Research Proposal

The Graduate School of Historical Studies
RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR THE DEGREE OF
“DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY”
On the Subject:
The “Trial of the Revolution” of Pitigliano: Christians and Jews in the AntiFrench Uprisings of 1799
Presented by
DAVIDE MANO
Under the Supervision of:
Prof. BENJAMIN ARBEL (Tel Aviv University)
Prof. ALEXANDER GRAB (University of Maine)
October 2007
1
1. Definition of the Subject
This research will investigate the Italian “revolutionary period” (1796-99) and its immediate
aftermaths (1799-1801) from the peripheral standpoint of Pitigliano, a rural town in southern
Tuscany. Through the microanalysis of local events, the work is intended to explore the
relationship between Christians and Jews in the wake of the popular uprisings of 1799. These
events are connected to wider political developments, consequent upon the repercussions of the
French Revolution on the Italian peninsula. In spring 1796, Napoleon’s successful campaign of
Italy led to the defeat of Austria and to a radical transformation of the Italian geo-political
structure (e.g., the establishment of the “Sister Republics” in Northern and Central Italy). But,
when in 1799 French armies retreated after a series of military defeats, peasants and artisans rose
to liberate their towns from the French and their local Jacobin collaborators.
For the neutral Grand Duchy of Tuscany, this annus terribilis represented a critical
transition, which saw the sudden French occupation (March 1799) 1 and, immediately after, the
violent outbreak of the popular enmity towards the invaders. 2 Between April and September
1799, the “Viva Maria” - a Tuscan reactionary movement combining anti-republicanism with
Christian fanaticism - instigated a series of tumults that reached its peak with the temporary
breakdown of the French rule and the establishment of local governments, whose lead was taken
by the strenuously Catholic town of Arezzo. 3 In their march to deliver the rest of Tuscany from
the French yoke, the “Viva Maria” troops initiated a lawless Jacobin hunt. Tuscan Jews -
1
About the Grand Duchy of Tuscany under Peter Leopold (1770-1790) and Ferdinand III (1790-1799), see F. DIAZ –
(eds.), Il Granducato di Toscana, vol. II, Torino 1987.
2
See M. BROERS, The Napoleonic Empire in Italy, 1796-1814, Basingstoke 2005.
3
For a comprehensive study of the “Viva Maria”, see G. TURI, Viva Maria. La reazione alle riforme leopoldine
(1790-1799), Firenze 1969 (2nd ed. 1999). For a historiographical overview on the subject, see R.G. SALVADORI ,
Bibliografia aretina 1790-1815 e rassegna bibliografica del "Viva Maria", Siena 1988.
L. MASCILLI MIGLIORINI– C. MANGIO
2
considered as sympathisers of the revolutionary cause - turned out to be fully as much an object
of the populace hatred as the Revolutionaries. 4
Pitigliano experienced two popular tumults with opposite effects. The first - whom local
sources refer to as the “Night of the Revolution” - took place on 16 June 1799 and saw the assault
of the local Ghetto and the killing of a Jew and a Christian who were considered as Jacobins;
thirty-two citizens (among whom fourteen Jews) were arrested, being accused of Francophile
sympathies.5 A second tumult - commonly known as the “Night of the Orvietani” - occurred on 7
July 1799, and was instigated by threats against the Jews expressed by eight lawless “Viva
Maria” troopers from the town of Orvieto (Roman State). On this occasion, a large part of the
population expressed solidarity with the Jews and assaulted the foreign troopers, killing four of
them and taking as hostages their accomplices from among the local reactionaries. The
authorities immediately opened a judicial investigation, which led to a criminal trial that ended in
August 1803 (i.e. already under the Kingdom of Etruria). After a long and disputed procedure, all
nine major defendants were released through a royal amnesty and a civic action was undertaken
to compensate the victims.
The proposed project is a critical analysis of the circumstances that triggered the violent
events at Pitigliano and of their aftermath. It is intended to expose and explain the role played by
the Jewish community in the local social network and the changes in the place of Jews in the
4
See, for instance, R.G. SALVADORI (ed.), Quaderno Savinese III. Gli ebrei a Monte San Savino, Monte San Savino
1994; I. ZOLLER, “Per la storia del 28 Giugno 1799 a Siena”, in Rivista Israelitica VII (1910), pp. 138-142, 191-193,
240-244; VIII (1911), pp. 30-32, 65-67. The reactionary experience officially ended in October 1800, when the
Grand Duchy fell under definitive French rule, becoming first the Kingdom of Etruria (1801-1807) and then a French
départment (1808-1814).
5
On 28 June 1799 a local force, established by few moderate notables and a priest, stopped a new assault on the
Ghetto. About this exceptional event, see R.G. SALVADORI , La Notte della Rivoluzione e la Notte degli Orvietani. Gli
ebrei di Pitigliano e i moti del Viva Maria, Pitigliano 1999.
3
rural society of southern Tuscany, from the period of the Grand Duchy's enlightened despotism to
the first years of the French rule (1799-1801).
The minutes of the judicial investigation of the 1799 events at Pitigliano, which constitute
the core of this research, enable us to glimpse into worldviews articulated by individuals (such as
Jews, women, and illiterates) who normally do not leave official sources, providing a lively
picture of the local social framework and revealing the links between local Christians and Jews.
