saggio - Andrea Facoetti - the DEVELOPMENTAL AND COGNITIVE

Transcript

Capitolo nono
Le dislessie evolutive
La dislessia evolutiva (DE) viene solitamente definita come il disturbo neuroevolutivo caratterizzato da una specifica difficoltà nell’acquisizione delle abilità
di lettura in bambini con un normale livello intellettivo, tipica esperienza scolastica e d’istruzione, e in assenza di alterazioni neurosensoriali tali da giustificare
la significativa difficoltà nella decodifica [APA 1994]. Gli studi epidemiologici
stimano che la frequenza della DE sia variabile tra il 5 e il 17% della popolazione
scolastica (vedi cap. 10) . Nonostante la grande variabilità della sua frequenza, che
dipende dai diversi criteri adottati per la sua diagnosi e dalla particolare natura
delle corrispondenze grafema-fonema specifica di ciascuna lingua [Shaywitz 1996],
la DE risulta essere comunque il disturbo neuroevolutivo più frequente. Così, la
sua elevata prevalenza, insieme alle conseguenze sull’istruzione, e quindi sulla vita
professionale futura dei bambini affetti, spiegano il grande interesse della ricerca
scientifica a tale disturbo specifico dell’apprendimento.
L’eziologia della DE rimane ad oggi sostanzialmente sconosciuta, sebbene le
evidenze sinora raccolte siano a favore di una origine genetica, combinata con noti
fattori di rischio ambientali che alterano il normale sviluppo cerebrale (come, ad
esempio, la prematurità). È infatti oramai ampiamente riconosciuto che la componente genetica possa svolgere un ruolo cruciale nell’influenzare l’acquisizione della
lettura indipendentemente dal livello intellettivo generale. Basta ricordare che la
presenza di una storia familiare di DE conferisce un aumentato rischio di sviluppare
un disturbo specifico della lettura [Hallgren 1950] e i risultati degli studi sui gemelli
omozigoti che indicano chiaramente l’importanza dei fattori genetici nello sviluppo
della DE [Gayàn e Olson 2001]. Infine, la genetica molecolare negli ultimi decenni
ha compiuto importanti passi verso l’identificazione di specifici geni candidati della
DE, localizzati sui cromosomi 15 (il gene DYX1C1), 6 (i geni DCDC2 e KIAA0319)
e 3 (ROBO1) i quali, essendo tutti legati allo sviluppo neurologico, ovvero, alla
migrazione dei neuroni e alla guida della crescita degli assoni durante lo sviluppo
cerebrale, potrebbero essere alla base della predisposizione alla DE [Galaburda
et al. 2006]. Queste evidenze sottolineano come i meccanismi eziopatogenetici del
Questo capitolo è di Andrea Facoetti, Mariagrazia Benassi, Roberto Bolzani, Deny Menghini e
Stefano Vicari.
saggio - Andrea Facoetti
Riferimenti bibliografici
Copia saggio - Andrea Facoetti
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