L`effetto di istruzioni tecniche sull`esigenze fisiologiche e fisiche

L’effetto di istruzioni tecniche sull’esigenze fisiologiche e fisiche dettate dalle
partite di calcio a campi ridotti
Alexandre Dellal 1,2, Karim Chamari2, Adam Lee Owen3, Del P. Wong4, Carlos Lago-Penas5
& Stephen Hill-Haas6
1
Olympique Lyonnais FC (soccer), Lyon, France, 2Scientific Research Unit, National Centre of Medicine
and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia, 3Head of Sports Science, Glasgow Rangers FC, Glasgow, UK,
4
Department of Health and Physical Education, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong,
5
Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedro, Spain, and 6School of Human
Movement and Exercise Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
Abstract
Lo scopo di questo studio era quello di esaminare gli effetti indotti dai tocchi di palla consentiti nel
possesso individuale sulle richieste fisiologiche, tecniche e fisiche nelle partite a campo ridotto nel
calcio d’elite. Venti calciatori internazionali (età 27.4 ± 1.5 anni, massa corporea 79.2 ± 4.2 kg,
altezza 1.81 ± 0.02 m, velocità al VO2max 17.4 ± 0.8 km·h-1, percentuale di grasso corporeo 12.7 ±
1.2%) hanno eseguito tre diverse partite a campo ridotto (es. 2 c. 2; 3 c. 3; 4 c. 4) in tre diverse
occasioni nelle quali i tocchi erano predeterminati (un tocco, due tocchi, tocchi liberi). Le misure
del campo da gioco variavano in base al numero di giocatori coinvolti. Le partitelle sono state
realizzate con quattro giocatori di supporto (situati attorno al perimetro del campo di gioco) con
istruzioni di mantenere sempre in gioco il pallone; pertanto la durata totale delle partite era
determinata dal tempo effettivo di gioco. Sono state esaminate le seguenti variabili: le richieste
tecniche, le frequenze cardiache, le concentrazioni di lattato ematico post esercizio e i valori di
percezione dello sforzo (RPE). La percentuale di passaggi riusciti e il numero di scontri sono
risultati significativamente minori quando le partite a campo ridotto erano giocate con un tocco
(PB0.001), mentre la perdita di possesso di palla aumentava (PB0.001 nel 2 c. 2 e 3 c. 3; PB0.01 nel
4 c. 4). Le partite a campo ridotto giocate con un tocco di palla inducevano un incremento nella
concentrazione di lattato ematico, dell’RPE e richieste fisiche maggiori nella distanza totale coperta
da sprint e corsa ad alta intensità. In conclusione, alterando il numero di tocchi di palla autorizzati
nel possesso nelle partite a campi ridotti, l’allenatore è in grado di manipolare sia le richieste
tecniche che le esigenze fisiche durante le partite stesse.
Parole chiave: Calcio d’elite, azioni tecniche, esigenze fisiche, risposte fisiologiche, allenamento
atletico
Traduzione non autorizzata di Filippo Sassi
Influence of technical instructions on physiological and physical demands of
small-sided soccer games
Alexandre Dellal 1,2, Karim Chamari2, Adam Lee Owen3, Del P. Wong4, Carlos Lago-Penas5
& Stephen Hill-Haas6
1
Olympique Lyonnais FC (soccer), Lyon, France, 2Scientific Research Unit, National Centre of Medicine
and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia, 3Head of Sports Science, Glasgow Rangers FC, Glasgow, UK,
4
Department of Health and Physical Education, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong,
5
Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedro, Spain, and 6School of Human
Movement and Exercise Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of changes in the number of ball contacts
allowed per individual possession on the physiological, technical, and physical demands within
small-sided games in elite soccer. Twenty international players (age 27.4 ± 1.5 years, body mass
79.2 ± 4.2 kg, height 1.81 ± 0.02 m, velocity at VO2max 17.4 ± 0.8 km·h-1, percent body fat 12.7 ±
1.2%) performed three different small-sided game formats (i.e. 2 vs. 2; 3 vs. 3; 4 vs. 4) on three
different occasions in which the number of ball contacts authorized per possession was fixed (one
touch, two touches, and free play). The relative pitch per player ratio was similar for all small-sided
games. The small-sided games were performed with four support players (placed around the
perimeter of pitch) with instructions to keep possession of the ball. The total duration of the smallsided games was the effective time of play. The physical demands, technical requirements, heart
rates, post-exercise blood lactate concentrations, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were
assessed. The percentages of successful passes and numbers of duels were significantly lower when
the small-sided game was played with one touch (PB0.001), whereas the number of balls lost
increased (PB0.001 for 2 vs. 2 and 3 vs. 3; PB0.01 for 4 vs. 4). The small-sided game played with
one touch also induced increases in blood lactate concentration and RPE, as well as greater physical
demands in the total distance covered in sprinting and high-intensity runs. In conclusion, the main
findings of this study are that by altering the number of ball contacts authorized per possession in
small-sided games, the coach can manipulate both the physical and technical demands within such
games.
Keywords: Elite soccer, technical actions, physical demands, physiological responses, fitness
training
European Journal of Sport Science, September 2011; 11(5): 341_346
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