agraruli saq-14a.indd

Transcript

nomerSi waikiTxavT:
ასკა
IN VITRO — uviruso
kartofilis Teslis warmoeba
ASCA
7
is roli da daniSnuleba
8 qisofmilis
meurneobaSi
gavrcelebuli
niadagebi da maTi aRwera
11 saqarTveloSi
ახალი აგრარული
საქართველო
AKHALI AGRARULI SAQARTVELO
(New Agrarian Georgia)
ყოველთვიური სამეცნიეროსაინფორმაციო ჟურნალი.
Monthly scientific-informative magazine
ივნისი, 2012 წელი.
#6 (14)
სარე
რედაქ
დაქციო
ციო კო
კოლე
ლეგი
გია:
ა:
სა
შოთა
თა მა
მაჭა
ჭარაშ
რაშვი
ვილი
ლი (მთ.
(მთ. რედაქტორი),
რედაქტორი),
შო
ნუგზარ
ებანო
იძე,ამი
მიხეილ
სოხაძე,
ზვი
ად ბრეგ
ვაძე,
რან ადე
იშვილი,
თამარ
სანიკიძე,
ნოდარ
ბრეგვაძე,
კა
ხა ლაშ
ხი, მიხეილ
სოხაძე,
თამთა გუ
გუშვილიკონ
(ინგლ.
ვერს.
რედაქტორი).
თამარ
სანიკიძე,
სტანტი
ნე გურ
გენიძე,
ნოდარ ბრეგვაძე, მარიამ ლებანიძე,
თამ
თა ნი
გუეგუშ
ლიჭო:
(ინგლ. ვერს. რედაქტორი).
სამეც
როვისაბ
აკადემიკოსები, მეცნიერებათა
დოქ
ტო
ბი, საბ
პრო
ფესორები:
სა
მეც
ნირე
ერო
ჭო:
რევაზ მახარობლი
ძე ნი
(თავმჯდომარე),
აკადემიკოსები,
მეც
ერებათა
ნოდარ
ჩხარ
ვილი,
დოქ
ტორე
ბი,ტიშ
პრო
ფესონუგ
რეზარ
ბი: ებანოიძე,
პეტ
რე მა
ნას
დაშლი
ვიძე
ლი,(თავმჯდომარე),
ზვიად ბრეგვაძე, ელრე
ვაზ
ხაყი
რობ
გუდარ
ჯა გუჩხარ
გუშვი
ლი,
ზაურ
ხიყი
ძე,
ნო
ტიშ
ვილი,
პეტჯუ
რელუ
ნას
დაშზუ
ვირაბ
ლი,
ჯინგუ
ჯი
ხაძე,
ადოლ
ლაშჯუ
ვილუ
ლი,ხილე
ელ
ჯა
გუგუშ
ვილი,ტყე
ზაშეურ
ძე,რი
ნოზა
ძე, ჯინ
ნატო
ვლაადე
დიმერ
ცანავა,
ზუ
რაბ
ჯიხაკაკაბაძე,
ძე, ამირან
იშვილი,
კუკურიტყე
ძერი
ა, ამი
ადოლ
შელაშ
ვირან
ლი, ადე
ლეიშ
რივილი,
ნოზაკა
ძე,ხანატო
ლაშხი, ომარ
თევდორაძე,
კაკაბაძე,
ვლადი
მერ ცანავა,ნუგ
კუზარ
კური ძერია,
სარჯველაძე,
დავით
ბედია,თევდორაძე,
თენგიზ ყურაშვილი,
რე
ვაზ თევდორა
ძე, ომარ
კოვით
ბა კო
მავი
რნიშ
და
ბება
დილა
ა, ძე,
თენნუკ
გიზრიყუმე
რაშ
ლი,ვილი.
კობა კობალაძე, ნუგზარ ებანოიძე,
ნი
კოლოზ ზაზაშვილი, ნუკრი მემარნიშვილი.
გამომცემელი:
“აგრარული სექტორის
კომფუძ
პანიენე
ბის
ასოციაცია” (ასკა);
დამ
ბელი:
Agraruli Sectoris
“აგრარული
სექტორის
Companiebis
asociacia
კომ
პანიების ასო
ციაცია”(ASCA);
(ასკა);
(Association Sectoris
of Agrarian Sector Companies).
Agraruli
საქართველოსasociacia
რეგიონული
ეკონომიკური
Companiebis
(ASCA);
პრიორიტეტების
კვლევითი
ცენტრი. “რეგიონიკა”;
(Association
of Agrarian
Sector Companies)
Regionica
Georgian
რე
დაქციის- მი
სამართი:Research Center for
Regional
Economic
Priorities.
თბი
ლისი (0119),
აგლა
ძის ქ. # 32
რედაქცი
ის მისა+995
მართი:
ტელ/tel:
34-76-33/
(99) 16 -18-31
თბილისი
(0119),
აგლაძის
Tbilisi
(0119),
Agladze
str. ქ.##3232
ტელ/tel:[email protected]
+995 (33) 2 34-76-33
e-mail:
+995 (99) 16 -18-31
Tbilisi (0119), Agladze str. # 32
editor of English version Tamta Gugushvili
e-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.regionica.org/journal.html
დააკაბადონა გიორგი მაისურაძემ
editor of English
version Tamta
Gugushvili
დაიბეჭდა
შპს “დიოსის”
სტამბაში
ჟურნალი ხელმძღვანელობს
დააკაბადონა გიორგი მაისურაძემ
თავისუფალი პრესის პრინციპით.
The
magazine
principal of free press.
ჟურნა
ლი ხელuses
მძღვაthe
ნელობს
©
სასუ
ავტო
რო პრე
უფლე
დაცუ
ა.
თავი
ფალი
სისბაპრინ
ცილი
პით.
author uses
rightthe
is principal
protected.of free press.
Thethe
magazine
© საავტორო უფლება დაცულია.
ლარი
the author ფასი
right is5 protected.
რეფერირებადია 2011 წლიდან
WORLD
მსოფლიო
TECHNIC
ტექნიკა
Tbilisi
tel./faqsi: (+995 32) 2 35 10 05.
tel.: (+995 32) 2 34 76 33,
(+995 32) 2 34 45 37
www. worldtechnic.ge
ივნისი, 2012
ივნისი
4
ev ro pis sa i no va cio politika
sof lis me ur ne o ba Si
qeris nacrisadmi gamZleobis
wyaroebis gamovlena
yvela wevri saxelmwifo advilad Tanxmdeba, rom s
s/s
s politika
erTiani unda iyos. esp ganxorcielebaze evrokavSiris biujetis
naxevari ixarjeba (daaxloebiT 50
mlrd. evro wliurad).
(2009-2011 ww. kvlevis Sedegebi)
14
15 TeTrTaviani kombosto 17 totopipinnammzebusumrizidara
giu~ jiSsa
19 zoda gi`marermaTiriramlo`vasebr~
xorcze
moxarSuli Zexvis damzadeba
20
saxlis pirobebSi
12
xorblis seleqciis saerTaSoriso
seminari saqarTveloSi - globaluri
gamowvevebi da axali teqnologiebi
xorblis warmoebaSi
BR. CAPITATA (L) LIZG
MASHCIO-GASPARDO-s
SP xazis zusti Tesvis
pnevmaturi saTeselebi:
22
23 komforti,- siminZtelavleqre,ti
bobis Tanamedrove
25 gaT
saSualebebi
28 sointenko sikalurimaxasmeTokulditivirebis
32 Tesvis kalendari
glisSi `hitleris Zroxis~
33 inaRor
Zinebas cdiloben
SP DORADA; SARA; ST STELLA;
SI SIMONA da SILVIA
XERION
30
venaxis sarwyavi sistemebi da
morwyvis wesebi
morwyvis mizania vazis zrdis gagrZeleba, mosavlianobis amaRleba
da produqciis xarisxis gaumjobeseba.
Jurnali `axali agraruli saqarTvelo~ gTavazobT
xelsayrel sainformacio da sareklamo momsaxurebas.
JurnalSi erTi kvadratuli santimetri sareklamo farTis Rirebuleba Seadgens: ydis meore gverdze — 60 TeTrs (mTliani gverdi — 350
lari), boloswina gverdze — 50 TeTrs (mTliani gverdi — 300 lari),
bolo gverdze — ukana ydaze — 60 TeTrs (mTliani gverdi — 350
lari). Sida gverdebze — 35 TeTrs (mTliani gverdi — 200 lari).
JurnalSi ufasod SegiZliaT ganaTavsoT gancxadebebi Tqveni meurneobis, sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis, inventaris, pirutyvis da sxva
produqciis yidva-gayidvis Sesaxeb.
Jurnali „axali agraruli saqarTvelo” referirebadia 2009
wlidan. samecniero statiis moculoba reziumis TanxlebiT ar unda
aRematebodes 1,5 intervaliT, 12-iani SriftiT nabeWd 5 Tabaxis gverds.
samecniero statiis gamoqveyneba ufasoa.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
გამოცდილება
ev ro pis sa i no va cio
politika sof lis me ur ne o ba Si
2009 wlis dekemberSi evrokavSiris soflis meurneobisa da meTevzeobis sabWom evropis erTiani sasoflo-sameurneo politikaSi (esp) Sesatani cvlilebebis (s
(s/m
m konkurentunarianobis gazrda, garemos dacva
da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, esp saerTo gamartiveba) sakiTxi ganixila. cvlilebebi asaxavs mimdinare lisabonis procesis moTxovnebsa
da, agreTve, 2020 wlamde sainovacio politikaSi mosalodnel tendenciebs. evropaSi eqspertebi, maT Soris soflis meurneobisa da agraruli ganviTarebis komisioneri, acxadeben, rom Tu evropis soflis meurneoba ganaxlebisa da inovaciis gzas ar daadgeba, igi konkurencias ver
gauZlebs.
SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom es gadaWarbebuli naTqvamia. marTlac,
evropis soflis meurneobas, imis
gaTvaliswinebiTac ki, rom gafarToebis procesSi mas SedarebiT
naklebganviTarebuli qveynebis
jgufi SeuerTda, Zalian maRali
maCveneblebi aqvs: 2010 wels soflis meurneobam, metyeveobasTan
da meTevzeobasTan erTad, daaxloebiT 400 mlrd evros produqcia awarmoa (aqedan s/m - 375 mlrd.
evro), ganaxorciela 90 mlrd evros eqsporti. kvebis mrewvelobasTan (950 mlrd. evro) erTad ki
mTlianad, evrokavSiris mSp-s 12%
Seqmna.
zemoaRniSnuli miRwevebis miuxedavad, evrokavSirSi Tvlian,
rom s/s politika unda Seicvalos.
igi inovaciisa da mdgradobis mimarTulebiT unda wavides, radganac erTi mxriv, subsidirebiT
fermerebisTvis Seqmnili „sasaTbure” pirobebis SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli xdeba, xolo meore mxriv,
4
soflis meurneobis winaSe axali
gamowvevebi gaCnda: mdgradi ganviTareba klimatis cvlilebis pirobebSi; organuli s/m ganviTareba;
sursaTze fasebis zrda; biosawvavis warmoebis aucilebloba da sxv.
evrokavSiris erTiani sasoflosameurneo politika ((CAP
CAP)
evrokavSiris doneze sasoflosameurneo politika cnobilia erTiani sasoflo-sameurneo politikis (esp) saxeliT. igi jer kidev
1957 wels evrogaerTianebis Sesaxeb romis SeTanxmebiT ganisazRvra da misi mizani iyo:
1) sursaTis stabiluri mowodeba misaReb fasad;
2) fermerebisTvis Rirseuli
cxovrebis standartis uzrunvelyofa;
3) teqnikuri progresis gziT sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis nayofierebis gazrda.
rogorc vxedavT, teqnikuri
progresi Tavidanve iyo s/s poli-
tikis erTerTi mTavari mimarTuleba. wlebis ganmavlobaSi esp-m
mravali cvlileba ganicada. amJamad masSi asaxulia lisabonis procesis suliskveTeba - zrdisa da
meti samuSao adgilisken swrafva,
- da ZiriTadi moTxovnebi inovaciis, ganaTlebis, sainformacio
teqnologiebis ganviTarebisa da
sxva sferoebis mimarT. es niSnavs,
rom lisabonis strategia iseTive samarTliania soflis meurneobisTvis, rogorc industriuli
seqtorisTvis.
yvela wevri saxelmwifo advilad Tanxmdeba, rom s/s politika
erTiani unda iyos. esp ganxorcielebaze evrokavSiris biujetis
naxevari ixarjeba (daaxloebiT
50 mlrd. evro wliurad). amdenad,
es politika evrointegraciis erTerTi uZlieresi meqanizmia (sabaJo sivrcesTan, uvizo gadaadgilebasTan da saerTo fulTan erTad).
esaa seqtori, sadac qveynebis politika SeTanxmebulia da didwilad evrokomisiis mier imarTeba.
Tu gavixsenebT, rom s/m saerToevropuli warmoebis SedarebiT mcire nawili ukavia, aseTi yuradReba
s/m da, saerTod, soflis ganviTarebis mimarT, mianiSnebs, rom misi mniSvneloba evropisTvis Sors
scdeba produqciis moculobiT
gamoxatul faseulobas.
tipuri s/s warmoebis moculoba,
TiToeul momuSaveze Semosavlis
done da warmoebaSi CarTul adaივნისი, 2012
mianTa ricxvi mcirea (saSualo evropuli fermis wliuri Semosavali daaxloebiT 35,000 evroa), rac
mas kvlevebis sakuTari ZalebiT
Catarebis saSualebas ar aZlevs.
kvlevebisTvis evrogaerTianeba
CarCo programebSi iTvaliswinebda saxsrebs. es, wevri qveynebis
s/s kvlevis programebTan erTad
(ix. qvemoT), evrokavSirSi kvlevis saWiro dones qmnida. kvlevis
Sedegebis fermerebamde dayvana
evrokomisiis mTavari sazrunavi iyo. saTanado meqanizmebs (samsaxurebs), romelsac msoflioSi
iqstenSens (extension) uwodeben,
xolo evrokavSirSi ufro xSirad
mrCevelTa samsaxurebs (advisory
services), wevri saxelmwifoebi da
regionuli mTavrobebi qmnidnen.
esp Tavdapirvelad koncentrirebuli iyo s/s warmoebis zrdaze
uxdida ra fermerebs warmoebis
zrdisTvis, man STambeWdav Sedegebs miaRwia. droTa ganmavlobaSi esp-m axali JReradoba SeiZina.
sursaTiT
TviTuzrunvelyofa
usafrTxoebisa da mdgradobis
garantiaa. soflad mosaxleobis
tradiciuli saqmianoba qveynisTvis misi rekreaciuli da socialuri mniSvnelobis SenarCunebas
niSnavs. agroproduqtebi evropis qveynebis imijisa da erovnuli identurobis mniSvnelovani
elementia (Zneli warmosadgenia
safrangeTi Rvinisa da koniakis,
holandia yvelis, germania da CexeTi ludis gareSe). soflis meurneobis mimarT yuradRebas amZafrebs sursaTze fasebis zrdis
perspeqtiva. Zlieri faqtori gaxda evrokavSiris valdebuleba Seamciros naxSirorJangis emisia da
am mizniT gazardos biosawvavis
warmoeba (es sakiTxi evrokavSiris
energetikul damoukideblobasTanacaa gadajaWvuli).
am moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad, 2001 wels evrokavSiris sabWos gioteborgis sxdomaze miiRes gadawyvetileba “... sabWo SeTanxmda, rom esp Tavis momaval
ganviTarebaSi, sxva miznebTan
erTad, wvlils Seitans mdgradi
ganviTarebis miRwevaSi jansaR,
maRali xarisxis produqtebze,
ekologiurad mdgrad warmoebis
meTodebze (organuli warmoebis
CaTvliT), ganaxlebad nedleulsa da biomravalferovnebis dacvaze zrunvis gaZlierebis gziT”.
es tendencia esp-Si inovaciuri
midgomis gaZlierebas niSnavda.
Esp-s reformireba 2005 wels, ganaxlebuli lisabonis strategiis
miRebis Semdeg, lisabonis strategiis Sesaxeb evrokavSiris sabWos 2003 wlis gadawyvetilebaTa
Sesabamisad gagrZelda da.
pirvel rigSi, fermerebisTvis
pirdapiri fuladi daxmareba gaimijna produqciis warmoebisgan
anu fermers daxmareba konkretuli produqtis warmoebisTvis
aRar eZleva (es procesi mTlianad
damTavrebuli araa). daiwyo daxmarebis gacema fermis garkveuli
standartebiT (garemosdacviTi
da sxva) movlisa da SenaxvisTvis,
ramac fermerebis garemos dacviTi aqtioba gaaZliera. saTanadod,
gaZlierda fermerebis mcdeloba ewarmoebinaT inovaciuri produqtebi, radganac maTi gadawyvetilebebi bazris moTxovnilebaze
gaxda damokidebuli da ara ama Tu
im produqciis warmoebis fulad
stimulirebaze. esp-Si gaZlierda,
agreTve, xarisxiani warmoebisa
da standartebis gaumjobesebis
mxardaWera. 2007 wlidan pirdapiri daxmarebis Sekvecis Sedegad
gamonTavisuflebuli 1 mlrd. evro weliwadSi gadairTo soflis
ganviTarebis amocanebze (miwis
marTva, soflis ekonomika, konkurentunarianoba).
evrokavSiri soflis an sasoflo sivrcis OECD ganmartebas ey-
rdnoba, romlis Tanaxmad esaa teritoria, sadac 1 kv. kilometrze
150 adamianze naklebi cxovrobs
(iaponiaSi 500 naklebi). sasoflo
sivrces evrokavSiris teritoriis 90% ukavia da iq mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 50% cxovrobs.
ra Tqma unda, soflis ganviTarebis centraluri sakiTxi kvlav
sasoflo-sameurneo
warmoebis
ganviTarebaa. magram, sofelsa da
qalaqs Soris socialuri gansxvavebis SemcirebisTvis (rac gamoixateba SemosavlebSi sagrZnobi
gansxvavebiT, informaciis xelmisawvdomobiT da sxva), aranakleb
mniSvnelovania soflad momsaxurebisa da warmoebis ganviTareba. SemuSavda e. w. “erTi gadaxdis
sqema” romlis Tanaxmad, fermeri
Tanxas miwisa da, sazogadod, garemos garkveuli moTxovnebis
Sesabamisad
movla-patronobis
sanacvlod Rebulobs. am standartebis dacva sakmaod rTulia.
sakmarisia imis Tqma, rom moTxovnebi evrokavSiris 19 direqtivisa
da regulaciis Sesabamisadaa Camoyalibebuli. is exeba garemos
dacvas; adamianebis, cxovelebisa
da mcenareebis sijansaRes; cxovelebisTvis arsebobis pirobebs;
sursaTis usafrTxoebas. Zneli
warmosadgenia warmoebis sxva sfero, romelSic mewarmes erTdroulad amden pirobas uyeneben, rogorc soflis meurneobaSi. garda
amisa, soflis meurneoba garemos
Zlieri dabinZurebis wyaroa. saTburis gazis atmosferoSi gafrqvevis 30% meti miwis damuSavebis
5
Sedegia. klimatis cvlilebis zegavlenis Sesarbilebeli zomebis
dagegmvisas es mniSvnelovani garemoebaa. ZiriTadi zomebi (strategiebi) aseTia: niadagis naxSirbadiT gamdidreba; mravalwliani
mcenareebis kultivacia; klimatis damzogi mecxoveleoba; saarsebo garemos gavrcelebis dacva;
degradirebuli wyalSemkrebebisa
da saZovrebis aRdgena. fermerebisTvis finansuri da teqnologiuri/teqnikuri daxmarebis gareSe
am mravalricxovan gamowvevebTan
gamklaveba gaZneldeba.
