i tempi del passato (2) - Assets

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UNIT
3
I TEMPI DEL PASSATO (2)
3.1 Il present perfect simple
3.2 Il present perfect simple con just, already, still, yet, ever,
never
3.3 Have gone e have been
3.4 Il present perfect simple vs il past simple
3.5 Il present perfect continuous
3.6 Il present perfect simple/continuous con for e since
3.1 IL PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
Il termine present perfect indica la caratteristica principale di questo tempo: mettere in relazione
un’azione passata con il presente. Il momento preciso in cui l’azione è avvenuta non è rilevante,
quindi non viene specificato. Il present perfect simple corrisponde al passato prossimo italiano.
Il present perfect simple si forma con l’ausiliare have/has e il participio passato del verbo.
Nei verbi regolari, il participio passato è uguale al past simple: si forma quindi aggiungendo il
suffisso -ed alla forma base del verbo.
Past simple
Forma base
Participio passato
work
worked
worked
lavorato
arrive
arrived
arrived
arrivato
Nei verbi irregolari, il participio passato corrisponde alla 3ª voce del paradigma. Può avere la
stessa forma del past simple:
Past simple
Forma base
Participio passato
have
had
had
avuto
make
made
made
fatto
buy
bought
bought
comprato
oppure può avere una forma completamente differente:
Past simple
Forma base
Participio passato
break
broke
broken
rotto
be
was/were
been
stato
go
went
gone
andato
36
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UNIT 3
I TEMPI DEL PASSATO (2)
Affermativa
Negativa
Interrogativa
I have (’ve) arrived
I have not (haven’t) arrived
Have I arrived …?
you have (’ve) arrived
you have not (haven’t) arrived
Have you arrived …?
he/she/it has (’s) arrived
he/she/it has not (hasn’t) arrived
Has he/she/it arrived …?
we have (’ve) arrived
we have not (haven’t) arrived
Have we arrived …?
you have (’ve) arrived
you have not (haven’t) arrived
Have you arrived …?
they have (’ve) arrived
they have not (haven’t) arrived
Have they arrived …?
Look! John has bought a new car!
The dog has eaten the birthday cake!
È importante notare che, mentre in italiano alcuni verbi, come i verbi di moto e il verbo essere,
hanno l’ausiliare essere, in inglese il present perfect simple ha sempre e solo l’ausiliare have.
Peter has gone to the cinema.
(Non Peter is gone)
The train hasn’t arrived.
(Non The train isn’t arrived.)
Peter è andato al cinema.
Il treno non è arrivato.
PRACTICE
1
Tom è stato via per una settimana. Al suo ritorno viene aggiornato su quello che è successo
durante la sua assenza. Guarda le immagini e completa ogni frase con un verbo nel riquadro.
has left
have broken
has had
has stolen have received
3 Someone ...................... your car.
1 Tom, the neighbours’ children
have broken a window.
......................
4 Your sister ...................... a baby.
2 Your girlfriend ...................... you.
5 You ...................... 300 emails.
37
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UNIT 3
I TEMPI DEL PASSATO (2)
3.4 IL PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE vs IL PAST SIMPLE
A differenza dell’italiano, in cui si usa quasi sempre il passato prossimo per parlare di azioni concluse
nel passato, in inglese il present perfect e il past simple sono usati in modo diverso.
Si usa il present perfect, non il past simple:
Si usa il past simple, non il present perfect:
per eventi accaduti nel passato, quando non
è importante il momento preciso, ma il
risultato nel presente.
per eventi accaduti in un momento preciso
del passato.
They have moved to another town.
Si sono trasferiti in un’altra città.
The bus has arrived.
È arrivato l’autobus.
They moved in July.
Si sono trasferiti a luglio.
The bus arrived at 6.
L’autobus è arrivato alle 6.
con espressioni che indicano un periodo di
tempo non terminato.
con espressioni che indicano un periodo di
tempo terminato.