2. Current State of Historiography on the Subject
Judicial sources have emerged as one of the best tools for the study of lives and ideas of people of
the lower social strata. This relatively new attention has acquired historiographical importance
since the 1970s, in an innovative brand of research called “microhistory”. 6 Yet a microhistorical
research based on judicial records of the Italian revolutionary period hasn't been undertaken: the
archival material from Pitigliano offers the opportunity to build a pioneering work on both
Catholic and Jewish experiences of the revolutionary years, through a “reconstruction of the
‘relationship’ between individual lives and the contexts in which they unfold”. 7
Since the 1960s, a new historiographical trend has developed, discussing the major subjects
of the Italian revolutionary period, including the failure of the Jacobin challenge, the
contradictions resulting from the French military occupation and the popular responses in face of
the revolutionary change. A renewed academic debate has arisen in 1999 on the occasion of the
bicentenary of the anti-French reaction, including references to the anti-Jewish nature of the
6
G. LEVI,
“On Microhistory”, in P. BURKE (ed.), New Perspectives in Historical Writing, Oxford 1991, pp. 93-113; J.
“Microanalisi e costruzione del sociale”, in Quaderni storici, 86 (1994), pp. 549-575; C. GINZBURG,
“Microhistory: Two or Three Things that I Know About It”, in Critical Inquiry, 20 (1993), pp. 10-35.
7
C. GINZBURG , “Checking the Evidence: The Judge and the Historian”, in Critical Inquiry, 18 (1991), pp. 79-92.
REVEL,
4
uprisings.8
Historians have seen in the Tuscan tumults of 1799 an expression of prolonged and
widespread anxiety, which began to manifest itself around 1790 - after Grand Duke Peter
Leopold's trade reforms and the subsequent worsening of the peasant conditions in the
countryside, due to the rise in the price of basic commodities. Thus, the Tuscan reaction of 1799
has not been considered only as a phenomenon of hostility to the French invader, but even more
so as a movement aiming at the downfall of the local Jacobin establishment, which, according to
exponents of the peasants and artisans, continued the unpopular trade reforms of Grand Duke
Peter Leopold.9 Scholars have also explored the ways in which popular masses expressed their
anxiety in light of the Republican change, emphasizing the spread of new spiritual needs and
devotional rituals. Indeed, the 1799 uprisings acquired the character of a religious crusade, and
the sudden flood of miracles aroused reactions of deep hatred against Jews, moderates and
municipal reformists.10
A remarkable literature has been developing concerning the Italian Jews and the first
phenomena of Jewish emancipation.11 A pioneering study is the detailed article by Renzo De
Felice about the Jewish problem at the end of the eighteenth century in Italy. 12 In addition, a 1997
volume of the Annali offers innovative arguments regarding the status of Italian Jews in the
modern era.13 A range of local studies, based on archival sources, has focused on the anti-French
8
See, for instance, R.G. SALVADORI, Gli ebrei italiani nella bufera antigiacobina, Firenze 1999.
See the authoritative thesis of TURI, Viva Maria.
10
See R. DE FELICE, Italia giacobina, Napoli 1965; M. CAFFIERO, La nuova era. Miti e profezie dell’Italia in
Rivoluzione, Genova 1991, pp. 19-70; M. ROSA, "Di fronte alla rivoluzione: politica e religione in Italia dal 1789 al
1796", in Rivista di storia e letteratura religiosa, XXVI, 3 (1990), pp. 508-540. See also S.J. WOOLF, A History of
Italy, 1700-1860: the Social Constraints of Political Change, London 1979.
11
See, for instance, G. LUZZATTO VOGHERA , Il prezzo dell'eguaglianza, Milano 1997.
12
R. DE FELICE, “Per una storia del problema ebraico in Italia alla fine del XVIII secolo e l’inizio del XIX. La prima
emancipazione (1792-1814)”, in Movimento operaio; rivista di storia e bibliografia VII (1955).
13
C. VIVANTI (ed.), Storia d’Italia. Annali, vol. XI/2: Gli ebrei in Italia, Torino 1997.
9
5
uprisings - from the foremost tumult of Arezzo to the minor episodes in remote villages like
Monte San Savino. The stark horror of the two anti-Jewish massacres at Siena and Senigallia has
been explored through official and private sources. 14 In recent years, the works of Luciano
Allegra on Turin and Paolo Bernardini on Mantua have suggested new methodological guidelines
for future research in the subject.15
Pitigliano is one of many small towns that have largely escaped the attention of scholars,
probably because of its marginal position. Most historians who have examined the rural regions
of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany focused on more prosperous areas, such as Valdichiana and
Valdarno, which experienced major transformations and were characterized by trade connections
and emerging local elites. Scholars have also focused on the history of the Tuscan “Viva Maria”
movement, with reference to the foremost case of Arezzo and to other leading contexts. 16
Since the nineteenth century, scholars of Jewish history have been contributing significantly
to this subject: particularly important to mention here is Flaminio Servi, who offered in 1866 the
first Jewish account of the Pitigliano uprisings and published the written memory of an
eyewitness, his grandfather Isach Vita Servi. 17 In the 1930s, Cecil Roth has showed how the
institution of the “Special Purim” spread among the Jewish communities of Italy during the
revolutionary years.18 More recently, Roberto G. Salvadori has suggested a wider analytical
14
See I. ZOLLER, Studi storici. Un singolare episodio della storia degli ebrei senesi. Per la storia del 28 giugno 1799
a Siena, Firenze 1912; D. CARPI, “Una cronaca inedita sui tumulti di Senigallia: Il Libro della Valle del Pianto di R.