sakonsultacio samsaxurebi
fermerebisTvis.
zemoaRniSnuli pirobebis ukeT
SesrulebisTvis esp-Tvis gankuTvnili saxsrebis nawili, 2003 da
2005 wlebis gadawyvetilebebiT,
ixarjeba fermebis savaldebulo
konsultirebis sistemis Seqmnaze, romelic fermerebs awvdis
informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
teqnologiebiT SeuZliaT maT Seasrulon moTxovnili pirobebi.
zemoaRniSnuli gadawyvetilebebis Tanaxmad konsultirebis samsaxurebis Seqmna erovnuli mTavrobebis savaldebulo amocanaa,
romelsac evrokomisia mxolod
afinansebs. amave dros, es samsaxurebi rogorc qveynisa da regionis, aseve evrokavSiris sainovacio
sistemebis nawilia. fermerebisTvis sakonsultacio samsaxurebis
ganviTareba, Tumca, evrokavSiris
doneze ar aris centraluri sa-
6
kiTxi. am samsaxurebis ganviTareba upiratesad erovnuli da adgilobrivi sainovacio politikebis
sazrunavia.
soflis ganviTarebis
programebi
ganaxlebuli esp Tanaxmad, 20072013 wlebisTvis gamoyofili daaxloebiT 350 mlrd. evrodan 96
mlrd. soflis ganviTarebis programebze unda daixarjos, romlis
mizania adamianebs daexmaros: bazarze orientirebuli soflis
meurneobisadmi adaptaciaSi; konkurentul bazrebze gayidvebis
dilerobis axali gzebis SemuSavebaSi; ekonomikuri da dasaqmebiTi
aqtiobis donis amaRlebaSi; mikro-biznesebis ganviTarebaSi; inovaciisa da kvlevebis Sedegebis gamoyenebaSi; dinamiuri mewarmeobis
gaZlierebaSi;
agro-sasursaTo
jaWvSi mimdinare procesebis marTvis gaumjobesebaSi; sainformacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebaSi.
soflis ganviTarebis programebSi vlindeba esp evrointegraciuli rolis kidev erTi mxare — evropis regionebs, sofelsa
da qalaqs Soris uTanasworobis
aRmofxvra. soflis ganviTareba
ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre soflis meurneoba. igi, erTi mxriv, am
ukanasknelis gafarToebaa, xolo
meore mxriv, misi mdgradi arsebobisa da ganviTarebis garantia. adgilobriv da erovnul mTavrobebs
aqvT saSualeba soflis ganviTarebis sakuTari programebisT-
vis evrokavSiris instrumentebis
farTo speqtri gamoiyenon.
zemoCamoTvlili mimarTulebebi, farTo gagebiT, inovaciuri saqmianobis waxalisebas emsaxureba.
maTi mravali komponenti esadageba evrokavSiris regionuli ganviTarebis amocanebs, romelsac e. w.
struqturuli fondebi afinanseben. iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda,
fermerebi daxmarebisTvis mimarTaven ara evrokomisias, aramed saTanado erovnul saagentoebs (maT
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli
saxelebi aqvT), an maT mier avtorizebul organizaciebs. eseni saxsrebs sami wyarodan iReben: erovnuli mTavroba; evropuli sasoflo-sameurneo garantiebis fondi
— fermerebisTvis gadaxdis sqemebis funqcionirebisTvis; soflis
ganviTarebis
sasoflo-sameurneo fondi — soflis ganviTarebis
programebisTvis.
evrokavSiris marTvis sqemaSi
meTevzeobis generaluri direqcia da soflis meurneobis generaluri direqcia gayofilia, Tumca
Sinaarsobrivad, gansakuTrebiT
Sida wylebSi Tevzis moSenebisa da
soflis ganviTarebis sakiTxebSi,
maTi saqmianoba gadakveTilia.
soflis ganviTarebis sakiTxebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, agreTve, tyesTan da metyeveobasTan, romelTa ganviTareba satyeo
samoqmedo gegmis mixedviT warmoebs. gegma metyeveobasa da tyesTan
dakavSirebuli warmoebis inovaciur, kvlevaze dafuZnebul ganviTarebas gulisxmobs garemos,
ganaxlebadi energiis, axali produqtebis WrilSi.
fermerebis umTavresi tradiciuli amocana sakvebis warmoebaa.
amJamad, misi droiT gamocdili
meTodebi Sezavebulia mecnierebisa da teqnikis miRwevebTan, raTa
sakvebis sakmao raodenoba misawvdom fasad awarmoon. magram cxovreba evropeli fermerebis winaSe
mdgar amocanebs ganuwyvetliv
afarToebs da arTulebs.
oleg SatberaSvili
Sua aziisa da kavkasiis
sasoflo-sameurneo
kvleviTi institutebis
asociaciis gamgeobis wevri
მეთესლეობა
IN VITRO — uviruso kartofilis Teslis warmoeba
strategiuli kulturebis saTesle masalis warmoebas qveynis ganviTarebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. pirveladi gasamravlebeli masalis xarisxzea damokidebuli samrewvelo daniSnulebis Teslis
raodenoba da xarisxi. TavisTavad, janmrTeli Tesli, romlis sruli
deficitia dRes saqarTveloSi, sasursaTe kartofilis warmoebis moculobis da xarisxis garantia.
dRes naTeli xdeba, rom soflis meurneobis tradiciul sawarmoo struqturaSi principuli cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis
aucilebelebloba sul ufro
aqtualuri xdeba, rac adekvaturi
procesebis gamoyenebaze dafuZnebuli bioteqnologiuri meTodebis ganviTarebaSi gamoixateba.
biologiis, medicinisa da soflis
meurneobis sxvadasxva sferoebSi
qsoviluri kulturis gamoyeneba
sul ufro farTo mniSvnelobas
iZens. mcenareTa mikroklonuri
gamravlebis (in vitro) praqtikuli
mniSvneloba is aris, rom aRniSnuli teqnologia uwyvetad, mTeli
wlis ganmavlobaSi, gamravlebis
maRali koeficientis, virusebisa
da paTogenuri mikroorganizmebisagan gajansaRebuli sargavi da
saTesle masalis warmoebas uzrunvelyofs.
Teslwarmoebis sistemebis normalur funqcionirebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs kartofilis indrustiis nayofierebisa da
efeqturobisaTvis. Teslwarmoebis sistema dafuZnebulia janmrTel sawyis masalaze, romelic
gadagvarebis minimaluri koeficientiTa da xarjebiT mravldeba.
Teslwarmoebis sistemis mizania:
1. saukeTesod adaptirebuli
jansaRi saTesle masaliT da maRalproduqtiuli eqsplantantebiT ZiriTadi da komerciuli Teslis mwarmoeblebis uwyveti momarageba (laboratoria);
2. lokalur pirobebSi saTesle
bolqvebis intensiuri gamravlebis gziT janmrTeli saTesle masalis warmatebuli aRmocenebis
uzrunvelyofa (fermeruli meurneoba, Ria grunti);
uviruso kartofilis warmoeba
Tanamedrove bioteqnologiis iseTi
disciplinaa, romelic soflis meurneobaSi uzrunvelyofs mosavliივნისი, 2012
anobis zrdas. aSS da evrogaerTianebis qveynebi didi xania mimarTaven in
vitro uviruso saTesle kartofilis miRebis teqnologias da am qveynebSi mosavlianoba, im qveynebTan
SedarebiT, sadac es teqnologia danergili ar aris, 2-3 jer gazrdilia.
maT rigSia saqarTveloc.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi bioteqnologiis centri muSaobs am axali
teqnologiis danergvaze, rac,
ramdenime amerikul organizaciasTan U“Care”, “Umcor” TamanSromlobis Sedegad, ganaxorciela kidec. yvelaze saintereso is aris,
rom Cven uari vTqviT saTburis
gamoyenebaze da mcenareebi pirdapir Ria gruntSi gavitaneT. erTi mcenaridan fermerebma miiRes
10-15 cali bolqvi (super-super
elita), rodesac saTburSi erTi
mcenare iZleva 2-3 bolqvs. aman
TavisTavad ekonomiuri danaxarjebis Semcireba gamoiwvia.
bolo wlebia saqarTveloSi momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebs qveyanaSi kartofilis elituri Tesli SemoaqvT, zogjer a
da b klasic, romelsac Semdgomi
reproduqciis mizniT, mcire raodenobiT urigeben fermerebs.
saqarTveloSi Semotanili erTi
tona aseTi Tesli 1100-1200 evro
jdeba. aseTi Tanxa saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi fermerebis 85%-isTvis miuwvdomelia, amitom Tavs
uflebas ver aZleven, isargeblon elituri saTesle masaliT.
amis gakeTeba SeuZliaT mxolod
im fermerebs, romlebsac zurgs
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi
umagreben. aseTebi ki cotani arian. Tumca sxvisi daxmarebis imedad didxans gaCereba ar SeiZleba,
amitom aucilebelia saqarTveloSi Seiqmnas kartofilis elituri Teslis warmoebis kompania.
romelic laboratoriasTan erTad fermerebs elituri saTesle
masaliT moamaragebs. fermerebs
unda SeuqmnaT iseTi pirobebi,
rom adgilze warmoebul elitur
TeslSi maT gadaixadon imdenive,
an naklebi, rasac ixdis holandieli Tu germaneli fermeri Tavis
qveyanaSi.
aRsaniSnavia rom, dReisaTvis
saqarTveloSi warmoebuli kartofilis elituri Tesls bazris
1%-sac ver uWiravs. amitom aucilebelia saqarTveloSi daiwyos
adgilobrivad uviruso kartofilis elituri Teslis warmoeba, rac xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi
mekartofileobis ganviTarebas,
rac pirvel rigSi xels Seuwyobs
adgilobriv mosaxleobas, qarTvel fermerebs kartofilis mosavlianobisa da Semosavlebis
gazrdaSi. qveyana ki miiRebs adgilobrivi warmoebis SedarebiT iaf
da xarisxian produqts.
saqarTvelos teqnikuri
universitetis bioteqnologiis
centris direqtori:
maia kuxaleiSvili
mecnier TanamSromlebi:
nino murvaniZe, eka bulauri
7
აგრო ქიმია
აგროქიმია
qimiis roli soflis meurneobaSi
gasuli saukunis meore naxevridan, msoflio masStabiT soflis meurneobis sferoSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda qimiuri elementebisa da
naerTebis gamoyenebis maCvenebeli. niadagebis nayofierebis Semcirebis gamo, soflis meurneobis dargis mecnierebi da specialistebi,
mosavlianobis amaRlebis mizniT, iZulebuli gaxdnen, sxvadasxva meTodebiT gaamdidron niadagebis struqtura da nayofiereba. bolo
periodSi mkafiod gamoikveTa erT-erTi aseTi mimarTuleba, romelic
cnobilia „soflis meurneobis qimizaciis” saxeliT.
„qimizacia” zo gadad samecnie ro-teqnikuri prog resis erTerTi mimar Tulebaa, romelic
da fuZ nebulia sxvadasxva sferoSi, qimiuri nivTierebebis,
procesebis da meTodebis gamoye ne baze.
soflis meurneobaSi dRes qimizaciis Semdegi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia:
— makro da mikro mineraluri
sasuqebis da sakvebi fosfatebis
warmoeba;
— mcenareTa dacvis qimiuri saSualebebis (herbicidebis, zoocidebis, inseqticidebis da a.S.)
gamoyeneba;
— niadagSi, misi struqturis gaumjobesebis mizniT, kiris, TabaSiris da sxva nivTierebebis Setana;
— mcenaris zrdisa da msxmoiarobis stimulatorebis gamoyeneba memcenareobaSi.
— polimeruli masalebis warmoeba da gamoyeneba soflis meurneobaSi;
— soflis meurneobaSi ekologiurad sufTa produqtebis warmoebis meTodebis danergva;
— cxovelebis produqtiulobis
gazrda stimulatorebiT da specialuri sakvebi danamatebiT.
8
I. sasuqebis gamoyeneba da maTi
klasifikacia
mineraluri sasuqebis gamoyenebis efeqturoba mniSvnelovnad
maRalia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
isini gamoiyenebian paralelurad
sxva agroteqnikur RonisZiebebTan erTad. xangrZlivi eqspluataciis Sedegad niadagi gaRaribda. es problema msoflio masStabisaa. niadagebs ukan ar ubrundeba mineraluri nivTierebebis 90%,
romelic maTgan mcenareebis mier
gamoiwoveba.
dedamiwaze mosaxleobis zrdam
sakvebi produqtebis warmoebis
mniSvnelovani zrda ganapiroba,
ramac Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia niadagidan sasargeblo mineraluri
nivTierebebis gamotana da Sesabamisad maTi gamofitva. aseTi niadagebi gvaZleven dabali biologiuri xarisxis sakveb nivTierebebs, romlebic Sesabamisad amcirebs adamianebis energias da maT
sicocxlisunarianobas. rogorc
aRvniSneT niadagebis struqturisa da nayofierebis amaRlebis
erT-erTi iZulebiTi mimarTuleba qimiuri nivTierebebis gamoyenebaa, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom
soflis meurneobaSi mineraluri
sasuqebis da pesticidebis aras-
wori da zedmeti doziT gamoyeneba aseve mniSvnelovan uaryofiT
efeqts gvaZlevs, vinaidan is miRebul produqciaSi nitritebis da
nitratebis siWarbes, aseve wyalsacavebis, zRvebisa da okeaneebis
dabinZurebas iwvevs.
soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli sasuqebi Semdeg jgufebad iyofa: mineraluri, organuli, organo-mineraluri da baqteriuli.
mineraluri sasuqebi — araorganuli nivTierebebia (ZiriTadad
marilebi), romlebic Seicaven
mcenarisaTvis aucilebel sakveb elementebs. maTi miReba xdeba
araorganuli nedleulis qimiuri
an meqanikuri damuSavebiT. isini
Semadgenlobis mixedviT iyofian:
azotovan, fosforovan, kaliumian da mikrosasuqebad (boris, molibdeniani da sxva).
organuli sasuqebi — romlebSic mcenarisaTvis saWiro mkvebavi elementebi aris mcenareuli
da cxoveluri warmoSobis nivTierebebSi (nakeli, torfi, fekaliebi, komtini, sakvebi narCenebi da
sxva).
organo-mineraluri sasuqebi —
erTdroulad Seicavs organul
da mineralur nivTierebebs. maTi
miReba xdeba organuli nivTierebebis (torfis, mura naxSiris,
fiqalebis), amiakis da fosforis
mJaviT damuSavebis Sedegad, an
organuli nivTierebebis (torfis
an nakelis) fosforovan sasuqebTan SereviT.
baqteriuli sasuqebi preparatebia, romlebic Seicaven niadagis organuli nivTierebebis mafiqsirebel
აგროქი მია
mikroorganizmebs (azotobaqteriebi, niadagis nitragini da sxva).
agregatuli mdgomareobis mixedviT sasuqebi SeiZleba iyos:
— myari; — Txevadi; — suspenzia.
agroteqnikuri zemoqmedebis mixedviT isini SeiZleba davyoT:
pirdapir, irib, mcenaris zrdis
maregulirebel preparatebad.
II. pirdapiri zemoqmedebis sasuqebi uSualod mcenaris kvebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. isini Seicavs
azots, fosfors, kaliums, magniums, gogirds, rkinas da mikroelementebs (B, M, Cu, Zn).
pirdapiri zemoqmedebis sasuqebi iyofa: a) martiv, romlebic Seicavs kvebis erT-erT elements:
azots, fosfors, kaliums, molibdens da a.S. eseni Tavis mxriv isini
iyofian:
azotovan sasuqebad, romlebic
gansxvavdeba azotis naerTebis
formiT (amiakuri, nitratuli,
amiduri, maTi narevebi da sxv.);
fosforovan sasuqebad, romlebic Tavis mxriv iyofa wyalSi da
organul mJavebSi maTi xsnadobis
mixedviT.
wyalSi xsnadi sasuqebia: hidrofosfatebi; wyalSi uxsnadi sasuqebi (precipitatebi) ixsnebian
limonis mJavisa da misi marilebis
xsnarebSi. wyalSi Znelad xsnadi
sasuqebi (fosforituli fqvili
da martivi superfosfati).
— kaliumiani sasuqebi iyofa:
nedl marilebad (kainitisa da
silvinitis marilebi), koncentrirebul marilebad, romlebic
miRebulia bunebrivi kaliumis
marilebis (KCL, K2SO4) gadamuSavebiT, nacari (merqnis da torfis)
K2CO3 (potaSis) Semcveli.
— mikro sasuqebi teqnikuri naerTebia, romlebic Seicavs mikroelementebs B (OH)3; H3BO3; amoniumis molibdati (NH4)2MO4 da sxva.
b) kompleqsuri sasuqebi: Seicavs
or mkvebav elements mainc.
III. iribi zemoqmedebis sasuqebi
gamoiyeneba niadagze qimiuri, fizikuri, mikrobiologiuri zemoqmedebisa da sasuqebis gamoyenebis
pirobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT.
magaliTad, niadagis mJavianobis
ganeitralebisaTvis gamoiyeneba
dafqvili kirqva, dolomiti, Camqrali kiri, niadagis mJavianobis
asamaRleblad gamoiyeneba natriumis hidrosulfiti (NaHSO3).
IV. niadagis qimiuri melioracia
niadagis qimiuri melioracia
tardeba maRali mJavianobis an
tutianobis SemTxvevaSi. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi tardeba mokirianeba
(CaCO3) xolo meore SemTxvevaSi
moTabaSireba (CaSO4 2H2O).
V. mcenareTa dacvis qimiuri saSualebebi.
yovelwliurad mavneblebis, sarevelebis da sxvadasxva daavadebebis gamo msoflio mosavlis 24%
kargavs. soflis meurneobis zarali yovelwliurad 70 miliard dolars aWarbebs, amitom mavneblebTan, sarevelebTan da daavadebebTan sabrZolvelad soflis meurneobaSi iyeneben aTeul aTasobiT
tona pesticidebs. rac yovelwliurad asiaTasobiT tona mosavlis
SenarCunebis saSualebas iZleva.
daniSnulebis mixedviT pesticidebi iyofa:
— inseqticidebad (mavne mwerebTan sabrZolvelad);
— fungicidebad (mcenarisa da
niadagis sokovani daavadebebis
samkurnalod);
— herbicidebad (sarevelebis gasanadgureblad);
— baqteriocidebad (mavne mikroorganizmebis mosapoveblad);
— zoocidebad (mRrRnelebis mosaspobad);
— sqesobriv atraqtantebad (mavneblebis satyuara da maTi ganadgureba);
— repelentebad (mavne mwerebis
SesaSineblad da mcenaridan mosaSoreblad);
— hemosteriliantebad (mavne
mwerebis sterilizaciisaTvis).
pesticidebis farTo masStabiT
gamoyeneba iZleva ara marto mosavlianobis zrdas, aramed iwvevs
iseT uaryofiT movlenebs, rogoricaa: gareuli cxovelebis daRupva mindvrebis pesticidebiT
damuSavebis gamo; pesticidebis
gamoyenebis Semdeg mavneblebis
masiuri gamravleba; pesticidebisadmi Seguebuli mavneblebis gamravleba.
bunebaze pesticidebis mavne zegavlenis Semcireba SesaZlebelia
mavneblebTan brZolis Semdegi meTodebis gamoyenebiT:
— karantinis meTodi (mavneblebis gavrcelebis SezRudva);
— seleqciuri meTodi (mcenareebis da cxovelebis iseTi jiSebis
gamoyvana, romlebic uZlebs avadmyofobas da mavneblebs);
— agroteqnikuri meTodi (niadagis damuSaveba, Teslbrunvis SemoReba da a.S.);
— qimiuri meTodi (axali pesticidebis Seqmna, maRali amorCevis
da Semdgomi daSlis unariT);
— fizikuri meTodi (ultrabgeriTi, ultraiisferi da sxva);
— biologiuri meTodiT (mavneblebis entomofagebis da parazitebis gamoyeneba; mtacebeli da mwerebis mWameli frinvelebis da ZuZumwovrebis gamoyeneba; mavneblebis
9
აგრო ქიმია
avadmyofobis gamomwvevi mikrobebis da virusebis gamoyeneba).
