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№1(2016) saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnali ISSN 2449-2655 № International Scientific Journal Diplomacy and Law gamomcemloba `universali~ saqarTvelo, Tbilisi 2016 Georgia, Tbilisi 2016 1 UDC (uak) 327+341.7 Jurnal „diplomatia da samarTlis“ saredaqcio sabWo: saredaqcio sabWos Tavmjdomare Tamar gardafxaZe – samarTlis doqtori, profesori, saqarTvelos socialur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis reqtori saredaqcio sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgile daviT geferiZe – samarTlis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori, saqarTvelos iuridiul mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis, samarTlisa da socialuri mecnierebebis fakultetis dekani saredaqcio sabWos wevrebi: gor derciani – samarTlis doqtori, profesori, „mxiTar goSis“ saxelobis somxeTis saerTaSoriso universitetis proreqtori; kaxi yuraSvili – samarTlis doqtori, profesori, Tbilisis humanitaruli saswavlo universitetis proreqtori; ana antCak-barzani – filosofiis doqtori, profesori, finansebisa da menejmentis varSavis universitetis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kaTedris gamge; anatoli francuzi – samarTlis doqtori, profesori, kievis ekonomikisa da samarTlis institutis samarTlis disciplinebis kaTedris gamge; sergi kapanaZe – saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori; avTandil xazalia – samarTlis doqtori, afxazeTis mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis akademikosi, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori; anna maruaSvili – ekonomikis doqtori, profesori, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis, samarTlisa da socialuri mecnierebebis fakultetis dekanis moadgile; qeTevan jijeiSvili – politikis doqtori, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis, samarTlisa da socialuri mecnierebebis fakultetis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis programis xelmZRvaneli; manana nanitaSvili – ekonomikis doqtori, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis, samarTlisa da socialuri mecnierebebis fakultetis biznesis administrirebis programis xelmZRvaneli; lali gardafxaZe – ganaTlebis doqtori, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis profesori. qarTuli enis redaqtori _ valeri kvantriSvili, filologiis doqtori inglisuri enis Targmani _ marine donguzaSvili, doqtoranti ISSN 2449-2655 © axali umaRlesi saswavlebeli, 2016 weli gamomcemloba `universali~, 2016 Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 №1(2016) UDC (uak) 327+341.7 Editorial Board of the journal Diplomacy and Law Editor-in-Chief Tamar Gardapkhadze _ Doctor of Law, Professor, Academician of the Georgian Academy of Social Sciences, Rector of New Higher Education Institute Deputy Editor-in-Chief David Geperidze _ Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Academician of the Georgian Academy of Law Sciences, Dean of the Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences at New Higher Education Institute Editorial Board Members Gor Derdzyan _ Doctor of Law, Professor, Vice Rector of Armenian-Russian International University “Mkhitar Gosh” Kakhi Qurashvili _ Doctor of Law, Professor, Vice Rector of Tbilisi Humanitarian Teaching University Anna Antczak – Barzan: Doctor of Philosophy, Head of the Department of International Relations at University of Finance and Management in Warsaw Anatoli Francuz _ Doctor of Law, Professor, Head of the Department of Law at Kiev University of Economics and Law Sergi Kapanadze _ Doctor of International Relations, Professor at Ivane Javaxishvili Tbilisi State University Avtandil Khazalia _ Doctor of Law, Academician of the Abkhazian National Academy of Sciences, Professor at Sokhumi State University Anna Maruashvili _ Doctor of Economics, Professor, Vice Dean of the Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences at New Higher Education Institute Ketevan Jijeishvili _ Doctor of Politics, Head of the program of International Relations of the Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences at New Higher Education Institute Manana Nanitashvili _ Doctor of Economics, Head of the program of Business Administration at New Higher Education Institute Lali Gardapkhadze _ Doctor of Education, Professor at New Higher Education Institute Georgian language Editor – Valeri Kvantrishvili, Doctor of Philology English language Translation – Marine Donguzashvili, Doctoral Student ISSN 2449-2655 © New Higher Education Institute, 2016 Publishing House “UNIVERSAL”, 2016 19, I. Chavchavadze Ave., 0179, Tbilisi,Georgia : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 3 akrZalulia saerTaSoriso samecniero JurnalSi „diplomatia da samarTali“ gamoqveynebuli masalebis gadabeWdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba saredaqcio sabWos werilobiTi nebarTvis da wyaros miTiTebis gareSe. winamdebare gamocemaSi warmodgenili mosazrebani ekuTvnis mxolod da mxolod mis avtorebs da ar warmoadgens saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnalis pozicias an politikas. damfuZnebeli – axali umaRlesi saswavlebeli newuni.edu.ge TanadamfuZneblebi: varSavis finansebisa da marTvis universiteti saqarTvelos universitetebis asociacia saerTaSoriso samarTlis asociacia 4 vizja.pl sua.ge intlaw.ge Founder – New Higher Education Insitute newuni.edu.ge Co-founders: University of Finance and Management of Warsaw Asociation of Georgian Universitis Asociation of International Law vizja.pl sua.ge intlaw.ge №1(2016) samarTlis mimarTuleba Tamar gardafxaZe, manana zubiaSvili ........................................................................................ 9 sabiujeto dawesebulebebis saqmianobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi da maTi dafinansebis Taviseburebebi Tamar Gardapkhadze, Manana Zubiashvili Legal grounds of budgetary institutions and their funding features malxaz lomsaZe ............................................................................................................................... 16 Zarcvisamsrulebloba da ZarcvaSi Tanamonawileoba Malkhaz Lomsadze Robbery perpetration and robbery complicity daviT geferiZe .....................................................................................................................................................24 2010 wlis sahaero samarTlis pekinis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze gansazRvruli samoqalaqo aviaciis saqmianobaSi ukanono Carevis aqtebTan brZolis saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi regulirebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi David Geperidze Modern trends of international legal regulation in the fight against unlawful interference in Civil Aviation activities, defined at the Beijing International Conference on Air Law, 2010 avTandil xazalia, salome Sengelia ........................................................................................................34 administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi problemebi Avtandil Khazalya, Salome Shengelia Legal problems in the utilization of the executive means of the Administrative Act qeTevan kvinikaZe ..................................................................................................................................................40 sasamarTlos mier pirgasamtexlos Semcireba, rogorc „samosamarTlo intervencia“ saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principSi Ketevan Kvinikadze To reduce the penalty by the court as a “Judicial Intervention” in the principle of contractual freedom 5 rati gardafxaZe ..................................................................................................................................................49 dakiTxva, rogorc sagamoZiebo moqmedeba Rati Gardapkhadze Interrogation as an investigation activity ia xarazi ...................................................................................................................................................................57 deliqtebis zogierTi samarTlebrivi aspeqti Ia Kharazi Legal aspects of tort socialuri mecnierebebis mimarTuleba Anna Antczak ...................................................................................................................................... 72 Attractiveness of international university programs for students from developing countries – Polish research report anna antCak–barzani poloneTis saerTaSsoriso sauniversiteto programebisadmi dainteresebis xelSewyoba ganviTarebad qveynebSi _ polonuri kvlevis angariSi sofo Cqofoia........................................................................................................................................................83 terorizmi _ saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis problema Sopo Chkopoia Terrorism _ a problem for the most of states Tamara tartaraSvili .......................................................................................................................................89 saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikur umciresobaTa mdgomareobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi Tamara Tartarashvili Legal aspects of ethnic minorities in Georgia giorgi RvalaZe ....................................................................................................................................................94 masobrivi kulturis aspeqtebi Giorgi Gvaladze Aspects of the mass culture 6 №1(2016) biznesis administrirebis mimarTuleba Maia Chania ....................................................................................................................................... 100 The role of small business in economic development on the example of Georgia maia Wania mcire biznesis roli qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTvelos magaliTze nazi gvaramia ..........................................................................................................................................................104 auditis strategiuli miznebi da riskebis marTva Nazi Gvaramia Strategic objectives of the audit and risk management manana aladaSvili ..............................................................................................................................................110 turistuli bazris funqcionirebis sezonuroba da misi gaxangrZlivebis gzebi saqarTveloSi Manana Aladashvili Seasonality of the tourist market functioning and prolongation in Georgia maia gelaSvili .....................................................................................................................................................115 sabiujeto saxsrebis aTvisebis problema Maia Gelashvili The problem of the utilization of the budgetary funds nino maziaSvili ...................................................................................................................................................119 teTCeriseuli ekonomikuri deregulacia finansur da SromiT bazarze Nino Maziashvili Thatcher’s economic deregulation of financial and labor markets lela zubiaSvili ............................................................................................................................ 125 adamianuri resursebis gamoyenebis mdgomareoba saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi Lela Zubiashvili The situation of utilizing human resources in Georgian economy manana zubiaSvili, lela zubiaSvili.......................................................................................................130 adamianuri resursebis gamoyeneba saqarTvelos samewarmeo biznesSi Manana Zubiashvili, Lela Zubiashvili The utilization of human resources in an Entrepreneurial Business in Georgia 7 naTia bedukaZe-mamacaSvili ..........................................................................................................................135 korporaciebis operatiuli marTva da maTi aqtivebi Natia Bedukadze-Mamatsashvili Operational management of corporations and their assets ganaTlebis mimarTuleba marine donguzaSvili........................................................................................................................................140 kulturaTaSorisi dialogi da proqsemika inglisuri enis swavlebaSi Marine Donguzashvili Importance of Culture Dialogue in the process of teaching English nino WiTanava .........................................................................................................................................................146 avtonomiurobis xarisxi qarTul saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi, rogorc sistemis decentralizaciis mTavari principi. Nino Chitanava The degree of autonomy of educational institutions, as a main principle of a system of decentralization 8 №1(2016) Tamar gardafxaZe samarTlis doqtori, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis profesori manana zubiaSvili ekonomikis doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori sabiujeto dawesebulebebis saqmianobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi da maTi dafinansebis Taviseburebebi sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad saxazino (sabiujeto) dawesebuleba aris saxelmwifo biujetis, avtonomiuri respublikebis respublikuri biujetis an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis biujetis saxsrebiT Seqmnili da biujetis dafinansebaze myofi dawesebuleba, romlis ZiriTadi amocanaa sajaro xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba [Tavi I, muxli 2, punqti1]. identur ganmartebas vkiTxulobT saqarTvelos sabiujeto da sagadasaxado kodeqsebSic. sabiujeto organizacia _ saqarTvelos centraluri, avtonomiuri respublikis, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier dafuZnebuli da mis mimarT angariSvaldebuli, misi kontrolisadmi daqvemdebarebuli organizacia, agreTve sxva sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri, arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri, Tu igi aris Sesabamisi donis biujetiT gansazRvruli programis farglebSi asignebebis gankargvis uflebamosilebis mqone organizacia [Tavi I, muxli 6, punqti „s“]. sabiujeto organizaciad iTvleba mxarjavi dawesebuleba da biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli programebis farglebSi Tanxis gankargvis uflebamosilebis mqone organizacia, romelic axorcielebs sakuTari biujetis proeqtis momzadebas, biujetis Sesrulebas da angariSgebas dadgenili normebis, procedurebisa wesebis Tanaxmad [sagadasaxado kodeqsi, muxli 31]. amave dros, zemoaRniSnuli kanonmdeblobebi ar gansazRvraven da arc SeuZliaT gansazRvron dawesebulebis administraciul-samarTlebrivi statusi, e.i. misi samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba administraciul samarTalurTierTobebSi. saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis administaciul-samarTlebrivi statusi dReisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT ar aris daregulirebuli. kerZod, administraciul kanonmdeblobaSi ar aris gansazRvruli saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis cneba, rogorc administraciul-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis subieqtisa, ar aris daregulirebuli saxelmwifo dawesebulebebsa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebs Soris urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi 9 safuZvlebi. magaliTad, dRes kanonmdeblobaSi ar aris urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi sqemebi saqarTvelos jandacvisa da socialuri ganviTarebis saministros da am saministros sistemaSi Semavali samedicino dawesebulebebs Soris. amasTan, administraciulsamarTlebriv mecnierebaSi ar aris SemuSavebuli saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis administraciul-samarTlebrivi statusis Teoria, ar aris gansazRvruli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Sesabamis organoebsa da dawesebulebebs Soris urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi regulirebisadmi SesaZlo midgomebi. saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis umetesoba iqmneba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Sesabamisi organoebis mier, isini maT daqvemdebarebaSi imyofebian da aqtiurebi arian. Seqmnili mdgomareoba saWiroebs ganisazRvros saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis adgili da roli administraciuli samarTlis mecnierebaSic da administraciul kanonmdeblobaSic. saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis saqmianobis maregulirebeli saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobebis analizis safuZvelze SevecadeT ganvsazRvroT saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis zogadi cneba, rogorc administraciuli samarTalurTierTobebis subieqtisa da rogorc saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis administraciul-samarTlebrivi statusis safuZvlebisa. uwinares yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom administraciul samarTalurTierTobebSi saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi ar identificirdebian saxelmwifo organoebTan, maT Soris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebTan. Cveni azriT, administraciuli samarTalurTierTobebis subieqtebis ricxvs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT ara mxolod organizaciebi, romlebic axorcieleben socialur-kulturuli da arakomerciuli xasiaTis sxva funqciebs, aramed organizaciebic, romlebic axorcieleben mmarTvelobiT funqciebs, e.i. Tavisi arsiT marTvis sajaro funqciebs. sajaro marTvis funqciebis Sesruleba SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon mxolod saxelmwifo organizaciebma da TviTmmarTvelobis adgilobrivma organoebma. rogorc saxelmwifo administraciuli kanonmdeblobis analizma gviCvena, romelic gansazRvravs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saxelmwifo organoebis sistemas da struqturas, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebTan erTad arian administraciuli samarTalurTierTobebis damoukidebeli specialuri subieqtebi, romlebic axorcieleben garkveul sajarod mniSvnelovan funqciebs da zog SemTxvevaSi miniWebuli aqvT mbrZaneblur-sajaro uflebamosileba. administraciuli samarTlis literaturaSi araerTgzis aRiniSneboda saxelmwifo dawesebulebebisagan, rogorc administraciuli samarTalurTierTobebis subieqtisagan, am urTierTobebSi monawile saxelmwifo organoebis gamoyofis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. am SeniSvnis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba Camoyalibdes saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis, rogorc administraciuli samarTalurTierTobebis subieqtis zogadi cneba. Cveni azriT, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis, rogorc administraciuli samarTalurTierTobebis subieqtis qveS igulisxmeba saxelmwifo arakomerciuli organizacia, romelic ar aris saxelmwifo organo, moqmedebs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis garkveul saxelmwifo sistemaSi, aris am organos gamgeblobaSi an masTan koordinaciaSi da uzrunvelyofs safinanso-ekonomikur Tu socialur-kulturul saxelmwifo funqciebs. Sesabamis literaturaSi ar aris erTiani midgoma organizaciis administraciul-samarTlebrivi statusis arsisa da elementebis gansazRvris Sesaxeb. rusi mecnieris p. i. 10 №1(2016) kononovis azriT, iuridiuli pirebis administraciul-samarTlebrivi statusis struqturaSi saWiroa CairTos saerTo da specialuri uflebebi, movaleobebi, administraciul-samarTlebriv sferoSi iuridiuli pirebis saerTo da specialuri uflebebi, aseve iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobebis RonisZiebebis SezRudvebi, romlebsac gamoiyeneben iuridiuli pirebis mimarT administraciul-samarTlebriv sferoSi kanondarRvevis SemTxvevebSi. b. n. baxraxi saxelmwifo koleqtiuri subieqtebis administraciul-samarTlebriv statusSi gamoyofs Semdeg blokebs: a) miznobrivi: miznebi, amocanebi, organizaciis saqmianobis funqciebi; b) struqturul-organizaciuli: warmoqmnis wesi, legalizacia, reorganizacia, organizaciis likvidacia, misi daqvemdebarebuloba: saqmis saqveuwyebloba da organizaciis mbrZanebluri uflebamosileba. migvaCnia, rom organizaciis administraciul-samarTlebrivi statusi, maT Soris saxelmwifo dawesebulebebisa, aris organizaciis samarTlebrivi midgoma administraciul-samarTalurTierTobebSi. organizaciis administraciul-samarTlebrivi statusis analizi warmodgenas gviqmnis imaze, Tu ra adgili da roli ukavia am organizacias administraciul samarTalurTierTobebSi, rogor iuridiul kavSirebSi imyofeba es organizacia sxvebTan. zogadmniSvnelovani funqciebis Semsrulebeli dawesebulebebis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrobT, maT administraciul-samarTlebrivi statusis struqturaSi unda CairTos Semdegi ZiriTadi elementebi: • saxelmwifo dawesebulebis adgili aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saxelmwifo organoebis sistemaSi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis konkretul organosadmi daqvemdebareba; • saxelmwifo dawesebulebis saqmianobis sfero; • misi Seqmnisa da saqmianobis miznebi; • sajaro amocanebi, romelTa gadawyveta evaleba saxelmwifo dawesebulebas; • saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis mier Sesasrulebeli sajaro funqciebi; • saqmianobis Sesabamis sferoSi misi administraciuli uflebebi; • saqmianobis Sesabamis sferoSi misi administraciuli movaleobebi; • saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis sajaro iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba administraciul samarTaldarRvevis farglebSi mis mier samarTaldarRvevebze. saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis organizaciisa da saqmianobis am mniSvnelovani parametrebis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia sakmaod sworad da srulad ganisazRvros nebismieri saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis, rogorc administraciuli samarTalurTierTobebis obieqtis samarTlebrivi statusi. erT-erTi kriteriumi, romliTac ganisazRvreba organizaciis mikuTvneba sabiujeto organizaciebze aris is, rom isini Seqmnilni arian arakomerciuli xasiaTis funqciebis Sesasruleblad. saxelmwifo biujetidan dafinansebasTan erTad sabiujeto dawesebulebebis Semosavlebi SeiZleba miiRon samewarmeo saqmianobidan. moqmedma kanonmdeblobam, kerZod, saqarTvelos samewarmeo kanonma daamtkica samewarmeo saqmianobis iuridiuli xasiaTi, gansazRvra misi arsebobis damoukidebloba, riski, mogebis sistematiurad amoReba. samewarmeo saqmianobis legaluri gansazRvreba moi- 11 cavs mis meoTxe niSansac _ pirTa registraciis aucilebloba, romlebic dasaqmebulni arian aseTi saqmianobiT dadgenili kanonierebis wesiT, magram es niSani ar aris arsebiTi, aramed aseT saqmianobas mxolod kanonier status aniWebs, mis legalizebas axdens. amasTan dakavSirebiT, samewarmeo kanonSi Cawerili samewarmeo saqmianobis samarTlebrivi cneba sakmaod garkveulad asaxavs iuridiul arss, sabazro urTierTobebis Sinaarss, romelsac axorcieleben sistematiurad, profesionalurad, mogebis araerTgzis amoRebis mizniT. amasTan, mogeba ganixileba, rogorc Semosavlebis metoba xarjebTan SedarebiT. ukanasknel wlebSi sabiujeto dawesebulebebis samewarmeo saqmianoba sakmaod farTod ganviTarda, amas mohyveba biujetSi damatebiTi sagadasaxado Semosulobebi, dawesebulebebs SesaZlebloba eZlevaT SeiZinon Tanamedrove mowyobiloba, medikamentebi da ganaTlebis miznebisaTvis aucilebeli daxmarebebi, gadawyviton mravali socialuri sakiTxi, gaaumjobeson muSaobis xarisxi da mosaxleobis momsaxureba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamisad, arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri, uflebamosilia eweodes damxmare xasiaTis samewarmeo saqmianobas, romlidan miRebuli mogebac unda moxmardes arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris miznebis realizebas. aseTi saqmianobis Sedegad miRebuli mogebis ganawileba arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris damfuZneblebs, wevrebs, Semomwirvelebs, agreTve xelmZRvaneblobasa da warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis mqone pirebs Soris dauSvebelia [samoqalaqo kodeqsi, muxli 25, punqti 5]. rogorc irkveva, arakomerciul organizaciebs SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon samewarmeo saqmianoba mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac es emsaxureba im miznebis miRwevas, risTvisac isini arian Seqmnili da Seesabameba am miznebs. samewarmeo saqmianobidan miRebuli mogebis xarjvas sabiujeto organizaciebi ganaxorcieleben ganmkarguleblis mier damtkicebuli sabiujeto xarjTaRricxviT. ganmkargulebeli aris organizaciis muSaobaze da mis ZiriTad sawesdebo saqmianobaze pasuxismgebeli xelmZRvaneli. maSasadame, aRniSnuli saqmianobidan miRebuli mogebis ZiriTadi nawili reinvestirdeba ZiriTad sawesdebo saqmianobaSi, anacvlebs mwir sabiueto saxsrebs. amgvarad, sabiujeto dawesebulebebs samewarmeo saqmianobis farglebSi ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi saxsrebi saqmianobis gafarToebisaTvis, srulyofisaTvis da naklebi sargeblian pirobebSi imyofebian komerciul organizaciebTan SedarebiT. rogorc Cans, samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamisad maT eZlevaT ufleba dasaqmdnen samewarmeo saqmianobiT, Tumca kanonmdebelma ar gansazRvra am saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebisa da mis xarjze SeZenili qonebis samarTlebrivi buneba. sabiujeto dawesebulebis aRniSnuli Semosavlebis da aqedan SeZenili qonebis samarTlebrivad gamagreba pirvelad gamoCnda dawesebulebis arasabiujeto saxsrebis Sesaxeb debulebaSi, romelic Cadebuli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo biujetSi. mocemuli debulebiT dasaSvebi iyo dawesebulebis damoukidebeli sameurneo saqmianoba finansTa saministros wyarodan gacemuli saxsrebis Sesabamisad. sabiujeto dawesebulebebs SeeZloT gamomuSavebuli saxsrebis xarjva damtkicebuli xarjTaRricxvisa da specialuri saxsrebis TiToeuli saxis mixedviT Semosavlebis faqtiuri Semosulobebis farglebSi. xarjTaRricxvaSi specialuri saxsrebis muxlebis gadaadgileba da erTimeoreTi Secvla 12 №1(2016) dauSvebeli iyo. im SemTxvevaSi, roca xarjTaRricxviT damtkicebuli specialuri saxsrebis Semosavlebis jami aRemateboda xarjebs, maSin maT Soris gansxvavebis Tanxebi sabiujeto dawesebulebebs unda SeetanaT Sesabamisi biujetis SemosavlebSi. aseTi mkacri moTxovnebi liberaluri wesebiT Secvala ekonomikis sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlam, romlis Tanaxmadac, mesakuTrem, romelic axorcielebs samewarmeo saqmianobas, miiRo ufleba damoukideblad gankargos aseTi saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebi. amgvarad, dawesebuleba _ aris damoukidebeli sameurneo subieqti, romelic Seqmnilia mesakuTris mier mmarTvelobiTi, socialur-kulturuli an sxvadasxva arakomerciuli xasiaTis funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad da finansirdeba mesakuTris mier mTlianad, an nawilobriv. aRsaniSnavia, rom sadamfuZneblo dokumentebis Sesabamisad dawesebulebas eZleva ufleba ganaxorcielos Semosavlebis momtani saqmianoba, aseTi saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebi da aqedan SeZenili qoneba gadadis dawesebulebis damoukideblad gankargvaSi da aRiricxeba balansze. meore mxriv, yvela sabiujeto organizaciis Semosulobebi, gadasaxdelebi da naSTis cvlileba aRiricxeba saxelmwifo xazinis erTiani angariSis meSveobiT, maTi warmoSobis wyaroebis miuxedavad [sabiujeto kanoni, Tavi 2, muxli 7, punqti 7]. Cven migvaCnia, rom sabiujeto kodeqsSi dafiqsirebuli pozicia dasabuTebulia, ramdenadac sabiujeto dawesebulebis nebismieri Semosavali unda CaiTvalos organizaciis mesakuTris Semosavlad, e.i. damfuZneblis Semosavlad da mTlianad unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli Semosavlebsa da xarjebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom sabiujeto dawesebulebebis samewarmeo saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebisa da xarjebis samarTlebrivi reJimi Zalian uaxlovdeba sakuTrebaze uflebis reJims, magram samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad dawesebulebas ar aqvs ufleba iyos mis mflobelobaSi arsebuli raime qonebis mesakuTre. sabiujeto dawesebulebebis samewarmeo saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebisa da xarjebis reJims ufro aqvs ara Teoriuli, ramdenadac praqtikuli mniSvneloba. imis mixedviT, Tu ra reJimi iqneba dadgenili mocemul qonebaze da Semosavlebze, gadawydeba dawesebulebis pasuxismgebloba mis valdebulebebze. sabiujeto dawesebulebebis mier samewarmeo saqmianobidan miRebul Semosavlebze da qonebaze sameurneo warmoebis uflebis reJimis dadgenis Sesaxeb winadadebebi iuridiul literaturaSi kritikis obieqtad iqca. kerZod, i. v. erSovi aRniSnavs, rom mocemuli midgoma arasworia, kanonmdeblobiT zustadaa gansazRvruli sameurneo warmoebis uflebis subieqturi Semadgenloba da Sinaarsi. aseTi uflebis subieqtebad gamodian saxelmwifo da municipaluri unitaruli sawarmoebi, romlebic ara mxolod gankargaven, aramed floben da sargebloben qonebiT. rogorc cnobilia, sabiujeto kodeqsis rigi debulebebi gansazRvraven sabiujeto dawesebulebebis ekonomikuri saqmianobidan miRebuli saxsrebis samarTlebriv reJims, mkacrad zRudaven mocemuli saxsrebis gamoyenebisa da gankargvis damoukideblobas. