agraruli saq-25a.indd

ასკა
ASCA
ახალი აგრარული
საქართველო
AKHALI AGRARULI SAQARTVELO
(New Agrarian Georgia)
ყოველთვიური სამეცნიეროსაინფორმაციო ჟურნალი.
Cab ru ne bu li ba ra Te bis
mo lo din Si
Monthly scientific-informative magazine
მაისი, 2013 წელი.
#5 (25)
სარე
რედაქ
დაქციო
ციო კო
კოლე
ლეგი
გია:
ა:
სა
შოთა
თა მა
მაჭა
ჭარაშ
რაშვი
ვილი
ლი (მთ.
(მთ. რედაქტორი),
რედაქტორი),
შო
ნუგზარ
ებანო
იძე,ამი
მიხეილ
სოხაძე,
ზვი
ად ბრეგ
ვაძე,
რან ადე
იშვილი,
თამარ
სანიკიძე,
ნოდარ
ბრეგვაძე,
კა
ხა ლაშ
ხი, მიხეილ
სოხაძე,
თამთა გუ
გუშვილიკონ
(ინგლ.
ვერს.
რედაქტორი).
თამარ
სანიკიძე,
სტანტი
ნე გურ
გენიძე,
ნოდარ ბრეგვაძე, მარიამ ლებანიძე,
სამეც
როვისაბ
თამ
თა ნი
გუეგუშ
ლიჭო:
(ინგლ. ვერს. რედაქტორი).
აკადემიკოსები, მეცნიერებათა
დოქტორები, პროფესორები:
სამეცნიერო საბჭო:
რევაზ მახარობლიძე (თავმჯდომარე),
აკადემიკოსები, მეცნიერებათა
ნოდარ ჩხარტიშვილი, გურამ ალექსიძე,
დოქტორები, პროფესორები:
ნუგზარ ებანოიძე, ელგუჯა შაფაქიძე,
რევაზ მახარობლიძე (თავმჯდომარე),
პეტრე ნასყიდაშვილი, ზვიად ბრეგვაძე,
ნოდარ ჩხარტიშვილი, პეტრე ნასყიდაშვილი,
ელგუჯა გუგუშვილი, ზაურ ჯულუხიძე,
ელგუჯა გუგუშვილი, ზაურ ჯულუხიძე,
ზურაბ
რაბ ჯინ
ჯინჯი
ჯიხა
ხაძე,
ძე, ამი
პაატა
ზუ
რან კოღუაშვილი,
ადეიშვილი,
ქრისტოტყე
კახნიაშვილი,
შეძე,
ლაშნატო
ვილი,
ადოლ
შელაშვილი, ადოლ
ლერი ტყე
ნოზა
ნატო
კაკაბაძე,
კუ
კუ
რი
ძე
რი
ა,
კა
ხა
ლაშ
ხი,ა,
კაკაბაძე, ვლადიმერ ცანავა, კუკური ძერი
ომარ
ზარ სარჯველაძე,
რე
ვაზ თევდორაძე,
თევდორაძე,ნუგ
ომარ
თევდორაძე, დავით
ბედი
თენ
ყურაშ
და
ვითა, ბე
დიგიზ
ა, თენ
გიზ ვიყული,
რაშზურაბ
ვილი, ლოლაძე,
კო
ბა
კო
ბა
ლა
ძე,
ნუკ
რი
მე
მა
რნიშ
კობა კობალაძე, ნუგზარ ებანო
იძე,ვილი.
ნიკოლოზ ზაზაშვილი, ნუკრი მემარნიშვილი.
გამომცემელი:
“აგრარული სექტორის
დამფუძნებელი:
კომპანიების ასოციაცია” (ასკა);
“აგრარული სექტორის
Agraruli Sectoris
კომპანიების ასოციაცია” (ასკა);
Companiebis asociacia (ASCA);
Agraruli
(Association Sectoris
of Agrarian Sector Companies).
Companiebis asociacia (ASCA);
საქართველოს რეგიონული ეკონომიკური
(Association of Agrarian Sector Companies).
პრიორიტეტების კვლევითი ცენტრი “რეგიონიკა”;
რედაქციის მისამართი:
Regionica - Georgian Research Center for
თბი
ლისი (0119),
აგლა
ძის ქ. # 32
Regional
Economic
Priorities.
ტელ/tel: 34-76-33/ +995 (99) 16 -18-31
რედაქციის მისამართი:
Tbilisi (0119), Agladze str. # 32
თბილისი (0119), აგლაძის ქ. # 32
e-mail: [email protected]
ტელ/tel: +995 (33) 2 34-76-33
+995 (99) 16 -18-31
editor
EnglishAgladze
version str.
Tamta
Tbilisi of(0119),
# Gugushvili
32
E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
Web: www.regionica.org/journal.html
დააკაბადონა
გიორგი მაისურაძემ
mcire fermerTa daxmarebis programa rom xarvezebiT warimarTeboda, Cven maSin vTqviT, roca soflis meurneobis
saministrom gamoacxada, rom kardakar daviareT, kolosaluri samuSao CavatareT, yvela nakveTi avzom-aRvwereT da
600 aTasze meti mcire miwis mesakuTre gvyavs ukve bazaSi,
visac saxelmwifo ufasod dauxnavs da daumuSavebs miwis
nakveTebso.
rogorc Semdeg gairkva, miwis farTobebi arc sofel-sofel da arc nakveT-nakveT aravis aRuricxavs, ubralod,
adgnen da soflebidan — Temis teritoriuli organoebidan
miwis mesakuTreTa siebi gamoiTxoves da sasoflo-sameurneo baraTebis darigeba am siebis mixedviT daiwyes.
Semdeg moxda is, rac mosalodneli iyo — siebSi bevri mosaxle saerTod ar moxvda, an iseTma pirebma miiRes baraTebi, visac miwebi ukve didi xnis gayiduli hqonda. mas Tan
derTo informaciis nakleboba. glexebma ki ara, maTac ki,
visac am baraTebis darigeba daevala, xeirianad ar icodnen, rogor moqceuliyvnen, amitom bevrma is baraTi, riTac
miwis nakveTi unda daexna, ukan daabruna imis imediT, rom
mogvianebiT „ukeTes“ baraTs miiRebda. amitom, magaliTad
zemo imereTSi, bevri glexi dResac Temis xelmZRvanelis
kabinetTan dgas da „Cabrunebuli baraTebis“ dabrunebas
iTxovs. is vinc gamWriaxoba gamoiCina da baraTi ukan ar Caabara, axla erTi ubnidan meoreSi traqtors dasdevs, rom
rogorme sakuTari miwa moxnas.
ratomRac, dRemde saSveli ver, Tu ar daadga baraTebiT
vaWrobis mowesrigebasac. amaze ukve, mgoni, uToc laparakobs, erTi da igive saqoneli baraTiT gacilebiT Zvirad iyideba, vidre Cveulebriv, naRdi fuliT, rac Zlier
damTrgunvel usamarTlobis gancdas iwvevs da amgvarad baraTs fass, xolo glexs arCevanis SesaZleblobas da rwmenas ukargavs, radgan mavans, mis isedac gamofxekil jibeSi,
xelis faTuris saSualebas aZlevs.
დაიბეჭდა
შპს “დიოსის” სტამბაში
editor of English version Tamta Gugushvili
ჟურნალი ხელმძღვანელობს
დააკაბადონა
მაისურაძემ
თა
ვისუფალი გიორგი
პრესის პრინ
ციპით.
The
magazine
uses
the
principal of free press.
ჟურნალი ხელმძღვანელობს
©
სასუ
ავტო
რო პრე
უფლე
დაცუ
ა.
თავი
ფალი
სისბაპრინ
ცილი
პით.
themagazine
author right
The
uses is
theprotected.
principal of free press.
© საავტორო უფლება დაცულია.
ფასიis 5protected.
ლარი
the author right
რეფერირებადია 2011 წლიდან
დაიბეჭდა შპს “გამომცემლობა კოლორში”
WORLD
მსოფლიო
TECHNIC
ტექნიკა
Tbilisi
tel./faqsi: (+995 32) 2 35 10 05.
tel.: (+995 32) 2 34 76 33,
(+995 32) 2 34 45 37
მაისი, 2013
მაისი
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4
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მაისი, 2013
წერილი რედაქციას
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rusudan taqiZe
centr „anaseulis” direqtori
sof. meurneobis akademiuri
doqtori.
ბიო
saqarTvelos biomewarmeebs evropis bazarze
Sesvlis kargi Sansi eZlevaT
Sveicariis ganviTarebis saagentos SDC-is
-is dafinansebiT saqarTveloSi regionuli proeqti — „biomeurneobis gaZliereba samxreT kavkasiaSi“ xorcieldeba.
am programis farglebSi 2005 wels saqarTveloSi
bioproduqciis serTificirebis organo Sps „kavkasserti“ dafuZnda, romelmac saerTaSoriso standartis — ISO-65-is moTxovnebsa da biowarmoebaSi
evrogaerTianebis maregulirebeli aqtebis (EEC) No
834/2007, No 889/2008) Sesabamisi sakuTari xarisxis
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DAkkS - Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle (yofili DAP)
mimarTa, saTanado auditi gaiara da 2008 wels Sesabamisi akreditacia miiRo, rac imis mauwyebelia, rom
Sps „kavkassertis” mier gacemuli serTifikati evrogaerTianebis qveynebma aRiares, ramac evropisa
da msoflios sxva ganviTarebuli qveynebis bazrebze
saqarTveloSi serTificirebuli bioproduqtebis
gatana realuri gaxada.
2012 wels „kavkasserti“ evrokomisiis mier SemuSavebul e.w. „ekvivalenturi sertificirebis organoebis siaSi“ moxvda, ramac evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi
qarTuli sertificirebuli bioproduqciis Setana
kidev ufro gaamartiva. kerZod, bioproduqciis eqsportirebis dros, sakmaod rTuli da xangrZlivi
procedura, rac importis nebarTvis miRebas ukavSirdeba, saWiro aRar aris.
rogorc Sps „kavkassertis” erT-erTi damfuZnebeli da xarisxis marTvis menejeri zurab nadareiSvili ganmartavs, maTi klientebi ZiriTadad Rvinis,
xilis, Cais, velurad mozardi mcenareebis, eTerzeTebis da sxva mcenareuli produqtebis mwarmoebმაისი, 2013
b ari
r an.
n sa
s er
rTod ki „kavkas
ss
rti““ m
mxm
s
lebi
ser
mom
xmar
reb
bels,
rogorc bioproduqciis pirveladi warmoebisa da
gadamuSavebis procesis, ise gasaRebis obieqtis inspeqtireba-serTificirebas sTavazobs.
„kavkassertis“ sertificirebis struqtura da xarisxis sistema obieqturi da miukerZoebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis garantias iZleva.
biowarmoebiT dainteresebul fermerebs sertifikatis misaRebad SeuZlia mimarTon Sps „kavkasserts“
misamarTze: 0159 q. Tbilisi, marSal gelovanis #2,
tel: +995 32 38 05 20; Email: [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]>; www.caucascert.ge <http://
www.caucascert.ge>.
rogorc zurab nadareiSvili gvixsnis, meurneobam
biosertifikati rom miiRos, man unda daakmayofilos biostandartSi asaxuli moTxovnebi, kerZod:
gamoiyenos standartiT nebadarTuli warmoebis
wesebi da meTodebi;
standartiT nebadarTuli niadagis gamanoyierebeli da mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebi; produqciis
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
5
ბიო
Setana realurad isaxeba. rogorc vTqvi, evrogaerTianebisa da sxva ganviTarebuli qveynebis bazrebze bioproduqtebze, magaliTad, sxvadasxva xilze
(cocxali Tu Cirebis saxiT), bostneulze, Rvinoze,
wvenebze, velurad mozard tyis kenkrovnebze, samkurnalo mcenareebze, Caisa da sxva didi moTxovnaa.
am bazarze SeRweva qarTveli mewarmeebisaTvis sakmaod realuri Sansia.
— ras urCevdiT biowarmoebiT dainteresebul fermerebs?
gadam
muSa
S vebi
b sas
s s gamo
m iyenos
n s mx
mxolod n
neb
badar
rTuli
meTodebi, danamatebi da gadamuSavebis damxmare saSualebebi.
aq mxolod ramdenime, yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxzea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli, xolo “Green Caucasus”-is standartSi yvela moTxovna gacilebiT
detaluradaa aRwerili.
“Green Caucasus”-is standartSi asaxulia is wesebi da moTxovnebi, romelic biomewarmeebma pirveladi warmoebidan produqciis saboloo gadamuSavebamde da Senaxva-realizaciis dros unda daicvan. es
standarti evroregulaciebis (EEC) No 834/2007, No
889/2008) da saerTaSoriso standartis „kodeqs alimentariusis” moTxovnebis safuZvelzea SemuSavebuli.
— Sps „kavkasserti“ yvela saxis produqtze iZleva
biosertifikats?
— dReisaTvis „kavkassertis” akreditaciis sfero
mxolod memcenareobas moicavs, Sesabamisad Cveni
organizacia mxolod memcenareobis produqtebis
sertificirebas axdens.
Cven akreditacia mecxoveleobaSi imitom ar gvaqvs
aRebuli, rom saqarTvelodan mecxoveleobis produqtebis gatana evrogaerTianebaSi nebadarTuli ar aris, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom CvenTan
mecxoveleobaSi ar aris danergili prevenciuli veterinaruli RonisZiebebi. Sesabamisad, sanam es sistemebi ar dainergeba, mecxoveleobis produqtis eqsporti ver ganxorcieldeba. amJamad saqarTveloSi
adgilobrivi mxolod Cveni sertificirebis organo
funqcionirebs.
— ra potenciali aqvs qveyanas bio-produqciis
warmoebis mxriv?
— dReisaTvis msoflioSi bioproduqciis warmoeba
sul ufro popularuli da Semosavliani saqmianoba
xdeba, warmoeba yovelwliurad 10%-iT izrdeba. am
mimarTulebiT liderebad evropis qveynebi, aSS da
iaponia iTvlebian.
msoflioSi Cveulebrivi produqciis bazari sakmaod aTvisebulia da maRali konkurenciis pirobebSi
am bazarze SeRweva metad rTulia, Tumca am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT evropisa da sxva ganviTarebuli qveynebis bazrebze qarTuli bioproduqciis
6
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
— Cemi azriT, biowarmoebas saqarTveloSi didi
perspeqtiva aqvs. mewarmeebi, romlebic warmoebis
am meTodze droulad gadavlen, Tavad SeigrZnoben
warmoebis am wesis upiratesobasa da momgebianobas.
mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos mier am procesis waxalisebac. mogexsenebaT, biosertifikatis aRebamde
mewarmem gardamavali periodi unda gaiaros, romlis
ganmavlobaSic standartis moTxovnebi unda daicvas. am periodis ganmavlobaSi mewarmis meurneobas
an gadammuSavebel sawarmos sertificirebis organo
sistematurad amowmebs, rac garkveul xarjebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. sasurvelia, saxelmwifom am gardamavali periodis ganmavlobaSi mewarmeebs daxmareba
gauwios.
biowarmoebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis droulad miReba mniSvnelovnad daaCqarebs am mimarTulebis ganviTarebas. Cemi azriT, gansakuTrebulad perspeqtiulia saqarTvelos mTiani regionebi,sadac, warmoebis tradiciebidan gamomdinare, biowarmoebaSi akrZaluli saSualebebi, TiTqmis ar gamoiyeneba.
qarTveli mewarmeebis mciremiwianobidan gamomdinare kargi iqneba konkretuli produqtis biomewarmeebis gaerTianebebis Seqmna, sadac mewarmeebi
biowarmoebis meTodebis Sesaxeb gamocdilebasa da
codnas SeiZenen. aseTi gaerTianebebis Camoyalibebas saxelmwifom unda Seuwyos xeli.
nestan guguSvili
gamovida da
gayidvaSia cnobili
metyevis, tristan
CerqeziSvilis wig
wigni
ni
`kakalnayofian
mcenareTa gaSenebis
agromiTiTebani
(Cveulebrivi
Cveulebrivi kakali,
nigvzis xe, nuSi,
pekani, fsta, wabli
wabli)~
)~..
wigni dawerilia
popularul
enaze da karg
samsaxurs gauwevs am
kulturebis gaSenebiT
dainteresebul
fermerebs.
wignis SesaZenaT dagvikavSirdiT:
tel.: 2-39-78-59
მაისი, 2013
კონს ულტაცია
კონსულტაცია
lobios warmoebis agroteqnika
lobio parkosanTa ojaxis warmomadgenelia. mis marcvals farTod iyeneben uSualod saWmlis mosamzadeblad (igi parkosnebs
Soris yvelaze gemrieli sakvebia), agreTve kvebis mrewvelobaSi
marcvlisa da nedli parkebisagan sxvadasxva saxis konservebis dasamzadeblad.Llobios marcvali cilebiTa da naxSirwylebiT mdidaria. Seicavs 28-30 %-mde cilas, 2 % _ cxims da 49 %-mde _ naxSirwylebs.
samarcvle parkosnebis naTes
farTobebs Soris lobios soios
Semdeg meore adgili uWiravs. misi
naTesi farTobi msoflioSi 23 milion heqtars aRwevs.
sabWoTa kavSiris dros saqarTveloSi lobios sufTad naTesi
farTobi 8 aTas ha-s aRemateboda,
dRes es farTobebi ramdenjerme
Semcirebulia, magram, samwuxarod, zusti statistikuri informacia ar arsebobs.
yovelwliurad
saqarTveloSi
daaxloebiT 1800-2000 tona lobios marcvlis importi, ZiriTadad
Sua aziis qveynebidan xorcieldeba.
Sesabamisad misi fasi sakmaod maRalia, 1 kilogramis Rirebuleba 2,2
laridan 4 laramde meryeobs, Tumca aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom Cvens
qveyanas yvelanairi resursi aqvs,
rom es deficiti daabalansos.
dResdReobiT lobios ZiriTadi
mwarmoeblebi msoflioSi arian:
indoeTi, samxreT amerika, Sua aziis qveynebi.
lobios ori samSoblo aqvs: Zveli
(azia) da axali (amerika). aziis qveynebSi lobios 5-6 aTasi wlis winaTac
icnobdnen. amerikis kontinentze igi
uZvelesi droidanve iyo cnobili.
msoflioSi lobios ori saxeobaa gavrcelebuli — amerikuli da
aziuri.
amerikuli msxvilmarcvliani,
mxviara, mokle parkiani (3-6 marcvali), tenis moyvaruli mcenarea;
aziuri lobio — dabalbuCqiani,
gvalvagamZle,
wvrilmarcvlovani, wvrili da viwro parkebiani
mcenarea. parkSi 6 da meti marcvalia.saqarTveloSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) igi Semotanili unda
მაისი, 2013
iyos XVI-saukuneSi, Savi zRvispireTSi, saidanac danarCen saqarTveloSi gavrcelda.
msoflioSi dRes lobios 20-mde
saxeoba arsebobs, magram met-naklebi komerciuli mniSvneloba 7
saxeobas aqvs:
1. Cveulebrivi lobio;
2. alisa lobio;
3. limuri lobio;
4. sakadrisa lobio;
5. brinja lobio;
6. maSa lobio;
7. tempera.
lobios kulturuli formebi
savegetacio periodis mixedviT 5
jgufad iyofa:
1. Zalian adreuli ( 60-75 dRe);
2. adreuli (75-90 dRe);
3. saSualo (85-105 dRe);
4. sagviano (100-115 dRe);
5. Zalian sagviano (115 dReze meti).
zrdis xasiaTis mixedviT gvxvdeba:
1. xviara;
2. naxevrad xviara;
3. buCqovani anu kuti.
sakvebad asxvaveben:
1. saparke (konservebis sawarmoeblad);
qveyana
indoeTi
brazilia
CineTi
aSS
argentina
gana kanada
Crdilo
korea
tailandi
2
rke;
2. n
nax
xevr
rad s
sap
par
3. samarcvle.
lobios nayofi parkia. formis mixedviT mTlianad sworia, odnav moxrili da Zalze moxrili, — sigrZiT
6-dan 25 sm-mde. parkebis Seferva
Zalze mravalgvaria: mwvane, yviTeli,
lurjad aWrelebuli, Tumca yvela
damwifebisas Calisfers iRebs.
saparke (sakonsereve) jiSebis
parki rbili parenqimuli qsovilebisagan Sedgeba, romlis SigniT pergamentis Srea gamokruli.
maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia Txeli
pergamentis Sre, romelic male ar
uxeSdeba da ubewvoa, is advilad
ixarSeba da farTod gamoiyeneba
sakonservo mrewvelobaSi.
samarcvle jiSebi Zlier pergamentiania, adre uxeSdeba da nawiburis gaswvriv bewvs ikeTebs,
aseTi jiSebi sakonservo mrewvelobisaTvis ar varga da mxolod
samarcvled gamoiyeneba.
naTesi farTobebi aTasi ha
9900
4148
1154
759
322
669
150
330
315
saerTo mosavlianoba
aTasi tona
4620
2817
1510
1501
340
300
285
280
245
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
7
საკონსულტციო სამსახური
Tesli orlebniania, formiT, zomiT, feriT metad gansxvavebuli.
formiT: cilindruli, wagrZelebuli, Tirkmelisebri, kvercxisebri an sferosebri.
SeferilobiT: wiTeli, TeTri,
yavisferi, Savi, gvxvdeba gardamavali da Wreli formebic.
marcvlis zomebi sakmaod did
diapazonSi meryeobs, 1000 marcvlis wona 140 gr-dan 750 g-mdea.
saqarTveloSi Cveulebrivi lobios Semdegi jiSebia gavrcelebuli.
