words such as spyder or wisky may be encountered: the former
5.4 Migration
Policy mistake
in Colombia
is undoubtedly
a spelling
while ......................................................
the latter might show that there has 108
been
some kind of initial attempt at graphic adaptation […].’. In addition, Bonomi (2002:
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
160, 161) argues that ‘[i]nteressante e significativa è, poi, la presenza di molte grafie
errate
Innanzitutto
si hanno casi di semplici errori di grafia di fonemi o grafemi
5.6[…].
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
estranei all’italiano […] e casi di errori di flessione […]; poi si hanno casi di
5.7 Challenges
114la
ipercorrettismo
[…];....................................................................................
la terza possibilità, che è la più frequente, si ha quando
grafia errata è segno di un parziale adattamento, più o meno consapevole […].’. Tr.
.......................................................................................
116
‘TheBibliography
numerous cases
of wrong spelling are interesting and revealing […]. There
are
cases of simple mistakes due to foreign phonemes and graphemes […] and cases of
mistaken
are also cases
of hypercorrectness
[…]; the 119
third
Workinginflections
Together[…];
for there
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
case,Barry
whichHalliday
is the most frequent one, occurs when wrong orthography is a sign –
more or less conscious – of partial adaptation […].’.
Monza/Italy
104
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Approach
........................................................
58
portarotolo
delle Rights’
strisce di
carta che
si usano per coprire la tavoletta
del3.5
wc.’
(LR 8 giugno
1994).
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
While the majority of false Anglicisms – formally appearing as
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
single-word
units
– were searched for in the La Repubblica corpus
simply by keying the desired item in the query slot, the retrieval of
4. TheAnglicisms
false
in the form of compounds was more problematic
Reflections
on Recent Migration
because of orthographic
variants: Policies
when looking for compound false
Anglicisms in the La Repubblica corpus, the procedure consisted in
Laura Zanfrini
inserting three variants of the desired item in the query slot: as a
4.1 compound,
andwords
Structural
Demandby
for aImmigrant
Labour
65
solid
as two
separated
space, and
as ..two
words separated by a hyphen.42
Some
false Anglicisms
can only
be Workers’
found inMigration
the La Repubblica
Migration:
Labour Migration
but not
............. 73
corpus as solid compounds, e.g. clergyman, skiman. An instance of a
4.3Anglicism
From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
false
solely
retrievable
as a compound
separated by a space82is
beach
basket. Although
hyphenated
compounds constitute one of 87
the
4.4 Selective
Policies and
the Brain Drain............................................
possible variants of some compound false Anglicisms, false Anglicisms
and Denied
Opportunities
in 4.5
the Equal
form Opportunity
of hyphenated
compounds
are less................................
likely to appear 90
as
variants
of solid.........................................................................................
compounds or compounds separated by a space.
Bibliography
97
Some false Anglicisms have two variants: solid compounds and
compounds
a hyphen,
e.g. Societies
recordwoman
or .......
record5. Colombia:separated
Including by
Emigrants
in Their
of Origin
101
woman,
or compounds separated by a space and compounds
Urs Watter
separated by a hyphen, e.g. baby pusher or baby-pusher, beauty case
or beauty-case, food valley or food-valley.
Some false Anglicisms, which are usually considered compounds,
5.2have
Applied
Ethicsorthographic
..............................................................................
104
may
all three
variants: solid compounds, two words
separated
by a Policy
hyphen,
two.........................................................
words separated by a space, 106
e.g.
5.3 Migration
and or
Ethics
farwest, far west, or far-west, freeshop, free shop, or free-shop
5.4 Migration
......................................................
longseller,
longPolicy
seller,in Colombia
or long-seller,
recordman, record man,108
or
record-man,
sexyshop,
sexy
shop,
or
sexy-shop.
For
instance,
a
search
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
performed by using the La Repubblica corpus showed that the false
5.6 Alianza
País
..................................................................................
112
Anglicism
long
seller
appears 26 times, longseller 13 times, and longseller
These data
are mirrored by similar statistics regarding the
5.7 11.
Challenges
....................................................................................
114-s
plurals: the form long sellers – the most likely to occur – was found 8
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
times, longsellers was found twice, whereas long-sellers only
42
The
onlyHalliday
false Anglicisms longer than two graphic words are coast to coast, fly
Barry
and drive, and stop and go.
Monza/Italy
10
105
Table of Contents
3.4 Theonce.
Human
Rights’ Approach
........................................................
appeared
Therefore,
the form
longseller will be selected as 58
the
entry
of
the
dictionary
since
it
is
the
most
frequent
in
the
corpus.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
2.5.1.b
Morphological
Variation
The
morphological
variants of false Anglicisms are particularly
4. The
interesting
in on
theRecent
formation
of plurals
(Rando 1970: 136-138). Like
Reflections
Migration
Policies
most
Anglicisms,
when
they
become
plural,
false Anglicisms may add
61
the Laura
inflection
-s,
e.g.
il
free
shop
becomes
i
free shops, form irregular
Zanfrini
plurals with -men endings, e.g. il recordman becomes i recordmen, or
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
for Immigrant
.. 65
maintain
invariable
plurals,
e.g. il Demand
personal
remains iLabour
personal.
Therefore,
plurals
searched
forand
in the
La Repubblica corpus by
4.2 Initiatives
forwere
Governing
Family
Humanitarian
addingMigration:
the morpheme
to the singular
of the
false Anglicism
or
Labour-sMigration
but notform
Workers’
Migration
............. 73
by changing the suffix -man into -men.
In the majority of cases, false Anglicisms – as well as real
4.4 Selective
Policies and
Brain Drain............................................
87
Anglicisms
– maintain
thethe
invariable
singular form even in contexts
which
would
require
a
plural
form.
For
example,
the
following
items
were only found in the singular: i beauty, i blob, i dancing, i golf, i
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97i
jolly,
i lift, i mister,
i peeling, i personal, i pocket, i pull, gli slip,
topless, i trench, i water.
5. Colombia:
in TheirisSocieties
of Originplural,
....... 101at
Although Including
the most Emigrants
frequent choice
the invariable
Urs
Watter
times false Anglicisms add the inflection -s in plural contexts, e.g. i
cocktails,
flippers,and
i free
shops, i nights, i sexy shops, i testimonials,
5.1 Statei Interest
Responsibility
i tickets.
It
seems
that
the
insertion
of the...........................................
inflectional morpheme 102
-s is
used to reinforce the English authenticity of a term which is not in
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
fact English. Moreover, the addition of -s does not always mean that
5.3 Migration
Ethics
106
a plural
form isPolicy
beingand
used:
for .........................................................
instance, block notes, which is only
orthographically
found
in
the
plural,
maintains
the
suffix
-s
even
in
contexts which would require a singular form, e.g. il block notes.
5.5
une”......................................................................
The“Colombia
irregularnos
English
plural -men is applied only to the 109
few
false
Anglicisms
ending in -man. However, of the false
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
Anglicisms ending in -man found in the La Repubblica corpus, e.g.
5.7 Challenges
114
adventure
man, ....................................................................................
clergyman, recordman/record man/record-man,
recordwoman/record-woman,
skiman, only a few, e.g. adventure
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
men, recordmen/record men/record-men, skimen, change the
suffix
-man
into -men
according
to of
theMigrants
inflectional
rules proper119
of
Working
Together
for the
Well-being
...........................
the Barry
English
language. It must be noted that skimen may appear with
Halliday
Monza/Italy
106
10
Table of Contents
3.4 Theorthography
Human Rights’
Approach
a plural
even
when ........................................................
it is used in the singular, e.g.58
lo
skimen.
The
plural
form
clergymen
is
also
used
in
contexts
which
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
would regularly require the singular form, e.g. un clergymen.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
2.5.1.c Prototypicality
When
searching
corpora,
particular
attention must be paid to the
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
context
of
occurrence
since
some
false
may also be used
and “Non-policies” in Italy and EuropeAnglicisms
...........................................
61
either
as
real
Anglicisms
or
as
part
of
real
Anglicisms.
An example
Laura Zanfrini
of the former is the semantic shift poker, which is a real Anglicism
4.1 used
Restrictive
Policies
Structural
Demand
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
when
to denote
theand
card
game itself,
e.g.for‘[…]
impara
a giocare
a poker
[…]’ (LR
giugno 1985),
it is a false Anglicism when
4.2 Initiatives
for1Governing
Familywhile
and Humanitarian
it indicates
a combination
of fourbutcards
of the same
kind,.............
e.g. ‘[…]
Migration:
Labour Migration
not Workers’
Migration
73
ha un poker […]’ (LR 24 febbraio 1991). An example of the latter is
the word cocktail, which is a real Anglicism if used with the meaning
4.4 Selective
Policies
thebere
BrainunDrain............................................
87
of alcoholic
drink,
e.g. and
‘[…]
cocktail con gli amici […]’ (LR
2 dicembre
1987).
Conversely,
cocktail
is
a
false
Anglicism
if
used
as the elliptic form of cocktail party, e.g. ‘[…] ha partecipato a un
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
cocktail
[…]’ (LR
4 maggio 1990).
In addition, the retrieval of false Anglicisms is further complicated
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants inhomographs.
Their SocietiesFor
of Origin
.......when
101
by
the existence
of Italian-English
instance,
Urs
Watter
searching the word pile, the output will include both the false
Anglicism
meaning
fleece or fleece jacket, e.g. ‘[…] indossando il
5.1 Statepile,
Interest
and Responsibility
pile […]’
(LR
17
febbraio
1998),Abroad
and the
Italian word pile, meaning
...........................................
102
stacks, e.g. ‘[…] pile di lettere […]’ (LR 18 settembre 1991) or
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
batteries, e.g. ‘[…] le pile del mangianastri […]’ (LR 26 ottobre
1985).
The procedure for distinguishing between real and false Anglicisms
was carried out manually and required a long process of observation of
5.5 word
“Colombia
nos une”This
......................................................................
each
in context.
phenomenon led to the definition109
of
different
degrees
prototypicality of false Anglicisms, which can112
be
5.6 Alianza
Paísof
..................................................................................
determined by calculating the number of times a certain item was
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
concretely
used as
a false Anglicism compared to the total number
of
times
it
occurred
in
the
La
Repubblica
corpus.
Some
false
Anglicisms
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
are always used as such, e.g. far west, block notes, recordman,
autostop,
telequiz, footing,
sexyshop, of
skiman,
longseller,
food valley,
Working Together
for the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
beauty-case,
baby-pusher, peeling, adventure man, record-woman,
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
10
107
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Approach
........................................................
58
afterhour,
basket,Rights’
thus making
them
the most prototypical; some are
often
not always
used as false Anglicisms, e.g. testimonial, slip,
3.5 but
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
ticket, smoking, clergyman, flipper, trench, volley, tight, toast,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
pocket,
box, water,
dancing, night, minibar, personal, cocktail,
mister, lift, free shop, jolly, poker; some – the least prototypical – are
4. Theused
Ethics
rarely
asofa Migration.
false Anglicisms, e.g. pull, golf, full, beauty, topless,
Reflections
pile, ginger. on Recent Migration Policies
Laura Zanfrini
2.5.2
Advantages and Limits of the Corpus-Based Approach
and of
Structural
for Immigrant
.. 65
A 4.1
corpus-based
analysis
the LaDemand
Repubblica
corpusLabour
provided
insights
on theforgreat
deal Family
of orthographic
and morphological
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
and Humanitarian
variation
which Labour
characterizes
Anglicisms
in Italian.............
(Furiassi
Migration:
Migrationfalse
but not
73
2005: 282-295). This variation clearly shows how false Anglicisms
do not constitute a stable and well-defined phenomenon, but are
4.4 Selective
Policies
87
complex
and hard
to circumscribe:
the problematic nature of false
Anglicisms
forces
the
linguist
to
pay
close
attention
to
the
context
of occurrence.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
The main disadvantage
of using a corpus-based approach to study
false Anglicisms consists in not being able to find new ones: only
5. Colombia:
Including
in Theirselected
Societiesfrom
of Origin
....... 101
false
Anglicisms
whichEmigrants
were previously
lexicographic
Urs
Watter
resources could be searched for in the La Repubblica corpus.
2.6 The Corpus-Driven Approach to False Anglicisms
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
The corpus-driven approach to false Anglicisms implies that the
construction and investigation of a specific corpus, i.e. the HF corpus,
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
108
allows
the user toPolicy
retrieve
new false......................................................
Anglicisms from first-hand sources,
without
making reference
to the false Anglicisms previously selected
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
109
from dictionary word lists (Furiassi 2004: 57-65, 2007: 347).43
5.6
Alianza the
País HF
..................................................................................
112
Although
corpus was initially conceived as a dynamic
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
43
As Tognini Bonelli (2002: 75) points out: ‘The corpus-driven approach […], in
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
contrast
to the corpus-based
approach, constitutes a methodology that uses a corpus
beyond the selection of examples to support linguistic argument or to validate a
theoretical
of the of
scholar
is to the
integrity of the data
Workingstatement.
TogetherThe
forcommitment
the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119as
a whole
The theoretical statements […] arise directly from, and reflect, the
Barry[…].
Halliday
evidence provided by the corpus.’.
Monza/Italy
108
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Rights’the
Approach
........................................................
self-expanding
corpus,
data considered
in this work are limited58to
the3.5
collection
period:
since the main goal was the compilation of 59
an
Conclusion
......................................................................................
up-to-date database of Italian newspaper articles from which false
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
Anglicisms
could
be extracted after data were collected, the system
automatically updates on a daily basis and a list of words is produced
4. The Ethics 44
of Migration.
continuously.
andExploiting
“Non-policies”
in Italy
and Europe ........................................... 61
2.6.1
the HF
Corpus
Laura Zanfrini
The HF corpus originally contained 24.34 million tokens and
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demandby
for Immigrant
Labour ..was
65
384,414
types. Policies
The word
list generated
the HF corpus
reduced
to 232,001
types after
the elimination
of proper nouns – by
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
removing
upper-case
– but
andnot
numbers.
word.............
list was
Migration:
Labour words
Migration
Workers’ This
Migration
73
subsequently refined through the implementation of various
automatic procedures in order to allow false Anglicisms to be
selected.
TheEqual
method
applied and
in order
toOpportunities
extract false................................
Anglicisms from the
4.5
Opportunity
Denied
90
HF corpus is twofold. The first procedure makes use of the
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
intersection
of previously
selected English and Italian word lists with
the word list obtained from the HF corpus. The second procedure
5. Colombia:
Including
in identify
Their Societies
of Origin
....... 101
applies
n-gram
statisticsEmigrants
in order to
orthographic
patterns
of
Urs
Watter
English and Italian words respectively. At a later stage, the two
methods
were
combined
and a single list was created. The aim of
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
both methods
is
that
of
eliminating
English
and Italian words from
...........................................
102
the HF corpus word list and retaining potential false Anglicisms.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
2.6.1.a
Intersecting
Word
Lists ......................................................... 106
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
By5.4
intersecting
list ofin English
forms and a list of Italian word
Migration aPolicy
Colombiaword
......................................................
108
forms with the HF corpus word list, it was possible to detect and
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
44
The self-expansion of the HF corpus mirrors the procedures developed for the
Norwegian
Corpus
Norsk Aviskorpus
(NNC-NA).
See Hofland (2000)
Working Newspaper
Together for
the -Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
for aBarry
detailed
description of the automatic collection of newspaper articles from the
Halliday
Web and their inclusion in a corpus.
Monza/Italy
10
109
Table of Contents
3.4 The real
Human
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
eliminate
English
words
and real
Italian words in order to isolate
45
potential
false Anglicisms
from the resulting list.
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
This procedure generated a provisional list of 6,663 words which
.........................................................................................
stillBibliography
included some
undesired items. This list was then submitted60to
further automatic trimming: for instance, in order to exclude
4. The Ethics ofacronyms,
Migration. and prepositions, words shorter than or
abbreviations,
Reflections
on
Recent Migration
Policieswere deleted from the list.
equal to three orthographic
characters
This did not affect frequency counts since no false Anglicism equal
Laura Zanfrini
to or shorter than three letters exists, as shown by previous research
4.1 Restrictive
Policies resources
and Structural
Demand2003).
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
based
on lexicographic
(Furiassi
Therefore,
a list
of
6,137 items was obtained.
2.6.1.b Recurrent Grapheme Combinations
Within the scope of the present work, n-grams of graphemes were
4.4 to
Selective
Policies
the Brain Drain............................................
87
used
recognize
theand
orthographic
patterns of both the English
language
and
the
Italian
language
and
to
identify
items
belonging
to
English and Italian according to the probabilities that certain
Bibliography .........................................................................................
9746
grapheme-combinations
occur in either English or Italian.
Subsequently, each word in the HF corpus word list was checked
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
of Origin
against
two n-gram
based
word lists,
oneSocieties
for English
and.......
one101
for
47
Urs
Watter
Italian, and identified as a possible English or Italian word.
Thanks
to this and
procedure,
which made it possible to eliminate
5.1
State Interest
Responsibility
English
and
Italian
words
from
the...........................................
HF corpus word list,
102a
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
45
See
Furiassi and
Hofland
(2007: 352-355)
for a detailed description of108
the
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
computational techniques implemented in order to extract a list of potential false
Anglicisms
from thenos
HF corpus.
5.5 “Colombia
une”...................................................................... 109
46
N-grams are recurrent combinations of items of various kinds, e.g. graphemes,
5.6 Alianza
Paísphrases,
..................................................................................
morphemes,
words,
sentences, which may be customized according to112
the
user’s needs. N-grams are useful for several linguistic functions – including finding
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
collocations
for machine
translation and automatic tagging of texts – and provide
insights into language usage. See Krenn and Samuelsson (1997) and Caropreso et al.
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
(2000)
for a comprehensive
definition of n-grams and their use in computational116
and
corpus linguistics.
47
As Onysko
(2007b: 223)
affirms:
‘Since language
is accessible
through form
(as
Working
Together
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
sounds
or Halliday
symbols), the recognition of anglicisms […] is dependent on formal
Barry
salience of English units […].’.
Monza/Italy
110
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
........................................................
provisional
list ofRights’
3,863Approach
items was
obtained.48 After excluding 58
all
words
with
accented
characters
–
which
do
not
exist
in
the
English
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
language – and words equal to or shorter than three letters, in order
.........................................................................................
60
to Bibliography
exclude acronyms,
abbreviations, and prepositions, the final list
was reduced to 3,751 items.
Reflections
on the
Recent
Migration Policies
2.6.1.c
Merging
Methods
TheLaura
two word
lists generated from the first method (6,137 items) and
Zanfrini
the second method (3,751 items) were merged and a new word list of
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
for were
Immigrant
Labourto.. the
65
9,888
items wasPolicies
obtained.
Since 1,541
words
common
first4.2and
the second
method, Family
the combined
word list was reduced to
Initiatives
for Governing
and Humanitarian
8,347 Migration:
items.
This refined list was intended to eventually include words which
are merely English-looking but neither English nor Italian, i.e. false
4.4 Selective
Policies it
and
thebeen
Brainrefined,
Drain............................................
87
Anglicisms.
Although
had
this list of English-looking
words
still
included
–
along
with
false
Anglicisms
–
real
English
and
real Italian words that could not be eliminated automatically: manual
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
selection
of false
Anglicisms proved necessary.
The search for new false Anglicisms was carried out by manually
5. Colombia:
Including
of Origin
101
checking
the context
ofEmigrants
occurrenceinofTheir
eachSocieties
single item
in the.......
refined
Urs
Watter
word list. This list proved to be useful mainly to find instances of
false
do not have a formal equivalent in English,
5.1Anglicisms
State Interestwhich
and Responsibility
i.e. autonomous
compounds
in Abroad
the form
of solid compounds 102
and
...........................................
autonomous derivatives.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Some of the new false Anglicisms detected by means of the
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
corpus-driven
approach
described
are barwoman, stripman,
stripwoman,
and
infopoint.
The
false
Anglicism
barwoman,
e.g.
‘Studia Scienze delle Comunicazioni ma nel weekend fa la
5.5 “Colombia
......................................................................
barwoman.’
(LRnos
22une”
gennaio
2004), which in Italian refers to109‘a
woman
who serves
beverages at a bar’, corresponds to the English
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
words barmaid or bartender. Italian speakers may not be aware of
Challenges
the5.7
fact
that in ....................................................................................
English maid is used instead of woman for 114
the
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
48
See
Furiassi
and Hofland (2007: 355-358) for a detailed account of the n-gram
Barry
Halliday
based methodology applied to the HF corpus word list.
Monza/Italy
10
111
Table of Contents
3.4 Theof
Human
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
feminine
barman,
whereas
bartender
is invariable for male and
female.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Similarly to barwoman, the appropriate substitute for stripman,
.........................................................................................
60
e.g.Bibliography
‘Con buffet,
animazione intrigante e numerosi show e stripman.’
(CS 28 gennaio 2004), and stripwoman, e.g. ‘È il piatto forte del
4. The Ethics
Migration.
locale:
la tableofdance
che ogni sera viene proposta agli ospiti da sexy
Reflections
on
Recent
Migration Policies
stripwoman.’ (CS
17 novembre
2003), is simply stripper, since
English does not differentiate between male and female strippers.
Laura Zanfrini
Other appropriate English equivalents are striptease artist and strip
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
teaser.
It must be
noticed
that the plural
stripmen
was also
found,
e.g. ‘I partecipanti sono gli stripmen che vengono votati dal pubblico
del locale.’
(CS 9Labour
febbraio
2004).but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Migration:
Migration
Finally, infopoint is the compound of info(rmation) – which is
4.3 From
Guest of
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guestse.g.
..................................
already
a form
clipping
– and point,
‘Ci sarà anche 82
un
infopoint
per
aggiornare
i
cittadini
sul
recupero
dell’anfiteatro.’
(CS
13 settembre 2003). In this case, several English equivalents are
4.5 Equal help
Opportunity
90
available:
desk, and
information
booth, ................................
information bureau,
information
center/centre,
and information desk.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
2.6.2
Advantages
and Limits
of the
Approach
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
inCorpus-Driven
Their Societies of
Origin ....... 101
Watter of false Anglicisms in any corpus cannot rely upon
TheUrs
retrieval
automatic
processing
exclusively.49 Undoubtedly, computational
5.1 State Interest
and Responsibility
linguistic
tools
proved
toLiving
be extremely
useful for saving time102in
towards
their
Citizens
Abroad ...........................................
building a corpus, in retrieving specific items, and in collecting a list
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
likely to contain false Anglicisms. Despite the advantages, the
5.3 Migrationtechniques
Policy and employed
Ethics .........................................................
106
computational
still do not seem to be sufficient
to handle
the
complex
and
manifold
phenomenon
of
false
Anglicisms:
even though some pre-processing may be carried out automatically,
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
instances
of falsenos
Anglicisms
can only be extracted manually.50 109
49
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Indeed, according to Leech (1991: 14, 15): ‘[…] the machine can discover some,
....................................................................................
114
but 5.7
not Challenges
all, of the truth;
[…] successful analysis depends on a division of labour
between the corpus and the human mind.’.
50 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
According to Rundell (2002: 152, 153): ‘The wonderful thing about technology is
that it can supply us with the volume of data that we need […] in order to uncover
and
describeTogether
linguisticfor
behaviour
[…]. Butofthe
idea that...........................
the interpretative119
and
Working
the Well-being
Migrants
‘synthetic’
parts of lexicography can be automated to any significant degree seems
Barry Halliday
to me unlikely and possibly misguided. For the foreseeable future, tasks like this will
Monza/Italy
112
10
Table of Contents
3.4
Human Rights’ analysis
Approach ........................................................
58
TheThecorpus-driven
applied to a corpus of Italian
newspaper
language,
i.e. the HF corpus, made it possible to retrieve
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
up-to-date examples of false Anglicisms of any type if they appeared
60
as Bibliography
autonomous.........................................................................................
compounds written as solid compounds. Although
some automatic filters were added in order to polish the final word
4. The
Ethics of
Migration.
list,
further
time-consuming
manual scanning of the list was
Reflections
on
indispensable forRecent
tracingMigration
instances Policies
of new false Anglicisms.51
Laura Zanfrini
2.7 Lexicographic and Corpus Linguistics Criteria
Initiatives forofGoverning
Family corpus-based,
and Humanitarian
The4.2combination
lexicographic,
and corpus-driven
Migration:
Migration but
Migration
73
procedures
led toLabour
the compilation
of not
a setWorkers’
of criteria
which .............
are crucial
for4.3
an From
operational
definition
of
false
Anglicisms.
Along with the theoretical definition of false Anglicisms
4.4 Selective
Policiesitand
the Brain
87
previously
provided,
is useful
to Drain............................................
list a set of specific features that
items
must Opportunity
possess in and
order
to qualify
as false
Anglicisms. The
4.5 Equal
Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
following criteria – inferred from both lexicographic evidence (1.a,
.........................................................................................
97
1.b,Bibliography
1.c) and corpus
data (2.a, 2.b, 2.c) – determine the procedures
for selecting false Anglicisms and establish whether a candidate item
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
Their
Societies of Origin ....... 101
should
qualifyIncluding
as an entry
in an adinhoc
dictionary:
Urs Watter
1.a a false Anglicism must not be found as an entry or sub-entry
in monolingual English dictionaries;
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
1.b if a false Anglicism is found as an entry or sub-entry in
5.3 Migration
PolicyEnglish
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
monolingual
dictionaries,
it must have a different
meaning in Italian;
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
be most effectively performed by a collaborative partnership of humans and
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
machines.
For we require
not only high-quality data and cutting-edge software,114
but
also that rare combination of editorial judgement, market knowledge, linguistic
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
awareness,
and good-old
fashioned intuition […].’. As argued by Wilks et al. (1993:
9): ‘[…] intuition without data is blind, and data without intuition are meaningless.’.
51
See AlexTogether
(2005: 133)
development
of a system
which automatically
Working
for for
the the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
extracts
Anglicisms
from
corpora.
See
also
Valle
(2007)
for
a
study of Anglicisms
Barry Halliday
manually extracted from corpora.
Monza/Italy
10
113
Table of Contents
3.4
Human
Rights’ Approach
58
1.cThe
a false
Anglicism
must be ........................................................
found either in Italian monolingual
dictionaries
or in collections of foreign words and neologisms
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
in the Italian language;
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
2.a a false Anglicism must not be found in large-scale English
corpora;
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
Reflections
on Anglicism
Recent Migration
2.b if a false
is foundPolicies
in large-scale English corpora, it
in Italy meaning
and Europe
........................................... 61
must have a different
in Italian;
Laura Zanfrini
2.c a false Anglicism must be found in Italian newspaper
4.1 Restrictive
corpora.52Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives
for 1.b,
Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
While
criteria 1.a,
2.a, and
2.b must
all be true at the same time,
Labour
Migration
not Workers’i.e.
Migration
73
criteriaMigration:
1.c and 2.c
can be
appliedbut
alternatively,
a false .............
Anglicism
must
found
in Workers
dictionaries
or corpora.
Moreover,
criteria 1.a and
4.3be
From
Guest
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
2.a only apply to autonomous compounds and autonomous
4.4 Selective
Policies
and formally
the Brain Drain............................................
87
derivatives,
which
do not
exist in English, whereas criteria
1.b4.5
and
2.bOpportunity
concern all
types
of false ................................
Anglicisms. Finally,
Equal
andother
Denied
Opportunities
90
criteria 1.c and 2.c apply to all types of false Anglicisms.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia:
Including
2.8
The Final
Word List
Urs Watter
The false Anglicisms listed below were gathered by combining the
data automatically
and/or manually
extracted
from the lexicographic
towards their Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
products considered and the data obtained from the corpus-based and
5.2 Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
corpus-driven
analyses
described above. Tab. 2 displays the 104
286
52
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
In general, the advice provided by Cortelazzo (2000: 188, 189) was followed:
‘[…]
viene pubblicato
tutto quello che si viene via via raccogliendo, ma112
solo
5.6non
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
quelle parole che mostrano in sé le premesse per potersi consolidare (il che significa
5.7riscontrate
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
averle
in almeno
due fonti diverse, meglio se distanziate nel tempo).’.
Tr.
‘Not everything which was gathered is going to be published but only those words
.......................................................................................
thatBibliography
seem to be consolidating
(which means that they were found in at least116
two
different sources, preferably distant in time).’. Indeed, as Norling-Christensen (1995:
35)
argues: Together
‘[…] the occurrence
of a linguistic
phenomenon
in one single random
Working
for the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
sample
is
no
indication
of
the
distribution
of
this
phenomenon
in the language at
Barry Halliday
large.’.
Monza/Italy
114
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human
Rights’
........................................................
lexical
items
which
will Approach
become the
headwords of the Dictionary58of
53
False
in Italian (DFAI).
3.5 Anglicisms
Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
A (20)
cocktail
L (10)
revolving
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
™
account
colossal
leasing
Rimmel
adventure
comic
liberty
roller
adventure manon Recent
compact
S (38)
Reflections
Migration Policieslift
after
dinner
crack
lifting
scotch
afterhour
crash movie
live
self bar
Laura
Zanfrini
after show
cross
living
self service
4.1after
Restrictive
Policies and
Labour
tea
cult Structural Demand
loft for Immigrant
sexy
bar .. 65
custom Family andlongseller
4.2ambient
Initiatives for Governing
Humanitarian sexy party
antiage
D
(12)
look
maker Migration
sexy.............
shop 73
antidoping
dancing
Luna Park™
sexy show
4.3antismog
From Guest Workers
to Unwelcome Guests
..................................
82
dark
M (11)
sexy star
mail
skibus
4.4aquagym
Selective Policiesdark
andlady
the Brain Drain............................................
87
aquapark
discount
match ball
skiman
aquascooter
doomwriter
minibar
skin
Bibliography
97
assist man .........................................................................................
doomwriting
minibasket
skipass
autocaravan
dread
minimarket
skiroll
5. Colombia:
Emigrants in Their
Societies of Origin
....... 101
autogoal Includingdribbling
minivolley
ski stopper
Urs
Watter®
Autogrill
drink
miss
slip
autoreverse
drive in
mister
slot
5.1
State Interest and Responsibility
autostop
duty
mobbing
slowfox
B (38)
duty free
mobility manager
smart bar
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
baby
E (1)
montgomery
smart shop 104
boss
eurogoal
N (10)
smile
5.3baby
Migration
Policy and
Ethics .........................................................
106
baby box
F (17)
naziskin
smoking
5.4
......................................................
babyMigration
business Policy in
farColombia
west
new jersey
social card 108
baby
dance
fast......................................................................
food
new opening
soft air 109
5.5
“Colombia
nos une”
baby doll
fiction
next opening
soft core
5.6baby
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
gang
fidelity card
night
speaker
killer
film cult
no global
Spider® 114
5.7baby
Challenges
....................................................................................
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
53
Atkins and Rundell (2008: 163) state that ‘[a] ‘lexical item’ is any word,
abbreviation,
partial word,
or phrase
which can
figure in a ...........................
dictionary (often as119
the
Working Together
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
headword
of
an
entry)
as
the
‘target’
of
some
form
of
lexicographic
description,
Barry Halliday
most commonly a definition or a translation.’.
Monza/Italy
10
115
Table of Contents
3.4baby
Thepark
Human Rights’flash
Approach ........................................................
58
no profit
spot
baby parking
flat
no stop
starter
baby pusher
flipper
notes
step
Bibliography
backstage .........................................................................................
flirt
nude look
stockhouse 60
badge
fly and drive
O (7)
stop
™
4. TheBarbie
Ethics
of Migration.
food valley
off
stop and go
Reflections
Migration Policies
barwoman on Recentfooting
office
stopper
andbasket
“Non-policies” inforcing
Italy and Europe
61
open...........................................
space
strip
™
Laura
Zanfrini
Baywatch
franchising
optional
stripman
beach
basket Policies
free
shop
organizer
stripwoman
4.1
Restrictive
and
Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
beach volley
full
outing
super
4.2 beauty
Initiatives for Governing
Family andoversound
Humanitarian
full optional
surf
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Workers’
MigrationT.............
73
beauty case
G (10)
P (23)
(21)
beauty
farm
gadget
palmer ..................................
taxi girl
4.3
From
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome Guests
82
beauty hostess
garden
parking
telefilm
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87
beep
gas killer
peeling
Telepass®
personal ................................
telequiz
4.5bermuda
Equal Opportunityginger
90
big
gin lemon
petting
tennisman
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
bisex
gin tonic
phone center
testimonial
bite
girl
pick up
ticket
5. Colombia:
Blob®
global
pile
Ticket Restaurant®
Urs Watter
block notes
golden
plaid
tie break
5.1 State
body Interest and Responsibility
golf
play
tight
towards their Citizens
Living Abroadplayback
...........................................
102
bomber
H (9)
tilt
book
happy
end
playmaker
toast
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
bowling
hard discount
playout
top
5.3 Migration
Policy and
Ethics .........................................................
box
heliski
pocket
topless 106
boxer
hit
poker
total body 108
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia
......................................................
break
hitball
pole
training
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
brick
holding
pony
trench
™
(26) País ..................................................................................
hot club
Pony Express
trend maker 112
5.6 C
Alianza
camera car
hotline
power drink
trial
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
camping
house
pressing
trolley
Canadair™ .......................................................................................
I (5)
pull
tunnel
Bibliography
116
Career Book®
infopoint
pullman
U (1)
Working
Together forinstant
the Well-being
of push
Migrants
...........................
119
carter
film
up
under
Barry
Halliday
carver
instant seller
Q (2)
V (2)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Monza/Italy
116
10
Table of Contents
3.4 carving
The Human Rights’
Approach
........................................................
internet
bar
quad
VibraCall™ 58
casting
internet point
quiz
volley
catch
J (5)
R (11)
W (4)
Bibliography
60
Caterpillar™ .........................................................................................
jersey
reality
wafer
champions
jet
recordman
water
4. The
charleston
jet society
recordwoman
windsurf
Reflections
on Recent jolly
Migration Policies
chat
regimental
Wonderbra™
andcheck-in
“Non-policies”jumbo
in Italy
...........................................
61
tramand Europerelax
X (0)
Laura
chillZanfrini
out
K (2)
residence
Y (1)
restyling
yorkshire
4.1clergyman
Restrictive Policies killer
and Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
coast to coast
K-Way®
revival
Z (0)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Migration:
Labour Migration
not Workers’
Migration ............. 73
Table 2.
False Anglicisms:
The Finalbut
Word
List
The procedures necessary to compile the dictionary headword list are
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain
obviously
manifold and complex.54 Drain............................................
Indeed, according to Atkins: 87
The source of lexicographical evidence – the input to this process –
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
may
vary from
a large electronic corpus with sophisticated software97
tools of manipulation, through citations gathered during a reading
5. program,
Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
Their
of Origin
....... 101
and
the contents
of one’sinown
andSocieties
other people’s
published
dictionaries,
Urs Watter down to back-of-an-envelope jottings. (Atkins 2008: 33)
Despite the methodology that has been applied and the selection
criteria that have been established, the resulting word list might not
Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
be 5.2
totally
replicable
since the final decision on whether to include
or
exclude
a falsePolicy
Anglicism
depends
to a certain extent on 106
the
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
.........................................................
lexicographer’s intuition.55
5.4
Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
Finally,
sincePolicy
updated
lexicographic
resources may come into108
the
market,
more
elaborate
computational
tools
and
techniques
may
be
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
developed, and new corpora may be created, the number of false
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7Atkins
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
As
and Rundell
(2008: 162) recognize: ‘The headword list is a list of
the
words that are the headwords of entries in the dictionary.’.
55 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
With regard to scientific replicability, Kilgarriff (1997: 147) asks the following
questions: ‘Would another team, working in the same framework, with the same
goals,
arriveTogether
at the samefor
list?
[…]
This then breaks
down into
two questions: firstly,
Working
the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
would
it beHalliday
the same list if they used the same corpora, and secondly, how similar
Barry
would it be if they did not?’.
54
Monza/Italy
10
117
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
Anglicisms
included
in the
dictionary
word list is likely to increase
in the
3.5 future.
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
2.9 Quantifying False Anglicisms in the Italian Language
Although
several
scholarsMigration
have already
tried to quantify the incidence
Reflections
on Recent
Policies
of and
Anglicisms
in
Italian
(Rando
1969,
Antonelli 2005, 61
De
“Non-policies” in Italy and Europe 1973b,
...........................................
Mauro
and
Ferreri
2005,
Gualdo
and
Scarpino
2007,
Furiassi
2007,
Laura Zanfrini
2008a, Bistarelli 2008), no thorough quantitative study on false
Anglicisms is yet available.
4.2
for of
Governing
TheInitiatives
incidence
false Anglicisms
on the Italian vocabulary is
Migration:
not Workers’
represented
by Labour
how Migration
many arebutincluded
in Migration
the word.............
lists 73
of
56
dictionaries.
The
frequency
of
false
Anglicisms
in
the
Italian
language is determined by how often they are used in corpora.57
4.4
Policieschosen
and the Brain
Drain............................................
87
TheSelective
dictionary
to analyze
the incidence of false
Anglicisms
on the Italian
vocabulary
is the ................................
GDU, which can 90
be
and Denied
Opportunities
considered to include a valid approximation of the total number of
Bibliography
97
words
existing.........................................................................................
in the Italian language. The main problem
encountered in ascertaining the number of false Anglicisms in the
5. Colombia:
Their
Societies
of Origin .......
101
GDU
– the Including
same is Emigrants
valid for inany
other
lexicographic
source
Urs Watter
considered – is that false Anglicisms are not always clearly
identifiable
due toand
theResponsibility
different labels assigned. However, since the
5.1 State Interest
towards their detected
Citizens Living
...........................................
false Anglicisms
in theAbroad
present
analysis are 286 and102
the
entries
in
the
GDU
are
251,209
(De
Mauro
2000,
2003b),
it
is
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
possible to estimate that the incidence of false Anglicisms on the
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics .........................................................
106
Italian
vocabulary
is approximately
0.1 %.
With
regard
to
corpora,
orthographic
complexity,
morphological
variation, misspellings, and the different degrees of prototypicality of
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza
Paísthe
..................................................................................
112
When
measuring
incidence of false Anglicisms on the Italian vocabulary,
‘type frequency’ must be considered. As Bybee (2007: 9) states: ‘Only patterns of
5.7 Challenges
language
have type ....................................................................................
frequency, because this refers to how many distinct items114
are
represented by the pattern.’.
57 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
When measuring the frequency of false Anglicisms in the Italian language, ‘token
frequency’ must be considered. As Bybee (2007: 9) writes: ‘Token frequency counts
the
number Together
of times a unit
appears
in runningoftext.’.
In addition,
Bybee (2007:119
16)
Working
for the
Well-being
Migrants
...........................
points
out that
‘[w]hen one is studying token frequency, there is an inherent problem
Barry
Halliday
in determining the point at which high should be distinguished from low.’.