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sabiujeto kodeqsiT sabiujeto organizaciebis yvela Semosavali, romelSic igulisxmeba: Semosavali biujetidan, samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebidan, maT Soris fasiani momsaxurebis gawevidan, sxva Semosavlebi, romlebic 13 miiReba biujetidan maTze mimagrebuli saxelmwifo sakuTrebis gamoyenebidan operatiuli marTviT da sxvadasxva saqmianobidan, asaxuli unda iyos mis Semosavlebsa da xarjTaRricxvaSi. SevniSnavT, rom am gansazRvrebaSi saubaria xarjTaRricxvaze, romelic asaxvs sabiujeto dawesebulebis yvela Semosavlebs. momqmedi kanonmdebloba ar moicavs termin „xarjTaRricxvis“ ganmartebas, Tumca sabiujeto dawesebulebebis xarjTaRricxva ZiriTadi sagegmo dokumentia saxelmwifo biujetidan dawesebulebebis, arasamewarmeo sferos organizaciebis dasafinanseblad igi gansazRvravs mocemuli dawesebulebis yvela xarjze sabiujeto asignebaTa kvartalurad ganawilebas, miznobriv daniSnulebas da moculobas. sxva finansuri gegmebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Sedgenilia Semosavlebisa da xarjebis balansis formiT, xarjTaRricxva warmoadgens xarjebis gegmas da gamoxatavs sabiujeto organizaciebTan kavSiris calmxriv xasiaTs. sabiujeto dawesebulebebis xarjebi ganisazRvreba maTi saqmianobis operatiul-sawarmoo maCveneblebidan, romlebic dafuZnebulia qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis gegmis maCveneblebze, xarjvis normativebze. sabiujeto dawesebulebebis xarjTaRricxvaSi ar CairTveba gegmiT gauTvaliswinebel RonisZiebebze danaxarjebi. xarjTaRricxvaSi xarjebi jgufdeba miznobrivi daniSnulebiT sabiujeto klasifikaciis muxlebiT, ganayofebiT da paragrafebiT. sabiujeto kodeqsSi mocemuli sabiujeto dawesebulebebis ganmartebis mixedviT, sabiujeto dawesebulebis xarjTaRricxva unda moicavdes aseTi dawesebulebis ara mxolod xarjebs, aramed Semosavlebsac. sabiujeto kodeqsis Tanaxmad, sabiujeto dawesebulebebi samewarmeo saqmianobidan da saxelmwofo sakuTrebis gamoyenebidan miRebul saxsrebs gadaricxavs saxelmwifo biujetis erTian angariSze saxelmwifo xazinaSi. saxelmwifo xazina valdebulia aRniSnuli saxsrebi asaxos sabiujeto dawesebulebis pirad angariSze ara ugvianes erTi dRisa misi saxelmwifo biujetSi Caricxvis meore dRidan. mxolod am momentidanaa uflebamosili sabiujeto dawesebuleba gankargos es saxsrebi. gamonakliss warmoadgens samewarmeo saqmianobidan miRebuli SemosavlebiT uZravi qonebis SeZena, romlis gankargva dawesebulebas SeuZlia mesakuTris TanxmobiT. amasTan, calke balansze aRricxuli Semosavlebi da am SemosavlebiT Seqmnili qoneba ar SeiZleba amoRebul iqnas dawesebulebidan qonebis marTvis an sxva saxelmwifo organoebis gadawyvetilebiT, maT Soris, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu isini ar gamoiyeneben miznobrivi daniSnulebiT. amasTan erTad, organizaciebs, romelTa mimarTac gaTvaliswinebulia qonebis gamoyenebis specialuri ufleba, ar aqvT ufleba maTi saqmianobis sagnisa da miznis sawinaaRmdego garigeba ganaxorcielon. 14 №1(2016) Tamar Gardapkhadze Doctor of Law, Professor at New Higher Education Institute Manana Zubiashvili Doctor of Economics, Professor at Georgian Technical University Legal grounds of budgetary institutions and their funding features Abstract As the analysis of the State Administrative Law has shown, defining the system and structure of authority powers, state institutions together with the enforcement jurisdiction are independent special subjects of administrative local relations and are performing some publicly important functions and in some cases are granted authoritative–public powers. In the literature of Administrative Law it was repeatedly mentioned that state authorities, involved in this relationship should be separated from state institutions, known as the subject of administrative legal relations. Considering this note, general concept of state institution – as the subject of administrative legal relations can be formed. We suppose that state non-commercial organization is meant behind state institutions – as the subject of administrative legal relations. State non-commercial organization which is not state authority operates in certain state system of executive authority and is in coordination with it, providing financial-economic and social-cultural state functions. gamoyenebuli literatura: _______________________________________________________________________ 1. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, Tb., 1997 (2016 wlis mdgomareobiT). 2. saqarTvelos kanoni „saqarTvelos sabiujeto kodeqsi“, Tb., 2009 (2016 wlis mdgomareobiT). 3. saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, Tb., 1999 (2016 wlis mdgomareobiT). 4. saqarTvelos kanoni „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ Tb., 1994 (2016 wlis mdgomareobiT). 5. Бахрах Д.Н. Административное право России, Учебник, М.: Эксмо, 2006.с.155. 15 malxaz lomsaZe samarTlis doqtori, samcxe-javaxeTis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis dekani, profesori Zarcvisamsrulebloba da ZarcvaSi Tanamonawileoba Zarcvisamsrulebloba. moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba sami saxis amsruleblobas icnobs: 1) uSualo amsrulebloba, 2) Tanaamsrulebloba, 3) SualobiTi amsrulebloba. uSualos uwodeben iseT amsrulebels, romelic TviTon marto axorcielebs danaSaulis Semadgenlobas. magaliTad: subieqti marto Sedis sxvis binaSi Zarcvis mizniT. xSirad subieqtis moqmedebasa da danaSaulebriv Sedegs Soris Sualedur rgolad CarTulia fizikuri sagani, bunebis movlena an cxoveli. amitom wminda fizikuri TvalsazrisiT Tu mivudgebiT, aq adamianis moqmedeba gaSualebulia cxovelis moqmedebiT an bunebrivi movleniT, magram aq qmedebis Semadgenlobas mainc erTi adamiani asrulebs da is uSualo amsrulebelia. qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi iyo kuriozuli SemTxveva, roca aseT qmedebas SualobiTi amsruleblobis kvalifikacias aZlevdnen.1 SeiZleba gamovyoT uSualo amsruleblobis ori saxe: 1) erTpirovnuli amsrulebloba, roca marto erTi adamiani moqmedebs da 2) roca, marTalia, danaSauls Tanamonawileni Cadian, magram kodeqsis kerZo nawilis muxliT aRweril Semadgenlobas mainc erTi adamiani asrulebs. Tanaamsrulebelia is, vinc sxvasTan erTad uSualod monawileobda danaSaulis CadenaSi. „danaSaulis Cadena“ _ niSnavs kodeqsis kerZo nawilis muxliT aRwerili qmedebis Semadgenlobis uSualod aRsrulebas. amitom Tanaamsrulebloba igive amsruleblobaa. swored am niSniT gansxvavdeba Tanaamsrulebeli Tanamonawilisagan. Zarcva warmoadgens gamizvniT deliqts, romlis Semadgenlobis aucilebeli niSania — sxvisi moZravi nivTis marTlsawinaaRmdego miTviseba. SesaZlebelia, Zarcvis ori monawilidan nivTis miTvisebis mizani mxolod erT maTgans hqondes, meore ki Zarcvis Semadgenlobis wminda obieqtur mxares asrulebdes. miuxedavad amisa, Zarcvis Tanaamsrulebelia isic, visac, Tumca miTvisebis mizani ara aqvs, magram icis, rom meore Tanaamsrulebeli am mizniT moqmedebs da exmareba mas Tavisi moqmedebiT. Tanaamsruleblad unda CaiTvalos is, vinc Zarcvisas gaauvnebelyofs dazaralebu- 16 №1(2016) lis SesaZlo winaaRmdegobas. magaliTad: an-ma xelebi gaukava dazaralebuls, xolo ban-ma xelCanTa gastaca. subieqturi mxriv Tanaamsrulebloba ganzraxi qmedebaa. zogjer Tanaamsruleblebi moqmedeben winaswari SeTanxmebiT, magram winaswari SeTanxmeba yovelTvis aucilebeli ar aris. aucilebelia mxolod imis codna, rom isini erTsa da imave sisxlissamarTlebriv umarTlobas Cadian. Tanaamsruleblobis subieqturi mxare or moments moicavs: 1) Sedegisadmi fsiqikuri damokidebuleba da 2) Tanaamsruleblis mxridan imis codna, rom is sxva TanaamsrulebelTan erTad axorcielebs konkretul sisxlissamarTlebriv umarTlobas. Sedegisadmi fsiqikuri damokidebuleba Tanaamsruleblobis dros mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviTaa SesaZlebeli. iseT SemTxvevas, roca subieqtma danaSaulis (qmedebis) Semadgenloba im adamianis meSveobiT Seasrula, romelsac pasuxismgebloba ar daekisreba sxvadasxva garemoebis gamo, an pasuxs agebs sxva umarTlobisaTvis, SualobiT amsruleblobad akvalificireben. aseT adamians iuridiul literaturaSi „cocxal iaraRs“ uwodeben. „cocxali iaraRi“ SeiZleba iyos: a) is, vinc umarTloba iseTi moqmedebiT Seasrula, romelic nebelobiT aqts ar warmoadgens; b) Seracxvisuunaro piri, romelmac umarTloba Seracxvisunariani piris SegulianebiT Caidina; g) Seracxvis unaris mqone piri, Tu igi SecdomaSi Seiyvana meore pirma da umarTloba Caadenina; d) xelqveiTi, romelmac ufrosis savaldebulo brZaneba Seasrula, Tu es brZaneba aSkara danaSaulebriv xasiaTs atarebs. „cocxal iaraRs“ ar Seeracxeba bralad es umarTloba, romelsac SualobiTi amsrulebeli misi meSveobiT Cadis. SualobiTi amsrulebeli tipurad wamqezeblobis formiT moqmedebs. amitom, wminda obieqturi TvalsazrisiT Tu mivudgebiT, wamqezeblobis dros Tanamonawileobasa da SualobiT amsruleblobas Soris gansxvavebas ver vnaxavT. SualobiTi amsrulebloba gveqneba maSin, roca wamqezebelma icis, rom is wamqezebels danaSaulis Casadenad „cocxal iaraRad“ iyenebs. SualobiTi amsrulebeli SeiZleba marto moqmedebdes da aqezebdes an exmarebodes „cocxal iaraRs“ Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebaSi. magram ar aris gamoricxuli, rom SualobiTi amsruleblobis saxiT erTdroulad ori an meti amsrulebeli Cadiodes danaSauls.2 magaliTad: erTi damnaSave aqezebs mcirewlovans danaSaulis Casadenad, meore ki urCevs, rogor imoqmedos ufro moxerxebulad. am SemTxvevas SeiZleba vuwodoT danaSaulis TanaSualobiTi amsrulebloba. SualobiTi amsrulebeli moqmedebs pirdapiri ganzraxviT. zogjer SualobiTi amsrulebeli cdeba da hgonia, rom is, visac igi aqezebs an exmareba, savsebiT vargisia Sesabamisi danaSaulis amsruleblad. sinamdvileSi uSualo amsrulebeli Seracxvisuunaro aRmoCnda. am SemTxvevaSi wamqezebeli an damxmare pasuxs ageben danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis 25-e muxlze miTiTebiT. 17 SualobiTi amsrulebloba yovelTvis ganzraxi moqmedebaa. ganzraxva, am SemTxvevaSi, mxolod pirdapiria. ZarcvaSi Tanamonawileoba. iuridiul literaturaSi ganasxvaveben Tanamonawileobas farTo da viwro gagebiT. farTo gagebiT Tanamonawileoba niSnavs danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobas rolebis daunawileblad. am gansazRvrebis mixedviT, Tanaamsruleblobac Tanamonawileobaa. viwro gagebiT Tanamonawileoba gulisxmobs danaSaulis monawileTa Soris rolebis danawilebas (organizatori, wamqezebeli, damxmare). magram, Tu Tanamonawileobas farTod gavigebT, amsrulebels am SemTxvevaSi Tanamonawiled moixseneben. Tanamonawileoba Tavisi bunebiT aqcesorulia. es imas niSnavs, rom Tanamonawilis moqmedebis kvalifikacia damokidebulia amsruleblis qmedebis kvalifikaciaze. magaliTad: Tu amsruleblis moqmedeba momzadebis an mcdelobis monawileobisaTvis. Tu amsrulebelma daasrula danaSauli, Tanamonawilec damTavrebuli danaSaulis monawileobisaTvis daisjeba. Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTali Tanamonawileobas ganzrax moqmedebad miiCnevs. yvela Tanamonawile erTiani ganzraxviT unda moqmedebdes. cnobilia, rom obieqturi mxriv yvela Tanamonawilis moqmedeba mizezobrivad unda iyos dakavSirebuli danaSaulebriv SedegTan, magram Tanamonawilis dasjadoba marto mizezobriobas ar SeiZleba efuZnebodes. es rom ase iyos, maSin gamarTlebuli iqneboda gaufrTxileblobiTi Tanamonawileoba, rasac Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTali uaryofs. Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli erTian umarTlobas gulisxmobs. Zarcvis dros sakmarisia, rom erT amsrulebels hqondes sxvisi nivTis miTvisebis mizani, xolo meore, romelsac es mizani ar aqvs, exmareba Tanaamsrulebels am miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis. orive Tanaamsrulebeli erT umarTlobas — Zarcvas axorcielebs. Tanamonawileoba mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviTaa SesaZlebeli. Tanamonawileebia: organizatori, wamqezebeli da damxmare. organizatori danaSaulis erT-erTi Tanamonawilea. Tanamonawileobis es saxe pirvelad gaCnda 1958 wlis kanonSi, saidanac savaldebulo wesiT Semovida 1960 wlis saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi. manamde organizatori danaSaulis amsruleblad iTvleboda. aseve kvalificirdeba organizatoris moqmedeba dasavleTis qveynebis kanonmdeblobaSic. organizatoris saqmianoba sxvadasxvagvari moqmedebiT gamoixateba. organizatoria is, vinc moawyo danaSaulis Cadena. es imas niSnavs, rom damnaSave winaswar dagegmavs Zarcvas. organizatori SeimuSavebs Zarcvis Cadenis gegmas da sxva monawileebs auxsnis, rogor unda imoqmedon. aq ubralod rCeva rodi igulisxmeba, romelic fsiqikuri damxmarisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. organizatori SeiZleba danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze arc imyofebodes. magram zogjer igi SeiZleba danaSaulis Cadenis adgilzec iyos da uSualod xelmZRvanelobdes damnaSaveTa saqmianobas, Tval-yurs adevnebs maT moqmedebas da uTiTebdes, rogor unda moiqcnen. rac mTavaria, organizatorma SeiZleba Seqmnas organizebuli jgufi da xelmZRvanelobdes mis saqmianobas. 18 №1(2016) subieqturi mxriv organizatoris saqmianoba ganzraxi moqmedebaa. organizatori yovelTvis pirdapiri ganzraxviT moqmedebs, Tumca qarTul literaturaSi organizatoris arapirdapiri ganzraxviT moqmedebis Teoriasac didi gasavali aqvs. T. wereTeli miiCnevs, rom organizatori ZiriTadad pirdapiri ganzraxviT moqmedebs. aq igulisxmeba danaSauli, romlis uSualo monawilec is aris, magram T. wereTeli ar gamoricxavs iseT SemTxvevas, roca organizatori arapirdapiri ganzraxviTac moqmedebs. „Tu vinmem daiqirava meore piri kacis mosaklavad, _ ambobs T. wereTeli, _ igi imasac iTvaliswinebs da uSvebs, rom daqiravebulma mkvlelma dazaralebuli SeiZleba gaZarcvos. aseT SemTxvevaSi organizatori moqmedebs pirdapiri ganzraxviT mkvlelobis mimarT da eventualuri ganzraxviT gaZarcvis mimarT.”3 Zarcva gamizvniTi deliqtia da amitom Tavisi bunebiT is yovelTvis moiTxovs pirdapir ganzraxvas. es principi vrceldeba ara marto amsrulebelze, aramed Tanamonawilezec, maT Soris organizatorzec. TanamonawileTa Soris wamqezebeli yvelaze ufro rTuli da mravalmxrivi figuraa. waqezeba yovelTvis sxvisi dayoliebaa danaSaulis Casadenad. amitom farTo gagebiT wamqezebloba SualobiT amsruleblobasac moicavs, magram kodeqsis 24-e muxlis me-2 nawilis teqsti danaSaulis Tanamonawileobas gulisxmobs. zogjer „sxvisi dayolieba“ ise esmiT, TiTqos, es niSnavs amsruleblis dayoliebas danaSaulis Casadenad, magram ar aris gamoricxuli, rom wamqezebloba danaSaulis damxmaris waqezebiT gamoixatos. esec sxvisi dayoliebaa danaSaulis Casadenad, romelic Sesabamisad unda Sefasdes. aseve SeiZleba organizatoris waqezebac. praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs wamqezeblobis gansxvavebas inteleqtualuri, anu fsiqikuri daxmarebisagan. wamqezebelia is, vinc amsrulebels danaSaulis Cadenis gadamwyvet motivs uqmnis. wamqezebelma amsrulebels danaSaulis Cadenis gadawyvetileba unda miaRebinos. wamqezebelma unda Seuqmnas amsrulebels danaSaulis Cadenis „iseTi Zlieri motivi, romelic warmoadgens mniSvnelovan biZgs gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis.”4 fsiqikuri damxmaris moqmedeba wamqezeblobasTan SedarebiT naklebi mniSvnelobisaa. fsiqikuri damxmare amsrulebels danaSaulis Cadenis gadawyvetilebas ganumtkicebs. waqezeba mizezobrivad aris dakavSirebuli im SedegTan, romelsac amsrulebeli axorcielebs. amsruleblis moqmedebisagan gansxvavebiT, waqezeba fsiqikur mizezobriobas warmoadgens. waqezebisaTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes nebismieri fsiqikuri saSualeba. aseTia, magaliTad: Txovna, darwmuneba, muqara, brZaneba da sxva. zogjer muqaram SeiZleba iseT intensiobas miaRwios, rom gamoricxos amsruleblis pasuxismgebloba da ukiduresi aucileblobis mdgomareoba Seqmnas. wamqezebeli, marTalia, mizezobrivad aris dakavSirebuli SedegTan, magram es rodia misi dasjadobis safuZveli. wamqezebeli isjeba imis gamo, rom is amsrulebelTan erTad umarTlobas Cadis. erTiani umarTloba Tanamonawileobis dros niSnavs imas, rom yvela Tanamonawile moqmedebs erTiani ganzraxviT da obieqturad yvela Tanamonawilis moqmedeba mizezobrivad aris dakavSirebuli SedegTan. „erTiani ganzraxva“ niSnavs imas, rom wamqezebels (Tanamonawiles) da amsrulebels erTi da igive mizani unda amoZravebdes. Tu, magaliTad, Tanamonawile moqmedebs Zarcvis 19 mizniT, es mizani unda hqondes amsrulebelsac, anda SeiZleba Tanamonawiles es mizani ar hqondes, magram icodes, rom amsrulebeli im mizniT moqmedebdes da eTanxmebodes mas. wamqezebelma SeiZleba Seacdinos amsrulebeli misi mxilebisa da dasjis mizniT. aseT dros saqme gvaqvs danaSaulis provokaciasTan. kodeqsis 145-e muxli iTvaliswinebs specialur Semadgenlobas, romlis mixedviT isjeba „danaSaulis provokacia, e.i. sxvisi dayolieba danaSaulis Casadenad misi sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi micemis mizniT.“ „danaSaulis provokacia“ dasjadia, upirveles yovlisa maSin, roca provokatorma waaqeza da Caadenina danaSauli sruliad alal-marTals, visac danaSaulis Cadena azradac ar mosvlia. ara aqvs mniSvneloba imas, waqezebulma daasrula danaSauli Tu mcdelobis stadiaze SeCerda. „rac mTavaria, danaSaulis provokatori ar SeiZleba daisajos am danaSaulis TanamonawileobisaTvs, _ aRniSnavs o. gamyreliZe, _ romlisTvisac waaqezebs amsrulebeli, radgan wamqezebeli (provokatori) da provocirebuli (waqezebuli) sxvadaxva umarTlobas axorcieleben. magaliTad, roca provokatori aqezebs vinmes qurdobisaTvis, provokatoris, e.i. wamqezeblis, moqmedeba xelyofs waqezebulis pirovnebas, surs igi pasuxisgebaSi misces, xolo waqezebuli, e.i. provocirebuli xelyofs sxvis sakuTrebas.”5 kodeqsis 145-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli „danaSaulis provokacia“ unda ganvasxvavoT „danaSaulis provokaciisagan“, romelic kanonier moqmedebad iTvleba saqarTvelos operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis kanoniT. kanonierad iTvleba agenti-provokatoris moqmedeba mxolod maSin, roca igi mimarTulia danaSaulis aRkveTisaken an ukve Cadenili danaSaulis gamosavlenad. danaSaulis aRkveTa SeiZleba moxdes danaSaulis momzadebis stadiaze moqmedis dayoliebiT, rom uari Tqvas danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis gagrZelebaze; saidumlo TanamSromelma unda daarwmunos is „danaSaulis Cadenis SeuZleblobasa an sisuleleSi, uTxras TiTqos danaSaulis obieqtze gaZlierebuli dacvaa.”6 amis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, yovlad gaumarTlebelia danaSaulis CadenisaTvis xelovnurad xelis Sewyoba. waqezeba gulisxmobs aqtiur zemoqmedebas fsiqikaze. amitom umoqmedobiT waqezeba SeuZlebelia. subieqturi mxriv waqezeba mxolod pirdapiri ganzraxviT SeiZleba. danaSaulis Tanamonawileobis mesame saxea daxmareba. damxmarea is, vinc xeli Seuwyo danaSaulis Cadenas. daxmareba ori saxisaa: 1) fizikuri da 2) fsiqikuri, anu inteleqtualuri. fizikuri daxmareba unda ganvasxvaoT danaSaulis amsruleblobisagan. zemoT Cven dawvrilebiT vimsjeleT am sakiTxze, roca Tanaamsruleblobas ganvmartavdiT. aq vityviT mxolod imas, rom amsrulebeli kodeqsis kerZo nawilis muxliT aRwerili qmedebis Semadgenlobas axorcielebs mTlianad an nawilobriv, damxmare ki Semadgenlobis arc erT nawils ar asrulebs. fizikuri daxmareba ori ZiriTadi saxiT SeiZleba gamovlindes: a) amsruleblisaTvis saSualebis micema da b) dabrkolebis Tavidan acileba. saSualebis micemad iTvleba Zarcvis dros amsruleblisaTvis Zalayinis micema sacxovrebeli saxlis karebis gasatexad. dabrkolebis Tavidan acilebad ki CaiTvleba iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac Zarcvis momen- 20 №1(2016) tSi meore Tanamzraxveli akavebs msxverplis axlobels da amiT uadvilebs damnaSaves danaSaulis aRsrulebas. magram praqtikaSi gvxvdeba sxva saxis daxmarebac. magaliTad: erTi dadgeba gareT meTvalyured, xolo meore Seva saxlSi gasaZarcvad. fsiqikuri daxmareba, magaliTad, amsruleblis darigeba, rCeva, rogor moiqces, rom Zarcva gauadvildes. zogjer fsiqikuri daxmareba imiT gamoixateba, rom damnaSave amsrulebels ganumtkicebs danaSaulis Cadenis gadawyvetilebas, ufro met gabedulebas matebs mas. swored, amiT gansxvavdeba fsiqikuri daxmareba wamqezeblobisagan. „wamqezebeli qmnis gadamwyvet motivs amsruleblis gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis“ da is ufro saSiSi figuraa damxmaresTan SedarebiT. daxmareba SeuZlebelia umoqmedobiT. subieqturi mxriv damxmare ganzrax unda moqmedebdes. damxmare iseve rogorc yvela Tanamonawile, amsrulebelTan erTad erTian umarTlobas axorcielebs, romelic maTi qmedebebis erTiani ganzraxviT SekavSirebas gulisxmobs. damxmare pirdapiri ganzraxviT moqmedebs. Tanamonawileebisa da amsruleblis pasuxismgebloba erT saerTo safuZvels emyareba. es safuZvelia sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli „marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba“, anu ufro moxerxebulad rom vTqvaT, „sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTloba.“ erTi saerTo umarTlobis gareSe ar arsebobs Tanamonawilisa da amsruleblis pasuxismgebloba. ufro zustad, Tanamonawile pasuxs agebs im umarTlobisaTvis, rasac amsrulebeli Cadis. umarTloba aris dasjadobis obieqturi safuZveli, uromlisodac Tanamonawilis pasuxismgebloba warmoudgenelia. imisaTvis, raTa Tavi davaRwioT koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis princips, saWiroa TiToeulma Tanamonawilem pasuxi agos piradi, „sakuTari bralisaTvis“. piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi Tanamedrove civilizebuli qveynebis sisxlis samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli principia. piradi pasuxismgebloba Tanamonawilisa niSnavs imas, rom Tanamonawile pasuxs agebs im wvlilisaTvis, romelic man erTiani umarTlobis ganxorcielebaSi Seitana obieqturi da subieqturi TvalsazrisiT. Tanamonawilis obieqturi monawileobis xarisxi umarTlobis ganxorcielebaSi moqmedebs bralis xarisxzec. rac meti obieqturi wvlili miuZRvis Tanamonawiles obieqtur umarTlobaSi, miT metia bralis xarisxic, magram zogjer bralis xarisxi umarTlobis xarisxisagan damoukideblad matulobs. Tanaamsrulebeli igive amsrulebelia. amitom misi qmedebis kvalifikaciisaTvis sruliad sakmarisia kodeqsis kerZo nawilis muxlze miTiTeba da 24-e muxlis gamoyeneba saWiro ar aris. organizatoris, wamqezeblisa da damxmaris pasuxismgebloba unda ganisazRvros kodeqsis kerZo nawilis Sesabamis muxlTan erTad 24-e muxlze miTiTebiT, magram im SemTxvevaSi, roca Tanamonawile amave dros Tanaamsrulebelicaa, maSin 24-e muxlze miTiTebiT _ zedmetia da sruliad sakmarisia kodeqsis kerZo nawilis im muxlze miTiTeba, romelSic awerilia Cadenili qmedeba. 21 magram kodeqsis kerZo nawilis muxlSi pasuxismgeblobis gaZlierebis, an Semsubuqebis mizniT SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebuli iyos iseTi niSani, romelic umarTlobas ar afuZnebs da mxolod personaluri xasiaTi aqvs. aseTi niSani Seeracxeba mxolod imas, visac igi axasiaTebs. aseTi niSania, magaliTad: ganmeoreba (araerTgzisoba), rac personaluri niSania da sxva Tanamonawilis pasuxismgeblobaze ar imoqmedebs. Tanamonawilis pasuxismgebloba ganisazRvreba amsruleblis moqmedebis mixedviT, vinaidan Tanamonawileoba Tavisi bunebiT aqcesorulia. amitom, amsruleblis moqmedeba momzadebis an mcdelobis monawileobisaTvis agebs pasuxs. amsruleblis eqscesi. amsrulebelia is, vinc kerZo nawilis muxliT aRwerili Semadgenloba mTlianad an nawilobriv mainc ganaxorciela. sityva eqscesi laTinuri warmoSobisaa da etimologiurad raRacis ukiduresad gamovlinebas niSnavs. sisxlis samarTali icnobs amsruleblis eqscesis cnebas, romlis mixedviT amsrulebelma SeiZleba Caidinos aseTi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba, romelic Tanamonawilis (Tanaamsruleblis) ganzraxviT moculi ar iyo. magaliTad: erTi Sevida saxlSi Zarcvis mizniT, xolo meore Tanamzraxveli gareT dadga meTvalyured. SigniT Sesuls SemTxveviT saxlis patronma winaaRmdegoba gauwia, rasac saxlis patronis mkvleloba mohyva. gareT meTvalyured mdgoms es mkvleloba ar SeiZleba Seeracxos. es iqneba amsruleblis eqscesi, risTvisac pasuxs agebs mxolod uSualod mkvleli. eqscesi ori saxisaa: raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi. Cven mier zemoT ganxiluli SemTxveva Tvisobrivi eqscesi iyo, rac niSnavs imas, rom amsrulebelma sxva TanamonawileTagan gansxvavebuli danaSauli Caidina. Zarcva ganzrax mkvlelobisagan Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli danaSaulia. rac Seexeba raodenobriv eqscess, iq TanamonawileebTan SeTanxmebul da amsruleblis Cadenil danaSauls Soris Tvisobriv gansxvavebas ver vxedavT. amitom, am SemTxvevas raodenobriv eqscess uwodeben. magaliTad: erTi Sevida binaSi Zarcvis mizniT, xolo meore Tanamzraxveli darCa gareT meTvalyured, magram binaSi Sesulma, Zarcvis nacvlad, rasac gareT darCenili moeloda, yaCaRoba Caidina. binaSi Sesuli pasuxs agebs yaCaRobis amsruleblobisaTvis, xolo gareT darCenili daisjeba Zarcvis TanamonawileobisaTvis (damxmare), radgan yaCaRoba ufro metia, vidre Zarcva, da TavisTavad moicavs Zarcvis niSnebs.7 amsruleblis eqscesisaTvis Tanamonawile Tu Tanaamsrulebeli pasuxs ar agebs. eqscesisaTvis pasuxs agebs mxolod amsrulebeli. 22 №1(2016) Malkhaz Lomsadze Doctor of Law, Professor at Samtskhe-Javakheti State University Robbery perpetration and robbery complicity Abstract Robbery perpetration and complicity was always a research topic for lawyers and scientists. In this paper four main issues are discussed: robbery perpetration, robbery complicity, types of complicity and liability of perpetrator and accomplice. Robbery perpetrator is the one who immediately committed the offence. Perpetrator of crime is the one who perpetrated the crime through such person who is released from criminal liability generally or from specific situation. Person who was used for committing offence in criminal law theory is called “The Living Weapon”. To list comprehensively “The Living Weapon” is impossible. Listing is used only for modelling. Types of complicity is discussed in this paper. Opinion is stated on perpetration, “offence provocation” and on statement of legislative question which should be reflected in Article 22 and Article 145 Criminal Code of Georgia. Some thesis statements about perpetration and complicity is also covered in this paper. gamoyenebuli literatura: ________________________________________________________________________ 1 b. furcxvaniZe, sabWoTa sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tb., 1971, gv. 92-93. T. wereTeli, Tanamonawileoba danaSaulSi, Tb., 1965, gv. 131. 3 T. wereTeli, Tanamonawileoba danaSaulSi, Tb., 1965, gv. 149. 4 T. wereTeli, Tanamonawileoba danaSaulSi, Tb., 1965, gv. 156. 5 o. gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tb., 2008, gv. 197. 6 d. lekiaSvili, operatiul-samZebro saqmianobis samarTlebrivi regulirebis problemebi, Tb., 2001, gv. 29-30. 7 T. wereTeli, Tanamonawileoba danaSaulSi, Tb., 1965, gv. 202. 2 23 daviT geferiZe samarTlis doqtori, profesori 2010 wlis sahaero samarTlis pekinis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze gansazRvruli samoqalaqo aviaciis saqmianobaSi ukanono Carevis aqtebTan brZolis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi regulirebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi samoqalaqo aviacia, rogorc satransporto saSualeba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ekonomikis dargSi. igi iZleva ra swrafi, saimedo kavSiris saSualebas dedamiwis sxvadasxva wertilebs Soris, mniSvnelovanwilad ganmartavs Tu ratom uTmobdnen saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis did yuradRebas mis usafrTxoebas, romelic moicavs, konkretulad, samoqalaqo aviaciis obieqtebis dacvas ukanono Carevis aqtebisagan. tokios 1963 wlis konvencia pirveli mcdelobaa sahaero xomaldis ukanonod xelSi Cagdebis, mis eqspluataciaSi ukanono CarevisaTvis iuridiuli kvalifikaciis micemis Sesaxeb. konvencia moicavs mxolod saxelmwifos movaleobas – uzrunvelyos meTaurisTvis sahaero xomaldze kontrolis dabruneba da savaraudo damnaSaveTa dapatimreba, aseve mgzavrebisa da sahaero xomaldis ekipaJis frenis Semdgomi gagrZeleba. konvencia sahaero xomaldis ukanonod xelSi Cagdebas ar akvalificirebs, rogorc saerTaSoriso danaSauls, ar miiCnevs mas danaSaulad saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis Sesabamisad da arc saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs, rom sahaero xomaldis xelSi Cagdeba Sidasaxelmwifo samarTliT danaSaulad aRiaron. 1970 wlis haagis konvenciam sahaero xomaldis ukanonod xelSi Cagdebis aqti danaSaulad daakvalificira, romelsac Tan axlavs Zaladoba an Zalis gamoyenebis muqara. amasTan, sahaero xomaldi unda iyos haerSi, xolo danaSauli Cadenil iqnas sahaero xomaldze. konvenciis mixedviT, xelSekrulebis monawile saxelmwifoebi movaleni arian, daadginon TavianTi iurisdiqcia: 1) es SeiZleba iyos sahaero xomaldis registraciis saxelmwifo; 2) saxelmwifo, romlis teritoriazec sahaero xomaldi dafrindeba, rodesac masze imyofeba damnaSave; 3) an saxelmwifo, romlis teritoriazea moijaris saqmianobis ZiriTadi 24 №1(2016) adgili Tu saqme exeba ijariT gadacemul sahaero xomalds. saxelmwifom, romlis teritoriazec aRmoCndeba damnaSave, unda daadginos sakuTari iurisdiqcia Tu mas arcerT zemoxsenebul saxelmwifosTan ar aqvs dadebuli damnaSavis gadacemis xelSekruleba. konkretul damnaSaveze saqme unda gadaeces Sesabamisi saxelmwifos uflebamosil organoebs sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis mizniT. 1971 wlis monrealis konvenciis mizani iyo konkretuli sahaero xomaldis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sabotaJisa da Zaladobis aqtebis Tavidan acileba. konvenciaSi mniSvnelovnadaa gafarToebuli ama Tu im moqmedebis, rogorc samoqalaqo aviaciis saqmianobaSi ukanono Carevis aqtebis ganmsazRvreli niSnebis nusxa. 