Citikvercxa — adgilobrivi jiSia, mas gurul lobiosac uwodeben. mcenare xviaraa, marcvali
momrgvalo-elifsuri formis, movardisfro-yviTeli, Wreli, muqi
wiTeli laqebiT da wertilebiT.
yvavili iasamnisferi, parki odnav
moRunuli, sigrZiT 9-12 sm. nedli
parki mwvane-muqi iisferi laqebiT
da zolebiT. parki nazia, pergamentis Sre TiTqmis ara aqvs. 1000 marcvlis wona 350-420 gr-s udris, saSualo masavlianoba 14-20 c/ha.
canava-3 — saadreo jiSia, Semodis 75-90 dReSi, marcvali
kvercxisebri momrgvalo moyvanilobisaa, jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia orgvari Seferiloba
— Ria moyviTalo-movardisfro,
mewamuli feris laqebiT. yvavili
mkrTalia — iisferi, parki — odnav
moxrili, sigrZiT — 7-10 sm. nedli
parki mwvanea, movardisfro mewamuli laqebiT, parkSi 3-5 marcvalia. 1000 marcvlis wona 420-430
gr-ia.
wiTladWreli — adgilobrivi
jiSia, umTavresad gavrcelebulia kaxeTis regionSi, buCqi kutia
(aramxviara), marcvali kvercxiseburi, mrgvali, kremis feri, wiTlad Wreli, Wipi TeTri, zedapiri
mbzinavi, parki cilindruli formisaa, odnav moxrili, 1000 marcvlis masa 380-420 gr-ia. vegetaciis
periodi 85-90 dRes udris, gamZlea daavadebaTa mimarT, saSualo
mosavlianoba 2 tona/ha-ze.
zemoT aRniSnuli jiSebis garda
sxva jiSebic farTodaa gavrcelebuli: Sulavreuli, baTumura, wiTeli adgilobrivi da sxva.
lobio siTbos moyvaruli mcenarea, misi Tesli 8-10 siTbos piro-
8
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
bebSi Rivdeba, kargad izrdeba 12150C, optimalur temperaturad
iTvleba 22+ 270C, iarovizacias
8-120C pirobebSi 6-8 dReSi gadis,
advilad ziandeba temperaturis
Semcirebisas. lobios aRmonacens
10C yinvac ki mTlianad Rupavs.
sruli momwifebisTvis lobios
2700-31000C sWirdeba.
lobios zogierTi jiSi advilad
egueba mcire daCrdilvas, amis gamo mas Tavisuflad Tesaven simindTan erTad.
lobio tenis moyvaruli kulturaa, yvavilobisa da parkebis
Casaxvis periodSi gansakuTrebiT
cudad itans gvalvas da wylis
naklebobas. gvalvian wlebSi misi
mosavlianoba SeiZleba 40-60 %-iT
Semcirdes.
haerisa da niadagis tenisadmi
yvelaze amtania dakokrebisa da
yvavilobis wina periodSi. yvavilobis fazaSi niadagisa da haeris
tenianobis deficiti 5dRes ar unda aRematebodes.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos pirobebSi maRali mosavlis misaRebad
savegetacio periodSi saWiroa 4-6
morwyva, aqedan 3 morwyva dakokrebisa da yvavilobis periodSi,
danarCeni saWiroebis mixedviT.
lobiosaTvis saukeTesoa Savmiwa, aluviur-silnari da wiTelmiwebi. cudad xarobs Tixnar niadagebze, egueba niadagis mcire mJavianobasac.
mometebulad mJaviani da daWaobebuli, agreTve damlaSebuli
niadagebi lobiosaTvis gamousadegaria (aseT pirobebSi ferxdeba
koJris baqteriebis ganviTareba).
lobio ver itans erTsa da imave
mindorze ganmeorebiT Tesvas, am
SemTxvevaSi advilad avaddeba virusuli avadmyofobebiT, is TeslbrunvaSi Tavsdeba Cveulebriv
saSemodgomo TavTaviani kulturebis Semdeg. misTvis saukeTeso
winamorbedi saSemodgomo xorbali da qeria, romelTa mosavlis
aRebis Semdeg lobios dasaTesad
niadagis saTanadod momzadeba SeiZleba. lobios moyvana SeiZleba
yvela saToxni kulturis Semdegac
(nasimindarze, nakartofilarze,
naWarxlarze da a.S), TviTon igi
sxva kulturebisTvis saukeTeso
winamorbedia.
lobio TeslbrunvaSi 4-5 wlis
Semdeg unda dabrundes.
lobios sawarmoeblad niadagi
Semodgomaze srul siRrmemde unda moixnas da daTesvamde 1-2 kultivacia Cautardes, raTa adre
amosuli sarevelebi moispos. imis
gamo, rom lobio siTbos moyvaruli kulturaa da SedarebiT gvian
iTeseba nakveTis Zlier dasarevelianebis SemTxvevaSi, mis daTesvamde sarevelebi aRmocendeba, am
SemTxvevaSi rekomendebulia nakveTze totaluri moqmedebis herbicidebis — klini, uragani, zero,
glifogani, nogdauni da da a,S. Setana 3-5 l/ha-ze.
karg Sedegebs iZleva Semodgomaze niadagis ZiriTadi damuSavebis
win ha-ze 30-50 tona gadamwvari nakelis Setanac. xolo gazafxulze
mcenareTa damatebiTi azoto-fosofrovani sasuqebiT gamokveba.
saTesled unda SeirCes msxvili
marcvlebi, msxvili marcvlebi
10-12% zrdis mosavlianobas.
Tesli unda Seiwamlos granoziniT an sxva Teslis Sesawamli preparatiT (2-3 kg/1t-ze) da damuSavdes nitraginiT.
saqarTveloSi lobios warmoebis ZiriTadi raionebisTvis Tesvis periodad miRebulia aprilis
mesame dekada, maisis dasawyisi,
mTian regionebSi maisis meore dekada.lobios gansxvavebuli jiSebi sxvadasxva TaviseburebiT xasiმაისი, 2013
aTdebian, amitom isini sxvadasxva
wesiTa da sixSiriT iTeseba.
saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva gamokvlevebiT, lobiosaTvis optimaluria mwkrivebad 60X10 sm kvebis ariT,
an ormwkrivian zolebad (mwkrivebs
Soris — 20, xolo zolebs Soris 6570 sm), raTa erT heqtarze 300-350
aTasi mcenare miviRoT.
kargi Sedegebi miiReba agreTve
mwkrivad 50X10 sm Tesvisas.
saTesle masalis xarji Zalze
meryeobs da damokidebulia Tavad
marcvlis simsxoze:
1. Zalian wvrili Tesli 30-40 kg/
ha-ze;
2. wvrili Tesli 50-70 kg/ha-ze;
3. saSualo simsxos Tesli 90-110
kg/ha-ze;
4. msxvili Tesli 130-160 kg/haze;
Cvens pirobebSi lobios wmindad
Tesvis saSualo normad heqtarze
— 60-120 kg., xolo simindSi SeTesvisas — 12-16 kilogramia miRebuli.
CaTesvis siRrme damokidebulia
jiSebze da niadagobriv pirobebze.
Cveulebriv pirobebSi lobio
3-5 sm. siRrmeze iTeseba, mSral
da msubuqi meqanikuri Semadgenlobis niadagebze 7 sm. siRrmeze.
karg Sedegs iZleva Tesvis Semdgomi herbicidebis gamoyeneba: 1
ha-ze SeaqvT 3 litri gezagardi
an prometrini da 3 litri linuroni, xolo vegetaciis periodSi
orlebniani sarevelebis winaaRmdeg — bazagrani 2 l/ha-ze, xolo
erTlebniani sarevelebis winaaRmdeg — fiuzilad superi 2-4 l/ha,
agili 0,6-0,8 l/ha-ze.
lobio Tavidan Zalian nela izrdeba da sarevelebs konkurencias
ver uwevs, amitom vegetaciis periodSi 2-3 kultivaciis an gaToxnis Catarebaa saWiro.
1 Toxvna-kultivacia tardeba
2-4 foTlis fazaSi, meore — 10-12
dRis Semdeg, mesame ki meore kultivaciidan —12-15 dRis Semdeg.
(sufTa nakveTebis qonis SemTxvevaSi sakmarisia 1 gaToxnis Catarebac). im SemTxvevaSi Tu dasaTesad
gamoyenebuli iqna Tanamedrove
saTesebi, gamoiricxeba lobios
naTesis gameCxerebis aucilebloba, rac SromiTi resursebis mniSvenelovani danazogia.
uxvi mosavlis misaRebad warmoebis procesSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba unda mieqces mcenaris
wyliT uzrunvelyofas. dakokrebisa da yvavilobis fazaSi2-3 jer
morwyva aucilebelia, — danarCeni ki saWiroebis mixedviT. rwyvas
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba saparke jiSebisaTvis aqvs. saadreo
jiSebs 3-4 jer morwyva sWirdeba,
xolo sagvianoebs — 5-6 jer.
warmoebaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli daavadebaa lobios antraqozi, romlic Warbtenian wlebSi
iCens Tavs, mis winaaRmdeg rekomendebulia spilenZSemcveli fun-
gicidebis 1 % xsnaris Sesxureba, daavadebis ganviTarebisaTvis
xelsayreli fonis Seqmnisas (haeris maRali fardobiTi tenianoba
da Tbili amindi), yovel 7-10 dReSi erTxel unda Catardes agreTve
profilaqtikuri wamloba.
mosavlis aReba. saparked (mwvaned, sakonservo daniSnulebiT)
specialur jiSebs da hibridebs
awarmoeben, romlebsac Tanabari
yvaviloba da msxmoiaroba axasiaTebT, maT rZisebr-cvilisebur
simwifis stadiaSi dayovnebis gareSe miaqvT da gadasamuSaveblad
iReben.
samarcvled lobios iReben,
rodesac parkebis 80-90% Sexmeba
(jiSs an hibrids unda axasiaTebdes simwifeSi Sesvlis erTdrouloba, parkebis naklebi daskdomis
unari) aseT lobios awyoben Rvareulebad da 4-9 dReSi gamolewaven.
Rvareulebad dawyoba da Semdgomi gamolewva dakavSirebulia
did SromiT danaxarjebTan, mowinave teqnologiis qveynebSi lobios samarcvled aReba specialuri
amRebi manqanebiT, pirdapir mindorSi warmoebs.
samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi dReisaTvis lobios amRebi manqanebi
da damTesi (vakuumiani) agregatebi ar arsebobs, rac am kulturis warmoebis gafarToebis gzaze
erT-erT xelisSemSlel faqtorad gvevlineba.

gTxovT, TqvenTvis saintereso Temebze SekiTxvebi
da rekomendaciebi mogvawodoT sainformacio
furcelze, regionis mixedviT miTiTebul misamarTze.
pasuxebi ixileT Jurnal „axali agraruli saqarTvelos” momdevno nomerSi:
saxeli, gvari
misamarTi
tel.:
el. fosta
ყველა სიახლე
iapo nur-Ci nu ri qli a vis ji Se bi
sa qar T ve lo Si
iaponur-Cinuri qliavebis rigs uwodeben qliavis SedarebiT axal
jgufs, romelmac samrewvelo mniSvneloba gasuli saukunis 50-60-ian
wlebSi ZiriTadad aSS-Si (kalifornia) miiRo, saidanac Semdeg mTel
msoflioSi gavrcelda. saintereso faqtia, rom am jgufis jiSebi saqarTveloSi jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi baTumis botanikur baRSi a. rolovma Semoitana, Tumca, maSin igi saqarTveloSi farTod ver
gavrcelda.
saqarTveloSi am jgufis jiSebis
samrewvelo gavrceleba, ZiriTadad, goris da qarelis regionebSi XX saukunis dasasruls daiwyo,
rodesac mebaReobis, mevenaxeobis
da meRvineobis institutma iaponur-Cinuri jiSebis mTeli speqtri Semoitana. saqarTveloSi misi
gavrcelebis alternatiul wyaros evropidan am jiSebis spontanuri Semotana warmoadgenda
da amitom mas amJamad mosaxleoba
„berZnuli“ qliavis saxiT icnobs.
am tipis qliavebsa da CvenSi gavrcelebul qliavebs Soris Semdegia gansxvaveba: nayofebis forma
- mrgvalia, zog SemTxvevaSi gulisebri formis, kurka mrgvali
da wvrili, Seferva upiratesad
muqi iisferi - Savi, rbilobi - Za-
lian mkvrivi, wona - ZiriTadad 60
- 80 gramze metia, xeze 100 gramiani nayofebi Cveulebrivad da xSirad gvxvdeba. mcenare xasiaTdeba
damaxasiaTebeli lancetis tipis
aluCa-tyemlis msgavsi priala
foTlebiT.
iaponur-Cinuri jiSebis zamTris yinvagamZleoba atmis doneze
da ufro naklebia, vidre evropuli qliavebisa, romelTa gamZleoba vaSls utoldeba. es jiSebi
adre iwyebs yvavilobas da amitom
sagazafxulo wayinvebiT maTi dazianebis albaTobac sakmaod maRalia.
iaponur-Cinuri qliavis moyvanis agroteqnologia evropuli
qliavis moyvanis msgavsia, Tumca
gasaTvaliswinebeli Semdegi Ta-
viseburebebia: formireba upiratesad centralur lideruli
saxiT xdeba, moiTxovs zomier da
sust sxvlas, ZiriTad gamoxSirvis
xerxiT. midrekilia klasterosporoziTa da monilioziT dazianebisaken, aseve nayofebi ziandeba sxvadasxva saxis sidampleebiT,
upiratesobidan aRsaniSnavia aRmosavluri nayofWamiaTi naklebad dazianeba. mcenareebi naklebad itanen maRaltenian pirobebs.
xeebis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba
evropul qliavebTan SedarebiT
moklea.
amJamad, msoflios mexileobis
sortimentSi am jgufis 400-ze
meti jiSia cnobili, Tumca samrewvelo mniSvneloba mxolod
20-jiSs aqvs. magaliTad, aSS-Si kaliforniis Statis sortimentSi
60-ze meti ZiriTadi da 130 mcired
gavrcelebuli jiSia warmodgenili, Tumca wamyvani sami jiSia: anjeleno, friari da blek amberi.
saqarTveloSi amJamad iaponurCinuri qliavebis 20-mde jiSia introducirebuli: anjeleno, fri-

NEO-s Tbilisis ofisi:
Tbilisi, ramiSvilis q. 6a.
tel: (+995 32) 225 05 61/ 71/81
faqsi: (+995 32) 225 05 41
[email protected]
NEO-s goris ofisi:
gori, i.evdoSvilis q. 30
tel: (+995 0 370) 27 84 00
[email protected]
NEO-s duSeTis ofisi:
duSeTi, daviT aRmaSenebelis q. 52
tel: (+995 0 346) 22 11 28
[email protected]
NEO-s zugdidis ofisi:
zugdidi, Tbilisis q. 19
tel: (+995 0 415) 22 19 20
[email protected]
NEO-s onis ofisi:
oni, vaxtang VI q. 120
tel: (+995 595) 677 047
[email protected]
კვლევა
ari, blek amberi, forCuni, tisi
sani, laroda, simka, otomn jaianti, emerald biuti, santa roza, Siro, serena, tresi sani, san goldi,
berbanki da sxva.
qvemoT gagacnobT am jgufis
ramdenime jiSis mokle biologiur-sameurneo daxasiaTebas:
anjeleno — amerikuli jiSia,
j. garabadienis seleqciis, miRebulia 1967 wels qvin anas Tavisufali damtverviT. msxmoiarobaSi
Sedis sakmaod swrafad, dargvidan
me-3-4 wels. xasiaTdeba saadreosaSualo periodis yvavilobiT.
msxmoiarobs regularulad da uxvad, erTi xis saSualo mosavali
srulmsxmoiarobaSi 60-70 kg-ia.
nayofis zoma stabilurad msxvi-
lia — 80-100 grami, zogierTi egzemplari 120-130 gramsac aRwevs,
damwifebas iwyebs agvistos bolos da asrulebs seqtembris bolos. moiTxovs ramdenime vadaSi
krefas da Cveulebrivi sardafis
pirobebSi — 3-4 kviris ganmavlobaSi, xolo macivarSi 3-4 Tve kargad inaxeba. ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba sasufred, Tumca Ciradac
aSroben. nayofi mrgvali, sferos
formisaa kani muqi wiTelia, romelic SavSi gadadis, dafarulia
nafifqiT, rbilobi mowiTaloyviTeli feris, mkvrivi da xraSuna, xasiaTdeba momJavo, metad
originaluri gemoTi, kurka wvrili, mrgvalia - rogorc tyemals,
rbilobs ar scildeba. msoflioSi
erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
Cinur-iaponuri qliavia.
friari _ amerikuli jiSia, miRebulia 1968 wels jon veinbergeris
მაისი, 2013
biT, moiTxovs am periodis damamtverianebels. msxmoiarobs uxvad,
erTi xis saSualo mosavali srul
msxmoiarobaSi 40-50 kg-ia. nayofi
msxvilia, 80-100 grami. mwifdeba
agvistos bolos. moiTxovs ramdenime vadaSi krefas da inaxeba Cveulebrivi sardafis pirobebSi 2-3
kviras. ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba sasufred. nayofi mrgvali, kani Savi, dafarulia nafifqiT, rbilobi
moyviTalo feris, mkvrivi da wvniani, xasiaTdeba originaluri gemoTi da aromatiT.
forCuni _ amerikuli jiSia. miRebulia 1990 wels j. veinbergeris
mier. xasiaTdeba saadreo-saSualo periodis yvavilobiT. msxmoim
r x
mier.
xas
siaTdeb
ba s
saS
Sualo p
per
riodis yvavilobiT, msxmoiarobs regularulad da metad uxvad, erTi
xis saSualo mosavali srulmsxmoiarobaSi 40-50 kg-ia. nayofi saSualo zomis 60-70 grami, mwifdeba
agvistos Sua ricxvebSi, moiTxovs
ramdenime vadaSi krefas. sasufre
daniSnulebis jiSia. nayofi mrgvali, sferuli formisaa. kani muqi
wiTelia, romelic simwifeSi muqi
Savi xdeba. dafarulia intensiuri
nafifqiT. rbilobi mkvrivia, xasiaTdeba momJavo-motkbo, sasiamovno gamorCeuli gemoTi. kurka sakmaod wvrilia, rbilobs ar scildeba. TviTdamtveravi jiSia.
blek-amberi _ amerikuli jiSia.
miekuTvneba kaliforniuli sase-
leqcio programis jgufs. miRebulia 1980 wels. xasiaTdeba saadreo-saSualo periodis yvavilo-
arobs uxvad da regularulad. nayofis zoma saSualo zomaa 80-100
grami. mwifdeba ivlisis bolosagvistos dasawyisSi. moiTxovs
ramdenime vadaSi krefas da kargad
inaxeba Cveulebrivi sardafis pirobebSi 3-4 kviris ganmavlobaSi.
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba sasufred.
nayofi mrgvali formisa gamokveTili cxviriT, kani muqi wiTelia,
dafarulia nafifqiT, rbilobi
mkvrivi da wvniani, xasiaTdeba momJavo-motkbo gamorCeuli gemoTi,
kurka saSualo zomisaa, rbilobs
Znelad scildeba.
zviad boboqaSvili,
soflis meurneobis akademiuri
doqtori
P.S. winamdebare statiebis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID
(USAID)) mier gaweuli daxmarebis Sedegad. dokumenti
SemuSavebulia USAID/NEO proeqtis mier da misi Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. statiebi
ar gamoxatavs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentosa da
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis mosazrebebs.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
11
პრობლე მა
პრობლემა
sa qar T ve los ba zar ze ar se bu li sa su qe bi da
mce na re Ta dac vis sa Su a le be bi ma Ti efeq tu ro ba da eko lo gi u ri usaf r Txo e ba
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis agrarulma politikam miwis mesakuTre fermerebi da glexebi sagrZnoblad gaaaqtiura. es mniSvnelovani faqtia da yvela
fexis nabijze igrZnoba. Sesabamisad gaaqtiurda
biznesi, romelmac soflis meurneoba unda daakmayofilos sasuqebiT da mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebiT. aq upirveles problemad dgeba sakiTxi qarTul
bazarze arsebuli saSualebebis efeqturobisa da
ekologiur usafrTxoebis sakiTxi dgeba. migvaCnia,
rom momxmarebelma Tavisi janmrTelobis dasacavad da qveynis garemos momavali TaobebisaTvis, rac
SeiZleba janmrTel mdgomareobaSi gadacemisaTvis
yovelTvis sifrTxile unda gamoiCinos.
sadReisod qarTul bazarze ramdenime cnobili
kompania gamoikveTa: Sveicaruli - „sinJenta“, amerikuli „diuponi“ da „dau-agro“, germanuli - „basfi“
da „baieri“, aseve zogierTi sxva evropuli kompaniebi (italia, espaneTi da sxva). es kompaniebi bazris daaxloebiT naxevars akmayofileben. maTi produqciis
xarisxi maRalia da moxmarebis reglamentis zusti
dacvis SemTxvevaSi ekologiurad naklebi safrTxis
Semcvelia, rogorc adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis,
aseve mTlianad garemosaTvis.
bazris danarCen segments e.w. „jeneriki“ produqcia iseTi qveynebidan abalansebs, rogoricaa CineTi,
indoeTi, TurqeTi, irani da sxva. momxmareblisaTvis
advilad gasagebi rom iyos ganvmartavT sityva „jenerikis“ Sinaarss. dRes cnobilia sasuqebis da mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebis warmoebis teqnologiebi
da moqmedi qimiuri nivTierebebi da arsebobs Sesabamisi patentebi. dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebis
mier warmoebul produqtebSi daculia ZiriTadi
moqmedi nivTierebaTa sisufTavis xarisxi, amasTan
erTad gaTvaliswinebulia moqmedebis efeqturi
teqnologiuri meqanizmebi da ekologiuri usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi. rac Seexeba „jenerikebs“ — yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli Tvisebebi efeqturobis da
ekologiuri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb naklebadaa daculi. aqedan gamomdinare „jenerikebis“ moxmarebis
SemTxvevaSi, garda imisa, rom momxmarebeli ver aRwevs Sedegs mosavlianobis raodenobis da xarisxis
maCveneblebis monacemebiT, qmnis ekologiur safrTxes - abinZurebs s/s produqcias, niadags, gruntis
wylebs da mTlianad garemos toqsikuri nivTierebebis (pesticidebis) narCenebiT.
ras vTavazobT momxmarebels? rogor daicvas Tavi uxarisxo, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saSiSi da mavne produqciisagan?! bazarze arsebuli yvela biznesmeni
12
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
cdilobs, reklama gauwios Tavis produqcias, moizidos meti momxmarebeli da naxos didi mogeba. xSir
SemTxvevaSi rac ufro dabalxarisxiania produqti,
mas ufro meti reklamireba ukeTdeba da kidev erTi,
SedarebiT iafia. dabali msyidvelobiTi unaris mqone glexi gadawyvetilebas fasis mixedviT iRebs, xolo dabal efeqts mxolod wlis bolos xedavs.
arsebuli wesis mixedviT qveyanaSi axali preparatis
Semotanisas misi saxelmwifo registracia xdeba, romelsac axorcielebs saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministros sursaTis uvneblobis da mcenareTa
dacvis specialuri saagento. registraciis procedura iTvaliswinebs winaswar gamocdas da specialistebis daskvnas produqtis xarisxze da efeqturobaze.
am saqmianobis SesrulebisaTvis aucilebelia minimum
eqsperti-specialistebi, Sesabamisi samsaxuri (instituti) da sacdeli farTobebi. samwuxarod, bolo periodSi Sesabamisi profilis agraruli institutebi
da sacdel-eqsperimentuli bazebi praqtikulad aRar
arsebobs. yovelive zemoTaRniSnulidan gamomdinare registracia garkveulwilad formalur xasiaTs
iRebs. amrigad, bazari am mxriv daucvelia. migvaCnia,
rom am problemis mosagvareblad saxelmwifos mxridan saswrafo reagirebaa saWiro.
Seqmnili situaciidan gamosavlis mizniT momxmarebels vTavazobT isargeblos specialuri sakonsultacio samsaxurebis momsaxurebiT, rogorc TbilisSi, aseve regionebSi da cnobili evropuli kompaniebis produqcia airCios da ufaso kvalificiuri
konsultaciebi gaiaros.