The builders have started working on the
kitchen this week.
I muratori hanno cominciato a lavorare alla
cucina questa settimana.
(= la settimana non è finita)
I’ve spent this morning writing an essay.
(= it’s still morning)
I started my essay last week.
Ho passato la mattina a scrivere una
relazione. (= è ancora mattina)
Ho iniziato la mia relazione la settimana
scorsa. (= la settimana scorsa è
completamente finita)
I spent this morning writing an essay.
(= it’s now afternoon, so this morning is in
the past)
Ho passato la mattina a scrivere una
relazione. (= adesso è pomeriggio)
I lost my new camera in London.
Ho perso la macchina fotografica nuova a
Londra. (= il riferimento di luogo situa
l’azione in un periodo finito)
quando si riporta un fatto nuovo.
quando si danno o si chiedono ulteriori
dettagli sul fatto in questione.
I’ve found your glasses.
Ho trovato i tuoi occhiali.
I’ve read The Lord of the Rings.
Ho letto Il Signore degli Anelli.
Great! Where did you find them?
Fantastico! Dove li hai trovati?
Did you like it?
Ti è piaciuto?
per azioni iniziate nel passato e che
continuano nel presente, spesso con for e
since. (Vedi 3.6)
per azioni iniziate e terminate nel passato,
spesso con for.
I’ve worked there for two months.
Lavoro là da due mesi.
She worked at the cinema for ten months.
(= but she doesn’t work there now)
Ha lavorato al cinema per dieci mesi.
(= ma adesso non ci lavora più)
42
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UNIT 3
5
I TEMPI DEL PASSATO (2)
Il tuo amico James è appena tornato da una vacanza. Scrivi un dialogo tra voi due seguendo le
indicazioni date. Fai attenzione all’uso dei tempi: present perfect o past simple.
James
Risponde al saluto.
You
Saluta.
Di’ che non l’hai visto recentemente.
Risponde che è appena tornato da una
vacanza.
Chiedi dove è stato.
Risponde che è stato in California.
Chiedi se si è divertito.
Risponde che è stata una vacanza
fantastica.
Chiedi che cosa ha fatto.
Risponde che ha fatto windsurf e ha preso
il sole sulle spiagge di Carmel.
Chiedi se è stato a San Francisco.
Risponde di sì: ha attraversato il Golden
Gate Bridge e ha visitato il carcere di
Alcatraz.
Chiedi se ha fatto molte fotografie.
Risponde di sì e ti invita a casa sua a
vederle.
3.5 IL PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Come tutti i tempi inglesi, anche il present perfect ha due forme: simple e continuous.
Il present perfect continuous si forma con have/has been e la forma -ing del verbo.
Affermativa
Interrogativa
I have (’ve) been driving
Have I been driving …?
you have (’ve) been driving
Have you been driving ...?
+ I have been driving all night.
he/she/it has (’s) been driving Has he/she/it been driving ...? – He hasn’t been working hard.
we have (’ve) been driving
Have we been driving …?
you have (’ve) been driving
Have you been driving …?
they have (’ve) been driving
Have they been driving …?
? How long has she been dancing?
Si usa di norma il present perfect continuous per parlare di azioni che sono cominciate nel passato e
continuano fino al presente.
I have been studying all morning. I need a break. È tutta la mattina che studio. Ho bisogno di una pausa.
45
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UNIT 3
I TEMPI DEL PASSATO (2)
ALL IN ONE REVISION
1
James divide l’appartamento con sua sorella Annie. James sta dando una festa per il suo
compleanno. Guarda le immagini e cerca di indovinare che cosa è successo.
2
Adesso ascolterai delle conversazioni durante la festa.
How does Garry know Annie? What happens at the end?
1.7
3
1.8
Ascolta di nuovo e completa le frasi seguenti.
1 I .................... all the balloons up yet.
6 I .................. Annie last week at the cinema.
2 I still .................... my hair.
7 She .................... there since April.
3 I .................... it this morning.
8 I ............ in the cinema for you on Saturday.
4 .................... you two already .................. ?