56
Monza/Italy
118
10
Table of Contents
3.4 Anglicisms
The Human Rights’
Approach
........................................................
false
must all
be carefully
considered in order not 58to
affect
frequency ......................................................................................
counts. A recent analysis, which was carried out
3.5 Conclusion
59
using the La Repubblica corpus, showed that there are about 83 false
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
Anglicisms
every
1,000,000 words, i.e. approximately 0.08 60
‰
(Furiassi 2005: 296). However, it must be noticed that some false
4. The Ethicscan
of Migration.
Anglicisms
be labeled as hapax legomena or casuals since they
Reflections
on Recent 58
Migration Policies
occur only sporadically.
Laura Zanfrini
Migration:
Labour
Migration
butexactly
not Workers’
73
In this
respect, false
Anglicisms
behave
like realMigration
Anglicisms..............
As Loonen
(1996: 6) argues: ‘[…] the process of borrowing from English is now practised
4.3 From
Guests
worldwide
andGuest
is notWorkers
restrictedtotoUnwelcome
specialised areas.
It ..................................
seems to obey the rules82of
linguistic catch-as-catch-can […]. However, many of the borrowed words are
incidental loans and bound to disappear or to be transformed into native forms
sooner
or later.’.
Accordingly,
(1981: ................................
40) states that ‘[o]ccorre
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Scotti
DeniedMorgana
Opportunities
90
distinguere tra veri prestiti e parole straniere citate occasionalmente (xénismes, o
casuals
secondo .........................................................................................
le terminologie); questi casuals sono usati abbastanza
Bibliography
97
frequentemente nelle cronache giornalistiche per produrre un effetto di esotismo, e
sono spesso introdotti da virgolette o circonlocuzioni. Col tempo i casuals possono
5. Colombia:
Including
in Theircitazione
Societies
of comportano
Origin ....... alcun
101
diventare
prestiti,
ma allo Emigrants
stadio di semplice
non
Urs
Watter
processo di interferenza linguistica, e quindi di prestito.’. Tr. ‘Real borrowings are to
be distinguished from foreign words which are occasionally quoted (xénismes, or
5.1 State
Interest
anddifferent
Responsibility
casuals
according
to the
terminology); such casuals are rather frequently
theircolumns
CitizensinLiving
Abroad
...........................................
102
used intowards
newspaper
order to
produce
an exotic effect and are often
introduced by inverted commas or periphrases. As time goes by, casuals may
5.2 Applied
Ethics
become
borrowings,
but..............................................................................
as long as they remain simple quotations, they do104
not
constitute a phenomenon of linguistic interference or borrowing.’. Finally, Dardano
(1986a: 487) argues that ‘[n]ella stampa la prima fase dell’interferenza linguistica è
data5.4dalla
citazione
di un
vocabolo ......................................................
o di un’espressione straniera; citazione
Migration
Policy
in Colombia
108
occasionale, ma al tempo stesso portatrice di un chiaro valore connotativo: si vuole
colpire
l’attenzione del
e sottolineare la presenza di un collegamento diretto
5.5 “Colombia
noslettore
une”......................................................................
109
con la fonte dell’informazione. […] Dalla citazione si passa al prestito attraverso un
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112le
processo
di transizione
e di acclimatamento di cui i giornali permettono di seguire
varie fasi. Tale processo riguarda sia il significato sia le circostanze d’uso del
5.7 Challenges
114
vocabolo.’.
Tr. ‘The ....................................................................................
first phase of linguistic interference in the press is the quotation
of a foreign word or expression; it may happen only occasionally but the expression
.......................................................................................
mayBibliography
be heavily connotative:
the aim is that of catching the reader’s attention116
and
showing a direct connection to the source of information. […] An element which is
quoted
becomes
a borrowing
the process
of transition
and acclimatization
Working
Together
for the when
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
takesBarry
place.Halliday
Newspapers make it possible to follow this process which concerns both
the meaning and the usage of a certain word.’.
58
Monza/Italy
10
Table of Contents
The Human Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
3. 3.4
A Dictionary
of False
Anglicisms
in Italian (DFAI)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Laura Zanfrini
3.1 Introduction
The need for a lexicographic reference tool on false Anglicisms was
4.3 From
Guest Workers
to by
Unwelcome
..................................
82
already
mentioned
in 1974
ChiarioniGuests
(1974:
85), who stated that
1
‘[s]arebbe
istruttivo […] un vocabolarietto italiese-inglese […].’
On the basis of the analytical and methodological frameworks
4.5 EqualinOpportunity
andchapters,
................................
90
illustrated
the previous
a set of headwords
was devised
in order
to be included
in a dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
In this chapter the audience to which the dictionary is addressed will
be
identified Including
and the main
features
of both
macrostructure,
i.e.101
the
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin .......
general
characteristics of the dictionary, and microstructure, i.e. the
Urs Watter
internal properties of each entry, will be described.2
3.2 The Audience
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
The5.3Dictionary
of False
in Italian (DFAI) is addressed
to
Migration Policy
andAnglicisms
Ethics .........................................................
106
an educated Italian readership who is familiar with the language of
the mass media and is also competent or desires to become proficient
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
País ..................................................................................
Tr.5.6
‘AAlianza
little italiese-inglese
dictionary […] would perhaps be instructive […].’.112
Martin et al. (1983: 78) define macrostructure as ‘an ordered series of lexical
5.7 entries
Challenges
....................................................................................
items,
or lemmata
(the ordering principle often being the alphabet)’114
and
microstructure as ‘linguistic information contained inside the entry.’. Accordingly,
Bibliography
116
Béjoint
(2000: 11, .......................................................................................
12) defines macrostructure as ‘a result of the selection of ‘words’
through the use of various criteria’ and microstructure as ‘the result of the
application
a pre-established
in each entry.’.119
See
Working of
Together
for the programme
Well-beingofofinformation
Migrantsgiven
...........................
Furiassi
(2006b,
2007) for the drafting of provisional criteria to be adopted in order
Barry
Halliday
to compile a dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian.
1
2
Monza/Italy
120
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human
Rights’ Approach
........................................................
58
in the
English
language
(Pulcini 2006:
316). However, the scenario
of possible
target......................................................................................
users is multifaceted.
3.5 Conclusion
59
First of all, a dictionary focused on such a limited area of Italian
Bibliography
60
lexis
will meet .........................................................................................
the scholarly needs of linguists interested in defining
and classifying false Anglicisms and in ascertaining the difference
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
between
real Anglicisms
and false Anglicisms.
Reflections
onand
Recent
Migration
Policies will also benefit from the
Monolingual
bilingual
lexicographers
DFAI. Although it is often difficult to reconcile the demands of
Laura Zanfrini
lexicographers with those of publishers, Italian monolingual dictionaries
4.1be
Restrictive
and Structural
Demand for
Labour .. 65
may
extendedPolicies
by including
an inventory
of Immigrant
false Anglicisms.
In
addition, providing the appropriate English translation equivalents of
those Migration:
words which
are Migration
to be considered
false Anglicisms
in Italian
Labour
but not Workers’
Migration .............
73
would eventually improve the compilation of Italian-English bilingual
dictionaries.
A lexicographic
product
this Drain............................................
kind will also be useful to Italian
4.4
Selective Policies
and theofBrain
87
speakers, Italian EFL learners, translators, and native speakers of
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and advantage
................................
90
English,
who
may take
of the information
provided
3
according
to their
specific needs.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Italian speakers may benefit from the use of this dictionary to
extend
the lexical
knowledge
of the
linguistic
milieu
in which
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin
....... they
101
liveUrs
and
to understand the ambiguities created by the use of false
Watter
Anglicisms in written and spoken Italian. In particular, Italian EFL
learners and teachers will find this dictionary helpful to verify the
identity of words which look and/or sound English. In fact, some
5.2Anglicisms
Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
104
false
might
seem awkward or even embarrassing if used
in an
environment.
5.3English-speaking
Migration Policy and
Ethics ......................................................... 106
3
As5.5
Lepschy
(1989:nos
189,
190)
states: ‘[…] in un buon vocabolario la persona
“Colombia
une”
......................................................................
109di
media cultura si aspetta di trovare ragguagli […] almeno sommari, a cui sono
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
dedicati
separatamente
i vocabolari specializzati […]; è dunque legittimo112
che
l’autore di un vocabolario destinato al pubblico colto e alle scuole si proponga di
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
rispondere
a questo complesso
di esigenze, e conciliarle in maniera coerente è114
anzi
proprio una delle difficoltà che si presentano al lessicografo.’. Tr. ‘[…] in a good
Bibliography
116
dictionary
the user.......................................................................................
of average education expects to find at least some information
[…] which is usually included in specialized dictionaries […]; the compiler of a
dictionary
to for
an expert
audience andoftoMigrants
schools should
try to achieve these
Workingaddressed
Together
the Well-being
...........................
119
goals;
meeting
these needs coherently is one of the difficulties the lexicographer has
Barry
Halliday
to face.’.
Monza/Italy
3. A Dictionary of False Anglicisms in Italian (DFAI)
10
121
Table of Contents
3.4
Human
Approach
58
TheThe
DFAI
is aRights’
reference
and ........................................................
pedagogical tool for scholars and
students
inasmuch
as it deals with and clarifies the phenomenon59
of
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
interference between Italian and English vocabularies and problems
.........................................................................................
60
of Bibliography
‘[…] synchronic
irregularities […] of phonologic, orthographic,
morpho-syntactic, or lexical nature’ (Iamartino 2001: 126).
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
Since
Italian
synonyms and English translation equivalents of
Reflections
on Recent
false Anglicisms
are Migration
included, Policies
the dictionary may also assist
translators and help English native speakers understand the meaning
Laura Zanfrini
of English-looking words which have been creatively manipulated by
Structural
Demandand
for culture.
Immigrant Labour .. 65
the4.1
speakers/writers
of aand
different
language
3.3 Macrostructure
The dictionary contains 286 headwords which were accurately
4.4 Selective
Policies
andlexicographic
the Brain Drain............................................
87
selected
according
to the
and corpus linguistics criteria
previously
4.5 Equaldescribed.
A dictionary of false Anglicisms cannot be properly considered a
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
‘special-purpose
dictionary’ (Landau 2001: 35), since it is not aimed
4
at describing a specialized area of the lexicon. A dictionary of false
5. Colombia:inIncluding
Emigrants
in Their
of Origin
....... 101
Anglicisms
Italian covers
a ‘specific
areaSocieties
of language’
(Atkins
and
Urs Watter
Rundell 2008: 24) and may be labeled as a ‘segmental dictionary’
since
deals
with aand
‘restricted’
area of the lexicon and is the result of
5.1itState
Interest
Responsibility
5
towardsselection’
their Citizens
Living
Abroad
...........................................
102
a ‘deliberate
made
by the
compiler
(Hartmann 1983a: 7).
The approach of the dictionary is descriptive and synchronic. It is
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
descriptive since it records instances of false Anglicisms found in
5.3 Migration
andthe
Ethics
106
dictionaries
andPolicy
used in
press.........................................................
without any normative implication.
The5.4dictionary
has
a
synchronic
approach
in
the
sense
that
it
does
not
Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
As5.6
stated
by Landau
(2001: 35, 36): ‘Special-purpose dictionaries […] may112
deal
with etymology, pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, usage, synonymy, offensive
Challenges
and5.7
taboo
words, ....................................................................................
slang, dialect, neologisms, and many other subjects. 114
[…]
Collections of new words (neologisms) vary from flippant newspaper glossaries to
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
extensive
dictionaries
with illustrative quotations documenting each new term.’.116
5
A range of synonyms for ‘segmental dictionaries’ has been put forward by Svensén
(1993,
2009),
who usesfor
the the
termWell-being
‘restricted dictionary’,
and ...........................
by Malkiel (2003),119
who
Working
Together
of Migrants
usesBarry
the term
‘special dictionary’. Similar terminological labels have also been used
Halliday
by Muljaĉić (1991: 161-173), Lepschy (1989: 184-200), and Béjoint (2000: 32-41).
4
Monza/Italy
122
10
Table of Contents
3.4 explicit
The Human
Rights’ Approach
58
have
etymological
aims.6........................................................
However, information about the
origin
of false Anglicisms,
the mediating languages involved, the
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
linguistic processes employed in their coinage, and the date of first
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 60
attestation
is provided.
Another essential feature – closely related to the audience to which
4.
The
Ethics of
the dictionary
is Migration.
addressed – is bidirectionality.7 Necessarily, the DFAI
on Recent
Migration
Policies
willReflections
also contain
information
typical
of bilingual dictionaries, such as
phonetic transcriptions and translation equivalents, i.e. real English
Laura Zanfrini
words that Italian EFL learners are supposed to use instead of false
4.1 Restrictive
andor
Structural
for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Anglicisms
whenPolicies
speaking
writing Demand
in English.
Contrary to expectations, a dictionary of false Anglicisms in
ItalianMigration:
is neitherLabour
a ‘dictionary
-isms’
(Filipović
1984: .............
73), i.e.73a
Migrationofbut
not Workers’
Migration
dictionary of loanwords in a language in contact with another, nor a
4.3 From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
82
‘dictionary
of foreign
words’
(LandauGuests
2001:..................................
41), since the items
included
are pseudo-foreign.
False Drain............................................
Anglicisms are indeed authentic
4.4 Selective
Policies and the Brain
87
Italian creations, which prevent lexicographers from classifying a
4.5 EqualofOpportunity
90
dictionary
this kind asand
a collection
of foreign ................................
words sensu stricto.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
3.4 Microstructure
Urs Watter
Each
headword – listed in the dictionary in bold type and small print
– complies
with the
and criteria employed to select false
5.1 State Interest
andparameters
Responsibility
towards
theirlexicographic
Citizens Livingresources
Abroad ...........................................
102
Anglicisms
from
and corpora.8
Although
eponyms
and
toponyms
were
originally
written
with
an
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
initial capital letter, the false Anglicisms derived from them – having
6
As
(2003:
173)inargues:
‘[…]......................................................
una ricognizione storica del lessico
5.4Fanfani
Migration
Policy
Colombia
108di
influenza inglese non può fare a meno di esercitarsi entro un ben circoscritto
spaccato
sincronico […].’.
Tr. ......................................................................
‘[…] a historical overview of the influence of English
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
109
vocabulary cannot exist without a well-circumscribed synchronic view.’.
7
5.6 Alianza
112at
Marello
(2003: País
337,..................................................................................
338) maintains that ‘[w]hen bidirectionality is only hinted
(by indication of grammatical gender, phonetic transcription of pronunciation, style
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
marking
or other translated
labels), it often serves merely to weigh down114
the
microstructure with indicators that are not at all useful to one of the two
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
communities
and not
useful enough to the other.’.
8
According to Cowie (1983: 100): ‘The basic structural component of the dictionary
isWorking
the entry, Together
or article, afor
block
informationof
(grammatical,
semantic, stylistic,119
etc.)
theofWell-being
Migrants ...........................
having
theHalliday
appearance of a paragraph and headed in boldface print by the aptly
Barry
named headword.’.
Monza/Italy
10
123
Table of Contents
3.4 Thegeneric
Humannouns
Rights’–Approach
........................................................
become
are listed
in the dictionary by means of58a
lower-case
initial......................................................................................
letter.
3.5 Conclusion
59
Conversely, all false Anglicisms that are believed to originate from
Bibliography
60
trademarks
are .........................................................................................
included in the dictionary with an initial capital letter
®
™
and marked with the symbols and , even if they are often written
4. The
with
a lower-case
initial letter in the newspaper texts considered. The
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policiestrademarks; the symbol ™
symbol ® indicates
Italian
registered
indicates
English or American registered trademarks. However, the
Laura Zanfrini
unintentional omission of capitalization or the absence of the labels ®
Policies
and Structural
Demand for
Labour
65
and4.1™Restrictive
should not
be regarded
as affecting
theImmigrant
legal status
of ..any
trademark or any company owner of the trademarks mentioned.9
Finally,
acronyms
and abbreviations
are excluded
from the
Migration:
Labour Migration
but not Workers’
Migration .............
73
dictionary since they deserve separate treatment. An instance of this
4.3isFrom
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
kind
the Guest
Italian
acronym
sms, whose
English
equivalent is text
message.
In line with the criteria set out by Jackson (2002: 26), each article
4.5 Equal
and the
Denied
Opportunities
................................
includes
14Opportunity
features of
headword,
whose
metalanguage 90is
10
described
below:
spelling, pronunciation, grammar, typology, date,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
mediating language, frequency, usage domain, definition,
collocation,
synonym,
English
translation
equivalent,
5. Colombia:Italian
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies of
Origin .......cross
101
reference,
and example.
Urs Watter
3.4.1 Spelling
The alternative spelling variants of each false Anglicism, separated
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
by a comma, are shown between round brackets in small print next to
Migration Orthographic
Policy and Ethics
.........................................................
106
the5.3
headword.
variants
serve to identify the different
forms
in
which
false
Anglicisms
may
be
used
in
Italian,
e.g.
longseller, long seller, long-seller. The most frequent orthographic
5.5 “Colombia
une”headword.
...................................................................... 109
variant
is chosennos
as the
9
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Also the French registered trademark K-Way® is marked by the label ®.
10
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
According
to Hartmann
(1983a: 8): ‘[…] dictionary-making may be usefully
guided by a ‘metalanguage’, i.e. a way of talking about language, and for handling
.......................................................................................
andBibliography
presenting linguistic
information.’. The dictionary tends to conform to116
the
principles listed by Görlach (1999: 153) in relation to the DEA: ‘[…] there should be
an
English summary
of for
the principles
used, and
least the abbreviations
should119
also
Working
Together
the Well-being
ofatMigrants
...........................
be explained
in
English.’.
However,
since
the
dictionary
is
mainly
intended
for
an
Barry Halliday
Italian audience, the metalanguage used will be Italian.
Monza/Italy
124
10
Table of Contents
3.4Pronunciation
The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
3.4.2
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
The3.5Italian
pronunciation
of false Anglicisms is indicated by IPA
transcription
between
square
brackets.
If
multiple
pronunciations
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
exist, they are all indicated and separated by a comma.
3.4.3
Grammar
Reflections
in false
Italy and
Europe ...........................................
61
A striking
factor is that
Anglicisms,
as well as real Anglicisms,
Zanfrini
are Laura
almost
all nouns, with rare exceptions such as antismog, full
optional,
and off,Policies
which and
mayStructural
only be Demand
used as for
adjectives,
giornata
4.1 Restrictive
Immigrante.g.
Labour
.. 65
antismog, vettura full optional, spettacolo off. Although the false
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family and are
Humanitarian
Anglicisms
recorded
in the dictionary
mostly nouns, traditional
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Workers’
Migration
73
grammatical tags for parts of speech are used and
placed.............
after the
phonetic
i.e. nome
(noun),
and ‘agg.’, i.e.
4.3 Fromtranscription:
Guest Workers‘n.’,
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
aggettivo (adjective).11 When false Anglicisms function as both
nouns and adjectives, the label ‘n./agg.’ is used and the definition of
Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
................................
90
the4.5
false
Anglicism
is preceded
by Opportunities
‘riferito a’ (referred
to).
In addition, the labels ‘m.’, i.e. maschile (masculine), and ‘f.’, i.e.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
femminile (feminine), signal the grammatical gender which is
attributed
to Including
each falseEmigrants
Anglicism
in Italian,
usually
the.......
natural
5. Colombia:
in Their
Societies
of Origin
101
gender
(Clyne
2003:
147).
If
both
genders
are
possible,
this is
Urs Watter
indicated by ‘m./f.’.12
5.1
State Interest
and Responsibility
Finally,
morphological
variants regarding the formation of plurals
towards
their
Citizens
Livingmail,
Abroadskiman
...........................................
102
are shown, e.g. mail remains
may become skimen,
cocktail
may become
cocktails. The inflectional ending ‘-s’ signals
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
that the morpheme -s may be added to form the plural, whereas
‘-men’
signals that a false Anglicism ending in -man may switch to
11
This
grammatical nos
feature
also shared by real Anglicisms – may be due to109
the
5.5 “Colombia
une”–......................................................................
fact that false Anglicisms are coined to lexicalize objects, concepts, and phenomena
which
thought
to be
more stylish if characterized by a certain resemblance 112
with
5.6are
Alianza
País
..................................................................................
English. With regard to the word classes of Anglicisms, Pulcini (2002: 159-161)
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
recognizes
that in Italian
there are very few adjectives borrowed from English,114
e.g.
trendy, there are no adverbs, and verbs must necessarily be adapted to the Italian
Bibliography
116
system,
preferably .......................................................................................
by assigning the morphological ending of the first conjugation -are.
12
With regard to gender assignment, false Anglicisms – as well as Anglicisms – are
likely
to be Together
used in Italian
as masculine
nouns.
However,...........................
some false Anglicisms
Working
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
119
mayBarry
be alternatively
used
as
masculine
or
feminine,
e.g.
autocaravan,
happy end,
Halliday
Spider®.
Monza/Italy
10
125
Table of Contents
3.4 in
Thethe
Human
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
-men
plural.
When
a false
Anglicism displays an invariant
form,
abbreviation
‘inv.’, i.e. invariabile (invariable), is used. 59
3.5 the
Conclusion
......................................................................................
Bibliography
3.4.4
Typology ......................................................................................... 60
Typological
are assigned to each lemma according to the
4. The Ethicslabels
of Migration.
different
typesonofRecent
false Anglicisms
recognized. As shown in Tab. 3,
Reflections
Migration Policies
acronyms
mirror
the
Italian
labels
assigned
to each type.
61
Laura Zanfrini
acronym
(Italian)
acronym
(English)
example
A
accorciamento
C
clipping
happy end
(from happy ending)
Migration:composto
Labour Migration
............. 73
CA
AC but notautonomous
recordman
autonomo
compound
(record + man)
82
DA
derivato
AD
autonomous
footing
autonomoand the Brain Drain............................................
derivative
(foot + -ing) 87
eponimo and Denied
E Opportunities
eponym ................................
carter
4.5 EEqual Opportunity
90
(from J. H. Carter)
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
EC
ellissi di
CE
compound
basket
composto
ellipsis
(from basketball)
generic
trademark
ticket restaurant
MG
Urs Watter
marchio
generico
GT
slittamento
SS
semantic shift
mister
5.1SS
State Interest
and Responsibility
semantico
T
toponimo
T
toponym
new jersey
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Table
Typological
Acronyms
5.3 3.
Migration
Policy
and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia
......................................................
108
In the
case of clippings,
i.e. A (C),
compound ellipses, i.e. EC (CE),
eponyms,
i.e. E (E),
and ......................................................................
toponyms, i.e. T (T), the real English word
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
109
which is clipped, the English compound from which the ellipsis
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
originates, the proper noun from which the false Anglicism derives,
....................................................................................
114
or 5.7
the Challenges
place name
which originates the false Anglicism is indicated
after
the
typological
label
and
preceded
by
a
colon,
e.g.
relax
from
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
relaxation, basket from basketball, carter from J. H. Carter,
charleston
from Charleston.
Working Together
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
126
10
Table of Contents
3.4
The Human
Rights’ Approach
........................................................
58
When
it is complicated
to decide
what the linguistic process
involved
in the ......................................................................................
creation of false Anglicisms is, more typological
3.5 Conclusion
59
labels are used, e.g. bermuda.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
3.4.5 Date
TheReflections
date provided
afterMigration
the typological
on Recent
Policies label indicates the earliest
attestation
of
each
false
Anglicism.
prior to 1984 were
and “Non-policies” in Italy and EuropeDates
...........................................
61
obtained
from
the
dictionaries
consulted,
i.e.
DELI, Devoto-Oli,
Laura Zanfrini
GDU, DISC, Gabrielli, Treccani, or Zingarelli. For false Anglicisms
Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demandresource
for Immigrant
Labour ..first
65
not4.1yet
included
in any
lexicographic
or whose
appearance
is subsequent
to Family
1984, and
the Humanitarian
date of first attestation was
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
extracted
from the
Italian
newspapers
analyzed,Migration
i.e. Corriere
della
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but not Workers’
.............
73
Sera, La Repubblica, or La Stampa.
4.4Mediating
Selective Policies
3.4.6
Language
The4.5 mediating
language
that Opportunities
contributed ................................
to introduce false
Equal Opportunity
and Denied
90
Anglicisms in Italian, if any, is specified using ‘fr.’, i.e. francese
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
(French), ‘ol.’, i.e. olandese (Dutch), ‘sp.’, i.e. spagnolo (Spanish),
‘sved.’,
i.e. svedese
(Swedish),
andin‘ted.’,
tedesco
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
Their i.e.
Societies
of (German).
Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
3.4.7 Frequency
Each entry
is supplied with the symbols •, ••, •••, or ••••, which102
are
13
used to mark the relative frequency of false Anglicisms. Frequency
5.2 Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
104
considerations
are based
on the data provided by the La Repubblica
corpus:
since thePolicy
La Repubblica
corpus consists of about 380,000,000
5.3 Migration
and Ethics .........................................................
106
tokens, false Anglicisms with a raw frequency below 38 (below 1 per
5.4 Migration
Policy
Colombia
......................................................
million
words), i.e.
theinleast
frequent,
are assigned only one dot •,108
e.g.
wafer;
false
Anglicisms
with
a
raw
frequency
between
39
and
380
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
(between 1 and 10 per million words), i.e. frequent, are assigned two
..................................................................................
112
dots5.6••,Alianza
e.g. tiePaís
break;
false Anglicisms with a raw frequency between
3815.7and
3,800 (between
10 and 100 per million words), i.e. very
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
frequent, are assigned three dots •••, e.g. slip; false Anglicisms with a
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
13
As
Kiefer
and van Sterkenburg (2003: 359) advise: ‘[…] it may be useful to indicate
Barry
Halliday
the relative frequency of a word or phrase.’.
Monza/Italy
10
127
Table of Contents
The Human
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
raw3.4frequency
above
3,801
(above
100 per million words), i.e. 58
the
14
most
frequent,
are
assigned
four
dots
••••,
e.g.
basket.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
However, since the La Repubblica corpus contains articles up to
60
theBibliography
year 2000, .........................................................................................
some false Anglicisms which were coined afterwards
are obviously not included. For this reason, frequency data of false
4. The Ethicscoined
of Migration.
Anglicisms
after the year 2000 are based on the La
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
Repubblica archive,
which
includes
all articles published in La
Repubblica from 1984 to the present. In this case, frequency
Laura Zanfrini
considerations are calculated by estimating that the La Repubblica
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Structural
Demand
Immigrant Labour
.. 65is
archive,
which is
not aand
proper
corpus
but isforconstantly
updated,
likely to contain about 580,000,000 tokens.15 Therefore, false
Anglicisms
withLabour
a rawMigration
frequency
58 (below
1 per
million
Migration:
but below
not Workers’
Migration
.............
73
words), i.e. the least frequent, are assigned only one dot •, e.g. self
4.3false
FromAnglicisms
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
bar;
with
a raw frequency
between 59 and 580
(between
1 andPolicies
10 per and
million
words),
i.e. frequent, are assigned two
4.4 Selective
the Brain
Drain............................................
87
dots ••, e.g. chill out; false Anglicisms with a raw frequency between
Equal
Opportunity
and10
Denied
................................
90
5814.5and
5,800
(between
and Opportunities
100 per million
words), i.e. very
frequent,
are assigned
three dots •••, e.g. reality; false Anglicisms
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
14
it is Including
difficult to establish
a clear-cut
threshold
frequency
on the
basis
5.Although
Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin
.......
101of
which
Anglicisms should be included in or excluded from an ad hoc
Ursfalse
Watter
dictionary, a well-meditated decision is particularly important since at times
frequency
dataInterest
provided
byResponsibility
corpus evidence are in contrast with the lexicographer’s
5.1 State
and
view oftowards
the language.
For
instance,
the lexicographer
would have the impression102
that
their Citizens Living
Abroad ...........................................
a false Anglicism is quite common in the Italian language and therefore should be
included
in the dictionary
in spite of its very low frequency in newspaper corpora.
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
As Pulcini (2008b: 193) argues: ‘[…] corpus data are an important index of currency
Migration
and with
Ethics
but 5.3
figures
must bePolicy
balanced
the.........................................................
criteria set up for the dictionary […]106
and
possibly with additional information from other sources […] and in some cases the
opinions of Italian experts in certain fields. Last and most importantly, the native
lexicographer’s
judgement
will......................................................................
weigh up the different bits of information and make
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
109
a final decision.’. Pulcini’s argument is supported by Summers (1996: 266), who
maintains
that ‘[f]requency
is a powerful tool in the lexicographer’s arsenal
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112of
resources […]. However, in dictionary-making editorial judgment is of paramount
5.7 Challenges
importance,
because ....................................................................................
blindly following the corpus, no matter how carefully, can114
lead
to oddities.’.
15 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Although the number of tokens in the La Repubblica archive is not provided, an
approximate figure can be determined. If the number of tokens in the La Repubblica
corpus,
i.e. about
380,000,000,
divided by 17
i.e. the years included
Working
Together
for the isWell-being
of (1984-2000),
Migrants ...........................
119
in the
La Repubblica
Barry
Halliday corpus, and then multiplied by 26 (1984-2009), i.e. the years
included in the La Repubblica archive, the result is about 580,000,000.
Monza/Italy
128
10
Table of Contents
3.4a The
Rights’
Approach
58
with
rawHuman
frequency
above
5,801........................................................
(above 100 per million words), i.e.
the3.5
most
frequent,......................................................................................
are assigned four dots ••••, e.g. no global.
Conclusion
59
In the case of polysemous or homonymic false Anglicisms,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
frequency
considerations
are provided for each single meaning, 60
by
checking all occurrences manually in both the corpus and the archive.
Reflections
3.4.8
Usage Domain
Usage
labels
are assigned to each lemma according to the domain in
Laura
Zanfrini
which each false Anglicism is likely to be used.16 Although based on
Restrictivejudgment,
Policies and
Demand
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
the4.1
compiler’s
theStructural
indication
of theforusage
domain
is meant
to be
help tofor
theGoverning
user andFamily
possibly
significant statistical
4.2 of
Initiatives
and provide
Humanitarian
data on
domainLabour
distribution
(Görlach
1999: 154).
The number
of
Migration:
Migration
but not Workers’
Migration
............. 73
domains is limited to 16 labels, which are explained in detail in Tab.
4. If more semantic fields can be assigned to a false Anglicism, a
4.4 SelectiveofPolicies
the Brain
Drain............................................
87
combination
usageand
labels
is indicated,
e.g. skibus. If a false
Anglicism
is
used
with
a
general
meaning,
no
usage
domain
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90is
specified, e.g. relax.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
abbreviation
Italian
English
abb.
abbigliamento
e moda
clothing
fashion
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their Societies
of and
Origin
....... 101
Ursalim.
Watter
alimentazione
food
arch.
architettura e arredamento
architecture and furniture
cin.
cinema e televisione
cinema and television
bev.
bevande
drinks
5.2cosm.
Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
cosmesi e bellezza
cosmetics and beauty 104
criminalità
crime
5.3crim.
Migration Policy and
Ethics .........................................................
106
econ.
economia e finanza
economics and finance
gioc.
giochi
games
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
16
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
The semantic fields in which false Anglicisms occur are heterogeneous and tend
5.7 Challenges
114
to coincide
with the ....................................................................................
usage domains of real Anglicisms (Caretti 1951a, 1951b, 1954,
Rando 1973a, Fiori 1990, Gianni 1994, Perotto 2001, 2010, Pulcini 2008a). As
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
Filipović
(1985: 253,
254) argues: ‘[…] most of those using pseudoanglicisms116
are
young people interested in entertainment of various types: sports, popular music,
film,
TV, etc.
[…] Pseudoanglicisms
are of
used
in the ...........................
vocabulary of political
Working
Together
for the Well-being
Migrants
119
journalists
and other commentators. International jargon is sometimes responsible
Barry Halliday
for the use of pseudoanglicisms.’.
Monza/Italy
10
129
Table of Contents
3.4mus.
The Human Rights’
Approach
58
musica
e ballo ........................................................
music and dance
professioni e lavoro
professions and job
3.5prof.
Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
ses.
sesso
sex
tecn.
tecnologia
technology
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
sport
sport
sport
trasp.
trasporti
transports
turismo
viaggiEurope ...........................................
tourism and travel
andtur.
“Non-policies” in
Italye and
61
Laura Zanfrini
Table 4. Usage Domains
3.4.9
4.2Definition
Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration:
Migration
but not Workers’
.............and
73
The types
of Labour
definitions
provided
– both Migration
‘intensional’
‘extensional’
(Geeraerts
89) – areGuests
intended
as ‘definitions that
4.3 From Guest
Workers2003:
to Unwelcome
..................................
82
communicate’ (Ayto 1983: 98), that is a balanced mixture of
4.4 Selective
Policies and thefeatures.
Brain Drain............................................
87
17
linguistic
and extralinguistic
Definitions,
written in
collocated................................
in a new paragraph,
4.5
Equal Opportunity
andItalian
Deniedand
Opportunities
90
were made up from scratch. Definitions in English are not provided
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
since the target audience of the dictionary is mainly Italian and the
English
speaker consulting the dictionary is expected to have
adequate
knowledge of the Italian language.
Urs Watter
In the case of homonymic false Anglicisms – false Anglicisms
5.1 State
with
etymologically
unrelated meanings, e.g. spot as ‘spot
towards their
Abroad–...........................................
advertisement’
andCitizens
spot asLiving
‘spotlight’
the different definitions102
for
18
each
are identified
by a number written in bold, e.g. 1. 104
In
5.2homonym
Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
the case of polysemous false Anglicisms – false Anglicisms with
5.3 Migration related
Policy and
Ethics .........................................................
106
etymologically
meanings,
e.g. jolly – the different definitions
for5.4
each
meaning
are identified
by......................................................
a letter written in small bold print,
Migration
Policy
in Colombia
108
e.g. a, and arranged according to their usage frequency, i.e. ‘putting
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza
País7)
..................................................................................
112
Hartmann
(1983a:
argues that ‘[l]exemes […] can be described and explained
only by reference to the context in which they are used. For the same reason, it is not
5.7 Challenges
always
possible to ....................................................................................
draw a clear dividing line between the dictionary and114
the
encyclopaedia.’. However, a dictionary of false Anglicisms is not intended as a mere
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
‘alphabetical
encyclopedia’
(Béjoint 2000: 26).
18
The meaning of polysemous false Anglicisms was disambiguated manually since,
as
Zgusta (2003:
79) points
out:
‘[…] semantic
effects which
are unsupported
by
Working
Together
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
nonambiguous
distinctions in the linguistic form cannot be resolved by the
Barry Halliday
computer.’.
17
Monza/Italy
130
10
Table of Contents
Thefrequently
Human Rights’
........................................................
58
the3.4
most
usedApproach
senses first’
(Kipfer 2003: 182). In the case
of 3.5
entries
which
comprise homonymic false Anglicisms with
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
multiple meanings, e.g. box, the different definitions are identified by
Bibliographyof
.........................................................................................
a combination
a number and a letter, e.g. 1a (Furiassi 2006a). 60
4. The Collocation
3.4.10
Forand
some
false Anglicisms,
collocations
are included in italics
“Non-policies”
in Italytypical
and Europe
...........................................
61
after
the
example,
e.g.
fare
footing,
and
preceded
by ‘coll.’, i.e.
Laura Zanfrini
collocazione (collocation).
3.4.11
Italian Synonym
4.2 Initiatives
Migration
but not were
Workers’
Migration
.............
ItalianMigration:
synonymsLabour
of false
Anglicisms
added
to each
entry73in
order
to show
whether tofalse
Anglicisms
could be effectively
4.3 From
Guest Workers
Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
substituted by Italian ‘domestic competitors’ (Laviosa 2006: 270).
Italian
synonyms of false Anglicisms, if available, are preceded by
the4.5abbreviation
‘sin.’,andi.e.
sinonimo
(synonym).
At times, the
Equal Opportunity
Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
synonym of a false Anglicism, e.g. footing, is a real Anglicism used
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
in Italian, e.g. jogging. Whenever multiple synonyms are available,
they
are all Including
included Emigrants
and separated
by Societies
a comma.
If no.......
Italian
5. Colombia:
in Their
of Origin
101
synonym
exists,
‘sin.’
is
followed
by
the
empty-set
symbol
‘Ø’.
Urs Watter
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
3.4.12
English
Translation
Equivalent
The translation of false Anglicisms into English is of utmost
5.2 AppliedinEthics
..............................................................................
importance
compiling
the dictionary. English equivalents,104if
traceable,
are Policy
mostlyandtaken
from bilingual dictionaries.19 106
The
5.3 Migration
Ethics .........................................................
appropriate English translation equivalent, listed after the Italian
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia
108
synonym
and preceded
by the ......................................................
abbreviation ‘tr.’, i.e. traduzione
(translation),
is shown
italics on a separate line. If the English
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”in
......................................................................
109
19
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Bressan (2006: 316) indeed complains about ‘[…] la creazione di forme ambigue,
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
a volte
irriconoscibili,
in pseudo-inglese, che richiedono sovente una doppia
traduzione (dal pseudo-inglese all’italiano e dall’italiano all’inglese autentico).’. Tr.
Bibliography
116
‘[…]
the creation.......................................................................................
of ambiguous pseudo-English forms, which are at times
unrecognizable and often require a double translation (from pseudo-English to
Italian
and Together
from Italian
realWell-being
English).’. of
In Migrants
addition, as
Svensén (1993: 119
153)
Working
fortothe
...........................
argues:
‘Equivalents
Barry
Halliday in the target language are often lacking when words and
expressions in the source language denote culture-specific concepts […].’.
Monza/Italy
10
131
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
Rights’isApproach
........................................................
translation
equivalent
a trademark,
the symbol ™ follows 58
the
®
™
translation,
e.g.
K-Way
and
Windbreaker
.
At
times,
real
Anglicisms
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
used in Italian are indicated as translation equivalents of false
Bibliography
60
Anglicisms,
e.g..........................................................................................
personal computer or PC for personal. In some cases
there is more than one plausible option, as for the false Anglicism
4. The which
Ethics of
Migration. to coach or trainer in English. Whenever
mister
corresponds
Reflections
on
Recent
Migration
multiple translation
equivalents
are Policies
available, they are all included and
separated by a comma. If no authentic English equivalent can be
Laura Zanfrini
traced, ‘tr.’ is followed by the empty-set symbol ‘Ø’.
3.4.13 Cross Reference
If a false
Anglicism
givenbut
rise
is semantically
related 73to
Migration:
Labourhas
Migration
notor
Workers’
Migration .............
another false Anglicism included in the dictionary, e.g. beauty and
beauty case, smoking and tight, an arrow followed by the related
4.4in
Selective
Policies
andused,
the Brain
87
entry
bold type
will be
e.g. Drain............................................