Ja’akov Ha-Cohen”, in Scritti sull'ebraismo in memoria di E.M. Artom, Gerusalemme 1996, pp. 77-88; S. SIERRA, “Il
sacco del ghetto di Sinigaglia (sic) nel 1799 in un documento dell’epoca”, in Rassegna Mensile di Israel XXXVI
(1970), pp. 381-388.
15
L. ALLEGRA, Identità in bilico. Il ghetto ebraico di Torino nel Settecento, Torino 1996; P. BERNARDINI , La sfida
dell’uguaglianza. Gli ebrei a Mantova nell’età della rivoluzione francese, Roma 1995.
16
See I. TOGNARINI (ed.), La Toscana nell'età rivoluzionaria e napoleonica, Napoli 1985; ID., La Toscana e la
Rivoluzione francese, Napoli 1994.
17
F. SERVI, “Cenni storici sui moti rivoluzionari del 1799 in Pitigliano”, in L'Educatore Israelita, XIV (1866), pp. 4448, 106-109, 132-136, 193-195, 230-235.
18
See C. ROTH, “Some Revolutionary Purims (1790-1801)”, in HUCA X (1935), pp. 451-482.
6
approach; his works represent the major contribution to the history of Pitigliano and its Jews. 19
Salvadori is also the first scholar to present a detailed reconstruction of the Pitigliano uprisings,
laying particular emphasis on the Jewish perspective.20 However, the Italian historian could offer
only a partial analysis of the records of 1799, since he was prevented from consulting them as a
whole.
My research is intended to be the first comprehensive study based on the documentary
corpus now available, including sources that have not been taken into consideration in this
context (see section 5). It is meant to enhance our understanding of the Pitigliano events in the
wider perspective of developments in Tuscany and among the Jewish communities. My
dissertation is also projected in the direction of a comparative analysis of the 1799 events in the
Italian peninsula, including comparisons to studies on other areas, such as the works of MinciottiTsoukas on the Department of Trasimeno or Luca Topi on the Circeo. 21
Besides, the proposed work also intends to cope with revisionist approaches in Christian
historiography that present an apologetic image of the “Viva Maria” movement and deny its
alleged anti-Jewish attitude. 22
3. Research Questions and Basic Premises
1. How exceptional was the relationship between Christians and Jews of Pitigliano in
the Grand Duchy of Tuscany? The judicial records of 1799 disclose new evidence that may
19
See R.G. SALVADORI , La comunità ebraica di Pitigliano dal XVI al XX secolo, Firenze 1991.
See SALVADORI , La Notte della Rivoluzione.
21
C. MINCIOTTI-TSOUKAS , I torbidi del Trasimeno (1798). Analisi di una rivolta, Milano 1988; L. TOPI, ‘C'est
Absolumment La Vandée’: L'insorgenza del Dipartimento del Circeo (1798-1799), Milano 2003.
22
See O. SANGUINETTI (ed.), «Digitus Dei est hic!». Il Viva Maria di Arezzo: aspetti religiosi, politici e militari (17991800). Atti del convegno di studio, Arezzo, 3 giugno 2000, Milano 2004.
20
7
indicate the existence of a unique relationship between Christians and Jews at Pitigliano. I will
try to detect the factors that enabled this distinctiveness: does the “Night of the Orvietani” reflect
the outcome of a prolonged process of growing understanding between Christians and Jews, or
has it to be considered as an abrupt turning point? To what extent had the tolerant policy of the
Grand Duchy influenced the relationship between the two communities?
2. How concrete was the Jewish contribution to the revolutionary challenge? This
question aims to identify the different ways in which Tuscan Jews experienced the revolutionary
period, by examining their worldview and political convictions: did they view in the French
occupation a strengthening of the enlightened policy towards civil equality, or did they share the
disappointment of their Christian neighbours? Were Tuscan Jews all sympathisers with the
revolutionary cause or did they view the restoration of the Grand Duchy as a more favourable
solution?
3. How can we explain the “Night of the Orvietani” after the “Night of the
Revolution”? The “Night of the Orvietani” reveals a circumstance that has no previous record in
the history of the Italian Christian-Jewish relationship: in Pitigliano the populace defended the
Ghetto against an outside threat. The contradictory factors that brought about this unique event
still require an accurate analysis. To what extent does this extraordinary event really represent a
pro-Jewish uprising?
4. How did traditional and religious heritage serve to interpret the events of 1799? As
scholars have pointed out, the revolutionary period saw a spread of extraordinary rituals. I will
examine how Catholics and Jews responded to fear and threats through their traditional and
religious institutions: in particular, through the worship of the Virgin among the Catholics, and
8
through the special rite of the Purim Sheni among the Jews. Is it possible to connect these
manifestations to wider developments in the relationships between Christians and Jews?
5. Can we identify elements witnessing an effective progress of Jewish emancipation
and Christian tolerance within the Pitigliano society? Did their crucial involvement in the trial
help Jews to be fully accepted as an active component of local society? In a wider historical
perspective, I will discuss the tendency to view the Pitigliano events as one of the models that
paved the way to the civil acknowledgement of the Jewish communities in nineteenth-century
Italy. In doing so, I will try to trace the roots of this process back to Grand Duke Leopold’s
tolerant policy toward Jews in the second half of the eighteenth century.