VI. pesticidebi
pesticidebi warmoadgenen sxvadasxva qimiur nivTierebebs, romelTa daniSnulebaa mavne organizmebis ganadgureba. pesticidebis ZiriTadi nawili warmoadgens
Sxamian nivTierebebs. pesticidiT
mowamvla damRupvelia frinvelebisaTvis, vinaidan frinvelebi
ufro metad mgrZnobiareni arian Sxamqimikatebis mimarT. pesticidebiT mowamvlis SemTxvevaSi
frinvelis kvercxis naWuWi Txeldeba da is advilad tydeba. pesticidebi uaryofiT zegavlenas axdenen adamianis janmrTelobaze.
mecnierebis mier dadgenilia, rom
pesticidebis TiTqosda „uvnebeli” kvali sakveb produqtSi adableben avadmyofobisadmi adamianis
winaaRmdegobis unars. organizmSi
didi raodenobiT dagrovebis SemTxvevaSi isini iwveven alergias,
diaTezs da sxva daavadebebs.
pesticidebis umravlesoba miiReba sinTezuri gziT. maTi gamoyeneba rTulia da araerTgvarovani, erTis mxriv advilad movspobT
mavneblebs da sarevelebs, meores
mxriv isini uaryofiTad moqmedeben mcenareul da cxovelur samyaroze, maT Soris adamianzec. yvela
ganviTarebul qveyanaSi pesticidebis gamoyeneba kanoniT reglamentirebulia, praqtikulad gamoiyeneba mxolod met-naklebad
usafrTxo preparatebi. qimiuri
pesticidebis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia mxolod maSin, roca biologiuri preparatebi Sedegs ar
gavZlevs.
herbicidebi — warmoadgenen specialur qimiur nivTierebebs, romelTa daniSnulebaa sarevelebis mospoba. moqmedebis xasiaTis
10
mixedviT isini arian masiuri da
amorCeviTi zemoqmedebis. masiuri
zemoqmedebis herbicidebi mTlianad spoben sxvadasxva saxis sarevelebs, xolo amorCeviTi zemoqmedebis herbicidebi spoben mcenareebis
mxolod garkveul jgufs da uvneblad toveben danarCenebs. pirveli
saxeobis herbicidebi gamoiyenebian
sarevelebis mosaspobad sawarmoo
obieqtebSi, aerodromebSi, saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo gzebis midamoebSi da sxva. amorCeviTi zemoqmedebis herbicidebi sarevelebisagan
kulturuli mcenareebis dasacavad gamoiyeneba.
herbicidebi iyofian or saxeobad: garegani zemoqmedebis herbicidebi, romlebic azianeben sarevelas miwiszeda nawils da Siga zemoqmedebis herbicidebi, romlebic mTlianad spoben sarevelebs.
amorCeviTi herbicidebis upiratesobas warmoadgens maTi gamoyenebis farTo areali, am SemTxvevaSi TviT kultura rCeba uvnebeli, xolo arasasurveli sarevela
mcenare nadgurdeba. ukanasknel
wlebSi praqtikaSi ufro metad gamoiyeneba amorCeviTi herbicidebi, vinaidan maTi gamoyeneba ufro
advilia da amave dros ekonomiuri. isini advilad spoben mravalwlian sarevelebsac ki, romelTac
gaaCniaT mZlavri fesvTa sistema.
fungicidebi — warmoadgenen
specialur qimiur nivTierebebs,
romelTa daniSnulebaa mcenareTa
sokovani daavadebebis mospoba da
saTesle masalis Sewamvla. fungicidebis gamoyenebis ZiriTadi
sferoa sokovani daavadebebisagan
xexilovani, marcvleuli da bostneuli kulturebis dacva. fungicidebi gamoiyeneba fitoftorozTan sabrZolvelad, isini advilad
spoben mcenaris foTlebze gavrcelebul sokovan sporebs.
kombinirebuli
fungicidebi
gamoiyenebian mcenaris daavadebebis droebiT (20-30 dRiT) SesaCereblad. fungicidebis gamoyeneba efeqturia alternariozis
winaaRmdeg. sokovani daavadebebi
mniSvnelovnad amcireben mosavlianobas, amave dros miRebuli
produqciis xarisxi dabalia. aseT
SemTxvevaSi fungicidebis gamoyeneba aucilebelia.
VII. usafrTxoebis wesebi pesticidebis gamoyenebis dros.
pesticidebis umravlesoba adamianis organizmSi kvebis dros an sunTqvis organoebisa da kanis meSveobiT xvdeba. pesticidebiT mowamvla
gansakuTrebiT saTesle masalebis
damuSavebis dros aris saSiSi, amitom yvela samuSao unda individualuri damcveli saSualebebis gamoyenebiT Catardes, pesticidebTan
muSaobis xangrZlivoba 4 saaTs ar
unda aRematebodes. 18 wlamde asakis mozardebis, aseve CvilbavSviani
da orsuli qalebis muSaoba pesticidebTan akrZalulia.
merab ebanoiZe.
qimiis mecnierebaTa doqtori
akaki wereTlis universiteti
მიწ ათ მოქ მედ ება
მიწათმოქმედებ
ა
viwyebT saqarTvelos niadagebis
Sesaxeb masalebis gamoqveynebas.
dRes gTavazobT mTa-mdelos
da yomrali niadagebis
aRwerilobas.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli niadagebi
da maTi aRwera
mTa-mdelos niadagebi
yvelaze gavrcelebuli niadagebia saqarTveloSi. saerTo farTobi Seadgens 954.000 ha, rac mTeli
teritoriis 14,1% udris. gavrcelebulia kavkasionis da amierkavkasiis samxreT mTianeTis subalpur da alpur zonaSi, zRvis donidan 1800 metridan - 3500 metramde. emijneba mTa-tye-mdelos niadagebs.
xasiaTdeba aradiferencirebuli profiliT. profilis Senebaa: A-BBC-C. misi ZiriTadi diagnostikuri maCvenebelia kargad gamoxatuli humusovani horizonti, mcire an saSualo simZlavre. niadagi xasiaTdeba gakordeboT zedapiridan, muqi Seferilobis
aramyarwvrilmarcvlovani humusovani horizontiT,
momkvrivo iluviuri horizontiT, xirxatis sakmao
SemcvelobiT, siRrmiT qanis namtvrevebis gadidebuli SemcvelobiT. mJave an sustad mJave reaqciiT, maRali (iSviaTad saSualo) da Rrma humusirebiT, higroskopuli wylis maRali SemcvelobiT, moculobiTi
woniT 0,95-1,18 farglebSi, Tixnari an Tixa meqanikuri
SedgenilobiT, STanTqmis dabali da saSualo tevadobiT, aramaZRrobiT. niadagebi saSualod uzrunvelyofilia (0-10) da Raribia (10-20) hidrolizebadi
azotiT, mdidaria STanqTmuli fosforiT da saSualod uzrunvelyofilia (0-10) da Raribia (10-20) gacvliTi kaliumiT.
kordis darRvevis (ZiriTadSi mouwesrigebeli Zovebisas) SemTxvevaSi izrdeba eroziuli procesebis
saSiSroeba.
yomrali mJave niadagebi
maTi saerTo farTobi saqarTveloSi 10,1 % Seadgens (6827,4 kvadratuli kilometri). es niadagebi
farTodaa gavrcelebuli rogorc aRmosavleT da dasavleT, ise samxreT saqarTveloSi zRvis donidan 800
(900) m-dan 1800 (2000) m-mde. dasavleT saqarTveloSi
es niadagebi esazRvreba yviTel-yomral da mTa-tyemdelos, xolo aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTveloSi
- yavisfer da mTa-tye-mdelos niadagebs. tyis yomrali mJave niadagebi xasiaTdeba aradiferencirebuli
profiliT, zogjer profilis Sua nawilis gaTixebis
Sedegad adgili aqvs teqsturul diferenciacias.
profils Semdegi Seneba aqvs: A0 - A — Bm- C. maTi ZiriTadi diagnostikuri maCvenebelia metamorfuli
gaTixebuli Bm horizontis arseboba.
yomrali mJave niadagebi xasiaTdeba: genetikur horizontebze susti diferenciaciiT, profilis metneklebad monotonuri yomrali SeferilobiT, kargad gamoxatuli mkvdari safaris arsebobiT, mJave
reaqciiT, profilis mTeli sisqis gaTixebiT, leqis
fraciis susti gadaadgilebiT profilis mixedviT,
humusis saSualo SemcvelobiT, STanTqmis saSualo
tevadobiT, aramaZRrobiT. saSualod uzrunvelyofilia an mdidaria saerTo da saSualod - hirolizuri
azotiT, saSualod uzrunvelyofilia an mdidaria saerTo da Raribia an saSualod uzrunvelyofilia SesaTvisebeli fosforiT, mdidaria saerTo kaliumiT
da saSualod uzrunvelyofilia gacvliTi kaliumiT.
arsebobs wylismieri eroziis saSiSroeba.
11
საერთა შორისო სე
საერთაშორისო
სემინარი
მინ არ ი
xorblis seleqciis saerTaSoriso seminari
saqarTveloSi - globaluri gamowvevebi da
axali teqnologiebi xorblis warmoebaSi
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON WHEAT BREEDING IN GEORGIA –
GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND NEW APPROACHES IN WHEAT PRODUCTION
At May 24-25, 2012, Georgian
Agrarian University in Tbilisi
and Lomtagora LTD in
Marneuli hosted the seminar
“Global Challenges and
New Approaches in Wheat
Production” organized by
International Maize and
Wheat Improvement Center
(CIMMYT) and International
Center for Agricultural
Research in the Dry Areas
(ICARDA). The presentations
were given by the leading
specialists of CIMMYT and
ICARDA as well as of host
organizations and other
national entities.
12
2012 wlis 24-25 maiss saqarTveloSi marneulis raionSi, Sps „firma
lomTagoras“ meurneobaSi da saqarTvelos agraruli universitetSi,
simindisa da xorblis gaumjobesebis
saerTaSoriso centris (CIMMYT) da
mSrali regionebis sasoflo-sameurneo kvlevis saerTaSoriso centris (ICARDA) organizaciiT gaimarTa
xorblis seleqciis saerTaSoriso
seminari, Temaze „globaluri gamowvevebi da axali teqnologiebi xorblis warmoebaSi”. seminarSi monawileobas iRebdnen rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve saerTaSoriso organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi, doqtori
aleqsi morgunovi (CIMMYT) simindisa da xorblis kvlevis saerTaSoriso centridan, doqtori zakir
xalikulovi da doqtori ram Sarma
საერთაშორი სო სემინა
საერთაშორისო
სემინარი
რი
(ICARDA) mSrali regionebis soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso samecniero centris
regionuli xelmZRvanelebi, doqtori elxan alievi azerbaijanis miwaTmoqmedebis institutis
mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli,
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis
akademiis, agraruli univesitetis, saqarTvelos soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministros
warmomadgenlebi, fermerebi da
agraruli kompaniebis mesveurebi.
seminaris pirvel dRes 24 maiss
sxdoma Sps „firma lomTagoras”
meurneobaSi, sadac monawileebma
xorblis meTesleobis ganviTarebasa da axali teqnologiebis
danergvasTan dakavSirebiT prezentaciebi warmoadgines, aseve Catarda xorblis saseleqcio
masalebisa da sawarmoo jiSebis
daTvaliereba.
25 maiss samuSao Sexvedra gagrZelda miwaTmoqmedebis institutsa da agrarul universitetSi. miwaTmoqmedebis institutis
bazaze (mcxeTa, werovani) moxda
saseleqcio masalisa da genbankis
koleqciis (xorblis qarTuli endemuri da sawarmoo jiSebi, saxeobebi da saxesxvaobebi) SeswavladaTvaliereba.
Sexvedraze aseve ganixiles koncefcia Sps „firma lomTagoras”
meurneobisa da saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb.
13
ფიტოსან იტა რი ა
ფიტოსანიტარია
qeris nacrisadmi gamZleobis wyaroebis gamovlena
(2009-2011 ww. kvlevis Sedegebi)
qers, rogorc marcvleuls saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. is mohyavT sasursaTod, amitom am kulturisadmi
interesi msoflioSi dRiTidRe
izrdeba. saqarTveloSi, sadac
qeris seleqcias mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs, mniSvnelovani
yuradReba eTmoba jiSebis daavadebebisadmi gamZleobis gazrdas,
vinaidan, sokovani, baqteriuli da
sxva daavadebebi, yovelwliurad
iCenen Tavs, pirdapir zemoqmedeben mosavlianobaze da did zians
ayeneben fermerebs.
qeris sokovan daavadebaTa Soris mavneobiT qeris nacari gamoirCeva. misi gamomwvevi lumeria
(Erisiphe) graminis f.sp. hordei
viwro specializaciis obligati parazitia, romelic ZiriTadad azianebs mcenaris foTlebsa
da Reroebs, xolo epifitotiisas (romelic daaxloebiT yovel
10 weliwadSi 2-3-jer meordeba),
TavTavis qerqlsa da fxebsac ki.
aRmonacenis fazaSi maRali intensiobiT daavadebisas mcenare
iRupeba. nacriT gamowveuli mosavlis danakargi 10-15%, zogjer
ki 35%-40%-ia (Кривченко,1975.
Atzema,1998,Ceccarelli, 1991).
qeris nacari saqarTveloSi sistematiurad aRiniSneboda. misi
gavrcelebisa da ganviTarebis intensioba cvalebadobda 10%-90%
da 5%-70% farglebSi meryeobda,
rac gansxvavebuli mikroklimaturi pirobebisa da infeqciis
14
sawyisi formebis sxvadasxva raodenobiT aixsneba (sixaruliZe,
cecxlaZe 2008).
qeris nacarTan brZolis meTodebidan yvelaze efeqtiani gamZle
jiSebis gamoyvanaa, rac xangrZlivi kvleviTi procesia da dakavSirebulia paTogenis virulentobis genofondis dadgenasTan da
gamZleobis efeqturi wyaroebis
gamovlenasTan.
winamdebare naSromSi 2009-2011
wlebSi qeris nacris qarTuli populaciis mimarT, xelovnur da
bunebriv infeqciur fonze, qarTuli da ucxouri seleqciuri
masalis imunologiuri Sefasebis
Sedegebia mocemuli.
gamZleobis wyaroebis gamosavlenad sacdeli nimuSebi saerTaSoriso meTodikis mixedviT fitopatologiis institutis sacdel mindorze gamoicada.
xelovnuri infeqciuri fonis
Sesaqmnelad gazafxulze, bartyobis fazaSi Catarda mcenaree-
bis inokulacia. sainokulaciod
gamoyenebuli iyo saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva zonaSi aRebuli nimuSebidan gamoyofili sokos populaciebis narevi. inokulacia daavadebis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayrel pirobebSi sporebis SefrqveviT tardeboda. daavadebis gamovlenis Semdgom ganxorcielda
samjeradi aRricxva. daavadebis
ganviTarebis xarisi, originaluri Skalis mixedviT, vizualurad
dgindeboda (Гешеле1978). reaqciis tips vsazRvravdiT meinsisa da
ditcis saerTaSoriso Skalis mixedviT. am Skalis mixedviT R—gamZle reaqcia moicavs 0,1,2 gradaciebs, xolo S -mimRebiani reaqcia3,4 gradaciebs (Mains, Deitz 1930).
cdebis Sedegad dadginda, rom
gamocdili yvela qarTuli jiSebi
mimRebiana nacris mimarT. mxolod
xuT hibridul formas: „zes4”x
alaverdi, seret 43 x „zes4”, „zes4”
x yazbegi, seret43 x mutant 19
xk12, „zes4” x yazbegi x alverdi
cxrili 1. qeris nimuSebis imunologiuri Sefaseba zrdasrul fazaSi
nimuSi(jiSebi) reaqciis tipi
alaverdi
“zes 4”
zes “5”
axalTesli
ZvelTesli
dvorani
alaverdi2
TeTnuldi
iveria
qerSveli
bazaleTi
miraJi
tokaki
laverda
dabrinia-3
lara
mixailo
kondezimi
kosima
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
MR
S
S
S
MR
MR
nimuSi (hibridebi)
reaqciis tipi
“zes4”x alaverdi
“zes4”x jvari
seret 43 x ”zes4”
”zes4” x yazbegi
alaverdi x ”zes4”
seret43 x mutant19
TeTnuldi xalaverdi
”zes4” x yazbegi x К5
seret43 x k12 x alverdi
seret43 x mutant19 x k12
seret43 x mutant19 x jvari
”zes4” x yazbegi x alverdi
“zes4” x mutanti19 x
alverdi
“zes4” x yazbegi seret43
MR
S
MR
MR
S
S
S
S
S
MR
S
MR
S
S
ფიტოს ან იტარი ა
ფიტოსანიტარია
aRmoaCnda gamZle reaqcia. Semotanili jiSebidan ki gamZle reaqcia aRmoaCnda jiSebs: laverdas,
kondezimas da kosimas.
igive nimuSebis gamZleoba nacris mimarT Sefasda agraruli
universitetis i. lomouris miwaTmoqmedebis institutis sacdel nakveTze, bunebriv infeqciur fonze.
cdebiT dadginda, rom gamosacdelma nimuSebma msgavsi gamZleobis
reaqcia aCvenes, rogorc bunebriv,
ise xelovnur infeqciur fonze.
cisana cecxlaZe
doqtoranti, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis samecniero centris fitopaTolioogiisa da
biomravalferovnebis mimarTuleba
mzeinab salariZe
s/me
meurneobis mecnierebaTa
doqtori agraruli
universitetis i.lomouris
miwaTmoqmedebis instituti
მებოსტნეობ ა
მებოსტნეობა
TeTrTaviani kombosto - BR. CAPITATA (L) LIZG
movla-moyvanis teqnologia
saqarTveloSi yvelaze metad TeTrTaviani saadreo,
saSualo saadreo da sagviano kombostos jiSebia gavrcelebuli. kombosto Zvirfasi sasursaTo kulturaa, iZleva uxv mosavals, xangrZlivad inaxeba, gamZlea
araxelsayreli pirobebis mimarT, kargad itans transportirebas da misi gamoyeneba, nedlad Tu gadamuSavebuli saxiT, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba.
TeTrTaviani kombosto orwliani mcenarea. pirvel wels mcenare sxvadasxva formis da zomis, 3-dan
10-12-kg-mde Tavs iviTarebs. meore wels Tavebis
dargvis Sedegad mcenare Zlier (1,75 metramde) swor
Reros iviTarebs da ikeTebs Tesls. erTi saTesle
mcenaridan saSualod 40-70 grami kondiciuri Tesli miiReba. heqtarze iZleva 40-60 tona mosavals. Semodgomaze aRebuli Taviani kombosto sacavebSi 6-7
Tvis ganmavlobaSic kargad inaxeba.