9 But I .................... just .................... her!
5 I .................... there for two months.
4
10 She .................... an hour ago.
Rileggi le tue risposte nell’esercizio 3 e rispondi a queste domande.
1 Which sentences are about an action or event in the past which is finished? Which tense is used?
2 Which sentences contain the words yet, still, already and just? Which tense is used?
3 Which sentences contain the words for and since? Which tense is used?
5
Leggi attentamente ogni coppia di frasi. Scrivi S se il significato è lo stesso e D se è differente.
D
1 Have you ever ridden a motorbike? / Have you ridden a motorbike recently? .............
2 She’s worked here since the summer. / She didn’t work here after the summer. .............
3 I’ve been to London twice this year. / I’ve just come back from London. .............
49
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UNIT 3
I TEMPI DEL PASSATO (2)
4 This is the most expensive holiday I’ve ever had. /
I’ve never had such an expensive holiday before. .............
5 We’ve already seen this film. / We’ve seen this film before. .............
6 This is the second time I’ve visited Crete. / I’ve been to Crete once before. .............
6
Leggi il diagramma e completa il paragrafo su Joyce con la forma appropriata dei verbi tra
parentesi: past simple, present perfect simple o present perfect continuous. Inserisci anche le
preposizioni giuste: for, since, in, from … to, ago. Poi, per analogia, completa i paragrafi su
Emma e Sam.
Joyce
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
now
live in London
train to be a nurse
work at CC
X
get married
Joyce, Emma and Sam all work at Charing Cross Hospital in London.
has been living (live) in London (2) ..................
since
Joyce is a nurse. She (1) .........................
1999 when she
(3) .................. (come) to England from Ghana. She (4) ......................... (had) a job at Charing
Cross Hospital (5) .................. 2002. She (6) ......................... (get) married in 2005
and her son was born two years (7) ......................... .
Emma’s a surgeon. She (8) ......................... (study) Medicine at Bristol University
(9) .................. five years (10) .........................1999 ......................... 2004.
She (11) ......................... (get) her degree in 2004 and she (12) ......................... (work) at
Charing Cross (13) .................. then. She loves her work but she (14) ......................... (not have)
a day off (15) .................. six months!
Sam (16) ......................... (do) a degree in Art and design. When he (17) .........................
(leave) university he decided to become an art therapist. He (18) ......................... (start) his
training course (19) ......................... September 2007. He (20) ......................... (do) work
experience at Charing Cross (21) .................. two months and has been working there full-time
(22) ......................... then.
7
Abbina gli inizi delle frasi con le loro logiche conclusioni.
j
1 He’s talked to her on the phone .....
a for years.
2 This summer the pool was only open .....
b on my way home from work yesterday.
3 The whole team felt exhausted .....
c since nine o’clock this morning.
4 The rent of my flat has gone up .....
d when the match finished.
50
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UNIT 10 GLI AGGETTIVI
7
FCE
Per ogni coppia di frasi, completa la seconda in modo che il significato non cambi. Usa la
parola data senza modificarla. Usa tra due e cinque parole compresa la parola data.
1 We’d expected to have better weather. as
as good as we’d
The weather wasn’t .......................................................................................................
expected.
2 My husband’s more stubborn than I am. less
I’m .......................................................................................................................... my husband.
3 Their new flat isn’t as near the centre. from
Their new flat is .......................................................................................................... the centre.
4 The composition wasn’t as difficult as the other exercises. the
The composition was ........................................................................................... other exercises.
5 Tom and Nick are both good-looking. as
Tom is ................................................................................................................................ Nick.
6 I don’t have as much free time as you. than
I have ................................................................................................................................... you.
7 The ozone layer is getting thinner every year. as
The ozone layer isn’t ............................................................................................................. was.
8 I’ve got two younger brothers. than
I’m ................................................................................................................................ brothers.