მაისი, 2013
მექ ანიზ აც ია
მექანიზაცია
niadagis minimaluri damuSaveba - qveynis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani prioritetia
niadagis damuSavebis Tanamedrove teqnologiebs qveynis soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. miwis xarisxi da
produqtiuloba umniSvnelovanesia soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaSi.
yoveli axali teqnologia, romelic ar aris tradiciuli saqarTvelosaTvis, saWiroebs fermerTa cnobierebis amaRlebas am teqnologiis
mniSvnelobaze wylismieri da qarismieri eroziis Semcirebis kuTxiT.
saqarTvelos agraruli politikis koncefciaSi aRniSnulia, rom
saqarTvelos ukavia 69,7 kv.km., anu
daaxloebiT 7,0 milioni ha farTobi; aqedan dablobze modis 13%
anu 910 aTasi ha, mTis wina zolze
— 33,4% anu 2 ml 338 aTasi ha, mTaze — 53,6% anu 3 ml 752 aTasi ha.
amrigad, saqarTvelos mTliani
farTobis 46,4% anu 3 ml 248 aTasi
ha gamoiyeneba soflis meurneobis
produqciis warmoebisaTvis, saidanac 0,8 ml. ha aris saxnavi.
rogorc statistikidan Cans, saqarTvelos teritoriis naxevarze meti mTebs, gorakebs, borcvebs
uWiravs. mesamedi — mTiswinebs da
mxolod meaTedze odnav meti- vakes. rTuli da didqanobiani reliefi, sxva iseT faqtorebTan erTad
rogoricaa: naleqebis sakmaod didi raodenoba da maRali intensivoba, bunebis xSiri Wirveuloba, aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebuli uyairaTo damokidebuleba
miwisadmi, warmoadgens im ZiriTad
mizezebs, romelTa gamoc saqarTveloSi niadagis erozia farTodaa
gavrcelebuli, anu niadagis zedapiris daSla, gadaadgileba da dakargva wylis an qaris zemoqmedebiT
msoflios winaSe mdgar ekologiur
problemaTa Soris erozias gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. asiaTasobiT weli dasWirda bunebas,
rom dedamiwis zedapirze nayofieri niadagi, Cveni marCenali miwa,
kacobriobis erT-erTi upirvelesi simdidre Seqmniliyo. misi dacva,
gafrTxileba da momavali TaobebisaTvis SenarCuneba, Cveni erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa [1].
sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom
msoflioSi mosavlianobis sagrZnobi matebis miuxedavad, rac ZiriTadad herbicidebis, sasuqebis,
mowinave agroteqnikis, Tanamedrove samelioracio sistemebisa da maRalefeqtiani jiSebis gamoyenebiTaa ganpirobebuli, bevr regionSi
მაისი, 2013
mcirdeba niadagis nayofiereba, risi umTavresi mizezi niadagis eroziaa. ukve mravali saukunea rac kacobrioba niadagis eroziis Sedegad
mniSvnelovan zarals ganicdis. am
zaralma bolo aTwleulebSi mniSvnelovnad imata, magram msoflios
mTeli rigi qveynebis gamocdileba
da Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva regionebSi miwaTmoqmedebis niadagdamcavi sistemis danergvis dadebiTi
Sedegebi gvaimedebs, rom SesaZlebelia eroziuli movlenebis gavrcelebis arealisa da intensivobis
mniSvnelovnad Semcireba. oRond,
amisaTvis saWiroa qveynis mTeli Zalebis mobilizacia da mizanswrafuli Sroma saTanado finansirebisa da
gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa samecniero-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis pirobebSi.
saqarTvelos kanonis “niadagis
dacvis Sesaxeb” [2] me-3 muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom ”niadagis dacviTi
RonisZiebebi da saSualebebia: g)
eroziisagan niadagis dacvisaTvis
organizaciul-sameurneo, agroteqnikuri, satyeo-samelioracio,
hidroteqnikuri, niadagdacviTi
RonisZiebebis kompleqsuri SerCeva”; agroteqnikur RonisZiebebSi
ki unda vigulisxmoT niadagis damuSavebis Tanamedrove, resursdamzogi samanqano teqnologiebi,
romelTa Soris erT-erTia niadagis minimaluri damuSaveba.
es teqnologia, uaxloes warsulSi, naklebad xelmisawvdomi iyo fermerebisaTvis, radgan is gulisxmobs
sruli teqnologiuri ciklis erTi
gavliT Catarebas, romelic damokidebulia didi raodenobiT sxvadasxva saxis da konstruqciulad rTuli
manqana-iaraRebis arsebobaze meurneobaSi, rac individualuri fermerisaTvis praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.
Tumca, axla situacia SeiZleba Seicvalos da es teqnologia individualuri an damoukidebeli mcire fermebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdes.
zemoTaRniSnuli mizezebis gamo
niadagebis degradaciis procesi
katastroful formebs iRebs. yovelwliurad msoflioSi sameurneo
miznebiT gamoyenebas akldeba 5 -7
ml. ha saxnavi miwis farTobebi, saidanac farTobebis 60% — wylismieri eroziis Sedegad, xolo qarismieri eroziis gamo — 40%. aRniSnuli
momenti aiZulebs miwaTmosargebleebs, rom niadagis damuSavebis
teqnologiebi erTdroulad eroziis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis
xasiaTs atarebdnen.
niadagis eroziis Tavidan acilebisaTvis erT-erTi mTavari
RonisZiebaa niadagis xvna beltis
gadabrunebis gareSe e.i. ar xdeba
nawveralisaTvis da niadagis qveda fenebisaTvis adgilis Secvla,
aramed mimdinareobs maTi adgilze
erTdrouli gafxviereba.
aRniSnuli teqnologiiT niadagis damuSaveba ar aris axali. igi
jer kidev XIX saukunis bolos Teoriulad daasabuTa da praqtikulad ganaxorciela cnobilma rusma mecnierma ivane ovsinskom, XX
saukunis 30-ian wlebSi volgispireTSi dabal siRrmeebze niadagis
damuSavebis teqnologia Seiswavla da ganaxorciela n. m. tulaikovma; 1954 wlidan t. malcevi [3,5]
nergavs ufrTo guTnebiT niadagis
damuSavebas aRmosavleT cimbirSi.
gasuli saukunis 70 — 80-ian wlebSi
Seqmnili iyo da farTod gamoiyeneboda guTnis gareSe niadagis damuSavebis teqnologiebi da manqanaTa mTeli sistema ruseTSi, ukrainaSi, yazaxeTSi da sxva qveynebSi,
romelTa safuZvelic a.i. baraevis
Sromebi da mis mier damuSavebuli
meTodikebi iyo.
yvelaze ufro xSirad Tanawyobil operaciebs praqtikaSi iyeneben niadagis Tesviswina damuSavebisa da Tesvisas. Teoriulad, naTesis damuSavebis ricxvi SeiZleba
daviyvanoT erTamde — Tesvamde.
praqtikulad niadagis damuSavebis
ricxvis zRvrulamde Semcirebis
ideas mraval qveyanaSi emsaxureba sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis movla-moyvanis teqnologiebi
kvalSi, RarSi an kordze pirdapiri Tesvis gamoyenebiT, romelic
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
13
მექა ნიზაცია
მექანიზაცია
saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes sawarmos danaxarjebi da niadagis
danakargi qarismieri eroziisagan.
miwaTmoqmedeba praqtikulad niadagis daumuSaveblad („nulovani
damuSavebis” fonze) SesaZlebelia
mxolod rigi pirobebis Sesrulebisas. pirvel yovlisa aRniSnuli
teqnologiebis gamoyeneba yvelaze misaRebia sakvebi marcvleuli
kulturebis moyvanisas. amis garda, da es yvelaze mTavaria, aRniSnuli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba
mTlianad damokidebulia herbicidebis gamoyenebaze. aRniSnuli
teqnologiis upiratesobebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes:
1) muSaxelis naklebi raodenoba; 2)
dros dazogva; 3) manqana-iaraRebis
cveTis Semcireba; 4) sawvav-sacxebi
masalebis dazogva; 5) sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis xangrZlivi
(grZelvadiani) produqtiulobis
zrda; 6) wylis xarisxis gaumjobeseba; 7) niadagis eroziis Semcireba
8) niadagis tentevadobis amaRleba; 9) niadagis infiltraciis amaRleba; 10) niadagis gamkvrivebis Semcireba; 11) niadagis damuSavebis
xarisxis amaRleba; 12) cocxali
organizmebis didi raodenoba; 13)
naxSirorJangis emisiis Semcireba;
14) haeris dabinZurebis Semcireba.
aRniSnuli teqnologiiT
dasam
muSavebeli miwebi
sakmaod mravladaa
aaRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarismieri
e
eroziis gavrceleb
bis zonaSi. Tanam
medrove teqnolog
giebis
pirobebSi
niadagis minimalur
ri damuSavebis teqnologiis danergva
t
teqnikurad probl
lemas ar warmoadg
gens. Tu uwin niad
dagis damuSavebis
aRniSnul teqnologias gamoyeneba
hqonda praqtikulad mxolod did
farTobebze, dReisaTvis misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia nebismieri farTobis sasoflo-sameurneo
nakveTebze, e.i. dasamuSavebeli
farTobis zomas praqtikuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
miwis damuSavebis es meTodi tradiciulad ar gamoiyeneboda saqarTveloSi, amitom misi danergvisaTvis Tavdapirvelad saWiro iqneba
rac SeiZleba meti sxvadasxva tipis
sapilote proeqtebis ganxorcieleba da fermerebisaTvis sakonsultacio momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa. amasTanave saWiro iqneba
miwaTsargeblobis sakanonmdeblo
bazis gamkacreba, raTa miwis eqsploataciis procesSi mniSvnelovani pasuxismgebloba gadavides mis
mflobelze.
aRniSnul teqnologias SesaZlebelia rekomendaciebi mieces aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Sida qarTlis
(goris, kaspis, mcxeTis raionebi),
gare kaxeTis (gardabnis, sagarejos,
siRnaRis raionebi) da Siraqis (dedofliswyaros raioni) regionebSi
niadagebis damuSavebis dros.
rekomendebuli
teqnologiiT
mkveTrad Semcirdeba an mTlianad
aRikveTeba niadagis eroziis ga-
movlineba saxnav miwebze [7]. Sedegad gaumjobesdeba niadagis fizikuri, fizikur-qimiuri, biologiuri Tvisebebi. amaRldeba niadagis
biologiuri aqtivoba, Sesabamisad
misi nayofiereba. moimatebs miRebuli mosavlis raodenoba 0.500.80 t/ha-ze. Semcirdeba miRebuli
produqciis TviTRirebuleba.
ZiriTadi barieri, romelic
xels uSlis zemoTaRniSnuli teqnologiis danergvas saqarTveloSi, is aris, rom ar mimdinareobs
monitoringi im parametrebze,
romlebic aucilebelia niadagis
eroziulobis da sxva sidideebis
Sesafaseblad. amgvarad, am sistemis awyoba damatebiT xarjebs moiTxovs, rac ar unda daawves mZime
tvirTad miwis mesakuTreebs, gansakuTrebiT mcire fermebis SemTxvevaSi.
minimaluri damuSavebis teqnologia ar warmoadgens tradiciuls
saqarTvelosaTvis da ar aris gavrcelebuli bazarze. aucilebeli
iqneba bazris uzrunvelyofis
rgolis Camoyalibeba.
mosaxleobis, fermerebisa da adgilobrivi xelmZRvanelobis cnobierebis amaRleba am teqnologiis
ekonomikuri efeqtisa da klimatis
cvlilebis negatiuri gavlenis SesaZlo gaZlierebis Sesaxeb umniSvnelovanesia SemoTavazebuli teqnologiis danergvis da Semdgom
misi mdgradobis uzrunvelyofis
procesSi.
saWiro iqneba adgilobrivi kadrebis momzadeba-gadamzadeba, romlebic moemsaxurebian resursdamzogi teqnologiebis ganxorcielebisaTvis Tanamedrove sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikas.
elguja SafaqiZe
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrkorespondenti, teq. mecn. doqtori, sau-is sruli profesori.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. saqarTvelos niadagebis eroziisagan dacva. koncefcia (2012-2020 w.w.). saqarTvelos
erovnuli akademia, Tbilisi, 2012 w. gv. 2-3.
2. saqarTvelos kanoni “niadagis dacvis Sesaxeb”; saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebebi, 1994, #18.
3. SafaqiZe e. natroSvili d. sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebi (I nawili), “poligrafi”, Tbilisi,
2010; gv. 112-114; 115-123;
4. Овсинский И. Е., Новая система земледелия, пер. с польск., М., 1911;
5. Мальцев Т.С. Сборник статей и выступлении, М., 1955.
6. Найденов А.С, Терешенко В.В, Бардак Н.И, Обработка почвы: найти золотую середину,
Алма-Ата, 2007.стр. 45-68.
7. veb-gverdi www.no-till.pro;
8. С.Н. Саленков, Ресурсосбережение и снижение затрат при возделываннии зерновых культур
- приоритетные направления в растениеводстве. Минск, 2005. стр. 11-37.
14
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
მაისი, 2013
მებ აღ ის გვერდი
მებაღის
გვე რდი
kur ko va ni
kul tu re bis
pro fe si u li dac va
Cveni qveynis klimatur-bunebrivi pirobebi umetesi saxeobis
kurkovani kulturebis: aluCis,
qliavis, tyemlis, alublis, blis,
atmis, gargris zrda-ganviTarebisTvis metad xelsayrelia. aprilidan oqtombris CaTvliT SesaZlebelia qarTul sufras amSvenebdes sxvadasxva kulturebis
nayofi, maT aseve didi saeqsporto potenciali aqvs da garkveuli
Semosavlis wyaros warmoadgens.
swori agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebis, kerZod mavnebel-daavadebaTa brZolis RonisZiebebis gatarebis gareSe maRali da xarisxiani
mosavlis miReba warmoudgenelia.
mavnebel daavadebaTa mimarT gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea kurkovani kulturebi, romlebic
garkveul wlebSi did zians ayeneben mcenareebs da amcireben maTi eqspluataciis vadebs. esenia:
moniliozi anu ruxi sidample, am
daavadebas ori forma gaaCnia: moniliozuri damwvroba da nayofis
sidample.
moniliozuri damwvroba
moniliozuri damwvroba gazafxulze vlindeba, rac yvavilebis feris SecvliTa da maTi Semdgomi gaxmobiT gamoixateba, foTlebic aCerebs zrdas, yvavilTan
erTad Camoekidebian totebic.
Zlieri dazianebis SemTxvevaSi
mcenare naxanZralis STabeWdilebas tovebs. nayofebze daavadeba
mura feris laqebis saxiT vlindeba, romlebic swrafad erTdebian
da mTel nayofs moicaven. dampali nayofebi Zirs cviva an gamxmari
saxiT mcenaris totebze momavali
wlis gazafxulamde rCeba. daavadebis masiur gavrcelebas xels
uwyobs gazafxulze gaxangrZliმაისი, 2013
veburi dabali temperatura, xSiri wvimebi, nisli da Warbi tenianoba. daavadebuli xeebi knindeba,
swrafad berdeba, nayofebi arastandartulia da mosavlianobac
mcirdeba.
kokomikozi
daavadebis simptomebi yvela nawilze vlindeba: foTlebze, yunwebze, nayofebze, xandaxan ylortebzec. foTlebis zeda mxareze
jer gamoCndebian foTlisebri,
moiisfro laqebi, xolo qveda
mxareebze, gansakuTrebiT tenian
amindSi — movardisfro, moTeTro
fifqebi, romelic daavadebis gamomwvevi sokos nayofianobas warmoadgens. xolo ylortebze, yunwebze an nayofebze warmoiqmneba
Cazneqili, yavisferi laqebi an
wylulebi moTeTro fifqebiT. nayofebi deformirebulia, cudad
viTardeba da ugemuria. Zlieri
dazianebis SemTxvevaSi foTlebi
naadrevad cviva, ivlis-agvistoSi zrdasruli xeebi foTlebis
60-80% kargaven, xolo axalgzarda xeebi srulad foTlebis gareSe rCeba. daavadebis ganviTarebas
xels uwyobs dabali temperatura
da teni.
klasterosporiozi anu foTlebis dafacxaveba. daavadebis simptomebi SesaZlebelia SevamCnioT
mcenaris miwiszeda, TiTqmis, yvela organoebze. foTlebze daavadebis simptomebi gamovlindeba
momrgvalo, Ria yavisferi laqebis saxiT, romelic SemosazRvrulia mura wiTeli xazebiT, Zlieri
daavadebis dros Sua nawilebi,
e.i. qsovilebi, carielia da foTlebi cvenas iwyebs. ylortebsa da
kvirtebze ki mcire zomis, mrgvali narinjisfer-wiTeli laqebi,
romlebic mogvianebiT ibzareba,
skdeba da webosmagvari masa gamoiyofa. kvirtebi da ylortebi
Rebulobs wiTel, moyviTalo an
mura Seferilobas, radgan webosmagvari siTxe myardeba da mcenaris nawilebs faravs. nayofebze
warmoiqmneba mcire, wiTeli feris
msubuqad Cazneqili laqebi, SemdgomSi dazianebuli qsovilebi
amovardeba an rCeba dabzaruli,
gamerqnebuli saxiT, saidanac webosmagvari masa gamodis. nayofebi
maxinj formas iZens, adgil-adgil
dazianebuli adgilebi kurkebamde xmeba. daavadebis ganviTarebas
xels uwyobs Tbili, teniani klimati. daavadeba iwvevs naadrev foTolcvenas, ris Sedegad Semodgomaze ylortebs iviTarebs, merqani
ver aswrebs bunebriv simwifes da
zamTars xeebi dasustebuli xvdeba da xSirad iyineba, saboloo
jamSi mcenare sustdeba da mosavlianoba mcirdeba.
atmis nacari
aavadebs foTlebs da ylortebs. foTlebze nacrisferi fifqi jer laqebis saxiTaa, Semdeg ki
foTols mTlianad edeba. aseTi
foToli yviTldeba da naadrevad
cviva. daavadebis garegnuli niSnebi adreul jiSebze maisis meore naxevridan vlindeba, ZiriTad
xelSemwyob pirobad iTvleba wina
wlis infeqciis maragi, xangrZlivi da xSiri wvimebis dros daavadeba naklebad viTardeba. xolo
SefardebiTi tenianobis maRali
done daavadebisTvis xelSemwyobia. totebis daavadeba ufro seriozulia. is laqebis saxiT iwyeba
da Semdeg mTel tots edeba, aseTi
toti Zlier sustdeba, deformirdeba da wveri uxmeba.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
15
მება ღის გვერდი
მებაღის
გვერ დი
atmis foTlis sixuWuWe
aavadebs foTlebs, totebs, yvavilebsa da nayofebs, foTlebis
da totebis dazianeba xSiria, xolo yvavilisa da nayofis daavadeba SedarebiT iSviaTia. daavadeba
foTlis firfitis daxuWuWebiT
iwyeba. dasawyisSi foToli mwvane ferisaa, Semdgom mkrTaldeba,
zog adgilze mowiTalo feri gadahkravs, xolo bolos monacrisfro elfers iRebs, Semdgom aseTi
foTlebi cviva, xolo naadrevad
gacvenili foTlebis adgilas momavali wlis kvirtebis xarjze axali foTlebi viTardeba, ris gamoc
toti kargad ver mwifdeba da zamTarSi wveri eyineba.
kurkovan kulturebs did zians
ayenebs, agreTve, mavnebeli mwerebi da tkipebi. mwuwni mavneblebidan aRsaniSnavia atmis anu Tambaqos bugri, alublis
bugri, qliavis bugri, ablabudisebri
tkipebi (mura, kunelis, wiTeli). isini
foTlisa da axalgazrda ylortebis
ujredebis
wvens
wuwnian, ris Semdeg
irRveva nivTierebaTa cvlis procesi, kerZod mcirdeba
fotosinTezis aqtivoba, mcenare Zlier
sustdeba da nayofi
arastandartuli da
uxarisxo gamodis,
saboloo jamSi mosavali mcirdeba.
foTlis da nayofis
mRrRneli
mavneblebidan aRsaniSnavia: qliavis
nayofWamia, aRmosavluri nayofWamia, alublis xerxia,
alublis buzi da
sxv. xolo dasavleT
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia metad
saSiSi
mavnebeli
amerikuli
TeTri
pepela. kurkovnebis
kompleqsuri, profesionaluri dacva
iTvaliswinebs ara
erTi an ori mavne
organizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebebis gatarebas,
aramed mTel Ro-
16
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
nisZiebaTa sistemas, rogorebicaa
agroteqnikuri, profilaqtikuli
da mcenareTa dacva.
gTavazobT Sveicaruli kompania
„singenta“-s mier SemoTavazebul
mcenareTa mavne organizmebis winaaRmdeg brZolis sistemas:
I. adreul gazafxulze kvirtebis dabervis fazaSi 3% bordos
nareviT wamloba.
II. kokrebis gamoCena-yvavilebis
win 0,035% — „xorusi“ + 0,5% — „Tiovit jet“ + 0,08% — „aqtara“.
III. yvavilebis fazaSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin Tu dabali temperaturisa da xSiri atmosferuli
naleqebis gamo yvaviloba Wianurdeba:
0,03% — „skoriT“ wamloba.
IV. yvavilobis damTavreba:
0,03% — „skori+0,04% — „topazi“
+0,15% — „aqteliki“.
V. 8-10 dRis Semdeg 0,03% — „taspa“ +0,04% — „karate zeoni“.
VI. 10-12 dRis Semdeg:
0,2% — „diTan m“ — 45+0,04% — „karate zeoni“.
tkipebis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi kombinirebul nazavs daemateba 0,1% — „nvertimeki“.
yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi wamlobis jeradobas, preparatebis asortiments da vadebs
gansazRvrul mcenareTa dacvis
specialisti, romelic mavnebeldaavadebaTa ganviTarebis intensivobas da adgilobriv pirobebs
iTvaliswinebs.
ix. sqema kurkovani kulturebis
profesionaluri dacva.
zurab lolaZe
Syngenta
ta-s
-s warmomadgeneli
amierkavkasiaSi.
მაისი, 2013
თანამედ როვე ტე
თანამედროვე
ტექნოლოგიები
ქნოლოგიები
efeqtiani mikroorganizmebi M teqnologia soflis meurneobaSi
cnobilia, rom sayovelTao da masStaburi qimizacia Zalze Zviri ujdeba samyaros: bunebaSi irRveva
TviTregulaciis unari, sustdeba mcenareebis, cxovelebisa da adamianebis TviTdamcavi meqanizmebi.
dRes ukve cxadia, rom mineraluri sasuqebi mTlianad fitavs niadags. gamofituli niadagidan kargi mosavlis misaRebad saWiro xdeba misi makro da
mikroorganizmebiT kargad dabalansebuli sasuqis
Setana. aseTi balansis SesanarCuneblad metad Zviri
RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebaa saWiro. Tumca, arcTu dabalansebul kvebas SeuZlia Seavsos iseTi biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis Semcveloba, rogoricaa fermentebi, vitaminebi, organuli mJavebi
da a.S. anu yovelive is rasac biohumusi ewodeba. am
srulyofilebis gareSe ki arc niadagi da arc mcenare ar SeiZleba iyos janmrTeli da uxvmosavliani.
soflis meurneobaSi ukanaskneli naxevarsaukunovani problemis gadasaWrelad mowodebulia e.w.
