DarkSide-20k - Agenda INFN

DarkSide-20k
Giuliana Fiorillo
CSN2, LNGS, July 21, 2016
1
Outline
•
DS-50
•
•
First results from the UAr Run and
current status
DS-20k
•
towards the Technical Proposal
•
ongoing activities and plan for
2017
DarkSide
2
1. DarkSide-50
DarkSide
3
DarkSide-50 Milestones
•
Oct 2013: three detectors commissioned, cryostat filled with AAr
•
Oct 2014: WIMP search results with 1422 kg × d AAr exposure
•
Fall 2014: Calibration campaign
14C
•
Winter 2014: Refurbishment of LSV,
•
Apr 2015: cryostat drained and filled with 153 kg of UAr
•
Oct 2015: WIMP search results with 2616 kg × d UAr exposure
DarkSide
rate from 150 kHz to 0.3 kHz
4
PHYSICAL REVIEW D 93, 081101(R) (2016)
f90
DS-50 UAr run: 70 days WIMP search run (2,616 kg × d)
1
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Energy [keVnr]
160 180 200
0.9
250
0.8
50% 65%
80% 90% 95%
0.7
200
99%
0.6
150
0.5
0.4
100
0.3
0.2
50
0.1
UAr
39Ar
activity (0.73 ± 0.11) mBq/kg
f90
0
1
50
20
100
40
150
60
200
80
250
100
120
300
140
350
400
450
S1 [PE]
Energy [keVnr]
160 180 200
0.9
50
0.8
50% 65%
80% 90% 95%
0.7
Underground argon: 39Ar depletion factor >1400
+ ER rejection previously demonstrated in AAr data
⇓
UAr exposures of at least 5.5 tonne-yr can be made free of
39Ar background.
DarkSide
0
40
99%
0.6
30
0.5
0.4
20
0.3
0.2
10
0.1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
S1 [PE]
0
5
DS-50 UAr: Results from the first use of low radioactivity argon in a dark matter search
2
σ [cm ]
PHYSICAL REVIEW D 93, 081101(R) (2016)
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DarkSide
4
Mχ
10
2
[GeV/c ]
6
Highlight from IDM2016: LUX results 332 new live days
Previous limit:
5.6e-46 cm2 at
33 GeV
DarkSide
7
DS-50 UAr run: current status
•
•
•
•
WIMP run projections: first live year within Summer
Blinding implemented at the software level
Background studies ongoing
New calibrations with AmBe held in June: high statistics nuclear recoil samples (160Bq)
DarkSide
8
DarkSide-20k
DarkSide
9
2
σ [cm ]
Dark Matter discovery path
10−41
)
7
0
0
2
(
WARP
10−42
14
0
2
(
-I
X
a
d
n
Pa
−43
10
−44
10
10−45
−46
10
CDMS
(2015)
LHC
10-1 t×yr
5 t×yr
)
.
j
o
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r p
y
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00
1
(
k
20
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d
i
DarkS
j.)
o
r
p
r
y
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0
1
(
Argo
10
10−48
102 t×yr
1 event
from neutrino-induced
nuclear recoil
10−49
−50
10
)
5
1
0
2
(
0
5
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id
DarkS
j.)
o
r
p
yr
3
(
0
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d
i
DarkS
12)
0
2
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0
0
1
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O
XEN
13)
0
2
(
LUX
−47
10
)
)
15
0
2
(
PICO
3
2
10
10
DarkSide
4
Mχ
10
2
[GeV/c ]
10
Argon: null background strategy to discovery
•
The only dangerous backgrounds for large scale, high mass dark matter
searches are:
•
Scatters of pp solar neutrinos on electrons
•
200 events/tonne×yr in ROI
•
200,000 background events @neutrino floor
➡
•
➡
Defeated in argon thanks to β/γ rejection better than
Radioactive noble gases
7
1÷1.6×10
39
( Ar)
39
( Ar
39
AAr/ Ar
•
1,422 kg×day (@AAr) x1400
UAr)
➡
5.5 tonne×yr (UAr) already demonstrated
additional active isotopic depletion and higher light yield can allow for
100 tonne×yr (UAr/DAr)
DarkSide
11
DarkSide-20k
a 20-tonnes fiducial dark matter detector
start of operations at LNGS within 2020
100 tonne×year background-free search for dark matter
20-
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
DS-20k
•
Proposal submitted to INFN and NSF December 4, 2015
•
>40 Institutions and still growing
DarkSide
12
Proposal Institutions
ITALIA
1. Gran Sasso Science Institute
LNGS
2.