Taviani kombostos agroteqnika
TeTrTaviani kombostosaTvis niadagis ZiriTadi
da Tesviswina (rgviswina) damuSaveba, sxva bostneuli kulturebis msgavsad, ZiriTadad SemodgomiTa
da gazafxulze warmoebs.
igi ganviTa rebisaTvis sakveb nivTierebebs ufro meti ra o deno biT mo iTxovs vidre, sxva bos tneuli kultura, amitom misi didi mo sav li sa da
uxvi Teslis misa Rebad ma Ralna yo fieri, gakulturebuli, swor zeda piria ni sar wya vi niadagebi
unda Seir Ces.
kombostosTvis kargi winamorbedi kulturebia:
kartofili, pamidori, mravalwliani da erTwliani
balaxebi, kitri, xaxvi da sxva. kombosto Tavis mindors unda daubrundes 2-3 wlis Semdeg.
Semodgomaze yovel heqtarze mofantviT unda Sevides 50—60 t. saqonlis gadamwvari nakeli, amasTanave umjobesia rTuli sasuqis Setana 350—400 kg/ha,
amis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi Cveulebriv mineraluri
sasuqebidan kombostos sWirdeba 2—3 c/ha amoniumis gvarjila, aseve 3—4 centneri superfosfati da
1,5—2,0 centneri kaliumis mariliT. azotiani sasuqis 3/4 wili umjobesia SevitanoT gadargvamde, xolo 1/4¼me-2 an me-3 Toxna-kultivaciis dros.
Tesva da movlis samuSaoebi
CiTilebis gamosayvanad
Tesli umTavresad Ria saCiTile kvlebSi unda daiTesos. Tesvis win is unda Seiwamlos, Tesva unda Catardes gadargvamde 40—50 dRiT adre,
specialurad gamzadebul organuli sasuqebiT
ganoyierebul saCiTile kvlebze. Tesvis win niadagis mavneblebis da sxvaTa winaaRmdeg unda Sevides misatyuebeli masala, an CaiToxnos bazudini,
nakveTi damarkerdes da kombosto mwkrivebSi 8—10
sm daiTesos. Tesvis Semdeg niadagi unda moitkepnos da maSinve moirwyas.
erT heqtarze dasargavad sakmarisi CiTilis miiReba 150—200 kvadratul metr farTobze SeiZleba.
mwkrivebi vegetaciis periodSi 2-3 jer unda gaimarglos da gafxvierdes, mavneblebis winaaRmdeg wamloba tardeba 1-2 jer, rwyva ki regularulad, raTa
niadagi ar gamoSres. mineraluri sasuqebiT gamokaxali agraruli saqarTvelo
15
მებოსტნეობა
veba xdeba 2-3 foTlis fazaSi. CiTili gadasargavad
mzadaa, roca 5-6 foToli ganuviTardeba. misi dargva 20-25 maisidan iwyeba da ori kvira grZeldeba.
Cveni adgilobrivi jiSebi „borjomis ideali”, „likani” da „goruli braunSveigi” 70 sm X 50-60 sm. kvebis ariT irgveba.
gacdenili adgilebis gamorgva xdeba pamidoris
msgavsad. vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi saWiroa niadagis
damuSaveba 3—4 jer. pirveli gaToxna an kultivacia
tardeba gadargvidan 10-12 dRis Semdeg, danarCeni ki
saWiroebis mixedviT 10-15 dRis intervaliT.
kombostos morwyva vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi tardeba sul 8-10 jer. Tavebis daxvevis dasawyisidan
morwyva xSirad unda Catardes. mcenare daamTavrebs Tu ara Tavebis daxvevas, rwyva unda Sewydes,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tavebi daxeTqvas daiwyebs.
morwyva rekomendebulia kvlebSi miSvebiT, an dasxurebiT.
rwyilebis, TeTrulebis da sxva saxis mavneblebis
sawinaaRmdegod wamlobebi saWiroebis mixedviT, inseqticidiT 2-3 jer unda Catardes.
saTesleebis SerCeva da amoReba
(pirveli wlis agroteqnika)
saTesle kombostos Tavebi yinvebis dawyebamde unda aviRoT — daaxloebiT oqtomberSi, Tu yinva adrea mosalodneli, Tavebis aReba SeiZleba moxdes
mis dawyebamde. saTesleebad SeirCeva jiSisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli tipuri formis msxvili, mkvrivi,
dauxeTqavi, saRi Tavebi. saTesle mcenareebs murkebze koJrebi ar unda hqondes, radgan aq malulad
budoben xorTumas matlebi, romlebic Senaxvisas gareT gamodian da iwyeba murkis lpoba. amitom, aseTi
saTesled ar aiReba.saTesleebi unda amoviRoT fesvebianad bariT an bostnis fiwliT da sanaxebSi SevinaxoT. saTesleebi SeiZleba SevinaxoT tabelebad,
SuaSi lamis SevsebiT (fesvebze dayriT an lartyebze
direebSi fesvebis CamokidebiT)
kombostos saTesleebis amoRebamde vatarebT aprobacias, aseve dgeba Semodgomaze saTesleebis gadarCevis aqti calkeuli Tavebis aRniSvniT da inaxe-
16
ba. Senaxvis win saTesleebis Tavze vtovebT mxolod
gare, mwvane foTols, danarCens ki movacilebT da
saqonlis sakvebad gamoviyenebT.
1 ha kombostos nargavidan mzaddeba 1/3, anu heqtrisaTvis sakmarisi sargavi masala. saTesleebi metobiT unda SevinaxoT, radgan gamozamTrebisas nawili
Tavebisa fuWdeba. 1 ha-ze saTesleebis dasargavad
saWiroa 23-25 aTasi mcenare.
meore wlis agroteqnika
saTesle mcenareebi rac SeiZleba adre gazafxulze unda davrgoT. misTvis kargi winamorbedebia parkosnebi, pamidori, gogrovnebi da sxv. nakveTi unda iyos mzralad moxnuli, Setanili unda iqnas 40-60
t. organuli sasuqi an 5-6 centneri superfosfati,
1.5 -2.0 kaliumis marili da 3-4 centneri sulfatamoniumi, an amoniumis gvarjila.
mzralis saTanado damuSavebis Semdeg kombostos
mwkrivebSi vrgavT 70-80 santimetris daSorebiT,
mcenareebs Soris 60-65 sm.
saTesleebis momzadeba dasargavad
dargvas vatarebT amindze damokidebulebiT Teberval-martSi. dargvis win saTesleebi daxarisxdeba, gadairCeva da saukeTesoebi gadaitaneba mindvrad. mWreli daniT Tavze gavakeTebT konuss foTlebis waWriT. dargvamde saTesleebis murkebi unda
amovavloT axali nakelis wyalxsnarSi da davrgoT.
saTesle kombosto winaswar amoTxril ormoebSi
unda dairgos da miwa mietkepnos. ToxiT unda Semoeyaros miwa da gaukeTdes kokola. raTa mzis sxivebma miwis zemoT darCenili kombostos Tavebi ar
daazianos. dargvisTanave aucilebelia nargavis
morwyva. amiT niadagi mWidrod miekvreba murks da
Rero advilad ganiviTarebs fesvebs da saerTod,
wyali uzrunvelyofs kombostos gaxarebis maRal
procents.
movlis samuSaoebi
2-3 jer niadagis gafxviereba, mavneblebis da daavadebebis winaaRmdeg, brZola 2-3 jer (umTavresad
yvavilebisa da naskviWamiebis winaaRmdeg) sxvadasxva
fungicidebisa da inseqticidebis Sefrqveva, rwyva
2-3 jer, Reros akvra 1-2 jer da sxv.
kombostos Tesli sxvadasxva dros mwifdeba, amitom momwifebis mixedviT is ramdenjerme SerCeviT
unda aviRoT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tesli Caibneva da daikargeba. Teslis aReba unda daviwyoT
maSin, roca sayvavile Reroze Wotebi (parkebi) masobrivad Camwifdeba. pirvelad vWriT momwifebuli yvavilebis Reroebs da ase TandaTanobiT danarCens. moWrili Reroebi kargad unda SevkraT da
fardulSi CamovkidoT an kaloze gavSaloT gasaSrobad.
Tesls mTlianad maSin viRebT, roca saTesle parkebis momwifeba masobrivad daiwyeba. gavaSrobT,
gamovbegvavT, davaxarisxebT -gavwmendT da saerTo
wesiT SevinaxavT. Teslis mosavali ha-ze 2.5 -6,0 centneria.
სასარგ ებლო კულტურები
სასარგებლო
topinamburi da topinmzesumzira
topinamburi, romelsac saqarTveloSi miwavaSlas saxelwodebiT incoben, amerikuli warmoSobis mcenarea. igi Tavis samSobloSi mkvlevarebsa da mogzaurebs velurad mozardi dResac xvdebaT.
mcenaris saxeli braziliel indielTa tomis — topinambos saxelwodebidan warmosdgeba. am tomis indielebi frangma mogzaurebma evropaSi pirvelad 1618 wels Camoiyvanes (mcenaris gamoCenasac am periods
ukavSireben). kulinarebma male sxvadasxva, “saocari”, ase vTqvaT, prestiJuli kerZebis receptebi SeimuSaves da oficialur banketze maRali
rangis stumrebs swored “ucxo bolqvebisagan” damzadebuli egzotiukuri kerZebiT umaspinZldebodnen.
SemdegSi am mcenariT bevri mdidari miwaTmflobeli da mewarmec
dainteresda, maT Seiswavles misi
movla-moyvanis teqnologia da “moaSinaures” kidec. mecxoveleebmac
SeniSnes topinamburis Rirsebebi
da mis bolqvebsa da yuaTian mwvane
masas maRali Sefaseba misces. maT
aocebdaT esoden maRali mosavlianoba (Catarebulma gamokvlevebma
cxadyo, rom topinamburis naTesi
produqtiulobiT sjobnida imave
farTobze daTesili mzesumzirisa
da kartofilis produqtiulobas
erTad aRebuls, misi fotosinTezis intesivoba ki xorblis fotosinTezur intensivobaze orjer
ufro metad aRemateboda) da xeli
mihyves mis moSenebas.
Tavis mxriv arc memamuleTa pirad mkurnalebs gamorCeniaT topinamburis gamajansaRebeli da
samkurnalo Tvisebebi da amdenad,
es mcenare jer inglissa da safrangeTSi, Semdeg ki mTels evropasa da aziaSic gavrcelda.
am kulturis gavrcelebas TviT
romis papi da qristianuli eklesia
uwyobda xels. Catarebuli gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom topinamburis bolqvebi qimiuri SemadgenlobiT kartofils uaxlovdeba,
oRond masSi ZiriTadi nivTierebaa
ara saxamebeli, aramed inulini —
uazoto eqstraqtuli nivTiereba,
erTaderTi bunebrivi polimeri,
romelic hidroliziTac fruqtoza miiReba. swored amiT unda aixsnas is, rom diabetiT daavadebulni
(cxadia, mkurnalTa rekomendaciiT) xSirad Rebuloben topinambuივნისი, 2012
ris 2-3 bolqvs, 3-jer dReSi Wamamde 10 wuTiT adre.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom topinamburi ara marto amcirebs Saqris Semcvelobas sisxlSi, aramed
adamianis mxedvelobazec dadebiTad moqmedebs. mcenaris bolqvi
sasargebloa anemiiT daavadebulTaTvisac, vinaidan masSi rkinis
Semcveloba 3-jer ufro metia,
vidre kartofilSi.
bolqvebis Saqrianobaze did
gavlenas axdens mosavlis aRebis
vada: magaliTad, Tu oqtombris
pirvel ricxvebSi nayofSi Saqaris
Semcveloba 8% iyo, Tvis bolos
igi 19,4 %-mde gaizarda; aris calkeuli jiSebi, romlebic 20 procentamde Saqars Seicavs.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
topinamburisagan amzadeben samkurnalo yavas; risTvisac Txlad
daWrilsa da blanSirebul bolqvebs aSroben CrdilSi, xalaven da
fqvaven yavis safqvaviT.
damuSavebulia receptebi samkurnalo fqvilis, pastebis, Rvinis Zmris misaRebad.
topinamburis bolqvi saukeTeso sakvebia RorebisaTvis. mwvane masisagan damzadebuli silosi ki kvebiTi RirsebiT simindis
siloss aWarbebs. miwiszeda masa
gamoiyeneba mwvane sakvebad, rac
sagrZnoblad zrdis wveladobasa
da cximianobas.
mefrinveleobaSi topinamburi
amaRlebs kvercxmdeblobas; mas
iyeneben sakvebad, mecxvareobaSi,
mekurdRleobaSi, Tavisi kvebiTi
RirsebiT (utoldeba ra karto-
fils) igi 2-jer ufro Zvirfasia,
vidre sakvebi Warxali. ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos isic, rom kartofilisgan gansxvavebiT, mcenares
ver azianebs verc kolorados xoWo da verc fitoftora.
topinamburi, marTalia, erTwliani kulturaa, magram rogor
guldasmiTac ar unda vecadoT
misi bolqvebis amoRebas, isini mainc gvrCeba niadagSi sakmao raodenobiT da gazafxulze mcenaris
nazardi kvlav viTardeba. swored
amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom igi
erT adgilze 7-10 wels xarobs.
17
სასა რგებლ ო კულ
სასარგებლო
კულტურები
ტუ რე ბი
aris cnobebi, rodesac mis naTess
sawarmoo miznebisaTvis 40 wlis
manZilzec iyeneben.
topinamburis
mzesumzirasTan
SejvarebiT miRebulia sruliad
axali kultura —topinmzesumzira.
orive kultura iwyebs yvavilobas ivlis-agvistoSi da amTavrebs
seqtemberSi, amitomac isini mefutkreobaSi neqtris Segrovebis TvalsazrisiT fasdadebulni arian.
topinmzesumziras rigi jiSebis
mwvane nedli masa — 10,9-15,9 procents, xolo bolqvi 18,2-19,4 procent Saqars Seicavs. amasTan, mwvane
masis mosavlianoba sarwyav pirobebSi 100 tonamdea, bolqvisa ki 2040 tonis farglebSi meryeobs. TiTqmis analogiuri Sedegebi iqna miRebuli saqarTvelos pirobebSic.
orive kulturis bolqvebi gamoiyeneba diabetiT daavadebulTa dieturi kvebis racionSi. am
mizniT rekomendebuli norma Seadgens dReSi 80-500 grams. gansakuTrebiT efeqtianad iTvleba
salaTi da wvenebi. mzaddeba aseve
marinadebi; erTi sityviT keTdeba
yvelaferi: mJave, kompoti, muraba, Jele, marmeladi, piure da sxva.
am kulturebis mosavals aSroben,
fqvaven, acxoben da a.S.
dadgenilia, rom bolqvs axasiaTebs aRdgeniTi funqciebic, rac
metad mniSvnelovania maTTvis, visac aqvs nivTierebaTa cvlis darRveva; igi Seicavs vitamin biotins
da sisxlwarmomqmnel marilebs;
inulini bolqvs aZlevs sasiamovno gemos da simsuyes: es Tviseba
metad Zvirfasia im avadmyofTaTvis, romlebic ganicdian sistemuri SimSilis SegrZnebas.
fruqtozas emadlierebian rogorc Sua xnis adamianebi, aseve
— xanSiSesulnic, vinaidan igi ar
iwvevs aTeroklerozs. mas iyeneben tramvuli Sokis, distrofiis
dros, Tirkmlis moqmedebis regulirebisaTvis da sxva samkurnalo
preparatebTan erTad sxivuri daavadebis mkurnalobis mizniTac.
topinamburisa da topinmzesumzirisgan amzadeben spirts da biogazs; erT heqtarze aRebuli bolqvis gadamuSavebiT 5-7, xolo mwvane
masisgan 3-4 tona spirti miiReba.
bolqvebisgan mzaddeba maRalfruqtozuli samkurnalo vaJini.
18
ukanasknel wlebSi topinamburi
sazRvargareTeli mecnierebisa
da praqtikosebis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis centrSi imyofeba.
ungreTSi, germaniaSi, espaneTSi,
kanadaSi tardeba samuSaoebi am
kulturis sasursaTo mizniT gamosayeneblad. ungreTSi ukve daamuSaves teqnologia specialuri
koncentratis misaRebad, romlisganac diabetiT daavadebulTaTvis mzaddeba sxvadasxva saxis
sakvebi. espaneTSi topinamburisagan Rebuloben Saqars, spirts,
rZemJavas, Saqris gamosavali aq
heqtarze 40 tona tuberis mosavlianobis pirobebSi 6,5 tonaa. es
maCveneblebi ufro maRalia, vidre analogiur pirobebSi iZleva
Saqris Warxali da Saqris lerwamic ki.
germaniaSi topinamburi Saqris
mrewvelobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba, sawarmoo pirobebSi misgan miiReba kristaluri fruqtoza, vaJini, wveni, damuSavebulia sakiTxi
diabetiT daavadebulTa dietur
kvebaSi bolqvis da misgan miRebuli produqtebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (inulinoTerapia). am qveyanaSi topinamburi mecxoveleobaSi
sxvadasxva sakvebi produqtebis
miRebis mizniT farTod gamoiyeneba balaxis fqvili, granulebi
da sxv.
safrangeTSi, braziliaSi, aSS-Si,
koreaSi am kulturidan miRebul
produqtebs sawvavad iyeneben.
safrangeTSi misgan Rebuloben
spirts — eTanols, romlis gamosavlianoba (50 tona bolqvis mosavlianobis pirobebSi) Seadgens
42-49 heqtalitrs, maSin, rodesac
Saqris Warxali, kartofili, simindi —analogiur pirobebSi 30
heqtalitrs iZleva.
benzinTan spirtis (eTanoli)
12,5 — procentiani narevis gamoyeneba wvas aumjobesebs, amcirebs
Zravis gadaxurebas, mavne gamonabolqvs, sawvavis xarjs, amasTan,
Zravis simZlavrec izrdeba.
aSS-Si bolqvis garda naxSirwylebis misaRebad mwvane masasac
iyeneben. 16 procent simSralemde
miyvanili TiToeuli tona mwvane
masidan 83,2 litr spirts Rebuloben. gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom saSualo warmadobis baივნისი, 2012
სასარგებლო კულ
კულტურები
ტურე ბი
laxis fqvilis gamomSvebi qarxnis
uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa topinamburis 1.200, xolo spirtis
qarxnisaTvis 4.800 heqtari naTesi.
aiovas StatSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebiT, safuari spirtad gardaqmnis topinamburis Saqris 90
procents. erTi tona tuberidan
ki miiReba 105,8 litri spirti.
samxreT koreaSi Catarebul saerTaSoriso konferenciaze topinamburis biomasa aRiares, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
perspeqtiuli nedleuli energoresursebis misaRebad.
topinamburisa da topinmzesumziras agroteqnika TiTqmis
ar gansxvavdeba kartoflis agroteqnikisgan. isini mohyavT rogorc individualur, aseve sawarmoo nakveTebSi.
aRsaniSnavia rom, maTi bolqvebi Tovlis safaris qveS 30-40 graduss yinvas uZlebs da gazafxulzec Tanabar aRmonacens iZleva.
CvenSi, diRmis saswavlo-sacdel
meurneobaSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebiT, topinamburis jiSebidan
aSkarad gamoirCeoda jiSi “interesi”, xolo topinmzesumzirebs
Soris upiratesoba mieniWa jiSs
“virovskaias”; es ukanaskneli sakavSiro memcenareobis institustSi 80-ian wlebSi miiRes da rekomendacia gauwies warmoebaSi dasanergad.
darwmunebuli varT, rom aRniSnuli jiSebis danergva saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela sasoflo-sameurneo zonaSi xels Seuwyobs
araerTi mtkivneuli problemis
gadaWras.
skeptikosebi topinamburisa da
topinmzesumziras yvelaze did naklad Tvlian imas, rom TiTqos erTxel darguli mcenaris mospoba
SeuZlebeli iyos. am sakiTxis irgvliv Catarebulma gamokvlevebma ki
cxadyves, rom Tu mcenaris mwvane masa gaiTibeba yvavilobamde da Catardeba xvna (sasurvelia 5-10 dRemde),
nakveTs es saSiSroeba ar emuqreba.
tuberidan nakveTis ganTavisuflebis mizniT herbicidic efeqturad gamoiyeneba.
vinc gadawyvets topinamburisa
da topinmzesumziras warmoebas,
SeuZlia miakiTxos saqarTvelos
agaruli universitetis sakvebwarmoebisa da mecxoveleobis kaTedras, sadac garda bolqvebis,
saWiro konsultacias da praqtikul daxmarebas miiRebs.