→ beauty case.
3.4.14 Example
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Lexicographers recommend that dictionary entries should be
20
accompanied
by examples
takeninfrom
instances
of .......
usage.
Emigrants
Their real
Societies
of Origin
101
Görlach
indeed argues that:
Urs Watter
[…]
all good
dictionaries
include quotations to illustrate usage, if
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
possible
withtheir
some
sourcesLiving
and data
given.
(Görlach 1999: 154)
towards
Citizens
Abroad
...........................................
102
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
In addition,
Shermann
states that:
[…] computer-retrieved citations can fill important gaps in our
knowledge
of Policy
the complete
semantic
range of lexical items […].
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
(Shermann 1979: 142)
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
Examples
in the dictionary are taken from the newspaper
5.6
Alianza quoted
País ..................................................................................
112
corpora/archives analyzed. The example, written in a separate
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
independent
paragraph
collocated at the bottom of each entry, is written
in Bibliography
smaller print;
the source newspaper and the date of attestation,
.......................................................................................
116
20
As
Béjoint
(1994: 219, 220) states: ‘If word meanings can be described only in
Barry
Halliday
context, the definitions should indicate the typical contexts.’.
Monza/Italy
132
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The between
Human Rights’
indicated
roundApproach
brackets,........................................................
follow the example, e.g. (CS 58
24
gennaio
2004).
The
false
Anglicism
within
the
example
is
italicized.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
3.5 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols
Acronyms,
abbreviations,
and symbols
used to describe the different
Reflections
on Recent Migration
Policies
microstructural
features
are
summarized
in Tab. 5.
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europebelow
...........................................
61
Laura Zanfrini
acronym,
abbreviation,
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structuraldescription
symbol
4.2→Initiatives
signals that a false Anglicism has given rise or is semantically
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but not Workers’
............. 73
related
to another
false Anglicism
included inMigration
the dictionary
includes
spelling
4.3(…)
From Guest
Workers
tovariants
Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
,
separates alternative spellings, pronunciations, plurals,
4.4 Selectivecollocations,
Policies and
the synonyms,
Brain Drain............................................
Italian
and English translation equivalents 87
includes IPAand
phonetic
transcription
4.5[…]
Equal Opportunity
Denied
Opportunities ................................ 90
•
signals the least frequent false Anglicisms
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 97
••
signals frequent false Anglicisms
•••
••••
Urs Watter
signals very frequent false Anglicisms
signals the most frequent false Anglicisms
1
indicates one of the meanings of a homonymic false Anglicism
a
indicates one of the meanings of a polysemous false Anglicism
5.1AState Interest
Responsibilityi.e. clipping (C)
standsand
for ‘accorciamento’,
5.2abb.
Applied stands
Ethicsfor
..............................................................................
104
‘abbigliamento e moda’, i.e. clothing and fashion
alim.
stands
for ‘alimentazione’,
i.e. food
5.3
Migration
Policy
and Ethics .........................................................
106
arch.
stands for ‘architettura e arredamento’, i.e. architecture and
5.4 Migration
furniture
stands for ‘bevande’, i.e. drinks
5.5bev.
“Colombia
nos une”...................................................................... 109
CA
stands for ‘composto autonomo’, i.e. autonomous compound (AC)
5.6cin.
Alianza País
.................................................................................. 112
stands for ‘cinema e televisione’, i.e. cinema and television
cosm.
stands
for ‘cosmesi e bellezza’, i.e. cosmetics and beauty
5.7
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
crim.
stands for ‘criminalità’, i.e. crime
Bibliography
....................................................................................... 116
CS
stands for Corriere della Sera as the source newspaper of the
example
DA
stands for ‘derivato autonomo’, i.e. autonomous derivative (AD)
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
10
133
Table of Contents
3.4 EThe Human
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
stands
for ‘eponimo’,
i.e. eponym
(E)
stands for ‘ellissi di composto’, i.e. compound ellipsis (CE)
3.5EC
Conclusion
...................................................................................... 59
econ.
stands for ‘economia e finanza’, i.e. economics and finance
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
f.
signals
feminine gender
fr.
indicates that a false Anglicism is mediated by French, i.e. francese
gioc.
stands for ‘giochi’, i.e. games
inv.“Non-policies”
signals invariant
plural
and
in Italy
and Europe ........................................... 61
LR Zanfrini
stands for La Repubblica as the source newspaper of the example
Laura
LS
stands for La Stampa as the source newspaper of the example
m.
signals masculine gender
4.2m./f.
Initiatives
for Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
signals
both masculine
and feminine
gender
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Workers’
Migration
............. 73
-men
signals that the suffix -men may be added to form
the plural
stands
for ‘marchio
generico’, i.e.Guests
generic ..................................
trademark (GT)
4.3MG
From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
82
mus.
stands for ‘musica e ballo’, i.e. music and dance
Ø
signals that a false Anglicism has no Italian synonym and/or no
ol.
indicates that a false Anglicism is mediated by Dutch, i.e. olandese
English translation
equivalent
and Denied
Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
prof.
®
stands for ‘professioni e lavoro’, i.e. professions and job
signals an Italian registered trademark
Urs-sWatter signals that the suffix -s may be added to form the plural
ses.
stands for ‘sesso’, i.e. sex
sp.
indicates that a false Anglicism is mediated by Spanish, i.e.
towards their
Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
spagnolo
sport
‘sport’, i.e. sport
5.2
Applied stands
Ethicsfor
..............................................................................
104
SS
stands for ‘slittamento semantico’, i.e. semantic shift (SS)
sved.
indicates that a false Anglicism is mediated by Swedish, i.e.
svedese
5.4 Migration
T
stands for ‘toponimo’, i.e. toponym (T)
tecn.
stands for ‘tecnologia’, i.e. technology
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6ted.
Alianza País
..................................................................................
112
indicates
that a false Anglicism is mediated by German, i.e.
tedesco
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
trasp.
stands for ‘trasporti’, i.e. transports
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
tur.
stands
for ‘turismo e viaggi’, i.e. tourism and travel
™
signals an American or British registered trademark
Barry
Halliday Abbreviations, and Symbols
Table
5. Acronyms,
Monza/Italy
10
Table of Contents
Dictionary
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Laura Zanfrini
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
DFAI
10
137
Table of Contents
A
appassionati in Francia. (CS 22
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
ottobre 2003)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
adventure man (adventure-man)
[adˈvɛntʃur ˈmɛn, adˈvɛntʃər ˈmɛn]
n. m. inv./-men CA 1985 •
amante
di vacanze avventurose
...........................................
61
specialmente
in luoghi lontani e
account
[akˈkaunt] n. m./f. inv.
Laura Zanfrini
difficilmente raggiungibili
EC: account executive 1984 •
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand
sin. Ø for Immigrant Labour .. 65
prof.
tr. adventure lover
solitamente
all’interno
di un’agenzia
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
di pubblicità,
persona
che siMigration
occupa but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Migration:
Labour
Certo, non basta il mezzo o
di trovare i clienti e di gestire i fondi
l’accessorio per trasformarsi in
di una
pubblicitaria
4.3campagna
From Guest
Workers to Unwelcomeadventure-man.
Guests ..................................
82
(LR 3 maggio 1985)
sin. Ø
4.4 Selective
tr. account
executive
after dinner (after-dinner,
afterdinner) [afterˈdin(n)er] n. m.
Se un tempo i protagonisti erano oscuri
artigiani,
oppure .........................................................................................
artisti “prestati”
Bibliography
97•
inv. EC: after-dinner party 1985
temporaneamente
al
messaggio
festa che si tiene dopo cena
promozionale, nel nuovo corso essi
sin. dopocena
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their
sono i manager delle agenzie, i creativi,
tr. after-dinner party
Urs
Watter
gli account. (LR 19 ottobre 1994)
La memoria di quei dolci che col
adventure
[adˈvɛntʃur,
adˈvɛntʃər]
tempo
erano diventati i massimi
towards
their Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
nemici della sua salute, gli suggerì,
n. m. inv./-s EC: action adventure,
5.2 Applied
104
per festeggiare nel 1998 i vent’anni
adventure
game,Ethics
arcade..............................................................................
adventure
di esemplare e fortunato lavoro, un
1985
5.3• gioc.
Migration Policy and Ethics .........................................................
106
«after dinner», più semplicemente
tipo di videogioco d’avventura,
un dopo cena, per mille invitati, di
caratterizzato
da trama
e
5.4 Migration
Policynarrativa
in Colombia
...................................................... 108
soli budini e torte e sorbetti e bigné e
personaggi, con azione, esplorazione
ogni sorta di leccornie, esposti109
alle
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
ed enigmi
da risolvere
pareti come gioielli, con l’apoteosi
sin.5.6
Ø Alianza País ..................................................................................
finale di una torta di sei metri
112di
tr. action adventure, adventure
diametro e alta molto di più. (LR 18
game,
adventure
5.7 arcade
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
giugno 2007)
.......................................................................................
116
La Bibliography
trama, vera forza
del videogioco
afterhour (after hour, after-hour)
– quasi un film interattivo più che un
m. inv./-s 119
vero
adventure
–, ha for
le sue
Working
Together
the radici
Well-being of[afteˈrawar]
Migrants n./agg.
...........................
nell’omonimo
fumetto
che
da
Barry Halliday
qualche anno conta sempre più
Monza/Italy
138
10
Table of Contents
una specie di aftershow improvvisato
3.4 after-hours
The Humanparty
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
a EC:
1989
•
nella piazza, immediatamente dopo
(riferito a) festa con musica e droga
Conclusion
la fine della diretta alle 15. (LR59
22
che3.5
inizia
all’alba e ......................................................................................
si protrae fino al
settembre 2005)
mattino e a volte anche per intere
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
giornate
sin. Ø
after tea (after-tea) [afterˈti] n.
4. The
Ethics of
Migration.
tr.
after-hours
party,
rave, rave
m. inv. EC: after-tea party 1996 •
party
festa organizzata solitamente in
...........................................
61
discoteca
che inizia nel tardo
A Laura
mattinaZanfrini
inoltrata i migranti
pomeriggio
dell’afterhour, ormai in pista da 15 ore,
sin. Ø
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
addentano
cornetti caldi,
strabuzzano
tr. Ø
come gli occhi nella luce e poi,
creature della notte, s’avviano verso il
che cos’è
un “after
tea”? È 73
una
Migration:
Labour Migration but notSapete
Workers’
Migration
.............
mare. (LR
2 agosto 1997)
“festa fuori orario”, che comincia alle
domenica sera e 82
va
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecinque
Guestsdella
..................................
b EC: after-hours club 1996 •
avanti fino a notte inoltrata. (LR 24
(riferito
a) luogo Policies
di svago and
che the
apreBrain Drain............................................
4.4 Selective
87
marzo 1997)
all’alba quando le normali discoteche
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
solitamente
chiudono
per prolungare
ambient [ˈɛmbjent, ˈambjent]
il divertimento notturno
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
n./agg. f. inv. EC: ambient music
sin. Ø
1995
•
mus.
tr. after-hours club
(riferito
a) tipo diofmusica
caratterizzato
Societies
Origin
....... 101
da ritmi naturali, particolarmente adatti
Urs Watter
Un ritrovo
che assomiglia quasi a un
a creare un’atmosfera rilassante
after hour, si balla infatti da
5.1
State
Interest
and
Responsibility
sin. musica d’ambiente
mezzanotte alle dieci di mattina. (CS
towards
102
tr............................................
ambient music
14 agosto
2003) their Citizens Living Abroad
→ chill out
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
after show (after-show, aftershow)
Atmosfere rilassate, luci diffuse,
5.3 Migration
andn.Ethics
106
[afterˈʃo,
afterˈʃɔ, Policy
afterˈʃou]
m. .........................................................
musica ambient, colori tenui e
inv.5.4
EC:Migration
after-showPolicy
party 1999
•
in Colombia
......................................................
108
movimenti pacati accolgono il cliente,
festa che si tiene dopo uno spettacolo
proiettandolo immediatamente in un
teatrale,
un concerto
una
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”o......................................................................
109
clima di benessere. (CS 14 agosto
manifestazione a cui partecipano
2003)
5.6 Alianza
Paísi ..................................................................................
112
anche
gli attori,
cantanti o i
protagonisti dell’evento
antiage (anti-age, anti 114
age)
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
sin. dopospettacolo
[antiˈeidʒ]
n./agg.
m./f.
inv.
A:
tr. after-show
party
Bibliography
....................................................................................... 116
anti-aging 2000 • cosm.
(riferito a) crema o trattamento
Opinioni e chiacchiere da ventenni,
Working Together for the Well-being ofcosmetico
Migrantsche
...........................
119e
attenua le rughe
spesso più maturi di quello che si
Barry
Halliday
pensi, che ieri sono circolate durante
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
139
Table of Contents
ringiovanisce
la pelleRights’
del visoApproach
e del
3.4 The Human
........................................................
58
aquagym (aqua-gym, aqua
corpo
gym) [akkwaˈdʒim] n. f. inv. CA
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
sin.3.5
anti-età,
antietà
1996
•
sport
tr. anti-ageing
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tipo di ginnastica aerobica che si
pratica a tempo di musica immersi in
Il vero business, in un Paese a
una piscina fino alla vita e con le
4. The zero,
Ethics
of Migration.
crescita
riguarda
i prodotti antibraccia fuori dall’acqua
age.Reflections
(LR 18 aprileon
2006)
sin............................................
ginnastica acquatica
61
tr.
aqua
aerobics, aquarobics,
antidoping
(anti doping, antiLaura Zanfrini
™
™
Aquacise , Aquafit
doping)
[antiˈdɔpin(g)]
n. and
m. inv.
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
EC: anti-doping test 1962 •••
Torna l’aquagym, perfetta per
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andrecuperare
Humanitarian
sport
il peso giusto dopo gli
Migration:
Labour sottoposti
Migration but noteccessi
Workers’
Migration
alimentari
delle .............
feste. (CS73
11
analisi clinica
a cui vengono
gennaio 2006)
atleti o animali per verificare la
4.3 From
Guest Workers
presenza
nell’organismo
di sostanze
stupefacenti o psicofarmaci che
aquapark (aqua park, aqua4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87
possono migliorare le prestazioni
park)
[akkwaˈpark]
n.
m.
inv.
CA
durante
sportive
4.5 gare
Equal
1997 •
sin. Ø
parco di divertimenti acquatico, 97
con
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
tr. anti-doping
test,
anti-dope test,
piscine, scivoli, onde artificiali,
dope test, drugs test, drug test
servizi di ristorazione e attività
ricreative
Un’altra
decisione importante: dal
Urs Watter
sin. parco acquatico
prossimo anno sarà introdotto
tr. waterpark, Waterworld™
5.1 State Interest
and Responsibility
l’antidoping
nei tornei.
(LR 8
novembre
1985) their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
towards
Dopodiché inizierà la seconda fase
dell’operazione, che prevede104
un
5.2
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
antismog (anti-smog, anti smog)
albergo da 90 miliardi di lire, un
[antizˈmɔg]
agg. Policy
m./f. and
inv. Ethics
CA .........................................................
5.3 Migration
106
“aquapark” da 70 e un immenso
parcheggio sotterraneo. (LR 10
1984 •• trasp.
5.4 aMigration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
maggio 1997)
riferito
dispositivi,Policy
provvedimenti
e
decreti
che riguardano
controllo
e
5.5 “Colombia
nosilune”
......................................................................
109
la difesa dagli effetti nocivi
aquascooter (aqua scooter,
dell’inquinamento
nelle
5.6 Alianza Paísdell’aria
..................................................................................
aqua-scooter) [akkwaˈskuter]112n.
zone urbane
m. inv./-s CA 1992 • trasp. 114
Challenges ....................................................................................
sin.5.7
antinquinamento
moto d’acqua
tr. anti-pollution
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
sin. moto d’acqua
tr.
jet
ski
Il primo appuntamento delle giornate
Workingcoinvolgerà
Together 70
forcomuni
the Well-being
of Migrants ........................... 119
antismog
in
Gli aquascooter dovranno rispettare
tuttaBarry
Italia.Halliday
(CS 19 settembre 2003)
tutte le norme della navigazione
Monza/Italy
140
10
Table of Contents
previste
per Human
ogni altraRights’
barca. (LR
28
3.4 The
Approach
........................................................
58
a CA 1908 • sport
luglio 1994)
specialmente nel calcio, punto a favore
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
della squadra avversaria segnato
mandando
il
pallone
nella
propria
rete
assist
man (assistman,
assist-man)
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
involontariamente
[ˈassistmɛn, assistˈmɛn] n. m. inv./
coll. fare un autogoal, mettere a
-men
CAEthics
1992 •of
sport
4. The
Migration.
segno un autogoal, realizzare un
in diverse
discipline
Reflections
onsportive
Recenta squadre,
Migration Policies
autogoal, segnare un autogoal,
giocatore che effettua il passaggio che
...........................................
61
subire
un autogoal
permette a un compagno di segnare un
Laura
Zanfrini
sin.
autogol,
autorete
punto
tr. ownfor
goal
sin.4.1
Ø Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand
Immigrant Labour .. 65
tr. Ø
mezz’ora salvataggio alla
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andAlla
Humanitarian
disperata
Moiso su
cross 73di
L’ex giocatore
dellaLabour
Sampdoria
si è but not Workers’diMigration
Migration:
Migration
.............
Tomatis, che sfiora l’autogoal. (LS
trasformato in un valido assistman per
11Guests
aprile 1996)
4.3
From
Guest
Workers
to
Unwelcome
.................................. 82
Batistuta e l’esito di questo esperimento
è piaciuto particolarmente al tecnico.
Selective
Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87
b CA 1935 •
(LR4.4
3 settembre
2000)
gesto intenzionalmente buono che si
................................ 90
ritorce dannosamente contro chi l’ha
autocaravan (auto caravan,
compiuto
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
auto-caravan) [autoˈkaravan] n.
coll. fare un autogoal, mettere a
m./f. inv. CA 1974 • trasp.
segno
un autogoal,
realizzare
un
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants in Their
Societies
of Origin
....... 101
veicolo
di grandi
dimensioni
autogoal,
segnare
un
autogoal,
Urs Watter
attrezzato
ad abitazione e solitamente
subire un autogoal
usato per trascorrere le vacanze
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility sin. autogol, autorete, gaffe
sin. camper
tr............................................
blunder, fumble, gaffe
towards
their Citizens
Living Abroad
102
tr. camper,
camper
van, motor
caravan,
motorhome,
5.2 Applied
Ethics recreational
..............................................................................
Se il governo mantiene più 104
alta
vehicle, RV
l’inflazione programmata, rischia di
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics .........................................................
106
fare autogoal. (LR 5 gennaio 1994)
Disegnare un camper, anzi un
5.4 Migration
Policy
in con
Colombia
......................................................
108
autocaravan
(un mezzo
cioè
una
®
Autogrill
(autogrill)
[autoˈgril]
struttura
propria chenos
si sposa
con il
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
n. m. inv. MG 1963 ••• tur. 109
telaio cabinato di un veicolo
struttura, solitamente collocata lungo
commerciale)
per..................................................................................
Giugiaro un
5.6 Alianzaè País
112
l’autostrada, dotata di servizi,
lavoro appassionante quasi come
ristorante e distributore di benzina
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
disegnare
un nuovo
modello di
sin. area di servizio
automobile. (LR 2 febbraio 1985)
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
tr. motorway restaurant, motorway
autogoal (auto goal, auto-goal)
service station
[autoˈgɔl, autoˈgol] n. m. inv.
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
141
Table of Contents
Ora3.4 vogliono
un
The Humanraggiungere
Rights’ Approach
........................................................ 58
autogrill per telefonare a casa. (LR 4
3.51985)
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
aprile
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
autoreverse (auto reverse, auto-
reverse)
[autoreˈvɛrs,
autoriˈvɛrs]
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
n./agg.
m.
inv.
CA
1992
• tecn.
Migration Policies
(riferito a) dispositivo che permette
di cambiare automaticamente il lato
Zanfrini
dellaLaura
cassetta
senza estrarla da
registratori
o riproduttori
audio
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
sin. Ø
tr. playback
L’autoreverse fa parte integrante del
4.3 From
Guest
nuovo
standard,
perWorkers
cui nontosarà
necessario girare la cassetta a metà
4.4 Selective
Policies
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
ascolto:
giunto alla
fine, and
il nastro
inverte
la
direzione
di
marcia,
permettendo fino a due ore di ascolto
ininterrotto.
(LS 13.........................................................................................
maggio 1992)
Bibliography
97
autostop
(auto
stop, auto-stop)
5. Colombia:
Including
[autosˈtɔp]
n. m. inv. CA 1951 fr.
Urs Watter
•• tur.
5.1 State
Interest
and gratuito
Responsibility
richiesta
di un
passaggio
a
Citizens
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
veicoli towards
in transitotheir
effettuata
da parte
di una persona che viaggia a piedi
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
coll. fare l’autostop
sin.5.3
Ø Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
tr. hitch hiking, hitch-hiking,
hitchhiking
Dormivano
di giorno,
la......................................................................
sera
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
109
giravano in autostop. (LS 29 giugno
2003)
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
142
10
Table of Contents
B
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................
58
baby box (baby-box) [bɛbiˈbɔks,
bebiˈbɔks] n. m./f. inv. CA 2007
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59•
arch.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
culla riscaldata collocata in una
struttura protetta presso ospedali o
centri sociali, dove le madri
intenzionate ad abbandonare i neonati,
lo possano
fare in modo anonimo e61in
...........................................
modo
che
questi vengano subito
Laura
Zanfrini
baby
[ˈbɛbi,
ˈbebi, ˈbeibi] n. m./f.
assistiti
inv.4.1
SSRestrictive
1987 • sport
sin. ruota
degli innocenti,
Policies and Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labourruota
.. 65
impianto di risalita o pista di livello
salva-bimbi
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family andtr.Humanitarian
elementare
particolarmente
indicati per
foundling wheel, revolving crib,
Labour Migration
Workers’
sciatori Migration:
principianti, specialmente
i più but notsafe
havens Migration ............. 73
piccoli
sin.4.3
Ø From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Stefano, il primo bimbo depositato
tr. 4.4
beginner’s
ski-lift
forBrain Drain............................................
nella baby box, sabato sera, è qui87
da
Selectiveski-lift,
Policies
and the
beginners
qualche parte e sta benissimo. (CS
90
26 febbraio................................
2007)
Da domani nella Via Lattea sarà
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
possibile
sciare lungo
alcune piste
baby business (baby-business)
teatro di numerose gare internazionali e
[bɛbiˈbiznes,
bebiˈbiznes]
m.
nei
campi scuola Including
serviti dai baby.
(LR
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their
Societies of
Origin .......n.101
inv.
CA
1991
•
econ.
2 dicembre
2005)
Urs Watter
produzione e commercio di prodotti
5.1 boss
State (baby-boss,
Interest andbabyboss)
Responsibility specifici per bambini e adolescenti
baby
sin. Ø
towards
theirn.Citizens
[bɛbiˈbɔs,
bebiˈbɔs]
m. inv.Living
CA Abroad ........................................... 102
tr. Ø
1991
5.2• crim.
Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
capobanda di gruppi di adolescenti che
Bambini di lusso, bambini sexy,
5.3 Migration
Policy and Ethics .........................................................
106
commettono
reati di microcriminalità
bambini spot: è il baby business,
sin. Ø
rilanciato
da
mass
media
ed
editoria.
tr. juvenile gang leader, teenage
(LR 14 dicembre 1991)
gang
5.5leader
“Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
baby dance (baby-dance)
Alianza País ..................................................................................
112
Le 5.6
“specializzazioni”
dei baby-boss
[bɛbiˈdɛns, bebiˈdɛns] n. f. inv.
erano diverse: furti, rapine, incendi,
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
CA 1995 •• mus.
intimidazioni oltre al traffico di
attività d’intrattenimento per bambini,
marijuana,
forse l’attività
più fiorente.
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116e
organizzata per feste, eventi pubblici
(LR 8 febbraio 2000)
nei villaggi turistici, che si svolge a
Working Together for the Well-being ofritmo
Migrants
...........................
119
di musica
e sotto la supervisione
di animatori
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
143
Table of Contents
coetanei, costretti con le minacce
The Human
Rights’ Approach ........................................................
58a
sin.3.4
discoteca
per bambini
consegnare paghette e risparmi. (LR
tr. baby disco, baby discotheque,
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
29 agosto 1996)
children’s disco
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
baby killer (baby-killer, babykiller)
Danze latine, teatrini, baby dance,
spettacoli di artisti di strada, giochi a
[bɛbiˈkiller, bebiˈkiller] n. m./f. inv./-s
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
squadre
e musica
andranno avanti
CA 1985 •• crim.
per tutta la mattinata nei parchi
adolescente che commette un omicidio
Italy and Europe
........................................... 61
prescelti.
(LR 3 novembre in
2007)
sin. assassino minorenne, omicida
Laura Zanfrini
minorenne
baby doll (babydoll, baby-doll)
tr. juvenile
killer, juvenile
murderer,
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
[bɛbiˈdɔl, bebiˈdɔl] n. m. inv. EC:
underage killer
4.2 Initiatives
for1963
Governing
babydoll
nightdress
•• abb.Family and Humanitarian
Migration:
Labourfemminile
Migration but notCosì
Workers’
Migration
73
indumento
intimo
l’altra sera,
quando.............
i carabinieri
costituito da camiciola corta e
si sono visti sgusciare dalle mani
4.3 From
Guest Workers to Unwelcomequesto
Guestsragazzo,
..................................
82
mutandine
coordinate
magro, biondino,
sin.4.4
Ø Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
hanno temuto che fosse l’ennesimo
87
babykiller. (LR 21 ottobre 2001)
tr. babydoll nightdress, babydoll
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
pajamas,
babydoll
pyjamasand Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
baby park (baby-park, babypark)
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Al di
là delle divagazioni
letterarie il
[bɛbiˈpark, bebiˈpark] n. m. inv. CA
baby doll è di nuovo sulla cresta
1997Societies
• arch. of Origin ....... 101
dell’onda
perché
simboleggia
un
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
area attrezzata con giochi di vario
ritorno
alla freschezza e a una
Urs Watter
genere, solitamente situata presso
pseudoinnocenza che può fare di una
luoghi di lavoro, villeggi turistici e
5.1 State
Interest laandpiù
Responsibility
teenager
bambolina
scaltra
centri commerciali, nella quale i
delle sex
symbol.
(LR
20
novembre
........................................... 102
genitori, prima di dedicarsi ad altre
2006)
attività,
possono affidare i propri
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
figli a personale specializzato
baby
(baby-gang,
5.3gang
Migration
Policybabygang)
and Ethics .........................................................
106
sin. Ø
[bɛbiˈgɛng, bɛbiˈgang, bebiˈgɛng,
tr. crèche, nursery
→ baby parking
bebiˈgang] n. f. inv. CA 1989 ••
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
crim.
È stato inaugurato ieri pomeriggio a
banda di minorenni che commette
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
Villa Borghese il baby park estivo,
azioni
di teppismo
e reati di
punto
di
riferimento
per
tutti
i
microcriminalità
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
bambini
della
capitale
che
vorranno
sin. Ø
passare le calde giornate estive
Bibliography
116
tr. juvenile
gang,.......................................................................................
teenage gang
all’insegna del divertimento. (LR 27
giugno 2004)
IWorking
componenti
della for
baby
gang
Together
the Well-being
of Migrants ........................... 119
durante la primavera avevano più
Barry Halliday
volte preso di mira alcuni loro
Monza/Italy
144
10
Table of Contents
problemi tecnici, l’atmosfera, 58le
3.4 The
Human(baby-parking)
Rights’ Approach ........................................................
baby
parking
emozioni e i pettegolezzi
[bɛbiˈparkin(g),
bebiˈparkin(g)]
n.
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
sin. dietro le quinte
m. inv. CA 1995 • arch.
tr. making of
.........................................................................................
60
areaBibliography
attrezzata con
giochi di vario
genere, solitamente situata presso
A raccontare i segreti del set sono i
luoghi
lavoro,ofvilleggi
turistici e
4. ThediEthics
Migration.
backstage, ovvero piccoli film nel
centri
commerciali,
nella quale
i
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
film dedicati al lavoro dietro le
genitori, prima di dedicarsi ad altre
quinte.
(LR 14 luglio 2001)
...........................................
61
attività, possono affidare i propri
Laura
Zanfrini
figli a personale specializzato
badge [bɛdʒ, beidʒ] n. m. inv./-s
sin.4.1
SS 1984 •• prof. tecn.
tr. crèche, nursery
magnetica che identifica un
4.2 Initiatives
Humanitarian
→ baby
park for Governing Family andtessera
dipendente
permette .............
di segnalare
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ eMigration
73
l’orario di entrata e uscita dal luogo
All’interno della manifestazione è
diGuests
lavoro .................................. 82
4.3 presente
From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
anche
un baby
parking
e
coll.
passare il badge, strisciare il
tutta4.4
una
serie di Policies
strutture and
di gioco
Selective
the Brain Drain............................................
87
badge, timbrare il badge, vidimare
riservate ai bambini. (LR 19
il badge ................................ 90
dicembre
2001)Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
4.5 Equal
sin. cartellino (magnetico), tessera
Bibliography
97
(magnetica)
baby
pusher.........................................................................................
(baby-pusher)
tr. clock-in card, time card
[bɛbiˈpuʃʃer, bebiˈpuʃʃer] n. m./f.
inv. CA 1987 • crim.
Dal foglio presenze gli uomini radar
Urs Watter
adolescente
dedito allo spaccio di
indagati risultavano davanti alla
consolle: vidimavano sempre il
sin. baby spacciatore, spacciatore
badge
di servizio. (LR 1 giugno
...........................................
102
minorenne
2000)
stupefacenti
tr. 5.2
juvenile
drug
dealer,
teenage
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
™
drug dealer, underage drug
Barbie (barbie) [ˈbarbi] n.
106f.
dealer
inv. MG 1988 •
108
ragazza molto curata nell’aspetto
Il baby-pusher finisce in carcere.
fisico che riflette lo stereotipo della
(LR5.5
10 “Colombia
ottobre 1987)nos une”...................................................................... 109
donna attraente ma artefatta
sin. bambola, pupa
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
backstage
(back
stage, backtr. Barbie doll, Barbie girl
stage)
[bɛksˈteidʒ,....................................................................................
ˈbɛksteidʒ] n.
5.7 Challenges
114
Emma, la barbie del gruppo, aveva
m. inv. SS 1995 • cin.
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
cercato di rispondere alla provocazione
documentario relativo alla preparazione
apparendo da sola su un paio di
di un film, di un evento mondano, di
meno...........................
prestigiosi. (LR 1 giugno
Working
Together
fornethe
Well-being
ofperiodici
Migrants
119
uno
spettacolo
teatrale, che
illustra
i
1998)
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
145
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human
barwoman
(bar Rights’
woman,Approach
bar- ........................................................
beach basket [bitʃˈbasket] 58n.
™
woman)
[barˈwɔman,
barˈvuman]
m./f. inv. EC: Beach Basketball
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
1990 • sport
n. f. inv./-men CA 2004 • prof.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
versione
modificata
della
addetta
alla preparazione
di bevande
in bar, ristoranti e discoteche
pallacanestro giocata sulla spiaggia o
su campi di sabbia
4. The
sin.
barista
sin. pallacanestro da spiaggia
tr. barmaid,
bartender
Reflections
tr. beach
basketball
...........................................
61
Studia
Scienze
delle
Comunicazioni
→
basket,
beach volley
Laura Zanfrini
e nel week end lavora come bar
woman.
(LR 23 gennaio
2004)
L’area sportiva,
separataLabour
da muretti
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
for Immigrant
.. 65a
secco, ha il campo da beach volley,
4.2 Initiatives
Family andbeach
Humanitarian
soccer e beach basket, e fiori,
basket
[ˈbasket] for
n. Governing
m. inv. EC:
fiori. Migration
(LR 8 luglio.............
2001) 73
Migration: Labour Migration but notancora
Workers’
basketball 1935 •••• sport
disciplina
di squadra,
4.3 Fromsportiva
Guest Workers
to Unwelcomebeach
Guests ..................................
82
volley (beach-volley)
ognuna di cinque giocatori, che
consiste
nel Policies
realizzareand punti
[bitʃˈvɔllei] n. m./f. inv. EC:
4.4 Selective
the Brain Drain............................................
87
lanciando la palla nel canestro della
beach volleyball 1987 •• sport
4.5 Equal
squadra
avversaria
versione modificata della pallavolo
sin.Bibliography
pallacanestro.........................................................................................
giocata sulla spiaggia o su campi97di
tr. basketball
sabbia
sin. spiaggiavolo
→ minibasket
tr. beach volleyball, sand
OggiUrs
chiWatter
viene qui fa una scelta di
volleyball
vita5.1
e trova
il posto and
più Responsibility
bello per
→ beach basket, minivolley,
State Interest
giocare a basket. (LR 30 settembre
volley
towards
their
Citizens
Living
Abroad
........................................... 102
2003)
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
Per gli uomini del beach-volley,
Baywatch™ (baywatch, bay-
sport emergente dell’estate, gloria e
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
106
quattrini sono arrivati subito. (LR
17
watch,
bay watch)
[beiˈwɔtʃ]
n. .........................................................
luglio
1988)
m./f.
MG 1999
• prof.
5.4inv.
Migration
Policy
in Colombia ...................................................... 108
addetto alla sorveglianza dei
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
bagnanti
nelle spiagge
beauty [ˈbjuti] n. m. inv. 109
EC:
sin. bagnino, guardaspiaggia
beauty case 1987 fr. • cosm. 112
5.6 Alianza País ..................................................................................
tr. lifeguard
astuccio o valigetta di dimensioni
ridotte con appositi scomparti114
per
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
Il baywatch deve essere seduto su
contenere e trasportare prodotti per
.......................................................................................
unaBibliography
sedia da avvistamento
alta
l’igiene personale e cosmetici 116
almeno un metro e mezzo e non
sin. beauty case, nécessaire,
appollaiato
su un moscone.
(LR
12
Working Together
for the
Well-being
oftrousse
Migrants ........................... 119
agosto
2001)
Barry
Halliday
Monza/Italy
146
10
Table of Contents
fisica
attraverso
particolari
The Human
Rights’ Approach
58
tr. 3.4
cosmetic
bag, cosmetic
box, ........................................................
infrastrutture e trattamenti
cosmetic case, dressing case,
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
sin. beauty center, beauty centre,
make-up case, toilet kit, vanity
centro benessere, terme
bag,Bibliography
vanity box, vanity
case
.........................................................................................
60
tr. beauty center, beauty centre,
→ beauty case
health farm, health spa, spa, spa
center, spa centre, spa hotel,
Anche i vari pezzi che abbiamo
trovato sembrano esplosi, come se
wellness center, wellness centre
andle“Non-policies”
and Europe ........................................... 61
dentro
valigie, dentro ini Italy
beauty,
Zanfriniogni cosa fosse
sottoLaura
i sedili
Ma per contrastare lo stress e
improvvisamene cresciuta di volume.
l’invecchiamento
precoce
da
(LR 17 ottobre 1987)
superlavoro si fa anche strada la
delle
beauty
farm
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andtendenza
Humanitarian
metropolitane che in poche ore
beautyMigration:
case Labour
(beauty-case)
rimettono in sesto il manager, senza
[bjutiˈkeiz, bjutiˈkeis] n. m. inv.
forza..................................
spendere una settimana
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomeper
Guests
82
CA 1960 fr. •• cosm.
lontano dall’ufficio. (LR 15 giugno
astuccio
o valigetta
di dimensioni
4.4 Selective
Policies
87
2001)
ridotte con appositi scomparti per
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities ................................ 90
contenere
e trasportare
prodotti
per
beauty hostess [bjutiˈ(h)ɔstes]
l’igiene personale e cosmetici
.........................................................................................
n. f. inv. CA 1986 • cosm. prof.97
sin.Bibliography
beauty, nécessaire,
trousse
rappresentante,
dimostratrice
o
tr. cosmetic bag, cosmetic box,
venditrice
di cosmetici
a domicilio
5.
Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in
Their
Societies
of
Origin
.......
101
cosmetic case, dressing case,
sin. Ø
Urs Watter
make-up
case, toilet kit, vanity
tr. beauty product(s) representative,
bag,5.1
vanity
vanity
Statebox,
Interest
andcase
Responsibility cosmetics demonstrator
→ beauty
Beauty hostess offrono borsette con
Come
il suo
nome,
il beauty5.2 dice
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
kit di cosmetici naturali. (LS104
19
case è fatto per ospitare prodotti di
dicembre 1997)
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
bellezza,
ma anchePolicy
piuttosto
usato ......................................................... 106
per portare in viaggio monili dai
beep [bip] n. m. inv. SS 1972
5.4non
Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108•
quali
si intendePolicy
separarsi.
(LR 4
cin.
gennaio 2008)
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
suono elettronico utilizzato per
sostituire parole volgari o nomi
beauty
farm
(beauty-farm,
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
propri all’interno di trasmissioni
beautyfarm)
[bjutiˈfarm]
n. f.
radiofoniche
o
televisive
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
inv./-s CA 1987 fr. •• cosm. tur.
preregistrate
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
struttura
alberghiera,
solitamente
coll. coprire con il beep, mettere
associata a un centro termale,
il beep
specializzata
in cure for
mediche
ed
Working Together
the Well-being
ofsin.
Migrants
........................... 119
Ø
estetiche per il recupero della forma
Barry Halliday
tr. bleep
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
147
Table of Contents
La 3.4
scelta
quellaRights’
di mandare
Lui era bisex e aveva l’Aids senza
The fu
Human
Approach ........................................................
58
comunque il programma, ma pieno
saperlo. (LR 12 marzo 1989)
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
di “beep”.
(LR 21 novembre
2008)
b A: bisexual 1988 • abb.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
bermuda [berˈmuda] n. m. inv.
(riferito a) oggetto, specialmente un
indumento, adatto sia all’uomo che
alla donna
A:
bermudas
bermuda shorts
4. The
EthicsEC:
of Migration.
T: Bermuda
1952
••
abb. Migration Policies
sin. unisex
pantaloncini maschili e femminili
and
“Non-policies”
in
Italy
and
Europe
........................................... 61
tr. unisex
che arrivano al ginocchio, indossati
Laura
Zanfrini estivo e sportivo
come
abbigliamento
o come costume da bagno
I
giornali
femminili,
ormai
a
forbisex,
Immigrant
.. 65di
fruizione
fanno Labour
da cassa
sin. Ø
risonanza, segnalando i feticci di
tr. bermuda
shorts,
4.2 Initiatives
forbermudas
Governing Family andturno,
Humanitarian
soprattutto nel campo della
→ boxer,
slip b Labour Migration but notmoda.