6. Why did the court fail to emit a sentence? The tribunal of Pitigliano had to face the
political instability of 1799-1800 and consider testimonies that were borne by an alarmed
population and were related to a wide range of particular cases. But the court's ambition to carry
out a thorough investigation, which was meant to clarify the origins of the events, turned out to
be unsuccessful, to the point that the criminal trial was finally resolved in 1803 through a
political amnesty. Did the adherence to the testimonies help the court to understand the events
under investigation or rather did it complicate the judgement?
4. Research Postulates and Tentative Answers
1. A shared experience of 1799. In the context of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the
distinctiveness of Pitigliano lies in the presence of lively bonds and daily contacts between
Christians and Jews. This research is intended to show how this unique status had a considerable
effect on the local anti-French reaction, bringing about unique results. Even more significantly,
the Jewish community presumably saw the crisis of 1799 not only as an episode of danger and,
9
subsequently, of miraculous salvation, but even more so as a tangible manifestation of Christian
solidarity. This supposition is corroborated by two important documents: a) Isaac Vita Servi’s
memorandum, an account on the crucial intervention of Catholics to defend the Ghetto from
attacks; b) the testimonies given by Jews and Christians in the judicial process, proving the
existence of a solid network of cooperation. Hence, I will raise the hypothesis of a shared
experience of 1799, which unified Catholics and Jews and enhanced their interaction, during the
uprisings and, later on, in the trial.
2. The “Jacobin conspiracy” and the “Viva Maria” menace. This research will raise the
hypothesis that events in Tuscany legitimated a general hostility to all kinds of foreign
interference. The idea of the “Jacobin conspiracy” had such an overwhelming impact on the
masses that the stigma of “Jacobinism” – which was attributed to Revolutionaries, Jews and all
suspected Francophiles - definitely fell upon anyone whose conduct was unaccepted by the
community. As Roberto Salvadori has pointed out, in Pitigliano the “Viva Maria” troopers
paradoxically corresponded to a “Jacobin menace”, to the extent that local people viewed them as
“disguised Jacobins”, with their typical religious disrespect and haughty conduct. 23
3. A Judeo-Christian Bond. The proposed research will try to substantiate the hypothesis
of a tacit bond between Jews and Catholics, as part of a designed plan to facilitate a peaceful
outcome of the trial. This supposition can be supported by four clues: a) Most of the depositions
are very similar to one another and seem to reveal prior instructions; b) The town was going
through an economic crisis and had to pay the maintenance of a military unit; c) The judicial
inquiry implied an even heavier load on social life, causing distress to the population; d) Two
23
This particular case has been presented as an exception in the history of revolutionary Italy. See
notte della Rivoluzione, pp. 57-60; id., La comunità ebraica di Pitigliano, p. 79-81.
10
SALVADORI ,
La
appeals for the release of all defendants were sent in 1801 to the Criminal Court of Siena and
were signed by Christians and Jews of Pitigliano as a single body. This bond turns out to be
particularly revealing if connected to the ways local people participated in the trial and influenced
the judgement.
4. A political amnesty. It is plausible that the court attempted to reach a solution, by taking
into consideration the particular requests of the local population, the general needs of the judicial
procedures and the constraints of the historical circumstances. But values and conventions of the
local community probably complicated the investigation, to the extent that they actually affected
the judicial course. Besides, technical complications – the practical interpretation of the newlyintroduced criminal laws - and the repeated appeals for the release of the defendants caused the
trial’s sentence to be postponed and finally resolved through a political solution and a collective
amnesty. This hypothetical explanation deserves a specific enquiry into the dynamics of the
Tuscan court system at the end of the eighteenth century. It is also intended here to enhance our
understanding of the judicial approach toward views articulated by Jews, women and illiterates in
trials. Indeed, the Pitigliano trial represents an essential source for the history of Tuscan
jurisprudence, in the context of the renowned “Leopoldina” - the enlightened Criminal Codex
introduced by Peter Leopold in 1786.24
5. Sources
Trial of the Revolution (Archivio Comunale di Pitigliano). Our knowledge of the
24
This set of laws on criminology was promoted by Peter Leopold as part of his reformist project of civil regulation.
Tuscan reformers and court authorities issued a codex that rejected coercive confession and death penalty. Cesare
Beccaria’s On Crimes and Punishments (Leghorn, 1764), the fundamental treatise of the Italian Enlightenment,
represented a major source of inspiration.
11
Pitigliano uprisings is based on the manuscripts entitled “Trial of the Revolution of Arezzo of the
Year 1799”, located in the Civic Archive of Pitigliano. They consist of three tomes, containing
approximately six thousand pages, written in Italian. These records have been found only in
recent times: the first manuscript was discovered in the late 1980s, the second in 1998 and the
third in 2006. The first and second tomes constitute a documentary unity, while the third one – a
separate judicial repertoire – was written by different copyists. The records, covering a period of
four years (July 1799 to August 1803), include the testimonies of more than sixty participants and
victims of the uprisings of 1799 at Pitigliano: Christians and Jews, men and women, nobles and
farmers, professionals and labourers, priests and rabbis, troopers and civic guards, suspected
Jacobins and reactionaries of the “Viva Maria”. The Pitigliano trial records include also copies of
original documents, judicial acts, medical and ballistic examinations, reports by the head of the
civic guard and examinations in various jails and convents of southern Tuscany. Letters by local
notables and other official requests are also included.