ეს საინტერესოა
zogierTi ram `vagiu~ jiSsa da `marmarilosebr~ xorcze
teqnikasa da teqnologiebSi iaponiam rom saswaulebi moaxdina, yvelasaTvis cnobilia, magram winamdebare statia sruliad sxva sakiTxs, SeiZleba iTqvas, kidev erT iaponur saswauls, Zroxis marmarilosebr xorcs da misi miRebis meTods exeba.
„marmariloseburi” saxeli xorcs kunTebis mTel
moculoabaSi cximovani CanarTebis Tanabrad ganawilebis gamo miekuTvna. igi Zalian waagavs marmarilos
gadanaWers, mis fasadze ganawilebul ferTa Sreebs..
xorcis marmarilosebrobas specialistebi ganixilaven, rogorc am produqtis xarisxis Sefasebis
erT-erT ZiriTad komponents. Tvisebis mniSvneloba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Termuli damuSavebisas cximi
lRveba da mis adgils „xorcis wveni” ikavebs, rac produqts sinazes, sirbiles da cvrianobas aniWebs. am da
zogierTi sxva teqnologiuri Rirsebis gamo marmarilosebr xorcs didi komerciuli Rirebuleba aqvs.
jiSis saxeli “wagiu” Sedgeba ori sityvisagan: „wa“
niSnavs iaponurs, xolo „giu“ — Zroxas. literaturul wyaroebSi am jiSs xSirad uwodeben „kobe“-s
(“Cobe”), rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom is, ZiriTadad,
gavrcelebulia xegos prefeqturaSi, romlis administraciuli centri qalaqi kobea.
jiSi gamoyvanilia adgilobrivi iaponuri Zroxis evropul jiSebTan SejvarebiT. zogierTi monacemiT jiSis
CamoyalibebaSi aseve monawileoba miuRia koreul jiSsac. amasTan specialistebi aRniSnaven, rom 1910 wlidan
cxovelebs aSeneben xalasad, sxva jiSebis CaurTvelad.
vagiu warmodgenilia xuTi xazis (jilagis) cxovelebiT, romlebic erTmaneTisagan xorcis xarisxiT da zoივნისი, 2012
gierTi morfologiuri niSan-TvisebiT gansxvavdebian:
Tajima - tajiima, ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba rogorc
muSa pirutyvi da xasiaTdeba zrdis SedarebiT dabali intensiobiT, tanad saSualo sididisaa, magram saukeTeso xarisxis xorcs iZleva.
Tottori - totori, gamoiyeneba sasapalned, SedarebiT didtaniania, xasiaTdeba swrafad zrdis unariT,
magram xorcis xarisxi ar aris gamokveTilad erTgvarovnad marmarilosebri;
Shimane - Simane (simane), didtaniani, magram imavdroulad zrdis da xorcis xarisxis saSualo maCveneblebis mqone cxovelTa xazi — jilagia.
Kochu - koCu, wiTeli feris cxovelebis xazia.
Tvlian, rom masze koreulma Zroxam iqonia gavlena;
Kumamotto - kumamoto, aseve warmodgenilia wiTeli feris cxovelebiT. mas aSeneben kunZul kumamotoze, saZovrebiT mdidar regionebSi;
19
mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom yvela am xazis cxovelebi xasiaTdebian kunTis boWkoebsa da konebs Soris
cximovani qsovilis dagrovebis genetikuri midrekilebiT. amasTan, xorcis marmarilosebrobis maRali
efeqti miiReba ulufaSi iseTi komponentebis CarTviT
da Senaxvis iseTi uCveulo „elementebis“ gamoyenebiT,
rom SeiZleba specialistsac ki Rimili mohgvaros.
saqme is aris, rom xorcis marmarilosebrobas gansazRvravs rogorc cxovelis jiSi, aseve Senaxvis pirobebi, Taviseburi kveba („dieta”) da rigi sxva faqtoric:
1. meZuZur xbos zrdian Tavisuflad wovebis pirobebSi, Semdeg ki erT wlamde inaxaven saZovarze, xolo momdevno 500
dRis manZilze asuqeben marcvlovan sakvebze.
2. suqebisas Senaxvis pirobebi da
dRis ganawesi aseTia: cxovelebs
aTavseben individualur galiaSi; diliT sakvebad eZlevaT kargi
xarisxis marcvleuli, xolo SuadRes- 40 pintamde (473.176 mililitri) saukeTeso xarisxis ludi,
an sake.
fermerTa mtkicebiT ludi cxovelebSi aumjobesebs madas da xsnis SesaZlo stresul movlenebs.
stresis moxsnas aseve xels uwyobs cxovelis muclis
midamosa da kidurebis specialuri sqemiT masaJi, agreTve yoveldRiuri klasikuri musikis „seansebi“.
saxorced cxovelebs klaven sami wlis asakSi, vinaidan, Cveulebriv, ufro adreul asakSi xorcis marmarilosebroba ufro naklebadaa gamoxatuli.
iaponeli fermerebi, kvebis specialistebi da praqtikosi kulinarebi aRniSnaven, rom „msoflioSi sxvagan versad ver naxavT msgavsi xarisxisa da gemovnebis Zroxis xorcs”.
vagiu ar aris erTaderTi jiSi, romelic bunebrivad iZleva marmarilosebr xorcs. aseTi TvisebiT
xasiaTdebian britanuli warmoSobis saxorce produqtiuli mimarTulebis „SorThornis”, „hereforduli” da „aberdin-angusuri”, agreTve, franguli
limuzinuri jiSebis Zroxis xorci. magram iaponelebi aRniSnaven, rom namdvili „kobe-beef“ miiReba mxolod vagiu jiSis Zroxisagan.
vagius jiSis Zroxis xorci elitur restornebSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba steikis, agreTve iaponuri samzareulos iseTi kerZebis mosamzadeblad, rogoricaa
sukuiaki (sukiaki), shabu shabu (siabu siabu), sashimi
(saSimi), teppanyaki (tepaniaki) da sxv. aSS- s sasursaTo
maRaziebSi 1 kg vaguis tipis xorci
fasobs 64- dan 240 evromde;
marmarilosebr xorcze maRali moTxovnilebis gamo vagiu jiSis cxovelebi eqsportirebulia
msoflios 20- mde qveyanaSi. avstraliaSi, aSS- Si, britaneTSi da
CileSi Seqmnilia vagiu jiSis momSenebelTa anda vagiu tipis xorcis mwarmoebelTa asociaciebi.
icvleba da ixveweba gamozrda-suqebis teqnologiebi; ase, magaliTad, CrdiloeT uelsSi „erT-erTi fermeri marmarilosebri xorcis misaRebad sasuq mozards kvebavs
„wmindasisxliani sajdomi cxenis dietiT”; kerZod:
pirveli wels mozardi ikvebeba mxolod dedis
rZiT, Semdeg ki simindis marcvliT; amasTan, sajdomi cxenisagan gansxvavebiT cxovelebs aseve aZleven
luds. aRniSnaven, rom suqebisas sasurveli Sedegebis misaRebad „aucilebeli pirobaa cxovelebTan
mSvidi da keTilganwyobis urTierTobis damyareba”.
dasasrul, marmarilosebur xorcze saubrisas, ZiriTadad, mxedvelobaSi aqvT Zroxis xorci, Tumca am
TvalsazrisiT aris monacemebi sabekone da zogierTi universaluri produqtiuli mimarTulebis Roris, agreTve cxvris zogierTi jiSis xorczec.
გურმანთათვის
mo xar Su li Zex vis dam za de ba sax lis pi ro beb Si
Zexveulis nawarmi aris xorcis farSis, marilisa da saneleblebis
garsacmSi moTavsebuli erToblioba, romelic moxmarebamde Termulad unda damuSavdes. Zexveuli ZiriTad produqtTan (xorcTan) SedarebiT metad maRali kvebiTi RirebulebebiT xasiaTdeba. Zexvis warmoeba saSualebas gvaZlevs produqtis sawarmoeblad gamoviyenoT gamxdari pirutyvis vargisi xorcic.
moxarSuli Zexvis saxelwodeba
misi damzadebis meTodidan warmodgeba, radgan is mxolod ixarSeba da ar iboleba.
rogor mzaddeba moxarSuli Zexvi: Zroxis xorcs vWriT 200-300
20
gramian naWrebad, gadaurevT mas
marilis da selitris narevs, ise,
rom yovel 10 kg. xorcze modiodes 300 grami marili da 10 grami selitra. aseT mdgomareobaSi
myof xorcis naWrebs momwifebis
mizniT 2-3 dRis ganmavlobaSi vinaxavT gril da mSral adgilas.
yovel 10 kg xorcis farSSi unda
Sediodes 7 kg. Zroxis xorci; 2kg.
Roris naxevradcximiani xorci; 1
kg. Spiga; 1 Wiqa — 250 grami kartofilis fqvili; 1 Cais kovzi Saqari
da 2-3 kbili saSualo sididis niori. farSis momzadebamde Zroxis
da Roris xorcs cal-calke vatarebT wvril cxauraian xorcsakepSi orjer mainc.
Zroxis xorcTan erTad vataივნისი, 2012
გურმანთათვის
rebT, winaswar daWril niors. miRebul farSs gatarebis
procesSi TandaTanobiT vamatebT civ wyals (daaxloebiT 2 litrs) saxamebels da wiwakas. saxamebeli ukeTesia,
winaswar gavxsnaT wyalSi da ise davamatoT farSs. Semdeg
kargad gadaurevT da amis mere vumatebT xorcsakepSi gatarebul Roris xorcs, Semdeg erTad kargad gadavurevT
da bolos davamatebT Spigas. dasamatebel Spigas momzadeba ki Semdegnairad xdeba: Spigis naWers Wrian 0,5 sm.
sisqis fenebad, rasac awyoben erTmaneTze da maT kvlav
Wrian gardi-gardmo 0.5 sm-is sigrZeze. miRebuli Spigis
kubikebs awyoben erT rigze da Wrian Suaze. daqucmacebul Spigas ureven farSSi. Semdeg iwyeba winaswar momzadebul nawlavSi, romelic daWrilia 30-35 sm. sigrZeze,
farSis Catenva. daWrili nawlavis erTi bolo Sekrulia
kanafiT.
farSis nawlavSi Catenva xdeba Semdegnairad: nawlavis
Ria bolos kedlebi Semokrulia Tunuqis milis erT boloze. am milSi xelis da TiTebis saSualebiT SehyavT xorcis farSi, xolo mas nawlavis mimarTulebiT gadaadgileben milSi moZravi dguSis meSveobiT.
dguSi gakeTebulia xisgan da misi diametri Seesabameba Tunuqis milis diametrs, ise, rom SigniT Tavisuflad
moZraobdes. nawlavi SeiZleba SevavsoT sxva meTodiTac,
magaliTad: xorcsakepze miamagreben Tunuqisgan gakeTebul masras, romelsac aqvs Zabris forma, romlis yelic
Sedis nawlavSi, diametriT 2-3 sm. xorcsakepidan iReben
cxaurs da farSis Cadeba xdeba xorcsakepSi, saidanac farSi masris gavliT avsebs saZexve nawlavs.
mas Semdeg, rac farSiT nawlavis Catenva damTavrdeba,
kanafis meSveobiT keTdeba batonis gadaxveva, simagrisa
da formis SesanarCuneblad.
Tu garsacmad gamoyenebulia wvrili nawlavi, maSin nawlavis meore bolos uerTeben, abamen ukve Sekrul bolosTan da Zexvis batoni iRebs rgolis formas. amisTvis Tavidan orive bolos abamen erTad, xolo Semdeg cota moSorebiT kvlav Semoaxveven batons kanafs.
Tu Zexvis batonze farSis Catenvis Semdeg aRmoCnda romelime adgilas patara buSti, romelSic aris haeri, is
adgili unda gavxvritoT nemsiT an wvrili sagniT. Zexvi
rom ufro gemrieli miviRoT da garegnuladac kargad gamoiyurebodes, saWiroa Zexvis batonebi SevawiTloT erTi
saaTis ganmavlobaSi cxeli bolis saSualebiT. SeiZleba
SewiTlebis magier movaxdinoT maTi gaSroba RumelTan an
sadme Tbil adgilas.
Zexvis batonebis xarSva mimdinareobs wyalSi 80-85COze, romelic kontroldeba TermometriT. Tu Termometri ar gvaqvs, maSin sasurvel temperaturad SeiZleba
miviCnioT is momenti, rodesac dro da dro wyali SeinZreva da buStebs amouSvebs. xarSvis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia Zexvis batonis sidideze: wvrili Zexvis batonebs xarSaven 40-50 wT; msxvilebs 1.5 sT, xolo ufro
msxvilebs ki — 3 sT. Zexvis batonis xarSvis damTavreba
SeiZleba gavigoT Termometris saSualebiTac, Tu batonis siRrmeSi temperaturam miaRwia 70CO e.i xarSva damTavrebulia. xarSvis Semdeg Zexvis batons gril adgilas
Camokideben da acieben.
marina CaCaniZe, zaqaria cxvedaZe,
soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtorebi
21
აგროტექ ნ იკა
აგროტექნიკა
MASHCIO-GASPARDO-s
SP xazis zusti Tesvis pnevmaturi saTeselebi:
SP DORADA; SARA; ST STELLA; SI SIMONA da SILVIA
PNEUMATIC SEEDLINGS
OF EXACT SOWING
OF “MASHCIOGASPARDO” SP LINE:
SP DORADA; SARA;
ST STELLA; SI SIMONA
AND SILVIA
Sowing SP element is the
result of prolong work of
Italian company MASHCIOGASPARDO. It is intended
for sowing cultivated
ground by different
cultures. It’s advantage
are: easiness of using,
durability and exactness in
sowing.
It is characterized by
improved technology
which gives perfect result.
Because one of the most
important reasons of great
harvest is the quality of
sowing.
CamTesi SP elementi italiuri
MASHCIO-GASPARDO-s
-s mravkompania MASHCIO-GASPARDO
alwliani muSaobis Sedegad Seiqmna.
igi gankuTvnilia kultivirebul
niadagebze sxvadasxva kulturebis
dasaTesad. misi upiratesobebia: gamoyenebis simartive, gamZleoba da
Tesvis sizuste. misi mTavari Rirseba da maxasiaTebelia Tesvis daxvewili teqnologia, romelic saukeTeso Sedegs iZleva, radgan uxvmosavlianobaze erT-erTi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba sworad Tesvis
xarisxs aqvs.
am saTes agregatebs mravali konfiguraciis elementi da sxvadasxva
CarCoebi aqvT, (fiqsirebuli, teleskopuri da mbrunavi) romelic
sxvadasxva saxis sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis maRal doneze Tesvas uzrunelyofs. mocemuli elementi aseve gankuTvnilia arasakma-
risad kultivirebuli niadagebisTvis.
agregati Teslis CasaTes kvals
CamTesis meSveobiT akeTebs, amasTan erTad CaTesvis siRrme ganisazRvreba CarCos paralelogramis
sistemiT, meSveobiTa da meqanikuri
cilindris ukana maregulirebeli
TvlebiT.
CamTesis mTavari upiratesobebia:
CamTesi mowyobiloba damzadebulia cveTisadmi gamZle foladisagan,
romelic aRWurvilia ioladSesacvleli saregulirebeli beltsamsxvrevi gamanawilebeli korpusisgan,
igi mTlianad aluminisaa.
sasuqis momfantveli
moculobiTsaTesiaparatiMINIMAX-i
iolad regulirdeba da heqtarze 50700 kg diapazonis sizustiT anawilebs sasuqs.
centralizebuli regulireba, moxerxebuli da swrafi SPEEDY SET!
moculobiTi saTesi aparati SOFT
FEEDER granulebis dauzianeblad
anawilebs produqts: silikonis
elementi da plastikatis korpusi
mis xangrZliv eqsploataciis garantias iZleva da icavs koroziisgan.
mikrogranulatori
mikrogranulirebis aparati damatebiT gamoiyeneba granulirebuli
sasuqebis, an niadagSi sadezinfeqcio
saSualebebis Sesatanad.
monitori
monitorze meqanizators SeuZlia
daakvirdes: damuSavebul zedapirs,
gaakontrolos Tesvis sizuste, Tesvis sixSire (Teslis raodenoba yovel kv.m.), nawilobriv an srulad (ha)
aRricxos damuSavebuli farTobi,
daakvirdes rigebis avtomatur moniSvnas da sxv.
22
აგროტე ქნიკ ა
XERION - simZlavre, komforti, inteleqti
XERION CAPACITY, COMFORT,
INTELLECT
Demand for modern
tractors is increasing
uninterruptedly.
Together with
capacity of tractor
great importance has
also it’s universalism.
“XERION” is the
tractor of German
company KLAAS. It
can absolutely satisfy
the modern market
demands.
XERION is a new and
the most capable
tractor of company
KLAAS. It has the
improved motion
mechanism and
automatic system.
In the article is told
about the advantages
and superiorities of
this XERION which
make it distinguished
of other tractors.
Tanamedrove traqtorebze wayenebuli moTxovnebi ganuwyvetliv izrdeba. amJamad udides yuradReba marto manqanis wevis simZlavres ki ara,
aramed mis universalurobasac aqceven. dRevandeli bazris moTxovnebs
srulad pasuxobs germanuli kompania СLAAS-is traqtori XERION.
XERION aris kompania СLAAS-is
axali, yvelaze mZlavri traqtori
usafexuro siCqaris gadacemaTa kolofiTa da srulyofili savali meqanizmiT. es mxolod nawilia im Taviseburebebisa, romlebic gamoarCeven
mas sxva traqtorebisgan. am manqanis
damuSavebis dros didi yuradReba
eqceva mis mravalfunqciurobas.
XERION-is Sasi mTlianCarCoiani
konstruqciisaa. wevis Zalis gadacema xdeba Tanabari zomis mqone oTxi
TvaliT, maTze wonis efeqtiani gadanawilebiT (53% wina Tvlebze 47%
ukana Tvlebze). sakidi mowyobilobis
damagreba SesaZlebelia traqtoris
wina da zeda nawilSi, rac sxvadasxva
teqnologiuri procesis Sesrulebis saSualebas iZleva da ganapirobebs traqtoris universalobas.
XERION-i ramdenime modifikaciis
mzaddeba. isini erTmaneTisgan kabinis
ganlagebiT gansxvavdebian: XERION
Trac, Xerion trac VC, Xerion Sadle Trac.
XERION Trac sabaziso variantia, misi gamoyeneba rekomendebulia, ro-
gorc sawevari traqtoris. am tipis
manqanebSi kabina ganlagebulia centralur nawilSi, rac ganapirobebs
karg xilvadobas, rogorc wina, ise
ukana mimarTulebiT.
XERION Trac VC Tavisi koncefciiT ufro universaluria. misi kabina
brunvadia. sawyis mdgomareobaSi kabina ganlagebulia centrSi, mobrunebis
Semdeg traqtoristi xvdeba ukana RerZis zeviT, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs
kargad uTvalTvalos sakidi iaraRis
muSaobas Tibvis, mulCirebis da sxva
samuSaoebis — Sesrulebis dros.