1988 wlis monrealis oqmSi aisaxa saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis momsaxure aeroportSi pirebis mimarT Zaladobis aqti, romelic iwvevs an SeuZlia gamoiwvios janmrTelobis seriozuli dazianeba Tu sikvdili; saerTaSoriso aeroportis mowyobilobebis, nagebobebis, aeroportSi ganlagebuli eqspluataciaSi armyofi sahaero xomaldebis rRveva an seriozuli dazianeba; aeroportis samsaxurebis muSaobis darRveva, Tuki es emuqreba an SeiZleba daemuqros am aeroportSi usafrTxoebas. oqmSi monawile saxelmwifo movalea daadginos msgavs danaSaulebebze sakuTari iurisdiqcia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mis teritoriaze imyofeba damnaSave da ar SeuZlia gadasces igi saxelmwifos, romlis teritoriazec iqna Cadenili danaSauli. tokios, haagisa da monrealis konvenciebi „gamoiyeneba yvela im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sahaero xomaldi imyofeba sxva da ara sakuTari qveynis sahaero sivrceSi“. udavoa, rom zemoaRniSnulma konvenciebma, romlebic miiRes me-20 saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi da ratificirebulia umetesi saxelmwifoebis mier, maSinac da axlac mniSvnelovan, dadebiT rols asruleben saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis saqmianobaSi, aseve ukanono Carevis aqtebTan brZolis saqmeSi. amavdroulad, samwuxarod, gviwevs imis aRniSvna, rom samoqalaqo aviacia, misi yvela Semadgeneli elementis CaTvliT (sahaero xomaldebi, aeroportebi, sahaero moZraobis marTvis samsaxurebi) isev rCeba mowyvlad obieqtad, teroristuli da sxva ukanono Carevis aqtebisadmi. rogorc samarTlianad aRniSnavs zogierTi avtori, satransporto, maT Soris saaviacio usafrTxoebis saimedo uzrunvelyofa, erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuri amocana gaxda mravali saxelmwifosTvis, romelic ganpirobebulia iseTi faqtorebiT rogorebicaa: a) satransporto saSualebebze diversiebis da terorizmis uprecedento eskalacia, saxelmwifos Sida da saerTaSoriso teroristuli dajgufebebis mxridan, diversiuli aqtebis gansakuTrebiT saSiSi formiT Cadena (TviTmkvleli teroristebisa da satransporto saSualebebis, rogorc diversiis iaraRis masiurad gamoyeneba); b) organizebuli danaSaulis nacionaluri da transnacionaluri formebis aqtivizacia, romlebic specializebulni arian ukanono sagareo ekonomikuri operaciebis warmarTvaSi, iaraRis, sabrZolo masalebis, asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis kontrabandasa da aralegalur migraciaSi, romlebic satransporto arteriebs danaSaulebrivi miznebiT iyeneben; g) satransporto kompleqsis funqcionirebaSi iseTi aramarTlzomieri Carevis formebis uwyveti zrda, rogoricaa: satransporto gzebisa Tu satransporto saSualebebis blokireba, Zarcva da xulignoba transportSi, romlis Sedegadac xdeba avariebi da maTi muSaobis destabilizacia1. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris aSS-is movlenebi, rodesac gatacebuli oTxi samoqalaqo sahaero xomaldi gamoiyenes msxvili saxmeleTo samizneebis gasanadgureblad (pirvelyov- 25 lisa, niu-iorkis saerTaSoriso savaWro centris Senobebi), Zlieri impulsi gaxda msoflio sazogadebisaTvis da kerZod, samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizaciisTvis (ICAO), saaviacio usafrTxoebis amaRlebisa da samoqalaqo aviaciis saqmianobaSi ukanono Carevebis aqtebTan sabrZolveli, axali saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi saSualebebis mosaZieblad da ukve arsebulis dasaxvewad. samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis 33-e sesiaze, romelic 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis Semdeg Catarda, miiRes rezolucia А33-1, romlis Tanaxmad, samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis asambleam samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis sabWos da generalur mdivans daavala _ „miiRon dauyovneblivi zomebi, samoqalaqo aviaciis axali da SesaZlo muqarebis gansaxilvelad, romlebSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba saaviacio usafrTxoebasTan mimarTebaSi arsebuli konvenciebis adekvaturoba da samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis programebi, saaviacio usafrTxoebis sferoSi.......“2 aRniSnuli rezolucia А33-1-is aRsrulebis mizniT, saaviacio usafrTxoebis sferoSi ICAO-s sabWom daamtkica samoqmedo gegma, romlis farglebSi ICAO-s samdivnom moamzada kvleva im saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv aspeqtebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic Seexeba samoqalaqo aviaciasTan mimarTebaSi axal da SesaZlo safrTxeebs. mocemul kvlevaSi gamoikveTa daskvna, rom Tumca arsebuli, saaviacio usafrTxoebis sferos moqmedi konvenciebi (tokios konvencia, haagis konvencia da monrealis konvencia) farTod gamoiyeneba saxelmwifoebis mier, romlebic aRniSnul samarTlebriv dokumentebs qmediTad miiCneven, calkeuli aspeqtebis kuTxiT es dokumentebi saWiroeben ganaxlebas axali da SesaZlo muqarebis gaTvaliswinebis mizniT; zogierTi es muqara, magaliTad, sahaero xomaldebis iaraRad gamoyeneba, TviTmkvleli teroristebis Tavdasxmebi, eleqtronuli da kompiuteruli saSualebebis gamoyenebiT Tavdasxmebi, qimiuri, biologiuri da radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis gamoyenebiT Tavdasxmebi _ moqmedi konvenciebi maT ver moicaven sakmao xarisxiT. aRniSnuli kvlevis Sedegebisa da ICAO-s wevri-saxelmwifoebis poziciis gaTvaliswinebiT, samoqalaqo aviaciis saqmianobaSi ukanono Carevis aqtebTan mimarTebaSi moqmedi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis Secvlis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ICAO-s samdivnos, ICAO-s iuridiuli komitetis da mis mier specialurad Seqmnili qvekomitetis mier 2005dan 2009 wlamde periodSi, Catarebulia didi samuSao, romlis Sedegad Seiqmna haagis konvenciisa da monrealis konvenciis (monrealis oqmis redaqciiT) Sesworebebis proeqtebi3. 2010 wlis 30 agvistodan 10 seqtembramde pekinSi (CineTis saxalxo respublika), ICAO-s egidiT Catarda saerTaSoriso konferencia sahaero samarTlis sakiTxebSi (diplomatiuri konferencia saaviacio usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze)4, zemoaRniSnuli haagis konvenciisa da monrealis konvenciis Sesworebebis miRebis mizniT. aRniSnuli diplomatiuri konferenciis muSaobis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, miiRes ori dokumenti _ oqmi, romelic daemata sahaero xomaldebis ukanono gatacebasTan brZolis konvencias (haagis konvencia) da saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis mimarT ukanono aqtebTan brZolis konvencia (SemdgomSi _ „pekinis konvencia“). aRsaniSnavia, rom Sesabamisi dokumentebis damuSavebisa da ganxilvis etapze igegmeboda mxolod (oqmi) cvlilebebis miReba, monrealis konvenciasTan (monrealis oqmi redaqciiT) mimarTebaSi, haagis konvenciis oqmis analogiurad. sabolood, 2010 wlis pekinis diplomatiur konferenciaze miiRes axali saerTaSoriso norma _ pekinis konvencia, romelic faqtobrivad aerTianebs monrealis konvenciis teqsts, monrealis 26 №1(2016) oqms da im axal Sesworebebs, romlebic momzadda ICAO-s farglebSi 2005-dan 2009 wlebis ganmavlobaSi da romelsac, misi ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdgom monawile qveynebs Soris urTierTobis WrilSi mieniWeba upiratesoba monrealis konvenciasa da monrealis oqmTan mimarTebaSi. aseTi gadawyvetileba, pekinis konvenciis miRebis mizanSewonilobasTan dakavSirebiT, gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom monrealis konvenciam ukve ganicada cvlileba monrealis oqmiT, xolo pekinis diplomatiur konferenciaze SemoTavazebuli misi Sesworebebi imdenad moculobiTi aRmoCnda, rom dokumentebis formisa da maTi Semdgomi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, ufro xelsayrelia axali saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis Camoyalibeba da ara ukve arsebuli monrealis konvenciis kidev erTi (oqmis saxiT) cvlileba. ganvixiloT, mainc ra arsebiTi siaxle Semovida pekinis konvenciiT da oqmiT, damatebiT haagis konvenciisa (SemdgomSi _ „pekinis oqmi“), saxelmwifoebis mxridan samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul aqtebTan brZolis saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi regulirebis kuTxiT. 1. umniSvnelovanes siaxles, romelic gamyarebulia pekinis konvenciaSi, warmoadgens samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis saxeobebis CamonaTvalis gafarToeba. im aqtebis garda, romlebic ukve aRiarebulia monrealis konvenciisa da monrealis oqmis Tanaxmad, rogorc danaSaulebi, romlebsac mosdevs mkacri sadamsjelo zomebi, mocemuli CamonaTvali, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia pekinis konvenciiT, moicavs „ukanonod da mizanmimarTulad“ Cadenil Semdeg aqtebs (qmedebebs): a) eqspluataciaSi myofi sahaero xomaldis gamoyeneba, sikvdilis, mZime dazianebis an qonebis da garemos mniSvnelovani zianis gamowvevis mizniT; b) eqspluataciaSi myofi sahaero xomaldis bortidan nebismieri biologiuri, qimiuri, birTvuli iaraRis gamoTavisufleba an gadmogdeba (SemdgomSi, pekinis konvenciis terminologiis Tanaxmad _ „b.q.b. iaraRi“), an asafeTqebeli, radioaqtiuri an analogiuri nivTierebebis iseTnairad gamoyeneba, romelic iwvevs an SesaZloa gamoiwvios sikvdili, sxeulis mZime dazianeba an qonebis da garemos mniSvnelovani ziani; g) eqspluataciaSi myofi sahaero xomaldis winaaRmdeg an sahaero xomaldis bortze nebismieri iaraRis (b.q.b.) an asafeTqebeli, radioaqtiuri an analogiuri nivTierebebis iseTnairad gamoyeneba, rac iwvevs an SesaZloa gamoiwvios sikvdili, sxeulis mZime dazianeba an qonebis da garemos mniSvnelovani ziani; d) sahaero xomaldis bortze qvemoT CamoTvlili nivTierebebis gadazidva, gadazidvisken mimarTuli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba, an gadazidvisTvis xelSewyoba. esenia: - raime saxis asafeTqebeli nivTiereba an radioaqtiuri masala, rodesac cnobilia, rom isini gankuTvnilia sikvdilis an sikvdilis muqaris warmoqmnis, sxeulis mZime dazianebis an mosaxleobis daSinebis, agreTve, mTavrobis an saerTaSoriso organizaciebis iZulebis mizniT, rom maT ganaxorcielon raime qmedeba an Tavi Seikavon aseTisgan; - nebismieri iaraRi (b.q.b.), rodesac gacnobierebulia, rom is warmoadgens aseTs, pekinis konvenciaSi mocemuli gansazRvrebebis Sesabamisad; - nebismieri sawyisi masala, romelic warmoadgens aseTs specialuri gamxleCi masalisTvis an aRWurvilobis, an masalisTvis, romlebic specialurad aris gankuTvnili an gamzadebuli damuSavebisTvis, gamoyenebis an warmoebisTvis da gamiznulia iseTi saqmianobisTvis, romelic ukavSirdeba birTvul asafeTqebel mowyobilobebs an sxva 27 saxis birTvul saqmianobas, romelic ar aris moqceuli garantiebSi, atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentosTan arsebuli garantiebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad; agreTve, nebismieri aRWurviloba, masala an programuli uzrunvelyofa, an Sesabamisi teqnologiebi, romlebsac SeaqvT mniSvnelovani wvlili b.q.b. iaraRis proeqtirebaSi, warmoebasa da miwodebaSi kanonieri nebarTvis gareSe da aseTi miznebisTvis, im pirobiT, rom msgavsi gadazidva an masSi monawileoba ar warmoadgens danaSauls Tu aRniSnuli xorcieldeba im piris mier, romelsac gaaCnia pekinis konvenciis monawile saxelmwifos mier miniWebuli uflebamosileba da masalebis, aRWurvilobis gadazidva xdeba mocemuli monawile saxelmwifos valdebulebebis Sesabamis saqmianobaSi gamoyenebis mizniT, b.q.b. iaraRis gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb moqmedi mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad. (magaliTad, 1968 wlis SeTanxmeba birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis Sesaxeb., 1972 wlis konvencia, baqteriologiuri (biologiuri) da toqsikuri iaraRis SemuSavebis, warmoebisa da maragebis dagrovebis akrZalvisa da ganadgurebis Sesaxeb., 1993 wlis konvencia, qimiuri iaraRis SemuSavebis, warmoebis, dagrovebis, gamoyenebis akrZalvis da ganadgurebis Sesaxeb). rogorc naTlad Cans zemoT mocemuli CamonaTvalidan, masSi gaTvaliswinebuli, pekinis konvenciis Tanaxmad ganxiluli, rogorc danaSaulebrivi aqtebis (qmedebebis) umravlesobis saerTo niSan-Tvisebas warmoadgens is, rom isini mimarTulia ara uSualod sahaero xomaldis an samoqalaqo aviaciis sxva obieqtebis (magaliTad: sahaero-sanavigacio aRWurviloba, aeroportebi da a.S.) usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg, aramed mimarTulia an sicocxlis muqaris, janmrTelobis an mesame piris im sakuTrebisTvis zianis miyenebisken, romelic mdebareobs ara uSualod sahaero xomaldze da ar aqvs araviTari kavSiri samoqalaqo aviaciis obieqtebTan. agreTve, garemos ziani an masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrcelebis akrZalvebis darRveva. pekinis konvenciis amgvari midgoma Zireulad ganasxvavebs mas amJamad moqmed tokios, haagis, monrealis konvenciebsa Tu monrealis oqmisagan da, erTi SexedviT, SesaZloa warmoSvas kiTxvebi zemoCamoTvlili axali tipis danaSaulebis im saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebaSi Setanis mizaSewonilobasTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic Seexeba saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebas. aucilebelia yuradRebis gamaxvileba imaze, rom jer kidev pekinis konvenciis proeqtis SemuSavebisas, kerZod, misi ganxilvisas ICAO-s iuridiuli komitetis sxdomaze, masSi axali tipis danaSaulebis Setanis problema, romlebic ar arian pirdapir mimarTuli sahaero xomaldisa da samoqalaqo aviaciis sxva obieqtebis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg. gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba iseT aqtebs, romlebic gulisxmobs: asafeTqebeli nivTierebebisa da radioaqtiuri masalebis, b.q.b. iaraRis gadazidvas, an b.q.b. iaraRis proeqtirebas, warmoebis an miwodebisTvis masalebis, aRWurvilobis, teqnologiebis an programuli uzrunvelyofis gamoyenebas, _ aqtiuri diskusiis sagani gaxda. erTis mxriv, calkeuli saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebi acxadebdnen, rom b.q.b. iaraRsa da sxva xsenebul tvirTebTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebebis Sesaxeb debulebebi ar Seexeba sahaero xomaldis usafrTxoebas da Sesabamisad, ICAO ar warmoadgens „Sesaferis forums aseTi danaSaulebebis ganxilvisTvis“. amavdroulad, meores mxriv, gamoTqmuli iqna pozicia imis Sesaxeb, rom aRniSnuli danaSaulebebi mainc mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli saaviacio usafrTxoebasTan, xolo samoqalaqo sahaero xomaldebis gamoyeneba b.q.b. iaraRis ganzrax da uka- 28 №1(2016) nono gadazidvisTvis, srulad Seesabameba ICAO-s miznebsa da 1944 wlis saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis Sesaxeb konvenciaSi (SemdgomSi _ „1944 w. Cikagos konvencia) Setanil debulebebs. garda amisa, pekinis konvenciaSi b;q;b; iaraRis gadazidvasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebebis Setanis momxreebis mier sakuTari poziciis dasacavad damatebiTi argumentebis saxiT aRniSnuli iyo, rom „amavdroulad, samoqalaqo aviaciisadmi sazogadoebis ndoba safrTxis qveS dadgeba, romelime teroristuli dajgufebis mier sahaero xomaldis saSiSi tvirTebis gadasazidad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, momavalSi ukanono aqtebis ganxorcielebis mizniT“. warmodgenilia, rom zemoT aRniSnuli im axali tipis danaSaulebebis sakiTxis gadawyveta, romlebic pirdapir ar arian mimarTulni sahaero xomaldis da samoqalaqo aviaciis sxva obieqtebis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, maTi Setana pekinis konvenciaSi aRiqmeba imis asaxvad, rom aSS-s 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebi da sxva muqarebi, romlebic Seexo samoqalaqo aviacias 21-saukuneSi, aiZula calkeuli saxelmwifoebi da mTlianad msoflio saaviacio sazogadoeba (pirvel rigSi, sakuTriv ICAO-s CaTvliT) sruliad axleburad Seefasebina samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis problemebi. Tu me-20 saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi, maSin, rodesac muSavdeboda da miiReboda haagis konvencia da monrealis konvencia, saxelmwifoebis ZiriTadi yuradReba eniWeboda „frenis“ procesSi an „eqspluataciaSi“ myofi sahaero xomaldis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs. amJamad saxelmwifoebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina mavne Sedegebis gamowvevis mizniT, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovanma sakiTxma, vidre sahaero xomaldis gataceba an misi ganadgurebaa (magaliTad, sahaero xomaldis, rogorc haerSi an xmeleTze zianis gamomwvev, an masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis miwodebis da gavrcelebis saSualebad gamoyeneba da a.S.), samoqalaqo aviaciis arajerovani gamoyenebis Tavidan acilebis problemam. samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebisadmi aseTi midgoma, saxelmwifoebis da ICAO-s mxridan, savsebiT miesadageba ICAO-s miznebisa da amocanebis farglebs da agreTve, im valdebulebebs, romlebic gansazRvrulia saerTaSoriso sahaero samarTlis umniSvnelovanes dokumentSi _ 1944 w. Cikagos konvenciaSi, romlis Tanaxmad, „TiToeuli SeTanxmebis monawile saxelmwifo, Tanxmdeba _ ar gamoiyenos samoqalaqo aviacia raime iseTi miznebiT, romlebic ar Seesabameba winamdebare konvenciis miznebs“. xolo samoqalaqo aviaciis borotad gamoyenebam „SesaZloa safrTxe Seuqmnas zogadad yvelas usafrTxoebas“. aqedan gamomdinare, SemTxveviTi ar aris, saaviacio usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebiT swored diplomatiuri konferenciis Catareba, romelic gaimarTa ICAO-s egidiT da warmoadgens im forums, romelzec miiRes pekinis konvencia5. 2. pekinis konvenciisgan gansxvavebiT, pekinis oqmi ar axdens samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis sawinaaRmdego im aqtebis CamonaTvalis gafarToebas, romlebic ganxiluli unda iyos saxelmwifoebis mier, rogorc danaSaulebebi, aramed, misi mizania, rogorc es haagis konvenciis SemTxvevaSia, brZola aseTi aqtebis mxolod erT tipTan _ sahaero xomaldebis ukanono gatacebasTan. amavdroulad, pekinis oqmiT Semotanil siaxles warmoadgens im saSualebebis damateba (dazusteba), romelTa gamoyenebiT SesaZloa ganxorcieldes sahaero xomaldebis ukanono gataceba, romelic kvalificirdeba, rogorc danaSauli. amdenad, pekinis oqmis Tanaxmad, piri CaiTvleba danaSaulis Camdenad, Tu is ukanonod eufleba sahaero xomalds, ara marto Zaladobrivi gziT, Zaladobis muqariT an daSinebis 29 nebismieri sxva formiT, aramed nebismieri teqnikuri saSualebis gamoyenebiT. mocemuli axali debuleba, upirveles yovlisa, mimarTulia imisken, rom pekinis oqmis redaqciiT, haagis konvencia moicavdes iseT situaciebs, rodesac sahaero xomalds itaceben an masze kontrols amyareben, faqtobrivad ara Zaladobis gamoyenebiT, aramed gaumarTaobis Seqmnis an sxva saxis Carevis gziT, magaliTad: safreni aparatebis funqcionirebis an monacemTa gadacemis sistemebis mimarT. amasTan, amgvari muqara, romelic dakavSirebulia teqnikuri mowyobilobebis gamoyenebasTan, SesaZloa modiodes nebismier adgilze myofi, nebismieri pirisagan da ara mxolod uSualod sahaero xomaldis bortze myofi pirisgan. 3. pekinis konvencia da pekinis oqmi moicavs zogierT axal debulebas, romlic Seexeba sisxlis samarTlis iurisdiqcias. mocemuli dokumentebis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli monawile saxelmwifo atarebs iseT zomebs, romlebic SesaZloa aucilebeli gaxdes sakuTari iurisdiqciis dasamyareblad danaSaulebebze, rac gaTvaliswinebulia pekinis konvenciasa da pekinis oqmiT Semdeg SemTxvevebSi: a) rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia mocemuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze; b) rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia mocemul saxelmwifoSi registrirebuli sahaero xomaldis bortze an mis mimarT; g) rodesac is sahaero xomaldi, romlis bortzec moxda danaSauli, dafrenas axorcielebs mis teritoriaze da savaraudo damnaSave isev imyofeba bortze; d) rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia sahaero xomaldis bortze an mis mimarT da es sahaero xomaldi ekipaJis gareSe gacemulia ijariT moijareze, romlis saqmianobis ZiriTadi adgili an Tu moijares ar aqvs aseTi saqmianobis adgili, misi ganTavsebis mudmivi adgili mdebareobs am saxelmwifoSi; e) rodesac danaSauli Cadenilia mocemuli saxelmwifos moqalaqis mier. amgvarad, amJamad moqmed haagis konvenciasa da monrealis konvenciasTan SedarebiT, pekinis oqmi da pekinis konvencia avsebs sisxlis samarTlis iurisdiqciis ganxorcielebis SesaZlo variantebis CamonaTvals, saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg danaSaulebTan mimarTebaSi iseTi SemTxveviT, rodesac iurisdiqcia dgeba im saxelmwifos mier, romlis moqalaqec aris Sesabamisi danaSaulis Camdeni piri. aseve, haagis konvenciisgan gansxvavebiT, pekinis oqmi iTvaliswinebs, rom sisxlis samarTlis iurisdiqcia dgeba im saxelmwifos mier, romlis teritoriazec Caidines Sesabamisi danaSauli. garda amisa, sisxlis samarTlis iurisdiqciis ganxorcielebis zemoCamoTvlil SemTxvevebTan erTad savaldebulo wesiT, axali debulebis saxiT, pekinis konvencia da pekinis oqmi iTvaliswinebs, rom Sesabamis monawile saxelmwifos SeuZlia (magram ar aris savaldebulo) daadginos sakuTari iurisdiqcia nebismieri masSi gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebebis mimarT im SemTxvevaSi rodesac: a) mocemuli danaSauli Cadenilia am saxelmwifos moqalaqis winaaRmdeg, an b) mocemuli danaSauli Cadenilia moqalaqeobis armqone piris mier, romelic Cveulebriv cxovrobs am saxelmwifos teritoriaze; 4. mniSvnelovan debulebas, romelic Setanilia rogorc pekinis konvenciaSi, aseve pekinis oqmSi da mimarTulia arsebiTad aut dedere, aut judicare (gadaeci an dasaje) principis moqmedebis gamyarebisken, warmoadgens debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom arcerTi danaSauli, romelic miTiTebulia pekinis konvenciasa da pekinis oqmSi ar ganixileba gadacemis an 30 №1(2016) samarTlebrivi urTierTdaxmarebis miznebisTvis, rogorc politikuri danaSauli. amitom, Sesabamisi Txovna gadacemis an samarTlebrivi daxmarebis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba iyos uaryofili mxolod im safuZvliT, rom „is Seexeba politikur danaSauls an danaSauls, romelic ukavSirdeba politikur danaSauls an danaSaulebs, romlebic Cadenilia politikuri motivebiT“. Tumca, amasTanave, pekinis konvenciisa da pekinis oqmis Tanaxmad, maTSi araferi ar ganimarteba ise, rogorc valdebulebis dakisreba romelime piris gadacemas an samarTlebriv urTierTdaxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu momTxovn monawile saxelmwifos gaaCnia seriozuli safuZveli, rom pekinis konvenciasa da pekinis oqmSi miTiTebuli danaSaulebebis Cadenis gamo, piris gadacemis an aseT danaSaulebebTan mimarTebaSi samarTlebrivi urTierTdaxmarebis Taobaze misi Txovnis „mizans warmoadgens am piris sasamarTlo devna, an dasja misi rasis, aRmsareblobis, erovnebis, eTnikuri warmomavlobis, politikuri mrwamsis, an sqesis gamo, an am Txovnis dakmayofilebis Sedegad ziani miadgeba am pirs, nebismieri am mizeziT“. 5. pekinis konvenciasa da pekinis oqmSi Setanilia debulebebi iuridiuli pirebis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, romlebic gamoiyeneba maTSi CamoTvlili, saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo aviaciis winaaRmdeg danaSaulebis Cadenis SeTxvevaSi (magaliTad, finansireba). orive dokumentis Tanaxmad, masSi monawile saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT gaataron aucilebeli zomebi, sakuTari Sida samarTlis principebis Sesabamisad, raTa uzrunvelyofili iqnas maT teritoriaze arsebuli an maTi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT dafuZnebuli aseTi iuridiuli pirebis, magaliTad, administraciuli an samoqalaqo wesiT pasuxisgebaSi micema (xolo im saxelmwifoebSi, sadac es daSvebulia qveynis kanonmdeblobiT, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSic). amasTan, iuridiuli pirebis aseTi pasuxisgeba dgeba Sesabamisi danaSaulis Camdeni fizikuri pirebis sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxisgebis dakninebis gareSe. TiToeuli zemoaRniSnuli dokumenti, romelic miRebulia 2010 wlis pekinis diplomatiur konferenciaze _ pekinis konvencia da pekinis oqmi _ ZalaSi Seva erTi Tvis vadaSi mas Semdeg, rodesac igi ratificirdeba 22 saxelmwifos mier da ICAO-s generalur mdivans Sesanaxad Cabardeba Sesabamisi dokumentebi ratifikaciis Sesaxeb. 2016 wlis aprilis mdgomareobiT, pekinis konvenciis ratifikacia moaxdina mxolod 14-ma saxelmwifom6, rac, ra Tqma unda, jerjerobiT ar iZleva maTi swrafad ZalaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb saubris saSualebas. pekinis konvenciisa da pekinis oqmis ratifikaciis procesis Seneleba, rogorc Cans, aseve gaxda sahaero samarTlis zogierTi specialistis mxridan, miTiTebuli dokumentebis da maTTan dakavSirebuli samoqalaqo aviaciis saqmianobaSi ukanono Carevis aqtebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi regulirebis srulyofis perspeqtivebTan mimarTebaSi, sakmaod TavSekavebuli da garkveulwilad pesimisturi Sefasebis mizezi. amavdroulad, im miznis gaTvaliswinebiT, risTvisac miiRes pekinis konvencia da pekinis oqmi, saxeldobr, samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul aqtebTan brZolis saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi regulirebis efeqtianobis amaRleba 21-e saukunis axali da SesaZlo muqarebis sapasuxod, SegviZlia imedi viqonioT, rom saxelmwifoebis mocemul saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebSi monawileoba, TandaTan ufro gafarTovdeba da perspeqtivaSi isini mainc daikaveben mniSvnelovan adgils saxelmwifoTa Soris Sesaba- 31 mis sferoebSi TanamSromlobis regulirebaSi tokios, haagisa da monrealis konvenciebis msgavsad. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia warmovidginoT, rom ukve dRes gvaqvs safuZveli xazi gavusvaT samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul aqtebTan brZolis saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi regulirebis Semdeg tendenciebs: a) samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis ganxilva sayovelTao usafrTxoebis ufro farTo konteqstSi, 1944 w. Cikagos konvenciis debulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis Sesabamisad, exeba samoqalaqo aviaciis saqmianobaSi ukanono Carevis aqtebs ara mxolod da ara imdenad danaSaulebze, romlebic mimarTulia uSualod sakuTriv sahaero xomaldis an samoqalaqo aviaciis sxva obieqtebis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg (magaliTad: sahaero xomaldis an sahaero-sanavigacio aRWurvilobis gataceba an dazianeba), aramed iseT danaSaulebze, romlebic ukavSirdeba samoqalaqo aviaciis arajerovan gamoyenebas (magaliTad: sahaero xomaldis gamoyeneba sicocxlis, janmrTelobisTvis an mesame piris sakuTrebis, an garemosTvis zianis miyenebis mizniT, an masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis ukanono gavrcelebisTvis da a.S.); b) saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis im debulebebis gaumjobeseba (dazusteba), romlebic mimarTulia samoqalaqo aviaciis saqmianobaSi ukanono Carevis aqtebTan brZolisaken, samecniero-teqnikuri progresis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic gavlenas axdens Sesabamisi danaSaulebis Cadenis saSualebebze (magaliTad: sahaero xomaldis ukanono gatacebis mizniT, teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba im piris mier, romelic SesaZloa uSualod ar imyofeba mocemuli sahaero xomaldis bortze); g) saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis rigi debulebebis (romlebic Seexeba samoqalaqo aviaciis saqmianobaSi ukanono Carevis aqtebs) ufro srulyofili unifikacia, terorizmTan brZolis sxva konvenciebis debulebebTan (naRmuri terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis 1997 w. saerTaSoriso konvencia, terorizmis finansirebis winaaRmdeg 1999 w. saerTaSoriso konvencia da a.S.)7, magaliTad, saxelmwifoebis sisxlis samarTlis iurisdiqciis sakiTxebis, savaraudo damnaSaveebis gadacemisa da politikuri danaSaulebebis nawilSi. parizis konvenciis amoqmedeba saqarTvelos winaSe svams sakiTxs: moicados Tu dauyovnebliv moaxdinos misi ratificireba. droa dadges misi ratificirebis sakiTxi da dros ar CamovrCeT, radgan misi amoqmedebisTanave samoqalaqo aviaciis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis saxeobebis CamonaTvali mniSvnelovnad farTovdeba. 32 №1(2016) David Geperidze Doctor of Law, Professor Modern trends of international legal regulation in the fight against unlawful interference in Civil Aviation activities, defined at the Beijing International Conference on Air Law, 2010 Abstract Under the auspices of ICAO an international conference (A Diplomatic Conference on Aviation Security) on Air Law issues was held in Beijing (People’s Republic of China) on August 30 – September 10, 2010. The aim of the conference was to adopt the amendments made by the Hague Convention and the Montreal Convention. According to the results of the above-mentioned conference the two documents – protocols were approved and added to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Aircraft Hijacking (The Hague Convention) and the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of International Civil Aviation (The Beijing Convention). Enactment of the Paris Convention raises a question to Georgia about waiting or ratifying at once. It is time for us not to fall behind and set an agenda for ratification, for under its enactment a list of crimes committed against the safety of Civil Aviation will significantly broaden. gamoyenebuli literatura: ________________________________________________________________________ 1 В.