Politecnico di Milano
3.
FBK, TIFPA
4.
5. Università Cagliari and INFN
6. Università di Napoli and INFN
7. Università Genova and INFN
8. Università Roma-1 and INFN
9. Università Milano and INFN
10. Università Perugia and INFN
11. Università Pisa and INFN
12. Università Roma-3 and INFN
Università Sassari
13.
13luglio2016
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
US
US - Augustana College
US - Black Hills State
University
US - PNNL Washington
State
US - Princeton University
US – Fermilab
US – Fort Lewis
US - Houston University
US - Temple University
US - UC Davis
US - UCLA Los Angeles
US – UMass Amherst
US - University of Hawaii,
US - Virginia tech
DS-Technicalproposal
DarkSide
OTHERS
BRA – Universitade Sao Paolo
1.
2. BRA - Universidade de Campinas
CERN
3.
CIN- IHEP Bejing
4.
ESP - CIEMAT
5.
F - APC Paris
6.
F- IPHC Strasbourg
7.
F - LPNHE Paris
8.
9. GRE – Heraklion University Crete
10. POL - Jagiellonian University
11. ROM - Natil Inst .. Cluj-Napoca
12. RUS – Novosibirsk University
RUS - Belgorod National
13.
Research University
RUS - PNPI Saint Peterburg
14.
RUS - JINR
15.
RUS - Kurchatov Institute
16.
RUS - MEPhI, Moscow
17.
SUI - ETH Zürich
18.
13
DarkSide-20k Proposal
Baseline design key issues:
•
Depleted Ar target
30 ton total, 20 ton fiducial
•
radiopure construction, titanium cryostat
•
15m2 SiPM sensors (low radioactivity,
increased LY)
•
high efficiency neutron shield/veto
Scalable design for application to larger scale
detector
DarkSide
14
DarkSide-20k WBS
DarkSide
C.Galbia>
1DS-20kProject
G.Ba>gnani[A.Ianni,M.CiHerio]
1.1Photoelectronics
A.Razeto[C.Piemonte]
1.2TPCandCryogenics
H.Wang[G.Fiorillo]
1.3Materials
D.Asner[P.Meyers]
1.4Calibra>ons
J.Maricic[J.Martoff]
1.5Vetoes
G.Testera[A.Renshaw]
1.6DAQ,Trigger,andSlowControl
M.Rescigno[E.Hungerford]
1.7OfflineSWandCompu>ng
D.Franco[S.Giagu]
1.8Facili>esandInfrastructures
A.Ianni[Y.Suvorov]
1.9Safety
F.Gabriele[A.Gorea]
1.10ReD
G.Fiorillo
2UraniaProject
P.Sala>no[H.Back,A.Renshaw]
3AriaProject
A.Gorea[R.Perruzza]
DarkSide
15
URANIA & ARIA production facilities
•
Sub-projects of the DarkSide Collaboration, classified as LNGS
infrastructures
•
URANIA:
•
•
UAr extraction and purification plant in Colorado to reach
capacity of 100 kg/day with a (chemica) purity of 99.9%
•
Funding & Management
•
MIUR/INFN Progetto Premiale 2013 (2.3M€)
•
INFN LNGS (2.7M€)
•
Management from INFN - Giunta Esecutiva + Princeton
•
L1 Manager: P. Salatino (NA)
ARIA:
•
350 m tall distillation column in the Seruci mine in Sardinia
for chemical and isotopic purification of UAr
•
Seruci-1: 10kg/d
•
Seruci-2: 150kg/d
•
test of first modules at CERN ongoing
•
Funding & Management
•
Accordo di Programma between INFN and Regione
Sardegna (RAS)
•
Funding not completed yet
•
Management from INFN - Giunta Esecutiva + RAS +
Princeton
•
L1 Manager: A.Goretti (LNGS)
DarkSide
16
Urania Schedule
Year
2016
Activity
Q3
Q4
2017
Q1
Q2
Q3
2018
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Site preparation
Plant Construction
Operation@CO
•
Production of 30 ton UAr: dic 2018
➡
URANIA is not critical, at least 1 year contingency
DarkSide