Xerion Sadle Trac variantis SemTxvevaSi kabina ganlagebulia traqtoris wina RerZis zeviT; am SemTxvevaSi
traqtoris ukana nawilSi rCeba Tavisufali adgili Txevadi sasuqis avzebisTvis, an saTesi masalis da fxvieri sasuqebis bunkerebis gansaTavseblad. traqtoris tvirTamweoba 23
tonamde aRwevs.
traqtori Xerion-isTvis Zravebs amzadebs firma Caterpillar. Zravs aqvs 8,8
litri moculobis eqvsi cilindri,
grildeba haeriT.
kompania СLAAS-i momxmarebels Zravis or variants sTavazobs: XERION
3300, nominaluri simZlavre 305 cx.Z
maqsimaluri simZlavre 335 cx.Z., miiRweva 1600-1800 br/wT. dros. maqsimaluri mbrunavi momenti Seadgens
1500 w.m. 1500 br/wT-is dros.
23
აგროტე ქ ნიკა
XERION-i 3800 nominaluri simZlavre 344 cx.Z da
maqsimaluri simZlavre 379 cx.Z. 1800 br/wT-is dros
miiRweva 1400 br/wT-is dros.
traqtoris transmisia sakmarisad martivi konstruqciisaa. XERION-i aRWurvilia mudmivi sruli amZraviT. gadacemaTa kolofi simZlavris gantotvili
nakadiT da siCqareTa diapazoniT 5-dan 50- km/sTmde, regulirdeba usafexurod, didi diapazoniT da
brunvaTa ricxvisgan damoukideblad.
eleqtronuli marTvis sistema uzrunvelyofs Zravis da gadacemaTa kolofis erToblivi muSaobis optimizacias. traqtorists moeTxoveba mxolod siCqaris SerCeva, danarCen operaciebs avtomaturi sistema asrulebs. manqanas mcire wevis Zalis saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi Zravi muSaobs ekonomiur reJimSi, dabal
brunvaTa ricxvze da wevis mcire xarjiT. Tu saWiroa
mniSvnelovani wevis Zala, eleqtronuli sistema avtomaturad zrdis traqtoris mwarmoeblobis Zalas.
XERION-i aRWurvilia hidravlikuri sistemiT
Hoad-Sensing. am sistemis upiratesobaa ori mZlavri
regulirebadi tumbo, romlebic saWiroebis mixedviT iZleva zeTis zust raodenobas. erTi tumbo kvebavs manqanis samuSao agregatebs: zeTiT gagrileba,
saWis marTvis meqanizmi da samuxruWe sistema. meore tumbo mTlianad emsaxureba hidravlikur, sakid
sistemas. maqsimaluri samuSao weva — 200 bari, zeTis
maqsimaluri miwodeba — 190 litri wuTSi. zeTis avzis moculoba 130 litria. traqtoristis gankargulebaSia ormagi qmedebis hidrogamanawilebeli.
zeTis miwodeba da dro SesaZlebelia vareguliroT
usafexurod, kompiuter „Gebis”-is meSveobiT.
mtkice CarCo da sruli amZravi
sxva standartuli traqtorebisgan gansxvavebiT,
romlebzec Zravi da transmisia zogjer asruleben
gadamtan funqcias, XERION-is seriis traqtorebze
gvaqvs mTlianCarCoiani konstruqcia. Zravi da gadacemaTa kolofi integrirebulia CarCosTan, sakidi sistemis rxevebis CaxSoba xdeba demferiT. aseTi
konstruqciis upiratesobas warmoadgens is, rom
manqanas SeuZlia didi datvirTvis atana. XERION-is
masa Seadgens 13 tonas, xolo mindorSi eqsploataciis dros is SeiZleba daitvirTos 36 tonamde.
konstruqtorebma SeZles CarCos konstruqciis
srulyofilad gamoyeneba, masSi Camagrebulia wina
da ukana sakid-amwevi meqanizmebi.
XERION-is orive RerZi marTvadia, rac manqanas maRal manevrulobas aniWebs. saburavebis tipisagan
damokidebulebiT traqtoris mobrunebis meqanizmi
daaxloebiT 12 metrs Seadgens.
Sesasrulebeli samuSaos mixedviT traqtorists
SeuZlia SearCios marTvis nebismieri SesaZlebloba:
— wina TvlebiT asfaltian gzaze saimedo moZraobis uzrunvelsayofad;
— yvela TvliT (gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saWiroa
maRali manevruloba);
— „kiborCxalisebri” svla, niadagze meqanikuri zemoqmedebis Semcirebis mizniT, Tesviswina damuSavebis an Txevadi nakelis (wunwuxis) Setanis dros.
ferdobze muSaobis dros meqanizators „joistikis” saSualebiT SeuZlia areguliros ukana Tvlebis nakvalevi.
XERION-is traqtorze aris paraleluri moZraobis
sistema, romelic dafuZnebulia CPS teqnologiaze.
kompania CLAAS-is sistema „CPS Pilot” klientebs sTavazobs manqanis marTvis sxvadasxva signalebs da variantebs. survilis SemTxvevaSi es sistema SeiZleba
traqtorze pirdapir qarxanaSi damontaJdes.
kabina „nasesxebia” marcvleulis amRebi kombainisgan. kompania CLAAS-s gaaCnia kabinebis konstruirebis mdidari gamocdileba, rac gamoixata XERION-is
seriis traqtorebze. kabina komfortulia, aqvs kargi xilvadoba. saWis dgari regulirdeba meqanizatoris simaRlis da moTxovnis Sesabamisad, amis garda
kabinaSi aris kondincioneri da moxerxebuli savarZeli. traqtors aqvs 14 maSuqi fari, rac meqanizators komfortulad muSaobis saSualebas aZlevs.
mravalfunqciuri berketis da Cebis terminalis
saSualebiT xorcieldeba manqanis yvela funqciis
kontrolireba. berketis saSualebiT meqanizators
SeuZlia 16 funqciis marTva. manqanis sxvadasxva sistemis awyobis xarisxi da muSaoba SeiZleba advilad
da swrafad Semowmdes da daregulirdes manqanis
bort-kompiuteris Cebis-is meSveobiT.
universaloba da wevis Zala
kompania CLAAS-ma, traqtor XERION-is gamoSvebiT,
Seasrula universaluri traqtoris Seqmnis sawarmoo programa. mZlavri Zravi, romelic uzrunvelyofs mniSvnelovan wevis Zalas, usafexuro amZravi
da oTxi Tanaziari zomis Tvlebi akmayofilebs mZime
niadagebze muSaobis moTxovnilebebs. XERION-is seriis traqtorebi saukeTeso sawevarebia 12 metramde
modebis ganis Tanamedrove kompaqturi diskoebian farcxebis da kultivatorebisTvis. traqtoris
sruli amZraviani sistema mosabrunebel zolSi uzrunvelyofs maRal manevrulobas da simartives.
nugzar ebanoiZe
teqnikis mecnierebis doqtori, profesori
24
ალტე რნატი ული ს
ალტერნატიული
სათბობი
ათბ ობი
gaTbobis Tanamedrove saSualebebi
saqarTvelos regionebSi Tbomomaragebis teqnologiuri done Zalzed arasaxarbieloa. sawvavi resursebi da misi efeqtianad gamoyenebis
saSualebebi, xSirad xelmiuwvdomelia, rac mosaxleobis umravlesobas tradiciuli, dabalefeqtiani gaTbobis sistemebis gamoyenebisken
ubiZgebs. Sedegad, momxmareblis yofiTi pirobebi sezonurad uaresdeba, sasaTbure meurneobebis ganviTareba ferxdeba da garemosac
aunazRaurebeli zarali adgeba.
winamdebare statiaSi, mogiTxrobT tradiciuli sawvavis efeqturi
gamoyenebisa da Tanamedrove sawvavis warmoebis teqnologiebze, risi
aTviseba umokles xanebSi SegviZlia. misi danergviT ki ixeirebs, rogorc soflis meurne da moagarake, ise bunebac da biznes seqtoric.
pirolizuri Rumeli
am tipis Rumelis muSaobis principi advili gasaazrebelia: sawvavis (magaliTad, SeSis) wvis procesi or etapad mimdinareobs. tradiciul RumelebSi, wvis Sedegad
gamoyofili xis gazebis umetesi
nawili ver aswrebs wvas da sakvamuris gavliT atmosferoSi gaityorcneba. pirolizuri Rumeli
ki sawvavs myar da airad nawilebad
Slis (am Tvisebis gamo, pirolizur Rumelebs gazis generirebad
qvabebsac uwodeben) da Tioeulis
cal-calke wvas uzrunvelyofs.
procesi maRal temperaturaze
mimdinareobs, ris Sedegadac vRebulobT maqsimalur siTbos da
minimalur narCenebs, rogorc namwvis, ise gamonabolqvis saxiT. am
tipis Rumelebi mxolod upiratesobebiT gansxvavdeba tradiciuli gaTbobis saSualebebisgan, igi
moxerxebulia rogorc sacxovrebeli saxlis (wylis radiatorebis
sistemiT), ise Cveulebriv sasaTbure meurneobis sasurveli siTbos uzrunvelsayofad,
Rumelis efeqtiani muSaobis
process (pirolizs) RumelSi haeris miwodebis wesi uzrunvelyofs, rasac raime rTuli teqnologiuri detalebi an mikrosqemebi ki ara, Rumelis konstruqcia
ganapirobebs, ris Sesaxebac informacia farTod aris warmodgenili internet sivrceSi. aseTi
Rumelis damzadeba saTanado masalis arsebobis pirobebSi, inJinივნისი, 2012
ruli unarebiT dajildovebul
moyvarulsac ki SeuZlia. cxadia,
praqtikaSi arsebobs aseTi Rumelebis sxvadasxva modifikaciebi,
romelTa specifika Rumelis simZlavreze, sawvavis tipze da avtomatizaciis xarisxzea damokidebuli, magram ZiriTadi niSanTvisebebi yvelasTvis erTnairia.
Tuki konstruqcia xarisxianad
aris Sesrulebuli, Rumeli mxolod erT mkacr moTxovnas uyenebs
momxmarebels: sawvavis simSrale!
es aucilebeli pirobaa misi efeqtiani muSaobisTvis. Tuki pirolizi sawvavs myar da airad nawilebad Slis (gancalkevebuli wvisaTvis), nedli SeSis gamoyenebis dros
gamoyofili orTqli airebis wvas
aferxebs. didi odenobiT orTqli agreTve vnebs TviTon konstruqciasac da mis naadrev cveTas
iwvevs. arsebobs maRalxarisxiani
seriuli warmoebis pirolizuri
Rumelebi, romlebic am problemas mainc umklavdeba, magram amis
gamo maTi Rirebuleba izrdeba,
xolo gaTbobis efeqtianoba klebulobs. amitom, nedli sawvavis
gamoyeneba gaumarTlebelia. miT
umetes, rom sawvavis moTxovnil
simSraleSi igulisxmeba ara absoluturi simSrale, aramed 18-25%
tenianoba — es is maCvenebelia,
rasac SeSa bunebrivad, ramdenime
Tvis ganmavlobaSi mSral adgilas
Senaxvisas aRwevs.
pirolizuri Rumelis damzadeba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, saSu-
kustarulad, sakuTari
moxmarebisTvis damzadebuli
pirolizuri Rumeli
rjer
r ufro
r Z
r jdeba,
b
alod or
Zviri
vidre tradiciuli Rumelisa. am
xarjTa sxvaobas, misi ekonomiurobis wyalobiT, moxmarebeli,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, pirvelive weliwads inazRaurebs.
aseTi Rumelebis warmoebas saqarTveloSi didi perspeqtiva
aqvs, rac SesaZlebelia biznes
seqtorisTvis sakmaod sarfian
saqmianobad iqces. rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, maTi damzadeba raime rTul teqnologiebs, an ZviradRirebul nou haus ar ukavSirdeba, rasac adgilobrivi mewarme
alRos ver auRebs da, Sesabamisad,
importirebul
produqciasTan
konkurireba gauWirdeba (rogorc
es gazis gamaTboblebis bazarze
xdeba, sadac Cexuri, germanuli,
Tu sxva ucxouri kompaniebis produqcia dominirebs).
saqarTvelos geografiidan gamomdinare, soflebisa da saagarake dasaxlebebis didi nawili
mTian da maRalmTian regionebSia
ganlagebuli. am garemoebas, xSirad, xe-tyis siuxvec erTvis Tan.
aseTi adgilebis didi nawilis gazificireba, uaxloesi 10-15 wlis
ganmavlobaSi, naklebsavaraudoa,
rig SemTxvevebSi, ubralod gamoricxulic ki. amis garda, bunebriaxali agraruli saqarTvelo
25
ალტე რნ ატიუ ლი ს
სათბობი
ათ ბო ბი
12 saaTSi erTxel gaavsos Rumeli
nebismieri formisa da zomis (ramdenadac Rumeli daitevs) SeSiT
Tu sxva myari sawvaviT da Rame
mSvidad iZinos.
profesionalis mier saamqroSi
damzadebuli pirolizuri Rumeli
vi airis
r s in
nfras
r struq
r qtura
r su
s lac
ar sTavazobs momxmarebels ufro
iaf alternativas. energetikaSi arsebuli tendenciebidan gamomdinare, bunebrivi airis fasi,
droTa ganmavlobaSi, erTmniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba — savaraudod,
arc gazifikaciis proeqtebis Rirebuleba SenarCundeba dRevandel niSnulze. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sxva
qveynebSi, bazris sakmaod msxvil
segments mouwevs an tradiciuli
gaTbobis saSualebebiT dakmayofileba, an inovaciuri teqnologiebis SeZena. pirolizuri Rumelebi swored am ori komponentisgan, tradiciisa da inovaciisgan
Sedgeba. gamWriaxi biznesmenisTvis savsebiT naTelia, rom aseTi
niSan-Tvisebis mqone produqti
yovelTvis kargad iyideba.
dasasruls, unda iTqvas, rom
tradiciuli Rumelis udides samomxmareblo naklad SeSis xSirad
miwodebis aucilebloba saxeldeba. momxmarebeli iZulebulia, saSualod, yovel 3-4 saaTSi erTxel
miawodos SeSa. es garemoeba Zalzed arasasiamovnoa, gansakuTrebiT RamiT, miT umetes, rodesac
adamiani dasasveneblad adis agarakze da waramara SeSis SekeTebis
perspeqtiva sruliad ar xiblavs.
pirolizur RumelSi SeSa xangrZlivad da srulad iwvis, rac saSualebas aZlevs momxmarebels, yvelaze martivi modifikaciis Rumeli SemTxvevaSic ki, saSualod
26
bio sawvavis granulebi da
briketebi
bio sawvavSi igulisxmeba xe-masalis, torfis, sasoflo-sameurneo narCenebis, anu biologiuri
warmoSobis sawvavi, erTi sityviT
— biomasa. misi gamoyenebis mravalnairi formebi arsebobs (biogazi, biodizeli da a.S.), romelTagan Cven, teqnologiurad yvelaze
moxerxebul saSualebebze, granulebze da briketebze visaubrebT.
bio sawvavis granulebi da briketebi warmoadgens gamomSral da
dapresil biomasas, romelic nebismieri tipis myari sawvavis RumelSi (buxarSi, tradiciul SeSis
RumelSi, pirolizur RumelSi da
a.S) gamosayeneblad gamodgeba.
granulebsa da briketebs Soris
ZiriTad gansxvavebas maTi zomebi
da, Sesabamisad, maTi daqucmacebis xarisxi warmoadgens. granulebis moculoba kubur milimetrebSi izomeba, xolo briketebs
cilindris an aguris forma da
zoma gaaCniaT. orive SemTxvevaSi,
sawvavi ekologiurad sufTaa da
misi damzadeba aranairi danamatebis gamoyenebas ar saWiroebs.
warmoeba sami ZiriTadi etapisgan Sedgeba: daqucmaceba, gaSroba, dapresva.
dapresvis procesSi gamoiyofa
lignini, bunebrivi naerTi, romelsac mcenareebi Seicaven da
romelic wnevisgan rbildeba. swored lignini axdens daqucmacebuli masis Sewebebas da uzrunvelyofs granulebisa da briketebis
maRal simkvrives.
pirolizuri feCis warmoebis
msgavsad, am SemTxvevaSic saqme
gvaqvs SedarebiT xarjian, magram
martiv, advilad aTvisebad teqnologiasTan. biomasis daqucmacebis, gaSrobisa da dapresvis
RonisZiebebi ar moiTxovs nanoteqnologiebs da wamyvani inJinruli kadrebis dasaqmebas. rac Seexeba xarjebs da, Sesabamisad, mza
produqciis gasayid fasebs, maT
konkurentunarianobaze Tavad ba-
zari metyvelebs: mxolod sawvavi
granulebis evropuli bazari milionobiT toniT ganisazRvreba,
xolo zrdis tempebi orniSna maCvenebels aRwevs (mimdinare dekadis saSualo saprognozo wliuri
maCvenebeli 12%-s Seadgens). am
tipis sawvavis energetikuli Rirebuleba da moxmarebis simartive uaxlovdeba qvanaxSirisas, im
pirobiT, rom qvanaxSirisgan gansxvavebiT, saqme gvaqvs nulovan
mavne gamonabolqvTan da mizerul
narCenebTan . aseTi samomxmareblo
upiratesobebi imdenad moTxovnadia msoflio bazarze, rom sxvadasxva qveynebSi muSavdeba ar mxolod sameurneo narCenebis, aramed
mTliani xe-tyis nedleulad gamoyenebis proeqtebi.
cxadia, saqarTvelo ar aris xetyiT mdidari qveyana, amitom aseT
SemTxvevaSi aqcentis pirdapir xetyeze gakeTeba, ubralod gaumarTlebelia. magram saqarTvelos
soflis meurneobaSi uxvad rCeba
iseTi nedleuli, romlisganac bio
sawvavis granulebisa da briketebis warmoeba SeiZleba. magaliTisTvis, simindisa da mzesumziris
yanebSi, yovelwliurad, aTasobiT
tona sameurneo narCeni ikargeba, romelic am maRalmoTxovnadi
produqciis warmoebisTvis gamodgeba. xvna—Tesvis periodSi,
qarTveli meurne, xSirad, ubralod abrunebs am narCens niadagSi, ara imitom, rom es saukeTeso
agroteqnikur gadawyvetilebas
warmoadgens, aramed imitom, rom
am nedleuliT aravin interesdeba
seriuli warmoebis, Cexuri kompania
ATMOS-is
-is pirolizuri Rumeli
ალტე რნ ატიულ ი სათბობი
— Tuki biznesmeni am potencialis
efeqturad gamoyenebas SesZlebs,
mis sawvavis evropul bazaraze
gasvlas win veraferi daudgeba da
adgilobrivi bazris formirebasac safuZveli maleve Caeyreba.