8
Per le domande 1-12, leggi attentamente il brano seguente e scegli l’opzione corretta (A, B, C o D).
PUBLIC SCHOOLS
FCE
British public schools are some of the (1) .........
D and selective schools in Europe. They are usually
boarding schools, which means that pupils spend (2) ......... of their time at school and only go home
for holidays and weekends. Pupils at boarding schools therefore see (3) ......... of their families than
pupils attending day schools. Public schools tend to be (4) ......... than state schools. For example
boys at Eton (one of the (5) ......... public schools in the country) have to wear a uniform which has
remained (6) ......... unchanged since the 19th century. This consists of a tailcoat, with silver buttons
for (7) ......... boys, and a white tie. Discipline is strict. Until it was finally banned in the nineties,
corporal punishment was (8) ......... in public schools than in state schools.
You might think that this type of school is becoming (9) ......... popular but, although the class system
isn’t (10)......... it used to be, many people believe you are still (11) ......... to be offered a place at
Oxford and Cambridge and a job in the (12) ......... companies, if you went to a public school.
1
2
3
4
5
A best
A most
A less than
A more traditional
A more well-known
B less costly
B more
B less
B moderner
B most famous
C more famous
C the worst
C little
C as popular
C narrowest
D most expensive
D fewer
D more than
D so cheap
D less crowded
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UNIT 11 GLI AVVERBI
2
Metti gli avverbi sulla destra nella posizione corretta in ogni riga.
Hi Giacomo
Did you have a good weekend?
usually
at the weekend
1 I stay at home but
usually
at the weekend
near London
2 I went to a theme park.
on Saturday
I wanted to go on the big wheel but
as well
3 other people had the same idea so I
4 had to wait but it was a great ride.
in the queue
5 I went on the water slide.
also
6 I had lunch and I spent all day in the park.
in a café
7 I’ll forget it!
patiently
very
at midday
never
8 I had a wonderful day.
there
really
See you soon.
Rory
3
Inserisci gli avverbi tra parentesi nella posizione più comune.
1 Yesterday I did my homework (very quickly, on the school bus).
Yesterday
I did my homework very quickly on the school bus.
.........................................................................................................................................
2 As soon as they were alone, she kissed him (passionately, on the lips).
.........................................................................................................................................
3 After my fourteenth birthday I started to spend more time (suddenly, in front of the mirror).
.........................................................................................................................................
4 Basketball was invented in 1911 (originally, in America).
.........................................................................................................................................
5 Mr Golddigger opened a new bank account (secretly, in Switzerland).
.........................................................................................................................................
6 The band is on its third tour (currently, in Scandinavia).
.........................................................................................................................................
7 Rugby is an aggressive game played with an oval ball (highly, on a grass pitch).
.........................................................................................................................................
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UNIT 14 I VERBI MODALI (2)
PRACTICE
1
Completa queste conversazioni con need to o needn’t.
1 A I’m going walking in the mountains.
need to
B You ........................
take some suncream because the sun’s very strong.
A Yes, you’re right, but at least I ........................ carry my raincoat.
2 A Can I get ready for the party at your flat? I ........................ have a shower after work.
B Of course and you ........................ bring a hair-dryer because you can use mine.
3 A I’m going to town now. B Why? A I ........................ buy a birthday present. B Have you got
some cash? A No, I ........................ take cash because I’ve got my credit card. B What about the
bus fare? A I’ve got a bus pass so I ........................ pay.
2
Leggi questa conversazione tra due amici che parlano di vacanze al campeggio. Riempi gli
spazi con la forma corretta di need.
Rena:
I’m going to that campsite by the beach next week. When you went,
did you need (you) to take a sleeping bag?
(1) ........................
Dominic: Of course. It was very cold. And we (2) ........................ to take plenty of food too as there
were no restaurants.
Rena:
So (3) ........................ (you) to make a fire to cook your food on?