This huge judicial source deserves a comprehensive study, since its content is especially
revealing of the social and cultural characteristics of Pitigliano at the end of the eighteenth
century. The court records give access to crucial themes of local life, such as economic bonds,
local hierarchies, the centrality of family connections, and the place of the Jewish community in
the local social framework. The records shed light on views of morality, religious respect,
legality, and also provide an example of how justice operated at the local level, how it was
understood by the masses, and how its functioning reflected a broader interaction between locals
and external authorities. The minutes also reveal peasant society’s contacts with the judicial
system, the relationship between local authorities and the state and the values and traditions of
the local community.
12
Official Letters and Appeals (Archivio di Stato di Firenze and Siena). The main sources of
this type include two unique appeals (February and June 1801) sent to the Criminal Court of
Siena, asking for the release of all defendants, and signed by Christians and Jews of Pitigliano as
a single body. In addition, an official request sent to Ferdinand III by Chancellor of Grosseto
Paolo Serafini includes a report about the Pitigliano events and an appeal for a prompt solution of
the trial (July 1801). Serafini’s request was given a positive response by the Grand Duke, leading
to a momentary quickening in the judicial procedure.
Records of the “Viva Maria” Deputation (Archivio di Stato di Arezzo). Sources of this
type include official reports by the “Viva Maria” Deputation of Arezzo, with reference to the
deliverance of Pitigliano from the French, the arrest of 32 suspected Jacobins and the confiscation
of silverware from the Ghetto (June 1799). Further documents comprise correspondence with the
deputation of Pitigliano, concerning the judicial action opened against the Orvietani troopers
(August 1799). Disputes with the Deputation of Orvieto around the opening of a judicial action
against the killers of the troopers, are also included (September 1799). The records of the “Viva
Maria” Deputation shed light on the nature of the reactionary movement, its ambiguous
association with the cause of peasants and artisans, and its political inadequacy and deficiencies.
Apologetic Texts of the “Viva Maria” (Biblioteca della Città di Arezzo) . This assortment
of manuscript and printed texts of 1799 includes apologetic accounts about the holy mission of
the troops of the “Viva Maria” and the deliverance of Tuscany from the French invader. A series
of devotional illustrations, designed for a popular circulation, includes the worshipped image of
Mary in association with scenes from the uprisings at Arezzo, Firenze, Cortona, Siena, and other
towns.
Jewish Private Writings and “Special Purim” Ritual (see Servi, Spagnoletto and Zoller,
13
Published Sources). The main sources of this kind include a memorandum by Isaac Vita Servi,
entitled “Perpetua Memoria in Bene”, and a parallel Jewish account of the massacre of Siena. The
“Special Purim” ritual of Pitigliano comprises three original Hebrew hymns composed by Rabbi
Moisè Israel Urbino, his son Giuseppe Urbino and Rabbi Lazzaro Levi from Alessandria.
Archives of the Jewish Communities (see Archivio
UCEI
and others, Unpublished
Sources). Under this heading are included registers and other official records of the Jewish
communities of Pitigliano, Siena, Firenze, and other Tuscan towns - for the most part located at
the archive of the UCEI in Rome.
Nineteenth-Century Historiography (see Brigidi, Conti, Lumini, Tivaroni, Zobi,
Published Sources). Under this heading is included a range of volumes of historical content,
published in the second half of the nineteenth century by Italian intellectuals who, fully immersed
in the rhetoric of the Risorgimento, celebrated the first Italian Republicans and Unitarian Patriots.
Apart from their ideological standpoint, the major works of Zobi, Brigidi, Lumini, Tivaroni and
Conti disclose wide information and constitute a very interesting source; their rich documentary
appendices cover a period from the second half of the eighteenth century to the Unity of Italy.
6. Select Bibliography
SOURCES
Unpublished Sources
Archivio Comunale di Pitigliano, Processo della Rivoluzione di Arezzo dell’Anno 1799: Filza Prima e
Seconda (2 vols.); Informativo 1799; Deliberazioni del Consiglio.
Archivio UCEI, Archivio storico della Università Israelitica di Pitigliano; Archivio della Università
Israelitica di Firenze.
14
Archivio di Stato di Firenze, Segreteria di Stato (1765-1808); Suprema Deputazione del Governo
Provvisorio di Arezzo; Supremo Tribunale di Giustizia e Buon Governo.
Archivio della Comunità Ebraica di Firenze, Archivio Storico.
Archivio di Stato di Siena, Governatore.
Archivio della Università Israelitica di Siena, Deliberazioni.
Archivio Comunale di Siena, Deliberazioni del Consiglio.
Archivio di Stato di Arezzo, Occupazione francese e Insurrezione Aretina; Carte Albergotti-Bargagli
Petrucci; Deliberazioni del Magistrato dei Priori e del Consiglio Generale; Lettere e negozi della
cancelleria; Vicario di Arezzo; Atti criminali.
Biblioteca della Città di Arezzo, Manoscritti, n. 110 (Raccolta Ghizzi).