SeSisa da sxva bio sawvavis
moxmarebis ekologiuri mxare
dRevandel saqarTveloSi xSirad saubaroben
ekologiaze.
garemos dacvisadmi didma yuradRebam, romelic gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi dasavleTis qveynebSi ganviTarda, fexi
CvenTanac moikida, rac Zalzed
misasalmebelia. Tumca, garemos mofrTxileba ar niSnavs garemos ar gakarebas — es ar aris
ubralo esTetikis sakiTxi, romelic gauTviTcnobiereblad,
TiTqmis sentimentalurad unda wydebodes. eko sistemas Tavis kanonebi da ganaxlebis cikli gaaCnia, romelSic adamianic
harmoniulad ewereba.
xe-tye, iseve rogorc nebismieri
mcenare dedamiwis zurgze, ganaxlebadi resursia. misi efeqtianad
moxmareba SesaZlebelic aris da
aucilebelic. axalgazrda xeebis,
tyis masivebis usistemo da gauTvleli gakafva arRvevs bunebriv cikls da klavs aRwarmoebis
unars, rac ara ubralod Secdoma,
aramed barbarosobaa, romelsac
win unda aRudges nebismieri Tanamedrove sazogadoeba. magram
tyis gamoxSirva, misi racionaluri moxmareba saSualebas gvaZlevs
visargebloT bunebrivi sikeTiT
da arc garemo davazianoT. nebismieri mcenaris wvis Sedegad zustad imdeni naxSirorJangi gamoiyofa, ramdenic man aiRo atmosferodan zrdis procesSi. anu, misi
wva ar „aCens“ aramed abrunebs
n SirorJangs, Tu procesiT ar
nax
v sargeblebT, mcenare, droTa
vi
g mavlobaSi, lpobis Sedegad
gan
m inc daabrunebs yvela saTbur
ma
g
gazs
atmosferoSi — es bunebriv jaWvia, Cven am jaWvis erTervi
T rgoli varT, romelTac arc
Ti
e
erT
ukiduresobaSi gadavardna
a dagvamSvenebs.
ar
biomasis energetikuli dan nulebiT gamoyeneba imdenad
niS
x sayrelia, rom gaCnda iseTi
xel
c bebi, rogoricaa erTwliani,
cne
T mravalwliani energetikuli
Tu
k
kul
turebi, energetikuli tyeebi, romelTa gaSenebac pirdap
pir
energetikuli miznebisTvis
x cieldeba. am realobis gamoxor
y neba saqarTvelosac SeuZlia
ye
— es CvenTvis momgebiani mimarTulebaa.
viqtor dundua,
energo politikis analitikosi
kvleviTi centri „regionika“
Современные Средства Отопления
ВИКТОР ДУНДУА,
Аналитик энергетической политики
Исследовательский Центр «Регионика»
В статье освещаются вопросы эффективного потребления биотоплива в виде
промышленных гранул (пеллет) и брикетов, а также в виде традиционного топлива (дров)
путём использования пиролизных печей в домашних и парниковых хозяйствах. Статья кратко
описывает технологическую сторону вопроса и информирует читателя об экономической и
экологической привлекательности данных направлений.
Modern Heating Technologies
VIKTOR DUNDUA,
energy policy analyst
Research Center “Regionica”
The article informs the reader about the efficiency of using biofuel in the form of wood pellets
and biomass briquettes as well as the usage of firewood in wood gasification boilers (pyrolisis
furnaces) for house and greenhouse heating purposes. The article describes the core technological
aspects of production process and provides the information about economic and environmental
attractiveness of such technologies.
27
მესო კო ვეობ ა
მესოკოვეობა
soko kalmaxas kultivirebis
intensiuri meTodi
lieTilenis parkebSi. Cveulebriv
namjas ara umetes 5 sm-s zomamde
specialuri damaqucmacebeli danadgarebiT aqucmaceben. saxlis
pirobebSi daqucmaceba SesaZlebelia nebismieri xelmisawvdomi
saSualebiT.
nawili II
mikro ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, kalmaxas kultivirebis gacilebiT gamarTlebuli formaa intensiuri meTodi. am SemTxvevaSi
kalmaxas nayofis miReba SeiZleba
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi da mosavlianoba nalkebad aris damokidebuli klimaturi pirobebis
sezonur cvlilebebze. sasaTbure
SenobaSi Seqmnil specialur pirobebSi, sxvadasxva substratebis
gamoyeneba, maTi Termuli damuSavebiT, ufro mokle teqnologiuri cikli maRali da stabiluri
mosavlianobis miRwevis saSualebas iZleva.
kalmaxas moyvanisaTvis saWiro
sruli teqnologiuri cikli Seicavs:
- substratis dasaqucmacebel
Senobas Seabamisi danadgariT.
- Senoba fermentaciisa da Termuli damuSavebisTvis saWiro
mowyobilobebiT;
- Senoba kalmaxas ganviTarebisa
da msxmoiarobisTvis;
- samacivro danadgarebi sokos
mosavlis Sesanaxad;
substratis momzadeba iyofa
ramdenime etapad:
daqucmaceba.
ba ganvixiloT xor-da
blis namjis magaliTze. daqucmacebis dawyebamde unda yuradReba
mivaqcioT, rom namja iyos oqrosferi da obis sunis gareSe.kompostis daqucmaceba saSualebas
gvaZlevs ufro efeqturad movaxdinoT misi Termuli damuSaveba
da kompaqturad movaTavsoT po-
28
dalboba
garkveuli raodenobis wylis
Sewovis mizniT daqucmacebul
namjas garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi alboben wyalSi. SemdegSi
zedmet wyals aSoreben dawurvis
an specialuri sawuri danadgarebiT, gamowurvis gziT. normalur
pirobebSi substratis optimaluri tenianobaa 70%-ia. dalbobis
dros xdeba namjidan wyalSi advilad xsnadi iseTi nivTierebebis
gamorecxva, romlebic warmoadgenen kalmaxasTvis konkurenti mikroskopuli sokoebis sakvebs. am
gziT vamcirebT iseTi konkurentebis ganviTarebis albaTobas,
rogorebic arian trixoderma, miokri da neospora. dalbobis dros
kargia Tu wyalSi davumatebT
0,02% fundazols, romelic xels
uSlis konkurenti mikroskopuli
sokoebis ganviTarebas.
Termuli damuSaveba
Termuli damuSavebis ZiriTadi
mizania substratSi konkurenti
mikroskopuli sokoebis mospoba,
romlebic mniSvnelovnad aferxeben kalmaxas ganviTarebas da
seriozulad amcireben mosavlianobas. garda amisa Termulad damuSavebul substrats gacilebiT
advilad iTvisebs kalmaxa, rac misi maRali mosavlianobisTvis erT
erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria.
arsebobs substratis Termuli
damuSavebis ori meTodi. 1966 wlidan mesokoveebis mier aqtiurad
gamoiyeneba steriluri meTodi,
romelic gulisxmobs maRali temperaturis da orTqlis wnevis qveS
substratis damuSavebas. sam saaTiani sterilizaciis dros fiqsirdeba 120 gradusi temperatura,
wneva ki-1,5 atmosferos aRwevs. am
SemTxvevaSi iRupeba substratSi
myofi yvela konkurenti mikroorganizmi. gaciebis Semdeg substratSi SeaqvT miceliumi
steriluri meTodis erT erTi uaryofiTi mxarea misi maRali
TviTRirebuleba masSi avtoklavis gamoyenebis aucileblobis gamo. amitom ufro xSirad iyeneben
arasterilur meTodebs.
arasteriluri Termuli damuSavebis mniSvnelovani meTodia
fermentaciuli meTodi. fermentaciis temperatura 70 graduss
ar aRemateba. am temperaturaze
praqtikulad ispoba konkurenti
mikroflora da Zlierdeba damcavi mikroflora, romelic xels uSlis konkurentebis ganviTarebas
da amiT xels uwyobs kalmaxas mier
substratis aqtiurad aTvisebas.
fermentaciis dros specialurad
mowyobil safermentacio kamerebSi
xdeba substratis sufTa haeriT da
temperturiT erTdrouli damuSaveba. am gziT substratis temperatura swrafad ayavT 60-70 gradusamde da am temperaturaze aCereben 12 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. am dros
xdeba substratis pasterizacia.
amis Semdeg mimdinareobs 72 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi pasterizebuli substratis TandaTanobiTi gaciveba 45
gradusamde. am SemTxvevaSi substratis tenianoba ar unda iyos 70-80
% -ze meti, raTa ar ganviTardes
lpobis baqteriebi. Tu tenianoba
iqneba arasakmarisi, mcirdeba fermentaciis efeqturoba. fermentaciis dros substratSi viTardeba
mikroorganizmebi, romlebic TavianTi cxovelyofelobis Sedegad
substratSi gamoyofen antibiotikuri Tvisebis mqone nivTierebebs,
riTac aferxeben konkurenti mikro
organizmebis ganviTarebas da piriივნისი, 2012
მეს ოკოვე ობა
მესოკოვეობა
qiT, xels uwyoben kalmaxas. fementaciis Semdeg civi gafiltruli
haeris miwodebiT substratis temperaturas sweven 25 gradusamde.
amis Semdeg substrati mzadaa masSi
miceliumis Sesatanad.
gacilebiT advili da naklebad
Sromatevadia Semdegi meTodi:
mduRare wyalSi yrian daqucmacebul namjas. am dros wylis temperatura mcirdeba masSi civi namjis moxvedris gamo. temperatura
namjis masis SuagulSi ahyavT minimum 75 gradusze da am temperaturaze aCereben minimum 1 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi. masTan aucileblad
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom drois
aTvla unda daviwyoT mas Semdeg,
rac tempertura namjis Sua gulSi 75 graduss miaRwevs. Secdomaa
roca drois aTvlas wylis temperaturis mixedviT iwyeben.
orive meTodiT damuSavebuli
substrati, rac SeiZleba sterilurad unda gacivdes, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi Termulad warmatebiT
damuSavebul komposti, konkurenti mikroorganizmebiT SeiZleba meoradad dainficirdes.
kalmaxas daTesva (inokulacia)
substratis oTaxis temperaturamde gaciebis Semdeg iwyeben
masSi miceliumis Setanas. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba 30
gradusze maRali temperaturis
substratis inokulacia. am SemTxvevaSi didia miceliumis daRupvis
riski. kalmaxas zrdisTvis optimaluria kompostis ph 5-6, tenianoba70-85 %.
miceliumi an fena-fena SeaqvT, an
da substratSi Tanabarad ureven.
substrats ereva misi moculobis
3-5% miceliumi. es yvelaferi Tavsdeba polieTilenis specialur
parkebSi. parkSi Cadeba xorcieldeba im gaTvliT, rom 1 metris simaRlis sokos specialur parkSi
13-18 kg. inokulirebuli komposti moTavsdes. rac ufro mZimea
parki, miT ufro metia mosalodneli mosavlianoba. Warbi teni (wyali) grovdeba parkis qveda nawilSi,
mis gamosadevnad parks aWrian qveda kuTxeebs. parkis zemoTa mxare
ixureba kanafiT an specialuri masaliT, rac meoradi inficirebis
albaTobas amcirebs.
amis Semdeg kompostian parkebs
aTavseben specialur cementis
iatakian da kedlebian SenobaSi,
romelic winaswar damuSavebulia
fungicidebiT (kirqlori, formalini, 3% iani Sabiamnis xsnari).
kedlebi SeTeTrebulia dauwvavi
kiriT. SenobaSi mowyobilia specialuri stelaJebi, romlebzedac
mza inokulirebuli kompostiani
parkebi ganTavsdeba, ise rom isini erTmaneTs ar Seexos da temperaturas sweven 20-21 gradusamde.
ori-sami dRis Semdeg miceliumi
gadasvlas iwyebs substratze da
oci-ocda xuTi dRis ganmavlobaSi mTlianad faravs mas. am dros
substrats aqvs TeTri feri. sayuradReboa, rom parkis SuagulSi
temperaturam ar unda aiwios 28
gradusze maRla. miceliumi kompostis aTvisebisas TviTonac gamoyofs siTbos, amis gamo SeiZleba
moxdes parkebis SigniT tempereturis TviTneburi zrda da kritikul zRvars gadaaWarbos da miceliumi daRupos. kontrolis mizniT ramdenime parkis (kompostis)
Sua gulamde SeyavT sakontrolo
Termometrebi, romelTa saSulebiTac xorcieldeba dakvirveba
kompostis Sida temperturaze.
gaTeTrebuli parkebi gadaaqvT
specialurad mowyobil fungicidebiT winaswar damuSavebul
SenobaSi, romelic uzrunvelyofilia ganaTebiT da sokos msxmoiarobisTvis saWiro mikro klimatis Sesaqmneli mowyobilobebiT.
miceliumis ganviTarebisaTvis
da mis mier kompostis aTvisebisaTvis optimaluri temperatura 24 gradusia. tenianoba 75-90
procenti. substratis aTvisebis periodSi sinaTle saWiro ar
aris. piriqiT, sinaTlis siWarbem
kompostis aTviseba SeiZleba Seaferxos. ventiliaciac saWiro
ar aris, am SemTxvevaSi garkveuli raodenobiT naxSirmJava gazi
xels uwyobs kompostis aTvisebas.
inokulaciidan ori-sami dRis Semdeg substrati iwyebs miceliumiT
dafarvas da aTvisebuli zedapiri moTeTro feris xdeba. imis da
mixedviT Tu ra raodenobis miceliumia Setanili komkostSi da ra
zomisaa bloki, parkis gaTeTrebas
sWirdeba 15 dan 25 dRemde. Zalze
didi raodenobiT miceliumis Setanam kompostSi da sainkubacio
blokSi maRalma temperaturam SeiZleba gamoiwvios qerqis anu egreTwodebuli stromis warmoqmna,
rac SeiZleba iqces mosavlianobis
mkveTri Semcirebis mizezad. blokis baqterialuri dasneulebis niSania myrali momJavo suni da tomrebidan didi raodenobiT myrali siTxis gamoyofa. konkurenti
sokoebiT blokis dasnebovnebis
niSania parkis zedapirze mwvane,
Savi da forToxlis feri laqebis
gaCena. aseTi parkebis aRmoCenisas
isini dauyovnebliv unda moSordes sainkubacio oTaxs.
dasawyisi ix. # 5,
gagrZeleba iqneba
29
ირიგაც ია
ირიგაცია
venaxis sarwyavi sistemebi da
morwyvis wesebi
morwyvis mizania vazis zrdis gagrZeleba, mosavlianobis amaRleba
da produqciis xarisxis gaumjobeseba. dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac
sakmao raodenobiT naleqi modis, vazis kultura ar ganicdis tenis naklebobas da morwyvasac ar saWiroebs. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, qarTlSi da nawilobriv kaxeTSi, vazi da xexili morwyvis gareSe mosavals an
ar Zleva, an mosavali uxarisxoa. rwyvis ramdenime wesi arsebobs: kvalSi miSvebiT, moRvriT, dawvimebiT, niadagqveSa da wveTovani morwyva.
kvalSi miSvebiT rwyva
es wesi saqarTveloSi Zlier gavrcelebulia. vazis rigebSi traqtoriT, an cocxali gamwevi ZaliT
keTdeba kvali. Tu rigebi farToa
(3m. da meti), maSin keTdeba ori, an
sami kvali erT rigSi. kvalis simaRle 12-20 sm-ia, xolo sigane 30-40 sm.
kvlevis sigrZe emTxveva rigis sigrZes an ramdenime rigis sigrZes.
kvalSi miSvebiT rwyvis dros,
wyali Jonavs niadagis siRrmeSi 90-100 sm-ze. niadagSi, romlis
siRrme 60 sm.-ia (am siRrmeSi moqceulia ufro metad aqtiuri fesvebis 65%), naTelia, rom vazi aseTi rwyvis dros sakmao raodenobiT wyals iRebs.
kvalSi rwyvis Casatareblad saWiroa vazis rgvamde, niadagi winaswar moswordes. yoveli rwyvis
Semdeg unda Catardes niadagis
kultivacia, raTa wylis aorTqleba Semcirdes.
nawileba gaZnelebulia. morwyvis
Semdeg niadagis zedapirze qerqi warmoiSoba, romelic niadagis
SeSrobisTanave unda gafxvierdes. miSvebiT morwyva auaresebs
zeda fenebis struqturul da agregatul Semadgenlobas. zedapiruli morwyvis es wesi umjobesia
sanergeSi gamosayeneblad.
zedapirul morwyvas dawvimebiT
morwyvasTan SedarebiT is upiratesoba aqvs, rom am dros minimumamdea dayvanili energetikuli danaxarjebi da Semcirebulia
wylis fizikuri aorTqleba .
zedapiruli, anu miSvebiT rwyvis
wesis uaryofiTi mxareebia: sarwyav farTobze wylis araTanabari
ganawileba, niadagis struqturis
gauareseba, mZime meqanikur Sedgenilobis niadagebis gamkvriveba,
aeraciis procesis Semcireba da
gamoSrobis Sedegad Zlieri napralebis warmoqmna.
moRvriT rwyva
moRvriT, anu miSvebiT rwyvis
dros, sarwyavi wylis Tanabrad ga-
dawvimeba
wylis miwodebis erT-erTi saukeTeso xerxia. igi gamoiyeneba yo-
30
velgvari reliefis pirobebSi. mis
upiratesobas warmoadgens is, rom
gaiolebulia meqanizaciis gamoyeneba, wylis regularuli miwodeba, farTobze Tanabari ganawileba, haeris SefardebiT tenianobis gazrda. dawvimebiT morwyva
moiTxovs sakmaod did danaxajebs
sistemis dasanergad. dawvimebiT
morwyvas SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos
Zlierma qarebma.
niadagqveSa morwyva
es sistema ewyoba plantaJis
siRrmeze, garkveuli diametris
winaswar daCvretili plastmasis
milebiT, romelic mierTebulia
wyalmomaragebis sistemasTan. am
siRrmeze Cawyobili sarwyavi sistema mcenares srulad uzrunelyofs wyliT. niadagqveSa morwyva
saSualebas gvaZlevs niadagis zeda fenebs SevunarCunoT struqturuli mdgomareoba da optimaluri tenianoba, SevamciroT
danaxarjebi, rogorc zedapiris
mosworebaze, ise morwyvaze, amasTan maqsimalurad gamoviyenoT
meqanizacia. es sistema perspeqtiulia kargi fizikuri Tvisebebisa
da tenian niadagebze gaSenebul
venaxebSi da sanergeSi.
wveTovani morwyva
Tanamedrove sarwyav sistemebs
Soris wveTovani morwyva yvelaივნისი, 2012
ირიგ აცია
ირიგაცია
ze racionaluria. vazis Zirebze
an Stambis simaRleze (pirveli
mavTulis gaswvriv) ewyoba plastmasis garkveuli diametris milebi, romelTac aqvT yovel vazis buCqTan sawveTurebi. wylis
miwodeba regulirdeba sawveTuridan dawveTebis intensivobis
zrdiT.
am wesis upiratesoba mdgomareobs datenianebis uwyvetobaSi, wylis ekonomiur xarjvasa da
srul avtomatizaciaSi. sistemis
gamarTulad muSaobisTvis aucilebelia wylis sisufTave.
morwyvis vadebis da normebis
gansazRvra
rwyvis normebi, vadebi da rwyvis
jeradoba damokidebulia niadagsa da klimatze, vazis jiSsa da
simwifis droze. venaxSi niadagis
morwyva unda daiwyos maisSi, rodesac fesvTa sistemis ganviTarebis ZiriTad fenaSi tenis saSualo
Semcveloba Semcirdeba mcenareSi
wylis SeTvisebis zRvramde (kapilarebSi wylis kavSiris Sewyvetamde) da unda gagrZeldes manam, sanam aRniSnul fenaSi wylis
Semcveloba ar miaRwevs savele,
zRvrul standartebs. wylis regulirebisTvis aucileblad unda ganisazRvros aqtiuri fenis
savele zRvruli tentevadoba.,
e.i. morwyvis zeda zRvari. morwyvis qveda zRvari (morwyvis dawyebis momentamde) savele zRvruli
tentevadobis 80%-s Seadgens. erTi da imave tipis niadagSi savele
zRvruli tentevadoba da venaxSi
wylis Sesvlis Senelebis zRvari meqanikuri Semadgenlobisa da
maTSi humusis Semcvelobis mixedviT icvleba .