Д. Бордунов, Международное воздушное право., М.2007, стр. 74 dawvr. ix. http://www.un.org/ru/ecosoc/icao/ 3 dawvr. ix. http://www.icao.org 4 ix. Пекинские договоренности, Том 66, №1, http://www.icao.org 5 ix. http://www.icao.int/publications/journalsreports/2011/6601_ru.pdf 6 ix. http://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/List%20of%20Parties/Beijing_Conv_EN.pdf 7 ix. http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/corruption.shtml 2 33 avTandil xazalia soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis profesori salome Sengelia soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis bakalavri administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi problemebi mmarTvelobis organoTa yoveli qmedeba da misi Sinaarsi gansazRvrulia administraciuli samarTlis normebis meSveobiT. es normebi ki pirdapir damokidebulia konstituciaze, rogorc saqarTvelos uzenaes kanonze, primatze. administaciuli organoebi ewevian sajaro saqmianobas, romelic gamosaxulebas hpovebs maT mier administraciul–samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemasa Tu aRsrulebaSi. administraciuli samarTali samarTlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani dargia da saintereso sakiTxebs moicavs, Tumca CvenTvis yvelaze saintereso aris administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis problema. es sakiTxi moicavs: sxva pirisaTvis individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebis davalebas, jarimas, uSualo iZulebas. administraciuli warmoebis safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegi vlindeba mis aRsrulebaSi. individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT vxvdebiT garkveul xarvezebs. individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli normebi moTavsebulia saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis XII TavSi. szak-is debulebebi vrceldeba mxolod individualuri administraciul-samarTlebriv aqtebze, xolo normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis aRsrulebis meqanizmi sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT ganisazRvreba, magaliTad: administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsi, romelic adgens sanqciebs sxvadasxva normatiuli aqtebiT dadgenili valdebulebebis SeusruleblobisaTvis. adminiatraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis umravlesoba imperatiuli xasiaTisaa da amitom maTi aRsruleba sakmaod problemuria Teoriuli da praqtikuli TavalsazrisiT. amasTan, yvela adamianma unda icodes Tavisi uflebebis Sesaxeb, raTa SeZlos maTi xelyofisagan dacva. individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebiT – samarTlebrivi funqcia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi Seicavs aqtis gamomcemis privilegias, anu SesaZleblobas, moqalaqis nebis sawinaaRmdegod, mis xelT arsebuli kanoniT dadgenili saaRsru- 34 №1(2016) lebo saSualebebis gamoyenebiT TviT aRasrulos es aqti. sityva ,,aRsruleba“ ase ganimarteba: sasamarTlos, uflebamosili piris gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilSi dadgenili valdebulebis sisruleSi moyvana. cxadia, kanonmdebloba zustad gansazRvravs saxelmwifo organoTa gadawyvetilebis nebayoflobiTi Tu iZulebiTi aRsrulebis procedurebsa da wesebs. individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsruleba aris administraciuli warmoebis mniSvnelovani etapi. administraciuli warmoebis safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegebi vlindeba mis aRsrulebaSi. aRsrulebis cnebaSi moiazreba moqalaqis an sxva samarTlis subieqtebis sajaro-samarTlebrivi valdebulebebis iZulebis wesiT ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba.1 saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sferoSi gamocemuli yvela administraciuli aqti miznad unda isaxavdes moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da interesebis dacvas. amitom administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis yvela saSualebas dadebiTi Sedegebi unda mosdevdes rogorc TviT administaciuli organos, ise im piris mimarT, romlis mimarTac aris es aqti gamotanili. administraciuli organo uflebamosilia individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis nebayoflobiTi Sesrulebis Sesaxeb. pirisaTvis micemuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg miiRos zomebi individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsasruleblad. aseT SemTxevevaSi organos SeuZlia gamoiyenos aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis erT-erTi saSualeba. szak-is 169-e muxlis Tanaxmad, administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebia: 1) sxva pirisTvis administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis davaleba; 2) jarima; 3) uSualo iZuleba; administraciuli organo uflebamosilia gamoiyenos aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis mxolod is saSualeba, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, amasTanave kanonmdebeli moiTxovs, rom airCios uzrunvelyofis mxolod iseTi saSualeba, romelic uzrunvelyofs administraciuli aqtis yvelaze swrafad da naklebi danaxarjebiT Sesrulebas da amasTan zians ar miayenebs sazogadoebas da Sesabamis pirs. aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebis gamoyeneba unda Sewydes individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebisTanave.2.3.4. dasaxelebuli formebidan administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis sajarimo forma da uSualo iZuleba aris administraciuli aqtis iZulebiTi aRsrulebis formebi. sxva pirisaTvis administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis davaleba SeiZleba aRsruldes, rogorc administraciuli organos urTierTdaxmarebis wesiT, ise romelime fizikuri pirisTvis administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis davalebis wesiT. aRsrulebis procesis dawyebis safuZvelia gadawyvetileba individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, romelic kidev erTxel afrTxilebs individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis adresats, aZlevs ukanasknel SesaZleblobas, nebayoflobiT aRasrulos aqti da, amasTan, ganumartavs, mis mimarT konkretulad ra iZulebiTi RonisZieba iqneba gamoyenebuli individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis nebayoflobiTi Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi. Tu ar iqneba aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis gadawyvetileba, administraciuli organo individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsasruleblad ver mimarTavs veraviTar iZulebis zomebs. faqtobrivad, individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmi- 35 anoba qmnis administraciuli warmoebis calke saxes. gadawyvetileba individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT werilobiTia. kanonma aseve gansazRvra, rom gadaudebel SemTxvevaSi, rodesac safrTxe eqmneba saxelmwifo an sazogadoebriv uSiSroebas, mosaxleobis janmrTelobas, adamianis sicocxles, rodesac sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia danaSaulebrivi qmedebis aRkveTa, aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gamoices zepirad, rac mniSvnelovnad aCqarebs individualuri adaministraciul-samarTlebrivi diskreciuli uflebamosileba, romelic administraciuli organos an Tanamdebobis pirs aniWebs Tavisuflebas sajaro da kerZo interesebis dacvis safuZvelze kanonmdeblis Sesabamisi ramdenime gadawyvetilebidan SearCios yvelaze misaRebi gadawyvetileba.5 administraciuli organos mier gamotanili dadgenilebis mizania misi aRsruleba, romelic calke stadias warmoadgens. dadgenileba administraciul saqmeze unda aRsruldes moqmedi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT. kerZod, Tu dadgenileba moqalaqisaTvis uflebis miniWebas exeba, igi gamotanisTanave unda aRsruldes. Tu administraciul dasjas _ maSin misi aRsrulebisa da ZalaSi SesvlisaTvis saWiroa gasaCivrebis vadis gasvla.6 axla ki uSualod SevexoT administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis samarTlebriv problemebs. daviwyoT iqidan, rom szak SesaZleblad Tvlis administraciuli aqtis aRsasruleblad uflebamosilebaTa delegirebas sxva organoebisaTvis, rac ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos 1996 wlis 29 oqtombris kanons „normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb“ da 2004 wlis 11 Tebervlis kanons „saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb“. amitom administraciuli aqti unda aRsruldes im organos mier, romelmac igi gamosca, radgan man sxvaze ukeT icis sakiTxis arsi da specifika, ris gamoc ukeTesad SearCevs aRsrulebis vadas, saxes da wess. im SemTxvevaSi Tu administraciul organos ar gaaCnia sakmarisi codna an Sesabamisi dokumentebi saerTod ar unda gamosces aseTi administraciuli aqti. marTalia, zemdgom organos ufleba aqvs baTilad cnos qvemdgomi organos aqti, magram es SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxevaSi, roca igi Seicavs baTilobis romelime pirobas an ar Seesabameba mTavrobis programas, an saxelmwifo politikas. amitom, szak-is 162-e muxlis me-3 nawili da 162-e muxlis me-2 nawili unda Seicvalos da gauqmdes uflebaTa delegirebis wesic da im uflebamosili organos SezRudvis uflebac, romelic pasuxismgebelia administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebaze. aq mizanSewonili iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli yofiliyo diskreciuli uflebamosilebisa da administraciuli organos uflebebis SezRudvis dauSvebloba.7 diskreciuli uflebamosileba administraciuli organos uflebamosilebaTagan erTerTi umniSvelovanesia. kerZo interesebi SeiZleba zogjer saxelmwifos interesebs Seewiros. kanonieri individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebis procesSi SesaZloa ziani miadges mesame pirs. magaliTad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsasruleblad policiam Seamtvria mezoblis kari. bunebrivia, am dros miyenebuli ziani unda anazRaurdes. amdenad, administraciuli aqtebis aRsrulebis dros TiToeuli konkretuli situacia kompleqsurad unda Seiswavlon, gaiazron da mxolod amis Semdeg unda gamoiyenon aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis iZulebis RonisZieba. rac Seexeba administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebas jarimis saSualebiT, misi mizani aris is, rom pirma nebayoflobiT Seasrulos administraciuli aqti. szak-is 171-e muxli ad- 36 №1(2016) gens jarimis saerTo Tanxas fizikuri pirebis mimarT 1000 laramde, iuridiuli pirebis mimarT 5000 laramde. magram mTel rig SemTxvevebSi iuridiuli pirebi jarimis am Tanxis miuxedavad ar aRasruleben administraciul aqtebs, vinaidan administraciuli aqtis Seusrulebloba maT met mogebas aZlevs, vidre jarimis gadaxda. Tu jarima ver uzrunvelyofs administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebas, saWiroa sakiTxs sxvagvarad mivudgeT. kerZod, gaizardos jarima iuridiuli pirebis mimarT sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT im odenobiT, rac saWiroa administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebisaTvis, xolo Tu esec ar ikmarebs, unda Seicvalos igi iZulebiTi aRsrulebiT.9.10 aqve aRvniSnavT, rom evropaSi wesrigi kanonmdeblobam da jarimebis didma odenobam moitana, iq mkacri kanonebi da jarimebis sistemebi ukve aTeulobiT wlebia muSaobs. magaliTad: evropis ramdenime qveyanaSi avtobusis kontroliors iSviaTad SexvdebiT, magram Tu ubileTo aRmoCndebiT da dagajarimebT, es jarima sakmaod didi odenobis Tanxas Seadgens (poloneTSi jarima saSualo xelfasis naxevars Seadgens), aqedan gamomdinare, evropis qveynebSi iSviaTad SexvdebiT ubileTo adamians, romelic maTi jarimebis sistemis damsaxurebaa, romelmac gamoiwvia xalxis kulturis cvlileba. asevea holandiaSi. Tu policiis TanamSromelma saWesTan mobilur telefonze saubrisaTvis dagajarimaT, jarimis odenoba 4-cifra TanxiT ganisazRvreba. albaT dagveTanxmebiT, rom aseT SemTvevaSi arc ki ifiqrebT kanondarRvevaze. aseve unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom am muxlis me-7 nawilSi saubaria imaze, rom „jarimis Tanxa Cairicxeba Sesabamis saxelmwifo an teritoriuli erTeulis biujetSi“.10 aseTi wesi ewinaaRmdegeba administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebisaTvis jarimis gamoyenebis miznebs. mocemul SemTxvevaSi jarima gamoiyeneba administraciuli aqtis aRsasruleblad da misi mizanic aqtis aRsrulebaa. adgilobriv an respublikur biujetSi jarimis Caricxva imitomaa dauSvebeli, rom es jarima unda iqnes gamoyenebuli administraciuli aqtis aRsasruleblad. jarimis Tanxis Caricxva administraciuli organos specialur angariSze aucilebelia am aqtis droulad aRsrulebis da ara biujetis Semosavlebis gazrdis mizniT, swored, amitom es Tanxa unda Cairicxos administraciuli aqtis aRmasrulebeli organos angariSze, administraciuli aqtis aRsasruleblad saWiro RonisZiebebis gasatareblad. amasTan, gaumarTlebelia, rodesac kanoni ar miuTiTebs Tu ra SemTxvevaSi Cairicxeba jarima respublikur biujetSi da ra SemTxvevaSi adgilobriv biujetSi. ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes saqarTvelos 1999 wlis 16 aprilis kanoni „saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb“ debulebebi jarimis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb, vinaidan administraculi aqtis aRsrulebisaTvis gamoyenebuli jarima sxva miznebs isaxavs da amitom igi sxva wesiT aRsruldeba.11 rac Seexeba uSualo iZulebas, is individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebis yvelaze mkacri formaa. aRsrulebis uSualo iZulebis gziT ganxorcielebis policiisTvis davalebis SemTxvevaSi, „policiis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad, policiis muSakebs aqvT fizikuri iZulebis, aseve xelborkilebisa da sxva specialur saSualebaTa gamoyenebis uflebac. Cveni kanonmdebloba garkveul Sesworebebs saWiroebs. magaliTad, saqarTvelos kanonSi, „policiis Sesaxeb“ weria, rom samsaxureobrivi movaleobis dros policiels ufleba aqvs gamoiyenos fizikuri iZuleba, specialuri saSualebebi da samsaxureobriv-saStato iaraRi (xelborkili, rezinis xelketi, cremlsadeni gazi, fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis Suq-bgeriTi mowyobiloba, eleqtroSo- 37 kuri saSualeba da sxv.).12 amgvari saSualebebis gamoyeneba zRudavs adamianis pirad Tavisuflebas da Rirsebas, rac dauSvebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. amitom aseTi saSualebebi mxolod ukidures SemTxvevaSi unda gamoiyenebodes. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso aqtebs adamianis uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb. ukeTesi iqneba Tu administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis konkretuli formebi CamoTvlili iqneba zogad administraciul kodeqsSi, raTa administraciulma organom da misma Tanamdebobis pirebma ar Selaxon moqalaqeTa uflebebi da kanonieri interesebi. „policiis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi policiis TanamSromels unda SeezRudos uSualo iZulebis gadametebuli zianis momtani xerxebis gamoyeneba, raTa amiT laxavs adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs. aseve mniSvelovania, individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi. kerZod, Tu aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs gaiRebs is piri, romelsac evaleba individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis aRsruleba. rogorc cnobilia, szak-is da administraciuli saproceso kodeqsi ar iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifo baJs saxelmwifo socialuri dacvis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas da es unda Seexos aseTi xasiaTis administraciul aqtebsac maTi aRsrulebis dros. administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebulma xarjebma ar unda daamZimos piris mdgomareoba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi piri uars ityvis Tavisi kanonieri uflebebisa da interesebis ganxorcielebaze. amitom saxelmwifom materialuri daxmareba unda gauwios xelmokle pirebs administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebisas. saxelmwifo valdebulia aiRos Tavis Tavze es xarjebi, rac demokratiuli saxelmwifos saerTo moTxovnaa.13 aseve mniSvnelovania szak-is 175-e muxlis 4 nawili, sadac saubaria imaze rom, „pirisagan Tanxis iZulebiT amoReba, qonebaze yadaRis dadeba warmoebs saaRsruleblo furclis safuZvelze, „saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. Tumca, xSiria saaRsruleblo furcelSi arsebiTi Secdomebis daSvebis faqtebic. magaliTad: saaRsruleblo furcelSi SecdomiT uTiTeben araswor misamarTs an araswor saxels. „saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 21-e muxlis mesame nawilis „v“ qvepunqtis mixedviT, saaRsrulebo furcelSi unda aRiniSnos kreditorisa da movalis dasaxeleba da maTi rekvizitebi. xSirad aseTi aqtebi saCivrdeba sasamarTloSi, iTxoven saaRsruleblo aqtebis baTilad cnobas. sasamarTlos ganmartebiT ki aseTi saqmis ganxilva sasamarTlos qvemdebare araa. arsebobs mosazreba, rom saaRsruleblo furceli, rogorc qarTuli, aseve germanuli samarTlis mixedviT, ar warmoadgens administraciul-samarTlebriv aqts. amisaTvis mas aklia xsenebuli aqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, pirvel yovlisa ki, gamocemuli araa administraciuli organos mier. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad unda gasaCivrdes aseTi aqti, jer isev pasuxgaucemelia. aRniSnuli ki arRvevs isev adamianis uflebebs, radgan ar aZlevs mas Tavisi uflebisa da interesis dacvis saSualebas.14 38 №1(2016) Avtandil Khazalia Professor of Law at Sokhumi State University Salome Shengelia Student of the Faculty of Law of Sokhumi State University Legal problems in the utilization of the executive means of the Administrative Act Abstract The scientific work highlights legal problems in the utilization of the executive means of the administrative act. We discussed the essence of the execution including tasks to another person to execute individual administrative act, fines and a direct enforcement. Accordingly, we discussed issues how to eradicate problems. According to the above mentioned issues, we can conclude that the executive forms of the administrative act in our legislation needs to be perfect. It is necessary to provide more democracy fundamentals of executive rules to protect people’s rights and interests. SeniSvnebi: _______________________________________________________________________________ 1 paata turava, naTia wkeplaZe, zogadi administaciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2013. 2 paata turava, naTia wkeplaZe, zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2013. 3 saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, Tb., 2014. 4 ganmartebiTi iuridiuli leqikoni, Tb., 2014. 5 p. turava, n. wkeplaZe, zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo“, Tb., 2013. 6 v. loria, saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso samarTali, Tb., 2002. 7 x. loria, administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi problemebi, avtoreferati, Tb., 2005. 8 saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, Tb., 2014. 9 x. loria, administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi problemebi, avtoreferati, Tb., 2005. 10 saqarTvelos konsitucia, Tb. 1995. 11 x.loria, administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi problemebi, avtoreferati, Tb., 2005. 12 http://reportiori.ge/. 13 x. loria, administaciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi problemebi, avtoreferati. Tb., 2005. 14 x . loria, administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi problemebi, avtoreferati, Tb., 2005. gamoyenebuli literatura: _______________________________________________________________________ 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) saqarTvelos konsitucia, 1995 wlis 24 agvisto. saqarTvelos kanoni „policiis Ssaxeb“, 2013 wlis 4 oqtomberi. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saaRsruleblo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb“, 1999 wlis 16 aprili. saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, Tb., 2014 . p. turava, n. wkeplaZe, zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2013. x. loria, administraciuli aqtis aRsrulebis saSualebebis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi problemebi, avtoreferati, Tb., 2005. v. loria, saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso samarTali, Tb., 2002. ganmartebiTi iuridiuli leqikoni, Tb., 2014. http://reportiori.ge/. 39 qeTevan kvinikaZe samarTlis magistri, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis iuristi sasamarTlos mier pirgasamtexlos Semcireba, rogorc „samosamarTlo intervencia“ saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principSi saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi moqmedebs xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi, rac samoqalaqo brunvis monawileebs xelSekrulebis Tavisuflad dadebis uflebiT aRWuravs. „xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba kerZo samarTlis mier Seqmnili kerZo avtonomiis principis gamoxatulebaa.“1 igi ramdenime aspeqts moicavs. esenia: xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisufleba, xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis Tavisufleba, xelSekrulebis tipis Tavisufleba da xelSekrulebis formis Tavisufleba.2 xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs mxareTa uflebas Tavad gansazRvron dadon Tu ara xelSekruleba; xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis Tavisufleba moiazrebs mxareTa uflebas maTi xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi damoukideblad, maTi interesebis Sesabamisad Camoayalibon, Tumca Sinaarsi ar unda iyos kanonsawinaaRmdego. „xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis samarTlebrivi aRiareba sazogadoebis calkeul wevrs aZlevs SesaZleblobas maTTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi da urTierTobebi erTmaneTs Soris samarTlebrivi SeTanxmebiT maTi Sexedulebisamebr moawesrigon.“3 xelSekrulebis tipis gansazRvris Tavisufleba saxelSekrulebo kontrahentebs aniWebs uflebas dadon iseTi xelSekrulebac, romelic pirdapir ar aris gansazRvruli samoqalaqo kodeqsiT, Tumca mas ar ewinaaRmdegeba. xelSekrulebis mxareTa mier „gamogonili“ axali xelSekruleba mxolod maSin iqneba maTTvis kanonis Zalis mqone, roca igi kanonis moTxovnebTan srul SesabamisobaSi iqneba; rac Seexeba xelSekrulebis formis Tavisuflebis princips, igi xelSekrulebis rogorc werilobiTi, ise zepiri formiT dadebis SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs. xelSekrulebis forma Tavisufalia mxareTaTvis gansazRvruli SemTxvevebis garda, roca kanoni SeTanxmebis namdvilobisaTvis werilobiT formas moiTxovs. erT-erT aseT SeTanxmebas pirgasamtexloze SeTanxmeba warmoadgens, romelic, Tanaxmad samoqalaqo kodeqsis 418-e muxlisa, werilobiT formas moiTxovs. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 416-e muxli pirgasamtexlos valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis damatebiT saSualebad warmogvidgens. „uzrunvelyofis cnebas kanoni ar iZle- 40 №1(2016) va. is ar aris erTmniSvnelovani teqnikuri samarTlebrivi termini, aramed samarTlebriv enas mikuTvnebuli gamoTqma, romelic miuTiTebs konkretuli miznis miRwevis saSualebaze.“5 sk-is 417-e muxlis Tanaxmad, pirgasamtexlo warmoadgens mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gansazRvrul fulad Tanxas, romelic movalem unda gadaixados valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani SesrulebisaTvis. „pirgasamtexlos ori funqcia aqvs: pirveli _ man unda aiZulos movale ganaxorcielos SeTanxmebis Sesabamisi Sesruleba da meore _ man SesaZlebeli unda gaxados kreditorisaTvis valdebulebis darRvevisas zianis martivad anazRaureba misi miyenebis raime damamtkicebeli sabuTis wardgenis gareSe.“6 „pirgasamtexlo warmoadgens xelSekrulebis jerovnad Sesrulebis prevencias.“7 misi funqcia „e.w. prezumirebuli minimaluri zianis“ anazRaurebis uzrunvelyofaa. „igi kreditoris mxridan valdebulebis Sesrulebis mizniT movaleze „zewolis“ ganxorcielebis erTgvari berketia, amasTan valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi, pirgasamtexlos miRebis mizniT, kreditori zianis mtkicebis tvirTisagan gaTavisuflebulia.“8 pirgasamtexlo moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis aqcesorul saSualebas warmoadgens rac gulisxmobs imas, rom pirgasamtexlos namdviloba ZiriTadi valdebulebis namdvilobazea damokidebuli. „misi arseboba mTlianad aris damokidebuli im ZiriTad valdebulebaze, romlis uzrunvelsayofadac gaiTvaliswines mxareebma pirgasamtexlo.“9 „pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis ufleba arsebobs iqamde, sanam arsebobs ZiriTadi valdebulebis Sesrulebis movaleoba.“10 „ZiriTadi valdebulebis baTiloba avtomaturad gamoiwvevs pirgasamtexlos baTilobas, magram ara piriqiT: pirgasamtexlos baTiloba gavlenas ver moaxdens ZiriTadi valdebulebis namdvilobaze.“11 „pirgasamtexlos aqcesoruli bunebiT aris gamowveuli aseve ZiriTadi valdebulebis xandazmulad miCnevis pirobebSi pirgasamtexlos xandazmulobac.“12 „BGB-s §339 (pirgasamtexlos gadaxda) miiCneva, rogorc aradamoukidebeli (aqcesoruli) SeTanxmeba pirgasamtexlos gadaxdaze, rac aseve Sesrulebis valdebulebas warmoSobs da romlis ganxorcielebac savaldebuloa.13 pirgasamtexlo, rogorc moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis damatebiTi saSualeba, movalis mier valdebulebis Sesrulebis mastimulirebel saSualebas warmoadgens da saxelSekrulebo kontrahentis mier xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebis arajerovani Sesrulebis prevenciisaTvis gamoiyeneba. pirgasamtexlo pirobiT valdebulebas warmoadgens, rac gamoixateba kreditoris uflebaSi _ moiTxovos pirgasamtexlos dakisreba mxolod konkretuli pirobis dadgomisas, romelic movalis mier valdebulebis Seusruleblobas an arajerovan Sesrulebas ukavSirdeba. igi „warmoadgens saxelSekrulebo moTxovnis Sesrulebis mimarT mxaris Sesabamisi interesis uzrunvelyofis saSualebas, romlis gadaxdis valdebulebis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevasTan.“14 pirgasamtexloze SeTanxmeba xSiria sakredito urTierTobebSi. „kreditis gamcemi garkveul risks wevs kreditis gacemiT, rac gamoixateba kreditis amRebis SesaZleblobiT _ daabrunos krediti. swored, amis gamo surs kreditors kreditis amRebis gadaxdisuunarobisa da gadaxdis SeCerebis Tavidan asacileblad uzrunvelyos misi moTxovna.“15 uzrunvelyofaze SeTanxmebiT kreditori icavs Tavis moTxovnas movalis gadaxdisuunarobis SemTxvevisaTvis imisaTvis, raTa Tavidan aicilos danakargi.16 samoqalaqo kodeqsi pirgasamtexlos valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebis sta- 41 tuss aniWebs. Tumca, Tavisi arsidan gamomdinare, igi realurad ar emsaxureba kreditoris moTxovnis uzrunvelyofas, aramed ufro sajarimo saSualebas warmoadgens movalis mier valdebulebis saerTod Seusruleblobis an xelSekrulebis Seusabamo SeusruleblobisaTvis. igi erTgvari mastimulirebeli saSualebaa imisaTvis, rom movalem jerovnad da keTilsindisierad Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli valdebuleba. Tuki sesxis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebulia pirgasamtexlo da msesxebeli ar Seasrulebs xelSekrulebiT nakisr valdebulebas da ar daabrunebs sesxs, maSin gvevlineba Tu ara pirgasamtexlo kreditoris moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad, anu SeuZlia Tu ara pirgasamtexlos uzrunvelyos kreditoris realuri dakmayofileba, rogorc es ipoTekis an giravnobis dros xdeba? Tuki movale ver ixdis sesxs, igi ver gadaixdis pirgasamtexlosac, romelic sxva araferia Tu ara „zedmeti Tanxa“, romlis gadaxdac movales arakeTilsindisieri qcevis gamo uwevs. ipoTekis an giravnobis dros movalis mier valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, ipoTekis an giravnobis sagani uzrunvelyofs kreditoris moTxovnis dakmayofilebas. pirgasamtexlos SemTxvevaSi ki kreditorisaTvis ar aris garantirebuli Sesrulebis miRebis SesaZlobloba. pirgasamtexlos Tanxa emateba im ZiriTad Tanxas, romlis dabrunebis valdebulebac aqvs pirs. Sesabamisad, pirgasamtexlo, Tavisi bunebiT, sajarimo funqciis matarebeli ufroa, vidre uzrunvelyofis saSualeba, romlis arsic kreditoris interesebis dakmayofilebis garantirebulobaSi mdgomareobs.17 erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben saxelSekrulebo da kanonismier pirgasamtexlos. kanonismieri pirgasamtexlo normatiuli aqtiTaa dadgenili, anu igi warmoSobilia ara mxareTa, aramed kanonmdeblis nebiT. samoqalaqo kodeqsi mxolod saxelSekrulebo pirgasamtexlos icnobs. saxelSekrulebo pirgasamtexlo es aris mxareTa kerZo avtonomiis gamovlineba, romlis farglebSic xelSekrulebis mxareebi damoukideblad, yovelgvari Carevis gareSe iReben gadawyvetilebas pirgasamtexlos odenobis Sesaxeb. samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar axdens pirgasamtexlos klasifikacias, Tumca doqtrinaSi pirgasamtexlo oTxi saxiT aris klasificirebuli. esenia: CasaTvleli pirgasamtexlo, sajarimo pirgasamtexlo, alternatiuli pirgasamtexlo da eqskluziuri pirgasamtexlo. CasaTvlelia pirgasamtexlo, Tu misi Tanxa CaiTvleba asanazRaurebeli zianis angariSSi; sajarimoa pirgasamtexlo, Tu misi Tanxa ar iTvleba asanazRaurebeli zianis angariSSi; alternatiuli pirgasamtexlos dros adgili aqvs mxareTa imgvar SeTanxmebas, roca kreditors alternatiulad eniWeba an pirgasamtexlos gadaxdis, an zianis anazRaurebis, an Sesrulebis miRebis ufleba; eqskluziuri pirgasamtexlo ki gamoricxavs zianis anazRaurebis SesaZleblobas da kreditors mxolod pirgasamtexlos moTxovnis uflebas aZlevs. alternatiuli da eqskluziuri pirgasamtexlo praqtikaSi naklebad gamoiyeneba, radgan isini garkveulwilad kreditoris uflebebs zRudaven.18 kerZo samarTalSi moqmedi xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principi mxareebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs Tavisuflad gansazRvron pirgasamtexlos odenoba, romelic SesaZlo ziansac ki SeiZleba aRematebodes. „xelSekrulebis Teoria moiTxovs, rom sasamarTloebma aRasrulon mxareTa Soris Tavisufali nebis gamovlenis safuZvelze dadebuli SeTanxmebebi, radgan aseTi SeTanxmebebi aris, erTi mxriv, mxareebis avtonomiis gamoxatuleba da, meore mxriv, aseTi SeTanxmebebi qmnis ekonomikur efeqtianobas, warmoadgens ra orive mxarisaTvis sargeblobis momtan garigebas.