Published Sources
BRIGIDI E. A., Giacobini e realisti o il Viva Maria, Siena 1882 [anast. reprint: Bologna 1972].
CABIBBE S., “Notizie ricavate da un registro che esisteva nell’Archivio Israelitico di Siena e le
Tradizionali di viventi sui fatti accaduti in detta città il 28 giugno 1799 nel fatale ingresso degli Aretini”,
in Il Corriere Israelitico XI (1872-73), pp. 168-70.
CAPRA C. (ed.), L'età rivoluzionaria e napoleonica in Italia (1796-1815), Torino 1978.
CARPI D., “Una cronaca inedita sui tumulti di Senigallia: Il Libro della Valle del Pianto di R. Ja’akov HaCohen”, in Scritti sull'ebraismo in memoria di E.M. Artom, Gerusalemme 1996, pp. 77-88 (Italian).
CARPI D., “Rabbi Jacob Cohen’s Sepher Emeq Ha-bacha – on the Riots against the Jews of Senigallia in
1799”, in Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research XLIV (1977), pp. 15-38 (Hebrew).
CONTI G., Firenze vecchia, Firenze 1899.
LEOPOLDO D’ASBURGO LORENA P., Relazioni sul governo della Toscana, SALVESTRINI A. (ed.),
vol. III: Lo Stato senese e Livorno, Firenze 1974.
LUMINI A., La reazione in Toscana nel 1799. Documenti storici, Cosenza 1891.
15
ROTH C., “Some Revolutionary Purims (1790-1801)”, in HUCA X (1935), pp. 451-482.
ROTH C., “Supplement to ‘Some Revolutionary Purims’”, in HUCA XII-XIII (1937-38), pp. 697-699.
SERVI F., “Cenni storici sui moti rivoluzionari del 1799 in Pitigliano”, in L'Educatore Israelita XIV
(1866), pp. 44-48, 106-109, 132-136, 193-195, 230-235.
SIERRA S., “Il sacco del ghetto di Sinigaglia nel 1799 in un documento dell’epoca”, in Rassegna Mensile
di Israel XXXVI (1970), pp. 381-388.
SPAGNOLETTO A., “La notte degli orvietani o Purim Sheni di Pitigliano. Ricordi di un rituale a 200 anni
dagli avvenimenti”, in Rassegna Mensile di Israel LXV, 1 (1999), pp. 141-178.
TIVARONI C., L’Italia durante il dominio francese, Tome II, Torino 1889.
ZOBI A., Storia Civile della Toscana dal 1737 al 1848, Tome III, Books VIII-IX, Firenze 1851.
ZOLLER I., “Per la storia del 28 Giugno 1799 a Siena”, in Rivista Israelitica VII (1910), pp. 138-142,
191-193, 240-244; VIII (1911), pp. 30-32, 65-67.
RESEARCH LITERATURE
Revolutionary Period in Italy (general)
BROERS M., The Napoleonic Empire in Italy, 1796-1814, Basingstoke 2005.
BROERS M., Politics of Religion in Napoleonic Italy: The War against God, 1801-1814, London 2002.
CAFFIERO M., La nuova era. Miti e profezie dell’Italia in Rivoluzione, Genova 1991.
CAFFIERO M., “Rivoluzione e millennio. Tematiche millenaristiche in Italia nel periodo rivoluzionario”,
in Critica Storica 24 (1987), pp. 584-602.
CAPRA C., “Habsburg Italy in the Age of Reform”, in Journal of Modern Italian Studies 10/2 (2005), pp.
218-233.
CATTANEO M., Gli occhi di Maria sulla rivoluzione: miracoli a Roma e nello Stato della Chiesa, 17961797, Roma 1995.
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CATTANEO M., La sponda sbagliata del Tevere. Mito e realtà di un’identità popolare tra antico regime
e rivoluzione, Napoli 2004.
CRISCUOLO V., Albori di democrazia nell’Italia in rivoluzione (1792-1802), Milano 2006.
DAVIS J. A., “The Neapolitan Revolution 1799-1999: Between History and Myth”, in Journal of Modern
Italian Studies 4/3 (1999), pp. 350-379.
DE FELICE R., Il triennio giacobino in Italia (1796-1799): nota e ricerche, Roma 1990.
DE FELICE R., Italia giacobina, Napoli 1965.
GUERCI L., Istruire nelle verità repubblicane. La letteratura politica per il popolo nell’Italia in
rivoluzione (1796-1799), Bologna 1999.
MINCIOTTI-TSOUKAS C., I torbidi del Trasimeno (1798). Analisi di una rivolta, Milano 1988.
RAO A.M., “Enlightenment and Reform: an Overview of Culture and Politics in Enlightenment Italy”, in
Journal of Modern Italian Studies 10/2 (2005), pp. 142-167.
RAO A.M., “Il problema della violenza popolare in Italia nell'età rivoluzionaria”, in BURSTIN H. (ed.),
Rivoluzione francese. La forza delle idee e la forza delle cose, Milano, 1990, pp. 247-266.
RAO A.M. (ed.), Le insorgenze popolari nell’Italia rivoluzionaria e napoleonica, in Studi storici 39/2
(1998).
ROSA M., “Di fronte alla rivoluzione: politica e religione in Italia dal 1789 al 1796”, in Rivista di storia e
letteratura religiosa XXVI, 3 (1990), pp. 508-540.