venaxis rwyvis dawyebis vadis
dadgenis mizniT iyeneben niadagis
tenis gansazRvris woniT meTods.
morwyvis norma gulisxmobs
wylis im raodenobas, romelic
ixarjeba yoveli rwyvis dros.
es norma mniSvnelovnad meryeobs. aucilebelia, rom simwifis
dasawyisSi niadagis is fena, sadac fesvebia ganlagebuli, kargad iyos datenianebuli. rwyvis
normas adgenen cal-calke, yvela
tipis niadagebisTvis. niadaguri
Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, 1 heqივნისი, 2012
tari farTobis morwyvis norma
(wylis xarji erTjeradi morwyvis dros) 500-1000 m3-is farglebSi meryeobs da iangriSeba formuliT:
PPPM=h·w1-w2dv·100, sadac:
M— aris morwyvis norma m2/ha;
h — niadagis fenis sisqe, m-Si;
w1 — savele zRvruli tenianoba
%-Si;
w2 — absoluturi tenianoba
%-Si;
dv — niadagis moculobiTi miwa
m/sm3;
100 — heqtarze gasaangariSebeli
koeficienti.
magaliTad
M=h=0,6;
w1=30;
w220; dv =1,20, maSin M=0,6 (30-20)
· 1,20 ·100 = 720 m3/ha. niadagidan
wylis xarjva damokidebulia: niadagis meqanikur Semadgenlobaze, aqtiuri fenis sisqesa da masSi
humusis Semcvelobaze, klimatur
pirobebze, mcenareTa asakze, savegetacio fazebze, vazis jiSze,
niadagis movlisa da morwyvis wesebze.
didi sisqis, mZime meqanikuri
Semadgenlobisa da humusiT mdidari niadagebis morwyvis norma
SedarebiT didia, xolo morwyvaTa raodenoba ki — mcire. am kanonzomierebis Sebrunebul suraTs
gvaZlevs mcire sisqis msubuqi,
meqanikuri Semadgenlobisa da
humusis mcire Semadgenlobis niadagebi.
venaxis morwyva
morwyvis vadebi ise unda SeirCes,
rom uzrunvelyofili iyos vazis
buCqebis saukeTeso ganviTareba.
morwyvis vadebi did farglebSi
meryeobs. igi damokidebulia mevenaxeobis regionebis Taviseburebaze, jiSebze, mosuli naleqebis da morwyvis wesze. sarwyavi mevenaxeobis praqtikaSi miRebulia
morwyvis vadebi ganisazRvros
venaxis niadagis tenis maragis SefasebiT. amisTvis gamoyofil tipur nakveTze, 1,0-1,5 metr fenaSi,
savegetacio periodSi, dekadaSi
erTxel sazRvraven tenianobas.
tenianobis maCveneblebs iyeneben
rwyvis normis dasadgenad. rwyvis
vadis gansazRvrisaTvis iyeneben
agreTve foTlis iseT fiziologiur maCveneblebs, rogoric aris
Semwovi Zala da ujredis wvenis
koncentracia. saqarTveloSi sarwyav regionebSi pirveli rwyva
tardeba maisSi, meore ivnisSi,
marcvlebis intensiuri zrdis fazaSi. rwyva unda Sewydes yurZnis
krefis win 3-4 kviriT adre.
wveTovani rwyvis dros rwyva
tardeba yovel dekadaSi, Semcirebuli normiT — 80-120 m3/heqtarze.
am sistemiT rwyvas wyveten marcvlebis SerbilebisTanave (SeTvalebis dros).
rwyvis vadebi koreqtirdeba mosuli naleqebis da niadagis tenianobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
31
ვარსკვლავებ ი გვკარნახობენ
ვარსკვლავები
გვკა რნ ახო ბენ
Tesvis kalendari
vagrZelebT soflis-meurneobis dargis germaneli mecnieris qalbaton maria tunis ( 1922 — 2012 ) „Tesvis kalendris“ Semoklebuli versiis gamoqveynebas, romelsac uZRveba, kalendris mTargmnel-gamomcemeli daviT morgoSia.
2012 wlis agvistos kalendari
Tbilisis droiT pirveli agvistos 9 saaTamde, nayofis droa, xolo 10 saaTidan 3 agvistos 9 saaTamde — fesvis. nayofis dReebSi im
kulturebs vuvliT, romlebic nayofs Teslis areSi ikeTeben. aseTebia: vazi, citrusi, simindi da sxva.
fesvis dReebSi ki saukeTesoa fesvis, anu Zirxvena kulturebis movla-patronoba, maTi Toxna, morwyva, mosavlis aReba da sxva samuSaoebis Sesruleba. 3 agvistos 10 saaTidan 5 agvistos 7 saaTamde yvavilis
dReebia da yvavilovan mcenareebs
(mzesumzira da yvela yvavili) vaqcevT yuradRebas. 5 agvistos 8 saaTidan, 8 agvistos 8 saaTamde foTlis dReebia da im mcenareebze
vzrunavT, romlis nayofi foTolia. am mcenareebs miekuTvneba yvela mwvanili. 8 agvistos 9 saaTidan
9 agvistos 17 saaTamde nayofis
droa, 18 saaTidan ki 10 agvistos
17 saaTamde — yvavilis. 10 agvistos
18 saaTidan 13 agvistos 9 saaTamde ki — fesvis, xolo 10 saaTidan
15 agvistos 18 saaTamde yvavilis
dReebia. 15 agvistos 19 saaTidan
17 agvistos 6 saaTamde foTlis
dReebia, xolo 7 saaTidan 18 agvistos 19 saaTamde — nayofis. 18
agvistos 20 saaTidan 19 agvistos
6 saaTamde foTlis droa, 7 saaTidan 15 saaTamde ki — nayofis . 19
agvistos 16 saaTidan 20 agvistos
dRis bolomde sasurvelia yovelgvari sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebisagan Tavis Sekaveba, vinaidan
mcenareTa zrda-ganviTarebisTvis
naklebad sasargeblo Zalebi moqmedeben. 20 da 22 ricxvebi fesvis
dReebia. 23 agvistos 10 saaTamde
yvavilis droa, Semdeg 24 agvistos 15 saaTamde umjobesia sasoflo-sameurneo saqmeebisagan Tavis
Sekaveba. 24 agvistos 18 saaTidan
22 saaTamde yvavilis droa. 25-dan
32
26 agvistos 13 saaTamde — foTlis,
xolo 14 saaTidan 28 agvistos 17
saaTamde — nayofis. 28 agvistos 18
saaTidan 29 agvistos 20 saaTamde
fesvis droa, 21 saaTidan 30 agvistos 7 saaTamde ki — nayofis. 30
agvistos 8 saaTidan 18 saaTamde
— fesvis, 19 saaTidan 31 agvistos
dRis bolomde ki — yvavilis.
2012 wlis agvistos mimoxilva
venera 6 agvistos marCbivis sinaTlis Tanavarskvlavedis areSi
iwyebs moZraobas da aminds sinaTles hmatebs. marsi da saturni qalwulis sigrilis Tanavarskvlavedis areSi imyofebian da
dedamiwas sigrilis impulsebs
ugzavnian. iupiteri ramdenime
dRis ganmavlobaSi kuros sigrilis areSi dahyofs. merkuri 24mde wyliani Tanavarskvlavedis
areSi darCeba. planeta uranic
25-mde Tevzis wylian areSi imyofeba, Semdeg lomis siTbos areSi
gadadis, plutonic mSvildosnis
siTbos areSi iwyebs moZraobas,
rac havas gaaTbobs da klimats
agvistos Sesatyviss gaxdis.
rgvis dro: 12 agvistos 15 saaTidan 25 agvistos 19 saaTamde.
saadreo xexilis mosavlis aReba umjobesia yvavilis im dReebSi, romlebic rgvis drois SualedSi ar gvxvdeba.
saTesled gankuTvnili marcvleulis mosavlis aReba kargia
nayofis dReebSi — 17 agvistos 7
saaTidan 18 agvistos 19 saaTamde.
aseve 24 ricxvis 18 saaTidan 22
saaTamde da 29 agvistos 21 saaTidan 30 agvistos 7 saaTamde.
foTlovani kulturebidan saTesled gankuTvnili mosavlis
aReba saukeTesoa: 18 agvistos 20
saaTidan, 19 agvistos 6 saaTamde, xolo yvavilovani mcenareebidan: 9 agvistos 18 saaTidan 10
agvistos 8 saaTamde.
15 agvistos iTeseba: aryi, msxali, cacxvi, akacia da tirifi.
buzsaWerebis Camoxsna da adgilze dawva kargia: 9 agvistos 18
saaTidan, 10 agvistos 17 saaTamde
da 13 agvistos 10 saaTidan 15 agvistos 18 saaTamde, lokokinebisa
ki — 15 agvistos 19 saaTidan 17 agvistos 6 saaTamde da 24 agvistos
23 saaTidan 25 agvistos 18 saaTamde. miRebul ferfls wesisamebr im
midamoSi mimovfantavT, sadac esa
Tu is mavnebelia gavrcelebuli.
2012 wlis seqtembris kalendari
1-dan 2 seqtembris 4 saaTamde nayofis droa da wesisamebr, nayofis
kulturebze vzrunavT. 2 seqtembris 5 saaTidan 4 seqtembris 7 saaTamde foTlis dReebia da kargia
im mcenareebis movla, morwyva da
mosavlis aReba, romlis nayofi foTolia. 4 seqtembris 8 saaTidan 6
seqtembris 16 saaTamde — nayofis,
xolo 17 saaTidan dRis bolomde
fesvis droa. 7 seqtembris 8 saaTidan 12-mde yvavilis droa, 13 saaTidan ki 8 seqtembris 10 saaTamde
— fesvis, Semdeg kvlav fesvis droa
18 saaTidan 9 seqtembris 17 saaTamde, xolo am dRis 18 saaTidan 11 seqtembris dRis bolomde ki yvavilis
dReebia. 12 seqtembris dilidan 13
seqtembris 15 saaTamde foTlis,
xolo 16 saaTidan 16 seqtembris 4
saaTamde nayofis dReebia. 16 seqtembris 5 saaTidan 18 seqtembris 17
saaTamde — fesvis, xolo Semdeg 19
seqtembris dRis bolomde umjobeივნისი, 2012
ვარსკვლავე ბი გ
ვარსკვლავები
გვკარნახობენ
ვკარნახობენ
sia Tavi SevikavoT yovelgvari sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebisagan.
20 seqtembris 12 saaTamde yvavilis,
xolo 17 saaTidan 22 seqtembris 18
saaTamde foTlis dReebia. 22 seqtembris 19 saaTidan 24 seqtembris
22 saaTamde — nayofis, 23 saaTidan
ki 26 seqtembris 4 saaTamde fesvis
droa. Semdeg 28 seqtembris 11 saaTamde umjobesia sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebisagan Tavis Sekaveba.
28 seqtembris 12 saaTidan 23 saaTamde yvavilis, xolo 24 saaTidan
30 seqtembris dRis bolomde foTlis dReebia.
2012 wlis seqtembris mimoxilva
merkuri 12 seqtembramde lomis siTbos TanavarskvlavedebSi
dahyofs, plutonic mSvildos-
nis siTbos areSi imyofeba, rac
aminds aTbobs. 22-dan venera siTbos ares datovebs, merkuri ki
13-dan qalwulis sigrilis areSi
gadainacvlebs. 3-dan venera kirCxibis wylian areSi gadadis, sadac uranic imyofeba rac naleqian
dReebs ganapirobebs. 6-dan marsi
sasworis, neptuni ki merwyulis
sinaTlis areebSi moZraobs da
aminds sinaTles hmatebs.
rgvis droa: 8 seqtembris 24 saaTidan 21 seqtembris 24 saaTamde.
xexilis mosavlis aRebisaTvis saukeTesoa 4 seqtembris 8 saaTidan 6
seqtembris dRis bolomde. aseve:
22 seqtembris 19 saaTidan 23 seqtembris 8 saaTamde da 24 seqtembris dilidan 22 saaTamde. es dro
kargad unda gamoviyenoT Sesana-
xad gankuTvnili xexilis dasabinaveblad. cxadia am saqmis Sesruleba mosavlis siuxvis gamo sxva araxelsayrel dReebSic mogviwevs.
saSemodgomo xorbleulis TesvisaTvis kargia 1 seqtembris 2 saaTidan 2 seqtembris 4 saaTamde. am
saqmisaTvis zedmiwevniT kargia 4
seqtembris 8 saaTidan 6 seqtembris 16 saaTamde da 13 seqtembris
16 saaTidan 16 seqtembris 4 saaTamde, 22 seqtembris 19 saaTidan
23 seqtembris 8 saaTamde da 23
seqtembris 13 saaTidan 24 seqtembris 22 saaTamde. Wvavis daTesva
SeiZleba fesvis dReebSic, mxolod misi movla-damuSaveba nayofis dReebSia umjobesi.
1 da 20 ricxvebSi, iTeseba: muryani, lariqsi, cacxvi da Tela.
inglisSi `hitleris Zroxis~
aRorZinebas cdiloben
britaneli fermeri derek gou (Derek Gow) Zroxis
araCveulebrivi warmomadgenlebis moSenebas Seudga.
maTi winaprebi, „giganturi xarebi”, jer kidev me-17 saukunis Sua wlebSi gadaSendnen. Zroxis gareuli winapris „turis” bolo individi poloneTSi, iaqtorvasTan
mdebare tyeSi 1627 wels mokvda. ramdenime saukunis
Semdeg gamqrali populacia nacisturi germaniis biologebma aRadgines, magram mogvianebiT es cxovelebic, TiTqmis, mTlianad ganadgurdnen.
derek gou mogviTxrobs, rom tevtonTa eposSi
gvxvdeba mravali cnoba gigantur Zroxaze, romlebsac mamaci raindebi ebrZodnen. saukeTeso nadavlad
iTvleboda maTi rqebi, saidanac mxolod yvelaze
Zlierebi da mamacni svamdnen luds.
gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi hitlerul germaniaSi zoologebma, Zmebma hains da liuc hekebma legendaruli Zroxis rekonstruqciis survili gamoTqves. isini amtkicebdnen, rom gamqrali gigantebis
genebi evropaSi gavrcelebuli Zroxis bevr warmomadgenelSi „Tvlemen“.
nacistebma mkvlevarTa SeTavazebas mxari dauWires. maTi azriT aRdgenil cxovelebs daekisreboda
gansakuTrebuli misia - isini arielebis sxva erebze
upiratesobis simbolo unda gamxdariyvnen.
zoologebma Sotlandiuri mTis Zroxas (jiSi
Highland- haiglendi) korsikuli da espanuri jiSebi Seujvares. maTi Sromis Sedegi iyo jiSi saxelad „heki”.
axali jiSis cxovelebi tanadobiT ramdenadme Camouvardebodnen zubrs, ferad moyavisfro-mowablisfro iyvnen da talRovani qoCori hqondaT.
derek gou nacistebis mier
gamoyvanili cxovelebis
STamomavlebTan
hitleruli germaniis damarcxebis Semdeg axali
jiSis cxovelebis nawili daxoces, rogorc nacistebis ambiciebis arasasurveli gaxseneba, da mxolod
ramdenime aTeuli egzempliari gadarCa belgiis
erT-erT bunebriv parkSi.
derek goum am udanaSaulo cxovelebis „reabilitacia“ gadawyvita. man 13 suli brodvudviJerSi, devonis da kornoulis sagrafoebis sazRvarze mdebare
Tavis fermaSi gadaiyvana, sadac cxovelebs gamravlebisaTvis yvela piroba Seuqmna. gou jerjerobiT
cdilobs kontaqti daamyaros rqian gigantebTan. is
aRniSnavs, rom es cxovelebi namdvili velurebi arian, ara Tu wvela, aramed maTTan miaxloebac ki usafrTxo araa. „isini Zalian nerviulebi arian, magram,
vfiqrob, ramdenime xnis Semdeg me gamovnaxav maTTan
saerTo enas“, imedovnebs derek gou.
masala momzadda
british scientist wrote masalis mixedviT
33
მონადირე ძაღლები
pointeri
(ingl.To Point — nabulis keTebas niSnavs). moklebewviani meZebari ZaRlia, gamoyvanilia inglisSi XVIII
saukuneSi espanuri meZebrisa da inglisuri meliis
madevris — foqshaundis SejvarebiT.saqarTveloSi
gavrcelda XIX saukunis bolos da didi popularobiT sargeblobs.
pointeri warmoadgens meZebarTa erTerT uZveles
jiSs. es aris eleganturi ZaRli keTilSobili garegnobiT da “aristokratuli”, gawonasworebuli qceviT. igi saukeTeso kompanionia. samarTlianad iTvleba erTerT saukeTeso jiSad. pointeri gamoirCeva
araCveulebrivi alRoTi, swrafi da farTo ZebniT,
qandakebisebri nabuliT. nanadirevis nebismier sunze myisieri reaqciiT. iyeneben Waobis, tyisa da velis
frinvelze sanadirod.
Tavis samSobloSi pointers monadirisTvis mokluli nanadirevis mitanas ar aiZuleben, raTa ar gaufuWon mtkice nabuli. am miznisTvis inglisSi gamoiyeneba specializirebuli momwodeblebi. “aportierebi” romlebsac retriverebs uwodeben.
pointeris gamoCenili unarebi maleve gaxda cnobili evropis kontinentze da ukve gasuli saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi daiwyes pointerebis gayvana inglisidan sxva qveynebSi. TiTqmis yvela kontinenturma
meZebarma igrZno Tavis Tavze am jiSis gamakeTilSobilebeli gavlena.
pointeri saSualoze didi zomis ZaRlia (simaRle
mindaoSi xvadebi 63-69 sm. Zuknebi 61-66sm) aqvs saSualo zomis, sworkuTxa Tavi, Sublidan drunCisken gadasvla mkveTrad gamoxatuli; aprexili cxviri, dakidebuli yurebi, wkeplisebri kudi. bewvi — wvrili,
uxeSi, priala, Tanabrad ganawilebuli mTel tanze.
Seferiloba — ufro xSiria TeTri — yviTeli, agurisferi, yavisferi an Savi laqebiT. dasaSvebia erTi
feris Seferilobac da samferovnebac.
კროსვორდი
Tarazoulad: 7) saTibi iaraRi; 8) daspirtuli aromatizebuli Rvino; 9) zrdadamTavrebuli, saWmelad vargisi nayofi; 10) puris
sacxobi; 11) mciredalkoholiani tkbili sasmeli; 12) bostneuli; 13) saklavis zurgidan,
xerxemlis orive mxares grZlad amoWrili
rbili xorci; 14) marcvleulis naTesi; 15) kopiti; 17) Txeli, saflobi talaxi; 19) mamali
Txa; 20) sporovani mcenare; 21) komSi; 23) xili;
24) muxis nayofi; 25) gaSlili ylorti; 28) vardobisTve; 30) Sinauri cxoveli, umTavresad
Rorisa da kameCis daavadeba; 31) bostneuli;
32) ludis masala; 33) parkosani kultura.
Sveulad: 2) niadagis Semadgeneli nawili,
romelic warmoqmnilia mcenareTa da cxovelTa organizmebis lpobisgan; 2) Sveicariuli Zroxis jiSi; 3) samyura limoni, iyeneben
citrusebis mynobisTvis; 4) rZis nawarmi; 5)
miwis Txili; 6) vaSlis jiSi; 16) ZaRlis jiSi;
18) rZis nawarmi; 19) saRamos puris Wama; 21)
buCqebis, an balaxeuli mcenaris garTxmulgadaxlarTuli Reroebi; 22) veluri vardi;
26) erTnaxadi susti arayi; 27) gamxmari xili;
29) futkrebis ojaxi.
34

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