Migration:
Workers’
............. 73
(LS 26Migration
aprile 2008)
4.3 fatto
Fromnotare
Guest perché,
Workers
Si era
sebbene
bite [bait] n. m. inv. EC: Bitefacesse già freddo, indossava solo un
4.4
Selective
Policies
and
the
Brain
Drain............................................
87
Guard™, bite-plate 1996 •
paio di bermuda e una maglietta.
placca
di
materiale
sintetico
usata
(LR4.5
25 Equal
giugno Opportunity
2004)
and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90in
odontoiatria nella cura di problemi
legati al sistema masticatorio e 97
nei
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
big [big] n. m./f. inv. EC: big
casi in cui si digrignano i denti
gun, big shot 1948 •••
durante il riposo notturno
5. Colombia:
Including
personaggio
famoso
o esponente
sin. placca di svincolo
Urs Watter
autorevole
che esercita potere e
tr. Bite-Guard™, bite-plate
influenza in un certo settore
sin.5.1
grande
Accanto a ciò è comunque spesso
towards
........................................... 102
tr. big gun,
big their
shot Citizens Living Abroad
indispensabile ricorrere al cosiddetto
“bite”, che impedisce lo sfregamento
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
Sarebbe un’eccezione che un big
dei denti fra loro e arresta (o
della
passi
la mano
per .........................................................
5.3finanza
Migration
Policy
and Ethics
comunque limita) l’abrasione 106
della
motivi così lineari. (LR 13 marzo
dentatura. (CS 14 settembre 2003)
2008)
Blob® (blob) [blɔb] n. m. 109
inv.
5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
MG 1989 ••
5.6inv.
Alianza País ..................................................................................
112
m./f.
mescolanza eterogenea di parole,
bisex (bi-sex) [biˈsɛks] n./agg.
suoni o immagini che crea un effetto
Challenges
114
a A:5.7
bisexual
1973....................................................................................
••
caotico
(riferito
a) persona
che prova
sin. Ø
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
attrazione sia di natura eterosessuale
tr. Ø
che omosessuale
Working
Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
sin.
bisessuale
Dopo quattro giorni di bufera,
Barry
Halliday
tr. bisexual
polemiche, scomuniche, anatemi e
Monza/Italy
148
10
Table of Contents
rivendicazioni,
il caso
‘abitazioni
3.4 The Human
Rights’
Approach ........................................................
tr. striker, top goal-scorer, 58
top
agli omosessuali’ si gonfia nel più
scorer
3.5 Conclusion
59
incredibile
dei blob. ......................................................................................
(LR 30 gennaio
1992)
Dopo la rete in Montenegro60il
Bibliography .........................................................................................
bomber cerca una maglia da titolare.
block
notes (block-notes,
(CS 30 marzo 2009)
blocknotes) [blɔkˈnɔtes] n. m.
2 EC: bomber jacket 1984 • abb.
inv.and
CA“Non-policies”
1965 fr. ••
in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
giubbotto imbottito in pelle o tessuto
sintetico, a volte corredato di collo in
pelliccia, simile a quello in dotazione
sin.4.1
blocco
(per appunti),
taccuino
Restrictive
Policies
for
Immigrant
Labour .. 65
agli
equipaggi
dell’aeronautica
tr. desk pad, jotter, notebook,
militare
blocco per appunti
Laura Zanfrini
staccabili
con
fogli
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Humanitarian
notepad,
pad, tablet,
writing padFamily andsin.
Ø
Migration: Labour Migration but nottr.Workers’
Migration ............. 73
→ notes
bomber jacket
Un
brigadiere
minaccia
di
Sta lì in disparte, jeans e bomber
sequestrare
un
block-notes,
un
altro
verde, a guardarsi il match, e c’è87
un
invita tutti a non prendere appunti.
pellegrinaggio continuo di persone
(LR4.5
8 dicembre
1985)
Equal Opportunity
90
che vanno ................................
a salutarlo e fotografarlo.
(LR 7 marzo 2008)
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
body
[ˈbɔdi] n. m.
inv. EC: body
book [buk] n. m. inv. SS 1987 •
stockings, body suit 1966 •• abb.
5. Colombia:intimo
Including
indumento
femminile,
prof.
Urs
Watter
utilizzato anche per la danza e altre
cartella contenente le fotografie che
attività sportive, costituito da
il
curriculum
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility costituiscono
corpetto e mutandine in un unico
professionale di un artista e che
towardsaltheir
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
pezzo aderente
bustoCitizens
e sgambato
vengono utilizzate per partecipare a
sin.5.2
Ø Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
provini o selezioni
104
tr. body stockings, body suit,
sin. portfolio
5.3 Migration
106
corselet,
corset, leotard
tr. portfolio
5.4 Migration
in body
Colombia
......................................................
108
Madonna
indossa ilPolicy
famoso
di
Una volta raccolte le circa 300
raso5.5
nero,
quello delle
che
ragazze (schedate come si usa109
fare
“Colombia
nosfotografie
une”......................................................................
i giornali non cessano di pubblicare
nel mondo della moda con un book
da giorni.
(LR 5 settembre
1987)
che ne esalta i pregi personali)
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112e
avviate all’attività di facciata,
5.7 Challenges
114
arrivava la sorpresa. (LR 30 aprile
bomber
[ˈbɔmber]....................................................................................
n. m. inv./-s
1988)
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
1 SS 1983 •• sport
bowling [ˈbulin(g), ˈboulin(g)]
specialmente nel calcio, giocatore
che segna molte reti
n. m. inv./-s EC: bowling alley
Halliday
sin.Barry
cannoniere,
goleador
1963 • gioc.
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
149
Table of Contents
locale
cuiHuman
si pratica
il bowling,
a causa di un violento temporale.
3.4 in
The
Rights’
Approach ........................................................
58
gioco che consiste nell’abbattere con
(LR 22 gennaio 1985)
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
grosse
bocce, dotate
di fori per
inserire le dita, dei birilli che un
2a
SS
1984
••
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
sistema meccanizzato sistema a
recinto, solitamente in legno,
forma di triangolo al fondo di corsie
collocato all’interno di una scuderia
The Ethics of Migration.
in4.legno
per tenere i cavalli separati tra loro
sin.Reflections
Ø
sin. Ø
tr. bowling
alley
in Italy and Europe
........................................... 61
tr. stall
Laura Zanfrini
Le ragazze e il ventenne avevano
Anche i cavalli vengono maltrattati,
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand
Immigrant
Labour
65
trascorso
la serata in
un bowling
di
tenuti for
chiusi
nei box
in ..spazi
Manfredonia e poi erano andati a
insufficienti, drogati con sostanze
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family anddopanti,
Humanitarian
mangiare
una pizza.for
(LR
13 gennaio
antinfiammatori
e
.............
1997) Migration: Labour Migration but notantidolorifici
per vincere.
(LR 73
19
ottobre 2003)
box [bɔks] n. m. inv.
2b SS 1994 ••
87
spazio recintato collocato all’interno
1a SS 1934 •• arch.
4.5 Equal
................................
90
di un canile
dove vengono ospitati
garage
coperto,Opportunity
solitamente and
annesso
cani o gatti
a una
villa o un condominio,
per il
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
sin. gabbia, recinto
parcheggio
di
autoveicoli
o
tr. cage
motoveicoli
5. Colombia:
sin.
garage
I box per cani devono essere a norma
Urs
Watter
tr. garage, lock-up garage
di legge e le gabbie per gatti
→ parking
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility abbastanza ampie. (LR 21 giugno
........................................... 102
2001)
Le fiamme salgono altissime,
divorano
il furgone
un’utilitaria
5.2 Applied
Ethicse ..............................................................................
104
3 SS 1965 •
posteggiata nel box accanto. (LR 16
piccolo recinto delimitato da 106
una
5.31992)
aprile
rete, rivestito di tessuto imbottito e
dotato di paracolpi, dove i bambini
Policy
in Colombia ......................................................
108
1b 5.4
EC:Migration
pit box 1950
••• sport
non ancora in grado di camminare
in 5.5
un “Colombia
circuito automobilistico
o
nos une”......................................................................
109
possono muoversi e giocare
motociclistico, corsia dove sono
sin.
Ø
collocate
le officine
per mettere a
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
tr. playpen
punto i mezzi e assistere i piloti
sin.5.7
Ø Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Scendendo con l’età c’è il problema
tr. pits,
pit box .......................................................................................
Bibliography
del piccolo di poco più di un 116
anno
che non ha nessuna intenzione di
Dopo pochi giri però le macchine
nel box,
mentre la madre
Working
Together
for theaiWell-being
ofstare
Migrants
...........................
119è
sono
state costrette
a rientrare
box
impegnata in faccende domestiche
Barry Halliday
irrimandabili. (LR 1 dicembre 2001)
Monza/Italy
150
10
Table of Contents
3.4 1993
The Human
58
4a SS
• arch. Rights’ Approach ........................................................
sin. cabina (della) doccia, vano
postazione di lavoro, separata da
(della) doccia
3.5oConclusion
......................................................................................
59
pareti
vetri, collocata
all’interno di
tr. shower bath, shower cubicle,
uffici o laboratori
shower stall, shower unit
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
sin. cabina, postazione
tr. cubicle, unit
La bambina è stata trovata priva di
vita dentro il box della doccia. (LR
Reflections
oncioè
Recent
Policies
Verranno
eliminati
tutti iMigration
box, la
20 luglio 2001)
“Non-policies”
in Italy
Europe ........................................... 61
zonaand
ricezione
radio e lo spazio
per and
il
capoLaura
turno.Zanfrini
E la sala si trasformerà in
6 EC: box set 1985 • cin. mus.
un grande open space. (LR 30 luglio
cofanetto di plastica o cartone,
for Immigrant
2006)
solitamente
in edizione Labour
limitata ..o65
da
collezione,
che
contiene
opere
letterarie,
4b SS 1992 • arch.
musicali o cinematografiche in più
Migration:
Labour
Migration but notvolumi
Workers’ Migration ............. 73
struttura,
solitamente
prefabbricata,
adibita a centro informazioni e
cofanetto
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomesin.
Guests
.................................. 82
collocata in edifici di grandi
tr. box set, boxed set
dimensioni
come stazioni,
4.4 Selective
Policies aeroporti,
fiere, centri commerciali, grattacieli,
Esiste anche una versione fisica del
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
................................
università
e aree
di grande and
afflusso
disco, un’edizione
limitata – un 90
box
turistico
che contiene due cd, brani extra e un
.........................................................................................
97
sin.Bibliography
infopoint,
ufficio
libro – per la quale si pagano 40
informazioni
sterline e che verrà spedita in tutto il
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants
in Their
Societies
Origin
....... 101
tr.
information
booth,
mondo
a partireofdal
3 dicembre.
(CS
Urs
Watter
2
ottobre
2007)
information bureau, information
center,
centre,
5.1 Stateinformation
boxer [ˈbɔkser] n. m. inv./-s
information desk, information
point
a A: boxers EC: boxer shorts
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
→ infopoint
1986 •• abb.
5.3 Migration
Policyè and
Ethics .........................................................
Il sistema
di verifica
semplice:
mutande da uomo lunghe fino a 106
metà
basta recarsi al box per l’assistenza
coscia che ricordano i calzoncini
108
clienti all’interno del supermercato e
indossati dai pugili
mostrare
la lettera
di ......................................................................
cassa
sin. Ø
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
109
integrazione a zero ore assieme alla
tr. boxer shorts, boxers
busta
e alla
d’identità.
5.6paga
Alianza
Paíscarta
..................................................................................
112
→ slip a
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Che siano mutande, boxer o
5 SS
1980 • arch........................................................................................
perizoma l’importante è che116la
Bibliography
vano del bagno chiuso da pareti
biancheria intima sia rigorosamente
scorrevoli
trasparenti
o
(LR 29...........................
dicembre 2001) 119
Working Together
the Well-being
ofrossa.
Migrants
semitrasparenti
in cui for
si colloca
la
Barry Halliday
doccia
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
151
Table of Contents
Palermo, facendolo entrare in coma,
3.4 boxers
The Human
58
b A:
EC: Rights’
boxer Approach
trunks ........................................................
era stato forato. (CS 6 aprile 2004)
1986 •• abb.
3.5 Conclusion
59
costume
da bagno ......................................................................................
da uomo lungo
finoBibliography
a metà coscia ......................................................................................... 60
sin. calzoncini da bagno
tr.
bathing
trunks,
boxer trunks,
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
bathing shorts
→ bermuda, slip b
Zanfrini
SulleLaura
spiagge
i boxer stanno cedendo
terreno al ritorno dello slip. (LR 4
agosto 2005)
breakMigration:
[brɛk, breik]
n. Migration
m. inv. but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Labour
EC: service break 1968 ••• sport
nel tennis, game vinto dal giocatore
che4.4
nonSelective
possiede ilPolicies
turno di and
battuta
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
coll. fare un break, guadagnare
Equal restituire
Opportunity
un 4.5
break,
il and
break,
subire un break
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
sin. Ø
tr. service break, break of
5. Colombia:
Including
service,
break of
serve Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
Nel terzo set Gaudenzi guadagnava
subito un break ma, sul 3-2 e 40-0 in
towards
their laCitizens
suo favore,
perdeva
battuta Living
solo Abroad ........................................... 102
perchè
aveva
voglia
di
scherzare.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
(LR 24 luglio 1994)
brick [brik] n. m. inv./-s SS
1988 • alim.
contenitore
impermeabilizzato
per
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
109
bevande e alimenti liquidi, solitamente a
5.6diAlianza
País ..................................................................................
112
forma
parallelepipedo,
formato da
strati di cartone, alluminio e plastica
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
sin. cartone, Tetra Pak™
tr. carton
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Il brick che conteneva il succo di
frutta che martedì scorso ha
Barry Halliday
avvelenato
un uomo di 34 anni a
Monza/Italy
152
10
Table of Contents
anche un albergo e un camping. (LR
58
C
4 settembre 2003)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
™
Canadair (canadair) [kanaˈdɛr]
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
n. m. inv. MG 1984 • trasp.
tipo di aeroplano anfibio, spesso in
grado
di
prelevare
liquido
direttamente da specchi d’acqua,
...........................................
impiegato
per spegnere incendi 61
Laura Zanfrini
sin. Ø
camera
car
(camera-car,
™
tr. AirTanker
, water-dropping
cameracar)
[kameraˈkar]
f. inv.
4.1 Restrictive
Policiesn.and
Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
aircraft,
water-dropping
airplane
SS 1990 •• sport
4.2
Initiatives
for
Governing
Family
and
Humanitarian
videocamera montata su di un’auto o
Sono dovuti intervenire due canadair e
Migration:
Labour
una moto
in movimento
perMigration
riprese but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
un elicottero, per spegnere l’incendio
di particolare effetto realizzate
4.3
From
Guest
Workers
to
Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
che
per oltre
dodici ore, dalle otto di 82
sera
durante gare sportive
di martedì, ha ridotto in fumo oltre 100
sin.4.4
Ø Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87
ettari di sterpaglie sul monte Fasce. (LR
tr. on-board camera
2 febbraio 2006)
Un guaio meccanico o un errore? Poco
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Career Book® (career book)
cambia,
quegli interminabili
metri
percorsi al ritmo della tartaruga, con la
[karˈri(a)r ˈbuk] n. m. inv. MG
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants in Their
camera
car che
impietosamente
1991Societies
• prof. of Origin ....... 101
inquadrava
le monoposto avversarie che
Urs Watter
pubblicazione rivolta a coloro che
sfrecciavano a lato, hanno fissato la
desiderano accedere a corsi di
5.1 State
Interest
sentenza.
(CS 22
ottobre and
2007)Responsibility
formazione, cercare un impiego o
...........................................
102
cambiare
occupazione e che include
camping
[ˈkampin(g), ˈkɛmpin(g)]
l’elenco delle offerte proposte104
da
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
varie aziende e università
n. m. inv./-s EC: camping ground,
sin. Ø
5.3 Migration
and Ethics .........................................................
106
camping
site 1911 Policy
fr. ••• tur.
tr. Ø
area appositamente dedicata dove si
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia ...................................................... 108
possono
montare tende
e parcheggiare
Questo dato, che altera la consistenza
roulotte
e camper, solitamente
fornita
di
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
del mercato del lavoro, dipende anche
impianti igienici e strutture sportive
dalla schematicità dei career book,112
che
sin.5.6
campeggio
Alianza País ..................................................................................
coi loro form a griglia fissa non
tr. camp, camp ground, camping
riescono a dare conto del reale profilo
5.7 Challenges
114
ground,
camp site,....................................................................................
camping site
del candidato. (CS 7 maggio 2004)
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Alcune case erano state sgombrate
carter [ˈkarter] n. m. inv.
ieri, ma le forze dell’ordine stamani
Working
Together
the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
hanno
evacuato
per for
precauzione
Barry Halliday
a E: J.H. Carter fr. 1905 • trasp.
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
153
Table of Contents
nelle
biciclette
motociclette,
3.4 The
Humane Rights’
Approach ........................................................
b EC: carver ski 2000 • sport 58
copertura di metallo o plastica che
tipo di sci di forma sciancrata, con la
3.5 Conclusion
59
racchiude
la catena ......................................................................................
e gli ingranaggi
punta larga a spatola e coda larga,
di trasmissione
che ha maggiore tenuta su tutti i tipi
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
sin. copricatena
di neve e permette di affrontare
curve ampie con minor sforzo
tr. chain guard
sin. sci sciancrato
Reflections
Recentil Migration
Policies
Il telaio
tubolare on
avvolgeva
motore
tr. carver ski, carving ski, parabolic
orgogliosamente
esposto in
allaItaly
vista,
and Europe
61
ski,...........................................
shaped ski
per Laura
evidenziare
la bellezza del carter
Zanfrini
cromato e dei radiatori. (LR 22
Erano nati i «carver», gli sci a
4.1 Restrictive
forvariabile
Immigrant
.. 65
gennaio
2003)
geometria
cheLabour
oggi si fanno
guidare docili da tutti gli sciatori del
Initiatives
Governing
Humanitarian
b E:4.2
J.H.
Carter fr.for1905
• trasp.Family andmondo.
(CS 31 gennaio 2009)
Migration:copertura
Labour metallica
negli autoveicoli,
che racchiude le parti mobili del
[ˈkarvin(g)] n. m. inv.82
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecarving
Guests ..................................
motore e il circuito di lubrificazione
sin.4.4
scatola
motore
Selective
a EC: carving skiing 1997 87••
tr. crank case, gear case, oil
sport
................................ 90
sump
pratica
sciistica
che
consiste
nell’utilizzo di sci sciancrati
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
Con l’adozione della lubrificazione a
sin.
Ø
carter secco il motore è stato
tr. Societies
carving of
skiing,
5. Colombia:
in Their
Originparabolic
....... 101
abbassato
di 50 Including
millimetri Emigrants
e ora si
skiing, shaped skiing
può Urs
fare
retromarcia con una
Watter
visibilità discreta, rispetto a quella
5.1 Statedella
Interest
and Responsibility
Quest’anno infine presenta sul
inesistente
Diablo.
(LR 14
mercato,
dopo due anni di ricerche102
e un
...........................................
ottobre towards
2001) their Citizens Living Abroad
investimento di quasi un miliardo, il
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
primo scarpone ideato appositamente
carver [ˈkarver] n. m. inv.
per il carving. (LR 7 luglio 1997)
a EC: carver ski 1997 • sport
b EC: carving ski 1998 • sport108
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
sciatore
che pratica
una tecnica
di
tipo di sci di forma sciancrata, con la
discesa
utilizzando sci
sciancrati
punta larga a spatola e coda larga,
5.5 “Colombia
nos
une”......................................................................
109
sin. Ø
che ha maggiore tenuta su tutti i tipi
5.6 Alianza
112
tr. carving
skierPaís ..................................................................................
di neve e permette di affrontare
curve ampie con minor sforzo
5.7 Challenges
114
I carver
con le loro ....................................................................................
tavole sono stati
sin. sci sciancrato
protagonisti
anche
di
un
tr. carver ski, carving 116
ski,
Bibliography .......................................................................................
appassionante slalom con boe a punti
parabolic ski, shaped ski
al meglio di quattro manche con in
Working
Together
thediWell-being
of Migrants ........................... 119
palio
la vittoria
nella for
prova
fun
Barry(LS
Halliday
carving.
20 gennaio 2003)
Monza/Italy
154
10
Table of Contents
Adesso,
in coda
agli Rights’
skilift fanno
un
persona dal carattere forte 58e
3.4 The
Human
Approach
........................................................
figurone quelli che hanno ai piedi i
determinato che non si ferma davanti
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
carving.
(LR 4 gennaio
1998)
agli ostacoli
sin. bulldog, carro armato,
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
mastino, schiacciasassi
tr. bulldog, bulldozer
m.
inv. EC:
casting
session 1980
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
•• cin.
prof.
Reflections
casting [ˈkastin(g), ˈkɛstin(g)] n.
Dice che è un caterpillar, l’unica in
specialmente nel cinema e nella
and
“Non-policies”
in
Italy
and
Europe
...........................................
61
grado
di tenere unite le attuali forze
televisione, audizione consistente in
di opposizione. (LR 5 luglio 2007)
Laura Zanfrini
un provino
finalizzato alla selezione
di uno o più attori
for Immigrant Labour
.. 65
champions
(champions)
coll. fare un casting, partecipare
a un4.2
casting
Initiatives for Governing Family and[ˈtʃɛmpjons]
Humanitariann. f. inv. EC:
sin. selezione,
provino,
audizione
Migration:
Labour
Migration but notChampions
.............
73
League™ 1993
• sport
tr. audition, casting session
torneo europeo tra le squadre che
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomenella
Guestsprecedente
..................................
edizione 82
dei
rispettivi campionati nazionali hanno
I candidati dovranno arrivare al
casting forniti di curriculum e di una
conquistato le prime posizioni nella
classifica ................................ 90
foto4.5
recente.
31 gennaio and
2006)
Equal(LR
Opportunity
sin. Champions League™
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
tr. Champions League™
catch [kɛtʃ] n. m. inv. EC: catch
wrestling,
catch-as-catch-can
Eppure,
me lo of
ripeto
sempre,
5. Colombia:
Societies
Origin
.......per
101la
wrestling
1935 Including
•• sport Emigrants in Their
legge dei grandi numeri, a furia di
provarci e riprovarci, lo scudetto lo
vinceremo anche noi, la champions e
tutto
quello che si può vincere.102
(LR
towards
...........................................
sin. lotta
liberatheir Citizens Living Abroad
30 gennaio 2004)
Watter
lottaUrs
libera
in cui è ammesso ogni
genere di colpo a patto che non
5.1 l’avversario
ferisca
tr. 5.2
catch
wrestling,
catch-asApplied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
catch-can wrestling, freestyle
charleston [ˈtʃarleston] n.106
m.
5.3 Migration
Policywrestling,
and Ethics .........................................................
wrestling,
professional
inv.
T:
Charleston
1926
•
mus.
wrestling
108
elemento della batteria composto
da
una coppia di piatti montati
La 5.5
partita
era stata già
come
“Colombia
nosdecisa,
une”......................................................................
109
orizzontalmente su un supporto
gli incontri di catch, che sono
metallico che si suonano per mezzo
soltanto
una sceneggiata.
(LR 21
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
di un pedale o con le bacchette
aprile 2003)
sin. Ø
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
™
tr.
cymbal,
hi-hat
Caterpillar
(caterpillar)
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
[katerˈpillar] n. m./f. inv. MG
Diverte, strabilia, sorprende per la
con...........................
cui fa rimbalzare
1990
•
Working
Together for the Well-being ofmaestria
Migrants
119le
Barry Halliday
bacchette dal tom-tom ai timpani,
mentre i pedali della grancassa e del
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
155
Table of Contents
charleston
mille. Approach
(LR 4
3.4 The vanno
Humana Rights’
........................................................
58
sin.
accettazione,
banco
gennaio 2009)
accettazione
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
tr. check-in desk
chat
[tʃat, tʃɛt] n..........................................................................................
f. inv.
Bibliography
60
Ho prenotato il biglietto mesi fa, ma
al check-in dicono che c’è
a4.EC:
roomof1994
•• tecn.
Thechat
Ethics
Migration.
l’overbooking e che sarà imbarcato
canale telematico di comunicazione
su un altro aereo o risarcito. (LR 9
che permette a più utenti di
agosto
2009)
and Europe
...........................................
61
scambiarsi
messaggi scrittiininItaly
tempo
realeLaura Zanfrini
chill out (chill-out, chillout)
sin. chat room
for n.
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
[tʃilˈlaut]
f. inv. EC:
chill-out
tr. chat room, chat forum
2000 •• mus.
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andmusic
Humanitarian
Come nascono
e muoiono
di Migration
musica .............
elettronica
Migration:
Labourun’infinità
Migration but notgenere
Workers’
73
di amori via chat, senza baci e
caratterizzata da ritmo lento e
carezze,
alla stessa
forse,
si
4.3 From
Guestmaniera,
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guestsrilassanti
.................................. 82
sonorità
pensa possibile la visita di un dottore
sin. Ø
ande the
87
che4.4
nonSelective
ci guardaPolicies
la lingua
nonBrain Drain............................................
tr. chill-out music
ascolta come batte il nostro cuore.
→ ambient
Equal 2005)
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
................................ 90
(LS4.5
12 agosto
Bibliography .........................................................................................
Niente amarcord, anzi: tendenze97in
b EC: chat line 1990 •• ses. tecn.
passerella, su tutte la chill out, la
linea telefonica a pagamento,
musica
tranquilla
di gran.......
moda
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
Societies
of Origin
101a
solitamente
vietata
ai minoriEmigrants
di età,
Ibiza e Parigi. (LR 27 luglio 2001)
Watteragli utenti di accedere
che Urs
permettere
a servizi particolari
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility clergyman [ˈklɛrdʒimɛn] n. m.
sin. chat line
...........................................
inv./-men
SS 1927 •• abb. 102
tr. chat line
abito indossato dai sacerdoti della
→ hotline
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
chiesa cattolica al di fuori 104
delle
funzioni religiose, sull’esempio106
dei
5.3 Migration
Policy iniziatiche
and Ethics .........................................................
Quelle
strane frasi
preti di altre confessioni cristiane,
tornano spesso negli sms che la
composto da giacca, pantaloni
5.4 Migration
Policycon
in Colombia
......................................................
108e
ragazzina
si scambiava
alcune
camicia di colore nero o grigio scuro
persone
conosciutenos
in une”
una......................................................................
chat
5.5 “Colombia
109
con il colletto bianco
telefonica. (LR 25 maggio 2005)
sin. Ø
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
tr. clergyman’s dress, clergyman’s
check-in (check in, checkin)
suit
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
[tʃɛ(k)ˈkin, tʃe(k)ˈkin] n. m. inv.
.......................................................................................
116
Poi ci ha pensato il Concilio
EC:Bibliography
check-in desk
1985 •• tur.
Vaticano secondo a introdurre toni e
banco
dell’aeroporto
o
della
più rilassati,
il clergyman
da
compagnia
aerea
adibito
alle
Working Together for the Well-being ofritmi
Migrants
...........................
119
viaggio e le vacanze sulla neve. (LR
operazioni
di
accettazione
del
Barry Halliday
29 febbraio 2004)
passeggero e d’imbarco dei bagagli
Monza/Italy
156
10
Table of Contents
solitamente
di
lunga
durata,
3.4 The
Human(coast-to-coast)
Rights’ Approach ........................................................
58
coast
to coast
realizzata
con
considerevole
[ˈkɔs(t)
tu ˈkɔst] n.
m. inv. EC:
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
impegno di risorse, grandiose
coast-to-coast trip, coast-to-coast
ricostruzioni
scenografiche
e
60
tourBibliography
1985 •• tur. .........................................................................................
numerosi attori di alto livello
viaggio, solitamente a scopo
sin. Ø
4. The Ethics of
turistico,
cheMigration.
consiste
tr. big-budget film, big-budget
nell’attraversare
stato
da
Reflections onuno
Recent
Migration
Policies
movie, epic film, epic movie,
occidente
a oriente o viceversa,
con
in Italy
and Europe
...........................................
61
high-budget
film, high-budget
speciale riferimento agli Stati Uniti
Laura Zanfrini
movie
d’America
sin.4.1
costa
a costa Policies and Structural Demand
Restrictive
forricorderà
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
Qualcuno
il caso
di quella
tr. coast-to-coast trip, coast-tocomparsa di un colossal biblico che,
4.2tour
Initiatives for Governing Family andperHumanitarian
coast
diffidenza o indifferenza, aveva
Migration: Labour Migration but nottenuto
Workers’
73
il suoMigration
orologio da.............
polso sotto
Quando studiavo all’università di
il suo costume romano. (LR 9
From15Guest
to Unwelcome
Guests .................................. 82
San4.3
Diego,
anni Workers
fa, ho fatto
un
dicembre 1987)
coast to coast meraviglioso. (LR 2
4.4 Selective
novembre
2004) Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
comic [ˈkɔmik] n. m. inv. A:
comics EC: comic strip 1956 •
cocktail [ˈkɔkteil, ˈkɔktel] n. m.
racconto formato da una serie97di
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
inv./-s EC: cocktail party 1937 ••
disegni corredati di brevi testi e
cerimonia o ricevimento, che si tiene
dialoghi
scritti
in
riquadri,
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societiesarrotondati,
of Originfatti
.......uscire
101
solitamente
nel tardo
pomeriggio,
in
generalmente
cui vengono
offerte bevande e tartine
Urs Watter
dalla bocca dei personaggi
coll. dare un cocktail, invitare a
sin. comics, fumetto
State Interest
un 5.1
cocktail,
offrire and
un Responsibility
cocktail,
tr. comic strip, comics
towards their
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
organizzare
un Citizens
cocktail,
partecipare
un ..............................................................................
cocktail,
Come in un “comic” le situazioni,
5.2 AppliedaEthics
104
anziché evolvere in una linea
prendere parte a un cocktail
narrativa, sono giustapposte l’una
Ethics .........................................................
106
sin.5.3 Migration
cocktail Policy
party, anddrink,
all’altra contando soprattutto sulla
ricevimento, rinfresco
108
trovata ad effetto. (LR 12 febbraio
tr. cocktail party
1992)
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
→ drink
5.6 Alianza
País
112
compact [ˈkɔmpakt, ˈkompakt]
Appena
trasferita
in..................................................................................
una periferia
chic, una famiglia invita i vicini a un
n. m. inv. EC: compact disc 1982
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
cocktail
di autopresentazione.
(LR
•• mus. tecn.
15 aprile 1998)
disco con una superficie a specchio
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
su cui vengono registrate canzoni in
colossal
[ˈkɔlossal, koˈlɔssal] n.
digitale
Working Together for the Well-being offorma
Migrants
........................... 119
m. inv.
SSHalliday
1986 ted. •• cin.
Barry
produzione
cinematografica,
sin. compact disc, CD
tr. compact disc, CD
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
157
Table of Contents
Sono
alla masterizzazione
le cui gare si svolgono su terreni
3.4contrario
The Human
Rights’ Approach ........................................................
58
industriale, mentre non colpevolizzo
sterrati e accidentati
3.5fatta
Conclusion
......................................................................................
quella
dal ragazzino
che non ha
sin. motocampestre, motocross59
i venti euro per comprarsi un
tr. motocross, motorcross, MX60
Bibliography .........................................................................................
compact. (CS 29 agosto 2003)
Un medico l’ha raggiunto su una
crack
n. m. inv. SS
4. The[krak,
Ethicskrɛk]
of Migration.
moto da cross. (LR 30 aprile 1987)
Reflections
1963
ted. •• econ.
crollo
che solitamente
andfinanziario
“Non-policies”
in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
cult
[kalt] n. m. inv. EC: cult
portaLaura
al fallimento
di
Zanfrini un’azienda
object 1986 •
sin.
bancarotta,
crollo,
oggetto for
o Immigrant
fenomeno Labour
culturale.. 65
che
4.1
Restrictive
Policies
and
Structural
Demand
fallimento, tracollo
gode di notevole popolarità ed è
tr. crash,
bankruptcy,
collapse Family andparticolarmente
dal
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Humanitarian ricercato
pubblico degli appassionati
Migration:
Labour
Migration
La vicenda
del crack
era già
stata but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
sin. oggetto di culto
affrontata l’anno passato nel
4.3 From contro
Guest venticinque
Workers to exUnwelcometr.Guests
.................................. 82
cult object
dibattimento
→ film cult
collaboratori
del finanziere.
(LRthe17Brain Drain............................................
4.4 Selective
Policies and
87
marzo 1985)
La sua invenzione
della camminata
................................
90
crash movie (crash-movie)
sui carboni ardenti come esercizio di
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
affermazione della volontà 97è
[kraʃˈmuvi,
krɛʃˈmuvi]
n. m. inv.
diventata subito un cult. (LR 24
EC: car-crash movie, plane-crash
febbraio
2009) of Origin ....... 101
Societies
movie 1997 • cin.
Urs Watter
produzione
cinematografica ricca di
custom [ˈkastom] n. f. inv. EC:
effetti speciali che includono scontri
5.1
State
Interest
and
Responsibility
spettacolari tra vari mezzi di
custom bike, custom motorcycle
...........................................
102
trasporto
1984
• trasp.
sin. Ø
motocicletta di grossa cilindrata,
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
dotata di ampia sella e manubrio di
tr. car-crash movie, plane-crash
grandi dimensioni, studiata 106
per
movie
lunghi viaggi su strada
Il cinema
si è omologato
del
5.4 Migration
Policysulintono
Colombia
......................................................
108
sin. Ø
crash movie, spesso adrenalinico
tr. custom bike, custom motorcycle
“Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
109
oltre5.5
ogni
limite di tolleranza,
in cui
la sceneggiatura è ormai soltanto un
La moto riprende le caratteristiche
5.6 Alianza País ..................................................................................
112
optional e quindi tornano le paure
delle custom classiche: manubrione
delle
dell’altro....................................................................................
mondo. (CS 3
alto, passo lungo, sella bassa,
5.7cose
Challenges
114
dicembre 1997)
posizione di guida con gambe
allungate in avanti. (CS 7 marzo
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
cross [krɔs] n. m. inv. EC:
1998)
motocross,
motorcross
•••
Working Together
for 1948
the Well-being
of Migrants ........................... 119
sport
Barry Halliday
specialità del motociclismo sportivo
Monza/Italy
158
10
D
Table of Contents
58
sin. femme fatale, vamp
tr. femme fatale, vamp
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
La bella Uma, dark lady già ai tempi
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
del mitico Pulp Fiction, interpreta in
questo ultimo film una ex-killer di
nome Bride. (CS 18 agosto 2003)
discount
[disˈkaunt] n. m. inv./
...........................................
61
dancing [ˈdɛnsin(g)] n. m. inv./
-s
EC:
discount
shop, discount
Laura Zanfrini
-s EC: dancing room 1905 •• mus.
store 1983 ••
locale
dovePolicies
si può ballare
al
4.1pubblico
Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
65
supermercato
che vendeLabour
prodotti.. non
ritmo di musica registrata o suonata
pubblicizzati a prezzi molto bassi
Humanitarian
dal 4.2
vivoInitiatives for Governing Family andsin.
hard discount
Migration:
Migration ............. 73
sin. balera,
sala daLabour
ballo Migration but nottr.Workers’
discount outlet, discount shop,
tr. ballroom, dancehall, dancing
store, hard discount
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomediscount
Guests ..................................
82
room
shop, hard discount store
→ hard discount, stockhouse87
Invece che passeggiare si va in moto,
magari
fino alOpportunity
dancing delandpaese
4.5 Equal
................................ 90
Gli ingredienti per la rosticceria li
vicino. (LR 7 giugno 1991)
compriamo al discount. (LR977
Bibliography .........................................................................................
novembre 2008)
dark [dark] n. m./f. inv. EC:
5. Colombia:
dark
rock 1983Including
• mus.
doomwriter [dumˈ(v)raiter] n.
Urs
Watter
persona
che,
imitando
m./f.
inv./-s CA 1995 • cin. prof.
nell’abbigliamento
e
nel
5.1
State
Interest
and
Responsibility
autore
di
libri
e
copioni
comportamento gli esponenti di un
cinematografici
in cui si manifesta
Citizens Living
...........................................
102
genere towards
musicaletheir
caratterizzato
da Abroad
una visione pessimistica del mondo
atmosfere cupe e decadenti, si veste
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
che consiste nel prevedere104e
di nero, si trucca gli occhi di scuro e
descrivere imminenti catastrofi
ricorre
tagli di capelli
stravaganti
5.3 aMigration
Policy
and Ethics ......................................................... 106
sin. rovinografo
sin. Ø
tr. Ø
5.4
Migration
Policy
in
Colombia
......................................................
108
tr. goth
Come traspare dagli esempi, quella
5.5ogni
“Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
109
Come
tribù metropolitana
che si
arruolata da Ronchey non è una
rispetti i dark hanno riti, rituali e
5.6 Alianza
112
schiera omogenea di “doomwriters”,
liturgie
proprie. País
(LR..................................................................................
6 settembre
catastrofisti
o
profeti
infausti.
(LR
8
2000)
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
settembre 1995)
dark
lady [darkˈlɛdi,
darkˈleidi]
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
doomwriting [dumˈ(v)raitin(g)]
n. f. inv. CA 1989 ••
m. inv. CA
1982 • cin.
donna
fataleTogether
e spregiudicata
cheWell-being
usa
Working
for the
ofn.Migrants
...........................
119
in
letteratura
e cinematografia,
il proprio
fascino
per
sottomettere
Barry Halliday
l’uomo
visione pessimistica del mondo che
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
159
Table of Contents
consiste
nel Human
prevedere
e descrivere
dribbling inutili. (LR 20 settembre
3.4 The
Rights’
Approach ........................................................
58
imminenti catastrofi
1985)
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
sin.3.5
rovinografia
b DA 1990 •
tr. Ø
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
tecnica adottata da chi non vuole
rimanere coinvolto in situazioni
Il collasso periodico dei grandi servizi,
4. The
of Migration.
sgradevoli
già
dopo Ethics
il blackout
di mezz’agosto a
on Recent
Policies
sin. schivata
NewReflections
York, rilanciava
quel Migration
genere
letterario
che fu chiamato doomwriting,
in Italy and Europe
........................................... 61
tr. dodge
esercizio
previsione catastrofica o
Lauradella
Zanfrini
«rovinografia». (CS 30 settembre
Scatta a destra con un dribbling
for Immigrant
Labour
2003)
improvviso
e si avvicina
rapido..a65
un
barcone da pesca. (LR 20 marzo
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and2004)
Humanitarian
dread [drɛd] n. m. inv. A:
dreads EC: dreadlocks 1988 •
n. m. inv. SS 1990
Guests[drink]
..................................