“efeqtiani mikroorganizmebi”, romelic Tanamedrove msoflioSi M teqnologiiT aris cnobili.
am teqnologias pirvelma iaponelma mecnierma teruo xigam miagno. man Seqmna niadagis sasargeblo
mikroorganizmebis uaRresad rTuli kompleqsi, rasac M teqnologia, anu efeqturi mikroorganizmebi
daarqva. igi dRes yvelgan warmatebiT inergeba da im
qveynebis ricxvi, sadac mas efeqtianad iyeneben, ganusazRvrelad izrdeba..
praqtikam cxadyo, rom M teqnologias planetis
ekologiuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi, organuli soflis meurneobis aRorZinebaSi da didi (msxvili) gamwmendi sistemebis meTodis meSveobiT, dabinZurebis problemis gadaWraSi mniSvnelovani wvlilis Setana SeuZlia.
soflis meurneobaSi M teqnologiis danergva mosaxleobis maRali xarisxis, ekologiurad usafrTxo
kvebis produqtebiT momaragebisa da aqedan gamomdinare, mosaxleobis janmTelobis gaumjobesebis
saSualebas iZleva. rac mTavaria, xels uwyobs degradirebuli da sasargeblo mikroorganizmebisagan
gaRaribebuli niadagebis rekultivacias.
ras warmoadgens M teqnologia? is or jgufad
iyofa, romlebic urTierTsapirispiro saarsebo pirobebs moiTxovs. erTia aerobuli jgufi, romelsac
Jangbadi sWirdeba, meore ki anaerobuli jgufi, romelzec Jangbadi uaryofiTad moqmedebs. Tumca, maTi Tanaarseboba SesaZlebelia, radgan erTi maTganis cxovelmoqmedebis produqti meoresTvis kvebis
wyaroa. specialurad SerCeuli da laboratoriul
pirobebSi gamravlebuli mikroorganizmebis Semadმაისი, 2013
nlob
S S
s aq
qtin
nTez
gen
baSi
Sedis
nom
miceteb
bi, m
mafotos
sin
zebuli, rZemJava, azotmafiqsirebeli baqteriebi, safuarebi, sxivuri da obis sokoebi da a.S.
M teqnologiis efeqturobaSi yvelaze iolad
Tqveni meurneobis magaliTze darwmundebiT.
M teqnologia nebismieri kulturis mosavlianobis mniSvnelovnad gazrdis saSualebas iZleva. misi
sworad gamoyenebiT kitris, pomidvris, badrijnis
mosavlianobis 2-3-jer gazrdaa SesaZlebeli. mikroorganizmebi yvelaze keTilsmyofelad bostneul
kulturebze moqmedebs. saagarake nakveTebis mflobelebi aRniSnaven, rom kitri da pomidori iolad
itans temperaturis cvalebadobas da naklebad
avaddeba. M teqnologia aseve sasargeblod moqmedebs kenkrovnebze: Jolo, mocxari, qacvi (Savekala).
misi zemoqmedebiT isini metad umklavdebian daavadebebsa da ufro met norC ylortebs iviTareben.
mravalricxovani gamoxmaurebebi mowmobs, rom M
xsnaris Sesxurebidan erT kviraSi bostneulis kulturebis gare maxasiaTeblebi umjobesdeba: simwvane mkveTri, xolo foTlebi farTo da Zlieri xdeba.
mcenareebi, sakontrolo egzemplarebTan SedarebiT, ufro swrafad izrdeba,.
M preparatiT morwyuli gaufurCnavi pomidori
praqtikulad 100%-iT msxmoiarobs. maTi krefa gvian
Semodgomamde SeiZleba. amave dros pomidori ukeTesi gemoTi gamoirCeva, isini ufro wvniani da tkbilia.
adreuli jiSis kitrisa da pomidvris moyvanisas pirveli mosavlis miReba Cveulebrivze ori kviriT adre SeiZleba.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
17
თან ამედროვე ტ
თანამედროვე
ტექნოლოგიები
ექნოლო გიებ ი
M teqnologiis gamoyenebiT moyvanili bostneulis (gansakuTrebiT Zirxvenebi da baRCeuli) saucxood inaxeba zamTarSi. misi gamoyenebis periodSi
paTogenuri mikroflora niadagSi minimumamde mcirdeba. miRebuli mosavali jansaRia, didxans inaxeba,
iolad ar lpeba da fuWdeba. magaliTad, vegetaciis
periodSi M teqnologiiT damuSavebuli kartofili
axali mosavlis miRebamde mSvenivrad inaxeba.
yabayi, patisoni da gogra gacilebiT didi izrdeba, amave dros ar kargavs gemosa da didxans inaxeba.
saucxoo Sedegebi miiRes im mebostneebma, romlebmac M teqnologiis saswaulebrivi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb SuazafxulSi an sulac vegetaciis periodis dasrulebisas Seityves. gasasinjad seqtembris bolos
damuSavebuli gaxmobamde misuli marwyvi gamococxlda da „meore sicocxlis“ aSkara niSnebi gamoavlina.
saagarake nakveTze M teqnologiis gamoyenebis saboloo mizani niadagis bunebrivi mosavlianobis aRdgena, masSi humusis dagroveba, gafxviereba, gahaerovnebaa. aseT Sedegebs, miwis ganoyierebas zogierTma fermerebma da moagarakeebma M-is xsnaris moxmarebis meore Tves miaRwies. ra Tqma unda, es xdeba
maSin, roca niadagis nayofieri Sre organikis sakmao
odenobas Seicavs.
M teqnologia dadebiTad moqmedebs yvela saxis
mcenareze, marcvleulze, kenkrovnebze, xexilze da
sxva.
saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT M teqnologiis gamoyenebis ramdenimewliani gamocdileba
dagrovda, rasac momdevno gamocemebSi Tanmimdevrulad mogawvdiT.
saqarTveloSic msxvilma fermerebma did farTobze TandaTan daiwyes M teqnologiis preparatis gamoyeneba. yuradReba minda gavamaxvilo dedoflis
wyaros Sedegebze. kerZod, fermer zaqaria gogilaSvilis gamocdilebaze, romelmac erT-erTma pirvelma irwmuna M teqnologiis SesaZleblobebi da ramdenime 100-heqtarze simindis, xorblis da mzesumziris
plantaciebze gamoiyena es teqnologia, iq sadac M
teqnologa gamoiyena niadagi gaxda struqtuirebuli, iklo sarevelebis raodenobam, niadagSi gaCnda
18
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
Wiayela da mosavlianobam pirvelsave wels 15-20%iT imata. niadagis sruli nayofierebis aRdgenas sami weliwadi sWirdeba, rac pirdapir proporciulad
moqmedebs mosavlianobis zrdaze da saSualebas mogvcems niadagis nulovani damuSavebis meTodze gadavideT.
saqarTveloSi Cvenma samwlianma dakvirvebebma
gviCvena, rom M teqnologiis moqmedeba huminurorganuli Txevad sasuq „agrovitasTan” erTad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi sagrZnoblad umjobesdeba.
ukanaskneli M organizmebisaTvis unikalur sakveb
ares iZleva, isini advilad mravldebian da niadagSi
humusis warmoqmnas uwyoben xels.
M teqnologiis kidev erT, moagarakeebisTvis aranakleb saintereso Tvisebis Sesaxeb gacnobebT. sazafxulo tualetSi M preparatis mcire odenobiT
damateba erT kviraSi aqrobs usiamovno sunis, ori
sami Tvis Semdeg ki yvelaferi gardaiqmneba kompostad, romelic sasuqad gamoiyeneba.
M teqnologiis gamoyenebis ekonomiur mxaresac
gavecnoT:
M universaluri mikrobiologiuri preparatia,
romlis SeZenac specialur maRaziebSia SesaZlebeli.
1 litri sakmarisia ramdenime measedi miwis nakveTis
dasamuSaveblad.
M teqnologiis gamoyenebis oTxi varianti arsebobs.
1) M teqnologia ZiriTadi wyalxsnaris saxiT
1:100-dan 1:1000-mde proporciiT miwis da mcenareTa
mosarwyavad.
2) M - 5 mavneblebisa da avadmyofobebisagan mcenareTa dasacavad.
3) M komposti-maRali mosavlis miRebis safuZveli.
4) fermentirebuli mcenareuli nedleulis M eqstraqti, mcenareTa kvebisaTvis da sarevelebTan sabrZolvelad.
M teqnologiis yvela es Semadgenlebi nebismieri organuli nivTierebebisagan iwarmoeba. gamodis,
rom mebaRe-mebostnes SeuZlia TviTon awarmoos Tavisi nakveTisaTvis nebismieri sasuqi da mcenareTa
dacvis biologiuri saSualebebi, amave dros raime
qimikatebis SeZena saWiro ar aris.
Cveulebriv saTavsoSi, pirdapir samzareuloSi,
kvebis produqtebis narCenebisagan damzadebuli
kompostis nairsaxeoba, romelsac araviTari usiamovno suni ar aqvs, Tavisi sasargeblo TvisebebiT
aRemateba nebismier ZviradRirebul biohumuss.
Tqven SegiZliaT amisaTvis biohumusi (komposti)
tonobiT daamzadoT. ase rom, TviTon iangariSeT.
sergo uCava
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
efeqturi mikroorganizmebis
saswavlo-samecniero centris direqtori
mixeil odiSaria
S.p.s. „bekiuri”-s gen. direqtori
fiz-maT. mecn. doqtori
მაისი, 2013
მებ აღ ის გვე
მებაღის
გვერდი
რდი
citrusovanTa mavneblebi da maTTan brZolis
saSualebebi kompania BASF-is preparatebiT
citrusovanTa frTaTeTra
citrusovanTa
frTaTeTra
frTaTeTra citrusovanTa ojaxis, TiTqmis, yvela warmomadgenels
azianebs, igi zamTars matlisa da
nawilobriv pupariumis fazaSi atarebs. gazafxulze (maisSi) pupariumidan gamofrenili imago mcenaris
qveda foTolze kvercxebs gafantulad debs. kvercxebis raodenoba
erT foTolze zogjer Zalian didia, pirvelad kvercxi mkrTali ferisaa, Semdeg ki — muqdeba. embrionis ganviTarebis xangrZlivoba erTi kviraa. axalgamoCekili matlebi
foTlis qveda mxareze ikvebebian.
citrusovanTa frTaTeTras matlebs pirveli kanis gamocvlis Semdeg fexebi uqrebaT da umoZraoni
xdebian. matli samjer icvlis kans,
Semdeg pupariumad gadaiqceva.
matlis fazis ganviTarebis xangrZlivoba 3-4 kviraa, xolo pupariumis 2 — kvira.
mkurnaloba: frTaTeTras winaaRmdeg kontaqtur-nawlavuri
inseqticidi „fastaki“ — 0.3l/ha.
gamoiyeneba.
narinjovanTa bugri
gansakuTrebiT norCi foTlebisa da ylortebis wveroebs azi-
მაისი, 2013
anebs. dazianebuli foTlebi xuWuWdeba, ylortebi igrixeba da
mcenare veRar viTardeba. bugri
foTlis qveda mxareze saxlobs
da foTlis anatomiur da fiziologiur cvlilebebs iwvevs. narinjovanTa bugri citrusovan
kulturebs arapirdapir ziansac
ayenebs, mis mier gamoyofil eqskrementebze siSavis gamomwvevi
saprofituli sokoebi saxldebian, romelic Savi feris miceliumiT faravs mwvane masas da mcenare fotosinTezis unars kargavs.
amasTan nayofi garegnuli SesaxedaobiT uvargisi xdeba.
mkurnaloba: bugrebis winaaRmdeg kontaqtur-nawlavuri inseqticidi — „fastaki“ 0.3l/ha. — gamoiyeneba.
Cxirisebri fariana
Cxirisebri fariana nairWamia
mavnebelia, ikvebeba citrusovanTa yvela warmomadgeneliT. igi
foTlebs (qveda mxridan), ylor-
tebsa da zogjer nayofebsac (farianebis dasaxlebis gamo) azianebs. farianas mavne zemoqmedebis
Sedegad mcenaris zrda ferxdeba
da xSirad xmeba kidec. Cxirisebri
fariana 2-3 Taobas iZleva.
mkurnaloba: Cxirisebri farianas winaaRmdeg kontaqtur-nawlavuri inseqticidi „bi-58 axali“ —
1.5 l/ha. Gamoiyeneba.
citrusovanTa crufariana
narinjovanTa fariana
narinjovanTa fariana citrusebs did zians ayenebs. igi rogorc foTlebs, ise nayofebsac
azianebs.
yviTeli fariana zamTars meore
asakis matlisa da nawilobriv imagos fazaSi atarebs. gamozamTrebuli matlebi ganviTarebas maisSi
amTavreben, xolo matlebis cocxlad Sobas ivnisSi iwyeben. meore
Taobis matlebs — agvistoSi, xolo mesame Taobis — oqtomberSi.
mkurnaloba: narinjovanTa fariana winaaRmdeg kontaqtur-nawlavuri inseqticidi „bi-58 axali“
— 1.5 l/ha. gamoiyeneba.
citrusovanTa crufariana azianebs citrusebis foTlebsa da
ylortebs. zamTars atarebs meore
da nawilobriv pirveli asakis matlis fazaSi. gamozamTrebuli meore
asakis matlebi maisSi amTavreben
zrda-ganviTarebas.
sqesobrivad
mwifdebian da iwyeben kvercxis debas. kvercxis deba grZeldeba ivli-
samde. crufarianas rogorc pirveli, ise meore asakis matlis ganviTaaxali agraruli saqarTvelo
19
მება ღის გვერდი
მებაღის
rebis xangrZlivoba erTi Tvea, rac
damokidebulia haeris temperaturaze. saqarTveloSi citrusovanTa
crufarian erT Taobas zrdis.
mkurnaloba: citrusovanTa fariana winaaRmdeg kontaqtur-nawlavuri inseqticidi „bi-58 axali“
— 1.5 l/ha. gamoiyeneba.
vercxlisferi tkipa
vercxlisferi tkipa citrusovan kulturebs uzianebs foTols,
kvirts, mwvane ylortsa da nayofs.
foToli qveda mxridan brinjaos
an odnav oqrosfers, xolo totebi
da ylortebi odnav mura fers Rebuloben. dazianebisas nayofi ifareba sqeli korpiT, romelic uaryofiTad moqmedebs qsovilebis
sasicocxlo procesebze. daziane-
bul nayofSi saerTo Saqari bevrad
naklebia, vidre — saRSi, xolo Saqrebis Sefardeba mJavebTan SedarebiT metia, amitomac dazianebuli
mandarini ufro tkbilia.
tkipa zamTars zrdasruli tkipas
fazaSi atarebs, kvirtis qerclis
qveS, foTlis yunwis fuZeSi. dasazamTreblad gadasvla iwyeba noembridan da grZeldeba Sua dekembramde. gazafxulze vegetaciis pirvel
fazaSi, aprilSi tkipa zamTrobidan
gamosvlas da foTlebze kvercxis
debas iwyebs. daaxlovebiT maisis
bolos an ivnisis pirvel naxevarSi
tkipa foTlebidan nayofebze gadasvlas iwyebs, roca naskvi Txilis
odenaa. es periodi mis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad yvelaze efeqtiania.
mkurnaloba: vercxlisferi tkipas winaaRmdeg kontaqtur-nawlavuri inseqticidi „masai“ — 0,5 kg/ha.
gamoiyeneba.
citrusovanTa
wiTelbewviani tkipa
wiTel bewviani tkipa Tavis aqtiur fazaSi citrusovanTa mwvane
organoebs azianebs. tkipiT dazianebuli narinjovanTa foTlebi
qloroziT daavadebuls gavs. da-
z an
s
zi
neb
buli foTleb
bi q
qlor
rofilis
marcvlebs mcire raodenobiT Seicaven. foTlis qsovili ganicdis
deformacias, epidermisi da parenqima Sezneqilia, ris Sedegadac muqdeba. foTlebi da ylortebi veRar
viTardeba da mcenare knindeba.
wiTeli tkipas ricxobrivi zrda
gazafxulsa da adre Semodgomaze
SeimCneva. tkipas arsebobis uaryofiT rols asrulebs haeris
dabali tenianoba. tenianobis 4555% wiTeli tkipas gamravlebis
depresias iwvevs.
mkurnaloba: wiTel bewviani tkipas winaaRmdeg kontaqtur-nawlavuri inseqticidi „masai“ — 0,5 kg/
ha. gamoiyeneba.
veriko SinjikaSvili
kompania „agrovitas“
konsultanti
მება ღის გვერ
მებაღის
გვერდი
დი
rigTaSorisebis gamoyeneba xexilis baRSi
dargvidan 4-6 wlis ganmavlobaSi xexilis nergebi
maTTvis gamoyofil kvebis ares mTlianad ver iyeneben,
maTi fesvTa sistema ar aris ise ganviTarebuli, rom
rigTaSorisi srulad moicvas. amitomac, SesaZlebelia
rigTaSorisebSi sxvadasxva kulturebis moyvana.
rigTaSorisebSi dasargavi an dasaTesi kulturebis
SerCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia ramdenime faqtori: xexili momTxovnia tenis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT vegetaciis pirvel periodSi, amitom unda SeirCes iseTi kulturebi, rom ar Seiqmnas konkurencia tensa da sakvebze
xexilsa da rigTaSorisebSi dargul kulturebs Soris.
amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom msxmoiare baRSi
xexilis totebi Crdilaven niadags da sinaTlismoyvare
kulturebis dargva mizanSewonili ar aris.
axalgazrda xexilis rigTaSorisebSi SesaZlebelia
dairgos pamidori, kitri, badrijani, wiwaka, boloki,
kartofili, kvaxi. ar aris rekomendebuli mzesumziris, salaTis, xaxvis, oxraxuSis, ispanaxis moyvana.
20
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
მაისი, 2013
მებ აღ ის გვე
მებაღის
გვერდი
რდი
Tu baRSi ar gamoiyeneba qimiuri pesticidebi, rigTaSorisebSi SeiZleba marwyvis dargvac.
imisaTvis, rom niadagi SevinarCunoT kordis mdgomareobaSi (SevinarCunoT niadagis struqtura, teni), rogorc axalgazrda, ise mozrdil, msxmoiare xexilis baRis rigTaSorisebSi Tesaven mravalwlian marcvlovnebsac, romelTa fesvTa sistema naklebad aSrobs niadags.
yvelaze ukeTesia tenis amtani da dabali marcvlovnebi:
mravalwliani koindari, namikrefia TeTri, wiTeli wivwiva. Tesvis normebi 100 kv. m farTobze: koindari — 150200 gr, namikrefia — 90-100 gr, wivwiva — 150 gr.
Teslis SeZenis win sasurvelia SevamowmoT misi aRmocenebis unari, rac Semdegnairad keTdeba: iRebT
dasaTesi kulturis 100 cal Tesls da aTavsebT Tef-
Sze, romelSic Cafenilia saSrobi qaRaldi. qaRaldi
winaswar kargad gaJRinTeT wyliT da daafareT mina
an polieTileni. ase datoveT 7-10 dRe. Tu 100 Teslidan aRmocenda 60, es imas niSnavs, rom aRmocenebis
unari aris 60%. Tesli normalurad iTvleba, Tu misi
aRmocenebis unari 80-90%-ia.
marcvlovnebis Tesli iTeseba gazafxulze an
zafxulis dasawyisSi. CaTesvis siRrme 1-2 sm-ia. vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi balaxs Tibaven, roca misi simaRle miaRwevs 15-20 sm. balaxi SeiZleba datovoT
mulCis saxiT an aWamoT Sinaur cxovelebs.
goCa wereTeli
„elkanas“ mrCeveli mexileobis dargSi
მეღვინე ობ ა
მეღვინეობა
naturaluri (`buneburi~) meRvineobis
mimarTuleba saqarTveloSi
ukve ramdenime welia, rac qarTuli meRvineobis dargSi axali mimarTuleba — „naturaluri meRvineoba“ gamoCnda, rasac jerjerobiT, marTalia, bevri mimdevari ara hyavs, magram CvenSi igi sul ufro da ufro
popularuli xdeba. ramdenad axalia es mimarTuleba saqarTveloSi da
ra igulisxmeba saxelwodebaSi — „naturaluri Rvino“? ai, is ori ZiriTadi SekiTxva, romlebzec Cven SevecdebiT mokled vupasuxoT dainteresebul pirebs.
naturaluri meRvineobis mimarTulebaSi arsebobs erTi aseTi
principi: „Rvinos araferi ar unda
Caematos da araferi ar unda amoakldes“. am principis dasacavad
saWiroa bunebis, niadagis, Rvinis
WurWlis, venaxisa da Rvinis xasiaTis kargad cnoba da codna. am
yvelafers emateba cota istoria,
cota geografia, cota enologia,
cota biologia, cota astronomia, bevri Sroma... da Sedegad xelTa gvaqvs naturaluri, „buneburi“ Rvino (ucxoeTis meRvineobis
am mimarTulebas eZRvneba elis
feiringis wigni — „srulqmnili
Rvino“ (Alice Feiring, „Naked Wine“),
romelic 2012 wels iTargmna da
qarTuladac gamoica. wignis SeZena galaqtion tabiZis 15 nomerSi
mdebare naturaluri Rvinoebis
sardafSia SesaZlebeli).