“19 sk-is 418-e muxlis 1-li nawili iZleva 42 №1(2016) ra SesaZleblobas SeTanxmebuli pirgasamtexlo miyenebul SesaZlo zians aWarbebdes, aqve kreditoris „sixarbis“ kontrolisaTvis adgens 420-e muxlsac, romelic pirgasamtexlos odenobaze sasamarTlo kontrolis meqanizms warmoadgens da romlis arsic SemdegSi mdgomareobs: sasamarTlo uflebamosilia Seamciros Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlo. mxareebi, rogorc sakuTari interesebis saukeTeso Semfaseblebi Tanxmdebian garigebis pirobebze, axdenen saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis realizebas da axorcieleben momavali moqmedebebis TviTSezRudvas.20 miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlo mainc uflebamosilia „gadasinjos“ mxareTa SeTanxmeba da Tuki amas saWirod CaTvlis, „Secvalos“ kidec misi debuleba, romelic pirgasamtexlos odenobis gansazRvras exeba. imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlo pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis gziT xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principSi Caerios, aucilebelia saxeze iyos is winapiroba, romelsac aseT SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. es winapirobaa pirgasamtexlos xasiaTi _ aris Tu ara is Seusabamod maRali. Semcirebas eqvemdebareba ara maRali pirgasamtexlo, aramed Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlo. pirgasamtexlos odenobaze SeTanxmeba mTlianad mxareTa kerZo avtonomiis sferoSia da masze kontroli dauSvebelia, Tumca SesaZloa sasamarTlom „kontrolqveS aiyvanos“ is pirgasamtexlo, romelic misi odenobidan gamomdinare Seusabamod maRalia. Seusabamoa Tu ara pirgasamtexlo, es Sefasebis sakiTxia da sasamarTlom es yovel konkretul SemTxvevebSi saqmis garemoebebis mixedviT unda gadawyvitos. „Sefasebis miznebisaTvis mxedvelobaSi miiReba pirgasamtexlos aSkara Seusabamoba valdebulebis darRvevis SedegebTan, rac SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes: pirgasamtexlos maRali procentidan, zianis umniSvnelo odenobidan, valdebulebis darRvevis mokle vadidan da a.S.“21 „pirgasamtexlos Semcirebisas sasamarTlo mxedvelobaSi iRebs mxaris qonebriv mdgomareobasa da sxva garemoebebs, kerZod, imas Tu rogoria Sesrulebis Rirebulebis, misi Seusruleblobisa da arajerovani SesrulebiT gamowveuli zianis Tanafardoba pirgasamtexlos odenobasTan, aseve kreditoris ekonomikuri interesi.“22 „aseve, sabazro wesebma SeiZleba ukarnaxon sasamarTlos Tu ra odenoba unda CaiTvalos gonivrulad da sakmaod maRali pirgasamtexloc ki SeiZleba CaiTvalos namdvilad Tu amaze miuTiTebs bazari.“23 pirgasamtexlos Seusabamod maRal xasiaTTan dakavSirebiT mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is danawesi, romelic mocemulia BGB §343 I-Si: mniSvnelovania kreditoris nebismieri legitimuri interesi da ara ubralo qonebrivi interesi.24 is faqti, rom mxareebma saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis farglebSi SeaTanxmes pirgasamtexlo, ar niSnavs, rom mxares upirobod unda daekisros pirgasamtexlo SeTanxmebuli odenobiT. SesaZloa, pirgasamtexlo Seusabamod maRali iyos, ra drosac sasamarTlo uflebamosilia Seamciros igi saxelSekrulebo moTxovnis gaTvaliswinebiT. pirgasamtexlos dakisrebiT ar SeiZleba kreditorma araTanazomieri sargebeli miiRos, pirgasamtexlo ar unda warmoadgendes kreditoris gamdidrebis saSualebas, igi darRveuli uflebis aRdgenis saSualebaa da ara gamdidrebis. maSasadame, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 420-e muxli is gamonaklisi SemTxvevaa, roca kanonmdebeli mosamarTles xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principSi Carevis uflebas aZlevs. „amitomac uwodeben mas „saxelSekrulebo samarTlis raritets“.25 samoqalaqo kodeqsis 420-e muxli Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlosaTvis erTaderT orientirs iZleva _ „saqmis garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT“. dasaxelebuli norma arafers ambobs imasTan dakavSirebiT, 43 sasamarTlo sakuTari SexedulebiTaa uflebamosili Caerios saxelSekrulebo TavisuflebaSi da Seamciros Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlo Tu amisaTvis aucilebelia mopasuxe mxaris Suamdgomloba, romelic pirgasamtexlos Seusabamod maRal xasiaTze apelirebs? ra aZlevs mosamarTles pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis safuZvels _ sakuTari iniciativa Tu mxaris Suamdgomloba? amaze samoqalaqo kodeqsi pirdapir pasuxs ar iZleva. samoqalaqo procesi mxareTa SejibrebiTobis safuZvelze mimdinareobs, rac niSnavs imas, rom mxareebi Tanabari uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobebiT sargebloben daasabuTon TavianTi moTxovnebi da waradginon am moTxovnaTa dasasabuTeblad saWiro mtkicebulebebi. „sasamarTlo pirgasamtexlos marTlzomierebisa da legitimurobis Sefasebas iwyebs mxolod mxareTa mier SejibrebiTobis farglebSi pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis moTxovnisa da Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis wardgenis pirobebSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxare Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos Semcirebas ar moiTxovs an moiTxovs samarTalwarmoebis im etapze, rodesac axali moTxovnis wardgena dauSvebelia, sasamarTlo Tavisi iniciativiT, Sesabamisi procesualurad namdvili Secilebis uflebis gareSe, pirgasamtexlos ver Seamcirebs, Tundac igi Seusabamod maRali iyos.“26 maSasadame, imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom Seamciros pirgasamtexlo, amisaTvis aucilebelia, mxarem pirgasamtexlos Seusabamod maRali xasiaTi amtkicos. gamomdinare aqedan, „pirgasamtexlos dakisrebis moTxovnis Taobaze wardgenili sasarCelo moTxovnis pirobebSi mopasuxis mier Sesageblis warudgenloba, Tu sxdomaze gamoucxadebloba, moTxovnili pirgasamtexlos dakisrebas iwvevs, Tundac, Seusabamod maRalis, vinaidan SeTanxmebuli pirgasamtexlos „Seusabamod maRal pirgasamtexlod“ miCnevas Secileba da mtkiceba sWirdeba.“27 BGB kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar tovebs am sakiTxs da 343-e paragrafSi pirdapir uTiTebs, rom sasamarTlo „movalis gancxadebis safuZvelze“ axorcielebs pirgasamtexlos Semcirebas. kerZod, 343-e paragrafis 1-li nawilis mixedviT, Tu gadasaxdeli pirgasamtexlos odenoba Seusabamod maRalia, maSin igi movalis gancxadebis safuZvelze sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT SeiZleba Semcirdes saTanado odenobamde. „pirgasamtexlos Semcireba TviTon movalem unda moiTxovos. amisaTvis sakmarisia misi mxridan nebismieri gamoxatuleba, maT Soris cifrobrivic, romelic SesaZlebels xdis gairkves, rom movales araadekvaturad maRali pirgasamtexlos gadaxdisagan gaTavisufleba unda.“28 BGB §343 I-is gverdiT arsebobs kidev erTi saSualeba Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos SemcirebisaTvis. es aris BGB §138 I-is akrZalva (garigeba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba zneobis normebs, baTilia), magram es danawesi Sesabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos Sesamcireblad damoukideblad ar gamoiyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs specialuri norma BGB §343 I -is saxiT.29 sainteresoa SemTxveva, roca mxare iTxovs ara pirgasamtexlos Semcirebas, aramed misgan saerTod gaTavisuflebas im romelime safuZvliT, romelic pirgasamtexlos dakisrebas gamoricxavs. im SemTxvevSi, Tuki sasamarTlo namdvilad miiCnevs pirgasamtexloze SeTanxmebas, SeuZlia Tu ara mas igi Seamciros im realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, roca mxare ar iTxovda mis Semcirebas, aramed misgan gaTavisuflebas? „aseT viTarebaSi amosavali principi unda iyos mxaris neba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom igi araTu pirgasamtexlos odenobas xdis sadavod, aramed saerTod pirgasamtexlos dakisrebas ar eTanxmeba. 44 №1(2016) Sesabamisad, aseT pirobebSi pirgasamtexlos odenoba Secilebulad unda iqnes miCneuli da Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom pirgasamtexlos dakisrebis winapirobebi arsebobs, mis odenobaze unda imsjelos.“30 pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa germanuli samarTlis midgoma. germaniis savaWro kodeqsis (HGB) §348-is mixedviT, pirgasamtexlo, romelic mewarmeebs Soris aris SeTanxmebuli, BGB-s §343-e paragrafis danawesiT Semcirebas ar eqvemdebareba. Tuki Seusabamod maRal pirgasamtexloze mewarme subieqti apelirebs da Seusabamobis safuZvliT iTxovs mis Semcirebas, germanuli sasamarTlo ar daakmayofilebs mis moTxovnas, radgan ivaraudeba, rom, misi statusidan gamomdinare, igi mTlianad acnobierebda pirgasamtexloze SeTanxmebis samarTlebriv Sedegebs. mewarme subieqtebi msgavs garigebebSi mxolod mas Semdeg Sedian, rac, yvela garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlo riskebs gamoricxaven. aRniSnul normas qarTul samarTalSi analogi ar aqvs. qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT, pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis moTxovnis uflebiT Tavisuflad SeuZlia isargeblos mewarme subieqtmac da is faqti, rom igi gamocdilia samewarmeo urTierTobebSi, aranair gavlenas ar axdens uflebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaze.31 praqtikaSi problematuria SemTxvevebi pirgasamtexlos Seusabamod maRal xasiaTTan dakavSirebiT, roca saqme exeba standartuli pirobebiT SeTavazebul pirgasamtexlos. germaniis sasamarTlom Tavis erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi ganmarta, rom standartul pirobebSi SemoTavazebuli pirgasamtexlo namdvilia mxolod maSin, Tuki pirgasamtexlo xelSekrulebis Tanxis 5% mdea, radganac sxva SemTxvevaSi igi BGB-s §307 (1)-e paragrafTan modis winaaRmdegobaSi, romelic keTilsindisierebis principis moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas krZalavs. sasamarTlom erTmaneTisagan ganasxvava pirgasamtexlo, romelic standartuli pirobebiTaa SeTavazebuli da pirgasamtexlo, romelic individualuri xelSekrulebiT aris gansazRvruli. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, SeTanxmeba pirgasamtexloze, romelic xelSekrulebis Tanxis 5%-s aRemateba namdvilia, ramdenadac igi mxareTa Soris individualuri SeTanxmebis Sedegia.32 pirgasamtexlos dakisrebis sakiTxTan mimarTebiT saintereso midgoma aqvT SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTloebs, kerZod, „SeerTebul StatebSi xelSekrulebis darRvevis Sedegad gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba emsaxureba meore mxarisaTvis zianis kompensirebas da ara darRvevis dajarimebas, dasjas“33, gamomdinare aqedan, „pirgasamtexlos debulebebis Semowmebisas sasamarTloebi iyeneben samnawilian tests, raTa daadginon pirgasamtexlos odenoba warmoadgens Tu ara zianis odenobis dasaSveb Sefasebas, Tu is realurad aris sajarimo, sadamsjelo zoma.“34 testis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, sasamarTlo afasebs pirgasamtexlos mizans - emsaxureba is realurad SesaZlo zianis anazRaurebas, Tu sadamsjelo xasiaTiaa. testis meore nawili ikvlevs im interesis Rirebulebas, romelic pirgasamtexloTia uzrunvelyofili, mesame nawili ki moiTxovs, rom pirgasamtexlo iyos xelSekrulebis darRveviT gamowveuli winaswarganWvretadi zianis gonivruli Sefaseba.35 SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTlo baTilad cnobs SeTanxmebas pirgasamtexloze, Tuki misi odenoba aragonivrul damokidebulebaSia xelSekrulebis darRveviT gamowveul mosalodnel an faqtobriv zianTan. ra Tqma unda, amgvari Sefaseba garkveulwilad problematuria, radgan mxareTa mier winaswargansazRvruli ziani, SesaZloa, sul sxva odeno- 45 bis saxiT dadges, vidre es mxareebma gaiTvaliswines. sajarimo pirgasamtexlos baTilad cnoba mxaris dacvis interesiT, misi uflebiT - daarRvios xelSekruleba, aris motivirebuli. „mxares Tavisuflad SeuZlia daarRvios xelSekruleba, Tu is aanazRaurebs darRvevis Sedegad miyenebul zians.“36 ziani ki aucileblad unda aanazRauros damrRvevma pirma im Sedegebis gamo, rac meore mxarisaTvis misi darRvevis gamo dadga.37 rogorc wesi, sasamarTloebs ar surT xolme darRvevis SemzRudveli debulebebis namdvilad cnoba, radgan darRvevis uflebis dacva asaxavs, rogorc individualuri avtonobiis farTo dacvas, aseve „efeqtiani darRvevis“ SesaZleblobas. mxare uflebamosilia gavides xelSekrulebidan da mas amis gakeTeba SeuZlia im fasad, rac meore mxaris zianis anazRaurebis eqvivalenturia.38 daskvnis saxiT SesaZlebelia aRiniSnos, rom sasamarTlos mier pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis ufleba misi, rogorc valdebulebis darRvevis prevenciis daniSnulebis SenarCunebis mizans emsaxureba. es aris SemTxveva, roca kanoni sasamarTlos uflebas aZlevs Caerios saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principSi da „Secvalos“ kontrahentTa SeTanxmeba erT-erTi mxaris sasargeblod. amgvari „samosamarTlo intervencia“ aucilebelia garkveul SemTxvevebSi, maSin roca „Zlieri“ saxelSekrulebo kontrahenti „susti“ mxaris saSualebiT „gamdidrebas“ gadawyvets. sk-is 420-e muxli saSualebas aZlevs mosamarTles, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, SesabamisobaSi moiyvanos movalis mier valdebulebis darRvevis Sedegad damdgari pasuxismgeblobis moculoba kreditoris moTxovnasTan. 46 №1(2016) Ketevan Kvinikadze New Higher Education Institute, Lawyer To reduce the penalty by the court as a “Judicial Intervention” in the principle of contractual freedom Abstract The Article reviews the principle of freedom of contract and the court’s intervention in the case of what is called a penalty reduction. The article presents the penalty as the demand for security, its importance and character.The Issue discusses Georgian, German and American Laws. SeniSvnebi: ________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Schäfer, Ott, Lehrbuch der ökonomischen Analyse des zivilrechts, 2.Auflage, Springer, 1995, 341. 2 amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. z. ZlieriSvili, g. cercvaZe, i. robaqiZe, g. svanaZe, l. cercvaZe, l. janaSia, saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2014, 101-102. 3 Schäfer, Ott, Lehrbuch der ökonomischen Analyse des zivilrechts, 2.Auflage, Springer, 1995, 341. 5 Hansjörg Weber, Kreditsicherheiten Recht der Sicherungsgeschäfte, 5. Auflage, Verlag C. H. Beck, 1997, 5. 6 Prüng/Wegen/Weinreich, BGB Kommentar, Luchterhand 2006, 552. 7 z. ZlieriSvili, g. cercvaZe, i. robaqiZe, g. svanaZe, l. cercvaZe, l. janaSia, saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2014, 593, ix. citireba: Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 14 dekembris #144-139-2011 gadawyvetileba 8 ix. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 24 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba #2b/3112-14. 9 l. Wanturia, kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, 236. 10 q. mesxiSvili, pirgasamtexlo (Teoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtika), gv.2, xelmisawvdomia: http://www.library.court.ge/ 11 l. Wanturia, kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, 236-237. 12 q. mesxiSvili, pirgasamtexlo (Teoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtika), gv.2, xelmisawvdomia: http://www.library.court.ge/,ix. citireba: Erman/Westermann Rn 4; Soergel/Lindacher Rn 29 nach Janoschek, Beck’scher Online-Kommentar, BGB Stand, 01.05.2014, Edition 31, &339, Rn.2. 13 Prüng/Wegen/Weinreich, BGB Kommentar, Luchterhand 2006, 552. 14 Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 04 martis ganCineba #2b/5911-13. 15 Manfred Wolf, Sachenrecht, 15. Auflage, Verlag C.H. Beck, München 1999, 273. 16 Hansjörg Weber, Kreditsicherheiten Recht der Sicherungsgeschäfte, 5. Auflage, Verlag C. H. Beck, 1997, 1. 17 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. l. Wanturia, kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, 235. 18 pirgasamtexlos saxeebTan dakavSirebiT ix. l. Wanturia, kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, 238-239; m. Todua, h. vilemsi, valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 2006, 28-29. 19 andrea j. boiaki, saxelSekrulebo zianisa da pirgasamtexlos SedarebiTi analizi saqarTvelosa da SeerTebuli Statebis magaliTze, Jurnali: qarTuli biznes samarTlis mimoxilva, III gamocema, 2014, 3-4, xelmisawvdomia:www.nccl.ge 20 iqve. 7. 21 q. mesxiSvili, pirgasamtexlo (Teoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtika), gv.9, xelmisawvdomia: http://www.library.court.ge/. 22 iqve., ix. citireba: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 12 seqtembris gadawyvetileba #as-819-771-2012. 23 andrea j. boiaki, saxelSekrulebo zianisa da pirgasamtexlos SedarebiTi analizi saqarTvelosa da SeerTebuli Statebis magaliTze, Jurnali: qarTuli biznes samarTlis mimoxilva, III gamocema, 2014, 11, xelmisawvdomia:www.nccl.ge. 24 Prüng/Wegen/Weinreich, BGB Kommentar, Luchterhand 2006, 557. 47 25 l. Wanturia, kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, 243. q. mesxiSvili, pirgasamtexlo (Teoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtika), gv.10, xelmisawvdomia: http://www.library.court.ge/. 27 iqve., 11. 28 Prüng/Wegen/Weinreich, BGB Kommentar, Luchterhand 2006, 557. 29 Prüng/Wegen/Weinreich, BGB Kommentar, Luchterhand 2006, 557. 30 q. mesxiSvili, pirgasamtexlo (Teoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtika), gv.11, xelmisawvdomia: http://www.library.court.ge/. 31 pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 17 Tebervlis ganCineba #2b/4400-14. 32 Elisabeth Keller-Stoltenhoff, Unwirksame Vertragsstrafe in AGB, xelmisawvdomia: http://www.it-rechtkanzlei.de/unwirksame-vertragsstrafe-agb.html. 33 andrea j. boiaki, saxelSekrulebo zianisa da pirgasamtexlos SedarebiTi analizi saqarTvelosa da SeerTebuli Statebis magaliTze, Jurnali: qarTuli biznes samarTlis mimoxilva, III gamocema, 2014, 8, xelmisawvdomia:www.nccl.ge. 34 iqve 35 iqve, 9 36 iqve, 4. 37 Basic Principles of English Contract Law, Prepared by Lawyers from ALLEN & OVERY, Advocates for Internaonal Development, xelmisawvdomia: http://www.a4id.org/sites/default/files/user/documents/ english-contract-law.pdf. 38 iqve, 5-6. 26 48 №1(2016) rati gardafxaZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis samarTlis mimarTulebis doqtoranti dakiTxva, rogorc sagamoZiebo moqmedeba statiaSi Cveni ganxilvis sagania dakiTxvis warmoeba winaswari gamoZiebis stadiaze Zveli saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT. dakiTxvis CatarebisaTvis aucilebelia arsebobdes misi Catarebis safuZveli. eWvmitanilsa da braldebulTan dakavSirebiT aseTi safuZvelia aqti, romelic uzrunvelyofs procesSi am monawileebis arsebobas da akisrebs gamomZiebels maTi dakiTxvis uflebamosilebas. aRniSnuli exeba aseve dazaralebulis dakiTxvasac. mowmis dakiTxvis safuZveli ki aris is monacemebi (garemoebebi), rac misTvis aris cnobili da romelTac mniSvneloba gaaCniaT gamoZiebasa da saqmeze mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis dasadgenad.1 dakiTxvis sworad warmoebisaTvis 1998 wlis 20 Tebervlis saproceso kodeqsi gansazRvravs wesebs, romelTa dacvac savaldebulo iyo da warmoadgenda maTi mtkicebulebad miRebis winapirobas. `Zveli sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT, `dakiTxva~ SeiZleba Catarebuli yofiliyo rogorc winaswari gamoZiebis warmoebis adgilze, aseve dasakiTxis yofnis adgilas, xolo sad unda Sedges dakiTxva gadawyvets yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare gamomZiebeli. winaswari gamoZiebis adgilas piris dakiTxvaSi igulisxmeba dakiTxvis Catareba sagamoZiebo organos administraciul SenobaSi: gamomZieblis samuSao kabinetSi; prokuroris samuSao kabinetSi; specialurad dakiTxvisaTvis mowyobil oTaxSi. dasakiTxis yofnis adgilas piris dakiTxvaSi igulisxmeba dakiTxvis Catareba dasakiTxi piris: sacxovrebel adgilze; samuSao adgilze; swavlis adgilze; sxva adgilze”.2 Zveli sssk-is mixedviT mowmes, dazaralebuls, agreTve TavisuflebaSi myof braldebuls gamomZiebelTan an prokurorTan iZaxeben uwyebiT. uwyeba igzavneba fostiT an Sikrikis xeliT. gamoZaxeba SeiZleba agreTve telefonogramiT, depeSiT, radiogramiT faqsiT an kavSirgabmulobis sxva teqnikuri saSualebiT. gamoZaxebis Sesaxeb uwyebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos gamoZaxebuli piris vinaoba, gamoZaxebuli piris statusi, im organos misamarTi, sadac gamomZiebelia; gamoZaxebis dRe da saaTi; aseve arasapatio mize- 49 ziT gamoucxadeblobis Sedegebi. uwyebis xelze miRebis SemTxvevaSi mimRebma Cabarebis faqti xelis moweriT unda daadasturos. xolo Tu gamoZaxebuli piri sacxovrebel adgilze ar imyofeba, uwyeba bardeba misi ojaxis srulwlovan wevrs xelismoweriT, misTvis gadasacemad, xolo Tu arc aseTi piri aRmoCndeba, uwyeba gamoZaxebulisTvis gadasacemad gadaecema adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis an TviTmmarTvelobis organos. Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi moTavsebul pirebs dakiTxvaze iZaxeben am organoebis administraciis meSveobiT. dasakiTxis gamoZaxebis Semdeg, Zveli sssk-is mixedviT dakiTxvis win gamomZiebeli arkvevs pirovnebis Semdeg monacemebs: mis saxels da gvars, dabadebis TariRs da adgils, sacxovrebel da samuSao adgils, Tanamdebobas, sargeblobs Tu ara imunitetiT, aris Tu ara nasamarTlevi. am monacemebis dasakiTxisagan miRebis Semdeg gamomZiebeli yvela SesaZlo xerxis gamoyenebiT unda darwmundes miRebuli informaciis sisworeSi. `Tu dasakiTx pirs Tan ar aqvs piradobis damadasturebeli dokumenti, amasTan dakiTxvis dauyovnebliv Catareba aucilebelia (magaliTad, policiaSi gamocxadda dazaralebuli, ganacxada Zarcvis Sesaxeb, magram Tan ar aqvs raime dokumenti), gamomZiebeli dakiTxavs am pirs im monacemebiT (im saxeliT, gvariT da a. S.), romelzec igi miuTiTebs da dauyovnebliv iRebs zomebs dakiTxuli piris vinaobaSi dasarwmuneblad (piris piradi dokumentis moZieba-warmodgenis gziT an sxva saSualebiT)~3 dakiTxvis win aseve damkiTxavma unda daadginos icis Tu ara dasakiTxma samarTalwarmoebis ena, romel enaze SeuZlia da surs Cvenebis micema, aseT SemTxvevaSi gamoiZaxeba Tarjimani, romlis mosvlamdec dakiTxva gadaideba. dakiTxvis dawyebamde aseve dasakiTxisTvis unda ganemartaT Tu ra saqmezea gamoZaxebuli, ra statusiT sargeblobs dakiTxvis dros, ufleba-movaleobebi da movaleobaTa Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb. dasakiTx pirs unda miscemoda winadadeba moeyola yvelaferi, rac icoda saqmeze, anu Tavisufali TxrobiT gadmoeca monacemebi. Zveli sssk-is mixedviT Tavisufali Txrobis Sewyveta dauSvebelia, magram Tu dasakiTxi saubrobs monacemebze, romlebic ar exeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmes, gamomZiebels SeuZlia misi SeCereba. Tavisufali Txrobis Semdeg, ufro dakonkretebuli Cvenebis miRebis mizniT pirs SeiZleboda dasmoda kiTxvebi, magram es kiTxvebi ar unda yofiliyo misaxvedri. Zveli sssk-is mixedviT ki misaxvedria kiTxva, romelic pirdapir mianiSnebs mosalodnel pasuxs. aseTi kiTxvebis dasma ekrZaleboda rogorc gamomZiebels, aseve dakiTxvaSi monawile sxva pirebs, xolo Tu mainc dausvamdnen amgvar kiTvas, gamomZiebels es kiTxva unda ganeridebina da amis Sesaxeb Sesabamisi aRniSvna gaekeTebina oqmSi. dasakiTx pirs dakiTxvis procesSi SeeZlo gamoeyenebina mis xelT arsebuli nebismieri dokumenti, an Canaweri, romelic uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmesTan. es dokumentebi gamomZiebels an prokurors SeeZloT moeTxovaT dasakiTxisTvis da Semowmebis Semdeg daebrunebinaT an daerToT sisxlis samarTlis saqmisTvis. axla ki, rac Seexeba dakiTxvis xangrZlivobas, romelic moqmedebs dResac, 4 saaTze met xans ar unda gagrZeldes Sesvenebis gareSe. dasaSvebia piris ramdenjerme dakiTxva dRis ganmavlobaSi aranakleb erTsaaTiani pauzebiT, magram saerTo xangrZlivoba dakiTxvisa dRis ganmavlobaSi ar unda aRematebodes 8 saaTs. sxva wesia dadgenili 50 №1(2016) arasrulwlovani braldebulisa da mowmis dakiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT. maTi dakiTxvis saerTo xangrZlivoba 4 saaTs ar unda aRematebodes. aqac daSvebulia dakiTxva ramdenjerme dRis ganmavlobaSi, magram aucileblad SesvenebebiT. Sesvenebis gareSe arasrulwlovanis dakiTxva dauSvebelia gagrZeldes 2 saaTze met xans. `aseve erT-erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens dakiTxvis mimdinareobisa da Sedegebis fiqsacia. mowmis, dazaralebulis, braldebulis Cvenebis fiqsaciis ZiriTad saSualebas warmoadgens dakiTxvis oqmi. dakiTxvis oqmSi unda aisaxos dakiTxvis adgili da dro, gamomZieblis gvari da Tanamdeboba, eWvmitanilis an braldebulis saxeli da gvari, dabadebis weli, Tve, ricxvi, dabadebis adgili, moqalaqeoba, ganaTleba, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, samuSao da sacxovrebeli adgili, saqmianoba an Tanamdeboba, informacia imis Taobaze iyo Tu ara nasamarTlevi. Cveneba da maT mimarT dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxebi oqmSi gadmocemuli unda iyos pirvel pirSi da SeZlebisdagvarad sityvasityviT. dakiTxvis damTavrebisTanave gamomZiebelma dakiTxvis oqmi unda gaacnos dakiTxuls, damcvelsa da kanonier warmomadgenels, romlebsac ufleba aqvT moiTxovon oqmSi, damatebis da Sesworebis Setana, rac aucileblad unda Sesruldes. oqms xeli unda moaweros dakiTxulma pirma, gamomZiebelma da dakiTxvaSi monawile pirebma (prokurorma, damcvelma, pedagogma, Tarjimanma)~.4 Zveli kodeqsiT dakiTxvis dros SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo, agreTve gamosaxulebis an/da xmis Caweris Sesabamisi teqnikuri saSualebebi, anu piris Cveneba yvela SemTxvevaSi unda dafiqsirebuliyo werilobiT dakiTxvis oqmSi, da amasTan, paralelurad SeiZleboda momxdariyo Cvenebis audio, video Cawerac. dakiTxvis teqnikuri saSualebebiT gakeTebuli Canaweri unda darTvoda dakiTxvis oqms. teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb dasakiTxi piri winaswar unda gaefrTxilebinaT.5 am SemTxvevaSi teqnikuri saSualeba gamoiyeneboda dasakiTxis nebis winaaRmdegac, anu ar iyo damokidebuli mis survilze. teqnikuri saSualebis gamoyenebis gadawyvetilebas iRebda gamomZiebeli. dauSvebeli iyo dakiTxvis nawilis Cawera an imave dakiTxvisas micemuli Cvenebis gameoreba specialurad CawerisaTvis. Canawers unda aesaxa dakiTxvis mTeli mimdinareoba. aseve procesi iTvaliswinebda SemTxvevebs, rodesac dasakiTxi piri TviTon moiTxovda Cvenebis teqnikuri saSualebiT Caweras, romelic gamomZiebels aucileblad unda gaeTvaliswinebina, magram am SemTxvevaSi CawerisaTvis saWiro teqnikuri saSualebis warmodgena unda uzrunvelyo dasakiTxs. zemoT ganxiluli wesebi saerToa Zveli sssk-iT gaTvaliswinebuli dakiTxvis yvela saxisTvis da maTi ganxilvis dros ar gavimeorebT aRniSnul sakiTxebs. mowmis dakiTxva _ imisaTvis, rom SevudgeT mowmisaTvis Zveli sssk-iT damaxasiaTebeli dakiTxvis specifiuri wesebis ganxilvas, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvsazRvroT vin SeiZleboda gamoZaxebuliyo mowmed. mowmed SeiZleboda gamoeZaxebinaT nebismieri piri, romelsac SeiZleboda scodnoda sisxlis samarTlis saqmis garemoebaTa dasadgenad saWiro monacemebi. aseve sssk-iT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo im pirTa wre, romlebic ar SeiZleboda mowmed yofiliyvnen. es fenomeni samecniero literaturaSi Seracxulia, rogorc mowmis imuniteti. Zveli sssk-is mixedviT `imunitets, anu samarTlebriv uflebas, Tavisuflad uari 51 Tqvas Cvenebis micemaze, SeiZleba flobdes mxolod piri, romelsac mocemuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeSi ukavia mowmis procesualuri mdgomareoba. zogierTi mecnieris azriT, mkacrad unda ganisazRvros mowmis imunitetis sazRvrebi da Tvlian, rom mowmes mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi unda hqondes ufleba ar misces Cveneba, Tavisi Tavis an naTesavis winaaRmdeg, anu flobdes mxolod nawilobriv imunitets, rac, ra Tqma unda, uaryofilia mecnierTa didi nawilis mier da rasac Cvenc ver daveTanxmebiT. amasTan Tu gamomZiebeli miuTiTebs mowmes Tavisi SesaZlo dumilis sazRvrebs, araviTari mowmis imunitetze ar SeiZleba laparaki.6 1998 wlis 20 Tebervlis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 95-e muxli gansazRvravდა im pirTa wres, romlebic ar SeiZleboda mowme yofiliyo, xolo am muxlis pirveli nawili gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, rom ar SeiZlebოდა mowmed gamoeZaxebinaT da daekiTxaT: a) eWvmitanilis, braldebulis, gansasjelis an msjavrdebulis damcveli _ im garemoebis Sesaxeb, romelic misTvis cnobili gaxda am saqmeSi damcvelis movaleobis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT; b) dazaralebuli, samoqalaqo mosarCele, samoqalaqo mopasuxe an im piris warmomadgeneli, romlis mimarTac gamoiyeneba samedicino xasiaTis iZulebiTi RonisZieba _ im garemoebis Sesaxeb, romelic misTvis cnobili gaxda am saqmeSi warmomadgenlis an damcvelis movaleobis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT; g) advokati, romelic iuridiul daxmarebas uwevda dacvis an warmomadgenlobis miRebamde _ im garemoebis Sesaxeb, romelic misTvis cnobili gaxda iuridiuli daxmarebis gawevasTan dakavSirebiT; d) advokati, romelic organizacias emsaxureboda _ im garemoebis Sesaxeb, romelic misTvis cnobili gaxda dacvis an warmomadgenlobis ganxorcielebasTan an sxva iuridiuli daxmarebis gawevasTan dakavSirebiT; e) sasuliero piri im garemoebis Sesaxeb, romelic misTvis cnobili gaxda aRsarebis an sxvagvarad gandobis Sedegad; v) eWvmitanilis, braldebulis, gansasjelis msjavrdebulis axlo naTesavi _ Tu igi ar daeTanxmeba misces Cveneba, rogorc braldebis mowmem; z) saxalxo damcveli _ im faqtis gamo, romelic mas gaandes, rogorc saxalxo damcvels; T) saqarTvelos parlamentis, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis wevrebi _ im faqtis gamo, romelic maT gaandes amomrCevlebma; i) mosamarTle _ im garemoebis Sesaxeb, romelic warmoadgens mosamarTleTa TaTbiris saidumloebas; k) Jurnalisti _ profesiuli saqmianobisas miRebul informaciasTan dakavSirebiT; 2) mowmed ar SeiZleba daikiTxos piri, romelsac mcirewlovnobis, fizikuri naklis an fsiqikuri daavadebis gamo ar SeuZlia sworad aRiqvas, daixsomos an aRidginos saqmisTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebi da misces Cveneba, aseve adamianiT vaWrobis msxverpli mosafiqrebeli vadis ganmavlobaSi. 