82
abb.4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomedrink
•
tipica
acconciatura
ottenuta
4.4 Selective
Policies
and theinBrain Drain............................................
lasciando
crescere
i capelli
ricevimento informale durante87il
quale vengono servite anche bevande
................................ 90
alcoliche
coll. avere i dread, farsi i dread,
coll. invitare a un drink,
portare
i dread .........................................................................................
Bibliography
97
prendere parte a un drink
sin. dreadlocks, dreads, rasta
sin. Societies
cocktail,of Origin
cocktail.......party,
tr.
locks
5. dreadlocks,
Colombia: dreads,
Including
Emigrants in Their
101
ricevimento,
rinfresco
Urs Watter
Entrano nella Facoltà da cui escono i
tr. cocktail party
primi
di studenti
i
5.1branchi
State Interest
andassonnati,
Responsibility
→ cocktail
dread ancora
dritti
in Citizens
testa. (LR
16 Abroad ........................................... 102
towards
their
Living
ciocche attorcigliate
novembre 2008)
Visitato
il
suggestivo
cortile
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
quattrocentesco con la grande pietra
su cui, vuole la leggenda, Raffaello
dribbling
[ˈdrib(b)lin(g)]
m. .........................................................
5.3 Migration
Policy andn.Ethics
106
bambino stemperava i suoi primi
inv.
colori, il sempre sorridente Carlo
ha
108
preso fuggevolmente parte a un drink
a DA 1911 ••• sport
in suo onore. (LR 8 maggio 1990)
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
specialmente
nel calcio,
tecnica
che
consiste
nello schivare
uno o più
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
drive in (drive-in) [draiˈvin] n.
avversari mantenendo il possesso
della
palla
mediante ....................................................................................
finte e tocchi
5.7
Challenges
114
m. inv. EC: drive-in restaurant
sin. scarto
SS 1985 • alim.
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116si
tr. dribble
servizio di ristorazione del quale
può
usufruire,
ordinando
e
IWorking
campioni Together
d’Italia impareranno
a
for the Well-being
ofasportando
Migrantsil...........................
119
cibo, rimanendo seduti
preservare
gli stinchi evitando
nella propria automobile
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
160
10
Table of Contents
La merce era stata tutta sottratta58al
sin.3.4
Ø The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................
duty free dell’aeroporto dove
tr. drive through, drive thru
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
lavoravano le impiegate infedeli59e
veniva poi venduta “al nero”. (LR 18
Il Bibliography
drive-in è la.........................................................................................
sublimazione e
60
novembre 2005)
l’esasperazione del concetto di fast
food, che vuol dire letteralmente
4. Thesvelto”,
Ethics ofinMigration.
“cibo
omaggio alla
Reflections
Policies
filosofia
dellaon Recent
fretta, Migration
della
produttività,
de “il tempo in
è denaro”.
Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
(LRLaura
10 agosto
1985)
Zanfrini
4.1[ˈdjuti]
Restrictive
and
duty
n. m.Policies
inv. EC:
dutyfree4.2
shop
1984 • tur.
Initiatives
negozioMigration:
situato in posti
di Migration
frontiera but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Labour
come porti e aeroporti che vende
merci
tasse doganali
4.3esenti
FromdaGuest
Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
sin. duty free, free shop
4.4 Selective
andstore
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
tr. duty-free
shop,Policies
duty-free
→ duty
free,Opportunity
free shop and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
4.5 Equal
97
PuòBibliography
così accadere.........................................................................................
che un vasetto di
caviale russo comprato a Parigi
possa
alla fine risultare
menoEmigrants
costoso
5. Colombia:
Including
dello stesso prodotto acquistato al
Urs Watter
“duty” dell’aeroporto Charles De
Gaulle,
che èInterest
tra l’altro
5.1 State
andconsiderato
Responsibility
uno deitowards
meno convenienti
del mondo
their Citizens
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
rispetto ai prezzi che si trovano
normalmente
in città.
(LR
8 maggio
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
1987)
duty
(duty-free, dutyfree)
5.4 free
Migration
[djutiˈfri] n. m. inv. EC: duty-free
5.51984
“Colombia
shop
•• tur. nos une”...................................................................... 109
negozio
situato
posti
di frontiera
5.6 Alianza in
País
..................................................................................
112
come porti e aeroporti che vende
merci
da tasse....................................................................................
doganali
5.7esenti
Challenges
114
sin. duty, free shop
Bibliography
116
tr. duty-free
shop,.......................................................................................
duty-free store
→ duty, free shop
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
161
Table of Contents
E
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
eurogoal
(euro goal, euro-goal)
Laura Zanfrini
[euroˈgɔl] n. m. inv. CA 1986 •
sport
nel calcio, segnatura di particolare
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
importanza
e bellezza
solitamente
Migration:
realizzata
in tornei internazionali
sin.4.3
Ø From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
tr. Ø
E men che meno è ovvio per il tifoso
4.5che
Equal
Opportunity siand
laziale
improvvisamente
ritrova
un po’ incredulo a guardare in tv una
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
squadra
capace quasi
di fare solo
eurogoal. (LR 18 settembre 1997)
Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
162
10
Table of Contents
fiction [ˈfikʃon] n. f. inv./-s 58
SS
F
1982 •••• cin.
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
film di breve durata destinato alla
Bibliography .........................................................................................
trasmissione televisiva e articolato60in
puntate con continuità narrativa
sin. sceneggiato, serial, soap
opera, telenovela, teleromanzo
tr.
opera, serial, TV-serial61
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe soap
...........................................
→
telefilm
Laura Zanfrini
far4.1west
(far-west,
Quello for
cheImmigrant
infatti si chiede
una
Restrictive
Policiesfarwest)
Labourad.. 65
[farˈwɛst] n. m. inv. SS 1980 ••
fiction è intrattenere, grazie ai suoi
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andstrumenti
Humanitarian
narrativi, e magari dare
crim.
informazioni
che
altrimenti
Migration:
Labour
Workers’
Migration
.............
73
ambiente
o situazione
in cui Migration
regnano but notdelle
molto difficilmente arriverebbero al
il disordine e la violenza
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecosiddetto
Guests ..................................
82
“pubblico di prima
sin. Ø
serata”. (LR 23 gennaio 2007)
tr. wild
west
4.4 Selective
4.5 Equal
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
fidelity card
[fiˈdeliti ˈkard]90n.
Questa
è unaOpportunity
brutta legge
che
accentua il far west. (LR 9 dicembre
f. inv./-s CA 1997 • econ.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
2003)
tessera riportante le indicazioni
anagrafiche del cliente che permette
5. Colombia:
Includingfastfood)
Emigrants in Their
Societies
of Origin
....... 101o
di accedere
a offerte
promozionali
fast
food (fast-food,
Urs
Watter
servizi
particolari
in
supermercati
e
[fas(t)ˈfud] n. m. inv./-s EC: fastgrandi magazzini
food
place,
fast5.1joint,
State fast-food
Interest and
Responsibility
sin. carta fedeltà
food restaurant
1982Citizens
••• alim.Living Abroad
towards their
102
tr............................................
club card, discount card,
ristorante in cui si servono pasti
loyalty
card,
membership
card
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
rapidi, specialmente a base
hamburger e patatine fritte
di
Ci sono poi le fidelity card che 106
sono
sin.5.3
Ø Migration Policy and Ethics .........................................................
riservate ai clienti abituali e
tr. fast-food
joint,Policy
fast-food
place, ......................................................
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
garantiscono anche una serie108di
fast-food restaurant
sconti nella catena di supermercati
5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
109
che le ha emesse. (LR 27 marzo
Un altro ordigno era esploso davanti
1995)
5.6fast-food,
Alianza País
112
a un
senza..................................................................................
fare vittime,
così5.7
come
non ne ha
fatte il terzo,
Challenges
....................................................................................
film cult [ˈfilm ˈkalt] n. m. 114
inv.
collocato presso la sede di una
CA 1988 • cin.
compagnia
aerea........................................................................................
(LR 29 agosto
Bibliography
116
produzione cinematografica che gode di
2006)
un particolare riconoscimento sia della
Working Together for the Well-being ofcritica
Migrants
119
sia degli...........................
appassionati
Barry Halliday
sin. film culto, film di culto
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
163
Table of Contents
pannello verticale nel quale 58si
3.4 The
Rights’ Approach ........................................................
tr. cult
film,Human
cult movie
colpisce, mediante due leve azionate
→ cult
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
da pulsanti laterali, una biglia59di
ferro indirizzandola verso una serie
Un Bibliography
vero film cult che,
oltretutto, ebbe
.........................................................................................
60
di ostacoli che, urtati, permettono di
il suo momento di massima fortuna
totalizzare dei punti
negli anni dei figli dei fiori. (LR 23
4.
The
Ethics
of
Migration.
sin. biliardino
dicembre 1996)
tr.
flipper pinball, pinball,
and
“Non-policies”
in
Italy
and
Europe
...........................................
61
pinball
machine
flash [flɛʃ] n. m. inv. EC:
Laura Zanfrini
flashback
SS 1990 •
È l’era del flipper contro quella del
ricordo
improvviso ePolicies
intenso and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.1 Restrictive
videogame, a scontrarsi in quelle
coll. avere un flash
calde sale giochi. (LS 21 giugno
Initiatives for Governing Family and2003)
Humanitarian
sin.4.2
illuminazione
tr. flashback
[ˈflørt,
ˈflɛrt] n. m. inv. 82
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomeflirt
Guests
..................................
Poi come se avesse avuto un flash,
gli torna
in mente Policies
una scena.
(LR
4.4 Selective
and
the17Brain Drain............................................
87
a A: flirtation 1895 fr. •••
dicembre 2001)
relazione sentimentale limitata nel
tempo
flat [flɛt] n./agg. m./f. inv. EC:
coll. avere un flirt
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
flat rate 1999 •• tecn.
sin. avventura, relazione, storia
(riferito a) sistema di tariffazione di
tr. affair,
flirtation,
love
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
Societies
of Origin
.......affair,
101
alcuni
servizi mediante
il Emigrants
quale la
quick
romance
Urs Watter
fornitura
si paga con un canone fisso,
indipendentemente dalla quantità o
5.1
Statedel
Interest
and Responsibility
dalla
durata
consumo
Fonti accreditate assicurano che tutto
il ...........................................
pettegolezzo è nato per nascondere
towards
their Citizens Living Abroad
102
sin. tariffa
piatta
l’altro,
reale
flirt
dell’attrice
tr. 5.2
flat Applied
rate
americana forse con il capo dei104
suoi
Ethics ..............................................................................
“gorilla”. (CS 30 ottobre 1995)
È la5.3
cosiddetta
tariffa
“flat”,
Migration
Policy
andpiatta,
Ethics ......................................................... 106
che fa pagare un canone mensile,
b SS 1900 fr. •
5.4 solo
Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
oppure
uno scatto
iniziale,
senza
persona con cui si ha una relazione
poi chiedere nulla per il tempo della
sentimentale superficiale
5.5 “Colombia
une”2000)
......................................................................
109
connessione.
(LR 17nos
febbraio
coll. essere un flirt
5.6 Alianza País ..................................................................................
112
sin. amore, fiamma, innamorata,
flipper [ˈflipper] n. m. inv./-s
innamorato
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
EC:5.7flipper
pinball
1958 ted. ••
tr. lover, date, flame
gioc.
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
gioco elettronico, funzionante a
Terzo, che quello che lei dice è
moneta o a gettone, costituito da un
assoluto, ma tre mesi,
Working
Together for
the Well-being ofsacrosanto
Migrantsin...........................
119
piano
orizzontale
leggermente
nel caso specifico, mi sembravano
Barrymontato
Hallidaysu gambe e da un
inclinato
davvero troppo pochi per buttare
Monza/Italy
164
10
Table of Contents
addosso
al Human
nuovo Rights’
flirt, o Approach
nuovo
e
suini
stanno
alla
base
3.4 The
........................................................
58
fidanzato,
un
passato
di
dell’economia di una provincia che
3.5 Conclusion
59
videocassette,
hard ......................................................................................
se ho capito
ha
fondato
sull’agroalimentare
bene. (CS 8 maggio 1993)
un’immensa fortuna a partire dai
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
consorzi del Parmigiano reggiano e
del prosciutto. (LR 29 giugno 2002)
fly and drive (fly-and-drive)
[flajenˈdraiv] n. m. inv. EC: fly
footing [ˈfutin(g)] n. m. inv. DA
andand
drive
holiday, fly and
drive
“Non-policies”
in Italy
and Europe
...........................................
61
1921
fr. •• sport
package, fly and drive tour 1982
Laura Zanfrini
tipo
di
corsa
praticata
come
• tur.
allenamento sportivo o come attività
formula
di viaggio che
comprende
il
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand
salutarefor Immigrant Labour .. 65
biglietto aereo e il noleggio di
fare footing
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andcoll.
Humanitarian
un’auto
joggingMigration ............. 73
Workers’
sin. Ø Migration: Labour Migration but notsin.
tr.
jogging
tr. fly and drive holiday, fly and
4.3package,
From Guest
Workers
drive
fly and
drive to
tour,
In ogni caso, se non si forza troppo e
fly-drive
holiday,
fly-drive
4.4 Selective
Policies and
the Brain Drain............................................
si alternano la corsa e la marcia,87si
package, fly-drive tour
può continuare a fare footing fino a
................................ 90
settant’anni. (LR 6 marzo 1985)
Per ottenere una deroga, ad esempio
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
effettuare più formule previste
forcing
[ˈfɔrsin(g)]
n.
m.
inv.
insieme oppure alcune non previste,
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
come
fly and drive
(che prevede
il
a DA 1936 fr. •• sport
viaggio
aereo andata e ritorno con
Urs Watter
in incontri individuali e gare sportive
noleggio
di
autovettura
e
5.1 State Interest
and Responsibility
a squadre, azione d’attacco continua
assicurazione)
è necessaria
una
e insistente
autorizzazione
(LRLiving
19 Abroad
towards specifica.
their Citizens
........................................... 102
gennaio 1990)
coll. fare forcing, subire il
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
forcing
food
valley Policy
(food-valley)
sin. pressione
5.3 Migration
and Ethics .........................................................
106
tr. pressure, sustained attack
[fudˈvallei] n. f. inv. CA 1985 •
108
→ pressing a
alim.
zona5.5
agricola
di particolare
rilevanza
“Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
Fare forcing significa attaccare con
facente parte di un territorio più
energia: in poche parole, tentar
ampio
adibita País
alla ..................................................................................
produzione di
5.6 eAlianza
112di
forzare la resistenza avversaria
alimenti
dandoci
dentro
con
piglio
114
sin.5.7
Ø Challenges ....................................................................................
particolare. (LR 28 novembre 1986)
tr. Ø
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
b DA 1984 •
Ma il valore aggiunto della facoltà
iniziativa
intensa
e prolungata119
che
Working
Together
for
the
Well-being
of
Migrants
...........................
parmense è l’essere al centro della
mira a ottenere determinati risultati
Barry Halliday
cosiddetta
“food valley” dove bovini
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
165
Table of Contents
Theforcing
Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................
58
coll.3.4
fare
full [ful] s. m. inv.
sin. pressing, pressione
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
tr. pressure
a EC: full house 1948 • gioc.
→ pressing
b .........................................................................................
Bibliography
nel gioco del poker, combinazione60di
carte costituita da un tris e da una
Le
polemiche
della
vigilia
e
il
coppia
forcing dei produttori di petrolio per
sin. Ø
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
smussare
l’allarme
sembrano
già
tr. full
house
and (LR
“Non-policies”
in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
lontani.
17 dicembre 1995)
Laura Zanfrini
→ poker a
franchising
[franˈtʃaizin(g)]
n.
Al mio for
tavolo
esco soltanto
io: perdo
4.1 Restrictive
Demand
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
tutta la posta con un full (tre e due
m. inv. DA SS 1986 •• econ.
4.2 Initiatives
fordiGoverning
andcarte
Humanitarian
uguali) di assi con i sei, contro
negozio,
che fa parte
una catena, Family
il
sette.Migration
(LR 29 gennaio
1989)
cui gestore
ha il diritto
Migration:
Labouresclusivo,
Migration but notquattro
Workers’
.............
73
dietro il pagamento di un canone
4.3 From
Workers
to Unwelcome
..................................
82
bGuests
EC: full
house 1980 •
periodico,
di Guest
vendere
i prodotti
di
una certa azienda sfruttandone
qualsiasi combinazione di cinque
87
marchio e immagine
elementi
sin.4.5
Ø Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
sin. cinquina,
quintetto
................................
90
tr. franchise, franchise store
tr. fivesome, quintet
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
→ poker b
I franchising di abbigliamento dei
più
noti marchi nazionali
prendono
il
In azione,
un full
di veterani.
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin
.......(LR
1014
numero di cellulare dei clienti per
dicembre 2002)
Urs
Watter
richiamarli subito dopo Capodanno
oppure,
senzaInterest
esporreand
il Responsibility
cartellino
5.1 State
full optional (full-optional)
con il prezzo iniziale e il prezzo
towards
their
Citizens
Living
Abroad
...........................................
[fulˈlɔpʃonal,
ˈful ˈɔpʃonal] 102
agg.
finale, effettuano sconti su tutta la
merce.
30 dicembre
2007)
m./f. inv. CA 1990 •
5.2 (LR
Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
riferito a tipo di prodotto venduto
5.3shop
Migration
Policy and
Ethics .........................................................
106
con un insieme di accessori
free
(free-shop)
[friʃˈʃɔp,
addizionali che vengono solitamente
ˈfri 5.4
ˈʃɔp]
n. m. inv./-s
duty- ......................................................
Migration
PolicyEC:
in Colombia
108
pagati a parte
free shop 1983 • tur.
sin. completamente accessoriato
5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
109
negozio situato in posti di frontiera
tr. fully accessorized, fully
come
e aeroporti
che vende
5.6porti
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
equipped
merci esenti da tasse doganali
→ optional
Challenges
114
sin.5.7
duty,
duty free....................................................................................
tr. duty-free shop, duty-free store
Tutte le vetture sono full optional,
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
→ duty, duty free
con navigatore, cambio automatico e
assicurativa totale. (CS 12
Ma
siamo, come
genere,
al the
free Well-being
shop
Working
Together
for
ofcopertura
Migrants
........................... 119
marzo 2007)
di un aeroporto di terza categoria.
Barry Halliday
(LR 6 gennaio 1985)
Monza/Italy
166
10
Table of Contents
G
ad aumentare l’effetto serra riducendo
58
lo strato di ozono
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
sin. gas serra
tr. greenhouse gas
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
Proprio mentre il governo danese
annunciava la decisione di anticipare
il divieto di produzione dei gas killer
al 1993,
l’Italia si schierava in prima
...........................................
61
gadget [ˈga(d)dʒet] n. m. inv./-s
fila nel gruppo di paesi che puntano
Laura Zanfrini
SS 1963 ••
sul rallentamento degli impegni. (LR
oggetto
offerto a scopo
promozionale
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
24 novembre
1992)
sin. omaggio
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andb Humanitarian
CA 1993 •
tr. giveaway
Migration: Labour Migration but notgas,
Workers’
Migration
73
letale per
l’uomo,.............
che causa
decessi accidentali oppure utilizzato
Si potranno ascoltare canzoni che
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomecome
Guests
.................................. 82
arma chimica negli attentati
parlano di donne e saranno distribuiti
a tutte
dei gadgetPolicies
offerti da
sin. gas letale
4.4 Selective
andalcuni
the Brain Drain............................................
87
centri di estetica. (LR 8 marzo 2003)
tr. lethal gas
Il gas-killer è arrivato all’improvviso:
garden
[ˈgarden] n. m. inv. EC:
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
due marinai sono morti subito, un altro
garden center, garden centre
poco dopo. (LR 1 aprile 2000)
1992
•
5. Colombia:
negozio
di
grandi
dimensioni
Urs Watter
specializzato
nella vendita di sementi,
piante
attrezzature
da giardino
5.1e State
Interest
and Responsibility
ginger [ˈdʒindʒer] n. m. inv. EC:
ginger ale, ginger pop 1953 •
sin. vivaio
bev.
........................................... 102
bibita analcolica gassata, amarognola,
tr. garden center, garden centre
di colore rossastro
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
Certo, le sementi non mancano: ma il
sin. Ø
5.3diMigration
Policy
and Ethics
106
punto
forza di questo
garden
sono .........................................................
tr. ginger ale, ginger beer, ginger
le vaschette di peperoni, pomodori
pop
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
ciliegini,
melanzane,
finocchi.
(CS 8
aprile
E proprio dal bar sono arrivati
5.52009)
“Colombia nos une”......................................................................
109 i
caffé, ma si parla anche di un
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
bicchiere di ginger, che hanno
gas5.6
killer
(gas-killer)
[ˈgas ˈkiller,
avvelenato i due anziani. (LR 23
ˈgaz5.7
ˈkiller]
n. m. inv.
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
settembre 2003)
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
gin
lemon
(gin-lemon)
a CA
1989 •
tipo di gas inquinante, particolarmente
[dʒinˈlɛmon] n. m. inv. CA 1980
Working
Togetherche
forcontribuisce
nocivo
per l’ambiente,
• bev.
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
167
Table of Contents
bevanda
alcolica
a base
di gin,Approach
succo
culturale, economica e politica
3.4 The
Human
Rights’
........................................................
58
di limone e acqua frizzante
sin. Ø
......................................................................................
59
sin.3.5
ginConclusion
fizz
tr. globalist
tr. gin
fizz
→ no global
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
→ gin tonic
Gli autoctoni potranno bere la birra
siciliana, i global quella statunitense o
Gin fizz e gin lemon sono gli
Reflections
Recentvanno
Migration
Policies
tedesca, gli esotici quella proveniente
aperitivi
che al on
momento
di
dallo
Sri Lanka. (LR 8 giugno 2008)61
in Italy and Europe
...........................................
più,and
qui “Non-policies”
potrete gustarli accostandoli
a tartine
salse di ogni sorta. (LR
Lauracon
Zanfrini
21 ottobre 2000)
golden [ˈgɔlden] n. f. inv. EC:
golden delicious 1986 • alim.
gin4.2
tonic
(gin-tonic)
[dʒinˈtɔnik]
di mele dalla buccia gialla
Initiatives
for Governing
Family andqualità
Humanitarian
sin.
golden
delicious ............. 73
n. m. inv.
EC:
gin
and
tonic
1970
tr. golden delicious
• bev.
4.3 From
Guest
to Unwelcome
Guests .................................. 82
bevanda
alcolica
a Workers
base di gin
e
acqua tonica
Neppure più la chimica riesce a far
diventare le renette o le golden, 87
che
sin. gin and tonic
crescono tra
Cesena e il mare, delle
tr. gin
tonic
4.5 and
Equal
................................
90
mele ‘avvelenate’. (LR 4 marzo
→ gin lemon
1994)
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
Ordina un gin tonic e si mette a
golfSocieties
[gɔlf] n.ofm.
inv. .......
EC: 101
golf
scherzare.
(LR 26Including
novembre Emigrants
1989)
5. Colombia:
in Their
Origin
Urs Watter
girl [gørl, gɛrl] n. f. inv./-s EC:
coat 1915 fr. •• abb.
maglia con le maniche lunghe, di
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility lana o altro tessuto, che si indossa
chorus girl 1918 • cin. prof.
solitamente
sopra la camicia
...........................................
102
ballerina di fila in spettacoli teatrali e
sin.
golfino,
jersey,
maglia,
televisivi
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
maglione, pull, pullover
sin. ballerina, ballerina di fila
tr. jersey, jumper, pullover,
5.3 Migration
106
tr. chorus
girl, dancer
sweater
→ miss
108
→ pull
Ho 5.5
ancora
negli occhi
meraviglia
“Colombia
noslaune”
...................................................................... 109
Fra vent’anni un golf di cachemere
di quelle due serate fantastiche, con
potrebbe diventare un oggetto112
da
5.6
Alianza
País
..................................................................................
tutti quei ballerini bravissimi, le girl
museo. (LR 10 marzo 1988)
stupende, le scenografie sfarzose e la
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
musica.
(LR 7 maggio
1992)
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
global [ˈglɔbal] n./agg. m./f. inv.
SS
2001 • Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Working
(riferito
a) Halliday
chi accetta, condivide o è
Barry
inserito nel processo di globalizzazione
Monza/Italy
168
10
Table of Contents
H
heliski (heli-ski) [(h)elisˈki] 58n.
m. inv. A: heli-skiing 1983 fr.
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59•
sport
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
sci fuori pista praticato utilizzando
l’elicottero come mezzo di risalita
sin. Ø
tr. heli-skiing, helicopter skiing
happy
end (happy-end, happyend)
In Italia ci sono diverse scuole di sci
Laura Zanfrini
che organizzano escursioni in heliski.
[ˈ(h)ɛppi ˈɛnd] n. m./f. inv. A: happy
(CS 29 gennaio
2004) Labour .. 65
4.1
Restrictive
Policies
and
Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
ending 1940 fr. •• cin.
specialmente in romanzi e film, lieto
Humanitarian
[(h)it] n. f. inv./-s EC: hit
fine4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andhit
Migration:
Labour Migration but notparade
Workers’
sin. lieto
fine
1967Migration
• mus. ............. 73
classifica
relativa
alle vendite 82di
tr. happy
ending
4.3 From
Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ..................................
dischi, libri e film
Sarà4.4
comunque
un’altra
sin. classifica
Selectivel’amore
Policiesdiand
the Brain Drain............................................
87
donna a garantire anche a lui un
tr. hit parade
4.5 Equalhappy
Opportunity
Opportunities ................................ 90
(sarcastico)
end. and
(LR Denied
9
dicembre 2001)
Oltre che cimentarsi in tournée97e
Bibliography .........................................................................................
collaborazioni con artisti locali in
ambito soprattutto jazzistico, la
hard discount (hard-discount)
Societies
of Origin
.......alcuni
101
cantante
ha anche
inciso
[(h)ardisˈkaunt, ˈ(h)ar(d) ˈdiskaunt]
Urs Watter
album di musica dance che l’hanno
n. m. inv./-s EC: hard-discount
fatta entrare nelle hit di mezza
5.1hard-discount
State Intereststore
and1992
Responsibility
shop,
••
Europa. (LR 6 maggio 2004)
supermercato
chetheir
vende
prodottiLiving
non Abroad ........................................... 102
towards
Citizens
pubblicizzati a prezzi molto bassi
hitball (hit ball, hit-ball)
Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
sin.5.2
discount
[ˈ(h)itbɔl] n. m. inv. CA 1995 •
tr. discount
outlet,Policy
discount
5.3 Migration
and shop,
Ethics .........................................................
106
sport
discount store, hard-discount
disciplina
sportiva
a
squadre,
5.4hard-discount
Migration Policy
shop,
storein Colombia ...................................................... 108
ciascuna di cinque giocatori, che
→ discount, stockhouse
consiste nel segnare il maggior
5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
109
numero di reti nella porta difesa dalla
In 5.6
Veneto
stanno
ottenendo un
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
squadra avversaria colpendo112il
enorme successo i grandi magazzini
pallone con qualsiasi parte del corpo
alla5.7
tedesca,
quelli....................................................................................
che vengono
Challenges
114
e utilizzando anche il soffitto come
definiti hard discount, dove si
superficie di gioco
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
compra
tutto a pacchi
e in scatola,
sin. Ø
con grosse quantità. (LR 23 ottobre
tr. Ø
1992)
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
169
Table of Contents
Ho 3.4
conosciuto
l’hitball
nella
mia
ascoltare messaggi o effettuare
The Human
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
scuola media all’età di 11 anni. (LS
conversazioni erotiche
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
20 agosto
2009)
sin. linea erotica
tr. adult chat line, phone-sex line,
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
sex line
→ chat b
EC:
holding
1931 ••••
4. The
Ethicscompany
of Migration.
econ.
holding [ˈ(h)ɔlding] n. f. inv./-s
Alcune pubblicità di queste hot lines,
società finanziaria che controlla un
su ...........................................
riviste specializzate ma anche61
su
gruppo di aziende attraverso il
LauradiZanfrini
giornali
normali,
recano
possesso
un numero rilevante di
l’avvertenza, anche se in corpo
azioni
for Immigrant
.. 65
minuscolo,
che si tratta Labour
di un numero
sin. società capogruppo
tr. holding
company
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing Family andinternazionale,
Humanitariane alcuni di questi
centralini, specie quelli delle sexy
Migration: Labour Migration but notfiabe,
Workers’
Migration
.............della
73
lo specificano
all’inizio
Il piano industriale che sarà
chiamata,
ma
non
sempre.
(LR
28
approntato
nelle
prossime
settimane
4.3 From
Guest
Workers
ottobre 1992)
tramuterà la finanziaria in una
4.4 Selective
and the
holding,
da cui Policies
dipenderanno
dueBrain Drain............................................ 87
settori produttivi, civile e difesa,
house [(h)aus, (h)auz] n./agg. f.
4.5 Equal
ciascuno
con Opportunity
una serie di and
società
inv. EC: house music 1989 •••
autonome sul piano operativo. (LR 6
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
mus.
giugno 1997)
(riferito a) genere musicale da
discoteca
veloce
e .......
ripetitivo
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants in Their
Societies
of Origin
101
hot
club (hot-club)
[(h)ɔtˈklab,
caratterizzato dalla combinazione di
Urs Watter
elementi melodici, basi ritmiche e
(h)ɔtˈklɛb] n. m. inv./-s CA 1934
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility suoni rielaborati elettronicamente
fr. • mus.
sin. house music
Citizens
Living
circolo towards
o locale their
pubblico
in cui
si Abroad ........................................... 102
tr. house music
suona musica jazz
sin.5.2
jazzApplied
club Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Discoteca, musica, qualche cocktail
tr. jazz
club
5.3 Migration
106e
allungato con il succo di frutta,
sulla via del ritorno, la macchina
Ma 5.4
la sua
prima «occupazione»
era
Migration
Policy in Colombia
......................................................
108
lanciata a velocità altissima, come
proprio la musica: ascoltatore vorace
quel ritmo che resta nel corpo 109
dopo
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
e scrittore
copioso, nos
per decenni
non
una
notte
passata
a
muoversi
a
tempo
perse un concerto, vide nascere e
5.6 Alianza
País (LR
..................................................................................
112
di house e di rock. (LR 16 febbraio
morire
gli hot club.
29 giugno
1993)
2004)
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography
116
hotline
(hot .......................................................................................
line, hot-line)
[ˈ(h)ɔtlain, (h)ɔˈtlain] n. f. inv./-s
Working
Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
SS
1992 • ses.
Barrytelefonico
Halliday a pagamento per
servizio
Monza/Italy
170
10
I
Table of Contents
Si tratta di un “instant film”, una sorta
58di
anomalo e originale documentario
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
sportivo, la cui ambizione è quella59di
mostrare aspetti particolari legati alla
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
partita. (CS 18 luglio 1994)
instant seller (instant-seller)
[ˈi(n)stant ˈsɛller] n. m. inv./-s
EC: instant best-seller 1992 •
infopoint
(info point, infoLaura Zanfrini
prodotto che, appena immesso sul
point)
[infoˈpɔint]
n. m. inv.
mercato,forsi Immigrant
vende in grandi
quantità
4.1 Restrictive Policies
and CA
Structural Demand
Labour
.. 65
ma solitamente per un periodo di
EC: information point 2002 ••
molto breve
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andtempo
Humanitarian
arch.
sin.
Ø
Migration:
Labour
struttura,
solitamente
prefabbricata,
tr. instant best-seller
adibita a centro informazioni e
4.3 From
Workers
collocata
in Guest
edifici
di grandi
Ecco Metropolis al quinto posto, un
dimensioni come stazioni, aeroporti,
“instant seller” se è vero che in87
un
fiere, centri commerciali, grattacieli,
battibaleno,................................
una settimana appena,90
ha
università
e aree
di grande and
afflusso
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
occupato quota sessantatre del
turistico
mercato. (LR 12 settembre 1993) 97
.........................................................................................
sin.Bibliography
box, ufficio informazioni
tr. information booth, information
internet
(internet-bar)
bureau,
information
center,
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants
in Their
Societiesbar
of Origin
....... 101
[ˈinternet ˈbar] n. m. inv. CA
information
Urs Wattercentre, information
desk, information point
1996 • alim. tecn.
5.1 State
→ box
4b Interest and Responsibility locale pubblico dove i clienti
...........................................
possono
utilizzare gratuitamente102
dei
computer collegati alla rete mentre
Ci sarà anche un infopoint per
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
degustano cibi e bevande
aggiornare i cittadini sul recupero
dell’Anfiteatro.
13 and
settembre
sin. internet café
5.3 Migration(CS
Policy
Ethics .........................................................
106
2003)
tr. cybercafé, internet café
108
→ internet point, phone center
film (instant-film)
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
Non è vero che questa è la
[ˈi(n)stant ˈfilm] n. m. inv. CA SS
generazione
delle
discoteche
5.6
Alianza
País
..................................................................................
112
1985 • cin.
instant
assordanti: i ragazzi di oggi
produzione cinematografica girata e
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
preferiscono il pub con la musica
dal
distribuita in tempi molto brevi che
vivo o l’internet bar. (CS 25
si basa
su un argomento
di grande
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
novembre 1997)
attualità e risonanza pubblica
sin. instant movie
tr. instant movie
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
171
Table of Contents
3.4 The point
Human(internet-point)
Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
internet
[ˈinternet
ˈpɔint] n.
m. inv. CA
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
1995 •• tecn.
Bibliography
60
locale
pubblico .........................................................................................
dove i clienti,
solitamente in base a una tariffa
oraria,
possonoof Migration.
utilizzare dei
4. The Ethics
computer
collegati
alla
rete Migration Policies
sin.and
internet
café
“Non-policies”
in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
tr. cybercafé,
internet café
Laura Zanfrini
→ internet bar, phone center
I nomadi digitali si danno
4.2 Initiatives
forinternet
Governing
appuntamento
dagli
point
Migration:
Labour
Migration
disseminati
nel globo
attrezzati
di but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
mappe, e-mail e siti Web. (LS 24
4.3 From
febbraio
2004)Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
172
10
J
Table of Contents
motociclisti, ponendo così la parola
58
fine alla “querelle” relativa alla
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
cilindrata del veicolo e all’età 59
del
conducente. (LR 23 ottobre 1999)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
jet society (jet-society) [ˈdʒɛt
soˈsajeti, ˈdʒɛt soˈsaiti] n. f. inv.
CA...........................................
1965 •
61
jersey [ˈdʒɛrsi, ˈdʒørsi] n. m.
la
parte
più abbiente dell’alta società
Laura Zanfrini
internazionale
inv. EC: Jersey barrier, New
sin. alta
società, Labour
élite, ..high
4.1 1996
Restrictive
for Immigrant
65
Jersey
• trasp.
barriera di cemento armato usata
society, jet-set, smart set
4.2 Initiatives
for in
Governing
andtr.Humanitarian
come
spartitraffico
strade Family
e
élite, high society, jet-set,
Migration: Labour Migration but notsmart
Workers’
Migration
............. 73
autostrade
set, smart
society
sin. barriera di sicurezza,
spartitraffico
La stampa rosa moscovita lo
considera come un habituè delle
tr. 4.4
concrete
Selectivebarrier,
Policies concrete
87
cronache mondane della jet society
median barrier, concrete step
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
90
russa. (LR ................................
20 febbraio 2004)
barrier,
F-shape
barrier,and
Jersey
barrier,
Jersey.........................................................................................
wall, K-rail,
Bibliography
97
jolly [ˈdʒɔlli] n. m. inv.
median barrier, New Jersey
median
barrier,
traffic barrier,
5. Colombia:
Including
a EC: jolly joker 1918 • gioc.
traffic
divider
Urs Watter
ciascuna delle due carte da gioco,
→ new jersey
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility presenti nei mazzi da 52 carte e
solitamente raffiguranti l’immagine
Hanno towards
cercato ditheir
stringermi
verso
il Abroad
Citizens
Living
........................................... 102
di un giullare, alla quale può essere
jersey, il separatore in cemento. È
attribuito il valore più conveniente
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
stato5.2inApplied
quel momento
che li ho
da parte del giocatore che la possiede
toccati, col muso del furgone. (CS 8
5.32007)
106il
coll. avere un jolly, giocare
luglio
jolly, pescare il jolly
sin. matta
jet [dʒɛt] n./agg. m. inv. EC: jet
tr. joker, wild card
5.5
“Colombia
nos
une”
......................................................................
109
helmet 1985 • trasp.
(riferito
a)
tipo
di
casco
privo
di
5.6 Alianza País ..................................................................................
Ma i jolly nel mazzo sono solo112
due
mentoniera che lascia scoperti occhi,
su cinquantaquattro carte. (LR 29
naso5.7
e bocca
Challenges ....................................................................................
114
dicembre 1984)
sin. Ø
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
tr. jet-helmet
b EC: jolly joker 1923 •
colpo di fortuna
Integrale
o jet,
entro la fine
dell’anno
Working
Together
for the
Well-being ofcoll.
Migrants
...........................
119il
pescare
il jolly, trovare
il casco
obbligatorio per tutti i
Barrysarà
Halliday
jolly
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
173
Table of Contents
The Human
Rights’
Approach
58
sin.3.4carta
vincente,
colpo
di ........................................................
e EC: jolly joker 1988 •
persona particolarmente socievole e
fortuna
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
allegra che anima feste ed eventi 59
tr. lucky break, lucky strike
coll. essere il jolly
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
sin. burlone
Questa volta, però, aveva pescato il
jolly, il calciatore capace di fare la
tr. buffoon, joker, practical joker,
4. The Ethics
Migration.
differenza.
(LR 1of
agosto
1989)
prankster, trickster
Sono i due jolly della serata,
andjolly
“Non-policies”
...........................................
61
c EC:
joker 1949 • in Italy and Europe
divertenti,
irriverenti, di grande
Laura
Zanfrini
persona
capace
di svolgere funzioni
effetto scenico. (LR 3 maggio 1996)
diverse o di coprire più ruoli a
4.1 Restrictive
for Immigrant
seconda
delle necessità
f EC: jolly
joker 1997Labour
• gioc... 65
coll.4.2fare
da jolly,
fungere da
lotterie e concorsi a premi basati
Initiatives
for Governing
jolly Migration: Labour Migration but notsuWorkers’
estrazioni, numero che può essere
Migration ............. 73
abbinato a una serie di numeri
sin. factotum, tuttofare
nella
combinazione
tr. all-round
substitute,
factotum,
4.3 From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcomecompresi
Guests ..................................