SevxedoT naturalur Rvinos sami mxridan: venaxi, Rvinis dayenebis
meTodi da misi boTlebSi Camosxmis procesi. naturaluri meRviმაისი, 2013
neobis SemTxvevaSi meurne iTvaliswinebs: vazis movlisa da misi
wamlobis sakiTxebs, aseve niadagis
nayofierebis
aRdgena-SenarCunebisa da misi damuSavebis wesebs
(samwuxarod, Cveni mokle werilis
CarCoebi imis saSualebas ar iZleva, rom dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT
mimarTulebis yoveli detali da
metadre vazis wamloba, rac sakmaod vrceli da amasTan rTuli sagania). am mimarTulebis mimdevrebi venaxSi mineralur sasuqebsa da
herbicidebs ar gamoiyeneben, amasTan isini niadagis xSir (da umizezo) moxvna-kultivacias eridebian, xolo zogierTebi, saerTod,
ar mimarTaven venaxis niadagis damuSavebas. niadagis nayofierebis
dasacavad, Tu aRsadgenad venaxSi
SesaZlebelia: organuli sasuqis,
sxvadasxva saxis kompostis, biohumusis, torfis, mcenareuli nayenebis, qvis fqvilisa da nacris
garkveuli raodenobiT Setana. es
operacia xorcieldeba mxolod
m
s Sem
S mdeg, ro
r des
ndeb
mas
sac dadgin
ba,
rom venaxSi amis saWiroeba namdvilad dgas. aseve SesaZlebelia
sideraciis meTodis gamoyeneba da
parkosani mcenareebis SeTesvac.
am SemTxvevaSi metad sasargeblo
meTodad iTvleba, magaliTad, Semodgoma-zamTris periodSi venaxebSi cxvris faris SeSveba. cxvari
venaxis niadags anoyierebs, amasTan sarevelebsac mniSvnelovnad
amcirebs. Tumca isic unda iTqvas,
rom naturalur meRvineobaSi sarevelebis Semcireba TviTmizans
namdvilad ar warmoadgens, radgan aseT venaxSi yovel mcenares
Tavisi mniSvnelovani funqcia
aqvs. amasTan sarevelebze vazis
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
21
მეღვინე ო ბა
მეღვინეობა
mavneblebis bunebrivi mtrebi —
sasargeblo mwerebic saxldebian,
romlebic ebrZvian da anadgureben vazis mavneblebs da amrigad
venaxSi TandaTanobiT myardeba
bunebrivi balansi. vazis mavneblebis bunebrivi mtrebis, anu sasargeblo mwerebis mosazidad xSirad
venaxSi specialurad momzadebul
yuTebsac dgaven, sadac saxldebian sasargeblo mwerebi. garda
amisa, amgvar venaxebSi xSirad SevxvdebiT specialurad dadgmul
Citis budeebsac, radganac Citebi
vazis zogierT mavneblebs sagrZnoblad anadgureben. misasalmebelia, rom amgvari praqtika ukve
saqarTveloSic inergeba („xoxbis
cremlebi“, „jayelebis Rvino“...).
unda aRiniSnos, rom venaxSi sarevelebis arc absoluturad ukontrolobaa savaldebulo. swored
amitom, rodesac venaxSi sarevela
mcenareebis simaRle im dones miaRwevs, romelic vazTan muSaobas
aferxebs, balaxi iTibeba. gaTibva, situaciis mixedviT, SesaZloa
ganmeordes. (zogierTebi gaTibul
balaxs venaxSive toveben). mcenareebis roli aseve didia venaxis
niadagis sicocxlisunarianobisTvisac.
naturaluri meRvineobis mimarTulebaSi, niadagis nayofierebis
dacvisa da amaRlebis mizniT, arsebobs erTi mTavari wesi — niadagSi
unda damyardes bunebrivi balansi
da igi damokidebuli ar unda iyos
„mudmiv qimiur kvebaze“. amisaTvis
ki meurne kargad unda icnobdes
22
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
sakuTar venaxs da aseve niadags,
romelzec vazia gaSenebuli. niadagis avkargianobaze Tavad is
mcenareuli safaric metyvelebs,
romelic venaxSia gavrcelebuli.
am mxriv gamocdili kaci venaxSi
gavrcelebuli mcenareebis mixedviT maSinve mixvdeba, ramdenad
Seefereba esa Tu is niadagi vazis
kulturas; rogoria misi „pH“; ra
da ra komponentebiTaa niadagi
mdidari an Raribi da sxv. naturaluri (da ara mxolod naturaluri) meRvineobis mimdevarma kargad
unda icodes, Tu romelma adgilma
ra Rvino icis. amis garda, rogor
moaxdinos venaxisa da niadagis
SeTanawyoba ise, rom erTmaneTs
maqsimalurad Seuxamos: niadagis
tipi, eqspozicia, vazis jiSi, venaxis formirebis tipi, rTvlis dro
da sxv. am sakiTxs Tavis droze
ilia WavWavaZe Seexo narkvevSi —
„Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba“ (1887
w.), sadac man bevr saintereso sakiTxTan erTad ganixila isic, Tu
rogorma niadagma rogori Rvino
icis. zogadad, unda iTqvas, rom
wminda ilia marTlis xsenebuli
narkvevi meRvineobis swored im
mimarTulebas eZRvneba, rasac Cven
winamdebare statiaSi met-naklebad ganvixilavT. mniSvnelovania,
rom avtori amgvar Rvinos „buneburi“ Rvinis saxeliT moixseniebs
da, amrigad, Tavad davaskvnaT, Tu
ramdenad yofila meRvineobis es
mimarTuleba CvenSi siaxle? kargi
iqneba, Tu qarTuli meRvineobis
sferoSi iliaseul am terminsac
davamkvidrebT, radgan igi Sinaarsobrivad zustad xsnis terminis
— „naturaluri Rvinis“ arss.
bolo periodSi, CvenSi, samwuxarod, damkvidrda venaxebSi sarevelebis winaaRmdeg herbicidebis
gamoyeneba. unda iTqvas, rom es
meTodi sxva araferia, Tu ara venaxis niadagisaTvis sasikvdilo
ganaCenis gamotana da misi likvidacia! herbicidebisa da mineraluri sasuqebis, xSir SemTxvevaSi
yovlad gauazrebeli, gamoyenebiT niadagi degradirebs da misi
sicocxlisunarianoba sul ufro
da ufro klebulobs. sabolood
ki niadagi „kvdeba“. aRsaniSnavia,
rom naturaluri meRvineobis mimarTulebis Tavi da Tavi swored
isaa, rom aRdgenil da SenarCunebul iqnes niadagis sicocxlisunarianoba da, aqedan gamomdinare,
sabolood miviRoT ara „qimiuri
siTxe“, aramed bunebrivi, cocxali produqti, romelsac mxolod
cocxali niadagi da jansaRi mcenare iZleva. Cvema winaprebma ara
mxolod savenaxe, aramed soflis meurneobis yvela tradiciuli kulturisaTvis miwis SerCeva
Zalze kargad icodnen da amasTan
axlos icnobdnen TavianTi mxaris
niadagebis struqturasa da bunebas. albaT, swored amas unda mianiSnebdes is, rom qarTulma enam
Semoinaxa adgilobriv niadagebTan dakavSirebuli mdidari leqsikuri masala, saidanac Cans, rom
niadagebs ganasxvavebdnen feris,
vertikaluri zonalobis, mdebareobis, eqspoziciis, nayofierebisa da mosavlianobis, meqanikuri
Sedgenilobisa Tu struqturis,
sinestis Semcvelobisa da morwyvis SesaZleblobis mixedviT.
Zalze sainteresoa saqarTvelos
niadagebTan dakavSirebul mravalferovan terminTa CamonaTvali. aseTebia: kadari, alqati,
saTao, xodabuni, yamiri, fursi,
fatari, rzeni, xami, dobera, nafuzari, boSa, urwyavi, mzispiri,
Rartari, nobe, Rrante, sogori,
korti, yvape, dixaSxo, eweri, Tiri,
Toxnari, lagaza, maRnari, msuqani,
mCate, mZime, WonWyo, xriaki da sxv.
am arasruli CamonaTvalidan, marTalia, zogierTi termini dialeqtur formas warmoadgens, magram,
მაისი, 2013
მეღვინ ეობა
მეღვინეობა
rogorc saqarTvelos niadagebis,
ise maTi saxelebis mravalferovneba davas namdvilad ar iwvevs.
amis TvalsaCino magaliTia saqarTvelos niadagebis ruka, romelic
1999 wels moamzada da gamosca saqarTvelos miwaTmowyobis saxelmwifo saproeqto-saZiebo da samecniero kvleviTma institutma,
(mTavari redaqtori T. uruSaZe),
sadac vxvdebiT niadagebis 50-mde
tips.
rac Seexeba naturaluri Rvinis dayenebis meTodsa da mis WurWels, am metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, meRvineobis yvela WurWleulsa da meTodebs Soris, albaT,
yvelaze ufro qarTuli qvevri da
Rvinis qarTulad dayenebis meTodi miesadageba. Tumca, naturaluri Rvinis dayeneba, ara mxolod
qvevrSi, aramed yvela saxis saRvine WurWelSi, amasTan sxva meTodebiTacaa SesaZlebeli, magram qarTuli qvevri namdvilad gamorCeuli WurWelia da mas calsaxad
SeiZleba mieniWos upiratesoba
rogorc konkretulad am saqmeSi,
ise zogadad Rvinis qarTulad dayenebis sferoSic.
gogirdovani anhidridi da
sxva danamatebi
naturalur meRvineobaSi xelovnuri safuari calsaxad ar gamoiyeneba da misi gamoyeneba ewinaaRmdegeba aseTi Rvinis dayenebis
princips. amitom alkoholuri
duRili mxolod bunebrivi safuariT mimdinareobs. Tumca, aqve
unda iTqvas, rom raime kanoni, an
oficialuri dokumenti, romelic
ase Tu ise daaregulirebs naturalur meRvineobas, saqarTveloSi
jerjerobiT ar arsebobs. aqedan
gamomdinare, romelime danamatis,
sasuqis, preparatebisa, Tu sxvaTa
gamoyeneba-argamoyenebis sakiTxi
am mimarTulebaSi damyarebulia
im „SeTanxmebaze“, romelic naturaluri meRvineobis evropelma
fuZemdeblebma daadgines axlo
warsulSi da romelsac am mimarTulebis qarTveli mimdevrebic
eTanxmebian da iziareben. xolo
qarTul realobaSi ki, rogorc
zemoT aRiniSna, am sakiTxs dawvrilebiT ganixilavs ilia WavWavaZe narkvevSi — „Rvinis qarTulad
მაისი, 2013
dayeneba“ (1887 w.). jerjerobiT,
aseve ar arsebobs raime sertifikati, romliTac dadasturdeba
naturaluri Rvinis „namusis siwminde“. mniSvnelovania, rom SarSan
TbilisSi, galaqtion tabiZis 15
nomerSi gaixsna naturaluri Rvinoebis sardafi, rac udavod Seuwyobs xels meRvineobis am mimarTulebis cnobierebis amaRlebas.
rac Seexeba naturalur RvinoSi
gogirdovani anhidridis gamoyenebas, marTalia Cven aq vxvdebiT
azrTa garkveul sxvadasxvaobas,
magram dargis mimdevarTa absoluturi umravlesoba im azrze da
principze mainc calsaxad dgas,
rom gogirdis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebul iqnes misi mxolod minimaluri („mikro“) dozebi
da isic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tuki arsebobs amis gardauvaloba.
mimarTulebis zogierTma evropelma meRvinem gogirdze saerTod
uari Tqva da eweva „ugogirdo meRvineobas“. miuxedavad amisa, isini
yovelgvari problemis gareSe ayeneben xarisxian Rvinos da Tuki amgvari Rvinis dayeneba SesaZlebelia ucxoeTSi, maSin misi dayeneba
aq — qvevrebis qveyanaSic SeiZleba. arafers vambobT sxva SemTxvevebze, magram qarTuli marnisa da
qvevris, anu tradiciuli meRvineobis yvela principis dacvis SemTxvevaSi, „ugogirdo meRvineoba“
namdviladaa SesaZlebeli. es rom
ase ar yofiliyo, qarTuli tradiciuli meRvineoba Cvenamde namdvilad ver moaRwevda...
qarTul realobaSi am principiT Rvinis dayenebas ar ewinaaRmdegeba, magaliTad,
qvevrSi
gogirdis
Cabolebis meTodi,
radgan igi xorcieldeba qvevris kedlebis dezinfeqciisaTvis da ara RvinoSi gogirdis damatebis mizniT. yoveli
SemTxvevisaTvis,
qvevris
kedlebis
sadezinfeqciod Catarebuli gogirdis
Cabolebis
dros,
RvinoSi gogirdis
Semcveloba mxolod
mcirediT
icvle-
ba (ra Tqma unda, saubaria saqmis
codniT Catarebul gogirdis Cabolebaze). saerTod, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, naturalur RvinoSi
gogirdis mxolod mcire dozebi
gamoiyeneba, xolo qvevrSi gogirdis Cabolebis meTodis Sedegad
RvinoSi gadasuli gogirdis Semcveloba am dozebsa da zRvars
namdvilad ar scdeba. aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom qvevrSi gogirdis Cabolebis meTodi gardauvali namdvilad ar aris da rogorc
praqtikidan irkveva, am meTodis
gamoricxva, an Canacvleba sruliad SesaZlebelia.
filtracia
Tuki naturaluri Rvino, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, mxolod
erTxelaa gafiltruli, es ar aris
principis uxeSi darRveva, magram
Rvinis filtracia mainc ar aris
dadebiTi movlena „naturalur
meRvineobaSi“, miTumetes, rom
termin „gaufiltravs“ Cven ukve
vxvdebiT ara mxolod naturaluri, aramed zogjer Cveulebrivi,
industriuli Rvinoebis etiketebzec... meore mxriv, Tu Rvinos
vadrovebT, rom Camoyalibdes da
Rirseul sasmelad gadaiqces, maSin filtracia, rogorc aseTi,
TavisTavad amovardeba teqnologiuri ciklidan. im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu boTlSi Camosxmul naturalur
Rvinos aqvs mcireodeni naleqi da
igi met-naklebad Seburulia, es
namdvilad ar miiCneva uaryofiT
movlenad da es yovelive dasaSvebi da amasTan sruliad normaluricaa.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
23
მეღვინე ო ბა
მეღვინეობა
rac Seexeba naturaluri Rvinis
boTlSi Camosxmis process, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am mTlian jaWvSi
es procesi yvelaze naklebi „Tavis tkivilia“, Tumca mainc sifrTxilea saWiro. am SemTxvevaSi
gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori — Camosxmis
win Rvinis boTli sterilizaciis
mizniT, unda damuSavdes gogirdiani wyliT. Rvinis boTlis gamosarecxad momzadebul wyals
umeteswilad emateba garkveuli
raodenobis gogirdi, risi koncentraciac damokidebulia boTlis mdgomareobaze. magaliTad,
axal boTls, romelic ase Tu ise
steriluradaa Senaxuli, gamosavleb wyalSi Sesarevad gogirdis
SedarebiT dabali koncentracia
esaWiroeba. Tuki boTlSi gamosavleb wyals daemateba gogirdis didi doza, maSin es Rvinozec
imoqmedebs, radgan masSi aiwevs
gogirdis Semcveloba, rac naturaluri Rvinis dayenebis princips
ewinaaRmdegeba. aseT dros SesaZloa gogirdis doza, araTu naturaluri Rvinis, aramed vazisa da
Rvinis qarTuli kanonis Tanaxmad
dadgenil saerTo sazRvrebsac ki
ascdes... amitomac SesaZlebelia,
magaliTad, aseTi xerxis gamoynebac: Tuki boTli damuSavda maRali koncentraciis gogirdiani
wyliT, amis Semdeg mas dauyovnebliv unda gamoevlos sufTa wyali,
ris Semdegac boTli saguldagulod unda daiwritos da masSi
mxolod amis Semdeg Caisxas Rvino;
amasTan boTlis dawretis procesi didxans ar unda gagrZeldes.
arsebobs sxva, gansxvavebuli meTodebic.
saerTod, rac ufro uaxlovdeba nedleuli saboloo produqtis saxes, higienis zomebi
sul ufro da ufro mkacrdeba.
es principi ara mxolod naturaluri meRvineobis SemTxvevaSia gasaTvaliswinebeli! amgvari
Rvinis boTlSi Camosxmis SemTxvevaSi aseve gamoricxulia cxeli
Camosxmis meTodi, rac zogierT
sxva SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia. naturalur RvinoSi yovlad dauSvebelia stabilizatorebisa da
konservantebis damateba. Rvinis
momxmarebelma Tavadac kargad
icis, rom naturaluri Rvinis
boTlSi kristalebisa, Tu naleqis garkveuli raodenoba dasaSvebia, rac sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos Rvino „gafuWebuli“ iyos.
piriqiT — ufro imis maniSnebelia, rom saqme gvaqvs bunebriv da
cocxal produqtTan. amitomac
boTlSi Camosxmul amgvar Rvinos, rogorc „bunebursa“ da naturalur produqts, romelsac
ar gauvlia filtracia da stabilizatorebisa, Tu sxvaTa damateba, zogierT SemTxvevaSi axasiaTebs gamoleqva, an simRvrive.
naturaluri Rvino aris adamianis mTeli wlis gonebrivi da
fizikuri Sromis nayofi, amasTan
amgvari Rvinis dayenebis wesi erTgvari anareklia Cveni winaprebis mier Seqmnili „Rvinis qarTulad dayenebis“ principisa, rasac
saqarTveloSi mravalaTaswliani
istoria da gamocdileba axlavs.
giorgi barisaSvili
„elkanas“ mrCeveli
mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis dargSi
რჩევ ები ფერმერ
რჩევები
ფერმერს
ს
Zroxis saZovruli Senaxvis organizeba
iseve rogorc soflis meurneobis sxva sferos
warmomadgenlebi, mecxoveleebic gazafxul-zafxulis sezonisaTvis emzadebian. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom wlis am periodSi Zroxeulis Senaxva, tradiciulad, bunebrivi sakvebi savargulebis gamoyenebas
ukavSirdeba, maSin upirvelesi amocana maTi baguridan saZovrul Senaxvaze umtkivneulod gadayvanaa.
saqme is aris, rom saZovarze gayvana, garkveulwilad, stres-faqtoria da Tu am RonisZiebas sworad
ar ganvaxorcielebT, produqtiulobis mniSvnelovnad Semcireba da cxovelTa janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauaresebaa mosalodneli.
meores mxriv, sufTa haeri da mzis sxivebi, astimulireben ra cocxali organizmis yvela funqcias — nivTierebaTa cvlas, aRwarmoebis unarsa da zrda-ganviTarebis process, dadebiTad moqmedeben cxovelze;
amasTan, saZovarze cxovelebi adviladmosanelebeli proteins, naxSirwylebis da zogierTi mineraluri nivTierebiT mdidar mwvane sakvebs (balaxs) nebaze
iReben, rac xels uwyobs produqtiulobis (monawve-
24
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
s fur
bS
s una
n r
s
li, w
won
nam
mati)) zr
zrdas,
reb
Si gan
nayofier
reb
bis
ris
amaRlebas, mSobiarobis gaadvilebas, mSobiarobis
Semdgomi garTulebebis Tavidan acilebas, ufro jansaRi da sicocxlisunariani namatis dabadebas, mwarmoeblebSi spermatogenezis gaaqtiurebasa da sxv.
მაისი, 2013
რჩე ვებ ი ფე
რჩევები
ფერმე
რმე რს
saZovruli Senaxva, garkveulwilad, zogierT daavadebasTan brZolis ZiriTadi profilaqtikuri
saSualebacaa. amasTan, saZovarze gayvanis win aucilebelia veterinaris mowveva da cxovelebis dispanserizacia, agreTve gegmiuri vaqcinaciis Catareba.
kerZod, am etapze, savaldebuloa, Zroxeuli aicras
jilexze, emkarze da Turqulze; mizanSewonilia, maTi gamokvleva tuberkulozze (tuberkulinizacia),
agreTve brucelozze keTilsaimedobis dasadgenad
sisxlis aReba. veterinari aseve gamoavlens kanqveSa
boras mier dazianebul individebs da daamuSavebs
maT.
saZovarze gayvanamde, aseve aucilebelia Zroxas
gavusufTavoT da sanitarulad davumuSaoT Cliqebi, saWiroebisas ki davaWraT (gavusworoT) wanazardebi, agresiul individebs ki — rqebic.
calke Temaa saZovrulad Senaxvis periodSi tkipebis, mkbenarebis da sxvaTa winaaRmdeg damuSavebis
sakiTxis gadawyveta. gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania tkipebis winaaRmdeg brZola, vinaidan barSi
da mTiswina raionebSi (zRvis donidan 800-1000 m. simaRlemde) mravladaa piroplazmidozebis gadamtani
tkipis saxeobebi. amis garda, tkipebi, agreTve mwerebi da mkbenarebi awuxeben cxovels, ris gamoc SesaZlebelia produqtiulobis sagrZnoblad Semcireba.
tkipebis, mkbenarebisa da mwerebisagan Zroxis dasacavad sasurvelia saZovarze sawyurvebelTan antiinseqcidebiT dasamuSavebeli adgili movawyoT
(sur.). aseve sasurvelia Zroxa saZovarze sqesobrivasakobriv jgufebad dayofili cal-calke naxirebad
gaviyvanoT, amasTan, erT jgufSi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT: furebi, uSoblebi da erT welze uxnesi dekeulebi, meoreSi — sasuqi suladoba, xolo mesameSi
— 6-12 Tvis asakis mozardebi. SemTxveviTi ganayofierebis Tavidan asacileblad 1 welze uxnesi mozardi, aseve, sqesis mixedviT unda davyoT da saZovarze
cal-calke SevinaxoT.
saZovruli sezonis dasawyisSi, TiTqmis yvela fermerul Tu saojaxo meurneobaSi mwvaved dgas erTi
saxis sakvebidan meoreze gadasvlisas cxovelis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis SenarCunebis problema.
saqme is aris, rom mwvane sakvebi mdidaria proteiniT,
magram masSi mcire raodenobiTaa cximebi da ujredanebi; ulufaSi am ukanasknelis nakleboba uaryofiTad moqmedebs saWmlis momnelebeli organoebis
funqciur aqtivobaze, xolo sayuaTo nivTierebebis
struqturis Secvla iwvevs faSvis mikrofloris saxeobrivi Sedgenilobis cvlilebas, rac, garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi monelebis procesis moSlas
ganapirobebs. aseTi mdgomareoba garegnulad kuWis
aSlilobiT (diareiT) vlindeba. es organizmis mowamvlis iribi maCvenebelia. yvela aRniSnuli imis mizezia, rom gazafxulze furebSi monawveli izrdeba,
magram rogorc wesi, SeWmuli sakvebis energiis Sesabamisi sarZeo produqtiuloba ar vlindeba, xolo
makeebSi mosalodnelia abortebi.
yuradRebiT unda movekidoT zamTris ulufidan
zafxulis ulufaze gadasvlasac. es TandaTanobiT,
7-10 dRis ganmavlobaSi unda ganxorcieldes, teqniმაისი, 2013
mdegn
rz
kur
rad S
Sem
nair
rad sr
sruldeb
ba: — diliT, s
saZ
Zovar
ze
garekvamde cxovelebs mcire raodenobiT (1,5-2 kg)
uxeS sakvebs aZleven, mewvel furebs ki, damatebiT,
kombinirebul sakvebs an — marcvalnarevs. amasTan,
uxeSi sakvebis raodenobas TandaTanobiT amcireben
da 7-8 dRis Semdeg ulufidan saerTod iReben, xolo
marcvalnareviT kvebas furis sarZeo produqtiulobis, cocxali wonisa da asakis Sesatyvisi normebiT ganagrZoben. kvebis aseTi reJimi aumjobesebs
sakvebis gadamuSavebis, zrdis produqtiulobas da
Tavidan gvacilebs cxovelTa gabervas an diareas.
im cxovelebis saZovrul kvebaze gadayvana, romlebsac bagurad Senaxvisas ulufaSi eZleodaT wvniani sakvebi: silosi, Zirxvenebi da sxva, gacilebiT
umtkivneulod SeiZleba. aseT SemTxvevaSi diliT
uxeSi sakvebis micemis zemoT aRwerili procedura
aucilebeli ar aris.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom mwvane balaxi zogierTi mineraluri nivTierebis — magniums, kaliums
da sxva sakmaris raodenobas ar Seicavs, rac cxovelze uaryofiTad moqmedebs. saqme is aris, rom mineraluri nivTierebebis nakleboba, ara marto mTlianad
organizmis funqcionirebis reJims arRvevs, aramed
sakvebis monelebadobas da zrda-ganviTarebasac amcirebs da cxovelis daavadebisadmi midrekilebas
aZlierebs. amdenad, saZovrul kvebaze gadayvanis
procesSi mineraluri sakvebis — monokalcifosfatis an dikalcifosfatis damatebiT micema fermerma
aucilebelad unda gaiTvaliswinos.