52 №1(2016) 3) gamomZiebels, sasamarTlos (mosamarTles) ufleba aqvT motivirebuli dadgenilebiT mowmis valdebulebisagan gaaTavisuflon: a) eqimi, medicinis da, meani, farmacevti, sxva samedicino muSaki Tu maT profesiulad evalebaT saeqimo (samedicino) saidumloebis dacva; b) notariusi, sajaro mosamsaxure, samxedro mosamsaxure da masTan gaTanabrebuli piri Tu maT nakisri aqvT valdebuleba, ar gaamJRavnon miRebuli informaciis wyaro da Sinaarsi; g) piri, romelic samuSaoze im pirobiT aris miRebuli, rom ar gaamJRavnebs komerciul an sabanko saidumloebas; mowmis dakiTxva SeiZleboda mxolod im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb, romelsac mniSvneloba hqonda saqmisTvis, agreTve eWvmitanilis, braldebulisa da dazaralebulis vinaobis dasadgenad. gamomZiebels unda daedgina im pirTa wre, romelTac SeiZleboda hqonodaT am saxis informacia. mowme unda dakiTxuliyo sxva mowmeebisgan gancalkevebiT, gamomZiebels yvela zoma unda mieRo, raTa erTi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gamoZaxebul mowmeebs dakiTxvis damTavrebamde erTmaneTTan urTierToba ar hqonodaT. dakiTxvis dawyebamde aseve mowmisTvis unda momxdariyo aucileblad Tavisi ufleba-movaleobebis gacnoba. Zveli sssk-is mixedviT `gamomZiebelma unda gaarkvios mowmis damokidebuleba eWvmitanilis, braldebulis, dazaralebulis mimarT, kerZod: xom ar aris maT Soris naTesauri kavSiri; xom ar aris maT Soris megobruli kavSiri; xom ar aris maT Soris sxvagvari kavSiri; xom ar aris maT Soris raime komfliqti; xom ar gaaCniaT erTmaneTis mimarT piradi interesi, ramac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Cvenebis Sinaarsze da a. S.7 mowmisTvis gamomZiebels unda ganemarta, rom igi ar iyo valdebuli mieca Tavisi Tavis an axlo naTesavebis mamxilebeli Cveneba, aseve unda mieca ganmarteba advokatis yolis uflebis Sesaxeb Cvenebis micemis dros da rom advokatis gamoucxadebloba ar abrkolebda dakiTxvis warmoebas. mowme xelwerilis CamorTmeviT an sxva formiT unda gaefrTxilebinaT Cvenebis micemaze uaris Tqmis, cru Cvenebis an arsebiTad urTierTsawinaaRmdego Cvenebis micemisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb. Zveli sssk-is mixedviT mowmes SeeZlo Cveneba oqmSi daefiqsirebina sakuTari xeliT an misi TxovniT Cveneba unda daewera gamomZiebels. axla ki ganvixiloT procesis iseTi monawile, rogoric aris dazaralebuli. Zveli sssk-is mixedviT dazaralebuli aris saxelmwifo, fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, romelsac moraluri, fizikuri an qonebrivi ziani miadga uSualod danaSaulis an Seuracxi piris marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Sedegad anda, romelsac aseTi ziani miayena danaSaulis Cadenis Semdeg fsiqikurad daavadebulma pirma (68-e muxli). dazaralebulis dakiTxva tardeboda im wesiT, romelic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mowmisTvis da amdenad mowmis dakiTxvaze, radgan ukve gvqonda saubari masze ar SevCerdebiT. 1998 wlis 20 Tebervlis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo agreTve eWvmitanilis dakiTxvis wesi, romlis drosac gamomZiebeli xelmZRvanelobda braldebulis dakiTxvisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT. gamomdinare aqedan, gamarTlebulad mimaCnia, rom am ori sxvadasxva statusiT mosargeble pirebis dakiT- 53 xvisTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebi ganvixiloT erTad. amisaTvis ki unda gavarkvioT TiToeuli maTganis mniSvneloba. Zveli sssk-is mixedviT eWvmitanilad iTvleboda piri Tu arsebobda safuZvliani eWvi imisa, rom pirma Caidina danaSauli, magram es ar iyo sakmarisi misTvis braldebis wasayeneblad. gamomZiebeli prokuroris TanxmobiT an prokurori cnobda mas eWvmitanilad, ris Sesaxebac gamohqonda dadgenileba. xolo braldebulad iTvleba piri, romlis mimarT gamotanili iyo gamomZieblis an prokuroris dadgenileba misi braldebulad pasuxismgeblobaSi micemis Sesaxeb. dadgenilebaSi unda yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli im qmedebis aRwerac, romlis Cadenac bralad edeboda pirs da mis sisxlis samarTlebriv kvalifikacias. rogorc Cans, am ori sxvadasxva saproceso statusis misaRebad saWiroa gamomZieblis an prokuroris motivirebuli dadgenileba. eWvmitanilis dakiTxva iyo gamomZieblis ufleba da ara movaleoba, romelic sworad unda Sefasebuliyo gamomZieblis mier da Tu CaTvlida, rom eWvmitanilis dakiTxvas SeiZleba hqonoda gamoZiebisaTvis raime mniSvneloba, daekiTxa igi. igive wesi moqmedebda braldebulis dakiTxvazec. 1998 wlis 20 Tebervlis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT mowmisgan gansxvavebuli wesi moqmedebda eWvmitanilis da braldebulis mier Cvenebis micemaze. eWvmitanili, uflebamosili iyo mieca Cveneba da ara valdebuli, aseve braldebulsac SeeZlo uari eTqva Cvenebis micemaze, xolo Tu Tanaxma iyo mieca Cveneba, is unda dakiTxuliyo wayenebuli braldebis arsis mixedviT da aseve sisxlis samarTlis saqmisTvis mniSvnelobis mqone sxva garemoebis Sesaxeb. eWvmitanilisTvis da braldebulisTvis dakiTxvis dawyebamde unda ganemartaT eWvisa da braldebis arsi da TavianTi uflebamosilebani. eWvmitanilis da braldebulis dakiTxva xorcieldeboda dRis saaTebSi garda gadaudebeli SemTxvevisa. sxva sakiTxebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia rogorc eWvmitanilis da braldebulis dakiTxvisTvis, aseve dakiTxvis sxva saxeebisTvis, ukve ganvixileT zogad debulebebSi da amdenad maTze ar SevCerdebiT. aucilebelia ganvixiloT agreTve iseTi sakiTxi, rogoricaa: yru-munji da arasrulwlovani mowmis, dazaralebulis, eWvmitanilis da braldebulis dakiTxvis Taviseburebebi. 1998 wlis 20 Tebervlis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT `arasrulwlovani mowmis, dazaralebulis, eWvmitanilis da braldebulis dakiTxva winaswari gamoZiebis procesSi garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba srulwlovani mowmis, dazaralebulis, eWvmitanilis da braldebulis dakiTxvis Taviseburebebisagan. vinaidan arasrulwlovnis fsiqika, misi cnobiereba garesamyarosTan da yoveldRiur cxovrebiseul movlenebTan, metnaklebad jer kidev srulyofili saxiT araa Camoyalibebuli da misi azrovneba da STagonebis procesi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba srulwlovani piris STagonebisa da azrovnebisagan~.8 18 wels miuRweveli braldebulisa da eWvmitanilis dakiTxva mimdinareobda pedagogis an kanonieri warmomadgenlis monawileobiT. arasrulwlovani mowmis dakiTxva ki tardeboda mowmis, pedagogis an kanonieri warmomadgenlis monawileobiT. xolo 7 wlamde asakis mowmis dakiTxva warmoebda mxolod mSoblis, meurvis an sxva kanonieri 54 №1(2016) warmomadgenlis savaldebulo monawileobiT Tu mas SeeZlo sityvierad an sxva formiT warmoedgina saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone cnobebi. 14 wlamde asakis mowmes acnobdnen mis movaleobas, rom elaparaka mxolod simarTle, magram cru Cvenebisa da Cvenebis micemaze uaris TqmisTvis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb misi gafrTxileba ar iyo savaldebulo. yru-munji mowmis, dazaralebulis, eWvmitanilis da braldebulis dakiTxva tardeboda im piris monawileobiT, romelsac esmoda misi niSnebi da SeeZlo misTvis imave niSnebiT azris gagebineba. dakiTxvaSi aseTi piris monawileoba yovelTvis aisaxeboda oqmSi. 55 Rati Gardapkhadze PhD Student of Law of Georgian Technical University Interrogation as an investigation activity Abstract The present paper highlights the importance of interrogation in the process of preliminary investigation. I paid great attention to the fact, how essential the existence of legal basis is for an interrogation. The act concerning the suspect and the accused, is a legal basis which provides the existence of these participants in this process and imposes the power of inquire on the investigator. The work refers to the interrogation of a victim as well. The facts important for the investigation, ascertaining significant circumstances, are considered to be a legal basis for witness interrogation. Above-mentioned issues are widely discussed in the article. SeniSvnebi: ________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 sisxlis samarTlis procesi (kerZo nawili) avtorTa koleqtivi, red. rezo gogSeliZe, gamomcemloba `samarTali~, Tb., 2008, gv. 42. 2 z. meiSvili, o. jorbenaZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis procesis komentarebi, gamomcemloba “sezani”, Tb., 2007, gv. 557. 3 z. meiSvili, o. jorbenaZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis procesis komentarebi, gamomcemloba “sezani”, Tb., 2007, gv. 559-560. 4 sisxlis samarTlis procesi (kerZo nawili) avtorTa koleqtivi, red. rezo gogSeliZe, gamomcemloba “samarTali”, Tb., 2008. gv. 50-51. 5 z. meiSvili, o. jorbenaZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis procesis komentarebi, gamomcemloba `sezani~, Tb., 2007, gv. 564. 6 g. abaSiZe, mowmis imuniteti sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, `studentis biblioTeka #5~, baTumi, 2009, gv.30. 7 z. meiSvili, o. jorbenaZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis procesis komentarebi, gamomcemloba `sezani~, Tb, 2007, gv. 567. 8 sisxlis samarTlis procesi (kerZo nawili), avtorTa koleqtivi, red. rezo gogSeliZe, gamomcemloba “samarTali”, Tb., 2008, gv. 50. 56 №1(2016) ia xarazi soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis asocirebuli profesori deliqtebis zogierTi samarTlebrivi aspeqti romis samarTlis mixedviT, termin „delictum“-s (deliqtum) farTo mniSvneloba hqonda. igi aRniSnavda nebismier marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas, romelmac raime ziani miayena calkeul pirebs, maT ojaxebs an sakuTrebas, rasac sasjeli an sxva saxis negatiuri Sedegi mohyveboda1. rogorc saxelSekrulebo, ise deliqturi samarTali mowodebulia moqalaqeTa interesebis SelaxviT miyenebuli zianis samarTliani kompensaciis praqtika ganaxorcielos. igi mosarCeles kompensaciis uflebas aZlevs mxolod mopasuxis mxridan saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa darRvevisas, rodesac mosarCele darwmunebuli iyo SesrulebaSi. deliqturi samarTali, piriqiT, vrceldeba SemTxvevaze, rodesac individis interesTa ziani mdgomareobs ara imdenad micemuli sityvis mimarT mosarCelis ndobis gacruebaSi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa SeusruleblobiT pasuxismgeblobis darRvevis gziT, aramed misi sxva mravalricxovani interesebis SelaxvaSi, rogoricaa janmrTelobis dazianeba an reputaciis Selaxva, misi moZravi an uZravi qonebis dazianeba an sxva ekonomikuri saxis zarali. deliqturi samarTlis funqciaa zianis miyenebis auracxeli SemTxvevebidan amoirCios iseTi, rodesac dazaralebuls SeeZleba miyenebuli zianis simZime sxva pirs daakisros2. deliqtis legaluri definicia qarTul samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi mocemuli ar aris, magram „misi 992-e muxlis universaluri formulireba adgens pasuxismgeblobas nebismieri ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli qmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis3. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 992-e muxlis Tanaxmad, „piri, romelic sxva pirs marTlsawinaaRmdego, ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miayenebs zians, valdebulia aunazRauros mas es ziani“. deliqturi samarTali Tanamedrove (maT Soris qarTul) samarTlebriv sistemebSi calsaxad miekuTvneba kerZo samarTlis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes institutTa ricxvs da aregulirebs iseT urTierTobebs, rac dakavSirebulia marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleu- 57 li (gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi bralis gareSe) qmedebiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebasTan4. avtorTa mosazrebiT, deliqtis unificirebuli ganmartebis Camoyalibeba sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. ZiriTad sirTules warmoadgens erTmaneTisagan samarTlebrivi SinaarsiT arsebiTad gansxvavebuli deliqtebis erT cnebaSi „Tavmoyris“ SeuZlebloba. deliqturi samarTali sasamarTlo praqtikis meSveobiT viTardeba“5. ukeT rom dazustdes Sinaarsi deliqtis cnebisa, jer is mizani unda ganisazRvros, romelsac deliqtebis maregulirebeli normebi emsaxurebian, saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom kanonmdebeli roca samarTlebriv sikeTeebs icavs pirisa, igi CamoTvlis am sikeTeebs. sk-is 992-e muxli aseT CamonaTvals ar gvTavazobs da igi Tavmoyrilia qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis deliqtebis TavSi, aseve sxva normebSic. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi ki imis klasikuri magaliTia, romelic CamoTvlis im sikeTeebs, romlebic dacvis Rirsadaa aRiarebuli, kerZod, germaniis samoqalaqo sjuldebis 823-e paragrafis mixedviT, „(1) piri, vinc ganzrax an gaufrTxileblobiT ayenebs zians sxva piris sicocxles, sxeuls, janmrTelobas, Tavisuflebas, sakuTrebis uflebas an sxva uflebas, valdebulia aunazRauros am pirs amiT gamowveuli zarali. (2) analogiuri valdebuleba ekisreba im pirs, vinc arRvevs kanons, romelic mimarTulia sxva piris interesebis dacvisaken Tu kanonis Sinaarsis Tanaxmad misi darRveva SesaZlebelia aseve bralis gareSec, maSin zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba dgeba mxolod bralis arsebobisas“. pirveli nawilis qmedebis Semadgenloba winapirobad ayenebs obieqturad Sesaracxadi samarTlebrivi sikeTis darRvevas. samarTlebrivi sikeTis darRveva pirvel nawilSi pirdapir dasaxelebuli uflebebis an samarTlebrivi sikeTis nebismieri darRvevaa, maT Soris „sxva uflebebisa“.6 rogorc normidan irkveva, mTavari faseuloba, umTavresi sikeTe, romlis winaaRmdegac SeiZleba mimarTul iqnes zianis mimyeneblis kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedeba – pirovneba da sakuTrebaa. pirovneba aris unikaluri fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis rTuli erToblioba, romelic gansxvavebul situaciebSi da sxvadasxva dros gavlenas axdens individis qcevis Taviseburebebze7. pirovnebis cnebis qveS iyris Tavs misi maxasiaTeblebi (saxelTan dakavSirebuli piradi araqonebrivi uflebebi; sicocxle; janmrTloba; da sxv.), anu is maxasiaTeblebi, romlis gareSec pirovnebas arseboba ar SeuZlia. rac Seexeba sakuTrebas, piri uflebamosilia yvela im sikeTiT isargeblos, rac mis sakuTrebaSi Sedis, im sikeTeebiT, razedac xeli miuwvdeba, cxadia, mxolod marTlzomieri sargeblobisa da flobis uflebiT. sk-is 170-e muxlis Tanaxmad (n.1), „mesakuTres SeuZlia kanonismieri an sxvagvari, kerZod, saxelSekrulebo SeboWvis farglebSi Tavisuflad flobdes da sargeblobdes qonebiT nivTiT), ar dauSvas sxva pirTa mier am qonebiT sargebloba, gankargos igi, Tuki amiT ar ilaxeba mezoblebis an mesame pirTa uflebebi, anda, Tu es moqmedeba ar warmoadgens uflebis borotad gamoyenebas“. deliqtebidan gamomdinare moTxovnis uflebebi awesrigebs gansazRvruli uflebebisa da samarTlebrivi sikeTis ukanono darRvevebs. saqme exeba iseTi samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebs, romlebic arsebobs nebismieri damrRvevis mimarT gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebis (saxelSekrulebo an xelSekrulebis msgavsi urTierTobebis) miRma. aramarTlzomierebisagan gansxvavebiT, brali aris marTalia, Cveulebrivi, magram arasavaldebulo winapiroba deliqtebidan gamomdinarec moTxovnis uflebis realizaciisaTvis8. zianis anazRaurebis samarTlebriv winapirobaze saubrisas SeiZleba gamoiyos ramde- 58 №1(2016) nime arsebiTi elementi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen samarTlebriv Sedegze.zianis anazRaurebis erT-erTi winapirobaa qmedebisa da damdgari Sedegisadmi piris subieqturi damokidebulebis, anu misi braleulobis sakiTxis garkveva... qmedebas pirdapiri kavSiri unda hqondes im uaryofiT SedegTan, romlis aRmofxvrac zianis anazRaurebis upirvelesi daniSnulebaa9. brali zianis anazRaurebis klasikuri samarTlebrivi winapirobaa da misi ararseboba TavisTavad gamoricxavs deliqtis arsebobas, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SezRuduli raodenobis SemTxvevebisa10. moqmedi TeoriiT, romelic Zalzed exmianeba bralis germanul koncefciebs, bralis cnebaSi amosavalia samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis Cveuli yuradRebianobis moTxovnis dacva... samoqalaqo kodeqsi kvlavac braleuli pasuxismgeblobis poziciaze dgas. amasTan igi icnobs bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobasac, rogorc saxelSekrulebo, ise arasaxelSekrulebo samarTalSi11. brali SeiZleba gamovlindes ganzraxvis an gaufrTxileblobis saxiT. „ganzraxva samarTliT daculi interesis an sikeTis winaaRmdeg gacnobierebul moqmedebas gulisxmobs, pirs Segnebulad surs im kanonsawinaaRmdego Sedegis dadgoma, romelic man Tavisi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebiT gamoiwvia da bunebrivis am qmedebis Sedegsac acnobierebs. qarTuli samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba braleuli pasuxismgeblobis princips afuZnebs, magram pasuxismgebloba dgeba ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis (sk m. 395-is 1-li nawili, m. 992). „bralis gareSe pasuxismgebloba warmoadgens braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principidan gamonakliss. bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobas icnobs rogorc evropuli, ise saerTo samarTali.... bralis gareSe pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba vixiloT rogorc saxelSekrulebo, ise arasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi“12. bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobas icnobs samoqalaqo samarTali, roca ziani dgeba „saSiSi“ (vnebis momtani) nagebobis Sedegad, aseve moqmedebis Sedegad, Tu sxva SemTxvevebSi13. saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis magaliTia sk m. 393-e „g“ qvepunqti, sadac saubaria imis Sesaxeb, rom: „kreditoris mier vadis gadacilebisas misi bralis miuxedavad: mas aRar aqvs fuladi valdebulebisaTvis procentis miRebis ufleba“, an kidev, sk, m.402: „movale vadis gadacilebis dros pasuxs agebs yovelgvari gaufrTxileblobisaTvis. igi pasuxs agebs SemTxveviTobisTvisac Tu ar daamtkicebs, rom ziani SeiZleboda damdgariyo valdebulebis drouli Sesrulebis drosac“, an kidev aviRoT sk-is 718-e muxli, romlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, „marwmunebeli movalea aanazRauros misi bralis gareSe damdgari zianic, romelic warmoeSva rwmunebuls davalebuli moqmedebis Sesrulebisas Tu ziani dadga davalebuli moqmedebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani safrTxis Sedegad marwmuneblis miTiTebis gamo“. „SedarebiT meti siuxviT gamoirCeva bralis gareSe pasuxismgebloba arasaxelSekrulebo samarTalSi, kerZod ki - deliqtur samarTalSi. amas SeiZleba is axsna moeZebnos, rom Tavad zianis miyenebis wyaro xSirad iseTi sagania, romelic mometebuli safrTxis wyaros warmoadgens da misi mflobelis maRali yuradRebianobis miuxedavad, SesaZlebelia, rom ziani mainc dadges. mokled, aq zians umeteswilad „saSiSi“ obieqtebi iwveven, vidre „saSiSi“ moqmedebani. rogoric ar unda iyos zianis gamomwvevi mizezi, bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis SemTxvevebSi, pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlad SeiZleba CavTvaloT „saSiS“ obieqtTan Tu moqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli riski14. bralis gareSe pasuxismgeblobis saxeebze Cven qvemoT, TiToeuli normis komentirebisas visaubrebT, aq ki aRvniSnavdiT, rom bralis 59 gareSe pasuxismgeblobis zogierT SemTxvevas SeiZleba sagarantio pasuxismgebloba vuwodoT. amas maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac movale iZleva garkveuli Sedegis dadgomis garantias. „saSiSi“ moqmedebis magaliTebs warmoadgens TviTdaxmareba, roca mcdari varaudiT xorcieldeba: piri valdebulia aanazRauros am dros warmoSobili ziani (120-e muxli)15. rogor SeiZleba ganimartos termini „ziani“? ziani aris yoveli naklovaneba, romelic pirma gansazRvruli movlenis gamo ganicada. zianis cneba moicavs rogorc qonebriv zians, maSasadame, fulad TanxaSi an qonebriv sikeTeTa xelyofaSi gamoxatul naklovanebas (magaliTad, pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxvas). sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanaxmad, qonebriv zians ganekuTvneba, magaliTad, rodesac pirs ar SeuZlia isargeblos misi kuTvnili avtomobiliT, aseve, araswori samedicino Carevis Sedegad dabadebuli bavSvis sarCo. rogorc wesi, yoveli piri Tavad aris pasuxismgebeli zianis anazRaurebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT, SemTxveviT warmoSobili zianisaTvis (casum sentit dominus); moTxovna, ganxorcieldes Tu ara sxva piris sasargeblod _ zianis anazRaureba, saWiroebs gansakuTrebul samarTlebriv safuZvels (magaliTad, xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis darRveva, deliqturi qmedeba da a. S.). saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT mniSvnelovnad SezRudulia aramaterialuri qonebrivi zianis anazRaureba16. samoqalaqo samarTalSi zianis anazRaureba niSnavs pirTan warmoSobili zianis kompensacias sxva piris mier. zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba, SesaZlebelia, SeTanxmebul iqnes xeSekrulebiT. sxva SemTxvevaSi igi ganisazRvreba samarTlebrivi mowesrigebiT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, erTis mxriv, xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli valdebulebis da, meore mxriv, deliqturi valdebulebebis Sedegad warmoSobili zianis anazRaureba: a) kanoniT gansazRvruli yoveli zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebis winapiroba aris, rom igi gamowveulia mavaldebulebeli garemoebebis Sedegad (mizezobrioba an kauzaloba). zianis anazRaurebis mavaldebulebel garemoebasa da zians Soris, ese igi, arsebul mdgomareobasa da im mdgomareobas Soris, romelic iarsebebda, rom ar ganxorcielebuliyo zianis anazRaurebis mavaldebulebeli garemoeba, unda arsebobdes mizezobrivi kavSiri. es niSnavs, rom nebismieri piroba mizezobriv kavSirSia SedegTan da am SedegisaTvis TanabarmniSvnelovans warmoadgens. Tu dadgindeba, rom am pirobis gareSe Sedegi am konkretuli formiT ar dadgeboda (condictio sine qua non); gamomdinare aqedan, zianis warmoSobis pirobas warmoadgens cxovrebiseul urTierTobaze moqmedi yvela garemoeba, romelic konkretul Sedegs (zians) iwvevs (e. w.pirobiTobis an ekvivalenturobis Teoria)17. zianis warmoqmnisas subieqtis sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi mdgomareobisa da misi anazRaurebis valdebulebis warmoqmnis sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi safuZvlis Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo praqtika ganasxvavebs „saxelSekrulebo“ da „arasaxelSekrulebo“ zians18. arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa SemTxvevaSi kanoni ara mxolod valdebulebas warmoSobs, aramed mis zust Sinaarssac gansazRvravs. rac Seexeba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs, mxareebi ara marto valdebulebis warmoSobas, aramed mis Sinaarssac gansazRvraven19. saxelSekrulebo da kanonismier valdebulebaTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis erT-erTi Sedegi aris is, rom xelSekrulebaTa formasa da Sinaars irCeven Tavad mxareebi, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac kanoni pirdapir krZalavs garkveuli saxisa Tu Sinaarsis xelSekrulebis gaformebas, xolo arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa regulireba mxolod kanonis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli. valdebulebaTa saxelSekrulebo sistema aris 60 №1(2016) „Ria“ maSin, roca arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa sistema aris „daxuruli“. magaliTad, uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebul arasaxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa mimarT SegviZlia visaubroT valdebulebaTa „amomwurav“ CamonaTvalze20. qarTul samarTalSi arsebobs deliqturi valdebulebis konkretuli wesebi, romlis saerTo damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba aris is, rom piri pasuxismgebelia deliqturi valdebulebisaTvis maSinac, Tu qmedeba gulgrilobiT ar iyo ganpirobebuli, an is saerTod ar moqmedebda. es is magaliTebia, romelsac inglisSi „mkacr pasuxismgeblobas uwodeben“. amdenad, mosarCeles ar sWirdeba amtkicos, rom mopasuxe gulgrilobiT moqmedebda. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli wesebi exeba konkretul SemTxvevebs, romelSic marTalia, miRebulia deliqturi valdebulebis Sesaxeb zogadi cnebidan amosvla, radganac zianis gamomwvevi moqmedeba konkretuli safrTxis matarebelia, an radganac arsebobs urTierToba deliqventsa da pasuxisgebaSi micemul pirs Soris, romelic amtkicebs, rom mesame pirisaTvis ar iyo gamiznuli21. safrTxis gamomwvevi qmedebisaTvis mkacr pasuxismgeblobas vxvdebiT sk-is m. 1000-e, m.1003-e, 1004-e, 1009-e da a. S. muxlebSi. mkacr pasuxismgeblobas sxva piris mier Cadenili qmedebis an umoqmedobisaTvis, am pirsa da realur samarTaldamrRvevs Soris arsebuli gansakuTrebuli urTierTobis gamo xSirad „sxva piris magivrad aRebul pasuxismgeblobas“ uwodeben. amis magaliTad SegviZlia movitanoT sk-is m. 994, mSoblis pasuxismgebloba Svilis mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis sxva piris mimarT, an kidev, samsaxuris mier misi muSakis mier sxva pirisaTvis miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgebloba da sxv. SevniSnavT, rom qarTul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi ar arsebobs calke debuleba, romelic calke daaregulirebda saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobas misi mosamsaxuris mier Cadenili ukanono qmedebisaTvis (sk, m.1005). aRniSnuli norma aregulirebs mxolod SemTxvevas saxelmwifo moxelis mier ganzraxi an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis. rac Seexeba sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobas (m.63), igi pirdapir miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom Tu sagadasaxado organos muSakma zedmetad gadaaxdevina saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebi pirs, - igi valdebulia mis ukan dabrunebaze22. deliqtur samarTalSi pasuxismgeblobis subieqtia piri, vinc marTlsawinaaRmdegod ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli qmedebiT ayenebs sxva pirs zians da es ziani anazRaurebadia. kreditori SeiZleba iyos rogorc fizikuri, aseve iuridiuli piri, movale yovelTvis deliqtunariani piria, piri, romelic Tavisi kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebiT agebs pasuxs dazaralebulis winaSe, igi deliqtunariani piria, xolo dazaralebuli _ piri, romlis sicocxles, janmrTelobas, materialur qonebas da a. S. ziani miadga. deliqtis dros saxezea ziani da valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZveli, romlis ZaliTac kreditori yovelTvisaa uflebamosili miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebaze. zianis miyeneba SeiZleba moxdes ara marto aqtiuri moqmedebiT (romelsac uSualod zianis mimyenebeli pirdapir iwvevs), aramed igi gamoixateba umoqmedobaSic, romelic marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebad iTvleba, im SemTxvevaSi Tu piri valdebuli iyo garkveuli moqmedeba ganexorcielebina, raTa sxva pirisaTvis zianis miyenebis faqts adgili ar hqonoda, mag: sk m. 994 (sadac saubaria arasrulwlovani mSoblis pasuxismgeblobaze Svilis mier sxva pirisaTvis miyenebuli zianisaTvis), m. 995-is me-2 nawili (meTvalyureobaze valdebuli piris pasuxismgeblobazea saubari), m.997-e, 1003 da sxv., romlebsac Cven qvemoT Sesabamis TavebSi ganvixilavT. 