TOPI L., ‘C'est Absolumment La Vandée’: L'insorgenza del Dipartimento del Circeo (1798-1799), Milano
2003.
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ZAGHI C., L’Italia giacobina, Torino 1989.
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The Revolutionary Period in Tuscany and Pitigliano
BALDINI E., “La Scuola di Pitigliano dalla decadenza della dominazione medicea a tutto il governo dei
Lorena”, in Maremma V (1930), f. I-III.
BARSANTI D., La Maremma grossetana fra ‘700 e ‘900: trasformazioni economiche e mutazioni sociali,
Città di Castello 1989.
BENADUSI G., “The Complex Case of ‘Tuscan Urban Identities’”, in Journal of Modern Italian Studies
5/1 (2000), pp. 80-88.
BERLINGUER L. (ed.), La “Leopoldina” nel diritto e nella giustizia in Toscana, Milano 1989.
COPPINI R.P. (ed.), Il Granducato di Toscana, vol. III: Dagli “anni francesi” all’Unità, Torino 1993.
CORADESCHI E., L'insorgenza aretina del ´ Viva Maria ª nei suoi aspetti sociali e politico religiosi,
Arezzo 1965.
DIAZ F. – MASCILLI MIGLIORINI L. – MANGIO C. (eds.), Il Granducato di Toscana, vol. II: I Lorena
dalla Reggenza agli anni rivoluzionari, Torino 1987.
FILIPPINI J.P., Le port de Livourne et la Toscane (1676-1814), PhD., Paris 1990.
GIORGINI C., La Maremma Toscana nel Settecento, Aspetti sociali e religiosi, Teramo 1968.
IMBERCIADORI I., Campagna Toscana nel ‘700. Dalla Reggenza alla Restaurazione. 1737-1815,
Firenze 1953.
MALANIMA P., Il lusso dei contadini: consumi e industrie nelle campagne toscane del Sei e Settecento ,
Bologna 1990.
MARRARA D., Storia istituzionale della Maremma senese, Siena 1961.
POLLINI L., “I francesi nella Maremma Toscana e l’insorgenza”, in Maremma IV (1928-29), f. III.
ROMBAI L., Le contee granducali di Pitigliano e Sorano intorno al 1780. Cartografia storica e unitaria
di un territorio, Firenze 1982.
SALVADORI R.G., Bibliografia aretina 1790-1815 e rassegna bibliografica del "Viva Maria", Siena
1988.
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SANGUINETTI O. (ed.), «Digitus Dei est hic!». Il Viva Maria di Arezzo: aspetti religiosi, politici e
militari (1799-1800). Atti del convegno di studio, Arezzo, 3 giugno 2000, Milano 2004.
TOGNARINI I. (ed.), Arezzo tra rivoluzione e insorgenze. 1790-1801, Arezzo 1982.
TOGNARINI I. (ed.), La Toscana e la Rivoluzione francese, Napoli 1994.
TOGNARINI I. (ed.), La Toscana nell'età rivoluzionaria e napoleonica, Napoli 1985.
TOGNARINI I., “L’invasione francese e il ‘Viva Maria’”, in Storia di Siena, vol. II, Siena 1996, pp. 219248.
TURI G., Viva Maria. La reazione alle riforme leopoldine (1790-1799), Firenze 1969; 19992.
Italian Jews in the Revolutionary Period (general)
ALATRI P. – GRASSI S. (eds.), La questione ebraica dall’illuminismo all’Impero (1700-1815). Atti del
convegno della Società italiana di studi sul secolo XVIII (Roma, 25-26 maggio 1992), Napoli 1994.
ALLEGRA L., Identità in bilico. Il ghetto ebraico di Torino nel Settecento, Torino 1996.
BERNARDINI P., La sfida dell’uguaglianza. Gli ebrei a Mantova nell’età della rivoluzione francese,
Roma 1995.
BERNARDINI P., “Rabbini e intellettuali, rabbini come intellettuali nell’Italia del XVIII secolo”, in
Annali dell’Istituto di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di
Milano X (1998), pp. 503-519.
BERNARDINI P., “Qahal come universitas: l’evolversi e le forme del consenso e del dissenso individuale
verso la struttura comunitaria ebraica nell’Italia Settentrionale tra Cinque e Settecento”, in
MOZZARELLI C. - ZARDIN D. (eds.), Corpi, fraternità, mestieri nella storia della società europea,
Roma 1998, pp. 325-339.
CAFFIERO M. – FOA A. - MORISI A. (eds.), Itinerari ebraico-cristiani. Società, cultura, mito, Fasano di
Puglia 1987.
19
COLORNI V., Gli ebrei nel sistema del diritto comune fino alla prima emancipazione, Milano 1956.
FOA S., Gli Ebrei nel Risorgimento Italiano, Roma 1978.
HORWITZ E., “‘Wa-Nehefokh hu’: yehudim mul sonehem be-hagigot ha-Purim”, in Tzyyon 59/2-3
(1994), pp. 129-168 (Hebrew).
KOCHAN L., The Making of Western Jewry (1600-1819), New York 2004.
LEWINSKY A., “Sulla storia degli ebrei in Italia durante il secolo XVIII”, in Rivista Israelitica IV/2
(1907), pp. 64-68; IV/4, pp. 143-148; V/3 (1908), pp. 103-105; V/5-6, pp. 211-216; VI/2-3 (1909), pp.