aseve mniSvnelovania cxovelebis sufris mariliT uzrunvelyofa, vinaidan masze moTxovnileba,
gansakuTrebiT ki mewvel furebSi, metad maRalia.
umjobesia am mizniT qvamarili, an kidev specialurad damzadebuli „loki-bloki“ gamoviyenoT, romelic, ZiriTad nivTierebasTan (NaCl-Tan) erTad,
sakmao raodenobiT sxva makro da mikroelementebs
Seicavs.
saZovris efeqturad gamoyenebis, mosavlianobis
SenarCunebisa da cxovelTa janmrTelobis dacvis
TvalsazrisiT saZovarze gayvanis periodis sworad
gansazRvras didi mniSvneloba aqvs. saqarTvelos
barSi, rogorc wesi, cxovelebi saZovarze gacileaxali agraruli saqarTvelo
25
რჩევ ები ფერმერ
რჩევები
ფერმერს
ს
biT adre (martis meore naxevridan) gahyavT, vidre
balaxi „momwifdeba“. amis ZiriTadi mizezi gamosazamTreblad damzadebuli sakvebis simcirea, ris gamoc fermerebi iZulebuli arian, saZovruli Senaxvis sezoni droze adre daiwyon. aseTi „teqnologia“
miuRebelia, radgan uaryofiTad moqmedebs saZovris
balaxnaris xarisxobriv Sedgenilobasa da mosavlianobaze.
rodis gadaviyvanoT saZovrul Senaxvaze Zroxa?
es bunebriv-klimatur zonaze, konkretuli regionis niadagobriv pirobebze, agreTve balaxis vegetaciis xelSemwyobi faqtorebis cvalebadobazea
damokidebuli. rogorc wesi, saZovruli sezoni dasavleT saqarTveloSi 10-15 dRiT adre dgeba, vidre — aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. amis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria +100C da ufro maRali temperaturis dReebis meti dReebis adrianad dadgoma da
atmosferuli naleqebi.
marTalia aRwerilia kanonzomierebebi, magram saZovarze Zroxis gayvanis dro, faqtobrivad, yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaSi fermerma Tavad unda gansazRvros. saZovris gasaZoveblad mzaobis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi maCvenebeli balaxnaris simaRlea. kerZod,
Zroxis saZovarze gayvanisas balaxnaris simaRle 1012 sm-ze naklebi ar unda iyos. ufro dabali balaxnaris Zovisas saZovari mwyobridan adre gamodis, cxoveli saWiro raodenobiT sakvebs ver iRebs da didia
sakvebTan erTad miwis Seyolebis albaToba, rac daavadebebis sixSires zrdis (mag. miwidan aayolebs helminTebis kvercxebs, an kidev ufro mZime SemTxvevebTan SeiZleba gvqondes saqme). amave mizeziT, wvimian
dReebSi cxovelebis saZovarze gaSveba sasurveli
ar aris. amitom, aseTi dReebisaTvis fermers sakvebis garkveuli maragi unda hqondes. es imitomacaa
sayuradRebo, rom uzmoze cvriani (sveli) balaxis
Zovisas, gansakuTrebiT ki Tu cenozSi parkosnebis
xvedriTi wili didia, cxovelis gabervis (timpaniis)
maRali albaToba arsebobs.
saZovarze gayvanas garkveuli reJimis dacvac
sWirdeba. pirveli ori dRe cxovelebi saZovarze 2-3
sT-ze meti ar unda gavaCeroT, Semdeg ki xangrZlivoba TandaTanobiT gavzardoT. me-7, me-10 dRisTvis
ukve 8-10 sT, an mTeli naTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi Zoveba dasaSvebia.
26
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
zafxulobiT, haeris temperaturis matebisas, mzian dReebSi, siTburi stresis Tavidan asacileblad
umjobesia, cxovelebi diliT adre da saRamos saaTebSi vaZovoT, xolo SuadRisas isini mzis sxivebis
pirdapiri zemoqmedebisagan davicvaT. karg Sedegs
iZleva savse mTvarisas Tu SesaZlebloba aris, RamiT Zoveba.
balaxnaris gamoyenebis efeqturobis gazrdis, agreTve saZovris mosavlianobis gadidebisa da sanitaruli mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniT, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, fermerebi nakveTmorigeobiT Zovebaze unda gadavidnen.
usistemo Zoveba, upirveles yovlisa, moqmedebs
kordsa da niadagze, romelic itkepneba, qveiTdeba
aeracia da Zlierdeba niadagidan wylis aorTqleba.
aseT pirobebSi, saZovruli sezonis meore naxevarSi (Semodgomis dawyebamde), mosavlianobis Semcirebis gamo, cxovelebi sakvebis naklebobas ganicdian
da iZulebuli arian dabalyuaTiani da gauxeSebuli
mcenareebi Wamon.
saqme is aris, rom usistemod anu Tavisuflad („miSvebiT“) Zovebisas balaxnarSi kargi Wamadobis marcvlovani da parkosani mcenareebis raodenoba TandaTanobiT mcirdeba. maTi raodenobis Semcirebis
მაისი, 2013
რჩ ევები ფერმერს
რჩევები
ფერმე რს
kvalobaze iwyeba naklebad Wamadi
da araWamadi (e.w. sarevela) balaxebis, agreTve dabalmozardi mciremosavliani mcenareebis Canacvleba-momravleba. nakveTmorigeobiTi Zovebisas ki es uaryofiTi
mxareebi mTlianad gamoiricxeba,
SenaCunebulia saZovris maRali
produqtiuloba, balaxnaris Semadgenloba TiTqmis ar icvleba,
naleqebis sakmao raodenobisas,
an morwyvisas ki mosavlianoba
izrdeba da umjobesdeba. nakveTebis raodenoba, maTi farTobi,
datvirTva da sxva organizaciuli sakiTxebi naxirSi cxovelebis
raodenobisa da sakvebze moTxovnilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis
cal-calke unda gadawydes.
gaZovebis Semdeg nakveTzea balaxi kargad rom wamoizardos,
daaxloebiT, 25-30 dRe unda igi
unda „davasvenoT“. Zovebis pirveli ciklis dasrulebis Semdeg
iwyeba meore cikli, Semdeg mesame
da a.S. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, nakveTmorigeobiTi Zovebis organizaciisas, rogorc wesi, saZovars
4-5 nakveTad yofen, xolo TiToeul nakveTze pirutyvs 5-7 dRis
manZilze morigeobiT aZoveben.
nakveTebis aRniSnuli raodenoba
SeiZleba Seicvalos: maT raodenobas naxirze mimagrebuli saZovris farTobis gaTvaliswinebiT
adgenen. amave dros mxedvelobaSi
iReben vadas, romlis ganmavlobaSic gaZovili balaxnari wamozrdas aswrebs ise, rom misi meorejer gaZoveba SeiZlebodes.
erT nakveTSi cxovelebis gaCerebis xangrZlivobas gaZovili balaxnaris simaRliT sazRvraven. im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gadaZovili
balaxnaris simaRle daaxloebiT 5
sm-s miaRwevs, cxovelebi sxva nakveTze gadahyavT, radgan ufro dabal simaRlemde (2-3 sm) gaZovebisas
saZovris gauareseba aRiniSneba.
gaZovebis meore cikli pirveli
nakveTis gaZovebis damTavrebidan
25 dRis Semdeg unda daviwyoT, xolo mesame — meore ciklis pirveli
nakvTis gaZovebis damTavrebidan
30-40 dRis Semdeg. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac balaxnaris wamozrdis periodi 35 dRes udris, maSin nakveTis
მაისი, 2013
xuTdRiani gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi sul rva nakveTi dagvWirdeba.
amasTan, sasurvelia 2-3 saTadarigo nakveTic gvqondes, vinaidan
balaxnaris gvalvis mizeziT mosavlianobis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi suladobis sakvebiT srulad
uzrunvelyofa SevZloT.
nakveTmorigeobiTi Zovebisas,
sixSirisa da gaZovebis intensivobis survilisamebr regulirebiT
SesaZlebelia cxoveli mTeli sezonis manZilze sakmao raodenobis mwvane, norCi balaxiT vkveboT,
rac xels uwyobs misi produqtiulobis amaRlebas, agreTve erTeuli farTobidan produqciis (monawvelis, cocxali masis namatis)
gamosavlianobis zrdas. amis garda, nakveTze cxovelis moZraobis
SezRudva zrdis saZovris balaxis
gamoyenebis xarisxs. amis Sedegad,
nakveTebad dayofil erTsa da imave farTobze 25-30 %-iT meti cxovelis gamokveba SeiZleba, vidre
Tavisuflad Zovebisas.
sxvadasxva saxeobis mcenareebi sxvadasxvagvarad reagireben
gadaZovebaze, vinaidan maT Zovebisadmi gansxvavebuli gamZleoba
aqvT. es gavlenas axdens balaxnaris saxeobriv Semadgenlobaze,
da, amdenad, mis yuaTianobazec.
saZovruli Senaxvis periodSi,
sakvebis damzadebasTan da sxva
savele samuSaoebTan erTad aucilebelia cxovelTa zamTris sadgomebis, sarZeves, rZis WurWlis
Sesanaxi oTaxisa da sxv. sacavebis
SekeTeba, saWiroebisamebr minebis Casma, agreTve sakveburebisa
da bagebis gaaxleba. amave periodSi awesrigeben fermis Sida teqnikas da nakelsacavs, meqanikurad
asufTaveben bosels, Camqrali
kiris xsnariT aTeTreben sadgoms
da atareben dezinfeqcias, dezinseqciasa da deratizacias.
saZovruli Senaxvis sworad organizaciis dros saqonlis organizmSi sayuaTo nivTierebebi
uxvad grovdeba, rac fermerebs
pirutyvis ufro efeqtianad da
udanakargod gamozamTrebis saSualebas aZlevs.
giuli gogoli,
soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
simindis
qarTuli
lomTagora 1
samarcvle hibridi;
sixSire — 55-60 aTasi Ziri ha;
vegetacia — 124-126 dRe;
uxvmosavliani, ha-ze
iZleva 8-10 tona marcvals.
lomTagora 2
samarcvle-sasilose hibridi;
simaRle — 265-280 sm;
sixSire — 45-50 aTasi Ziri
ri/ha;
ha;
vegetacia — 134-136 dRe;
uxvmosavliani, heqtarze
iZleva 8-10 tona marcvals,
an 60-70 tona — sasilose masas;
kargad egueba tenian pirobebs.
lomTagora 3
samarcvle hibridi;
sixSire — 55-60 aTasi Ziri
ri/ha;
ha;
vegetacia — 130-132 dRe;
uxvmosavliani; ha-ze iZleva
8-10 tona marcvals;
rekomendebulia aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos sarwyavi zonebisTvis.
lomTagora 4
TeTri hibridi;
sasursaTe, SeiZleba sasilosed
da safuraJed gamoyeneba;
mcenaris simaRle 308 sm;
marcvlis mosavlianobiT 22-24%
aWarbebs „ajameTis TeTrs”;
sixSire 45-50 aTasi Ziri heqtarze;
vegetacia — 140-143 dRe;
gamZlea Cawolisadmi.
lomTagora 5
TeTri hibridi;
sasursaTe-safuraJe; simaRle 303 sm;
marcvlis mosavlianobiT 36-38%
aWarbebs „ajameTis TeTrs”;
sixSire 45-50 aTasi Ziri heqtarze;
vegetacia — 141-143 dRe;
gamZlea Cawolisadmi.
tel.: (+995 99) 56-26-16;
(+995 91) 20-25-25;
E-mail: [email protected]
www.lomtagora.com
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
27
გამოცდილება
wnoris mecxoveleobis kompleqsis
realuri istoria
wnoris mecxoveleobis kompleqsi gasuli saukunis samocian wlebSi, siRnaRis raionis alaznis velis marjvena napiris, ZiriTadad
damlaSebul da bicob niadagebze Seiqmna.
kompleqsi sakavSiro soflis meurneobis saministros im 18 meurneobis ricxvSi Sedioda, romlis
teqnologiebic sabWoTa kavSirma
aSS-sagan SeiZina. mecxoveleobis
kompleqsebi maSindeli sabWoTa
kavSiris mTel teritoriaze Sendeboda. proeqtis amocana mexorculi mecxoveleobis potencialis maqsimaluri gamoyenebiT xorcis warmoebis gazrda iyo. amisTvis mTel qveyanaSi didi moculobis samuSaoebi Sesrulda; kerZod,
wnorisa da saqobos teritoriaze
ganxorcielda miwebis ganmarileba, drenaJireba, Carecxva, marilis mSTanTqmeli komponentebiT
damuSaveba. meore etapze sarwyavi
sistemebis samontaJo samuSaoebi ganxorcielda. jer fregatebi
daidga, romlebsac maRali wnevis
saqaCebidan miewodeboda wyali,
wriulad brunavda da erTdroulad 68-72 heqtar miwis farTobs
rwyavda, xolo mogvianebiT mas
sabWouri sarwyavi sistema „yubani“ daemata, romelic erT gavlaze
180 ha. farTobs rwyavda. struqturulad gaumjobesebul ganmarilebul niadagebze, mecxoveleobis sakvebi bazis Seqmnis mizniT
did farTobebze ionja da sxva
mravalwliani balaxebi daiTesa.
alaznis velis damarilebul da
gamouyenebel farTobebze, sadac
veluri cocxis garda araferi xarobda, erTwliani Tu mravalwliani sakvebi kulturebis arnaxuli
mosavali movida.
wnoris mecxoveleobis kompleqsi im droisaTvis uCveulod didi
raodenobis mexorculi saqonlis
erTad Tavmoyras iTvaliswinebda.
sabolood kompleqsis simZlavre
25000 sulamde unda gazrdiliyo.
28
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikelebis mier sabWoelebisTvis miyiduli mecxoveleobis giganturi
kompleqsebis teqnologia Tavis
droze ruseTidan wasuli Zmebis
mier iyo damuSavebuli da praqtikulad ganxorcielebuli, maT
pirvelad texasis StatSi Seqmnes
uzarmazari kompleqsi, sadac 250
000 suli mexorculi saqoneli
hyavdaT, romelic mTlianad WaburRilebiT irwyveboda, magram
rogorc Semdeg gamovlinda, aseTi
uzarmazari raodenobis saqonlis
erT adgilze koncentraciam mocemul regionSi ekologiis problemebi Seqmna da bunebaze uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia.
wnoris mecxoveleobis kompleqsis simZlavrem oTxmociani wlebisTvis 21000 suls gadaaWarba. am
periodSi wliurad kompleqsi 5000
tona xorcs amzadebda.
wnoris kompleqsis „enamTis“ sasuq moedanze Tavmoyrili mozardis raodenoba 10-12 aTas suls
Seadgenda da 24- Tviani gamozrdaSenaxvisaTvis iyo gaTvlili. anu
ori wlis asakis saqoneli 350-400
kg. aRwevda.
sasuqi moednis „enamTis“ mozardiT Sevsebas alaznis velze ganTavsebuli ramdenime reproduqtori emsaxureboda, romelSic sa-
dede saqonlis suladoba 6000-mde
aRwevda da mTeli sabWoTa kavSiridan iyo Segrovili. amis garda
siRnaRisa da mezobeli raionis
meurneobebidan Semodioda 6-7
Tvis mozardi saqoneli Semdgomi
gamozrda-suqebisaTvis.
am raodenobis pirutyvis sakvebiT dakmayofilebas didi raodenobis wvniani, uxeSi da koncentrirebuli sakvebi sWirdeboda, ris
did nawils mudmivad sarwyavebis
qveS myofi mravalwliani balaxebisagan awarmoebdnen. koncentrirebuli sakvebisaTvis saWiro
nedleuli ruseTidan Semodioda.
namjac ki xSirad deficiti iyo da
stavropol-krasnodarSi mzaddeboda. adgilze balaxs ormocze
meti germanuli saTibela Tibavda.
xorcis warmoebis zrdasTan
erTad, sxvadasxva adgilidan Semoyvanil saqonels Tan Semohyva
sxvadasxva daavadebebi. gansakuTrebiT Tavi iCina parazitis mier
gavrcelebulma „piroplazmozma“ (nabarevi — barisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli daavadeba), romelic
alaznis velidan mTel saqarTveloSi gavrcelda. janmrTelobis
Seryevis gamo gadarCenili pirutyvis wonamati mniSvnelovnad
mcirdeboda. qarTvelma mecnierebma daavadebis wamals miagnes;
aRmoCnda, rom nabareviT TiTqmis
ar avaddeboda adgilobrivi jiSis
saqoneli, aseve kameCi. albaT, ami-
მაისი, 2013
გამოცდილება
tom uxsovari droidan am regionSi ganviTarebuli iyo mekameCeoba,
ris gamoc qiziys kambeCovansac
uwodebdnen. gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom „piroplazmoziT“ ar
avaddeba zebu da misi najvarebi.
amasTanave maT SesaniSnavi xorci aqvT. amis Semdeg azerbaijanidan da kubidan Semoiyvanes zebus
mwarmoeblebi; Semoitanes gayinuli spermac, riTac adgilobriv
jiSebs samrewvelod ajvarebdnen.
am Temaze intensiurad muSaobdnen mecnierebi: mixeil rCeuliSvili, giuli gogoli, leo dolmazaSvili da sxvebi.
dasawyisSi wnoris kompleqsSi xbos gamozrdisa da SemdgomSi
suqebis teqnologia Ria cis qveS
Senaxvas iTvaliswinebda. amerikis
Tbil regionebSi, mSrali klimatis
pirobebSi, sadac balaxis intensiuri safariT dafarul niadagebze siiafis gamo pirutyvis amgvari Senaxvis meTods amarTlebda,
magram alaznis velis dablobze,
gruntis wylebis siaxloves, cxovelebis didi koncentracia gauval talaxsa da masSi azelil
nakels qmnida, raSic mozrdil
ZroxebTan erTad axlad mogebuli xboebic iwvnen, rac mozards
masobrivad aavadebda da sikvdilianobis ricxvs zrdida. amis gamo mogvianebiT daiwyes fermebis
aSeneba; ramdenime reproduqtori
wnori-lagodexis trasas keTilmowyobili, asfaltiani gziT daukavSirda. aseTive asfaltiani gza
gaiyvanes „enamTis“ sasuq moednamdec.
uzarmazari kapitaldabandebis
miuxedavad samuSaoebi imdroindeli „xarisxis standartebiT“
sruldeboda. ZiriTadi mSeneblobis dasrulebis Semdeg yuradReba
ar eqceoda, TiTqosda wvrilman
detalebs, rac kompleqsis srulyofilad asamuSaveblad iyo aucilebeli, amitom kompleqsis eqspluataciis procesSi Tavi iCina
bevrma sirTulem. mag: „enamTis“sasuq moedanze amerikelebis damontaJebul sakvebis gadammuSavebel
saamqros praqtikulad ar umuSavia. ar aSenda nakelisa da wunwuxis Sesanaxi da gadasamuSavebeli
sacavebi, ris gamoc weliwadSi
50 000 tona sasuqi, romelsac 4-5
მაისი, 2013
aTasi ha. mindvris ganayofiereba
SeeZlo, kompleqsis mimdebare teritoriaze grovdeboda da sasuqad dayenebuli Zroxebis talaxis
abazanad iqca.
„enamTis“ moednis montaJis dros
amerikeli muSebi da inJinrebi yovel dila-saRamo Tvals ayolebdnen milaris mindvrebisaken mimaval
satvirTo avtomobilebs, romlis
Zarazec or rigad Camwkrivebuli
kolmeurneebi xSirad mRerodnen
kidec. amerikelebs isini patimrebi egonaT da verafriT gaegoT an
spectansacmeli, patimris nomriani xalaTebi ratom ar ecvaT, an ra
amRerebda am xalxs.
wnoris sasuqi kompleqsis mniSvnelobas did yuradRebas aqcevda moskovi, sakavSiro mTavrobis
warmomadgenlebi sistematurad
stumrobdnen da miTiTebebs aZlevdnen mSeneblebsa da kompleqsis xelmZRvanelebs.
aseTi saqmiani vizitebi tradiciulad qarTuli sufriT mTavrdeboda. erTxel mixeil gorbaCovis stumrobis dros, kompleqsis
daTvalierebiT garTulebs SeagviandaT da rodesac kompleqsis teritoriaze gaSlil sufras
Semousxdnen, sakmaod gviani iyo,
ukve bneloda; sufra „iliCis naTurebiT“ iyo gaCaxCaxebuli. is
iyo purobas Seudgnen, rom uecrad Suqi Caqra, irgvliv yvelaferi Cabnelda. gorbaCovis pirad
mcvelebs es Tavdasxmad moeCvenaT
(maSin eleqtroenergia TiTqmis ar
iTiSeboda), mixeili elviseburad
manqanaSi Casves, ise rom sasmisis
daclac ar acales da Tbilisisken gaaqanes. rogorc gairkva, gangaSi cru aRmoCnda; sul tyuilad
Caumwares baton mixeils purmarili; viRac mTvralma mZRolma
avtomobiliT maRali Zabvis boZi
daaziana, ramac denis avariulad
gamorTva gamoiwvia; am dros ki maRali stumris mcvelebi (oTxiode
kaci) instruqciis mixedviT moiqcnen (albaT sasaciloa satirali,
rom ar iyos. msoflios erT meeqvsedze gadaWimul samas milioniani qveynis xelmZRvanels 4-5 kaci
icavda; maSin roca saqarTvelos
dRevandel prezidents 3000 kaciani dacva 400-ze rom dauyvanes,
panikaSi Cavarda da 1500 mainc damitoveTo fexebs abakunebda).
loTi mZRoli samagaliTod daisaja aseTi stumris SewuxebisaTvis;
kompleqsSi ki muSaoba Tavisi
gziT gagrZelda; inergeboda intensiuri teqnologiebi, gasarwyavianda 12 000 ha. sasoflo-sameurneo miwa, sadac marcvlovanebis
moyvana weliwadSi 2-jer eswreboda, xolo ionja da sxva mravalwliani balaxebi 4-5-jer iTibeboda. dainerga jugaris, amarandis
da sxva yuaTiani mcenareebis movla-moyvanis teqnologiebi, rasac
cnobili mecnieri uSangi jibRaSvili xelmZRvanelobda. kompleqsisaTvis sakvebi bazebis SeqmnaSi
didi muSaoba gaswia agronomma Jiuli maxaSvilma. kompleqsis samuSaoebs awarmoebda tresti „iorwyalmSeni“, romlis xelmZRvaneli
iyo anzor murusiZe, mTavari inJineri — valiko goginaSvili — kompleqsis mSeneblobis cocxali enciklopedia.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT „enamTis“ sasuqi moedani mexorculi
mozardiT ZiriTadad reproduqtorebs unda moemaragebina, sadac
xbos miRebis, movlisa da Senaxvis
pirobebi uaRresad mZime iyo. orpiri qari, talaxi, nesti, uxarisxo
da moumzadebeli rZis Semcvleli
sakvebi, xbos adreul asakSive avaxali agraruli saqarTvelo
29
ინფორმაცია
dafuZnda `meabreSumeobis
ganviTarebisa da
aRorZinebis~ fondi
meabreSumeoba saqarTveloSi odiTganve ganviTarebuli dargi yofila.aq
gamoyvanili abreSumis Wia da misgan miRebuli masala saukeTeso iyo da popularobiTac sargeblobda. bunebrivia,
abreSumis mwarmoebel qveyanas bazac
Zlieri hqonda, magram bolo periodSi
ganviTarebulma movlenebma dargi TandaTan daaknina da gaanadgura, arada, meabreSumeobas ganviTarebas uamravi adamianis dasaqmeba da saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi didi wvlilis Setana SeuZlia.
swored am mizniT sapatriarqos mxardaWeriT „meabreSumeobis ganviTarebisa da aRorZinebis“ fondi dafuZnda,
romlis prezentacia erovnul muzeumSi gaimarTa.fondis Tavmjdomare profesori nodar stefaniSvili gaxlavT,
aRmasrulebeli direqtori — batoni
goCa miqataZe.
fondi meufe adamma daloca, Sexvedra
batonma Tamaz tyemalaZem gaxsna. sityviT gamovidnen batonebi: nodar stefaniSvili, goCa miqataZe, politeqnikuri
universitetis doqtori zurab joxariZe, moZraoba „xelmisawvdomi garemosaTvis“ Tavmjdomare, biznesmeni levan
vasaZe, nodar javaxiSvili, gogi TofaZe,
paata koRuaSvili da sxvebi.