61 deliqti, rogorc valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZveli, ar unda ganvixiloT „wminda samarTlebriv“ konstruqciad, romelsac mxolod iuridiuli Sedegebi mohyveba. deliqturi samarTlis mizani zianis miyenebis prevencia da sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri balansis SenarCunebaa23. kerZod, „deliqtur valdebulebebs ara mxolod samarTlebrivi, aramed socialuri da ekonomikuri funqciac gaaCniaT. socialur funqciaSi, upirveles yovlisa, deliqturi normebis prevenciuli mniSvneloba moiazreba. miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis garduvaloba da kanonismieri garantiebi mianiSnebs samoqalaqo brunvis monawileebs, gansakuTrebuli gulisxmierebiT moekidon ara mxolod sakuTar, aramed sxvis kuTvnil samarTlebriv sikeTesac da ar dauSvan misi dazianeba. deliqturi samarTlis ekonomikuri funqcia gamoixateba im SedegebSi, romelsac deliqturi normebis praqtikuli realizacia iwvevs“24. samarTlis ekonomikuri analizis mizania... daadginos ramdenad efeqturad uzrunvelyofs deliqturi samarTali samoqalaqo brunvis monawileTa interesebs da ramdenad adekvaturia is saSualebebi, romliTac kanoni icavs dazaralebuls. cxadaia, Tu anazRaurebis mavaldebulebeli normebi araefeqturia, is verc prevenciis funqcias Seasrulebs da verc ekonomikuri Sedegis miRwevas Seuwyobs xels. magaliTad, Tu erTmaneTTan mZafr konkurenciaSi myofi ori kompaniisgan erT-erTi meoris mier warmoebuli produqciis Sesaxeb araswor informacias ganzrax gaavrcelebs, xolo sasamarTlo mas mxolod am informaciis uaryofas daakisrebs, aseTi gadawyvetileba uaryofiTad imoqmedebs jansaR konkurenciaze da aseve aisaxeba kompaniebis muSaobis Sedegebze. araadekvaturi sanqcia waaxalisebs bazarze arsebul arakeTilsindisier moTamaSeebs. maT ecodinebaT, rom SesaZlebelia saqmiani reputaciis Semlaxveli informaciis gavrcelebiT konkurentisaTvis mniSvnelovani finansuri zianis miyeneba. am qmedebisaTvis ki maT mxolod gavrcelebuli informaciis uaryofa mouwevT. damrRvevi aseT „valdebulebas sakmaod martivad Seasrulebs da daelodeba axal Sans bazris keTilsindisier monawileze „TavdasxmisaTvis“25. zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, deliqturi samarTali garkveulwilad avsebs sisxlis samarTlis socialur funqcias. am ukanasknelis mizani danaSaulis prevencia da damnaSavisaTvis saTanado sasjelis dakisrebaa. amasTan, damnaSavis dasja yovelTvis sakmarisi ar aris im pirebisaTvis, visac samarTaldamrRvevis qmedebiT ziani miadga. xSirad dazaralebulis samarTlebrivi dakmayofilebis sakiTxebi sisxlis samarTlis sferos scildeba da deliqturi normebis moqmedebis arealSi eqceva. dazaralebulebisaTvis adekvatur finansur kompensacias swored deliqturi samarTali uzrunvelyofs. amgvarad deliqti, rogorc valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZveli, ar unda ganvixiloT „wminda samarTlebriv“ konstruqciad, romelsac mxolod iuridiuli Sedegebi mohyveba. deliqturi samarTlis mizani zianis miyenebis prevencia da sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri balansis SenarCunebaa.26 ekonomikur balanssa da zianis prevenciasTan erTad deliqturi samarTlis mizans samarTlianobis dacvac warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSi samarTlianoba igulisxmeba obieqturi gagebiT. cxadia, is, visac zianis gamomwvevi moqmedeba da misi Sedegi pirovnulad exeba, miukerZoebeli Semfasebeli ver iqneba. xSirad sasamarTlo procesis wamgeb mxares eWvi epareba gadawyvetilebis samarTlianobaSi. amdenad, samarTlianobis standarti dakmayofilebulad unda miviCnioT, Tuki gadawyvetileba dasabuTebulia da misaRebi iqneba sa- 62 №1(2016) zogadoebis im wevrebisaTvis, visac konkretuli deliqtis mimarT emociurad neitraluri damokidebuleba aqvT27. zogadad, Tanamedrove iurisprudenciaSi sakmaod did azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs deliqtis cneba. saqarTvelos 1997 wlis 26 ivnisis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 992-e muxli deliqts ganmartavs rogorc im piris moqmedebas, ,,romelic sxva pirs marTlsawinaaRmdego, ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miayenebs zians~. deliqtis zogad ganmartebad ki SeiZleba miviCnioT `samarTaldarRveva, mimarTuli sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg, romelic isjeba kanoniT~. Tumca, samoqalaqo samarTlebriv deliqtad iTvleba darRveva, romelic dakavSirebulia ara xelSekrulebis darRvevasTan, aramed zianis miyenebasTan. zianis miyenebaSi ki igulisxmeba qonebrivi an araqonebrivi ziani, fizikuri travma, ciliswameba, piradi Tavisuflebis, sakuTrebis uflebisa da komerciuli interesebis SezRudva. mowinave germanuli civilistika deliqtad - Unerlaubte Handlungen, miiCnevs akrZalul moqmedebas, danaSaulebriv moTxovnas. saerTaSoriso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT ki, mas Zwischenrecht-s (samarTalSoris normebs) uwodeben. sruliad gansxvavebul ganmartebas gvaZlevs saerTo samarTlis qveynebis samarTali, sadac deliqtad (tort wrong, tortus wrong) miCneulia moqmedeba, romelic zians ayenebs adamianis absolutur uflebebs da roca zianis mimyenebeli identificirebulia da igi moqmedebs pirdapiri ganzraxviT. amasTan, zianad miCneulia aralikvidirebuli ziani, romelic gamomdinareobs ndobis darRvevidan, an sxva TanabarmniSvnelovani valdebulebebis darRvevidan (salmond)28. 992-e da Semdgomi normebidan gamomdinare, ziani SeiZleba miadges sxva piris sicocxles, janmrTelobas, sakuTrebis uflebas, materialur qonebas an sxva uflebas. analogiurad, valdebuleba miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebaze unda daekisros aseve pirs, romelic arRvevs kanons, romelic sxva piris interesebs icavs. Tuki kanonidan gamomdinare bralis gareSec SeiZleba zianis miyeneba, _ zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba mxolod bralis arsebobisas dgeba. am SemTxvevaSi qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis 992-e muxlis gamoZaxilis bgb-is 823 paragrafisa. samoqalaqo samarTalSi zianis buneba imaze ki ar aris damokidebuli Tu ra xasiaTis iyo sikeTe, romelic xelyofis obieqti (sagani) gaxda, aramed imaze, moepoveba Tu ara zianis Sedegs bunebrivi, fuladi ekvivalenti29. pirs mxolod maSin daekisreba zianis anazRaureba, Tu iarsebebs subieqtur da obieqtur garemoebaTa erToblioba, romelTa Tanaarseboba pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis safuZvels qmnis, kerZod, piris qmedeba marTlsawinaaRmdego unda iyos, saxeze unda iyos miyenebuli ziani, unda arsebobdes mizezobrivi kavSiri, romelic samarTaldarRvevis erT-erTi aucilebeli elementia, unda arsebobdes zianis mimyeneblis brali, romelic samarTaldarRvevis umniSvnelovanesi subieqturi elementia. yvela saxis miyenebuli ziani anazRaurdeba? amaze pasuxs gagvcems sk-is 412-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, „anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba mxolod is ziani, romelic movalisaTvis winaswar iyo savaraudo da warmoadgens zianis gamomwvevi moqmedebis uSualo Sedegs“. zemoT CamoTvlili pirobebi qmnian iuridiul Semadgenlobas pirisaTvis zianis gadaxdevinebis dakisrebisa, romelic cnobilia „generaluri deliqtis“ saxelwodebiT. cxadia, Tu ziani ar iqneba, arc deliqturi pasuxismgebloba iarsebebs, rameTu ziani marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleulia. marTlzomieri moqmedebiT miyenebuli ziani ar anazRaurdeba (mag; sk m. 116 („aucilebeli 63 mogeriebis farglebSi miyenebuli ziani;“ m.117, „ukiduresi aucileblobiT gamowveuli ziani“; m. 118, „TviTdaxmareba“); aseve, Tu piri sxvisi interesebisaTvis sxvas ayenebs zians, rom am piris sikeTe gadaarCinos moZalade piris mier zianis miyenebisagan, am SemTxvevaSic Tavisufldeba piri, zianis mimyeneblisaTvis miyenebuli zianisagan, rameTu igi cdilobda sxvisi samarTlebrivi sikeTis gadarCenas. aris kidev erTi SemTxveva, roca zianis mimyeneblis qmedeba marTsawinaaRmdegod ar CaiTvleba da ar iwvevs mis pasuxismgeblobas zianisaTvis. saubaria zianis miyenebaze dazaralebulis TxovniT an misi TanxmobiT, im pirobiT, Tu zianis mimyeneblis qmedeba ar arRvevs sazogadoebis zneobriv principebs (magaliTad, mesakuTris TanxmobiT saxlisaTvis cecxlis wakideba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos marTlzomierad, Tu zianis mimyenebelma icoda saxlis mesakuTris miznebi sadazRvevo anazRaurebis miRebis Sesaxeb30. kanonis „adamianis organoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb“ mixedviT, adamianis organos an qsovilis gadanergva dauSvebelia misi Tanxmobis gareSe, magram Tanxmoba dauSvebelia, Tu piri iseTi organoebis gadanergvazea Tanaxma, romelic mis ueWvel sikvdils gamoiwvevs (guli, da sxv.). kanonis me-4 muxlis mixedviT, „qmedunarian pirs ufleba aqvs nebayoflobiT ganacxados Tanxmoba an uari sicocxleSive an sikvdilis Semdeg misi organos aRebaze“, xolo me-5 muxlis Tanaxmad, „Tanxmoba an uari SeiZleba exebodes erT an met organos. gadawyvetileba formdeba werilobiT da mas adasturebs samkurnalo dawesebulebis xelmZRvaneli. me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad, ki: gadanergvis mizniT gardacvlilis organos aReba, rodesac ar arsebobs sicocxleSi gancxadebuli Tanxmobis an uaris damadasturebeli werilobiTi sabuTi, SeiZleba, Tu: a) arsebobs imis damadasturebeli faqtebi, rom organos aReba ar ewinaaRmdegeba gardacvlilis religiur rwmenas, mis eTikur principebs; b) am kanonis me-9 muxlSi CamoTvlil pirTagan mocemuli rigiTobis mixedviT upiratesi uflebis mqone piri Tanaxmaa gardacvlilis organos aRebaze. kanonis muxli me-9 CamoTvlis im pirebs (cxadia qmedunarianebs), romlebsac gardacvlilis organos aRebaze Tanxmobis an uaris gancxadebis ufleba aqvT. da es pirebi Semdegia: a) meuRle; b) Svili; g) mSobeli; d) SviliSvili,SviliSvilis Svili; e) Zma, da; v) Zmiswuli, diswuli; z) bebia, papa; T) biZa, deida, mamida; i) biZaSvils, deidaSvili, mamidaSvili (n.1), xolo, me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, aseve „Tanabari uflebis mqone ramdenime naTesavis arsebobisas, Tundac erTis mier uaris gancxadebis SemTxvevaSi, gardacvlilis organos aReba dauSvebelia. me-3 nawilis mixedviT, ki: „am muxlis pirvel punqtSi dasaxelebul pirebs organos aRebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba aqvT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu rigiT winamavali piri (pirebi) cocxali ar aris an misgan gadawyvetilebis miReba gadanergvisTvis dasaSvebi drois ganmavlobaSi SeuZlebelia“. avadmyofisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva misive TxovniT, Tundac mZime daavadebisas gausaZlisi tkivilebisas, kanoni dauSvelad miiCnevs misive TanxmobiT misTvis xelis Sewyobas sikvdilis daCqarebaSi, gansxvavebiT sazRvargareTis zogierTi qveynisagan (mag; holandia, sadac kanoni dasaSvebad miiCnevs evTanazias, 1994 wels oregonis Statis amomrCevlebma daamtkices Rirseuli sikvdilis Sesaxeb kanoni, romelic nebas rTavda eqimebs sicocxlis dasrulebaSi daxmarebodnen iseT ganukurnebel pacientebs, romelTac eqvs Tveze naklebi sicocxle hqondaT darCenili,. aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlom aseT kanonmdeblobas mxari 1997 wels dauWira. 1999 wels teqsasis StatSi araagresiuli evTanazia nebadarTulad gamocxadda; luqsem- 64 №1(2016) burgSi 2008 wlis 20 Tebervals qveynis parlamentma pirveli mosmeniT, 59-dan 30 xmiT miiRo kanoni evTanaziis legalizebis Sesaxeb da sxv). sainteresoa sakiTxis dasma imis Sesaxeb, Tu samedicino dawesebulebis muSakma (eqimma) mainc ganaxorciela aRniSnuli aqti pacientis TxovniT, rogori Sedegi mohyveba mis qmedebas? sisxlissamarTlebriv Sedegze rom ar visaubroT medicinis muSaks evTanaziis ganxorcielebisas daekisreba zianis anazRaureba im pirebisaTvis, romlis kmayofazec imyofebodnen misi axloblebi (moxuci mSoblebi, arasrulwlovani Svilebi (srulwlovani, magram invalidi Svilebi), invalidi meuRle) da sxv. samoqalaqo - samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobas axasiaTebs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli zianis mimyeneblis braleulobis prezumfciis principi. zianis mimyenebeli miiCneva braleulad Tu ar daamtkicebs misi bralis ararsebobis faqts. amis Sesabamisadve xdeba mtkicebis tvirTis ganawileba dazaralebulsa da zianis mimyenebels Soris: dazaralebuli, mimarTavs ra sasamarTlos zianis anazRaurebis moTxovniT, valdebulia daamtkicos misTvis zianis arsebobis faqti, aseve mizezobrivi kavSiris arseboba zianis mimyeneblis qmedebasa da damdgar Sedegs Soris. zianis mimyenebelma, Tavis mxriv, unda daamtkicos mis qmedebaSi marTlwinaaRmdegobis da braleulis ararseboba31. zianis miyeneba SeiZleba agreTve gamoiwvios danaSaulma an administraciulma gadacdomam Tu maT vinmesaTvis zianis miyeneba mohyva. samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba maSinac dgeba, roca Cadenilia danaSauli da maSinac, roca qmedeba danaSaulis niSnebs ar Seicavs. amitom, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gamamarTlebeli ganaCenis gamotana yovelTvis ar aris samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZveli. Tu ziani miyenebulia iseTi qmedebiT, romelic danaSaulis niSnebs Seicavs, maSin SeiZleba adgili eqnes sanqciaTa kumulacias _ damnaSaves erTdroulad daekisreba sisxlis samarTlis da samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba32. bralis formasa da xarisxs samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca dazaralebulis bralic xels Seuwyobs zianis warmoSobas an kidev mis gazrdas, anu mxedvelobaSia dazaralebulis ganzraxva an gaufrTxilebloba. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxezea Sereuli brali. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi Sereuli bralis sakiTxs sagangebod awesrigebs. sk-is 415-e muxli miuTiTebs, rom: „Tu zianis miyenebas xeli Seuwyo dazaralebulis moqmedebamac, maSin zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba da am anazRaurebis moculoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ufro metad romeli mxaris braliT aris ziani gamowveuli“ (n.1). me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, ki: „es wesi gamoiyeneba maSinac, roca dazaralebulis brali gamoixateba mis umoqmedobaSi _ Tavidan aecilebina an Seemcirebina ziani“. rogorc normidan ikveTeba, dazaralebuli arafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicdinos savaraudo, mosalodneli ziani, misi acdena ki savaraudod SeeZlo. magaliTad, TurqeTidan tranzitiT saqarTveloSi Semomaval mZimegabaritian manqanas Semoaqvs saqoneli, romelic mosaxvevSi gadayiravda imis gamo, rom Semxvedri manqana, romelic srafad moZraobda gzaze, savali gzidan gadavida, ros gamoc saqonlis gadamzidavma mZRolma Tavi ver Seikava. mZRoli uvnebeli gadarCa, magram man ar izruna imisaTvis, rom manqanidan gadmoyrili saqoneli moegrovebina, rom zarals adgili ar hqonoda, Tumca mas amis gakeTeba SeeZlo. „sirTules warmoadgens ara imdenad Sereuli bralis arsebobis dadgena da kvalifikacia, aramed misi anazRaurebis adekvatur odeno- 65 baSi gardasaxva“33. sasamarTlos gasarkvevia gadarCenil saqonelsa da gafuWebul saqonelTa sxvaobis dadgena, romelic saerTo zians unda gamoakldes anu im zians, romelic meore mxaris - gzidan swrafad mimavali manqanis mZRolma gamoiwvia. am SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneba Sereul brals. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT (susg, 2011 wlis 27 invnisis #фы-260244-2011 gadawyvetileba), „samoqalaqo-samarTolebriv pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs im garemoebis gamoricxvas, rom zianis warmoSobas an gazrdas xeli xom ar Seuwyo dazaralebulis moqmedebamac. samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT zianis mimyenebelma pasuxi unda agos mxolod sakuTari braleuli qmedebisaTvis, anu misi pasuxismgebloba unda Semoifarglos mis mier ganxorcielebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebiT. aRniSnuli gamomdinareobs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 415-e muxlis pirveli nawilidan, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu zianis warmoSobas xeli Seuwyo dazaralebulis moqmedebamac, maSin zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba da am anazRaurebis moculoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ufro metad romeli mxaris braliT aris ziani gamowveuli.magaliTad, pacientis brals gamoricxavs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul moqmedebaTa zedmiwevniT keTilsindisierad ganxorcieleba (samedicino dawesebulebis mier janmrTelobisaTvis zianis miyenebis saqmeebSi). aRniSnulSi, upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmeba diagnostikis, mkurnalobis, profilaqtikis an samedicino reabilitaciis mizniT nebismieri manipulaciis Tu proceduris Catarebamde samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevisaTvis informaciis miwodeba. pacienti valdebulia misces srulyofili informacia Tavisi piradi monacemebisa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Taobaze. warudginos zemoaRniSnuli samedicino dokumentacia da Seasrulos mkurnalobisaTvis daniSnuli yvela procedura“. gamodis, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlo Sereuli bralis gamoricxvisaTvis aucilebelad miiCnevs absoluturi kriteriumis gamoyenebas. meore mxaris qmedebaSi braleulobis niSnebis umniSvnelo gamokveTac ki, Tu es saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebiT dasturdeba, ukve iZleva safuZvels Sereuli bralis mtkicebisaTvis. magaliTad, Tu pacienti TviTneburad Sewyvets mkurnalobis kurss im motiviT, rom mis efeqturobaSi eWvi epareba, amiT meore mxares eZleva SesaZlebloba damdgari uaryofiTi Sedegis miRwevaSi pirvelis „damsaxurebaze“ isaubros34. ganzraxva warmoadgens normis Semadgenlobis obieqturi mxaris Sesrulebis codnasa da survils. codna ar niSnavs imas, rom zianis mimyenebels aucileblad yvela mniSvnelovan garemoebaze sruli warmodgena unda hqondes. savsebiT sakmarisia, Tu misi Semadgenlobis obieqturi mxaris Sesruleba SesaZleblad miaCnda35. ganzraxvisas saWiroa zianis mimyenebelma icodes, rom misi qmedeba samarTlebrivad akrZalulia... „ganzraxvis niSani „survili“ SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxiT Segvxvdes. mniSvnelovania, rom zianis mimyenebeli miznad isaxavdes (Absicht haben) pasuxismgeblobis ganmsazRvreli normis Semadgenlobis Sesrulebas. xSirad xdeba ise, rom piri misi qmedebis mavne Sedegis dadgomiT SesaZleblobas realurad xedavs da mainc axorcielebs aRniSnul qmedebas, anu Segnebulad uSvebs mavne Sedegis dadgomas. am SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs eventualur ganzraxvasTan (dolus eventualis)“36. gaufrTxilebloba gulisxmobs gonivruli windaxedulebis da mzrunvelobis arasakmarisad gamovlenas, rogorc es miRebulia sayovelTaod saqmiani brunvisaTvis (germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis $ 276); am mizniT gamoiyeneba gonieri da keTilsindisieri adamianis moqmedebis fiqcia. Tu dazaralda saqmiani wris garkveuli jgufis an garkveuli profe- 66 №1(2016) siis warmomadgeneli, sasamarTlo gaarkvevs, gamoamJRavna Tu ara mopasuxem windaxeduleba im moculobiT, romelic Cveulebriv sCvevia Sesabamisi profesiis an saqmiani wris jgufis „saSualo“ warmomadgenels37. gaufrTxileblobiT zianis miyeneba, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT SeiZleba uxeSi da martivi gaufrTxileblobiT. S. CikvaSvilis azriT, uxeSi gaufrTxileblobis cnebis Sinaarsis gansasazRvravad „SedarebiT misaRebia is kriteriumi, romelic gamoyenebulia romis samarTalSi: „gaugebroba imisa, rac yvelas esmis“. yvelas esmis, rom ar SeiZleba quCis gadaWra, roca arsebobs miwisqveSa gadasasvleli da a. S. am moTxovnis darRveva, cxadia, iqneba uxeSi gaufrTxilebloba. amasTan, bunebrivia, rom dazaralebulis mier Cadenili gaufrTxileblobisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes konkretuli garemoebebi. magaliTad, uxeSi gaufrTxilebloba dazaralebulis arafxizel mdgomareobaSi yofna, romelmac xeli Seuwyo zianis dadgomas an mis gazrdas“38. aqsiomaturi debulebaa, rom ziani misma mimyenebelma unda aanazRauros, saxeze unda iyos dazaralebuli piris samarTliT daculi interesis sferoSi sxvisi ukanono SeWra. samoqalaqo samarTlis principia, rom „valdebuleba unda Sesruldes jerovnad, keTilsindisierad, daTqmul drosa da adgilas“ (sk, m. 361). am movaleobis Seusrulebloba ki samarTaldarRvevad unda ganvixiloT da Sesabamis pasuxismgeblobasac iwvevs, Tu mas ziani mohyveba Sedegad - igi unda anazRaurdes. sk-is 408-e muxlis fundamenturi debulebaa, rom „im pirma, romelic valdebulia aanazRauros ziani, unda aRadginos is mdgomareoba, romelic iarsebebda, rom ar damdgariyo anazRaurebis mavaldebulebeli garemoeba“. ziani unda anazRaurdes Tavdapirvelad naturiT, xolo Tu naturiT anazRaureba SeuZlebelia, maSin fuladi TanxiT. „valdebulebis darRvevis dros, iseve, rogorc es evropul samarTalSia miRebuli, wina planze dgeba xelyofili sikeTis naturiT restitucia, rac SeiZleba ganvixiloT valdebulebis erTgvar gagrZelebad misi darRvevis Semdegac. 408-e muxlis pirvel nawilSic swored amaze xdeba apelireba, rom zianis fuladi kompensacia iq aris dasaSvebi, sadac misi qonebrivi restitucia SeuZlebelia (nivTi gafuWda, gaufasurda, daikarga da sxv.). naturiT restitucia moxdeba miyenebuli zianisa naturiT Tu fuladi saxiT, – es kreditoris gadasawyvetia, sasamarTlo ganxilvisas ki, sasamarTlos neba wyvets zianis anazRaurebis formis sakiTxs. kreditori, romelsac samoqalaqo brunvis naklebi imedi gaaCnia, cxadia naturiT anazRaurebas irCevs. magram kreditorma SeiZleba sasamarTlo procesze davisas, fuladi kompensacia moiTxovos, Tu misTvis TanxiT advilad SeiZens sadavo sagans. „mTavari isaa, rom qarTuli samarTliT kreditors aqvs naturiT anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba, vidre es SesaZlebelia. SeuZleblis Sesruleba ki aravis avaldebulebs“39. magram Tuki naturiT zianis anazRaureba SeuZlebelia, maSin Sesabamisi fuladi kompensaciiT unda moxdes anazRaureba. magaliTad, Tuki gayiduli iyo bileTebi cnobili operis momRerlis koncertze da igi avad gaxda, maSin bileTebis safasuri unda daubrundes mis myidvelebs, an kidev cnobil ostats unda moexdina restavracia muzeumisa da avariaSi moxvda da xelis amputacia gaukeTs da sxv.). saerTod, sasamarTlos gasarkvevia naturiT anazRaureba unda moxdes Tu fuladi kompensacia, gadawyvetileba samarTloanobis poziciidan unda iqnes gamotanili. amaze migviTiTebs sk-is 409-e muxlic, romlis Tanaxmad, „Tu zianis anazRaureba pirvandeli mdgomareobis aRdgeniT SeuZlebelia an amisaTvis saWiroa araTanazomierad didi danaxarjebi, maSin kreditors SeiZleba mieces fuladi anazRaureba“. 67 moraluri zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebas samoqalaqo kodeqsi ZiriTadad piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis darRvevas ukavSirebs. moraluri zianis anazRaurebis moculobas mxolod mosarCele gansazRvravs, mxolod mosarCelis gansasazRvri da sabolood sasamarTlos gadasawyvetia zianis anazRaurebis moculobis gansazRvra, romelic „gonivruli da samarTliani anazRaurebis saxiT“ unda moxdes. rac Seexeba „gonivruli da samarTliani „anazRaurebis“ sakiTxs, aqac moqmedebs ramdenime kriteriumi. uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 4 ivlisis #3k/1483-02 gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebulia, rom moraluri zianis anazRaurebisas gansazRvruli Tanxa damokidebulia xelmyofis bralis xarisxsa da mis qonebriv mdgomareobaze40. Tanxa unda iyos iseTi, rom man iqonios prevenciis funqcia, anu xelmyofma Tavi Seikavos SemdgomSi analogiuri qmedebis Cadenisagan. garda amisa, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi xelmyofis mier miRebuli Tu dagegmili mogeba41. „deliqtur valdebulebaTa warmoSobis safuZveli gaxda piradi samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis Taobaze arsebuli didZali samarTlebrivi masala, saerTaSoriso konvenciebiT nakisri valdebulebebi da sasamarTlo praqtikis ganviTarebis Sedegebi. swored Tanamedrove samoqalaqo kerZo samarTlis miRwevebisa da dasavleTis qveynebis sasamarTlo praqtikis, uaxlesi samecniero literaturiT aRiarebuli piradi araqonebrivi uflebebidan saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi moxvda maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani normebi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsiT, deliqtur valdebulebaTa ganxorcielebisa da sxva piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis dacvis samarTlebriv safuZvels warmoadgens saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18-19 muxlebi. samoqalaqo deliqtis zogad cnebas ar Seicavs xsenebuli me-18 muxli, aramed igi mocemulia 992-e muxlSi, romelic mas ganmartavs rogorc sxva pirisaTvis marTlsawinaaRmdego, ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miyenebul zians. zianSi ki igulisxmeba subieqturi samoqalaqo uflebis (mocemul SemTxvevaSi me-18 muxliT daculi uflebebis) an araqonebrivi keTildReobis damcireba, ganadgureba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsis 992-e muxliT, deliqventi valdebulia ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli braliT miyenebuli ziani, anu me-18 muxliT daculi uflebebis darRvevisas, warmoSobili ziani pirovnebis pativsa da RirsebaSi igulisxmeba misi pirovnebis obieqturi sazogadoebrivi Sefaseba, sakuTari moraluri Tu sxva Tvisebebis, unaris, sazogadoebis winaSe sakuTari valis moxdis, sakuTari sazogadoebrivi rolis mixedviT. 992-e da me-18 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi deliqturi valdebuleba warmoiSoba maSinac, roca gavrceldeba fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piris pativis, Rirsebis an saqmiani reputaciis Selaxvis Sesaxeb Sesabamisi cnobebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, sinamdviles ar Seesabameba. aseT cnobaTa gavrcelebaSi igulisxmeba maTi gamoqveyneba presaSi, televiziis, radiosa da sxva masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 993-e muxlis me-2 punqtiTa da me-18 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris xsenebuli cnobebis dacva, Tu isini warmoadgenen sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebs, sagamoZiebo dadgenilebebs, an am cnobaTa ganxilva eqvemdebareba sajaro sakanonmdeblo ganxilvas. zianis momtani cnobebis deliqtis Taviseburebaa is, rom Tu cnobebi masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT gavrcelda, am dros deliqvents unda warmoadgendnen publika- 68 №1(2016) ciis avtori da redaqtori (gazeTis), xolo Tu redaqcia iuridiuli piri araa, deliqventad gvevlineba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis damfuZnebeli. mniSvnelovan siaxles warmoadgens moraluri zianis Sedegad warmoSobili deliqturi valdebuleba, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia me-18 muxlis me-6 nawiliT. moraluri zianis cnebaSi igulisxmeba samarTlebrivad daculi im araqonebrivi interesis xelyofa, romelsac qonebrivi eqvivalenti ar gaaCnia. unda aRiniSnos, rom moraluri zianis anazRaurebisas, sasamarTlo praqtika did yuradRebas uTmobs zianis mimyeneblis gadaxdisunarianobis dadgenas, zianis miyenebis formas, adgils, garemoebebs, qmedebis ganmeorebis saSiSroebasa da deliqventis mier mogebis miRebis, qonebrivi xeiris, danaklisis, anu im zaralis arafulad Sefasebas, romelic man miayena dazaralebuls42. evropuli samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, saerTo samarTali upiratesobas aniWebs fulad kompensacias. naturiT restitucia maSinaa upriani, rodesac fuladi anazRaurebiT SeuZlebelia zianis sruli da jerovani anazRaureba43. ukanasknel periodSi evropulma samarTalmac yuradReba miapyro fuladi anazRaurebis sakiTxebs zianis anazRaurebisas da sxv. 69 Ia Kharazi Sokhumi state University, Law faculty Professor Legal aspects of tort Abstract Tort law applies to a case where the individual interests of damage lies not so much in his speech to the complainant’s credibility frustration of the contractual obligations the responsibility of breaking through, but also to its other numerous infringement of interests, such as health, injury or damage to reputation, its movable or immovable property damage or economic loss. SeniSvnebi: ________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 В. Р. Морев, Римское право, М., 2008, стр. 505. 2 cvaigerti konrad, kotci hain, SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, tomi II, gamoc. mecn. red. Tedo niniZe, Targm. ekaterine sumbaTaSvili, Tb., 2001, 287. 3 ZlieriSvili zurab, cercvaZe giorgi, robaqiZe irakli, svanaZe giorgi, cercvaZe laSa, janaSia levan, saxelSekrulebo samarTali, saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis, Tb., 2014, 68. 4 iqve. 5 iqve. 6 kroholeri ian, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, Targ. Tornike darjania, zurab WeWelaSvili, Tb., 2014, 639. 7 https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/pirovneba. 8 kroholeri ian, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, Targ. Tornike darjania, zurab WeWelaSvili, Tb., 2014, 623. 9 ZlieriSvili zurab, cercvaZe giorgi, robaqiZe irakli, svanaZe giorgi, cercvaZe laSa, janaSia levan, saxelSekrulebo samarTali, saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis, Tb., 2014, 677-678. 10 ZlieriSvili zurab, cercvaZe giorgi, robaqiZe irakli, svanaZe giorgi, cercvaZe laSa, janaSia levan, dasax. naSr; Tb., 2014, 678. 11 zoiZe besarion, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, red. Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., Tb., 2001, 370-371. 12 zoiZe besarion, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, red. red. Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., Tb., 2001, 387. 13 zoiZe besarion, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, red. red. Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., Tb., 2001, 388. 14 zoiZe besarion, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, red. red. Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., Tb., 2001, 389. 15 zoiZe besarion, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, red. red. Wan- 70 №1(2016) turia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., Tb., 2001, 391. 16 .ganmartebiTi iuridiuli leqsikoni, 2012, 204 17 ganmartebiTi iuridiuli leqsikoni, 2012, 205. 18 CikvaSvili Salva, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, tomi II, red; Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., Tb., 2001, 378. 19 Todua mzia, vilemsi huub, valdebulebiTi samarTali, 2006, 95 20 iqve. 21 Todua mzia, vilemsi huub, valdebulebiTi samarTali, 2006, 100. 22 damat. ix. xarazi i; saqarTvelos sagadasaxado samarTali, Tb., 2015, 260-261. 23 giorgi cercvaZe, saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tbilisi, avt. koleqt. 2014, 73. 24 Foure, Economic Analуsis of Tort Law and the European Civil Code, in: Hartkamp/Hesselink/Hondius/ Mak/Perron/Towards a european Civil Code, 4th Revised and expanded Edition, 2011, 978. wignidan: ZlieriSvili zurab, cercvaZe giorgi, robaqiZe irakli, svanaZe giorgi, cercvaZe laSa, janaSia levan, saxelSekrulebo samarTali, saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis, Tb., 2014, 72-73. 25 giorgi cercvaZe, saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb., avt. koleqt. 2014, 73. 26 iqve. 27 Church/Corbett//richard/white, tort Law, The American and Lousiana Perspectives, 2008, 8; wignidan: ZlieriSvili zurab, cercvaZe giorgi, robaqiZe irakli, svanaZe giorgi, cercvaZe laSa, janaSia levan, saxelSekrulebo samarTali, saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis, Tb., 2014, 73-74. 