ENGLISH GRAMMAR Elementary

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Elementary
A cura di
NADIA TOSI
Centro IDA
ITE “Enrico Tosi” – Busto Arsizio
CONTENTS
DEFINITE ARTICLES …………………………………………
INDEFINITE ARTICLES ………………………………………
PERSONAL PRONOUNS – SUBJECTS ……………………
PLURALS ……………………………………………………….
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES …………………………………
Verb to BE ………………………………………………………
THERE IS ……………………………………………………….
THERE ARE ……………………………………………………
CAN ……………………………………………………………..
MUST ……………………………………………………………
PERSONAL PRONOUNS – OBJECTS ……………………..
SIMPLE PRESENT ……………………………………………
PRESENT CONTINUOUS ……………………………………
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES and PRONOUNS ……………..
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ………………………………….
MOLTO ………………………………………………………….
UN PO’ ………………………………………………………….
Verb to BE – SIMPLE PAST ………………………………….
SIMPLE PAST – REGULAR VERBS ………………………..
SIMPLE PAST – IRREGULAR VERBS ……………………..
PAST CONTINUOUS ………………………………………….
SIMPLE FUTURE – WILL …………………………………….
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ARTICLES
DEFINITE ARTICLES
THE + singular
EX: The girl in blue is my sister
THE + plural
Ex: The boys on the car are my friends
INDEFINITE ARTICLES
We use the INDEFINITE ARTICLES ONLY with SINGULAR nouns.
A + consonant (singular)
Ex. There is a cat in the garden
AN + vowel (singular)
Ex. There is an old cat in the garden
We can’t use the INDEFINITE ARTICLES with the plural
Ex. There is an old book on the table (singular)
There are old books on the tables. (plural)
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PERSONAL PRONOUNS – SUBJECTS
Singular
Plural
I
WE
YOU
YOU
HE
SHE
THEY
IT
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PLURALS
The plural of a noun is made by adding – S to the singular
day - days
house - houses
Nouns ending in – S - SS -SH -CH -O -X -Z add –ES
box - boxes
kiss - kisses
watch - watches
Nouns ending in CONSONANT + Y:
1) transform Y in I
2) add – ES
canary - canaries
baby - babies
country - countries
Nouns ending in –F / -FE add – VES
knife - knives
wife - wives
leaf - leaves
Irregular plurals
man
woman
child
foot
person
-
men
women
children
feet
people
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POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Personal pronouns SUBJECT
Possessive adjectives
I
MY
YOU
YOUR
HE
HIS
SHE
HER
IT
ITS
WE
OUR
YOU
YOUR
THEY
THEIR
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To BE
Simple present
AFFIRMATIVE form
FULL form
SHORT form
singular
I AM
I’ M
YOU ARE
YOU’ RE
HE IS
HE’ S
SHE IS
SHE’ S
IT IS
IT’ S
plural
WE ARE
WE’ RE
YOU ARE
YOU’ RE
THEY ARE
THEY’ RE
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To BE
Simple present
INTERROGATIVE form
singular
AM I ?
ARE YOU ?
IS HE ?
IS SHE ?
IS IT ?
plural
ARE WE ?
ARE YOU ?
ARE THEY ?
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To BE
Simple present
SHORT ANSWERS
singular
Affirmative form
Negative form
Yes, I AM
No, I’ M NOT
Yes, YOU ARE
No, YOU AREN’ T
Yes, HE IS
No, HE ISN’ T
Yes, IT IS
No, IT ISN’ T
plural
Yes, WE ARE
No, WE AREN’ T
Yes, YOU ARE
No, YOU AREN’ T
Yes, THEY ARE
No, THEY AREN’ T
We can’t use the affirmative short answers in the CONTRACT form.
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To BE
Simple present
NEGATIVE form
FULL form
SHORT form
singular
I AM NOT
I’ M NOT
YOU ARE NOT
YOU AREN’ T
HE IS NOT
HE ISN’ T
SHE IS NOT
SHE ISN’ T
IT IS NOT
IT ISN’ T
plural
WE ARE NOT
WE AREN’ T
YOU ARE NOT
YOU AREN’ T
THEY ARE NOT
THEY AREN’ T
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Singular form
THERE IS
THERE ISN’ T
IS THERE ?
Ex:
There is a cat in the garden.
There isn’t a cat in the garden.
Is there a cat in the garden?
Plural form
THERE ARE
THERE AREN’ T
ARE THERE ?
Ex:
There are three cats in the garden
There aren’t three cats in the garden
Are there three cats in the garden?