17
Aria Schedule
Year
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Activity
Site preparation
Seruci-0
Seruci-1
Seruci-2
•
•
Space available at Seruci for a single module test (SERUCI-0):
•
reboiler + condenser (total column height ~24m)
•
350m well refurbishment started
If SERUCI-1 ok, and if funding of SERUCI-2 ok:
•
SERUCI-2 constructed within Dec 2018
•
DAr production start: Jan 2019
•
DAr production end (30 ton): Jan 2020
DarkSide
18
DSItalia
Università di Bologna & INFN
Università di Cagliari & INFN
Università di Genova & INFN
GSSI - Gran Sasso Science Institute
LNGS - Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso
LNS - Laboratori Nazionali del Sud
Università Statale di Milano & INFN
Politecnico di Milano
Università Federico II di Napoli & INFN
Università di Perugia & INFN
Università di Pisa & INFN
Università La Sapienza di Roma & INFN
Università di Roma Tre & INFN
Università di Sassari
TIFPA - FBK
Università di Torino & INFN
13 sezioni,128 persone e 61 FTE
DarkSide
19
DarkSide program: new groups and personnel
+ 40 collaborators (+13 FTE)
•
•
•
•
➡
Sezione Persone
FTE
FTE/Pers.
new Bologna group: A. Alici, P. Antonioli, S. Arcelli, L.
Cifarelli, M. Colocci, I. D’Antone, M. Guerzoni, A.
Margotti, R. Nania, E. Scapparone, G. Scioli, A. Zichichi
BO
11
210
19%
CA
18
1280
71%
GE
9
300
33%
new LNS group: M. Gulino, L. Pandola + UNISS
LNGS
15
1110
74%
LNS
8
220
28%
MI
14
790
56%
NA
15
920
61%
PG
3
60
20%
PI
10
290
29%
RM1
8
190
24%
RM3
3
100
33%
TIFP
8
440
55%
TO
6
175
26%
128
60.85
47%
new Torino group: A. Chiavassa, F. Cossio, G. Della
Casa, A. Rivetti, M. Rolo, R. Wheadon
new entries from UNICA, UNIMI, UNINA
relevant contributions to
•
DS-50 analysis and MC
•
DS-20k program
•
Microelectronics development
Totale
DarkSide
20
DarkSide-20k review process
Apr 2015: DS-20k LOI
Dec 2015: DS-20k proposal submitted
Apr 2016: proposal jointly reviewed by NSF/INFN
- successful joint INFN and NSF merit review
- NSF ranking panel: excellent for “Intellectual Merit” and “Broader Impact”
Jul 2016: technical review of budget and schedule ongoing
Sep 2016: updated technical proposal (TP) due to LNGS
Oct 2016: LNGS review
DarkSide
21
Merit review: main reviewers’ concerns
•
•
… a demonstrator of at least parts of the new technologies involved in the projects will be considered
necessary…
➡ ReD for advanced calibration techniques
➡
1t-prototype as technological demonstrator
➡
DS-20k to reach physics goals
In light of the risk for a major delay in the extraction or purification of the total amount of depleted argon,…
➡
➡
•
2
The proposed design is the first experiment to make use of such a large area (~15 m ) of SiPMs in cryogenic
environment. We recommend the collaboration prepare a plan in the case of a delay or major problems
related to the developments of these crucial components.
➡
•
URANIA under critical path but schedule includes 1 year contingency
ARIA schedule shift would lead to a first run with UAr to be followed by another with DAr
no alternatives to SiPMs
A more detailed schedule and budget including milestones and risk assessment are needed going forward.