54-58.
LUZZATTO VOGHERA G., Il prezzo dell'eguaglianza, Milano 1997.
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Oxford 1995.
MILANO A., Storia degli ebrei in Italia, Torino 1963.
PARKES J.W., The Jewish Problem in the Modern World, London 1939; New York 1946.
ROTH C., The History of the Jews in Italy, Philadelphia 1946.
SALVADORI R.G., Gli ebrei italiani nella bufera antigiacobina, Firenze 1999.
SIMONSOHN SH., “Teguvot ahadot shel yehude Italia ‘al ‘ha-emanzipatziah ha-rishonah’ we-‘al hahaskalah”, in Italia giudaica, vol. III: Gli ebrei in Italia dalla segregazione alla prima emancipazione,
Atti del III Convegno internazionale, Tel Aviv 15-20 giugno 1986, Roma 1989, pp. 47-68 (Hebrew).
VIVANTI C. (ed.), Storia d’Italia. Annali, vol. XI/2: Gli ebrei in Italia, Torino 1997.
Tuscan Jews and the Jewish Community of Pitigliano in the Revolutionary Period
LEVY L., La communauté juive de Livourne, Paris 1996.
LIVI-BACCI M., “Una comunità israelitica in ambiente rurale: la demografia degli ebrei di Pitigliano nel
XIX secolo”, in Studi in memoria di Federigo Melis, Napoli 1978, pp. 99-137.
SALVADORI R.G., Breve storia degli ebrei toscani: IX-XX secolo, Firenze 1995.
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SALVADORI R.G., “Famiglie ebraiche di Monte San Savino (1627-1799). Attività economiche e rapporti
sociali”, in Zakhor 2 (1998).
SALVADORI R.G., Gli ebrei toscani nell'età della Restaurazione (1814-1848). Uscire dal ghetto:
divenire ricchi, divenire cristiani, divenire italiani, Firenze 1993.
SALVADORI R.G., La comunità ebraica di Pitigliano dal XVI al XX secolo, Firenze 1991.
SALVADORI R.G., La Notte della Rivoluzione e la Notte degli Orvietani. Gli ebrei di Pitigliano e i moti
del Viva Maria, Pitigliano 1999.
SALVADORI R.G. (ed.), Quaderno Savinese III. Gli ebrei a Monte San Savino, Monte San Savino 1994.
SALVADORI R.G. – SACCHETTI G. (eds.), Presenze ebraiche nell'Aretino dal XIV al XX secolo,
Firenze 1990.
VERGA M., “Proprietà e cittadinanza. Ebrei e riforma delle comunità nella Toscana di Pietro Leopoldo”,
in MECHOULAN H. – POPKIN R.H. – RICUPERATI G. – SIMONUTTI L. (eds.), La formazione
storica della alterità. Studi di storia della tolleranza nell’età moderna offerti a Antonio Rotondò, Vol.
III, Firenze 2001, pp. 1047-1067.
WYRWA U., “‘Perché i moderni rabbini pretendono di dare ad intendere una favola chimerica…’
L’Illuminismo toscano e gli ebrei”, in Quaderni Storici 103/1 (2000), pp. 139-161.
ZOLLER I., Studi storici. Un singolare episodio della storia degli ebrei senesi. Per la storia del 28
giugno 1799 a Siena, Firenze 1912.
Methodology and Theory
BONGIOVANNI B. – GUERCI L. (eds.), L’Albero della rivoluzione: le interpretazioni della Rivoluzione
francese, Torino 1989.
GINZBURG C., “Checking the Evidence: The Judge and the Historian”, in Critical Inquiry 18 (1991), pp.
79-92.
21
GINZBURG C., “L’inquisitore come antropologo”, in POZZI R. - PROSPERI A. (eds.), Studi in onore di
Armando Saitta, Pisa 1989.
GINZBURG C., “Microstoria. Due o tre cose che so di lei”, in Quaderni storici 86 (1994), pp. 511-539.
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GINZBURG C., Rapporti di forza. Storia, retorica, prova, Milano 2000.
GRENDI E., “Micro-analisi e storia sociale”, in Quaderni storici 35 (1977), pp. 506-520.
LEVI G., L'eredità immateriale. Carriera di un esorcista nel Piemonte del Seicento, Torino 1985.
LEVI G., “On Microhistory”, in BURKE P. (ed.), New Perspectives in Historical Writing, Oxford 1991,
pp. 93-113.
REVEL J. (ed.), Jeux d’échelles. La mycroanalyse à l’expérience, Paris 1996.
REVEL J., “L’histoire au ras du sol”, in G. Levi, Le pouvoir au village, Paris 1989, pp. I-XXXIII.
REVEL J., “Microanalisi e costruzione del sociale”, in Quaderni storici 86 (1994), pp. 549-575.
TOGNARINI I., Giacobinismo, rivoluzione, Risorgimento: una messa a punto storiografica, Firenze
1977.
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TOPOLSKY J., Narrare la storia. Nuovi principi di metodologia storica, Milano 1997.
VIOLANTE C. (ed.), La storia locale. Temi fonti e metodi della ricerca, Bologna 1982.
YERUSHALMI Y.H., Zakhor. Storia ebraica e memoria ebraica, Parma 1983.
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