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CAN
AFFIRMATIVE form
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
CAN
PLAY
NEGATIVE form
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
CAN’ T
PLAY
INTERROGATIVE form
CAN
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
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PLAY?
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MUST
AFFIRMATIVE form
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
MUST
PLAY
NEGATIVE form
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
MUSTN’ T
PLAY
INTERROGATIVE form
MUST
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY
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PLAY?
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PERSONAL PRONOUNS – OBJECTS
Singular
Plural
ME
US
YOU
YOU
HIM
HER
THEM
IT
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SIMPLE PRESENT
AFFIRMATIVE form
Example: to COME
1 singular
I
COME
2 singular
YOU
COME
1 pural
WE
COME
2 plural
YOU
COME
3 plural
THEY
COME
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SIMPLE PRESENT
AFFIRMATIVE form
3rd person singular
The 3rd person singular of the simple present adds –S to the
infinitive
Ex: to COME
3 singular – masculine
3 singular – feminine
3 singular – objects/animals
HE
COMES
SHE
COMES
IT
COMES
Spelling notes
Verbs ending in – S - SS -SH -CH -O -X -Z add –ES
WASH
KISS
GO
WATCH
-
he WASHES
he KISSES
he GOES
he WATCHES
Verbs ending in CONSONANT + Y:
1) transform Y in I
2) add -ES
Ex: to fly
to try
BUT
to PLAY
he FLIES
he TRIES
he PLAYS
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regular form
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SIMPLE PRESENT
INTERROGATIVE form
Example: to COME
AUXILIARY
DO
SUBJECT
I
YOU
WE
YOU
THEY
VERB
without TO
COME ?
3rd person SINGULAR
AUXILIARY
SUBJECT
DOES
HE
SHE
IT
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VERB
without TO
COME ?
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SIMPLE PRESENT
SHORT ANSWERS
DO YOU DRINK COFFEE?
YES, I DO
NO, I DON’ T
DOES PAUL PLAY TENNIS?
YES, HE DOES
NO, HE DOESN’ T
DO YOU AND MARY SMOKE?
YES, WE DO
NO, WE DON’ T
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SIMPLE PRESENT
NEGATIVE form
Example: to COME
SUBJECT
I
YOU
---------WE
YOU
THEY
3rd person SINGULAR
SUBJECT
HE
SHE
IT
AUXILIARY
VERB
without TO
DON’ T
COME
AUXILIARY
VERB
without TO
DOESN’ T
COME
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE form
I
AM
YOU
ARE
HE
IS
SHE
IS
GOING
IT
IS
WE
ARE
YOU
ARE
THEY
ARE
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
INTERROGATIVE form
AUXILIARY
SUBJECT
VERB
-ING form
AM
I
GOING?
ARE
YOU
GOING?
IS
HE
GOING?
IS
SHE
GOING?
IS
IT
GOING?
ARE
WE
GOING?
ARE
YOU
GOING?
ARE
THEY
GOING?
SHORT ANSWER
Ex: ARE YOU GOING HOME?
YES, I AM
NO, I’M NOT
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
NEGATIVE form
I
‘M NOT
YOU
AREN’ T
HE
ISN’ T
SHE
ISN’ T
GOING
IT
ISN’ T
WE
AREN’ T
YOU
AREN’ T
THEY
AREN’ T
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INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
SOME
SOME + plural nouns
+ UNCOUNTABLE nouns (ex: butter, bread, …)
AFFIRMATIVE form
Ex: There are SOME potatoes on the table.
There is SOME butter in the fridge
OFFERS
Ex: Would you like SOME coffee?
Would you like SOME biscuits?
REQUESTS
Ex: Can I have SOME water, please?
Why don’t you buy me SOME ice cream?
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INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
ANY
ANY + plural nouns
+ UNCOUNTABLE nouns (ex: butter, bread, …)ormo
INTERROGATIVE form
Ex: Are there ANY potatoes left?
Is there ANY butter in the fridge?
Ex: There aren’t ANY potatoes left
There isn’t ANY butter in the fridge.