➡
TP in preparation
DarkSide
22
A staged program towards DS-20k
20-
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
RED
1-ton Proto
DS-20k
•
RED
• 3” TPC
• study of ionisation and
scintillation with SiPM
readout
• calibration runs
• directionality studies
•
1-ton Prototype
• 1-ton total
• full size cryogenics
• prototype cryostat
• validation of the design of
TPC and argon loop
• integration tests of the
custom SIPM-photosensors
and FEE
DarkSide
•
DS-20k
• 30 ton total, 20 ton fiducial
• radiopure construction, DAr
2
target, 15m SiPM sensors
• high efficiency neutron
shield/veto
• dark matter search
23
SCENE(got(a(very(clean(sample(of(neutrons
RED: Nuclear recoils calibration and directionality studies
n457
CRIOCOOLER PT90
TPC>TOF(
VALVOLA CRIOGENICA
MANUALE
D
LAr>PSD(
INGRESSO GAr
USCITA GAr
EVENTUALE RICCIOLO
DI RISCALDAMENTO GAS
LAr(TPC(
Neutron(beam(
C
Sca2ering(angle(
INGRESSO GAr
DA SERBATOIO
N>PSD(
Neutron(
B
N>TOF(
Neutron(detector(
A
12
•
GAP-TPC (SiPM from FBK R&D production)
•
Cryogenics
•
Neutron beam production (@ Naples and LNS)
•
n-ToF spectrometer (8 LSci detectors)
B.(Rossi(>(12(May(2014(
SCENE2@NAPLES(
DarkSide
11
10
9
8
7(
24
•
Total drift length: 2.4 m
•
Fiducial: 20 ton
•
Active: 23 ton
•
Total UAr: 30 ton
•
Octagonal TPB coated PTFE reflector
-
Slit-panels joined together
-
No gaps when cooled
-
Fully scalable in Φ and L
-
Split-ring field cage outside
-
Reflector as in DS-50
•
50 KV total HHV
•
Wire Extraction and Cathode planes
•
SiPM light detectors top & bottom
•
Ti or SS radiopure cryostat
2.4m
DS-20k Basic Parameters
1.2m
2.9m
Vessel3.0tOD:358cm
Cryostat2.5tID:338cm
DarkSide
25
Mother boards for DarkSide-20k
SiPMTile(DetectorModule)Size:4cmx6cm
24cmx24cm
24cmx24cm
MBS(24channelsDM)
MBT(21channelsDM)
DarkSide
MB3
26
Top/Bottom SiPM assembly DarkSide-20k
5736readoutchannelstotal
FrontView
BackView
#MBS=104,#MBT=16,#MB3=12
DarkSide
27
DS-20k Prototype
•
From DS-50 to DS-20k
•
scale-up the volume (factor >200)
•
new reflector and field cage
•
new anode, cathode and extraction system
•
new light readout with SiPM
•
new front-end and DAQ electronics
➡
O(1m) linear dimensions to validate mechanics and SiPM
photosensors
➡
ton scale to test full size DS-20 cryo system
30cm
TPC assembly and integration test
•
All the components of the prototype designed and built
in the different institutions of the DarkSide Collaboration
DarkSide
28
Prototype Project Goals
•
To test scalable modular parts design, including reflector cage
panels, field cage rings,mounting structure concepts, all
directly applicable to DarkSide-20k
•
To test the (definitive) argon loop of DarkSide-20k
•
To test the cryostat leveling system
•
To test the wire cathode and grid design
•
To further verify the high voltage system, whose fitness was
already successfully demonstrated in the course of the
DarkSide-50 program
•
To test the cryostat mechanics
•
To test the SiPM-based photosensors and motherboards
•
To test the readout electronics for the 376 (188 top + 188
bottom) photosensors
•
To test methods of SiPM readout electronics cooling
•
To establish S2 generation uniformity and gain control
DarkSide
29
Prototype Cryostat
• Twobaselineversions:
• SStoallowforafasttestofthe
TPC
• Titodemonstratefeasibilityof
theproject
LargestOD:128cm
ID: 100cm
Height: 167cm(w/odrainport)
Totalweight: 620kg
Totalargon: 800kg
DarkSide
30
DarkSide-20k Cryogenic System
DetectorOperation
Purification
Heat
exchanger
New
condenser
DarkSide
31
Cryogenics System test on prototype for the Darkside-20k validation
•
To test the new upgraded argon condenser
•
To test the 500 slm gas pump
•
To test the fast drain recovery system
•
To test the heat recovery system
•
To test Functionallity and stability control
•
To test system safety during power failure
•
To test up to 1000 slm purification flow rate
•
To test TPC level control loop
DarkSide
32
Photoelectronics for DarkSide-20k
•
The DS-20k detector
module (DM) is the sum of
•
a SiPM tile (25 cm2)
•
its cryogenic FEE board
DM design @ Pisa
Packaging @ Princeton
DarkSide
33
Photoelectronics for DarkSide-20k
Signal readout @ LNGS
9 cm2 of RGB HD fast FBK
SiPMs
Sipm size 1cm2, Vbr 28V,
capacity ~3-5nF
Readout with one fast
transimpedance amp
DarkSide
34
SiPM development @ FBK: HD technologies @ LN
Preliminary characterization carried out together by FBK and DarkSide to better
understand the main features of the technologies at LN, before DS productions.