82
vincente e che garantisce comunque
jack-of-all-trades, utility player
87
una vincita
sin. numero jolly
Adesso
don Andrea
e don and
Davide
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
................................ 90
tr. bonus number
guidano le parrocchie di San
Bernardo
e San .........................................................................................
Bartolomeo e si
Bibliography
97
Il premio di seconda categoria andrà
occupano in particolare dei ragazzi e
appunto al ‘5+1’, vale a dire a chi
della catechesi; don Paolo, il più
Societies
of Origin
indovina
5 numeri
tra le sei.......
ruote101
più
anziano, fa da jolly e collabora in
Urs
Watter
il jolly, il primo estratto sulla ruota di
tutte e quattro le parrocchie. (LR 3
Venezia. (LR 5 settembre 1998)
marzo 2009)
towards
their
Citizens
g ...........................................
EC: jolly joker 2001 • tecn.102
d EC: jolly
joker
1988
• abb. Living Abroad
simbolo che può sostituire uno o104
più
maschera
carnevalesca
da
5.2 Applied
Ethics costituita
..............................................................................
caratteri e che viene solitamente
un costume colorato attillato e da un
utilizzato per cercare una parola
cappello
a più punte
adornate
con .........................................................
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
106
all’interno di un testo elettronico o
campanellini
Policydain Colombia
108
un motore di ricerca
coll.5.4 Migration
mascherarsi
jolly, ......................................................
sin. carattere jolly
vestirsi
da jolly nos une”......................................................................
5.5 “Colombia
109
tr. wild card
sin. giullare
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
tr. jester
Il volume descrive il funzionamento
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
dei principali motori di ricerca
La 5.7
stanzetta
del bambino
è piena di
italiani
e
internazionali,
i
termini
giochi
e pupazzi,.......................................................................................
ma non ha la
Bibliography
116
tecnici
come
gli
«operatori
finestra; alle pareti le sue foto di
booleani»,
i
caratteri
jolly
e
le
metacarnevale: quest’anno mascherato da
tipo di motore119
da
Working
Together
the Well-being
ofricerche,
Migrantsil ...........................
principe,
l’anno
scorso for
da jolly.
(LR
Barry Halliday
12 novembre
1995)
Monza/Italy
174
10
Table of Contents
utilizzare
e la
gestione
dei risultati.
3.4 The
Human
Rights’
Approach ........................................................ 58
(CS 14 agosto 2001)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
jumbo
tram .........................................................................................
(jumbotram,
Bibliography
60
jumbo-tram) [ˈdʒambo ˈtram,
4. The Ethics
Migration.
ˈdʒumbo
ˈtram]of n.
m. inv. CA
Reflections
1975
•• trasp. on Recent Migration Policies
in Italy
and Europe ........................................... 61
veicolo
tranviario più lungo
della
norma,
formato
da vagoni snodati e
Laura
Zanfrini
in grado di trasportare numerosi
passeggeri
sin. tram articolato, tram
snodato
tr. articulated tram
I difetti del jumbo tram di
ultimissima
generazione
sono
4.4 Selective
Policies
andsaltati
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
fuori dopo neanche un anno. (LR 30
4.5 Equal
maggio
2004) Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
175
Table of Contents
K
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Laura
Zanfrini
killer
[ˈkiller]
n. m./f. inv./-s SS
1934
crim. Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.1••••
Restrictive
assassino che uccide su commissione
Initiatives
coll.4.2
assoldare
unfor
killer
sin. sicario
tr. 4.3
hitFrom
man,
hired
assassin,
Guest
Workers
hatchet man
Niente che spieghi perché qualcuno
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities ................................ 90
abbia
assoldato
un killer
per
cancellare due vite e segnare
Bibliographyuna
.........................................................................................
97
definitivamente
terza. (LR 20
luglio 2000)
®
Urs Watter
K-Way
(K-way, k-way, Kway,
kway)
[kiˈwei,
kiˈwɛi,
keiˈwei,
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
keiˈwɛi]towards
n. m./f.their
inv.Citizens
MG 1981
• Abroad ........................................... 102
Living
abb.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
giacca a vento impermeabile molto
sottile
ripiegata
in unaand
tasca,
si ......................................................... 106
5.3 che,
Migration
Policy
Ethics
può portare allacciata in vita come
un marsupio
sin. (giacca) antivento
™
une”......................................................................
109
tr., 5.5 “Colombia
cagoule, nos
Pac-a-Mac
,
™
Windbreaker
windcheater
5.6 Alianza, País
.................................................................................. 112
5.7zaino
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
Nello
non devono
mancare una
k-way per fronteggiare una pioggia
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
improvvisa,
un cappellino
per evitare
colpi di sole e biancheria di
ricambio.
14 agostofor
2003)
Working(CS
Together
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
176
10
Table of Contents
L
addetto all’ascensore in alberghi58di
lusso ed edifici pubblici di grandi
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
dimensioni
sin.
addetto
all’ascensore
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tr. lift-boy
C’è effettivamente un momento della
giornata in cui professori, funzionari,
giornalisti,
impiegati, operai, magari
...........................................
61
Laura Zanfrini
il lift dell’albergo, chiedono scusa e
devono lasciarvi. (LR 6 aprile 1985)
leasing
[ˈlizin(g)]Policies
n. m. inv.
4.1 Restrictive
and DA
1970 ••• econ.
[ˈliftin(g)] n. m. inv.
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family andlifting
Humanitarian
contratto
di locazione
di un bene
Migration:diLabour
Migration
dietro pagamento
un canone,
con but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
a EC: face lifting 1946 •• cosm.
possibilità di riscatto del bene stesso
di chirurgia estetica 82
per
4.3 From
Guest Workers to Unwelcomeintervento
Guests ..................................
al termine
del contratto
eliminare
le
rughe
del
viso
e
del
coll.4.4fare
un leasing,
comprare
Selective
Policies
and theinBrain Drain............................................
collo mediante innalzamento 87e
leasing
tensione della pelle
................................ 90
sin.4.5
Ø Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
sin. ritidectomia
tr. lease
tr. face lift, face lifting
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
Per noleggiare quei benedetti tappeti
L’attrice, reduce da un miracoloso
5. Colombia:
in Their
abbiamo
fatto Including
un leasingEmigrants
di 36
lifting, aveva concesso un ballo ad
milioni.
6 agosto 1993)
Urs (CS
Watter
entrambi. (LR 10 settembre 1989)
5.1 State
Interest
and m./f.
Responsibility
liberty
[ˈliberti]
n./agg.
inv.
b EC: face lifting 1959 ••
........................................... 102
serie di modifiche e aggiornamenti
E: A.L. Liberty 1905 ••• arch.
apportati a un prodotto o a 104
una
(riferito
a) tendenza
artistica
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
situazione per migliorarne l’immagine
nell’architettura e nell’arredamento
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
106
caratterizzata
da Policy
linee curve
che .........................................................
sin. restyle, restyling, rinnovamento,
richiamano lo stile floreale
ristrutturazione
108
sin.5.4
artMigration
nouveau Policy in Colombia ......................................................
tr. restyle, restyling
tr. art
modern
style
→ restyling
5.5nouveau,
“Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
Ne 5.6
nacque
una bella
cittadella tra il
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
Questa Italia di plastica ha bisogno
liberty e il moresco, con un elegante
di lifting finanziari continui, o
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
stabilimento
balneare
e
un
almeno di specchi che ingigantiscano
lungomare di discreti villini. (CS 6
le dimensioni, un po’ come quelli
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
agosto 2003)
delle toilette di Harrods. (LR 11
aprile 2005)
Working
for the
of Migrants ........................... 119
lift
[lift] n.Together
m. inv. EC:
liftWell-being
boy
Barry Halliday
1902 • prof.
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
177
Table of Contents
The Human
58
longseller (long seller, longlive3.4[laiv]
n. m. Rights’
inv. EC:Approach
live ........................................................
seller) [lon(g)ˈsɛller] n. m. inv./-s
concert
1975 • mus.
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
CA 1980 •
60
sin.Bibliography
concerto (dal.........................................................................................
vivo)
prodotto che si vende in grandi
tr. live act, live concert
quantità e per un periodo di tempo
molto lungo
Per Reflections
invogliare laon
gente
ad
andare
ai
sin. Ø
concerti, bisogna darle spazi
tr. long-term
best seller
...........................................
61
adeguati dove un live si possa vedere
Laura
Zanfrini
e ascoltare bene. (LR 12 ottobre
concerto dal vivo
In ogni caso un premio speciale va
2008)
dato aforun
long-seller.
(LR
Immigrant
Labour
.. 658
dicembre 1990)
4.2 Initiatives
living
[ˈlivin(g)] for
n. Governing
m. inv. EC:
Migration:
Workers’
Migration(look-maker,
............. 73
maker
living room
1986 •Labour
arch. Migration but notlook
[ ˈ luk ˈmeiker, ˈ 82
luk
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomelookmaker)
Guests ..................................
sin. soggiorno
ˈmɛker] n. m./f. inv./-s CA 1986 •
tr. 4.4
living-room,
lounge,and
lounge
Selective Policies
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
abb. prof.
room, sitting room
chi si occupa
di curare l’immagine90di
................................
soggiorno
()
()
un personaggio pubblico
Vorrei
un appartamento
con un bel
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
sin. consulente d’immagine 97
living arioso. (LS 28 marzo 2003)
tr. image maker
loft
[lɔft] n. m. inv. EC:
Morti i look maker, gli artisti oggi
Urs Watter
apartment loft, converted loft,
ignorano la magia del palco e
loft5.1
conversion
SS 1974
arch.
State Interest
and ••
Responsibility
tralasciano quel pizzico di teatralità
elegantetowards
appartamento
o ufficio
che
invece è indispensabile. (LS
25
their Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
ricavato dalla ristrutturazione di
febbraio 2007)
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
capannoni
industriali
o solai,
™
costituito da un unico locale molto
Luna Park (lunapark, 106
luna
Migration
Policy and
Ethics .........................................................
alto5.3
senza
pareti divisorie
e spesso
park,
luna-park)
[lunaˈpark]
n.
m.
corredato di soppalco
108
inv. MG 1911 ••
sin. Ø
parco
divertimenti,
solitamente
tr. apartment
loft, nos
converted
loft,
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
collocato
in
uno
spazio
aperto,
dotato
loft conversion
di giostre e attrazioni di vario genere
5.6 Alianza País ..................................................................................
112
→ open space
sin. parco (dei/di) divertimenti
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
tr. amusement park, fun fair 114
Le puntate della serie sono 40 e
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
seguono
le avventure
di tre amici che
Sullo sfondo si accendono le luci del
convivono in un loft e sono alla
luna park natalizio. (LS 17 dicembre
disperata
di for
unthequarto
Working ricerca
Together
Well-being of2003)
Migrants ........................... 119
coinquilino
con cui dividere le spese.
Barry Halliday
(LR 3 agosto 2008)
Monza/Italy
178
10
M
Table of Contents
58
minibar (mini bar, mini-bar)
[miniˈbar] n./agg. m. inv. 59
SS
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
1986 • alim. trasp.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
(riferito a) carrello, solitamente
utilizzato sui treni, per trasportare
bevande e cibi preconfezionati da
vendere ai passeggeri
sin............................................
Ø
61
tr.
bar-cart
service, food trolley,
Laura
Zanfrini
mail [meil] n. f. inv. EC:
refreshment(s) trolley, trolley
electronic
mail, e-mail
•••
4.1 Restrictive
Policies1991
and Structural
Demand
servicefor Immigrant Labour .. 65
tecn.
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family andI Humanitarian
messaggio
inviatofortramite
posta
viaggiatori si troveranno così
Migration: Labour Migration but notsprovvisti
Workers’diMigration
73
elettronica
ristorante.............
e carrelli
minibar. (LR 8 marzo 1986)
sin.
messaggio
(di
posta
elettronica)
minibasket (mini basket, minitr. 4.4e-mail,
Selectivee-mail
Policiesmessage,
87
electronic mail
basket) [miniˈbasket] n. m. inv.
CA 1964 • sport
I truffatori scrivono ai clienti una
disciplina sportiva, simile 97
alla
Bibliography .........................................................................................
mail camuffata da messaggio
pallacanestro, praticata da bambini e
ufficiale di posta elettronica della
ragazzi con regole semplificate e
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
banca
e li invitano
a digitare
dati
canestro collocato a un’altezza
Urs Watter
personali
e password per accedere a
inferiore
un
concorso
particolarmente
sin. Ø
5.1 State
and Responsibility
attraente.
(LS Interest
29 settembre
2003)
tr............................................
biddy basketball
102
→
basket, minivolley
match
ball
(match-ball,
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
matchball) [mɛtʃˈbɔl, ˈmɛtʃbɔl] n.
Momenti di tensione anche nel
106
palazzetto dello sport di Fossombrone,
m. 5.3
inv.Migration
SS 1984 ••Policy
sport and Ethics .........................................................
che
è
stato
sgomberato
mentre
era
in 5.4
varieMigration
disciplinePolicy
sportive,
punto
in Colombia ...................................................... 108in
corso un torneo di minibasket. (LR 17
decisivo ottenendo il quale è
dicembre 1987)
possibile
aggiudicarsinos
l’incontro
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
sin. match point, palla decisiva,
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
palla
dell’incontro,
punto
minimarket [miniˈmarket]112n.
decisivo
m. inv. CA 1976 •
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
tr. match point
negozio, solitamente di piccole
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116di
dimensioni e con un assortimento
Abbiamo
sprecato
il
primo
merce ridotto, presso il quale si
matchball,
ma
ne
resta
un
altro.
(LR
di prima necessità
Working Together for the Well-being ofacquistano
Migrantsgeneri
...........................
119
4 giugno 2007)
e
alimentari
Barry Halliday
sin. minimercato
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
179
Table of Contents
Svanito l’incubo della retrocessione,
58
tr. minimart
è possibile che i mister rinuncino
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
alle barricate per l’inutile punticino
La 3.5
scorsa
notte il loro
minimarket è
in trasferta. (LR 25 agosto 2003)
stato completamente distrutto dalle
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
fiamme. (LR 18 aprile 2008)
4. The Ethics(mini
of Migration.
minivolley
volley, mini-
mobbing [ˈmɔbbin(g)] n. m. inv.
SS 1988 sved. ••• prof.
persecuzione ed emarginazione nei
volley) [miniˈvɔllei] n. m. inv.
...........................................
confronti
di una o più persone61
da
CA 1985 • sport
Laura Zanfrini
parte di un gruppo specialmente in
disciplina sportiva simile alla
un ambiente di lavoro o in una
pallavolo
praticata Policies
da bambini
e
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
comunità
ragazzi con regole semplificate e rete
Ø
collocata
a un’altezza
4.2 Initiatives
forinferiore
Governing Family andsin.
Humanitarian
bullying,
sin. Ø Migration: Labour Migration but nottr.Workers’
Migration harassment,
............. 73
victimization
tr. biddy volleyball
4.3 From Guest
Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
→ minibasket,
volley
In questo caso, il mobbing si
87
manifesta con continue vessazioni
Una cinquantina di squadre di volley
sul dipendente, o aumenti del carico
sparse
città,Opportunity
due, tremilaand
ragazzi
4.5 in
Equal
di lavoro, ................................
per indurlo a gettare90la
che ogni anno scendono in palestra
spugna. (LR 14 febbraio 2004)
.........................................................................................
97
per Bibliography
un gigantesco
torneo di
minivolley. (LR 19 febbraio 1985)
mobility manager (mobility5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
manager) [moˈbiliti ˈmɛnadʒer,
miss
n. f. inv. SS 1985 •
Urs[mis]
Watter
moˈbiliti ˈmanadʒer] n. m. inv.
cin.
ragazza che fa parte del mondo dello
CA 1994 • prof.
towards
their in
Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
spettacolo
e compare
trasmissioni
figura
professionale interna102a
televisive
un’azienda incaricata di organizzare
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
gli spostamenti dei dipendenti
sin. showgirl, valletta
sin.
responsabile
logistico,
tr. glamour
girl, showgirl
5.3 Migration
106
responsabile della logistica
→ girl
108
tr. transport planner
Non5.5
mancano
le ballerine
del varietà,
“Colombia
nos une”
...................................................................... 109
Il decreto, ignorato da tutti, obbliga
e le miss poco vestite. (LR 15 luglio
aziende con almeno 300 dipendenti
1987)
5.6 Alianza País ..................................................................................
112a
nominare il proprio mobility
5.7 Challenges
manager con il compito 114di
mister
[ˈmister] ....................................................................................
n. m. inv. SS
predisporre il piano di gestione degli
1951
•• sport .......................................................................................
Bibliography
spostamenti dei dipendenti e116
dei
specialmente nel calcio, allenatore di
propri clienti. (LR 18 novembre
una
squadra Together for the Well-being of2008)
Working
Migrants ........................... 119
sin.Barry
allenatore,
coach, trainer
Halliday
tr. coach, trainer
Monza/Italy
180
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The Human[mon(t)ˈgɔmeri]
Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
montgomery
n. m.
E: B.L.......................................................................................
Montgomery
3.5 inv.
Conclusion
59
1953 •• abb.
Bibliography
60
giaccone
sportivo .........................................................................................
di lana lungo fino
alle ginocchia, fornito di cappuccio e
con
la chiusura
di corda e
4. The
Ethicsdiofalamari
Migration.
cuoio
e
bottoni
ovali
sin.and
Ø “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
tr. duffel coat, duffle coat
Laura Zanfrini
→ trench
Da Trussardi la novità è la pelliccia
Initiatives
di 4.2
camoscio,
fattafordaGoverning
migliaia di
piccoli Migration:
dischi e il Labour
montgomery
con but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Migration
bottoni di lucertola intrecciata. (CS 2
4.3 From
febbraio
2004)Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
N
181
Table of Contents
58
median barrier, traffic barrier,
traffic divider
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
→ jersey
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Diciotto giorni dopo il nubifragio,
nove strade sono sbarrate dai
newjersey. (LR 4 settembre 2001
...........................................
61
new
opening (new-opening)
Laura Zanfrini
[ˈnju ˈopenin(g), ˈnju ˈɔpenin(g)]
4.1
Restrictive
Policies
and
Structural
Demand
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
n. m./f.for
inv./-s
CA 1993
• econ.
[naddzisˈkin, nattsisˈkin] n. m./f.
nuova
o
prossima
apertura
di
inv./-s
EC: Nazi-skinhead
1989
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family andun’attività
Humanitarian
commerciale
••• crim.
Migration: Labour Migration but notsin.
Workers’
73
nuovaMigration
apertura,.............
prossima
giovane appartenente a bande
apertura
teppistiche
e razziste
4.3 From violente
Guest Workers
tr. opening soon
riconoscibile dai capelli rasati e
the Brain Drain............................................
87
dall’abbigliamento
di tipoand
militare
→ next opening
naziskin (nazi skin, nazi-skin)
con accessori in pelle nera
Equal
Opportunity
Tira aria ................................
di crisi ma in 90
via
sin.4.5
skin,
skinhead,
testa rasata
Montenapo
e
dintorni
le
boutique
tr. Bibliography
Nazi-skinhead,
neo-Nazi
......................................................................................... 97si
rinnovano e se ne aprono di nuove.
skinhead, skinhead
In vista della settimana della moda
→
5. skin
Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
l’elenco delle “new opening” arriva a
dieci. (LR 17 settembre 2008)
Poi comparve un tipo con la testa
rapata
naziskin.
gennaio
5.1alla
State
Interest(LR
and23Responsibility
next opening (next-opening)
2004) towards their Citizens Living Abroad
........................................... 102
[ˈnɛkst ˈopenin(g), ˈnɛkst ˈɔpenin(g)]
Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
new5.2jersey
(new-jersey,
newjersey)
n. m./f. inv./-s CA 2005 • econ. 104
nuova o prossima apertura di
[n(j)uˈdʒɛrsi,
n(j)uˈdʒørsi]
inv. .........................................................
5.3 Migration
Policy n.
andm.Ethics
106
un’attività commerciale
EC: New Jersey median barrier T:
sin. nuova apertura, prossima
5.4
Migration
108
New
Jersey
1992 • trasp.
apertura
barriera di cemento armato usata
5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
109
tr. opening soon
come spartitraffico in strade e
→ new opening
autostrade
5.6 Alianza País ..................................................................................
112
sin. barriera di sicurezza,
Già al lavoro gli operai nell’ex 114
Coin
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
spartitraffico
di via Ruggero Settimo per il next
tr. concrete barrier, concrete
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116di
opening della catena spagnola
median barrier, concrete step
abbigliamento
Zara.
(LR
12
barrier, F-shape barrier, Jersey
novembre
2005)
barrier, Jersey wall, K-rail,
Barry Halliday
median
barrier, New Jersey
Monza/Italy
182
10
Table of Contents
con finalità commerciali. (LR 58
28
3.4 The
Human
night
[nait]
n. m.Rights’
inv./-sApproach
EC: ........................................................
aprile 2005)
night
1960 •••......................................................................................
ses.
3.5club
Conclusion
59
locale notturno con musica in cui si
no
stop
(no-stop)
[noˈstɔp]
n./agg.
Bibliography
60
assiste
a spettacoli.........................................................................................
dal vivo di vario
m./f. inv. A: non-stop 1959 ••
genere e spogliarelli
(riferito a) attività, lavoro o viaggio
sin.
night
club,of sexy
bar, strip
4. The
Ethics
Migration.
che prosegue senza interruzione
club,
topless bar,
Reflections
ontopless
Recentclub
Migration Policies
sin. senza sosta
tr. and
night“Non-policies”
club, strip club,
in topless
Italy and Europe
........................................... 61
tr. non-stop
bar,Laura
topless
cabaret, topless club
Zanfrini
→ sexy bar, sexy show
La manifestazione proseguirà per
Immigrant
tutto il for
pomeriggio
conLabour
musica.. 65
noA causare il disastro un’autobomba
stop, lancio goliardico e simbolico di
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family andgavettoni
Humanitarian
piazzata
davanti a for
un night.
(LR 13
e distribuzione di pizze e
Labour Migration but notbevande.
Workers’
gennaioMigration:
2002)
(LRMigration
30 maggio.............
2008) 73
notes [ˈnɔtes] n. m. inv. EC:
4.4 m./f.
Selective
Policies
87
block notes 1905 fr. •
n./agg.
inv. CA
2001 ••••
no global (no-global) [noˈglɔbal]
blocco per appunti con fogli
(riferito a) chi fa parte di movimenti
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
staccabili ................................ 90
contrari
al processo
di globalizzazione
culturale,
economica.........................................................................................
e politica
sin. blocco (per appunti), taccuino
Bibliography
97
sin. antiglobale
tr. desk pad, jotter, notebook,
tr.
anti-globalist,
antinotepad,
pad, of
tablet,
writing
Societies
Origin
....... pad
101
globalization protester, anti→
block
notes
Urs Watter
globalization protestor
→ global
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Sono intenti a firmare autografi nelle
copertine di dischi, nei notes, nelle
...........................................
102
magliette.
Fuori dal Palazzo blindatissimo, i
“no5.2
global”
hanno
iniziato
la loro
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
nude look (nude-look) [(ˈ)n(j)ud
manifestazione. (LR 4 ottobre 2003)
106
ˈluk] n. m. inv. CA 1966 fr. •• abb.
no 5.4
profit
(no-profit) [noˈprɔfit]
stile di capo d’abbigliamento
Migration Policy in Colombia ......................................................
108
n./agg. m./f. inv. A: non-profit
trasparente, sia femminile che
5.5••“Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
109il
maschile, che lascia intravedere
1990
econ.
corpo
(riferito a) tipo di organizzazione o
Paísscopo
..................................................................................
112
ente5.6
cheAlianza
opera senza
di lucro
sin. Ø
sin.5.7
senza
scopo di....................................................................................
lucro
tr. see-through clothing, sheer
Challenges
114
tr. non-profit, non-profitmaking,
clothing, transparent clothing
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
not-for-profit
Ma c’è anche qualche tocco di
ad esempio nella blusa a
Working
for the
Well-being
ofmalizia,
Migrants
........................... 119
La
nostra èTogether
una no-profit.
Non
ha
coste in nude look che spalanca la
niente
a
che
vedere
col
commercio
o
Barry Halliday
vista del seno. (LR 22 gennaio 1987)
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
183
Table of Contents
n./agg. m./f. inv. CA SS 1984 58
•••
arch.
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
(riferito a) tipo di ampio ambiente
O
interno separato in vani da componenti
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
d’arredo e non da pareti
sin. Ø
tr. open-plan, open-plan apartment,
open-plan loft, open-plan office
........................................... 61
→ loft
Zanfrini
off Laura
[ɔf] agg.
m./f. inv. SS 1967 •
I reparti non erano divisi, era come
riferito
a tipo diPolicies
spettacolo
o
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
un open space. (LR 23 novembre
manifestazione artistica d’avanguardia
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family and2006)
Humanitarian
solitamente
propostafor
fuori
dai circuiti
commerciali
optional [ˈɔpʃonal, ˈɔptsjonal] n.
sin. d’avanguardia, sperimentale
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomem.
Guests
..................................
82
tr. fringe
inv./-s
EC: optional extra
1967 •••
87
Il film racconta avventure e
accessorio
ottenibile
con
il
disavventure,
e private,
di
4.5 Equal pubbliche
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
90
pagamento................................
di un sovrapprezzo
un gruppo di teatranti impegnati
rispetto al prezzo di base
Bibliography
97
nella
realizzazione.........................................................................................
di uno spettacolo
sin. accessorio, extra
off, in una delle tante cantine
tr. accessory, extra, optional
romane.
(LR 3 giugno
2006) Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
5. Colombia:
Including
Urs Watter
office [ˈɔffis] n. m./f. inv. SS
5.1fr.State
1933
• arch.
extra, optional feature
→ full optional
Un impianto stereo, il cruise control
Citizens fra
Living
102
locale ditowards
serviziotheir
e disimpegno
la Abroad
e ...........................................
i sedili riscaldabili rappresentano
cucina e la sala da pranzo di cui sono
solo
alcuni
degli
optional
disponibili.
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
solitamente dotati ristoranti, alberghi
(LR 23 luglio 2003)
e appartamenti
lussuosi
5.3 Migration
sin.
ripostiglio,
dispensa,
organizer [orgaˈnaizer] n. m.
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia ...................................................... 108
disimpegno,
locale
di servizio
inv./-s EC: personal organizer
tr. pantry, butler’s pantry
1992 •
5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
109
taccuino o dispositivo elettronico di
Il bagno,
lo studio
dentistico,
la sala
5.6 Alianza
País
..................................................................................
112
piccole dimensioni nel quale possono
da pranzo, la cucina e l’office danno
essere annotati impegni giornalieri,
verso
est; a nord
si trova il
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
indirizzi e numeri di telefono
guardaroba. (LR 5 marzo 2006)
sin. agenda, agenda elettronica
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
tr. personal organizer
open
space
(open-space,
Working Together
forɔpensˈpeis]
openspace)
[opensˈpeis,
Non è un’agenda elettronica o un
Barry Halliday
“organizer” come si dice in gergo,
Monza/Italy
184
10
Table of Contents
ma 3.4
unoThe
deiHuman
più piccoli
Rights’personal
Approach ........................................................ 58
computer in circolazione, con tanto
3.5 Conclusion
59
di video
e tastiera.......................................................................................
(LR 14 luglio
1992)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
outing [ˈautin(g)] n. m. inv. DA
1991 fr. ••
dichiarazione pubblica in cui si
in Italy and
manifesta
la propria appartenenza
a Europe ........................................... 61
Zanfrini tradizionalmente
una Laura
categoria
discriminata
coll. fare outing
sin.4.2
coming
out for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Initiatives
tr. coming
out
4.3 From
Guest Workers
L’outing
è praticato
correntemente
negli Stati Uniti e soprattutto in Gran
4.4 Selective
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Bretagna,
dove laPolicies
stampa and
popolare
rilancia e amplifica le rivelazioni
delle organizzazioni omosessuali.
(LRBibliography
13 marzo 1999)
......................................................................................... 97
oversound
over
5. Colombia:(over-sound,
Including Emigrants
sound)
[overˈsaund, ɔverˈsaund]
Urs Watter
n. m. inv. CA 1989 • cin.
5.1 State
Interest and
tecnica
di doppiaggio
cheResponsibility
consiste
towards latheir
Living
nel sovrappone
voceCitizens
al parlato
di Abroad ........................................... 102
un film o di un documentario
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
mantenendo
in sottofondo
l’audio in
lingua
5.3originale
Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
sin. speakeraggio
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia ...................................................... 108
tr. off-screen
voice,
voice-over
→ speaker e
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
È meglio
iniziarePaís
da piccoli:
messi di
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112
fronte a un film in lingua straniera
con5.7traduzione
oversound i
Challengesin....................................................................................
114
bambini non fanno una piega. (LR
Bibliography
13 gennaio
2010) ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
185
Table of Contents
58
peeling [ˈpilin(g)] n. m. inv. DA
P
SS 1970 •• cosm.
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
trattamento estetico che mediante
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
sostanze abrasive elimina le cellule
superficiali dell’epidermide
sin. dermoabrasione
tr. body-peel, exfoliation, faceReflections on Recent Migration Policies
peel,
peel, scrub, scrubbing 61
...........................................
palmer [ˈpalmer] n. m. inv. E: J.
Laura Zanfrini
Per una pelle luminosa a regola
Palmer 1918 • sport trasp.
d’arte valgono alcune strategie di
pneumatico
tubolare
solitamente
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
utilizzato per biciclette da corsa
cura che vanno dai leggeri peeling
per togliere le cellule morte all’uso
Initiatives
for Governing
sin.4.2
pneumatico
tubolare,
tubolare Family anddiHumanitarian
prodotti che
nutrono e.............
“fissano”
Labour
Migration
Workers’
Migration
73il
tr. cordMigration:
tire, cord tyre,
tubular
tire, but notcolore.
(LS 28 agosto 2003)
tubular
tyre, tubular
4.3 From
personal [ˈpɛrsonal] n. m. inv.
Niente
motori, la Policies
strada a and
risuonare
4.4 Selective
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
EC: personal computer 1982 •
del rumore dei palmer, dei ricoperti,
tecn.
Equal da
Opportunity
and (LR
................................ 90
dei 4.5
battistrada
mountain bike.
elaboratore elettronico di piccole
6 settembre 2003)
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
dimensioni
sin. personal computer, PC
Societies
of OriginPC
....... 101
tr. personal
computer,
AD EC: parking garage, parking
Urs Watter
lot 1985 fr. • arch.
Noi mandiamo a casa il modem e un
area5.1
all’aperto
o al coperto,
anche
State Interest
and Responsibility
dischetto per configurare il personal.
distribuita su più piani, riservata alla
(LR
16 febbraio 2004)
...........................................
102
parking [ˈparkin(g)] n. m. inv.
sosta delle automobili
sin.5.2 Applied
autosilo,
Ethics parcheggio,
.............................................................................. 104
petting [ˈpɛttin(g)] n. m. inv.
parcheggio multipiano, posteggio
5.3
Migration
Policy
and
Ethics
.........................................................
EC:
heavy petting 1951 •• ses.106
tr. car park, parking garage,
scambio
di effusioni amorose che
parking
lot
5.4 Migration
108
precedono o sostituiscono l’atto
→ box 1a
sessuale completo
5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
109
sin. preliminari
Nel prologo, ammirevole per grazia e
tr. foreplay, heavy petting 112
5.6 Alianza
Paísal..................................................................................
inventiva,
si assiste
gioco del caso
che5.7mette
in relazione
i due
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
Perciò noi, nella terapia della coppia,
sconosciuti: un portafoglio rubato a
insegniamo
appunto
ciò
che
viene
lei Bibliography
e ritrovato dall’uomo
in un
.......................................................................................
116
chiamato
petting,
scientificamente
parking. (LR 21 maggio 2009)
denominato focalizzazione sensoriale.
Working Together for the Well-being of(LR
Migrants
119
28 agosto...........................
1988)
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
186
10
Table of Contents
3.4 Thecenter
Human (phone-center,
Rights’ Approach ........................................................
58
sin. Ø
phone
tr. fleece
phonecenter,
phone
centre,
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
phone-centre, phonecentre) [ˈfon
Occorre un abbigliamento che
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
prevede tuta da sci, o se preferito
ˈsɛnter, ˈfɔn ˈsɛnter] n. m. inv./-s
pantaloni di pile e giubbotto
CA 1988 ••
antivento, guanti da sci e scarponcini
locale pubblico, dotato di cabine
da trekking. (CS 29 gennaio 2004)
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
telefoniche
e computer
collegati
alla
Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
rete,and
in “Non-policies”
cui si possono ineffettuare
b SS 1985 • abb.
chiamate
tariffe vantaggiose
Lauraa Zanfrini
indumento sportivo confezionato con
sin. punto telefonico
materiale
molto
soffice
4.1
Restrictive
Policies
and
Structural
Demand
forsintetico
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65al
tr. cybercafé, internet café
tatto
e
dalle
proprietà
→ internet
bar, internet
point Family andtermoregolatrici
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Humanitariane idrorepellenti
Ø
Migration: Labour Migration but notsin.
Workers’
Migration ............. 73
Sarà la prossima mossa a sorpresa
tr. fleece jacket
dei 4.3
phone
center
nostrani,
che,tocon
From
Guest
Workers
un occhio all’integrazione razziale e
Quando si è allontanata indossava un
4.4 Selective
Policies
the Brain Drain............................................
l’altro
ben aperto
sul and
business
pile di colore verde oliva, 87
con
immigrati, offrono telefoni pubblici a
chiusura a zip, un paio di jeans con
4.5prezzo.
Equal(LR
Opportunity
................................ 90
basso
28 luglio 2000)
un foulard variegato rosa e, a
tracolla, una borsa di nylon color
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
nocciola con cerniera e sul davanti
pick up (pick-up) [piˈkap] n. m.
due taschine ugualmente con
inv.
EC: pick-up
truck 1931
••
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
Origin
....... 101
cerniera.
(LR 30ofmaggio
2006)
trasp.
Urs Watter
furgone o fuoristrada per il trasporto
plaid [plɛd, pleid] n. m. inv./-s
State Interest
di 5.1
piccoli
carichi and
con Responsibility
cassone
SS...........................................
1757 ••
scopertotowards
e spondetheir
basseCitizens Living Abroad
102
coperta di lana, solitamente di colore
sin.
furgoncino,
furgone,
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
vivace, con frange alle estremità104
fuoristrada
sin. coperta
tr. pick-up
truck Policy and Ethics .........................................................
5.3 Migration
106
tr. blanket, cover
Come
un Policy
pick upinpieno
di
5.4risultato,
Migration
Colombia
...................................................... 108
Forse per questo nessuno ha fatto
civili armati si è messo a caccia dei
5.5 “Colombia
nosdella
une”......................................................................
109e
caso a quell’uomo riverso per terra
presunti
disturbatori
quiete
coperto fino alla testa con un plaid
cittadina. (CS 21 novembre 2003)
5.6 Alianza País ..................................................................................
112
marrone, che stava così da almeno
una settimana. (LR 13 gennaio 2001)
pile5.7
[pail]
n. m. inv./-s
Challenges
.................................................................................... 114
play [plei] n. m./f. inv. EC:
Bibliography
a SS
1985 • abb........................................................................................ 116
playmaker 1984 •• sport
tessuto di materiale sintetico molto
specialmente
nella pallacanestro,
Working
for the
Well-being of Migrants ...........................
119
soffice
al Together
tatto e dalle
proprietà
giocatore
particolarmente
dotato nel
termoregolatrici
e idrorepellenti
Barry Halliday
controllo del pallone che ha il
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
187
Table of Contents
compito
di Human
guidare Rights’
l’attaccoApproach
della
specialmente nella pallacanestro,
3.4 The
........................................................
58
propria squadra impostando lo
giocatore particolarmente dotato nel
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
schema
di gioco
controllo del pallone che ha59il
compito di guidare l’attacco della
sin.Bibliography
guardia, playmaker,
regista
.........................................................................................
60
propria squadra impostando lo
tr. (point) guard
schema di gioco
→ playmaker
sin. guardia, play, regista
on Recent
Migration
Policies
tr. (point) guard
NonReflections
sarà un anziano,
non
sarà
Italy
and Europe
61
necessariamente
un play in
puro,
sarà
→ ...........................................
play
sicuramente
un atleta vero ed un
Laura Zanfrini
L’esigenza di trovare un playmaker
giocatore capace di portare punti,
in grado
di offrire Labour
qualità .. 65
alla
4.1 come
Restrictive
Demand
for Immigrant
anche
primaPolicies
punta. and
(LR Structural
28
squadra ha dato vita alla ricerca di un
dicembre 2008)
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andgiocatore
Humanitarian
con
le
giuste
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Workers’
Migration
.............
73
caratteristiche.
(LR
18
ottobre
2001)
playback (play back, play-back)
4.3 From
Guest Workers
to SS
Unwelcomeplayout
Guests ..................................
82
[ˈpleibɛk,
pleiˈbɛk]
n. m. inv.
(play out, play-out)
1942
mus. Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.4•••
Selective
[pleˈjaut] n. m. inv. CA 1985 ••
specialmente
nelle
trasmissioni
sport
televisive,
tecnica
che permette
di
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities ................................ 90
nei tornei sportivi a squadre, fase
mandare in onda un brano musicale
finale del campionato in cui 97le
Bibliographyregistrato,
.........................................................................................
precedentemente
mentre il
squadre
classificatesi
ultime
cantante simula l’esecuzione in
disputano incontri a eliminazione
diretta
diretta per stabilire quali andranno a
coll.Urs
cantare
Watterin playback
fare parte della serie inferiore nella
sin. Ø
stagione successiva
tr. 5.1lip-synchronization,
lipsin. Ø
towards
their Citizensmime,
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
synch(ing),
lip-sync(hing),
tr. Ø
miming
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
La stagione calcistica (mancano
Certo,
se pensiamo
che and
poi Ethics
tutti ......................................................... 106
5.3 Migration
Policy
ancora uno spareggio in A, due
questi artisti arriveranno per svolgere
giornate di B e i playoff e i playout
un semplice
passaggio
promozionale,
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia ......................................................
di C) si concluderà con quasi108
150
ovviamente in playback tranne,
arresti. (LR 26 maggio 2003)
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
...................................................................... 109
speriamo,
qualche
prestigiosa
eccezione, il fascino di questa
5.6 Alianza
Paísquasi
..................................................................................
pocket [ˈpɔket] n. m. inv./-s112
EC:
kermesse
scompare
del tutto.