NO
NOT ..……ANY
We use NO instead of NOT …..ANY in the NEGATIVE sentence
but the verb of the sentence is POSITIVE
Ex: There isN’ T ANY coffee left
There is NO coffee left
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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVE
SUBJECTS
OBJECTS
ADJECTIVES
PRONOUNS
I
ME
MY
MINE
YOU
YOU
YOUR
YOURS
HE
HIM
HIS
HIS
SHE
HER
HER
HERS
IT
IT
ITS
___
WE
US
OUR
OURS
YOU
YOU
YOUR
YOURS
THEY
THEM
THEIR
THEIRS
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MOLTO
VERY + adjective
Ex: That house is VERY tall
AFFIRMATIVE form
A LOT OF
LOTS OF
+ UNCOUNTABLE
+ PLURAL nouns
Ex: Bees produce A LOT OF honey
There are A LOT OF new houses in this city
INTERROGATIVE form
MUCH
+ UNCOUNTABLE
Ex: Do bees produce MUCH honey?
MANY
+ PLURAL nouns
Ex: Are there MANY cars in the street?
NEGATIVE form (the verb in the sentence is negative)
MUCH
+ UNCOUNTABLE
Ex: There isn’t MUCH honey in the jar on the table
MANY
+ PLURAL nouns
Ex: There aren’t MANY cars in the street
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UN PO’
A LITTLE
+ UNCOUNTABLE
+ SINGULAR noun
Ex: There is A LITTLE bread
A FEW
+ PLURAL nouns
Ex: There are A FEW biscuits left.
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To BE
Simple past
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
I WAS
I WASN’ T
WAS I ?
YOU WERE
YOU WEREN’ T
WERE YOU ?
HE WAS
HE WASN’ T
WAS HE ?
SHE WAS
SHE WASN’ T
WAS SHE ?
IT WAS
IT WASN’ T
WAS IT ?
WE WERE
WE WEREN’ T
WERE WE ?
YOU WERE
YOU WEREN’ T
WERE YOU ?
THEY WERE
THEY WEREN’ T
WERE THEY ?
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Simple past
REGULAR VERBS
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
I PLAYED
I DIDN’ T PLAY
DID I PLAY ?
YOU PLAYED
YOU DIDN’ T PLAY
DID YOU PLAY ?
HE PLAYED
HE DIDN’ T PLAY
DID HE PLAY ?
SHE PLAYED
SHE DIDN’ T PLAY
DID SHE PLAY ?
IT PLAYED
IT DIDN’ T PLAY
DID IT PLAY ?
WE PLAYED
WE DIDN’ T PLAY
DID WE PLAY ?
YOU PLAYED
YOU DIDN’ T PLAY
DID YOU PLAY ?
THEY PLAYED
THEY DIDN’ T PLAY DID THEY PLAY ?
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Simple past
IRREGULAR VERBS
Ex: GO - WENT - GONE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
I WENT
I DIDN’T GO
DID I GO ?
YOU WENT
YOU DIDN’T GO
DID YOU GO ?
HE WENT
HE DIDN’T GO
DID HE GO ?
SHE WENT
SHE DIDN’T GO
DID SHE GO ?
IT WENT
IT DIDN’T GO
DID IT GO ?
WE WENT
WE DIDN’T GO
DID WE GO ?
YOU WENT
YOU DIDN’T GO
DID YOU GO ?
THEY WENT
THEY DIDN’T GO
DID THEY GO ?
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PAST CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
I WAS GOING
I WASN’T GOING
WAS I GOING?
YOU WERE GOING
YOU WEREN’T
GOING
WERE YOU GOING?
HE WAS DRINKING
HE WASN’T
DRINKING
WAS HE DRINKING?
SHE WAS
DRINKING
SHE WASN’T
DRINKING
WAS SHE
DRINKING?
IT WAS RUNNING
IT WASN’T
RUNNING
WAS IT RUNNING?
WE WERE
TRAVELLING
WE WEREN’T
TRAVELLING
WERE WE
TRAVELLING?
YOU WERE
READING
YOU WEREN’T
READING
WERE YOU
READING?
THEY WERE
SWIMMING
THEY WEREN’T
SWIMMING
WERE THEY
SWIMMING?
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SIMPLE FUTURE - WILL
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
I WILL GO
I WON’T GO
WILL I GO?
YOU WILL DRINK
YOU WON’T DRINK
WILL YOU DRINK?
HE WILL COME
HE WON’T COME
WILL HE COME?
SHE WILL SWIM
SHE WON’T SWIM
WILL SHE SWIM?
IT WILL RUN
IT WON’T RUN
WILL IT RUN?
WE WILL PLAY
WE WON’T PLAY
WILL WE PLAY?
YOU WILL DANCE
YOU WON’T DANCE WILL YOU DANCE?
THEY WILL WASH
THEY WON’T WASH WILL THEY WASH?
WILL + NOT = WON’T
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