Dominic: No, because we took a small cooker with us. We had one small frying pan so we cooked
everything in that. We (4) ........................ (not) to use any saucepans.
Rena:
Maybe I could borrow that frying pan and cooker.
Dominic: Sure.
3
Leggi questo articolo su una pop star.
The diary column
Popstar Lee Divine travelled from London to New York yesterday by plane.
Lee had visited his hairdresser before he went to the airport and wore his
latest designer clothes, as he likes to look his best in photos. Press
photographers usually follow him wherever he goes but the weather was
very bad yesterday and, to Lee’s obvious disappointment, there were no
photographers at the airport. Because he is famous, he didn’t stand in the
queue and his bodyguard carried his luggage for him. Although most
people have to walk from the car park, Lee has a driver who drove him
right to the door. Even this did not seem to make him happy. Lee got angry
with his driver on the way because he said she wasn’t driving fast enough.
Of course, they arrived at the airport in plenty of time.
247
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APPENDICE
1
FALSE FRIENDS
I false friends sono parole di due lingue diverse che si somigliano ma
hanno un significato completamente differente. Qui sotto troverai una
lista dei false friends di uso più comune in italiano e in inglese.
inglese
^ italiano
italiano
actually
addiction
(to) annoy
brave
camera
canteen
^ realmente, in effetti
^ dipendenza, assuefazione
^ infastidire, seccare
^ coraggioso
^ macchina fotografica
^ mensa
attualmente
addizione
annoiare
bravo a …
camera
cantina
code
college
comprehensive
confidence
convenient
corpse
cucumber
delusion
disposable
^ codice
^ università, istituto superiore
^ esauriente, completo
^ fiducia, sicurezza di sé
^ comodo
^ cadavere
^ cetriolo
^ illusione
^ usa e getta
(to) educate
educated
eventually
extravagant
fabric
factory
firm
furniture
library
^ istruire, fornire un’istruzione
^ colto, istruito
^ alla fine
^ spendaccione, con le mani bucate
^ tessuto
^ fabbrica
^ ditta
^ mobili, arredamento
^ biblioteca
morbid
magazine
nervous
novel
palette
parent
phrase
pretend
(to) realise
^ morboso
^ rivista
^ agitato, inquieto, teso
^ romanzo
^ gamma di colori
^ genitore
^ espressione, modo di dire
^ fingere
^ rendersi conto
romance
rude
sensible
sympathy
^ storia d’amore
^ scortese
^ ragionevole, di buon senso, prudente
^ comprensione, solidarietà,
condoglianze
^ partecipe, solidale, comprensivo
sympathetic
^ inglese
^ at present, at the moment, now
^ adding (up), sum
^ (to) bore
^ good at …
^ room
^ cellar (= cantina di casa),
^ wine shop (= negozio di vino)
coda
^ tail
collegio
^ boarding school
comprensivo
^ understanding
confidenza
^ intimacy, familiarity
conveniente
^ cheap, good value
corpo
^ body
cocomero
^ watermelon
delusione
^ disappointment
disponibile
^ available (= di prodotto),
^ free, open-minded (= di persona)
educare, allevare ^ (to) bring up
educato
^ polite, well-behaved
eventualmente ^ in case, if necessary
stravagante
^ odd, bizarre
fabbrica
^ factory
fattoria
^ farm
firma
^ signature
fornitura
^ supplies
libreria
^ bookshop, bookseller’s (= negozio)
^ bookcase, bookshelves (= mobile)
morbido
^ soft
magazzino
^ warehouse, storehouse
nervoso
^ irritable
novella
^ short story
paletta
^ spade
parente
^ relative, relation
frase
^ sentence
pretendere
^ (to) demand, (to) expect
realizzare
^(to) fulfil (= un sogno, aspettative)
(to) carry out (= un esperimento)
romanzo
^ novel
rude
^ rough
sensibile
^ sensitive
simpatia
^ like, be fond of
simpatico
^ nice
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3
APPENDICE
PHRASAL VERBS E LORO SIGNIFICATI PRINCIPALI
Qui sotto sono elencati i phrasal verbs di uso più comune.