(LR5.7
19 Challenges
febbraio 1995)
pocket
book
1985
••
.................................................................................... 114
libro dal formato ridotto che può
essere riposto in una tasca
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
playmaker
(play
maker, play-
sin. tascabile
maker) [(ˈ)plei ˈmeiker, (ˈ)plei
pocket book,
pocket-size book
Working Together for the Well-being oftr.Migrants
...........................
119
ˈmɛker] n. m./f. inv./-s CA 1964
Barry Halliday
••• sport
Monza/Italy
188
10
Table of Contents
Così3.4il The
tascabile,
il tanto
bistrattato
Human
Rights’
Approach ........................................................
58
tr. pole position
pocket, si prende la rivincita sul
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Per realizzare la pole ci vorrà un giro
sussiegoso
hard cover,
il libro
da Superman. (CS 29 settembre
rilegato. (LR 6 maggio 1989)
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
2003)
poker [ˈpɔker] n. m. inv.
b EC: pole position 1990 ••
posizione privilegiata o vantaggiosa
Reflections
a SS
1905 • gioc.
coll.
essere in pole
nel and
gioco“Non-policies”
del poker, combinazione
di
in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
sin.
pole position, posizione
quattro
carte
dello
stesso
valore,
Laura Zanfrini
privilegiata, prima posizione,
inferiore solamente alla scala reale
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
primo posto,
vantaggio
sin.4.1
tr.
advantage
position,
tr. four of a kind, fours
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andadvantaged
Humanitarianposition, leading
→ full a
Migration: Labour Migration but notposition,
73
privileged.............
position,
Vincere sarebbe come fare poker o
vantage position
4.3reale.
From
Guest
Workers
scala
(LR
17 ottobre
1992)to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Sempre in pole per la guida 87
del
b SS 1980 ••
partito, ma il traguardo non si vede.
qualsiasi
insieme
o combinazione
di
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
(LR 22 ottobre
2008)
quattro elementi
......................................................................................... 97
sin.Bibliography
quartetto, quaterna
pony [ˈpɔni] n. m. inv. EC: Pony
tr. foursome, quartet
™
Express
1987of• Origin
prof. ....... 101
5. full
Colombia:
Including Emigrants in Their
Societies
→
b
specialmente nelle grandi città,
Urs Watter
fattorino che si occupa di recapitare
Per parecchi anni la crescita
rapidamente la corrispondenza o
dell’economia
americana
ha tratto
5.1 State Interest
and Responsibility
piccoli
pacchi muovendosi 102in
vantaggio
da
un
poker
di
elementi.
...........................................
motorino o motocicletta
(LR 23 ottobre 2006)
sin. Ø
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
tr.
(motorbike,
motorcycle)
pole
pɔl] n. Policy
f. inv. and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.3[pol,
Migration
courier
→ Pony Express™
5.4
Migration
Policy
in
Colombia
......................................................
108
a EC: pole position 1978 •••
sport
La Corte di Cassazione dovrà prima
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
109o
solitamente
nelle garenos
automobilistiche
poi dire una parola definitiva: chiarire se
o motociclistiche,
posizione di
5.6 Alianza Paísla..................................................................................
112
per la legge italiana i pony sono davvero
partenza più vantaggiosa assegnata al
nuova imprenditorialità o solo una
corridore
che ha ottenuto
il miglior
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
riverniciatura di quello che si chiamava
tempo nei giri di prova
lavoro nero. (LR 27 giugno 1987) 116
Bibliography .......................................................................................
coll. essere in pole, guadagnarsi la
pole, partire in pole, realizzare la
Pony Express™ (pony express,
pole
pony-express) [ˈpɔni ˈɛ(k)spres]
Halliday
sin.Barry
pole position
n. m. inv. MG 1984 •• prof.
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
189
Table of Contents
specialmente
nelle Rights’
grandi Approach
città,
3.4 The Human
........................................................
58
pressing
fattorino che si occupa di recapitare
sin. pressione
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
rapidamente
la corrispondenza
o
tr. pressing game, pressing
piccoli pacchi muovendosi in
tactics, pressure
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
motocicletta
→ forcing a
sin. Ø
4. The(motorbike,
tr.
motorcycle)
Primo tempo di rara bruttezza, con
courier
molti errori nei disimpegni e poca
...........................................
61
→ pony
voglia
di fare pressing, sotto un sole
Laura Zanfrini
quasi estivo. (LR 9 maggio 2005)
Nel filmato si vede una signora che,
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
uscendo
di casa, trova
le and
cassette
b SS 1984 •••
postali
traboccanti for
di pubblicità
il
forte e continua che mira a
4.2 Initiatives
Governinge Family
andpressione
Humanitarian
portone assediato da portalettere e
ottenere
determinati
risultati
Labour
Migration
............. 73
pony Migration:
express che
cercano
di but notcoll.
fare pressing
consegnarle
materiale
vario.
(LS
18
forcing,
pressione
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomesin.
Guests
..................................
82
marzo 2003)
tr. pressure
87
→ forcing b
power
drink (power-drink)
90
Intanto i ................................
sindacati tornano a fare
[ˈpawer ˈdrink] n. m. inv./-s CA
pressing sul governo. (LR 23 maggio
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
1994
• bev.
2008)
bevanda stimolante arricchita con
amminoacidi
e vitamine
5. Colombia:
pull [pul] n. m. inv. EC: pullover
sin.Urs
energy
drink, smart drink
Watter
1973 • abb.
tr. energy drink, smart drink
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility maglia con le maniche lunghe, di
lana
o altro tessuto, che si indossa
Si chiamano
smart
o power
towards
theirdrinks
Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
solitamente sopra la camicia
drinks, sono bevande ad alto potere
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
sin. golf, golfino, jersey, maglia,
energetico
dal Ethics
contenuto
ancora
oscuro, bibite reperibili solo nelle
maglione, pullover
5.3 Migration
Ethics ......................................................... 106
discoteche,
ormai iPolicy
cocktailand
preferiti
tr. jersey, jumper, pullover,
da chi
vive
‘after
hours’,
dall’alba
a
sweater
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia
......................................................
108
mezzogiorno. (LR 21 luglio 1995)
→ golf
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
pressing [ˈprɛssin(g)] n. m. inv.
Salvo poi premere sull’acceleratore
5.6 Alianza País ..................................................................................
112
della
sciccheria
con
i
visoni
intarsiati, i pull cachemire e gli 114
abiti
5.71980
Challenges
a SS
fr. ••• ....................................................................................
sport
di cristalli. (CS 24 febbraio 2003)
in gare sportive a squadre e individuali,
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
azione
incalzante con
cui si contrasta
l’avversario per ostacolarne la fase
pullman [ˈpulman] n. m. inv. E:
d’attacco
Working Together for the Well-being ofG.M.
Migrants
...........................
Pullman
1869 •••• trasp.119
coll.Barry
fareHalliday
pressing, subire il
grande autoveicolo per il trasporto di
Monza/Italy
190
10
Table of Contents
passeggeri
bagagli,Rights’
sia perApproach
brevi
3.4 TheeHuman
........................................................ 58
che per lunghi tragitti
Conclusion
...................................................................................... 59
sin.3.5
autobus,
bus, corriera
tr. bus,
coach ......................................................................................... 60
Bibliography
I pullman organizzati dalla prefettura
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
cercano
come possono
di ridurre i
Reflections
on Recent
Migration Policies
disagi
dei pendolari.
(LR 16 gennaio
1985)
Laura Zanfrini
push up (push-up, pushup)
[puʃˈʃap] n. m. inv. EC: push-up
Initiatives
for Governing
and Humanitarian
bra,4.2push-up
brassiere
1995 Family
•
abb. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
reggiseno che arrotonda e spinge in
From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
alto4.3
il seno
™
sin.4.4
Wonderbra
Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
tr.
push-up
bra,
push-up
brassiere
→ Wonderbra™
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Col push up perdi il seno e ti ritrovi
Colombia:
Includingsiluro
Emigrants
al5.suo
posto un mostruoso
che
spara
sulWatter
davanti come un unicorno.
Urs
(LS 14 marzo 2003)
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
191
Table of Contents
Q
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Laura
Zanfrini
quad
[kwɔd,
kwad] n. m./f. inv.
EC:4.1
quad
bike, quad
motorcycle
Restrictive
Policies
1999 • trasp.
4.2 Initiatives
veicolo
simile a for
unaGoverning
motocicletta
dotato Migration:
di quattro Labour
grandi Migration
ruote e but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
particolarmente adatto a percosi
sterrati
sin.4.4
Ø Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
tr. ATV, four wheeler, quad bike,
4.5motorcycle
quad
Bibliography
97
Molte
persone hanno.........................................................................................
visto l’incidente, il
quad contro il camion, la famiglia e la
5. Colombia:
Including
tragedia.
(LR 14 agosto
2004) Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
quiz [kwits] n. m. inv. EC: quiz
game, towards
quiz their
program,
quiz Abroad ........................................... 102
Citizens Living
programme, quiz show 1949 •••
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
gioc.
gioco a premi, solitamente trasmesso
Migration
Policy and
Ethics
alla5.3
radio
o in televisione,
basato
su ......................................................... 106
alcune domande poste ai concorrenti
sin. gioco a premi, telequiz
tr. quiz
game, quiznos
program,
quiz
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
programme, quiz show
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
→ telequiz
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Re assoluti del palinsesto, secondo la
ricerca,
sono i.......................................................................................
film: seguono
Bibliography
116
programmi comici, telefilm, quiz e
cartoni
animati.
(LR 13 for
luglio
Working
Together
the2007)
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
192
10
Table of Contents
R
58
recordwoman (record woman,
record-woman) [rɛkordˈwɔman,
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
rɛkordˈvuman] n. f. inv./-men CA
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
1950 fr. • sport
atleta detentrice di un primato o
donna che spicca per essersi
classificata prima in situazioni di
...........................................
61
vario
genere
sin. primatista
Laura Zanfrini
tr. record-holder
reality
[riˈaliti, reˈaliti]
n. and
m. inv.
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
EC: reality show 2000 ••• cin.
prove multiple sono l’educazione
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family andLeHumanitarian
programma
televisivo
trasmesso dal
sportiva umana che privilegia la
Migration:
Labour
Migration but notpolivalenza,
............. 73
vivo che
ha come
protagonisti
e la completezza,
più
persone costrette a trascorrere del
che
l’alta..................................
prestazione, anche se lei
4.3 From
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests
82è
tempo
in situazioni
particolari
di
stata recordwoman del lungo. (LR 25
convivenza
settembre 1988)
sin. reality show
tr. reality
show
4.5 Equal
................................
regimental
[reˈdʒimɛntal] n.90f.
inv. EC: regimental tie 197697•
.........................................................................................
UnaBibliography
sola donna passerà
dal reality
abb.
alla realtà: uscirà infine dalla casa e
cravatta
a larghe
strisce .......
diagonali
abbraccerà
conIncluding
entusiasmo
un
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin
101
colorate
perfetto
sconosciuto.
(LR
2
dicembre
Urs Watter
sin. Ø
2003)
tr. regimental tie
towards(record
their Citizens
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
recordman
man, record-
Si afferma una ‘regimental’ molto
man)
rɛkordˈmɛn]
n.
5.2[ˈrɛkordmɛn,
Applied Ethics
..............................................................................
104
americana, con le righe orizzontali
m. inv./-men CA 1905 fr. ••• sport
tipiche dei collegiali statunitensi.
5.3detentore
MigrationdiPolicy
and Ethics
106
atleta
un primato
o .........................................................
(LR 15 settembre 2001)
uomo che spicca per essersi
classificato primo in situazioni di
relax [reˈlaks] n. m. inv. A:
vario
5.5genere
“Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
relaxation 1959 •••
sin. primatista
distensione fisica e psichica o 112
stato
5.6
Alianza
País
..................................................................................
tr. record-holder
di riposo totale
sin. distensione, rilassamento,
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
Il terminator della valigia, il
riposo
recordman
assoluto
di furti su nastro
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
tr. relaxation, rest
è un omino milanese di quarant’anni,
agile e minuto, con un fisico da
Workinge Together
for the senso
Well-being ofLaMigrants
...........................
119
gente, giustamente,
cerca di poter
fantino
uno spiccato
evadere
dalla
crisi,
cerca
Barry Halliday
dell’umorismo.
(LR 27 agosto 2002)
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
193
Table of Contents
intrattenimento
a buon
(riferito a) genere musicale 58
da
3.4 The Human
Rights’mercato,
Approach ........................................................
cerca di avere qualche momento di
discoteca che consiste nel riproporre
3.5 Conclusion
59
relax
soprattutto ......................................................................................
quando
la
vecchi successi
situazione si fa più difficile. (LR 21
sin.
Ø
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
ottobre 2008)
tr. Ø
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
residence
[ˈrɛzidens,
ˈrɛsidens]
Anche
la
musica
proposta
asseconderà un percorso globale,
n. m. inv. EC: residence house
passando
dall’house all’elettronica,
and
“Non-policies”
in
Italy
and
Europe
...........................................
61
1973 fr. ••• tur.
al revival. (LR 5 giugno 2009)
Lauraalberghiera
Zanfrini composta da
struttura
appartamenti arredati e solitamente
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
revolving
[reˈvɔlvin(g)]
n./agg.
affittati per lunghi periodi
inv. EC: revolving credit card
sin.4.2
Ø Initiatives for Governing Family andf. Humanitarian
tr. apartment
hotel,
holiday
let,
1994
• econ.Migration ............. 73
(riferito a) carta di credito che
self-catered apartment, self4.3 From
Guests ..................................
82
l’addebito rateale delle
catered
flat Guest Workers to Unwelcomepermette
spese effettuate dietro pagamento di
87
un tasso d’interesse
Il ciclista è stato trovato ieri senza
sin.
Ø
vita4.5
in Equal
un residence
di Rimini.
Opportunity
and (CS
tr. revolving credit card
16 febbraio 2004)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
restyling [risˈtailin(g), resˈtailin(g)]
Carte usa e getta, revolving e
ricaricabili:
gliof istituti
Colombia:
Including
Emigrants in Their
Societies
Origindi
.......credito
101
n.5.m.
inv. SS 1987
•
continuano a sfornare nuovi prodotti
Urs Watter
modifica
dell’organico di un’azienda
o un partito politico
per conquistare ulteriori fasce di
mercato. (LR 14 maggio 2007)
State
coll.5.1
fare
un Interest
restylingand Responsibility
towards
theirriordinamento,
Citizens Living Abroad ...........................................
102
sin.
Rimmel™ (rimmel) [ˈrimmel] n.
riorganizzazione
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
m. inv. MG 1939 fr. •• cosm.104
tr. reshaping, reorganization
cosmetico costituito da un liquido
5.3 Migration
106
→ lifting
b
denso, solitamente di colore scuro,
che si applica sulle ciglia con108
un
È certo, comunque, che se al restyling
apposito spazzolino per aumentarne
societario
non corrisponderà
una......................................................................
decisa
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
109
la consistenza
sterzata nella conduzione dell’impresa
sin. mascara
difficilmente
le País
sorti..................................................................................
del gruppo
5.6 Alianza
112
tr. mascara
potranno essere raddrizzate. (LR 15
5.71987)
Challenges .................................................................................... 114
aprile
Dichiarano venticinque anni ma il
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
rossetto e il rimmel non nascondono
revival [reˈvaival, riˈvaival]
del tutto le loro facce da sedicenni.
n./agg.
m./f.Together
inv. SS 1988
•• mus.
17 agosto
2007)
Working
for the
Well-being of(LR
Migrants
...........................
119
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
194
10
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human
Rights’
Approach
roller
[ˈrɔller]
n. m.
inv./-s
EC: ........................................................ 58
™
Rollerblade
1995......................................................................................
•• sport
3.5 Conclusion
59
tipo
di
pattino
caratterizzato
Bibliography longitudinale
.........................................................................................
60
dall’allineamento
delle
rotelle
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
sin.
pattino
in linea,
Rollerblade™
™
Reflections
Recent Migration
Policies
tr. in-line
skate,on
Rollerblade
La cronaca
si occupa dei ragazzi con
Laura Zanfrini
i roller quando i vigili fanno fioccare
le multe.
(CS 23 luglio
1995)and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
195
Table of Contents
S
ristorante in cui non è previsto58il
servizio al tavolo e il cliente si serve
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
da sé
sin.
Ø
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tr. self-service restaurant
→ self bar
Sono molti però i genovesi che nella
...........................................
61
pausa-pranzo
preferiscono comprare
Laura Zanfrini
il pezzo di focaccia dal panettiere o
la torta di verdure in rosticceria
Restrictive
.. 65o
1964 ••and Structural Demand
EC:4.1
Scotch
Tape Policies
invece for
che Immigrant
andare al Labour
self-service
sedersi
al
bar,
dove
i
prezzi
sono
nastro
trasparente
4.2adesivo
Initiatives
for Governing Family andsuperiori
Humanitarian
perché
bisogna
pagare
sin. nastro
adesivoLabour
(trasparente)
Migration:
Migration but notanche
Workers’
Migration
73
il servizio.
(LR .............
27 febbraio
tr. adhesive tape, Scotch Tape™,
2008)
™
scotch (scotch) [skɔtʃ] n. m. inv.
™
4.3 From
Sellotape
, Guest
tape, Workers
transparent
adhesive tape
b SS 1984 ••
87
distributore automatico di carburante
Il figlio
del notaio
vigevanese
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
andviene
................................
senza l’assistenza
del personale 90
messo a tacere con lo scotch sulla
sin. (distributore) automatico, fai
bocca,
e legato mani
e piedi. (LR 21
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
da te
febbraio 1985)
tr. self-service gas station, self5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their
Societies
Origin
....... 101
service
petrol of
station,
self-service
selfUrsbar
Watter(self-bar, selfbar)
pump
[selfˈbar] n. m. inv. CA 2008 •
5.1tur.
State Interest and Responsibility → self bar
alim.
towards
their Citizens
Living
...........................................
102
distributore
automatico
di bevande
e Abroad
Per
risparmiare sul carburante
altri prodotti solitamente presente
converrà sempre più affidarsi ai104
self
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
nelle stazioni ferroviarie
service. (LR 21 dicembre 2007)
sin.5.3
distributore
Migration(automatico)
tr. vending machine, vendor
sexy bar (sexy-bar, sexybar)
5.4 Migration
108
→ self
service Policy in Colombia ......................................................
[sɛksiˈbar] n. m. inv. CA 1986 •
5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
109
ses.
Dieci binari, con una trentina di
locale in cui si è serviti da donne a
obliteratrici
e punti
self bar. (LR
5.6 Alianza
Paísdi..................................................................................
112
seno scoperto e in cui si può assistere
30 luglio 2008)
a spogliarelli
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
sin. night, night club, strip club,
selfBibliography
service .......................................................................................
(self-service,
116
topless bar, topless club
selfservice) [ˈsɛl(f) ˈsɛrvis] n. m.
tr. night club, strip club, topless
inv.
topless...........................
cabaret, topless club
Working Together for the Well-being ofbar,
Migrants
119
→ night, sexy show
Barry Halliday
a SS 1963 ••• alim.
Monza/Italy
196
10
Table of Contents
All’interno
sexy Rights’
bar sono
stati
spettacolo erotico a cui si può
3.4 The del
Human
Approach
........................................................
58
sequestrati 5000 profilattici, 140
assistere in alcuni locali notturni
3.5 Conclusion
59
grammi
di hashish e......................................................................................
15 mila euro in
sin. spettacolo erotico, spogliarello
contanti nascosti in una cassaforte
tr. erotic show, sex show, topless
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
sotto al pavimento. (LR 25 luglio
show
2002)
→ night, sexy bar
sexy
partyon Recent
(sexy-party)
Reflections
Migration Policies
Colpa di un sexy show previsto per
in Italy
...........................................
domani
sera che nessuno 61si
[sɛksiˈparti]
n. m. inv. CA
1972 and
• Europe
aspettava. (CS 6 maggio 1998)
ses.Laura Zanfrini
festa privata a carattere orgiastico
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
sexy star
(sexy-star,
sexystar)
sin. festino, orgia
()
tr. orgy,
sex partyfor Governing Family and[ ˈHumanitarian
sɛksi ˈstar] n. f. inv.
4.2 Initiatives
Per ottenere i fidi bancari, l’uomo
a SS 1986 • prof. ses.
regalava
sexy Guest
party aiWorkers
tre dirigenti
e
attrice
di film
pornografici
4.3 From
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
al direttore generale, cugino del
sin. attrice porno, porno attrice,
principale
azionista
di unand
famoso
4.4 Selective
Policies
the Brain Drain............................................
87
pornodiva, pornostar
istituto bancario. (LS 7 settembre
tr. porn actress,
porn star
................................
90
1994)
E sua madre accettava il suo lavoro
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
sexy shop (sexy-shop, sexyshop)
di indossatrice, prima, e poi di sexy
star? (CS 5 marzo 1995)
[ˈsɛksi
ˈʃɔp, sɛksiʃˈʃɔp]
n. m.Emigrants
inv./-s
5. Colombia:
Including
CA Urs
1981Watter
•• ses.
b SS 2004 • prof. ses.
negozio specializzato nella vendita di
ragazza che si esibisce in spettacoli
riviste,
film eInterest
altri articoli
erotici o
5.1 State
and Responsibility
erotici all’interno di alcuni locali
pornografici
........................................... 102
notturni
sin. negozio per adulti, sex shop
sin. entraineuse, spogliarellista,
Applied
104
tr. 5.2
adult
store,Ethics
sex ..............................................................................
shop, Stag
stripwoman, taxi girl
™
™
Shop
Stag StorePolicy and Ethics .........................................................
5.3 ,Migration
106
tr. bar-top dancer, lap dancer,
pole dancer, stripper, striptease
Perché
questo è,Policy
appunto,
un
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
...................................................... 108
artist, strip teaser, table dancer,
supermercato del sesso: ovvero
topless dancer
5.5 a“Colombia
noscon
une”
109
niente
che vedere
il ......................................................................
luogo
→ strip, stripman, stripwoman,
comune del sexy shop come
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
negoziuccio
squallido,
in penombra,
taxi girl
con clienti e gestori viscidi e volgari.
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
In un salottino del night la sexy114
star
(LR 24 aprile 2004)
di
turno,
dopo
la
table
dance,
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
concedeva prestazioni sessuali che
sexy show (sexy-show, sexyshow)
venivano pagate a un prezzo pattuito
[sɛksiˈʃo,
sɛksiˈʃou]
m.
Workingsɛksiˈʃɔ,
Together
for then.Well-being
ofdirettamente
Migrants ...........................
119
dal cliente alla cassa.
inv.Barry
CA SSHalliday
1981 • ses.
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
197
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human
Approach ........................................................
58
tr.
Nazi-skinhead,
neo-Nazi
skibus
(ski-bus,
skiRights’
bus) [skiˈbus,
skinhead, skinhead
ˈskibus]
n. m. inv. CA
1991 • sport
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
→ naziskin
trasp.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
mezzo di trasporto che collega
Gli skins hanno seminato panico e
aeroporti, stazioni, centri abitati e
terrore tra le famiglie che cenavano
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
alberghi
alle stazioni
sciistiche più
all’aperto. (LR 21 giugno 1992)
vicine
sin.and
Ø “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
skipass
(ski-pass, ski pass)
tr. ØLaura Zanfrini
[skiˈpas, ˈskipas] n. m. inv. EC:
→ skiman, skipass, skiroll, ski
ski-lift for
pass
1970 ted.Labour
•• sport.. 65
Immigrant
stopper
tesserino, solitamente elettronico,
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andche
Humanitarian
consente l’accesso agli impianti
L’aumento del traffico nelle valli e il
diWorkers’
risalita in una
stazione.............
sciistica 73
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Migration
conseguente inquinamento che le
sin. Ø
attanaglia,
neiGuest
periodi
turistici
di
4.3 From
Workers
to Unwelcome
..................................
82
tr.Guests
lift pass,
ski-lift pass
punta ha spinto infatti ad aumentare
→ skibus, skiman, skiroll, 87
ski
il servizio
di skibus
gratuiti
4.4 Selective
Policies
andtrathegliBrain Drain............................................
stopper
impianti e quasi tutti i centri
4.5 Equal
altoatesini.
(LROpportunity
21 novembreand
1994)
Il prezzo dello skipass va ridotto se
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
le piste non sono tutte accessibili.
skiman (ski man, ski-man)
[skiˈmɛn,
ˈskimɛn]
n. m.
inv./
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
-men
CA
1967
••
sport
Urs Watter
skiroll (ski-roll, ski roll) [skiˈrɔl,
preparatore tecnico di uno sciatore
sin.5.1
Ø State Interest and Responsibility skiˈrol] n. m. inv. CA 1970 sved.
• sport
tr. Ø towards their Citizens Living Abroad
........................................... 102
disciplina
sportiva, simile allo sci di
→ skibus, skipass, ski stopper
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
fondo, nella quale si usano piccoli
sci montati su rotelle che permettono
Lo 5.3
ski-man
può decidere
carriera
Migration
Policy la
and
Ethics .........................................................
106o
di percorrere tracciati stradali
di sciatori e fondisti. (LR 4 aprile
campestri
spingendosi
con
dei
2008)
bastoncini
sin. sci a rotelle
5.5 [skin]
“Colombia
nosinv./-s
une”......................................................................
109
skin
n. m.
EC:
tr. roller-ski
skinhead
1983 •País
crim.
5.6 Alianza
.................................................................................. 112
→ skibus, skiman, skipass, ski
giovane appartenente a bande
stopper
5.7
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
teppistiche violente e razziste
riconoscibile dai capelli rasati e
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116la
Una racchettata, ricevuta durante
dall’abbigliamento di tipo militare
gara di ski-roll sul sagrato di piazza
con accessori in pelle nera
Duomo, ...........................
le ha perforato il piede
Working
Together
for the Well-being
ofdel
Migrants
119
sin.
naziskin,
skinhead,
testa
destro
poco
sopra
l’attaccatura delle
Barry Halliday
rasata
dita. (LR 8 ottobre 1995)
Monza/Italy
198
10
Table of Contents
Si sono tolti gli slip facendo58la
Human Rights’
Approach ........................................................
ski3.4 The
stopper
(ski-stopper)
doccia sulla spiaggia, dopo il bagno
[skisˈtɔpper]
n. m. ......................................................................................
inv. CA 1983 •
3.5 Conclusion
59
in mare. (LR 15 agosto 1995)
sport
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
dispositivo
montato
sulla parte
slot [zlɔt] n. f. inv./-s EC: slot
centrale degli sci per arrestarli sulla
machine 1988 •• gioc.
neve
quandoof Migration.
si
staccano
4. The Ethics
apparecchiatura a moneta o a gettoni
accidentalmente
di cadute
Reflections nel
on caso
Recent
Migration Policies
attivata mediante una leva o un
sin.and
Ø “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe
...........................................
pulsante,
solitamente installata 61in
tr. ØLaura Zanfrini
case da gioco, che consente la vincita
→ skibus, skiman, skipass,
di denaro nel caso in cui tre o più
Immigrant
skiroll
dischi for
rotanti
si Labour
fermino.. 65in
combinazioni
4.2diminuite
Initiativesdifor
Governing
Family anddeterminate
Humanitarian
Sono
circa
il 10 per
sin.
macchinetta,
macchinetta
Migration
cento leMigration:
lacerazioniLabour
passando
dalle but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
mangiasoldi, macchina mangiasoldi,
cinghie di sicurezza agli ski stopper;
slot machine
4.3 From
Guest Workers
Unwelcomemangiasoldi,
Guests ..................................
82
mentre
il rischio
dovuto toagli
tr.
slot
machine
“attacchi”
è ancoraPolicies
piuttostoand
elevato.
4.4 Selective
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
(CS 5 dicembre 1994)
Si tratta della vincita più alta mai
registrata ................................
alle slot in Italia, 90
ma
slip [zlip] n. m. inv.
neppure fuori dei confini nazionali è
Bibliography .........................................................................................
facile trovare cifre simili. (LR976
settembre 1994)
a SS 1935 fr. ••• abb.
5. Colombia:
mutande
aderentiIncluding
e sgambateEmigrants
sia per
Urs
Watter
slowfox (slow fox, slow-fox)
uomo
che
per donna
()
()
()
sin. mutande, mutandine
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility [ ˈ zlou ˈfɔx, ˈ zlo ˈfɔx, ˈ zlɔ ˈfɔx]
tr. briefs, knickers, panties,
n............................................
m. inv. EC: slow foxtrot 1963
102
(under)pants
• mus.
→ boxer
a
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
musica, canzone ballabile o danza
caratterizzata da un ritmo lento
5.3 Migration
Ethics .........................................................
106
L’unico
indumentoPolicy
intimo and
ammesso
sin. Ø
è lo slip ultraleggero. (LR 7 ottobre
tr. slow foxtrot
108
1997)
La colonna sonora andrà dallo swing
5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
109
b SS 1935 fr. ••• abb.
al classico, dal rap allo slow fox,
costume
da bagnoPaís
aderente
e sgambato
ripercorrendo
anche
musiche
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112
sia per uomo che per donna
tradizionali irlandesi e russe. (CS 3
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
agosto 2003)
sin.5.7
costume
(da bagno),
monokini,
slippino
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
smart bar (smart-bar, smartbar)
tr. bikini bottom, Speedo™,
()
[ ˈ zmar(t) ˈbar] n. m. inv. CA
swimming costume, (swimming)
trunks
2003 ol. •
Barry Halliday
locale pubblico dove si possono
→ bermuda,
boxer b, topless
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
199
Table of Contents
consumare
bevandeRights’
e prodotti
dello smile, che nemmeno i giovani
3.4 The Human
Approach ........................................................
58a
contenenti sostanze a lieve effetto
scuola possono più portare per non
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
psicoattivo
non considerate
illegali
incappare in qualche sanzione. (LR
11 gennaio 1989)
sin. Ø
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tr. Ø
b A: Smiley™ 1996 • tecn.
4. The
Ethics
Lo
smart
barof Migration.
serve bevande
nella comunicazione telematica,
energizzanti
a base
di ingredienti
Reflections
on Recent
Migration Policies
simbolo circolare a sfondo giallo che
naturali.
(LR 5 luglio 2003)in Italy and Europe
rappresenta
una faccia stilizzata
...........................................
61
sorridente,
solitamente
utilizzato
Laura Zanfrini
come icona rappresentativa di
smart
shop
(smart-shop)
sentimenti
stati d’animo
( ) 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand
for eImmigrant
Labour .. 65
[ ˈ zmar(t) ˈʃɔp] n. m. inv./-s CA
sin. emoticon, faccina (sorridente),
1998
•
™
4.2ol.
Initiatives
for Governing Family andSmiley
Humanitarian
, sorriso
negozioMigration:
dove si vendono
a but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73™
Labourprodotti
Migration
tr. emoticon, happy face, Smiley
base di sostanze psicoattive non
considerate
illegali
4.3 From
Guest Workers to UnwelcomeAll’inizio
Guests ..................................
82
ero scettico nei confronti
sin. Ø
dello ‘smile’, pensando che nei secoli
87
tr. Ø
scorsi chi scriveva lettere non faceva
altro
che
formulare
con
attenzione
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90le
proprie affermazioni per evitare
Negli ultimi mesi, gli smart shop
equivoci. (LR 4 febbraio 1996) 97
hanno
attirato l’attenzione
delle
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
autorità giudiziarie e dei mass media.
(LR 22 gennaio 2004)
smoking [ˈzmɔkin(g)] n. m.
inv./-s EC: smoking jacket 1891
Urs Watter
smile [zmail] n. m. inv.
fr. •• abb.
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility abito maschile da cerimonia
™
costituito
da giacca e pantaloni
a A: Smiley
1989
mus. Living Abroad
towards
their •Citizens
...........................................
102
solitamente di colore nero o bianco
simbolo circolare a sfondo giallo che
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
rappresenta
unaEthics
faccia
stilizzata
sin. abito da cerimonia, abito
da
sorridente, originariamente utilizzato
sera,
abito
scuro
per identificare alcune particolari
tr. black tie, dinner jacket, dinner
pastiglie
contenentiPolicy
droghein
sintetiche
5.4 Migration
Colombia ......................................................
suit, dress suit, evening 108
suit,
e utilizzato come simbolo di una
tuxedo
corrente
musicale e nos
culturale
di fine
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
→ tight
anni ottanta
™
Alianza
País .................................................................................. 112
sin.5.6
Smiley
L’unica cosa che non poteva giocarsi
™
tr. Smiley
era lo smoking, lo aveva preso
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114a
nolo. (LR 12 aprile 2004)
Insomma,
la battaglia
è aperta, e
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
l’acid (termine bandito dalla tv
social
card
(social-card,
britannica) avrà come destino
[ˈsɔʃal ˈkard, ˈsɔtʃal
Workingquello
Together
for the
Well-being
ofsocialcard)
Migrants ...........................
119
probabile
di cambiar
nome
e
Barry Halliday
di abbandonare
anche il simboletto
ˈkard] n. f. inv./-s CA 2008 •• econ.
Monza/Italy
200
10
Table of Contents
carta
credito
ricaricata
spese
3.4diThe
Human
Rights’aApproach
........................................................
58
sin. osé, spinto
dello stato destinata a persone con un
tr. soft-core porn, soft-core
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
reddito
basso e appartenenti
a fasce
pornography, soft-porn
deboli della popolazione
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
sin. Ø
E così, scocciata e imbufalita, ordina
tr. Ø
querele contro il mensile ‘soft-core’
e il giornalista che ha scritto
Reflections
on Recent
Policies
Quello
che è certo
è che laMigration
social
l’articolo. (LR 12 aprile 1995)
cardand
non“Non-policies”
sarà affatto sufficiente
in Italyad
and Europe ........................................... 61
alleviare
crisi. (LR 29 ottobre
LauralaZanfrini
speaker [ˈspiker] n. m./f. inv./-s
2008)
a SS 1950 fr. • cin. prof.
soft4.2air
(soft-air,forsoftair)
[(ˈ)sɔft
radio
o
in
televisione,
Initiatives
Governing
()
che ha il.............
compito73di
ˈɛr, (ˈ)sɔft
ˈɛir, (ˈ)Labour
sɔft ˈeir,
ˈ sɔft but notannunciatore
Migration:
Migration
leggere testi redatti da altri durante il
ˈɛar]4.3
n.From
m. inv.
CA 1993
• gioc.
Guest
Workers
to Unwelcometelegiornale
Guests .................................. 82
attività ludica di squadra, solitamente
sin. annunciatore (radiofonico,
4.4 in
Selective
Policies
the Brain Drain............................................
87
svolta
spazi aperti,
cheand
consiste
televisivo),
annunciatrice
nella simulazione di tattiche militari
(radiofonica,
televisiva)
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
e nell’utilizzo
di armi giocattolo
che
tr.
(radio,
TV)
announcer,
sparano palline di plastica
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
newscaster, newsreader, news
sin. tiro tattico sportivo
reporter, (radio, TV) commentator
tr. airsoft
Al televisore lo speaker del
Urs Watter
È noto
che la zona è stata spesso
telegiornale dell’edizione della notte
teatro delle attività di gruppi, non
5.1
State
Interest
and
Responsibility
annunciava che il serial killer delle
sempre ufficiali, che praticano il soft
vecchiette
era stato individuato
their
Citizens
...........................................
102e
air (la towards
guerra per
sport
giocataLiving
con Abroad
arrestato. (LR 15 agosto 1998)
armi ad aria compressa che sparano
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
proiettili di gomma), ma riscontri
b SS 1960 fr. • prof. sport 106
con5.3
sagome
e soprattutto
armiEthics
vere .........................................................
Migration
Policy and
radiocronista
o
telecronista,
non si erano ancora verificati. (LR
specialmente di eventi sportivi 108
23 aprile
2008)
5.4 Migration
sin. radiocronista, telecronista
“Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
tr. (sports) commentator
soft5.5core
(soft-core,
softcore)
[(ˈ)sɔf(t)
ˈkɔr] n./agg.
m./f. inv.
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
Chissà che un giorno, leggendo gli
EC: soft-core porn, soft-core
ordini d’arrivo delle corse, 114
che
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
pornography 1980 • ses.
parlano sempre lingue foreste e
(riferito
a) rivista, .......................................................................................
immagine, filmato
dialetti e idiomi sconosciuti, anche
Bibliography
116il
o spettacolo con pretese di eleganza
simpaticissimo speaker del ciclismo
estetica in cui è presente la nudità ma
debba...........................
specializzarsi 119in
Working Together for the Well-being ofnon
Migrants
non vengono mostrati gli organi
etnologia, la scienza che studia le
Barry Halliday
genitali
stirpi umane, i loro caratteri fisici e
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
201
Table of Contents
morali,
le loro
relazioni
sociali.
(LR
traduzione simultanea sovrapposta
3.4 The
Human
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
13 ottobre 1985)
all’originale (come avviene usualmente
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
nelle interviste giornalistiche a persone
straniere). A quel punto si è pensato
c SS
1927
fr.
•
prof.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
anche di non ricorrere ai soliti speaker
chi comunica informazioni o
da documentario, ma di tentare
aggiornamenti al pubblico mediante
4. The
qualcosa di più personalizzato. (LR 4
gli
altoparlanti
durante
una
dicembre 1996)
Reflectionssportiva
on Recent
Migration
Policies
manifestazione
all’interno
di
unoand
stadio
Spider® (spider) [ˈspaider] n.
sin.Laura
Ø
Zanfrini
tr. (public-address, stadium)
m./f. inv. EC: spider cart, spider
for Immigrant
Labourspider
.. 65
announcer
phaeton,
spider wagon,
MG SS 1915 ••• trasp.
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andwheel
Humanitarian
E quando lo speaker dello stadio
automobile
di
tipo
sportivo,
Migration:
Labour
Workers’ decappottabile,
Migration .............
73
annuncia
il nome
del Migration
nuovo but notsolitamente
dotata di
allenatore, il pubblico si scioglie in
soli posti
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomedue
Guests
.................................. 82
un applauso forte e sincero. (LR 21
sin. convertibile, decappottabile,
aprile
4.42008)
Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87
cabriolet, cabrio
tr. convertible, roadster
4.51927
Equal
d SS
fr.Opportunity
• prof. trasp.and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
chi comunica informazioni o
In realtà, questa auto ideale non
Bibliography
97
aggiornamenti
agli.........................................................................................
utenti mediante
esiste, mentre è sicuro che chi ha due
gli altoparlanti in stazioni e aeroporti
o tre figli avrà sognato la spider
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants in Their
Societies
of Origin
sin.
Ø
almeno
una volta
nella .......
sua 101
vita
Urs Watter
tr. (public-address,
public-service)
autostradale. (LR 26 giugno 2007)
announcer
spot
[spɔt] n. m. inv./-s
...........................................
102
Ogni giorno, lo speaker della
stazione
ferroviaria
avvisa
i
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
1 EC: spot advertisement, 104
spot
viaggiatori che il tal treno «espleta
commercial 1957 ••••
servizio
ristorante».