გამოცდილება
lebda musrs. bruceliozis gamoc didi iyo berwianobac. imis
magivrad, rom pirobebis daxvewa-gaumjobesebaze ezrunaT,
rac mniSvnelovnad gazrdida
xbos SenarCunebis maCveneblebs,
qarTvelma partiulma bosebma,
rogorc yovelTvis, statistikuri maCveneblebis Sesworebis
martivi gza arCies. daumtkices mTavrobas, rom kompleqsSi
xbos SenarCunebis dabali maCvenebeli uaryofiTad moqmedebda
raionisa da respublikis maCvenebelze da miaRebines gadawyvetileba saxorced Caebarebina
reproduqtorebSi
arsebuli
4500 suli Zroxa da mozardi dekeulebi.
respublikis maSindelma xelmZRvanelma eduard SevardnaZem
partiul yrilobaze siamayiT
ganacxada „enamTis“ sasuq moedanze dReRamurma wonamatma
600 grams gadaaWarba da es zRvari rodiao. arada kavSiris sxva
kompleqsebSi am periodSi 10001200 grami iyo, anu orjer maRali, vidre CvenTan.
naklovanebebis
miuxedavad
kompleqsi ZiriTad movaleobas
asrulebda, asaqmebda raionis
mosaxleobis ZiriTad nawils
da qveyanas weliwadSi 5000 tona
xorcs aZlevda.
gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi sigua-kitovanis mier gamocxadebul privatizaciis Sedegad daqucmacebuli miwebis
didi nawili kerZo sakuTrebaSi
gadavida.uzarmazari sarwyavi
sistemebi udenobis gamo jer
gaCerda, xolo 95-97 wlebSi, raionis xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebiT, daiSala da jarTad
Cabarda.wnoris kompleqsis teritoriaze Cadebul 250 kilometrian milsadens didxans CiCqnidnen da iyofdnen jarTad
jer moqkavSirisa da Semdgom
nacmoZraobis maRalCinosnebi.
dRes yofili legendaruli kompleqsis miwebis didi
nawili (daaxloebiT 7000 ha),
romelTa brunvaSi Casayeneblad uzarmazari materialuri
da SromiTi resursebi Caido,
indoelebis xelSi aRmoCnda;
gadasaxadebiTa da bankis valebiT gatanjuli adgilobrivi mosaxleobam, mTavrobis
daxmarebis yovelgvari imedis
dakargvis Semdeg iZulebuli
gaxda, miwa Calis fasad mieyida ucxoelebisTvis, raTa ocdameerTe saukuneSi usaxlkarobisa da SimSilisagan ojaxi
droebiT gadaerCina.
Tamaz burdulaZe
რჩე ვე ბი მეწარმეებს
რჩევები
მეწა რმეე ბს
ra higienuri moTxovnebi unda davicvaT
rZis sawarmos mowyobis dros
fermerebs, biznesmenebs, visac rZis sawarmos gamarTva surT, sursaTis uvneblobis samsaxuris
moTxovnis Sesabamisad, raTa garantirebuli iyos
warmoebuli produqciis sisufTave da usafrTxoeba,
Semdegi moTxovnebis dacva mouwevT:
moTxovnebi teritoriisadmi
rZis sawarmosaTvis teritoriis SerCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia:
misasvleli gzebis mdgomareoba;
atmosferuli naleqebis da moednebis Camonarecxi
wylebis teritoriaze dagrovebis Tavidan acileba.
sawarmos teritoria mizanSewonilia, Semdeg zonebad daiyos:
30
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
qarxniswina; sawarmoo; damxmare-sasawyobe.
sawarmos teritoria unda iyos SemoRobili, keTilmowyobili da damabinZureblebisgan daculi
(mawanwala cxovelebisgan da sxva).
te ri to ri i dan mo sa xer xe be li un da iyos mya ri
da Txe va di nar Ce ne bis ga ta na. nar Ce ne bis Sem k rebi kon te i ne re bi saT vis ad gi li cal ke un da ga moi yos.
teritoria regularulad unda sufTavdebodes.
teritoriaze gasanTavsebuli nagebobebi, inventari, aRWurviloba da sxva masalebi, teritoriaze
darguli mwvane nargavebi sawarmos dabinZurebas unda gamoricxavdes.
მაისი, 2013
რჩევებ ი მეწ
რჩევები
მეწარმეებს
არმე ებს
moTxovnebi sawarmoo ubnisadmi,
saamqrosadmi
sawarmos — saamqros Sesasvlelebi ise unda
moewyos, rom gamoiricxos sursaTis dabinZureba da
dasufTaveba-dezinficirebis saSualebas (dezobarierebi) unda iZleodes.
sawarmoo ubnebis ganlageba unda uzrunvelyofdes teqnologiuri procesebis nakadurobas da jvaredini dabinZurebis safrTxes gamoricxavdes.
sawarmoSi rZis miReba daxurul saTavsSi an gadaxurul baqanze unda xorcieldebodes.
rZis misaRebi amosatumbi Slangebi uJangavi liTonis 80-100 sm. sigrZis qanCiT unda bolovdebodes.
sawarmoo ubnis — saamqros iataki mopirkeTebuli
unda iyos iseTi wyalgaumtari masaliT, romelic ar
iwovs siTxes da hqondes adekvaturi sadrenaJe sistema. unda iZleodes Tavisuflad recxvisa da dezinficirebis saSualebas. iatakis mosapirkeTeblad gamoyenebuli masala toqsikuri ar unda iyos.
kedlebis mosapirkeTeblad gamoyenebuli unda iqnes wyalgaumtari, aratoqsikuri, advilad gasarecxi
da dezinficirebadi masala.
Weri unda mopirkeTdes ise, rom advilad iwmindebodes, ar agrovebdes kondensats da ar iwvevdes
obis warmoqmnas.
ganaTeba unda iyos srulyofili, bunebrivi an xelovnuri. gasanaTebeli mowyobilobebi (naTurebi)
daculi unda iyos cxaurebiT an brebiT. ventilacia
unda iyos efeqtiani, bunebrivi an xelovnuri, raTa
minimumamde amcirebdes kondensatis warmoqmnas.
gareT gamavali fanjrebi mwerebisagan damcavi badeebiT unda iyos daculi.
sawarmoo ubnebSi — saamqroebSi unda ganTavsdes
narCenebis Sesagrovebeli WurWeli (urnebi) sakmarisi raodenobiT.
sawarmoo ubnebSi, saamqroebSi unda damontaJdes
iatakis mosarecxi Slangebi. Slangebi kronSteinebis
saSualebiT kedlebze unda mimagrdes.
tualetebi unda iZleodes sveli wesiT dasufTaveba-dezinficirebis saSualebas da aRWurvili iyos
Sesabamisi higienuri saSualebebiT.
xelsabani niJarebi unda damontaJdes sakmarisi
raodenobiT, raTa uzrunvelyos personalis piradi
higienis dacva.
gasaxdelebi ise unda moewyos, rom daculi iqnes
personalis moZraobis nakaduroba. damcavi tansacmeli calke unda inaxebodes.
moTxovnebi wyalmomaragebisa da
kanalizaciis aRWurvilobisadmi
rZis sawarmoSi gamoyenebuli wyali unda akmayofilebdes saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da
socialuri dacvis ministris 2007 wlis 17 dekembris
#349/n brZanebiT damtkicebuli sasmeli wylis teqnikuri reglamentis moTxovnebs.
sawarmo unda maragdebodes rogorc civi, aseve
cxeli wyliT. drenaJis sistema unda iyos efeqtiani,
gamarTul mdgomareobaSi.
pasterizaciis an sxva teqnologiuri miznebisaTvis gamoyenebuli wylis orTqli ar unda qmnides
sursaTis dabinZurebis safrTxes.
მაისი, 2013
s
sm
w
s sa
s ma
m ra
r go re
r zer
z rvuaris
r s ar
rs
s
sas
meli wylis
seb
bob
bis
SemTxvevaSi igi daculi unda iyos dabinZurebisagan,
periodulad irecxebodes da dezinfeqcirdebodes.
sasmeli wylis samarago rezervuaridan gamomaval
wyalze unda dawesdes sistematuri laboratoriuli kontroli. im SemTxvevaSi Tu sawarmo WaburRilis wyals iyenebs, aucilebelia am wylis milgayvaniloba identificirebuli iqnes sxva feriT. sufTa
— WaburRilis wyali SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas mxolod teqnikuri miznebisTvis.
rekomendebulia sawarmo da sayofacxovrebo sakanalizacio sistemebi gancalkevebulad moewyos.
moTxovnebi aRWurvilobebis,
teqnologiuri
mowyobilobebisa da tevadobebisadmi
rZis mimRebi rezervuarebi, rZis gamtarebi, dasamuSavebeli magidebi, avzebi da sxva WurWeli unda
damzaddes iseTi masalisgan, romelic daSvebulia
sursaTTan kontaqtisaTvis, aratoqsikuria da koroziisadmi mdgradia. maTi zedapirebi unda iyos
gluvi, advilad iwmindebodes. yoveli cvlis damTavrebis Semdeg unda xdebodes maTi recxva-dezinficireba.
rZis produqtebis warmoebisa da SenaxvisaTvis saWiro rezervuarebi yoveli daclis Semdeg unda muSavdebodes.
rekomendebulia, rom rZis warmoebaSi xis masala
ar iqnes gamoyenebuli.
rekomendebulia gamzomi xelsawyoebis damowmebametrologia.
teqnologiuri mowyobilobebi unda ganlagdes
teqnologiuri sqemis mixedviT, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos teqnologiuri procesis nakaduroba,
Tanmimdevruloba, advilad misadgomoba.
moTxovnebi nedli rZis, rZis produqtebisa
da teqnologiuri procesebisadmi
nedli rZe miRebuli unda miviRoT iseTi cxovelisgan, romelsac ar aReniSneboda: infeqciuri daavadebebis simptomebi (brucelozi, tuberkulozi),
sasqeso organos inficireba, rasac Tan axlavs gamonadeni; enteriti, romelsac Tan axlavs diarea da
sicxe, sarZeve jirkvlis dazianeba an anTeba, romelsac ar miuRia akrZaluli veterinaruli preparatebi, xolo daSvebulis miRebis SemTxvevaSi daculi
iyo dayovnebis periodebi da igi srulad gamodevnilia cxovelis organizmidan.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
31
რჩევ ები მეწარმეებს
რჩევები
მეწარ მეებს
rZis sawveli saSualebebi, warmoebis adgili, sadac rZe grildeba, muSavdeba da inaxeba, unda iyos
mowyobili imgvarad, rom rZis dabinZurebis riski
minimumamde Semcirdes.
rZis mowvelisTanave rZe gagrilebuli unda iyos
araumetes 80C temperaturaze. transportirebisa
da daniSnulebis adgilze mitanisas ar unda aRematebodes 100C temperaturas. sawarmoSi rZis Senaxvis temperatura ar unda aRematebodes 60C-s da es
temperatura unda SenarCundes mis Termul gadamuSavebamde. rZis Senaxva SesaZlebelia ufro maRal
temperaturaze Tu: rZis gadamuSaveba xorcieldeba
mowvelisTanave an sawarmoSi rZis miRebidan 4 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi, an teqnologiidan gamomdinare, rZis
garkveuli produqtis warmoebisaTvis ufro maRali
temperaturaa saWiro.
nedli da pasterizebuli rZe sxvadasxva WurWelSi
unda inaxebodes, romlebic markirebuli unda iyos.
pasterizaciis temperaturis kontroli aucilebelia.
gadasamuSaveblad an Camosasxmelad rZis gamoyeneba mas Semdeg SeiZleba, rac fosfatazaze miRebuli
iqneba uaryofiTi reaqcia.
baqteriuli dedos mosamzadeblad saTavso calke
unda gamoiyos.
sawarmoSi danergili unda iyos mokvlevadobis
efeqtiani sistema
im sawarmoebSi, sadac nedli rZis Termuli damuSaveba xorcieldeba, safrTxis analizisa da kritikuli sakontrolo wertilebis (HACCP) sistema unda
dainergos.
sawarmo aRWurvili unda iyos laboratoriiT. laboratoriuli kvlevebi unda tardebodes im parametrebze da im sixSiriT, rom warmoebuli sursaTis
uvnebloba uzrunvelyos.
nedli rZisa da rZis produqtebis mikrobiologiuri da fiziko-qimiuri maxasiaTeblebi saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs unda
Seesabamebodes.
nedl rZes da rZis produqtebs saidentifikacio
niSandeba unda hqondes.
moTxovnebi dezinfeqciis, dezinseqciis,
deratizaciisa da dasalagebeli
inventarisadmi
sawarmoSi dasalagebeli inventari, sadezinfeqcio saSualebebi sursaTisa da SesafuTi masalebi-
sagan gancalkevebiT unda inaxebodes. dasalagebeli
inventari ferebisa da nomrebis mixedviT unda iyos
markirebuli. calke unda gamoiyos is inventari, romelic tualetis dasalageblad gamoiyeneba.
sadezinfeqcio, saderatizacio da sadezinfeqcio
samuSaoebi regularulad unda tardebodes da aRiricxebodes.
gamoyenebuli sadezinfeqcio saSualebebi adamianisaTvis toqsikuri ar unda iyos.
moTxovnebi SesafuTi masalis, tarisa da
etiketirebisadmi
warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli SesafuTi masala da tara
calke unda inaxebodes, rogorc sursaTTan SexebaSi
myofi masala da saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris 2008 wlis 28 ivlisis #182 brZanebiT damtkicebul sursaTTan dakavSirebuli taris sanitariul-higienuri normebis
moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes.
etiketireba saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ministris 2009 wlis 11 dekembris #2-231 brZanebiT
damtkicebuli sursaTis etiketirebisadmi damatebiTi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad unda moxdes.
Tu nedli rZe pirdapir miewodeba saboloo momxmarebels etiketze unda mieTiTos sityvebi „nedli
rZe“.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu rZis produqti damzadebulia
Termulad daumuSavebeli nedli rZisgan, etiketze
unda mieTiTos sityvebi-„damzadebulia nedli rZisgan“.
moTxovnebi personalis piradi higienisadmi
im piris daSveba sawarmoo procesTan, romelic daavadebulia da es daavadeba SesaZlebelia gavrceldes sursaTiT, ar unda iqnes daSvebuli sursaTis
warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis procesSi. kontroli
personalis janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze regularulad unda xorcieldebodes.
personali uzrunvelyofili unda iyos Sesabamisi
damcavi tansacmliT. dauSvebelia personalisTvis
im nivTebis tareba (beWdebi, sayureebi, majis saaTi
da a.S.) romelic sursaTis dabinZurebis wyaro SeiZleba gaxdes.
damcavi tansacmlis gareSe sawarmoSi ucxo pirTa
Sesvla dauSvebelia!
moTxovnebi transportirebisadmi
yvela WurWeli da saTavso, romelic nedli rZis
gadasazidad gamoiyeneba, adekvaturi recxvisa da
dezinficirebis saSualebas unda iZleodes.
gadasazidi saSualebebi imgvarad unda iyos daculi, rom sursaTis dabinZurebis riski minimumamde
Semcirdes.
gadasazidi WurWeli da tevadobebi sxva ramis gadasazidad ar unda gamoiyenebodes!
kaxa soxaZe
sursaTis erovnuli saagentos
sursaTis departamentis ufrosi
32
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
მაისი, 2013
ვეტერინარია
brucelozi saSiSi infeqciuri daavadebaa
brucelozi imdenad popularuli gaxda Tavisi gansakuTrebuli veragobis gamo, rom dRes adamians, diletantic rom iyos, infeqciuri paTologiis sferoSi SeiZleba
daebados mTeli rigi kiTxvebisa am Temaze, kiTxvebi romlebzedac srulyofilad da zustad pasuxis gacema ar
aris advili. amis Tqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs is garemoeba,
rom brucelozi, rogorc cxovelSi aseve adamianSi ar
aris yovelmxriv da sabolood Seswavlili, aqedan gamomdinare misi salikvidacio RonisZiebaTa sistema gaumjobesebas da daxvewas moiTxovs. es aRiarebulia am dargSi
momuSave TiTqmis yvela mecnierisa da praqtikosis mier.
imis, miuxedavad rom saukeneze metia, rac es infeqcia
mecnierebisaTvis cnobili gaxda, misi Semdgomi Secnoba
kvlavac grZeldeba. Cvenis mxriv gvinda davsZinoT, rom
brucelozis problemis gadawyveta, rac mis srul da saboloo likvidacias iTvaliswinebs, planetaze ocdameerTe saukuneSi Tu gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.
brucelozi — brucelas jgufis baqteriebis Sedegad gamowveuli, cxovelebisa da adamianebis
qronikuli infeqciuri daavadebaa. is saveterinaro medicinis da
adamianTa janmrTelobis dacvis
erT—erT metad rTul problemas
warmoadgens. es daavadeba mecxoveleobas udides ekonomikur zarals ayenebs. brucelozis infeqcia cxovelidan gadadis adamianze da maTSi mZime, xangrZlivad
mimdinare daavadebas iwvevs.
cxovelTa avadmyofobani sxvadasxvaa, maT Soris metad saSiSia
infeqciuri sneulebebi, rogorc
ekonomikuri,
ise
socialuri
TvalsazrisiT. maTi umravlesoba swrafi da farTo gavrcelebiT
xasiaTdebian, riTac did zarals
ayenebs saxalxo meurneobas. rigi
infeqcibisa, seriozul saSiSroebas warmoadgens adamianis janmrTelobisaTvisac. am ukanasknels
ganekuTvnebian „ zooanTroponozebi“ anu infeqciuri daavadebani,
romlebic erTia cxovelebisa da
adamianebisaTvis. jilexi, tuberkulozi, Turquli, brucelozi.
amaTgan, pirvel rigSi aRniSvnis
Rirsad migvaCnia cxovelebisa da
adamianebis, gansakuTrebiT saSiSi
da veragi daavadeba brucelozi.
brucelozi
zooanTroponoმაისი, 2013
zuri (cxovelebisa da adamianis
saerTo) qronikulad mimdinare
daavadebaa. cxovelebSi umetesad
mimdinareobs cxelebiT nayofis
mogdebiT (abortiT) da momyolis
SeCerebiT.
brucelozis gamomwvevi mikrobebis — brucelebis gvari iyofa
eqvs damoukidebel saxed: msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis, cxvrisa
da Txis, Rorebis, yoCebis infeqciuri epididimitis, mindvris
Tagvis da ZaRlebis brucelozis
aRmZvreli.
erTi momenti brucelozis istoriidan: xmelTaSua zRvaSi,
kunZul maltaze, sadac inglisis
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis erT-erTi garnizoni idga, avaddebodnen
da iRupebodnen jariskacebi e.w.