Parameters
(@ 80K)
Cell Size
RGB-HD
Std. field
20 µm
NUV-HD
Std. field
25 µm
NUV-HD
Low-field
25 µm
Recharge Tau
Breakdown Voltage
70 ns
23.6 V
2.5 us
21.5 V
2.5 us
27 V
PDE @ 420 nm
PDE OV
DCR
~ 25%
7V
8 Hz/mm2
40%
5V
0.5 Hz/mm2
40%
5V
0.005 Hz/mm2
DiCT
DeCT + AP
15%
10%
15%
25%
15%
10%
DarkSide
35
NUV-HD: DCR @ LN
> 7 orders of
magnitude !
Standard field
DarkSide
specification
Low-field
A 10x10
2
cm
SiPM array would have a total DCR < 100 Hz!
DarkSide
36
Photon Counting Measurement @ LN
Tests in LN @ FBK
photon counting capability with a pulsed LED
Very high S/N of
FBK setup with
2
10x10 mm
SiPM!
2
Single10x10mm NUV-HD-LF
25umcell,slow,3VOV,inLN
1st photon
2nd photon
Baseline
Good gain uniformity
of 160k SPADs
3rd photon
4th photon
DarkSide
Trigger on LED
4us integration time
37
SiPM test facilities
LNGS
Napoli
DarkSide
38
statistical SiPM test @ T<300K
Tests @ Napoli
•
IV curves (down to LN temperature):
• Rq, Vbd, Leakage current vs temperature (mostly for uniformity of the
production and robustness of the SiPM)
•
Signal characterization:
• Workfunction, Pulse Shape, SPE Resolution, Dark rate, Stability, Robustness,
PDE …
Rq distribution of the tile for each
temperature
Prob
102.6 ± 1.1
Sigma
Mean
Sigma
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
3.941 / 3
Prob
5
3.488 ± 0.901
4
χ2 / ndf
6
0.2679
Mean
5
7
0.2679
5
χ2 / ndf
Mean
Sigma
87.59 ± 1.09
3.488 ± 0.901
0.6342 / 3
50.8886
Prob
4
3
χ2 / ndf
76.09 ± 1.51
4
2
100
150
200
250
0
0
300
Rq
50
100
5
χ2 / ndf
1.809 / 3
Prob
4
0.613
Mean
Sigma
3
200
250
0
0
300
Rq
50
100
Rq_255
Entries
Entries
Rq_242
150
6
χ2 / ndf
3.092 / 2
Prob
5
0.2131
Mean
59.07 ± 1.63
4
5.164 ± 1.372
Sigma
150
200
3250
5
300
Rq
0.09616 / 1
0.7565
5.376 ± 1.839
-28.42 ± 0.03
0.05803 ± 0.02249
Rq_306
Entries
50
χ2 / ndf
Prob
Constant
Mean
Sigma
1.403 / 3
Prob
0.7048
Constant
4.876 ± 1.9734
Mean
-0.006344 ± 0.000065
Sigma
0.0002093 ± 0.00006753
5.071 ± 1.100
1
0
0
Vbd at 306K
Entries
6
3.941 / 3
Entries
χ2 / ndf
Vbd distribution at 306K
slope_expo
Rq_190
Entries
7
Rq_163
Entries
Entries
Rq_151
Distribution of the slope of the exponential fit of Rq
for all SiMs in a tile
10
χ2 / ndf
8
55.78 ± 1.51
0.2706
Mean
3.832 ± 1.216
Sigma
6
32.07 ± 0.81
ONLY 0.2%
2.741 ± 0.485
1
3
2
Breakdown voltage “dis”-uniformity at 306K
Apartof3outliersSiPMs’Rqhavea
2
commonbehaviorwrttemperature
2.614 / 2
2
Prob
1
4
2
1
0
0
2
1
50
100
150
200
250
300
Rq
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Rq
0
0
50
100
150
200
0
-0.01
250
300
Rq
-0.009
-0.008
-0.007
-0.006
-0.005
-0.004
DarkSide
-0.003
-0.002
-0.001 0
0
-30
Slope_RqVsTemp
-29.5
-29
-28.5
-28
-27.5
-27
-26.5
-26
-25.5
-25
Vbd [V]
39
Photoelectronics prototyping & production validation
•
•
first production (2017) will include:
•
50 tiles + FEE with alumina/saphire substrates
•
DM integration and room temperature test @ Pisa