(LR
3
settembre
106
breve
intermezzo
pubblicitario
2002)
trasmesso alla radio o in televisione
108
sin. pubblicità
e SS 1996 • cin. prof.
5.5
“Colombia
nos
une”
......................................................................
109
tr. advertisement, ad, commercial,
doppiatore che sovrappone la propria
spot advertisement, spot commercial
voce5.6alAlianza
parlato País
di un..................................................................................
film o di un
112
documentario
mantenendo
in
Ci saranno, ovviamente, anche114
gli
sottofondo
l’audio in....................................................................................
lingua originale
5.7 Challenges
spot televisivi. (LR 15 marzo 1985)
sin. Ø
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
tr. off-screen
voice,
voice-over
2 EC: spotlight 1942 • cin.
→ oversound
di luce
di forma circolare
Working Together for the Well-being offascio
Migrants
...........................
119
utilizzato
nei
teatri
e negli studi
Si èBarry
pensato
di
preferire
ai
freddi
ma
Halliday
rispettosi sottotitoli, una sorta di
cinematografici
Monza/Italy
202
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Table of Contents
negozio di grandi dimensioni 58
che
The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................
sin.3.4
faretto
vende rimanenze di prodotti di marca
tr. spotlight
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
a prezzi molto scontati
sin.
spaccio
(aziendale)
Un Bibliography
altro spot illumina
due mani che
.........................................................................................
60
tr. company outlet, discount
guizzano veloci ed eleganti sulle
corde di una chitarra gitana. (LR 5
outlet, factory outlet, outlet,
4. The2005)
agosto
outlet store
→ discount, hard discount
in ItalySS
and Europe ........................................... 61
starter
[ˈstarter] n. m. inv./-s
Laura
Zanfrini
Perquisito uno stock house di
1956
• trasp.
Genova e sequestrati 80 capi di
nei 4.1
veicoli
a motore,Policies
dispositivo
che
Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
abbigliamento con firme false. (CS
serve ad arricchire la miscela per
febbraio 2004)
l’avviamento
a freddo
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing Family and27Humanitarian
sin. aria
stop [stɔp] n. m. inv. EC: stop
tr. choke
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomelamp
Guests
..................................
82
1960
•• trasp.
Spesso l’utente americano lascia
ciascuno dei fanalini posteriori87di
4.4 Selective
Policies
andditheunBrain Drain............................................
azionato
lo starter
per più
colore rosso che si accende durante
minuto
e mezzo
e questo determina
la frenata di................................
veicoli a motore
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
90
il surriscaldamento della spugna
sin. luce di arresto
di platino
che a .........................................................................................
sua volta brucia
Bibliography
97
tr. brake light, stop lamp
i gommini del catalizzatore
antinquinamento. (LR 19 agosto
Il posteriore
dagli
Societiesèofcaratterizzato
Origin ....... 101
1987)
ampi gruppi ottici con la terza luce
Urs Watter
dello stop posizionata al centro del
cofano del portabagagli e dal
generoso
scarico cromato laterale.
aerobics
1994 •their
sportCitizens Living Abroad
towards
...........................................
102
attività ginnica accompagnata da
5.2 Applied
104
musica
ritmataEthics
ed..............................................................................
eseguita
solitamente in palestra con l’ausilio
stop and go (stop-and-go) [ˈstɔp
106
di una pedana regolabile in altezza
step
m./f. inv.
EC: step
5.1[stɛp]
State n.
Interest
and Responsibility
en ˈgo] n./agg. m. inv.
sin.5.4
Ø Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
tr. step aerobics
a CA 1995 • sport
5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
109
specialmente nelle gare automobilistiche
Se pensate che body building, step e
5.6
Alianza
País
..................................................................................
112un
e motociclistiche, sosta forzata di
simili siano troppo faticosi, ricorrete
pilota
assegnata
come
penalità
per
aver
alle5.7
tante
discipline....................................................................................
“dolci”. (LS 8
Challenges
114
violato
il
regolamento
settembre 2003)
sin. sosta obbligata
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
tr. stop-go (penalty)
stockhouse (stock house, stock-
Working
Together n.
form./f.
the Well-being
ofOra
Migrants
119
house)
[stɔ(k)ˈkaus]
inv.
saranno ...........................
le tecnologie a cogliere
CABarry
1992 Halliday
•
in fallo chi sbaglia e chi sbaglia sarà
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
203
Table of Contents
punito
con Human
l’obbligoRights’
di fare
uno
3.4 The
Approach
........................................................
58
stripman (strip man, strip-man)
“stop and go” cioè una sosta ai box
[ˈstripmɛn, stripˈmɛn] n. m. inv./
3.5 Conclusion
59
di dieci
secondi. (LR......................................................................................
26 marzo 1995)
-men CA 2003 • prof. ses.
Bibliography .........................................................................................
uomo
che si esibisce in numeri60di
b CA 1985 ••
(riferito a) attività o iniziativa che
4. The aEthics
of Migration.
procede
ritmo altalenante
spogliarello in alcuni locali pubblici
sin. spogliarellista
tr. stripper, striptease artist, strip
sin.Reflections
Ø
teaser
........................................... 61
tr. stop-go
→ strip, stripwoman
Laura Zanfrini
Lo stop and go che caratterizza la vita
Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
I partecipanti
sono gli Labour
stripmen.. 65
che
della4.1
Cina
di oggi ha lo
stesso valore
che
vengono votati dal pubblico del
aveva nel passato: fare e poi correggere
for Governing
Family andlocale.
Humanitarian
(CS 29 aprile 2004)
alla 4.2
luceInitiatives
dell’esperienza.
(LR 14 aprile
1985) Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
(strip woman, strip4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomestripwoman
Guests ..................................
82
woman) [stripˈwɔman, stripˈvuman]
Selective
87
DA4.4
1955
••• sport
n. f. inv./-men CA 2003 • prof. ses.
in particolare nel calcio, il difensore
donna che ................................
si esibisce in numeri90di
stopper [ˈstɔpper] n. m. inv./-s
più arretrato che ha il compito di
spogliarello in alcuni locali pubblici
marcare
l’attaccante
avversario più
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
sin. entraineuse, sexy star,
avanzato
spogliarellista
sin. terzino centrale, difensore
tr. bar-top
lap.......
dancer,
Societiesdancer,
of Origin
101
centrale
pole dancer, stripper, striptease
Urs Watter
tr. sweeper
artist, strip teaser, table dancer,
Lo 5.1
stopper
un and
programma
di
Stateseguirà
Interest
Responsibility
topless dancer
lavoro differenziato
ridurrà leLiving
sue Abroad ........................................... 102
towards theire Citizens
→ sexy star b, strip, stripman,
presenze in campo. (LR 15 ottobre
taxi girl
2003)
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
É il piatto forte del locale: la 106
table
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
strip
[strip] n.Policy
m. inv.
EC: .........................................................
dance che ogni sera viene proposta
striptease
1965 •• Policy
ses. in Colombia ......................................................
5.4 Migration
agli ospiti dell’Arthur da sexy 108
strip
spogliarello
woman. (CS 17 novembre 2003)
“Colombiastriptease
nos une”...................................................................... 109
sin.5.5
spogliarello,
tr. striptease
super [ˈsuper] n. m. inv. 112
EC:
5.6 Alianza País ..................................................................................
→ stripman, stripwoman
supermarket 1993 •
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
negozio di grandi dimensioni per la
E il dopocena continua a essere
vendita di merci di largo consumo
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116in
piccante
con i nuovi
strip delle
cui il cliente può scegliere,
soubrettes di casa. (CS 16 febbraio
servendosi da solo, tra una vasta
2004)
Working Together for the Well-being ofgamma
Migrants
di ...........................
prodotti disposti119in
Barry Halliday
appositi scaffali
Monza/Italy
204
10
Table of Contents
The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
sin.3.4
supermercato
tr. supermarket
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Si Bibliography
fa la spesa solo
al super o al
.........................................................................................
60
mercato, e si controllano prezzi ed
etichette. (LR 24 novembre 2008)
Reflections
onn.Recent
Migration
Policies
surf
[sørf, sɛrf]
m. inv.
EC:
surfboard 1964 • sport
Laura
Zanfrini plastico o legno
tavola
di materiale
con4.1
cuiRestrictive
si possono
fare and
svariate
Policies
evoluzioni sull’acqua
sin.4.2
tavola
tr. board,
surfboard
Migration:
→ windsurf
E c’è
chi va
a ballare
4.4anche
Selective
Policies
andcon
theilBrain Drain............................................ 87
surf sotto braccio. (LR 11 luglio
1995)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
T
205
Table of Contents
58
Telepass® (telepass, tele-pass)
[ˈtɛlepas] n. m. inv.
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
a MG 1990 •• trasp.
sistema elettronico per il pagamento
del pedaggio autostradale che consente
agli automobilisti di superare il casello
senza fermarsi usufruendo di apposite
........................................... 61
taxiLaura
girlZanfrini
(taxi-girl) [taksiˈgørl,
porte telematiche
sin. telepedaggio
tr. automatic
toll payment
system,
4.1
Restrictive
Policies
and
Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
taksiˈgɛrl] n. f. inv./-s CA 1935 •
electronic
toll
collection
system,
prof.
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andETC
Humanitarian
system
ragazza pagata dal proprietario di
una sala da ballo per danzare con i
Centinaia
di
autotrasportatori
clienti
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcomeavevano
Guests ..................................
trovato il trucco 82
per
sin. Ø
schermare
il
telepass
e
attraversare
4.4 Selective
87
tr. taxi
dancer Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
l’Italia da nord a sud e ritorno al
→ 4.5
sexyEqual
star Opportunity
b, strip, stripman,
prezzo di cinquanta
centesimi o poco
................................
90
stripwoman
più. (28 dicembre 2005)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Charity (ispirata alla felliniana Cabiria)
b MG 1997 •• trasp.
è5.una
taxi girl di Including
uno scalcinato
locale
sistema
che permette
di accedere
Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin
....... 101a
di ballo. (LR 25 settembre 1987)
zone delle città a traffico limitato
Urs Watter
attraverso un varco elettronico
telefilm
film,
5.1 State(tele
Interest
andtele-film)
Responsibility
sin.
contrassegno,
pass,
permesso
towards
Citizens
Living Abroad
........................................... 102
[teleˈfilm]
n. m.their
inv./-s
CA 1955
tr. (electronic) pass
••• 5.2
cin.Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
film di breve durata destinato alla
Si entrerà in centro con un telepass
trasmissione
televisiva
e articolato
in .........................................................
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
106
simile a quello usato ai caselli
episodi raggruppati in serie ma senza
autostradali. (LR 25 febbraio 1999)
5.4 Migration
108
continuità
narrativaPolicy in Colombia ......................................................
sin. serie (TV)
5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
109
telequiz (tele quiz, tele-quiz)
tr. TV series
[teleˈkwits] n. m. inv. CA 1956
→ fiction
5.6 Alianza País ..................................................................................
112••
gioc.
....................................................................................
114
Per 5.7
noiChallenges
è antieconomico
produrre
gioco a premi basato su alcune
direttamente telefilm, perché i costi
domande poste ai concorrenti e
Bibliography
116
di produzione
non.......................................................................................
sono competitivi
trasmesso in televisione
con il prezzo a cui oggi acquistiamo i
sin. gioco a premi, quiz
Working
Together(LR
for the
Well-being oftr.Migrants
...........................
119
prodotti
americani.
4 aprile
TV-quiz game,
TV-quiz program,
1985)
Barry Halliday
TV-quiz show
Monza/Italy
206
10
Table of Contents
58
sin. Ø
→ quiz
tr. prescription charges
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Lo 3.5
ricordano
stasera
mentre una
nuova
edizione del.........................................................................................
telequiz di allora
Significa che potranno essere60a
Bibliography
è già alle porte, vecchi filmati
disposizione del paziente, che
televisivi e cinegiornali d’epoca e
pagherà solo il ticket del 15%. (LR
4. The
molte
testimonianze.
(LR 20 gennaio
27 febbraio 1985)
1989)
...........................................
61
Ticket
Restaurant® (ticket
Laura Zanfrini
tennisman
[tɛnnisˈmɛn,
restaurant, ticket-restaurant) [ˈtiket
ˈtɛnnismɛn]
n. m.Policies
inv./-men
4.1 Restrictive
and CA
Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labourn... 65
ˈrɛstorant,
ˈtiket ˈrɛsturant]
m.
1996 fr. • sport
MG 1990 • alim. econ.
4.2 Initiatives
for solitamente
Governing Family
andinv./-s
Humanitarian
giocatore
di tennis,
a
buono, rilasciato dal datore di lavoro
Migration: Labour Migration but notaiWorkers’
Migration .............
livello professionistico
propri dipendenti,
con cui73è
sin. tennista
possibile
consumare
i
pasti
in alcuni
82
tr. tennis player
esercizi convenzionati
sin. buono, buono pasto
87
Diventerà il primo self-made
tr. meal ticket
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and (LS
tennisman
italiano
dell’era ATP.
5 luglio 1996)
Invece di spendere per i ticket
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
testimonial
restaurant le imprese con più di 200-
300 addetti potrebbero puntare su
[testiˈmɔnjal] n.
Societies
.......l’altro
101
questa
formulaof Origin
che fra
m./f. inv./-s SS 1979 ••••
Urs
Watter
eviterebbe
il
girovagare
dei
personaggio famoso che reclamizza
un prodotto
un messaggio
5.1 Stateattraverso
Interest and
Responsibility
pubblicitario
dipendenti alla ricerca di tramezzini
malsani. (LR 11 agosto 1992)
sin. donna immagine, uomo
tie break (tiebreak, tie-break)
immagine
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
[ˈtai ˈbrɛk, ˈtai ˈbreik] n. m. inv./-s
tr. endorser
A: tie breaker 1983 •• sport 106
C’è di tutto e di più: testimonial
in
alcune discipline sportive come
108
celebri, animali esotici, paesaggi da
tennis e pallavolo, sistema di
sogno,
effetti speciali,
musiche
e
punteggio che abbrevia i tempi
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109di
musichette. (LS 16 gennaio 2004)
gioco e attribuisce la vittoria al
5.6 Alianza País ..................................................................................
112a
giocatore o squadra che riesce
ottenere
un
vantaggio
di
due
punti
ticket
[ˈtiket] n. m. inv./-s SS
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
sull’avversario
1977 •••• econ.
coll. andare al tie break, perdere
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
quota
da versare
alla pubblica
al tie break, vincere al tie break
amministrazione per usufruire di
Ø
visite
mediche,
servizifor
assistenziali,
Working
Together
the Well-being ofsin.
Migrants
........................... 119
tr. tie breaker
medicinali e analisi cliniche
Barry Halliday
coll. pagare il ticket
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
207
Table of Contents
Lo 3.4
scarto
giocoRights’
tra i due
si
La stazione ferroviaria di Bologna
The di
Human
Approach
........................................................
58è
specchiava in un tiebreak vinto dal
stata movimentata ieri da due novità
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
marsigliese.
(LR 6 novembre
2001
che hanno mandato in tilt molti
passeggeri. (LR 22 aprile 2001)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
tight [tait] n. m. inv. EC: tight
coat
1870
•• abb.
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
toast [tɔst] n. m. inv./-s A:
toastie, toasty EC: toasted
abito
maschile
da
cerimonia
composto da giacca nera attillata a
sandwich 1930 •• alim.
“Non-policies”
in verticali
Italy and Europe
........................................... 61
codeand
e pantaloni
a righine
coppia di fette di pane a cassetta
Laura
Zanfrini
grigie
e nere
farcite
in
vario
modo
e
sin. Ø
successivamente tostate
tr. morning suit, tailcoat
sin. tramezzino
toasted sandwich, toastie,
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family andtr.Humanitarian
→ smoking
Migration: Labour Migration but nottoasty
Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Andrà all’altare con un fazzoletto
4.3 Fromnascosto
Guest Workers
to UnwelcomeDa
Guests
..................................
82
bianconero
nel taschino
segnalare,
poi, i toast e le pizzette
interno del tight. (CS 11 luglio 2003)
rosse
con
pomodoro
fresco,
mozzarella e olive taggiasche, 87
che
qui al chiosco
sul molo vengono
tilt4.5
[tilt]
n. m.Opportunity
inv.
Equal
................................
90
servite anche all’ora del tramonto
insieme ad altri gustosi stuzzichini.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
a SS 1959 ••••
(LR 2 settembre 2006)
situazione in cui un’apparecchiatura
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
subisce
un guasto
e smette
di
top [tɔp] n. f. inv. EC: top model
funzionare
Urs Watter
1994 • prof.
coll. andare in tilt, essere in tilt,
5.1 State
Interest and Responsibility modella, fotomodella o indossatrice
mandare
in tilt
towardsessere)
their Citizens
Living
102
di...........................................
fama mondiale molto richiesta
da
sin. (andare,
fuori uso,
in Abroad
agenzie pubblicitarie e case di moda
blocco,
in
panne
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
104
sin. top model
tr. block, halt, (to go) haywire
tr. supermodel, top model 106
Ora c’è il timore che faccia andare in
E, sorpresa, a 54 anni la top grissino
Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
tilt 5.4
il traffico
delle Policy
metropoli.
(CS 5
si
è
concessa
il
lusso
di
ingrassare.
novembre 2003)
5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
109
(LS 29 settembre 2002)
b SS
• País .................................................................................. 112
5.61959
Alianza
topless [ˈtɔples] n. m. inv. EC:
situazione in cui una persona perde
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
lucidità
topless bathing-suit, topless
coll. andare in tilt, essere in tilt,
swimsuit 1964 • abb.
Bibliography .......................................................................................
116
mandare in tilt
costume da bagno femminile, privo
della parte superiore, che lascia
sin. (andare, essere) nel pallone
Working
Together for the Well-being ofscoperto
Migrants
........................... 119
il seno
tr.
(to go) haywire
Barry Halliday
sin. Ø
Monza/Italy
208
10
Table of Contents
L’inserimento di un neolaureato
3.4 The Human
Approach ........................................................
58
tr. monokini,
toplessRights’
bathing-suit,
prevede un training di almeno un
topless swimsuit
3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
anno. (LR 27 agosto 1995)
→ slip b
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
trench [trɛntʃ] n. m. inv. EC:
Figuriamoci, non ho mai messo un
topless in vita mia, morirei di
trench coat 1933 •• abb.
vergogna a mostrare il sedere davanti
impermeabile, solitamente di colore
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
a tutti
o il seno dove
ho il neo.
(LR
chiaro, con cintura in vita
in Italy and Europe
61
19 gennaio
1996)
sin............................................
impermeabile
Laura Zanfrini
tr. mac, mack, mac(k)intosh,
total
body (total-body)
[ˈtɔtal
raincoat,
coat Labour .. 65
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Structural Demand
fortrench
Immigrant
→ montgomery
ˈbɔdi] n. m. inv. EC: total-body
conditioning, total-body workout
trench ha Migration
mille impunture
con73il
Labour Migration but notIlWorkers’
.............
1999 • Migration:
sport
filo di seta, anche in contrasto, nero
tipo4.3diFrom
allenamento
che consiste
Guest Workers
to UnwelcomesuGuests
82
bianco...................................
(CS 1 marzo 2004)
nell’eseguire determinati esercizi che
coinvolgono
i muscoli
tutto
4.4 Selective
Policiesdiand
theilBrain Drain............................................ 87
trend maker (trend-maker,
corpo
Equal Opportunity
................................
90
trendmaker)
[ˈtrɛnd ˈmeiker,
sin.4.5 total-body
conditioning,
total-body
workout
ˈtrɛnd ˈmɛker] n. m./f. inv./-s. CA
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
tr. total-body conditioning, total1995 •
body workout
persona
o evento
grande.......
visibilità
Societies
of di
Origin
101
in grado di lanciare nuove mode o
Urs
Watter
I corsi più gettonati spaziano dal gag
tendenze
«bruciagrassi»
al totaland
body
(nove
5.1 State Interest
Responsibility
sin. trend setter
discipline insieme per far lavorare
tr............................................
trend setter
towards
their
Citizens
Living
Abroad
102
tutto il corpo), lo spinning e il power
yoga
per
migliorare
l’elasticità
dei
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
L’auto diventa trendy grazie104ai
muscoli e la tonificazione isometrica.
trendsetter
(per
esempio,
i
(LR5.3
16 Migration
ottobre 2002)
106
calciatori), poi la tendenza monta e si
espande fino al modaiolo108di
5.4 Migration
Policyn.inm.
Colombia
training
[ˈtreinin(g)]
inv. ......................................................
provincia. (CS 24 novembre 2008)
EC:5.5training
course,
training
“Colombia
nos une”
...................................................................... 109
period 1962 •• prof.
trial [ˈtrial] n. m. inv. EC: 112
bike
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
periodo
di addestramento
svolto da un
trials, motorcycle trials 1978 sp. •
gruppo di dipendenti di un’azienda per
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
sport
apprendere determinate attività
specialità del motociclismo e del
sin.Bibliography
addestramento,
apprendistato,
.......................................................................................
116
ciclismo sportivo le cui competizioni
pratica, stage, tirocinio
si svolgono sia fuoristrada sia
tr.
internship,
placement,
Working
Together
forresidency,
the Well-being ofall’interno
Migrantsdi...........................
119
strutture appositamente
training
course,
training
period
allestite su percorsi a ostacoli e
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
209
Table of Contents
durante
le quali
il conducente
del
l’azione comincia con un tunnel a58
un
3.4 The
Human
Rights’ Approach
........................................................
mezzo non deve mai mettere i piedi
avversario. (LR 26 ottobre 2008)
per 3.5
terraConclusion ...................................................................................... 59
sin.Bibliography
Ø
......................................................................................... 60
tr. bike trials, motorcycle trials
Theil Ethics
of Migration.
E4.con
trial arriva
a un passo dal
Reflections
Recent Migration
Policies
primo
posto alon campionato
del
mondo
la conquista in
di Italy
5 titoli
anddopo
“Non-policies”
and Europe ........................................... 61
iridati.
(LRZanfrini
16 ottobre 1995)
Laura
4.1 Restrictive
Policiesn.andm./f.
trolley
[ˈtrɔlli, ˈtrɔllei]
inv.4.2
EC:
trolley bag,
trolley case,
Initiatives
for Governing
trolley Migration:
suitcase 2000
•
tur.Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Labour
valigia compatta dotata di ruote che
Fromtrascinata
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests .................................. 82
può4.3
essere
per mezzo
di
un’apposita maniglia estensibile
sin.4.4
tr. 4.5
spinner
spinnerandcase,
Equal bag,
Opportunity
spinner suitcase, trolley bag,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
trolley
case, trolley
suitcase
Tra
le occasioni,Including
consapevoli
che si
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
trattaUrsdelle
collezioni dello scorso
Watter
anno, si può fare qualche buon affare
con5.1maglie
e pantaloncini
ma
State Interest
and Responsibility
soprattutto
con
borse,
zaini
e
utili
trolley che se scelti con oculatezza
hanno
pregio diEthics
non essere
soggetti
5.2ilApplied
..............................................................................
104
alle violenze della moda. (LR 18
5.3 2000)
agosto
tunnel [ˈtunnel] n. m. inv. SS
5.5••“Colombia
nos une”...................................................................... 109
1965
sport
in particolare nel calcio, azione
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
consistente
nel
superare
un
avversario
facendogli....................................................................................
passare la palla
5.7 Challenges
114
tra le gambe
coll.Bibliography
fare il tunnel....................................................................................... 116
sin. Ø
tr.
nutmeg Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Working
Barry Halliday
Muscoli ma anche fantasia, visto che
Monza/Italy
210
10
Table of Contents
U
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Laura[ˈander]
Zanfrini n. f. inv. EC:
under
under
under Policies
18s, under
4.1 21s,
Restrictive
and 16s
1959 • sport
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
in varie
discipline for
sportive,
squadra
Migration:
Labour
Migration
composta
da atleti al
di sotto
di una but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
determinata età, solitamente ventuno,
4.3 From
Guest
diciotto
o sedici
anni Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
sin.4.4
tr. U-16s, U-18s, U-21s, U-16
4.5 Equal
team,
U-18 Opportunity
team, U-21and
team,
under
16s, under.........................................................................................
18s, under 21s,
Bibliography
97
under-16 team, under-18 team,
under-21 team
Urs Watter
Questa
under è una squadra di
qualità,
con ottimi
è una
5.1 State
Interestelementi,
and Responsibility
squadra che esprime bel gioco e
their marzo
Citizens2004)
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
segna. towards
(LS 25
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
V
211
Table of Contents
riferimento riconosciuto. (CS 58
13
gennaio 2003)
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
™
VibraCall
(vibracall, vibraLaura Zanfrini
call,4.1 Restrictive
vibra call)
[ˈvibracol,
Policies
ˈvibracɔl] n. m. inv. MG 1996 •
tecn.
Migration:
Labour
Migration
nei telefoni
cellulari,
vibrazione
del but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
dispositivo
cheGuest
può essere
associata
4.3 From
Workers
o sostituire la suoneria
sin.4.4
vibrazione
tr. vibrating alert
Telefonini
accesi .........................................................................................
con il silenzioso
Bibliography
97
vibracall, compiti copiati, strategiche
ritirate nei bagni, e ancora «perfette
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
esecuzioni»
degli
ordini venuti
dal
Urs Watter
professore
che aveva «preparato»,
magari a pagamento, il concorrente,
5.1 State
and Responsibility
e che
poi Interest
era riuscito
a farsi
towards
their Citizens(LR
Living
nominare
in commissione.
2 Abroad ........................................... 102
agosto 2000)
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
volley
[ˈvɔllei] n.
m. and
inv. Ethics
EC: ......................................................... 106
5.3 Migration
Policy
volleyball 1940 ••• sport
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
...................................................... 108
disciplina
sportiva,Policy
praticata
da due
squadre
di sei giocatori
un ......................................................................
campo
5.5 “Colombia
nos su
une”
109
diviso da una rete, in cui si segna un
punto
il pallone
al di là
5.6lanciando
Alianza País
..................................................................................
112
della rete e mandandolo a toccare la
5.7 Challenges
114
superficie
del campo....................................................................................
avversario
sin. pallavolo
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
tr. volleyball
→ beach volley, minivolley
Barryfemminile
Halliday italiano aveva un
Il volley
Monza/Italy
212
10
Table of Contents
W
58
sin. bagno, gabinetto, servizi
(igienici), toilette, water closet,
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
WC
tr. bathroom, gents, gents’ room,
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
ladies, ladies’ room, lavatory,
men’s room, restroom, toilet,
water closet, WC, women’s room
Anche in quel caso il suo foglio era
ancora bianco e in un attimo gli
consigliai
di andare Labour
al water
wafer
biscuit, wafer
cookie
SS
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
.. 65e
liberarsi di tutti quegli appunti. (LR
1905 • alim.
giugno 2003)
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
and18Humanitarian
biscotto
friabile costituito
da due Family
o
Migration:
Labour
Migration
più cialde
sovrapposte
e ripiene
di but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
windsurf [ˈwin(d)sørf, ˈwin(d)sɛrf,
crema
Laura
Zanfrini
wafer
[ˈvafer]
n. m. inv./-s EC:
Guests .................................. 82
sin.4.3
Ø From Guest Workers to Unwelcomewinˈ(d)sørf,
winˈ(d)sɛrf] n. m. inv./
tr. wafer
biscuit, Policies
wafer cookie
4.4 Selective
87
-s EC: windsurf board 1979 •• sport
tavola di materiale plastico o legno a
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................ 90
Lasciò
una promettente
carriera
da
cui sono attaccate una pinna, una
calciatore per aprire una piccola
deriva mobile e un albero con vela
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
attività
di produzione
di wafer a
dotato di boma con cui si possono
Bolzano. (LR 29 ottobre 2007)
fare svariate evoluzioni sull’acqua
sin. tavola
Urs [ˈvater]
Watter n. m. inv.
water
tr. board, windsurf board,
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility windsurfer
a EC: water closet 1965 fr. ••
→...........................................
surf
102
arch.
vaso5.2
delApplied
gabinetto,
solitamente
fatto
Approfittando del vento del pomeriggio
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
di maiolica o ceramica
erano usciti con il windsurf. (LR 17
Migration
106
sin.5.3
tazza,
vaso, WCPolicy and Ethics .........................................................
agosto 2005)
tr. toilet bowl
108
Wonderbra™
(wonderbra)
Aveva gettato nel water il cappotto
[ˈwɔnderbra, ˈwɔnder ˈbra] n.109
m.
5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
dell’arbitro dopo aver subito
inv./-s
MG
1994
•
abb.
un’espulsione:
stato
squalificato
5.6 AlianzaèPaís
..................................................................................
112
reggiseno che arrotonda e spinge in
per cinque giornate. (LR 18 gennaio
alto il seno
1990)
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
sin. push up
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
tr. push-up bra, push-up brassiere
b EC:
water closet
1965 fr. •
→ push up
arch.
Working
Together
for the
stanza
da bagno
o gabinetto
pubblico
Visti di giorno hanno l’aria un po’
Halliday
coll.Barry
andare
al water
mesta, filo di pancia e calvizie che
Monza/Italy
DFAI
10
213
Table of Contents
avanza,
lei trucco
3.4 The
Humanmattone,
Rights’caviglia
Approach ........................................................ 58
possente e spacco di seno che
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
scoppia
dal wonderbra.
(LR 9
maggio 1998)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Laura Zanfrini
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
214
10
Table of Contents
Y
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Laura Zanfrini
yorkshire
[ˈjɔrkʃar, jɔrkˈʃair,
4.1 Restrictive
and
ˈjɔrkʃair,
jɔrkˈʃajar,Policies
ˈjɔrkʃir]
n. Structural
m.
inv.4.2EC:
Yorkshire
terrier T:
Initiatives
for Governing
Yorkshire
1930
•
cane da compagnia di piccola taglia,
dal 4.3
peloFrom
di colore
grigio
scuro to
e dal
Guest
Workers
carattere vivace
sin.4.4
tr. Yorkshire
4.5 Equal terrier
L’aveva
infilata dentro
il cesto di una
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
vecchia lavatrice dentro la quale
dormiva anche il suo cane, uno
yorkshire. (LR 15 aprile 2000)
Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
10
Table of Contents
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Conclusion
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Laura Zanfrini
Initiatives
forhas
Governing
Humanitarian
The4.2present
work
shown Family
that theand
creation
of false Anglicisms is
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Workers’
73
extremely dynamic in present-day Italian. AsMigration
a sign .............
of lexical
creativity
attraction
English language,
it runs concurrently
4.3 Fromand
Guest
Workerstotothe
Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
to the phenomenon of lexical borrowing from British and American
English, i.e. real Anglicisms.
4.5
Equal
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
From
theOpportunity
onset of this
study and
throughout
the making of 90
the
dictionary,
however,
it
was
assumed
that
false
Anglicisms
are
not
just
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
a sub-group of Anglicisms, but independent lexical units generated by
specific
word-formation
processes,ineither
or semantic.
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants
Theirmorphological
Societies of Origin
....... 101
Starting
from
this
theoretical
assumption
on
their
nature,
false
Urs Watter
Anglicisms were defined, classified, and systematized. Each selected
5.1 State
and Responsibility
instance
wasInterest
then described
and illustrated in the dictionary section of
towards
their
Citizens
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
this book.
As Applied
clearly Ethics
pointed
out by Sinclair (1985: 81), any lexicographic
5.2
..............................................................................
104
work should first proceed from the analysis of existing sources, then
move on to the evaluation of linguistic information based on the
linguist’s
judgment,
finally ......................................................
obtain confirmation from data108
of
5.4 Migration
Policyand
in Colombia
language in use. Following this principle, the present work started
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
from the consultation of lexicographic resources, namely Italian and
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
English
monolingual
dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries, 112
and
collections
of
foreign
words
and
neologisms.
Subsequently,
the
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
analysis of language corpora made it possible to observe words in
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
context
and extract
real examples of usage. Finally, manual sorting
of data was required and decisions were also taken on the basis of
Working Together
introspection
and intuition.
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
216
10
Table of Contents
3.4
Thethe
Human
Rights’
........................................................
58
Still,
following
setApproach
of desiderata,
once met, may further enrich
the3.5
dictionary
of ......................................................................................
false Anglicisms included in this volume:
Conclusion
59
1. although.........................................................................................
the issue of pseudo-loans or false loans seems60to
Bibliography
have been surprisingly overlooked by historical linguistics
and sociolinguistics
4. The Ethics
of Migration. (Hock 1991, Lehmann 1992, Campbell
1998,
Thomason
2001, 2003,
Sankoff 2002, Winford 2003), a
Policies
more
diachronic-oriented
study
– ...........................................
describing the etymological
61
processes
that
originated
false
Anglicisms
– would add to the
Laura Zanfrini
information provided in the dictionary;1
2. since the dictionary word list is based on written journalistic
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Familyofand
Humanitarian
language,forthe
investigation
a corpus
of written Italian, such
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Workers’
Migration
.............
73
as the Corpus di Italiano Scritto (CORIS),
and/or
spoken
Italian,
such
as thetoLessico
di frequenza
dell’italiano parlato
4.3 From
Guest
Workers
Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
(LIP), the Corpus di italiano parlato (CIP), the Corpus di
italiano televisivo (CIT), and the Lessico di frequenza
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied(LIR),
Opportunities
dell’italiano
radiofonico
would ................................
make it possible 90to
examine.........................................................................................
the spread of false Anglicisms in different modes
Bibliography
97
and registers. The analysis of a wider range of corpora would
2
certainly
lead to Emigrants
more balanced
results;
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
Urs
3. Watter
besides the quantitative data provided by the dictionary,
further
statistical
information on usage and frequency of false
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
Anglicisms
could
be obtained
from Italian informants.
Abroad ...........................................
102
Questionnaires submitted to Italian speakers – of the kind
5.2 Applied
Ethics
104
suggested
by..............................................................................
Giovanardi (2008: 106-110) – would certainly
provide Policy
valuable
information,
thus improving both
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
1
As
(2007a:
‘In terms of language development, hybrid
5.5Onysko
“Colombia
nos 59)
une”argues:
......................................................................
109
anglicisms and pseudo anglicisms exemplify that etymology is decisive in order to
ascertain
the possibility
of language influence. In reality, however, it is 112
often
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
difficult to arrive at cogent etymological conclusions.’.
2
5.7following
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
The
remark
made by Sinclair (2003: 167) must be considered: ‘Where,
as is becoming increasingly common, a corpus is close to the centre of a dictionary
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
project,
the lexicographer
must know how far the corpus can be trusted.’. 116
With
regard to corpus-based lexicography, Landau (2001: 321) recognizes that ‘[t]he main
limitation
the corpus for
is that
matter how large
it is and how
carefully it has 119
been
WorkingofTogether
thenoWell-being
of Migrants
...........................
assembled,
it
cannot
possibly
represent
truly
the
myriad
ways
in
which
language
is
Barry Halliday
used spontaneously in speech and deliberately in writing.’.
Monza/Italy
Conclusion
10
217
Table of Contents
3.4 The
Human Rights’and
Approach
........................................................
58
macrostructural
microstructural
features of the dictionary
(Béjoint 1983:
67, 68);
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
4. although.........................................................................................
English translation equivalents are included, the
Bibliography
60
definition of each headword and the metalanguage could also
be provided
in English in order to embrace a larger audience;
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
Reflections
on Recent Migration
Policies linguistic techniques could
5. more sophisticated
computational
in Italy
Europe
61
be implemented
in and
order
to ...........................................
detect English translation
Laura
Zanfrini
equivalents
of false Anglicisms in Italian. This may be
achieved Policies
by analyzing
English-Italian
parallel corpora,
as
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
already done – though restricted to the specialized field of
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
and2004b,
Humanitarian
business for
– by
LaviosaFamily
(2004a,
2006, 2007a, 2007b),
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Workers’
73
who compiled the Commercial ItalianMigration
Corpus .............
- Corpus
dell’italiano
commerciale
(COMIC-CIC)
in order to study
4.3 From
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
English translation equivalents of real Anglicisms in Italian;
6. this work may also be the starting point for a contrastive
study of pseudo-English ‘infiltrations’ which are widespread
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
in European
languages (Zandvoort 1970). It would 97
be
interesting to carry out studies on false Anglicisms in
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
Societies
of Origin
....... 101
languages
otherEmigrants
than Italian
and to
compile
dictionaries
of
Urs Watter
false Anglicisms across various languages.
5.1
State Interest
and Responsibility
Although
this type
of research is continually in progress since
towards
their Citizens
Abroad ...........................................
102
new false
Anglicisms
are Living
being coined
– some of which may either
rapidly
disappear
or
gain
a
long-lasting
status
in
the
Italian
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
vocabulary – and methodological improvements to search for them
Migration
Policy
Ethics .........................................................
are5.3
being
devised,
the and
inventory
of false Anglicisms presented in 106
this
volume
is considered
to Colombia
be ‘reliable’,
at least in the sense indicated
5.4 Migration
Policy in
......................................................
108
by Atkins and Rundell:
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
A
dictionary
is one whose generalizations about word
5.6reliable
Alianza País
..................................................................................
112
behaviour approximate closely to the ways in which people normally
use
(and understand)
language when engaging in real communicative
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
acts (such as writing novels or business reports, reading newspapers,
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
or
having conversations).
(Atkins and Rundell 2008: 45, 46)
On theTogether
other hand,
Haugen of
says
with ...........................
reference to the
Working
for theasWell-being
Migrants
119
influence
of English on other languages:
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
218
10
Table of Contents
3.4 TheisHuman
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
There
much to
be done
in teasing
out the English models, their58
origins in speech or writing, their tortuous ways of reaching the
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
European
public,
and the current results in the form of local replicas.59
(Haugen
1988:.........................................................................................
8)
Bibliography
60
This
statement appears to be even truer for false Anglicisms. Their
transient
and dynamic
makes
it difficult for the lexicographer
Reflections
on Recentnature
Migration
Policies
to pin
their origin
and and
evolution
time, thus making their
and down
“Non-policies”
in Italy
Europeover
...........................................
61
description
continually
open
to
change.
Laura Zanfrini
A dictionary of false Anglicisms in Italian is meant to offer users
Restrictive
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
65
an 4.1
up-to-date
lexicographic
tool which
witnesses
the vitality
of.. the
Italian
languageforand
an opportunity
to discover its continuous
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
transformation.
Indeed,
it
is
hoped
that
the readers
of this
volume
Migration
.............
73
will be attracted by the complex phenomenon of false Anglicisms,
which
further confirms the influence of English on the Italian
language
and culture.
4.4 Selective
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Urs Watter
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Barry Halliday
Monza/Italy
10
Table of Contents
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
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