Molti phrasal verbs hanno più di un significato.
Per una lista completa, e per tutti i significati di ogni phrasal verb, è
necessario consultare un buon dizionario. Puoi anche fare consultazioni
online all’indirizzo http://dictionary.cambridge.org
back out (of)
back
back up
be into
be
be off
be up to
blow
blow up
break down
break in
break
break off
break out
break up
tirarsi indietro, ritirarsi
You can’t back out now, you’ve given your word.
Non puoi tirarti indietro ora, hai dato la tua parola.
appoggiare, sostenere
My family backed me up throughout the court case.*
La mia famiglia mi ha appoggiato durante tutto il processo.
essere interessato a
Sheila is really into movies.
Sheila è veramente appassionata di cinema.
partire, andare via
I must be off.
Devo andare.
stare combinando, avere in mente
What are the children up to?
Che cosa stanno combinando i bambini?
esplodere, saltare in aria
The bridge was blown up by the army.
Il ponte fu fatto saltare dal nemico.
guastarsi, rompersi (di macchine e simili);
His car broke down and he had to push it off the road.
L’auto si ruppe e lui dovette spingerla al lato della strada.
crollare, avere una crisi (di persone)
When she heard the bad news, she broke down and cried.
Quando le fu data la notizia, crollò e scoppiò a piangere.
penetrare, fare irruzione
The burglars broke in through the kitchen window. *
I ladri sono entrati attraverso la finestra della cucina.
interrompersi, smettere;
She broke off in the middle of a sentence.*
Si interruppe nel bel mezzo della frase.
interrompere, porre fine a
They have broken off their engagement.*
Hanno rotto il fidanzamento.
scoppiare (di guerre)
War broke out in 1914.*
La guerra scoppiò nel 1914.
lasciarsi (di coppie)
Jenny and George have broken up.*
Jenny e George si sono lasciati.
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ELENCO DELLE TRACCE DEI CD
CD1
Traccia
CD2
Registrazione
1 ........................................ Title information
2 ............................................................... 1a
3 ............................................................... 1b
4 ............................................................... 2a
5 ............................................................... 2b
6 ............................................................... 2c
7 ............................................................... 3a
8 ............................................................... 3b
9 ............................................................... 4a
10............................................................... 4b
11............................................................... 5a
12............................................................... 5b
13............................................................... 6a
14............................................................... 6b
15............................................................... 7a
16............................................................... 7b
17............................................................... 7c
18............................................................... 7d
19............................................................... 8a
20............................................................... 8b
21............................................................... 9a
22............................................................... 9b
23............................................................... 9c
24 ............................................................. 10a
25 ............................................................. 10b
26 ............................................................. 10c
27 ............................................................. 10d
28 ............................................................. 11a
29 ............................................................. 11b
30 ............................................................. 11c
31 ............................................................. 11d
32 ............................................................. 11e
Traccia
Registrazione
1 ........................................ Title information
2.............................................................. 12a
3.............................................................. 12b
4.............................................................. 12c
5.............................................................. 12d
6.............................................................. 13a
7.............................................................. 13b
8.............................................................. 14a
9.............................................................. 14b
10 ............................................................. 14c
11 ............................................................. 15a
12 ............................................................. 15b
13 ............................................................. 16a
14 ............................................................. 16b
15 ............................................................. 17a
16 ............................................................. 17b
17 ............................................................. 18a
18 ............................................................. 18b
19 ............................................................. 19a
20 ............................................................. 19b
21 ............................................................. 20a
22 ............................................................. 20b
23 ............................................................. 20c
24 ............................................................. 21a
25 ............................................................. 21b
26 ............................................................. 22a
27 ............................................................. 22b
28 ............................................................. 23a
29 ............................................................. 23b
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