•
DM characterisation @ Napoli and LNGS
pre-production (2018)
•
500 detector modules to fully equip the 1ton-prototype
•
test @ Pisa and Napoli
DarkSide
40
Readout scheme for TPC
•
Analog signal transmitted in control room through differential/optical lines, received/discriminated/summed as
appropriate in customised board
•
Focus on the needs and performances for DM search
•
•
TDC (possibly with TOT) readout for the 5200 Detector Modules for S1 readout
Might be possible also for VETO of DS20K
•
Group channels suitably for S2 and digitize at moderate speed (50/100 MHz)
•
Perform zero suppression in hardware (FPGA)
•
Adopt conservatively a simple majority trigger to start the data acquisition
•
Software event building and online reconstruction for further data reduction
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DS-20k Veto Detectors Baseline Design
WaterCherenkovVeto(WCV)
• 14mdiameterand12mheight
• Filledwithultra-purewater
• PMTswith~2%photocathodecoverage**
• 10020”PMTs
LiquidScintillatorVeto(LSV)
• 7mdiameter
• Offsetequator1mbelowWCVcenter
• FilledwithPC-TMBscintillatorcocktail
• Gives≥1.2mofscintillatorsurrounding
cryostatinalldirections,couldbemore…
• PMTswith~13%photocathodecoverage**
• 10020”PMTs
• Advantagestouse20”PMTs
• In-kindcontributionfromIHEP
• Equivalentphotocathodecoveragewith1/6thechannels
• Reductionintotalsystemcostsandcomplexity
• Mustcheckdetectorperformance
• 20”PMTshavelargertransittimespread
• CE/Resolutionmoreeffectedbyexternalmagneticfields
• Firstchecksshowperformancetobeequivalenttousing8”PMTs
**Photocathodecoveragecalculatedbasedonvesseldimensions,actualcoveragemaybelarger
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Conclusions
•
The DarkSide program aims at exploring dark matter down to the “Neutrino Floor” at and above the mass
range explored by planned accelerator experiments, well above 100 GeV
•
•
•
DarkSide-20k:
-47
2
•
background-free exposure of 100 tonne×yr to reach a sensitivity of 1×10
-46
2
2
matter particle mass (1×10 cm for 10 TeV/c )
•
proposal submitted (Dec 2015) and undergoing review
•
Technical Proposal with updated budget and schedule in preparation (due Sep 2016)
2
cm for a 1 TeV/c dark
Activities:
• new photosensors based on radiopure SiPM arrays and cryogenic FEE (R&D + prototyping)
•
new optical readout calibration with nuclear recoils ongoing (RED)
•
new TPC design, argon loop and Ti cryostat need prototyping to prove scalability (1ton-prototype)
•
new DAQ scheme replacing full waveform digitization with time and charge information of each hit
(prototyping)
•
20” PMT sealing and characterisation
If approved promptly, the INFN-led DS-20k could become the most powerful dark matter experiment
searching for high mass dark matter to start data taking by 2020
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