„maltis cxelebiT“, maTi sikvdilis mizezebs, wlebis ganmavlobaSi iZiebda komisia. komisiis erTerTma wevrma, daviT brusem, am
daavadebiT mkvdari jariskacis
elenTidan damzadebuli nacxebis
mikroskopirebisas uTvalavi raodenobis patara zomis mikroorganizmebi aRmoaCina. aseTive mikrobebi aRmoaCina man avadmyofi
jariskacis elenTaSic. swored
eseni iyvnen am daavadebis aRmZvrelebi. dadginda, rom jariskacebi avaddebodnen Txis umi rZis
kvebis Sedegad. rZis akrZalvis
Semdeg, axaldavadebulTa gamovlineba Sewyda. daavadebis saxelwodebac — „brucelozi“ am mecnieris sapativcemulod da misi
saxelis ukvdavsayofad aris Seqmnili.
es 120 wlis winaT iyo. aqedan
iwyeba am infeqciis yovelmxrivi
Seswavla da mis winaaRmdeg mizanmimarTuli brZola, am saqmeSi didi Sromaa gaweuli da warmatebebicaa miRweuli. amis miuxedavad,
am infeqciis winaaRmdeg brZola
problematikuria dResac, rogorc veterinaruli, ise adamianTa janmrTelobis dacvis samsaxurisTvisac.
saqarTveloSi miuxedavad amisa, rom cxovelebis gamokvleva da
daavadebis sawinaaRmdego veterinariuli RonisZiebebi gegmiurad
tardeboda, brucelozze arakeTilsaimedo kerebi TiTqmis yvela
regionSi yovelwliurad iyo registrirebuli.
bruceloziT avaddeba Tbilsisxliani Sinauri da gareuli
cxovelebis mniSvnelovani nawili: cxvari, Txa, Zroxa, Sinauri da
gareuli Rori, cxeni, kameCi, ZaRli, kurdReli, mela, mgeli, tura,
mRrRnelebi, bruceloziT avaddeba adamianic.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
33
ვე ტერინარია
ვეტერინარია
mniSvnelovani daavadebis wyaros warmoadgens: daavadebuli
cxoveli, maTi abortirebuli nayofi, sanayofe siTxe, rZe, Sardi,
fekaluri masa, sperma. daavadebis
gadacemis faqtorad iTvleba —
cxoveluri warmoSobis produqtebi. sakvebi, qveSsafeni, cxovelTa movla—Senaxvis sagnebi, cxovelTa momvlelebis tansacmeli,
gansakuTrebiT saSiSia bruceloziT daavadebuli cxovelidan miRebuli rZe da rZis Srati, romelic gauvneblobis gareSe gamoiyeneba cxovelTa sakvebad.
brucelozis aRmZvrelis SeWra
cxovelis organizmSi SesaZlebelia:
piridan, cxvirisa da Tvalis lorwovani garsebidan, kanidan, kontaqtis gziT (sqesobrivi kavSiri).
brucelozis inkubaciuri periodi 10 dRidan 9 Tvemdea. mimdinareobs qronikulad da usimptomod. daavadebis ZiriTadi
klinikuri niSania aborti (ZroxebSi makeobis me-4 — me-7 Tveze,
RorebSi makeobis nebismier dros)
da momyolis SeCereba. mamrobiT
cxovelebSi Tavs iCens orxitebi
da epididimitebi (saTesle jirkvlebis anTeba) zogjer viTardeba
endometritebi, mastiti, bursiti,
arTriti, cxvrebSi — ukana kidurebis parezi, RorebSi — nayofis
mumifikacia.
adamianis daavadeba xdeba bruceloziT daavadebuli cxovelis
Termulad arasakmaod damuSavebuli rZisa da xorcis produqtebis (auduRari rZe, cudad moxarSuli an Seumwvari xorci, axali,
umarilo yveli da sxva) miRebisas.
kontaqturi gziT ki dazianebuli
kanidan da lorwovani garsebidan
daavadebuli cxovelis sisxlTan,
34
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
SardTan da fekalTan Sexebis SemTxvevaSi.
brucelozi zogjer profesiuli daavadeba xdeba, zoohigienuri
da sanitaruli higienuri pirobebis darRvevis dros bruceloziT
avaddebian: veterinari eqimebi,
mwyemsebi, zooinJinrebi, xorckombinatisa da sasaklaos TanamSromlebi, tyavze, matylze momuSaveni da monadireebi. brucelozi
mxolod zoonozuri daavadebaa.
avadmyofi adamianidan sxva adamiani ar avaddeba. adamianebSi daavadeba iwyeba saerTo sisustiT, maRali sicxiT 39—40°, oflianobiT,
2—3 kviris Semdeg sicxian periods
cvlis usicxo da a.S. avadmyofs
awuxebs Tavis, welis, saxsrebis
tkivili. RviZli, elenTa, limfuri kvanZebi gadidebulia. 1—2 Tvis
Semdeg SesamCnevad ziandeba saxsrebi, maT irgvliv qsovilebi Sesivebulia. iwyeba Zlieri tkivili,
moZraobis SezRudva da sxva mZime
garTulebebi. Tu droze ar iqna
miRebuli zomebi, adamiani samudamod invalidi darCeba.
saboloo diagnozis dasma unda
moxdes laboratoriuli gamokvlevis, epizootologiuri monacemebis, klinikuri niSnebis safuZvelze.
cxovelTa brucelozis laboratoriuli diagnostikis ori ZiriTadi meTodi arsebobs:
1. baqteriologiuri, romlis
mizania organizmidan daavadebis
aRmZvreli mikrobebis gamoyofa,
rogorc sicocxleSi, aseve dakvlis Semdeg.
2. serologiuri — sisxlis SratSi brucelebis sawinaaRmdegod
gamomuSavebuli
antisxeulebis
— imunoglobulinebis aRmoCena.
agrarul bazrebSi rZes ikvleven
rgoluri reaqciiT.
bruceloziT daavadebuli cxovelebis mkurnalobas ar atareben,
igi araefeqturia. avadmyofi cxoveli aucileblad unda daiklas.
dReisaTvis arc daavadebisagan
damcveli efeqturi specifikuri
saSualeba — vaqcinaa SemuSavebuli. daavadebis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT atareben gegmiur sadiagnostiko da profilaqtikur RonisZiebebs. brucelozze keTilsaimedo meurneobebSi, saojaxo
fermaSi cxovelTa arsebuli suladobis mixedviT sisxlis Srati
weliwadSi erTxel gamokvleuli
unda iqnas serologiurad.
bruceloziT daavadebuli cxoveli gamovlenisTanave unda daiklas veterinaruli wesebis dacviT.
amasTanave, saWiroa adgilobriv
veterinar eqimTan erTad saswrafod unda SemuSavdes meurneobis
brucelozisagan gajansaRebis RonisZiebaTa gegma, romelic zustad
unda Sesruldes dadgenil vadebSi.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom brucelozis
winaaRmdeg brZola unda tardebodes saxelmwifo doneze. amitom
mizanSewonili da aucilebelia
arsebobdes am infeqciis salikvidacio, samTavrobo-erovnuli
programa garantirebuli finansuri kontroli. amasTan aucilebelia iTqvas, rom brucelozis winaaRmdeg brZola saerTo saxalxo
saqmea. infeqciis sruli da saboloo likvidacia SeuZlebelia, Tu
mis winaaRmdeg ar dairazma mTeli mosaxleoba, TiToeuli ojaxi,
romelTac uSualo kavSiri aqvT
cxovelebTan da saerTod mecxoveleobis dargTan. unda gavicnobieroT, rom marto saxelmwifos
mier SemuSavebuli sadireqtivo
programebiT saqmes ar eSveleba,
Tu mas Segnebulad ar gamoexmaura
mosaxleoba, romlisTvisac Zvirfasi unda iyos sakuTari ojaxisa da sazogadoebis yvela wevris
janmrTelobis dacva.
suliko beriZe
veterinariis mecnierebaTa
akademiuri doqtori aWaris
avtonomiuri respublikis soflis
meurneobis ministris moadgile
მაისი, 2013
მაისი, 2013
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
35
მეფუ ტკრეო ბა
მეფუტკრეობა
sa zafxu lo sa mu Sa o e bi sa fut k re Si
gazafxulis bolo Tve da zafxuli ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia mTavari Ralianobis gamoyenebasTan.
ZiriTadi Ralis aRebis samuSaoebi adgilmdebareobis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan Zalze gansxvavdebian
Ralis dawyebis drois, xangrZlivobisa da intensiurobis mixedviT. aq ZiriTadad ganxiluli iqneba mTavari Ralianobis dros zogadad skebis moculobis
gafarToeba da momwifebuli Taflis aReba. mefutkreobis sxva produqciis miRebas qvemoT ganvixilavT.
mefutkris moqmedeba SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogori Ralianobaa mosalodneli, rogori tipis skebi gvaqvs safutkreSi, Rala erTaderTia, Tu Semdeg kidev sxva mosdevs da a.S.
sanam ojaxis gafarToebas SevudgebodeT, unda SevamowmoT maTi mdgomareoba, xom ar dauwyiaT sanayare sadedeebis mSenebloba. aq minda Tqveni yuradReba
SevaCero deda futkris Cumi cvlis faqtze, romelic
xSirad nayarinobaSi erevaT. qarTul futkars gansakuTrebuli midrekileba aqvs deda futkrebis Cumi
cvlisken, amasTan es procesi yovelTvis klasikuri
sqemiT — 1-5 CamoSenebuli sadediT ar mimdinareobs.
es sakiTxi mefutkreobis saxelmZRvaneloebSi cudad
aris gaSuqebuli. klasikur saxelmZRvaneloebSi ZiriTadad xazgasmulia sadedeebis raodenoba. Tu sadedeebis raodenoba ramdenimea (1-5 cali), maSin Cumi
cvlaa. Tu sadedeebis raodenoba — 5-30 da metia, maSin
ojaxi nayris gaSvebas fiqrobs. sinamdvileSi ojaxi nayarobisken midis Tu deda futkris Cumi cvlisaken, es
ganisazRvreba ojaxis fiziologiuri mdgomareobiT,
romelSiac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba muSa futkrebis mdgomareobas, Ria da gadabeWdili bartyis farTobs eniWeba. es procesi kargad aqvs gaSuqebuli r.
zavraSvils Tavis monografiaSi. Tu futkari fiWebze
Txlad aris ganTavsebuli, aqtiurad moZraobs, Ria da
gadabeWdil bartyis farTobs Soris didi sxvaoba ar
aris, maSin, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdeni sadedis mSe-
36
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
neblobaa dawyebuli — mainc Cumi cvlaa. Tu futkari
fardasaviT kidia, ojaxSi umetesad gadabeWdili bartyia, skis mTeli moculoba aTvisebulia — maSin saqme
nayarobasTan gvaqvs. fiWaze sadedeebis CamoSenebis
adgili Cumi cvlisa da sanayare sadedeebs SemTxvevaSi didad ar gansxvavdeba.
kidev erTi kriteriumi, romelsac batoni r. zavriSvili gvTavazobs Cumi cvlisa da nayarianobis
gasarCevad — es aris skis safrenis mdgomareoba. sanayared gamzadebisas futkari daxuTulobis gamo
safrenis gafarToebas cdilobs da safrenis Riobi
yovelTvis axlad moRrRnilia. muSa futkrebis sakmao raodenoba Camwkrivebulia safrenTan da mandibulebiT cdilobs mis gamoRrRnas. am niSniT nayarobis diagnostireba skis safrenze dakvirvebiT nayarobamde ori kviriT adrec SeiZleba.
zafxulis Ralianobis win skis moculobas mkveTrad zrdian 1-2 korpusiT an ori-sami sakuWnaoTi; gazafxulze ki skis moculobas mxolod imdenad zrdian, ramdenic futkars SeuZlia aiTvisos. am dros
korpusebi an sakuWnaoebi ZiriTadad mSrali fiWiT
aris dakompleqtebuli. momavali Ralis intensivobis mixedviT, futkari rom ar gavacdinoT, mSrali
fiWebis sakmaod didi maragia saWiro — TiTo ojaxze
minimum erTi korpusi an ori sakuWnao mainc.
3-4 kg neqtaris Semotanisas 6 dReSi neqtriT mTeli dadanis korpusi ivseba da Semdegis damatebas
Txoulobs. am dros asaSenebeli xelovnurfiWiani
CarCoebis Cadebas — Semotanili neqtris Semcirebisken mivyavarT. Zlier ojaxs erTi CarCos asaSeneblad
1-2 dRe sWirdeba, im dros, roca 4 kg-iani dRiuri Ralis dros neqtris ganTavsebisaTvis saWiro farTobi
dadanis 3 CarCos aRemateba. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom mTavari Ralis dros cvilis didi
raodenoba Taflis gadabeWvdaze ixarjeba da futkris ojaxis cvilis gamoyofis resursebi SezRudulia. fiWebis Seneba mTavar Ralianobamde unda davamმაისი, 2013
მეფ უტკრეობა
მეფუტკრეობა
TavroT. xSirad mefutkreebi mSral fiWas da xelovnurfiWian CarCoebs TanamimdevrobiT awyoben. erTi
mSrali + erTi xelovnuri fiWiT + mSrali + xelovnuri fiWiT. aseT mimdevrobas, jer erTi, aRebuli
Taflis dakargvisken mivyavarT, meorec, Tu Zlieri
Ralaa, futkari mSral fiWebSi met Tafls asxams da
afarToebs. Sedegad axlad aSenebuli fiWebi Zalian
Txelia da iqidan Zneldeba Taflis gamowurva.
Taflis gamowurva
Taflis gamowurva sakmaod sapasuxismgeblo da
Sromatevadi samuSaoa, gansakuTrebiT damwyebi mefutkrisaTvis. Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom sworad SevarCioT Taflis amoRebis dro. Tu Rala uceb wydeba,
maSin jobs, Tafli Ralis Sewyvetamde 1-2 dRiT adre
an Sewyvetis Semdeg erTi kviris dagvianebiT amoviRoT, radgan Ralis uecari Sewyvetis Semdeg futkari
gaavebulia da qurdobis saSiSroebac metia. Tu Rala
nel-nela mcirdeba (mag., nairbalaxi) maSin Ralis Semcirebidan 2-3 dReSi viwyebT Taflis amoRebas. Taflis amoRebamde unda SevamowmoT misi simwife. simwifis maCveneblad gamodgeba Tafliani fiWebis gadabeWdva. sakuWnaoebSi CarCoebis umetesi nawili gadabeWdili unda iyos, xolo korpusebSi — budis CarCos
2/3 mainc. gadaubeWdav ujredebSi Tafli TiTqmis ujris kidemde unda iyos amosuli, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi gamowurvis Semdeg SeiZleba amJavdes.
Tu Ralis win skebi sworad iyo gafarToebuli,
Tafliani CarCoebis amoReba an Tafliani korpusebis moxsna advildeba. Taflis gamowurvas win uswrebs Tafliani fiWebis an korpusebis gaTavisufleba futkrebisagan. es sakmaod Sromatevadi saqmea.
futkrebisagan korpusebis an sakuWnaoebis gasaTavisufleblad yvelaze ukeTesi xelsawyo futkris
gamrekebia. CvenTan ZiriTadad porteris gamreks icnoben, Tumca zogierTi mefutkre ukve xmarobs kanaduri gamrekis sxvadasxva variants.
kanadur gamreks vamontaJebT CarCos centrSi, xolo
porters an konusur gamrekebs — CarCos kuTxeebSi.
futkari amodis sinaTleze. amosul futkrebs periodulad badiani sakuWnaodan gamovuSvebT.
Tu CarCoebis cal-calke amoReba gviwevs, umjobesia, amoRebuli CarCoebidan futkari skis win davferTxoT. Tu ska maRal sadgamze gvidgas, SeiZleba
safrenTan specialurad damzadebul tilos naWeri
SevabaT da futkari masze davferTxoT. CarCoebidan
pirdapir skaSi CaferTxva futkars aRizianebs, ris
gamoc inestreba. es rom Tavidan avicilo, Tafliani CarCoebis amosaRebad viyenebT meTods, romelic
Taflis amoRebasTan erTad axali ojaxebis formirebasac moicavs.
futkris ojaxidan CarCoebiT Taflis amoRebis
dros yvela Tafliani fiWa iferTxeba axal skaSi, romelSic winaswar Tavsdeba ori-oTxi mSrali fiWa. vinaidan Taflian fiWebze deda futkari iSviaTad aris,
amitom dedis moZebnaze fiWebidan futkris CaferTxvis win Tavs ar viwuxeb, rac drois did ekonomias iZleva. amasTan erTad ojaxi, romlisganac Taflian fiWebs viRebT, TiTqmis ar wuxdeba (Sig futkris CaferTxviT) da naklebad inestreba. axlad formirebul
skaSi futkari SeiZleba ramdenime skidanac CavferTxoT, Tu erTi ojaxis futkari ar gvyofnis, sakmarisi raodenobis futkris CaferTxvis Semdeg mas emateba
ramdenime mcireTaflian-Weoiani CarCo da ganayofierebuli deda futkari galiiT. galias gamosasvleli
yandis sqeli sacobiT aqvs daculi. kargi iqneba, Tu
erT Riabartyian CarCosac CavudgamT. CarCoebi magrdeba an ivseba srul kompleqtamde, mgzavrobis dros
rom ar ilaylayos, efareba polieTilenis firi, Tavsaxuravi da ikvreba RvediT. aseTnairad gamzadebuli
xelovnuri nayarebi idgmeba CrdilSi Ria safreniT
(raTa moRale futkars SeeZlos ukan dabruneba da
nayarebi ar gadaxurdes). ase grZeldeba, sanam ar Segrovdeba xelovnuri nayarebis sakmarisi raodenoba
(an Tafliani korpusebis erT jerze wasaRebi raodenoba). aseTnairad gamzadebuli xelovnuri ganayofebi ramdenime saaTis Semdegac ar aris futkrisgan
daclili. amis Semdeg paraloniT iketeba safrenebi
gamrekiani CarCos moTavsebisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom:
1. Taflian korpusSi an sakuWnaoSi ar unda iyos
bartyi;
2. gamrekiani CarCos moTavsebis Semdeg ar unda dagvrCes WuWrutanebi an RriCoebi, raTa ufutkrod darCenil korpusSi qurdoba da Zarcva ar gamoviwvioT;
3. Tu skebi mzisgulze dgas, gamreki unda movaTavsoT dRis bolos (ufutkrod SeiZleba Tafli da sanTeli Camodnes). sxvadasxva gamreks sxvadasxvanairi
efeqturoba axasiaTebs. 1-2 saaTidan — 4-5 saaTSi
gamrekis moqmedebiT korpusi futkrisagan Tavisufldeba. Tu gveCqareba, SeiZleba korpusSi an sakuWnaoSi ramdenimejer CavaboloT.
sakuWnaoebi, romlebSic gadabeWdilTafliani
CarCoebia, SeiZleba pirdapir movxsnaT ramdenime
intensiuri dabolebis Semdeg. futkrisgan srulad
gasaTavisufleblad aseTi saakuWnaoebi unda davaStabeloT 10-12 erTad da samTabarobadiani sakuWnao
davaxuroT. meore Stabelis damzadebamde umetesi
მაისი, 2013
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
37
მეფუ ტკრეო ბა
მეფუტკრეობა
da itvir
rTeb
ba m
man
nq
qan
naz
ze. xS
xSir
rad Taflian
ni kor
rp
pus
seb
bi
da axlad Seqmnili xelovnuri nayarebi erTad momaqvs
safutkridan saxlSi.
axal adgilze gadatanil xelovnur nayarebs valageb mudmiv adgilze, vuxsni safrenebs. safrenebis
gaxsnidan ramdenime saaTSi, an Semdeg dRes eZleva
1,5-2,5 kg yandi. xelovnuri nayarebi aucilebelia
damuSavdes varoatozis sawinaaRmdegod SeqmnisTanave, an uaxloes 5-6 dReSi.
Tafliani fiWebis amoRebis dros yuradReba unda
mivaqcioT imas, rom yovel ojaxSi 4-6 kg Tafli mainc
darCes maragis saxiT. aseTi maragi aucilebelia maSinac ki, Tu uaxloes xanSi mosalodnelia axali Ralianoba, imitom, rom: 1. uTaflod darCenili futkari cudi xarisxis futkrebs zrdis; 2. uTaflod
darCenili futkrebi ufro metad arian midrekili
qurdobisaken.
Taflis wurvas win uswrebs gadabeWdili fiWebis
gadaTla, rac sakmarisad momqancvelia. gadaTlas
aadvilebs eleqtrodana, romelic advilad Tavisufldeba sanTlisa da Taflisagan. ukanasknel wlebSi
sazRvargareT gamoCnda 5-15 sm. siganis specialuri dakbiluli, saxeluriani cilindri (daaxloebiT
iseTi, mRebavebi rom xmaroben). misi erT-orjer gatareba (gadagoreba) gadabeWdilTaflian CarCoze
sruliad sakmarisia, raTa Semdeg Tafli pirdapir
Taflis sawuriT gamovwuroT.
Tu gvaqvs Taflis radialuri sawuri, fiWebi radiusis gaswvriv idgmeba; daaxloebiT erTnairwoniani CarCoebi diametrulad unda CadoT da atrialoT
jer dabali, Semdeg maRali siCqariT. Tu Taflis
sawuri qordialuria (fiWebi qordis gaswvriv idgmeba), maSin Cadgmuli fiWebi neli trialiT icleba
erTi mxaridan sanaxevrod, Semdeg xdeba maTi 1800-iT
Semobruneba, ris Semdeg meore mxare icleba sruliad. Semdeg isev xdeba fiWebis 1800-iT Semobruneba da
pirveli mxaris srulad dacla. fiWebi rom ar daimtvres, jobia, cibruti dabali siCqariT cota metxans atrialoT.
mTabaroba
mTabaroba SesaZlebelia Semodgomamde da adre
gazafxulidan futkrisaTvis ukeTesi Raliani adgilis SerCevis mizniT, magram CvenTan futkris ojaxebis mTabaroba ZiriTadad zafxulSi xdeba. samTabarod futkris ojaxebis mosamzadeblad saWiroa
38
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
skaSi CarCoebis damagreba, rac, Tu gofmanis gamyofiani CarCoebi gvaqvs, did siZneles ar warmoadgens.
Tu CarCoebis gverdiTi Tamasebi 20-25 mm-iania, maSin
CarCoebis gasamagreblad 16-11 mm-iani siganis da 7-10
sm-iani sigrZis Tamasebi unda vixmaroT. aseTi Tamasebi mgzavrobis dros rom ar Cacvivdes, zeda Tavidan 0,5 sm-ze wvrili 10-15 mm-iani lursmniT unda
davaWedoT skaSi Cadebamde, ise rom Tavi ramdenime
milimetrze iyos amoweuli. meore gzaa daklaknili
mavTulis da dakbiluli Tunuqis gamoyeneba. CarCos
zeda Tamasis siganeze dakbiluli Tunuqi winaswar
eWedeba korpusis wina da ukana gverdebs, xolo Sesabamisi bijiT daklaknili mavTuli magrdeba korpusis qveda kideze.
CarCoebis damagrebis Semdeg unda vizrunoT gzaSi
futkris aeraciaze. amisaTvis zafxulSi aucilebelia erTi sakuWnao zed gadakruli samTabaro badiT.
bade SeiZleba iyos metalis, plastmasis an kapronis
qsovilis, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra girCevniaT.
Tu Zalian cxela, xolo ojaxebSi bevri futkari da
gadabeWdili bartyia, SeiZleba mTeli budis korpusi davamatoT, romelSic erTmaneTisagan Tanabrad
daSorebuli 4-6 mSralfiWiani CarCo iqneba Cadebuli. CarCoebma rom ar imoZraos, isini zeda TamasebiT
skas unda mivaWedoT (30-35 mm-iani lursmebiT).
skis korpusma da fskerma rom ar imoZraos, ska 2030 mm-iani kapronis lentiT da specialuri 8 mm-iani
samarjviT unda SekraT.
skis safrenebisa da RreCoebis dasagmanavad umjobesia gamoiyenoT 2-3 sm-is sisqis paralonis 2 sm-iani
zolebi. aseTi zolebi advilad da yovelgvari xmauris gareSe gmanaven nebismieri formisa da sigrZis
safrenebs da Robeebs. dagmanva unda moxdes manqanaze dadebis win, xolo CarCoebis damagreba da korpusebis Sekvra — wina dReebSi.
zafxulSi xSirad safrenze gamoSlilia futkari,
romelic frTebis intensiuri qneviT skas aniavebs.
skaSi maT Sesarekad, Cveulebriv, sabolebels xmaroben, romelic arc ise efeqturia. am dros sabolebels gacilebiT sjobia xelis pulverizatoriT
wylis misxma. wylis misxmidan 10-20 wamSi safreni Tavisufldeba da SeiZleba igi paraloniT davgmanoT.
aseTi futkris ojaxebisTvis aucilebelia carieli
sakuWnaos damateba mainc, romlis zemoT saventilacio bade iqneba gadaWimuli; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba futkri daiRupos kidec. safrendagmanuli
futkari Zlier Riziandeba, rac aZlierebs nivTierebaTa cvlas mis organizmSi. futkris CiCaxvSi arsebuli Taflis moxmarebis (dawvis) dros traqeebidan
gamoiyofa wyali. aRgznebuli futkris masa iseTi raodenobis wyals gamoyofs, rom skis sivrce gajerebuli wylis orTqliT ivseba da traqeebidan gamoyofili wyali aRar orTqldeba. Sedegad futkris mTeli
cocxali masa ixrCoba, radgan traqeebi wyliT aqvT
savse. Sedegad viRebT dasvelebul da daRupul futkris ojaxs.
vaxtang RoRoberiZe
„elkanas“ mrCeveli mefutkreobis dargSi
მაისი, 2013