28 maWaraSvili oTar. deliqtebi saerTasoriso kerZo samarTalSi // almanaxi №15, [saerTaSoriso samarTali], – saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia. 2000. vebgverdi: http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=5&t=7215 29 niniZe Tedo, „moraluri zianis problema samoqalaqo samarTalSi“, Jurnali „sabWoTa samarTali“, 1978, 45. 30 CikvaSvili Salva, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, tomi II, red; Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., Tb., 2001, 383. 31 CikvaSvili Salva, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, tomi II, red; Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., Tb., 2001, 387. 32 iqve. 33 cercvaZe giorgi, saxelSekrulebo samarTali, saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis, avt. kol; Tb., 2014, 681. 34 cercvaZe giorgi, saxelSekrulebo samarTali, saxelmZRvanelo samarTlis skolebisaTvis, avt. kol; Tb., 2014, 682-683. 35 mariamiZe giorgi, deliqturi valdebulebani, I gamocema, Tb., 2011, 14. 36 Dirk Looschelders, SAT, Carl Heуmanns Verlag, 6. Auflage, 2008, S. 168. naSromidan: mariamiZe giorgi, deliqturi valdebulebani, I gamocema, Tb., 2011, 37 cvaigerti konrad, kotci hain, SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, tomi II, gamoc. mecn. red. Tedo niniZe, Targm. ekaterine sumbaTaSvili, Tb., 2001, 289-290. 38 CikvaSvili Salva, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, tomi II, red; Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., Tb., 2001, 388. 39 zoiZe besarion, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, red; Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., Tb., 2001,453. 40 ix. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, 2003, #6, 1485, 1487, kereseliZe daviT, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 158. 41 kereseliZe daviT, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri ~cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 158. 42 o. maWaraSvili, deliqtebi saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTalSi, g.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library. exe?e 43 Roland Kandelhardt, Realerfüllung oder Schadenersatz: ein internationaler Konsens?-prof. sergo jorbenaZis 70 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero konferenciis saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 1996, 97. 71 Anna Antczak Barzan: Doctor of Philosophy, Head of the Department of International Relations at University of Finance and Management in Warsaw ATTRACTIVENESS OF INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS FOR STUDENTS FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES – POLISH RESEARCH REPORT Poland has been facing a demographic decline for a few years. This causes a huge problem for universities which are struggling with a significant shortage in candidates for studying and this is an ongoing process worsening every year. University managers are trying to invent new study profiles, new curricula or introduce innovative ways of teaching – in other words they are doing whatever they can to gain the attention of the customer (future student), gain competitive advantage and thus, survive on the market. A good solution for some universities might be to extend their offer to address it also to international students. Studies in English abroad, in one of the European Union countries seems to be very attractive to students from the East. If so, it is necessary to ask many questions. What are the expectations of international students? How to satisfy their needs and requirements? What are the main challenges to overcome? Thus, the main aim of this article will be to identify the key elements determining potential success of a university on an international market. This task will be realized mainly through application of empirical research methods such as observation, case study (analysis of actions undertaken by one of Warsaw’s universities in the process of internationalization) and survey (questionnaire conveyed among students of international programs in a few universities in Warsaw). The first issue to present is the initial state of the educational market (which is true not only for Poland, but also for other Western countries), which constitutes the basis for further considerations: • demographic decline and low birthrate; • decreasing number of candidates for university (tertiary) education (resulting from the above); • lowering of higher education level (lower requirements for admission and graduation); • trouble with indicating the directions of development for the university (it is hard to predict future market needs in the dynamically changing reality); • concrete requirements of the employers (specific knowledge, skills and competencies of graduates); • maladjustment of the curriculum to a) the requirements of the labor market; b) the abilities and competence of the students. Taking the above into consideration, the empirical research problems were built around the following questions: 72 №1(2016) • • • • • Which countries are mostly interested in Polish higher education offer and why? What are the needs and preferences of international students willing to study in Poland? What is the image of Poland and Polish universities in the eyes of foreign students? What is the opinion of international students on the Polish educational offer at the university level? To what extent is Polish educational offer competitive compared to other countries and what is its competitive advantage? The main hypotheses are as follows: • An opportunity for development of Polish universities is to educate students from other countries, mainly from Eastern Europe and Asia, these markets present a strong demand for high-class specialists, particularly in IT, economics and social sciences (management, international relations). • Polish educational offer can be competitive due to the relatively low tuition fees and maintenance costs. • Polish educational offer can be competitive if it is flexible and tailored according to the needs of the labor markets it is addressed to (adapting fields of study and detailed curricula to meet the specific needs of Eastern markets, which are developing dynamically). Generally, higher education should fulfill a vast range of purposes including: preparation for the labour market, for life as active citizens in a democratic society, personal development as well as maintenance and broadening of research and knowledge (J. Kohler and J. Huber, 2006; L. Weber and S. Bergnan, 2005). Thus, it is important to combine two issues in higher education _ requirements of the market (D. Bok, 2003; J.L. Davies, 2001) and values of education itself. The next notion is the quality of education, which cannot be lowered given the commercialization processes (D. Bok, 2003; A. Borrero Cabal, 1993). Important societal changes (growing impact of market and asset-led approach) are and still will influence the way higher education is changing and trying to adapt to new challenges (A. Amaral and A. Magalhaes, 2002; P. Maassen, 2003; W.F. Massy, 2004). The above mentioned issues should serve building synergy in the new knowledge-based society in which both individuals and business corporations can develop and realize their goals. Higher education should be an important link in this process (C.M. Vest, 2006). In a new model of universities’ existence, there came the time for incorporating many changes, i.e. lower state regulatory force with growing stakeholder guidance, reduced academic self-governance with increased managerial self-governance and growing importance of competition (H.F. de Boer, J. Enders and U. Schimanak, 2005). In such environment and conditions, internationalization of universities seems to be inevitable (S. Marginson and G. Rhodes, 2002) and highly necessary as being beneficial to both sides _ the university as an institution and its staff and to students. A lot of researches claim that there is an urgent necessity for changes (P. Aghion, M. Dewatripont, C. Hoxby, A. Mas-Colell and A. Sapir 2007 and 2008 ). “Europe invests too little in higher education. Total public and private spending on higher education in EU25 accounts for barely 1.3% of GDP, against 3.3% in the US” (D. Dill and M. Soo, 2004) and “European universities suffer from poor governance, insufficient autonomy and often perverse incentives” (E.A. Hanushek and L. Woessmann, 2009) – such voices are widely heard from many academics and researches in the field. One direction of changes is more flexible curricula that would meet the requirements of contemporary markets not only in Europe, but also Asia, Africa or Latin America. 73 Research background and characteristics of the research group (sample) The first question to be asked in the process of the university internationalization is which market to address. This choice is crucial with respect to all future actions which have to be undertaken. All markets have their specific city, requirement, limitations and barriers. Eastern markets are unsaturated with respect to high-level academic education, so there is a chance for Polish universities to start functioning there. Asian developing markets are absorbing economy and management graduates quite easily as these are the ones they need mostly. For potential students, gaining a diploma of the EU country is an undeniable value. However, it is not enough. Taking into consideration observations conducted in one of Warsaw universities offering international programs, in order to enter those specific markets, it is necessary to work with appropriate intermediaries (education agents), prepare educational offer according to the desires and preferences of the future customers. It is worth thinking about cultural differences and adapting the offer accordingly. There is also a need to adapt colors to the likings of young Asians. The curricula also have to comply with the requirements of the local labor markets, which generally means that there has to be a lot of practical classes and teaching methods have to be differentiated. These particular universities which have been taken into consideration while conducting research at the beginning offered three study profiles in the English language for international students: management, internal security and engineering. After two years, it appeared that interest in studying engineering is limited and in security – almost none. The universities ended up with offering only management with various profiles (hotel and tourism management, business administration, international management) and language courses. This choice should not be surprising. The universities host students almost entirely from countries with developing economies: India (25%), Nepal (22%), Tajikistan (13%), Ukraine (9%) and Uzbekistan (6%) as well as just few students from such countries as: Georgia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Egypt, Vietnam and Ghana. Studying abroad, students have a hope for better job opportunities when they return. In those countries entrepreneurship seems to be the best choice for most of young people. They want to successfully start their own business or work for local and international tourism companies, as these areas seem to be most profitable. This is why they do not want to study engineering, which is perceived to be difficult and having non-profitable prospects. Security or political sciences are perceived to be least interesting with respect to future job opportunities. They are related to government positions and these seem to be undesired due to a high level of corruption, low salaries and nepotism. Adopted empirical research methods are observation and survey (through questionnaire and expert interview). The survey was conducted in five Polish private universities in Warsaw and the Mazovian voievodeship (district) which have programs dedicated to international students (not only or rather mainly not the Erasmus students). It was carried out throughout the whole academic year to gather as many respondents as possible. Most respondents are male (67%) – it is also not surprising taking into consideration the origin of the students. Their cultures are mostly patriarchal and women are rather expected to be housewives and take care of the family than study (be educated) and earn money. Most of the respondents were undergraduate students (57% compared to 43% of graduate students), aged 19-21 who were in Poland less than a year. Analysis of the research results The first things worth analyzing were the reasons students decided to gain their education abroad. While getting a better education and a possibility to find a better job after graduation from a European university 74 №1(2016) were important factors, still the most important one was the possibility of gaining an EU diploma, which means it is very highly valued outside Europe (chart 1) and European universities should take advantage of this fact so long as it is still the case. Chart 1. Reasons of studying abroad Source: own elaboration based on conducted research. Once the reasons of going abroad in search for education were clear, it was necessary to get to know why students chose Poland. It seems that the main motivator is money _ studying in Poland is relatively cheap while compared to other European countries and students perceive Poland as a starting point for moving forward. Only few respondents came here for Poland because they believed the educational offer was good (chart 2). This means Poland stays competitive on the market with respect to costs, but not necessarily with respect to quality. It does not necessarily mean that the quality is not good, but that there is such kind of perception. PR and promotion tools should therefore be introduced to change this perspective. Chart 2. Reasons of choosing Polish university Source: own elaboration based on conducted research. 75 Poland, for half of the respondents seems to be an average country with respect to attractiveness to study in (chart 3). However, negative answers were seldom (only 15%). This means that Poland has good prospects to become more and more attractive. The way students perceived Poland was also influenced by the exact place of study. Those studying directly in Warsaw were far more satisfied than those studying in the suburbs. It should not be surprising that big cities are more tempting to young people, which means that universities located in cities tend to be more prospective with respect to international studies. Chart 3. Level of Poland’s attractiveness to international students Source: own elaboration based on conducted research. There are no main reasons international students perceive Poland as an attractive country (chart 4). It seems that study profiles, costs of studies and maintenance, possibility of getting an EU diploma are treated equally with positive attitude of Polish citizens being graded just a bit lower. Only Polish cultural and entertainment offer is not appreciated by international students, which may also be the result of some of them living in the suburbs without wider access to this offer. Chart 4. Reasons of the attractiveness Source: own elaboration based on conducted research. 76 №1(2016) Students, who come to Poland, are primarily interested in studying business administration, then hotel and tourism management, IT and engineering while they are least interested in social study profiles (chart 5). It is not surprising, as they are looking for opportunities to get a well-paid job in economically developing countries, in which IT, business skills and tourism are most important and desired areas. Chart 5. Study preferences Source: own elaboration based on conducted research. International students especially from south Asia prefer more practical than theoretical approach to classes, but majority of students perceive the balance between academic and practical as being most suitable (chart 6). This in turn would require slight changes in Polish universities in order to fulfill the needs, as their programs are rather more academic. Chart 6. Preferences concerning the type of classes Source: own elaboration based on conducted research. 77 While asked about more specific subject content preferences, students’ answers are coherent with their study profiles preferences. They are mostly interested in subjects related to management and marketing. Least important are subjects related to science (mathematics, physics, statistics) with communication skills, general knowledge subjects (psychology, sociology, ethics, etc.) and finance subjects being in the middle (chart 7). These preferences may also be related to the level of the respondents’ language skills. Science and finance subjects require better knowledge of the language in order to be able to appreciate subjects fully, otherwise learning tends to be difficult. Chart 7. Usefulness of particular groups of subjects Source: own elaboration based on conducted research. Surprisingly, the greatest challenge (struggle) for international students is unattractive way of conducting classes and too many hours spent at the university (chart 8). This is probably the effect of different expectations resulting from different educational system in home countries. Students spend there much less time in classes and have a lot of practical training. Sitting in lectures seems unattractive for them as they are not used to the European academic system. The other concern is the necessity of writing Bachelor’s or Master’s thesis with all their formal and methodological rules they are completely unaware of. The requirements as to the form, content and length of the paper are sometimes an obstacle and a barrier which discourage candidates or make it impossible for the students to graduate successfully. Polish law does not require a Bachelor’s thesis for graduation, which can be replaced by an overall exam, however the research was conducted in universities which do not give such an opportunity to their students and thesis is obligatory. Chart 8. The greatest difficulty for international students in Polish universities 78 №1(2016) Source: own elaboration based on conducted research. Even though students are generally satisfied with the level of education received in Poland (over 70%), only some of them (less than 40%) decide to continue education in Poland (mainly Master’s programs, few of them are interested in doctoral or postgraduate studies or short professional courses and trainings). The reason of continuing studies in Poland is most often a desire to get another EU diploma (Master’s) and low costs of studies (chart 9). Thus, students choose to study in Poland not because they like the educational offer, but for pretty practical reasons. Chart 9. Reasons of continuing studies in Poland Source: own elaboration based on conducted research. Asked about the desire to stay in Poland after graduation, one third of the respondents was undecided (chart 10). The rest was almost equally divided into people who confirmed, rejected or want to live in 79 another European country with Germany and Scandinavia being most desired. Chart 10. Preferences concerning staying in Poland after graduation Source: own elaboration based on conducted research. Conclusion Poland seems to be a competitive country as compared to other European countries as high education provider to international students mostly due to the low costs of studies and living. It however lacks necessary flexibility in order to fit better the needs of students from countries of different expectations towards education (more practical approach is needed). As Poland is mostly chosen by students from South and East Asia, educational offer should be tailored to meet the expectations of this market also including cultural differences. Poland’s attractiveness or rather perception of its attractiveness can be raised through PR campaigns, information campaigns, and proper promotion tools, social events (organized in Poland and abroad in target countries). Raising attractiveness of educational offer can be also achieved by organizing more events which would be addressed to international students, so that they feel they are a part of the institution and students’ life. More workshops, open lectures, exercise-based type of academic activities should be incorporated into curricula. Educational offer with respect to study profiles should be tailored basing on an in-depth research of the market needs and expectations. This all should create a comprehensive and synergic approach towards the development of Polish universities and strengthening their competitive position on the overall European academic market, making it not only cost-based competitive, but also quality and content based. anna antCak-barzani 80 №1(2016) filosofiis doqtori, profesori, finansebisa da menejmentis varSavis universitetis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kaTedris gamge poloneTis saerTaSsoriso sauniversiteto programebisadmi dainteresebis xelSewyoba ganviTarebad qveynebSi _ polonuri kvlevis angariSi sxva evropul qveynebTan SedarebiT, poloneTi aris is konkurentunariani qveyana, romelic sTavazobs saerTaSoriso studentebs maRali xarisxis ganaTlebas dabali saswavlo da sacxovrebeli xarjebis sanacvlod. gamomdinare iqidan, rom studentebs gaaCniaT sxvadasxva moTxovnebi da molodini ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT, saWiroa moinaxos midgomebis axleburi da ufro praqtikuli gzebi. radganac poloneTi aris qveyana, romelzec yvelaze xSirad keTdeba arCevani samxreT da aRmosavleT azieli studentebis mier, ganaTleba, romelsac poloneTi sTavazobs am studentebs unda iyos morgebuli da iTvaliswinebdes qveynebis kulturaTa gansxvavebulobas. polonuri saganmanaTleblo pirobebisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis misapyrobad saWiroa poloneTSi da sxva samizne qveynebSi gatardes sxvadasxva RonisZiebebi, rogoricaa: sainfirmacio da piar kampaniebi, socialuri RonisZiebebi da sxv. yoveli aqtivoba unda iyos mimarTuli saerTaSoriso studentebze, raTa TiToeulma maTganma igrZnos, rom is aris saganmanaTleblo procesisa da studenturi cxovrebis srulfasovani wevri. saswavlo programebSi unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli ufro meti raodenobis praqtikuli seminarebi, Ria leqciebi da praqtikul savarjiSoebze damyarebuli akademiuri aqtivobebi. sxvadasxva profilis dasaufleblad SemoTavazebuli pirobebi unda efuZnebodes saganmanaTleblo bazarze arsebuli moTxovnebis siRrmiseul kvlevas. yovelive es uzrunvelyofs ganaTlebisadmi yovlismomcvel da sinergiul midgomas poloneTis universitetebis mxridan. igi gaaZlierebs mis konkurentunarianobas evropis akademiur bazarze, ara marto swavlisa da sacxovreblis dabali safasuris, aramed ganaTlebis maRali xarisxis kuTxiT. 81 References: _______________________________________________________________________________ Aghion, P., Dewatripont, M., Hoxby, C., Mas-Colell, A. & Sapir, A. 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Markets in higher education. Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Vest, C.M. (2006). Universities and business: Partnering for the knowledge society. Paris: Economica. Weber, L. & Bergan, S. (Eds.). (2005). The public responsibility for higher education and research. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. 82 №1(2016) sofo Cqofoia socialuri mecnierebebis doqtori, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis asocirebuli profesori terorizmi _ saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis problema Tanamedrove msoflioSi terorizmis problema saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebisaTvis erT-erT mTavar gamowvevas warmoadgens. dReisaTvis aRniSnul problemas udidesi yuradReba eTmoba, romelic gamowveulia imiT, rom TviTon terori, rogorc brZolis erTerTi xerxi farTod gamoiyeneba mTel msoflioSi da udides masStabebs aRwevs. am procesis xelSemwyobi faqtoria globalizacia, romelic xels uwyobs kriminaluri aqtivobebis zrdas. „umarTavi sivrceebi“, romlebic civi omis Semdeg warmoiSva, dakavebul iqna teroristebisa da kriminalebis mier, rogorc maTi TavSesafari. mecnierebi Tanxmdebian imis Taobaze, rom terorizmi XXI saukuneSi saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis problemaa xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia is, rom globalizaciis epoqaSi, tradiciuli Tavdacvis meqanizmebi veRar umklavdebian mosalodnel safrTxes. Tu ganvixilavT usafrTxoebas, rogorc globalizaciis analizis erT-erT sakiTxs, gamoikveTeba, rom usafrTxoeba kompleqsuri da mravalmxrivi gaxda, sadac tradiciuli sasazRvro usafrTxoeba aRar aris sakmarisi im saSiSroebebisagan Tavdasacavad, romlebic dRes globalur samyaroSi gvxvdeba. am safrTxeSi ki igulisxmeba saerTaSoriso terorizmi. terorizmis problema ara mxolod romelime erTi qveynisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, aramed saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis pirveli mteria. bevri qveyana wlebis ganmavlobaSi ganicdida teroristul Tavdasxmebs. amitom isini cnobilni arian terorizmis msxverpl saxelmwifoebad. miuxedavad amisa, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtma mTel msoflioSi gamoiwvia terorizmis saSiSroebis ufro mkafio aRqma. terorizmi am incindentis Semdeg yvelaze mwvave Tema gaxda da dResac saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisgan inarCunebs mniSvnelovan yuradRebas. 11-ma seqtemberma yvelas daanaxa, rom terorizmis samizne iyo globalizaciis mamamTavari, amerika. msoflio savaWro centri simbolurad ukavSirdeba globalur vaWrobas, xolo pentagoni _ politikur da samxedro mimarTulebebs, anu teroristebisaTvis globalizacia gaxda axali samizne. aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisaTvis globalizacia warmoadgens 83 mTavar gamowvevas, radgan saSinao da sagareo politikas Soris mcirdeba gansxvaveba, romelic iwvevs saSinao da sagareo usafrTxoebis Semcirebasac. saSinao sakiTxebi gadaiqcevian saerTaSoriso doneze gansaxilvel Temebad da piriqiT. aqedan gamomdinare, globalizaciis procesi did gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebaze. imisaTvis, rom naTlad davinaxoT globalizaciis gavlena msoflioSi mimdinare procesebze, gamoyofen ramdenime sakiTxs: 1) samoqalaqo da saerTaSoriso konfliqtebs Soris gansxvaveba Semcirda, radgan globalizaciis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia Sida konfliqtebis ignorireba; 2) globalizaciis pirobebSi moxda terorizmis evolucia, gansakuTrebiT saSiSi ki masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi terorizmi gaxda, romelTanac gamklaveba tradiciuli Tavdacvis strategiiT SeuZlebelia. swored amitom, mniSvnelovania prevenciuli strategiis dasaxva. rTulia gansazRvra imisa, Tu ra doneze axdens globalizacia gavlenas saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebaze, radgan sxvadasxva regionze gansxvavebulad zemoqmedebs globalizaciis Tanmdevi procesebi. gamoyofen im ZiriTad problemebs, romlebic naTeli da mkafioa: 1) globalizaciis Sedegad saxelmwifos aRar SeuZlia mkacrad gaakontrolos arafizikuri usafrTxoebis aspeqtebi, rogorebicaa teqnologiisa da informaciis dacva. rac ufro metad daculia informacia da teqnologia, miT ufro Zlieria saxelmwifo. magaliTad: Zlieri samxedros yola informaciuli da teqnologiuri dacvis gareSe usafuZvloa; 2) globalizaciis epoqaSi gaizarda ucxouri investiciebis mniSvneloba lokalur industriebTan SedarebiT; multinacionaluri korporaciebi amcireben saxelmwifos kontrols saSinao ekonomikaze; 3) gaumjobesebul sakomunikacio teqnologiebs katastrofuli Sedegic ki moaqvs. magaliTad, kosovos konfliqtis dros, rodesac televiziebi gadacemda masobriv deportaciebsa da daSavebulebs, konfliqtis marTva SeuZlebeli gaxda; 4) mas Semdeg, rac omis buneba da strategia Seicvala rTulia usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis gansazRvra da safrTxis winaaRmdeg brZola; 5) globalizacia aadvilebs xelmisawvdomobas masobriv gamanadgurebel iaraRze da teqnologiaze, romelic Zalian saxifaToa teroristuli dajgufebebis momaragebisaTvis; 6) globalizaciam gamoiwvia terorizmis zrda. iqedan gamomdinare, rom globalizaciis pirobebSi marginalizdeba sxvadasxva jgufi. aseve, gaizarda globaluri socialuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworoba xalxTa Soris. terorizmi ki gariyul sazogadoebas aZlevs SesaZleblobas gamoxatos Tavisi interesebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom teroristebi gamodian globalizaciis winaaRmdeg da Tan antiglobalistur ideebs iziareben, romelic moicavs erovnulobis dakargvas da sxv. isini globalizaciidan sargebelsac naxuloben. kerZod, ganviTarebuli sakomunikacio da teqnologiuri saSualebebi xels uwyoben maT erTmaneTTan gamartivebul kavSirebsa da TanamSromlobas. swored, globalizaciis damsaxurebaa, rom dRes terorizmi aRiqmeba mTeli msoflios safrTxed. usafrTxoebis Tanamedrove gageba, Tavdacvisa da sagareo politikis garda, ekonomi- 84 №1(2016) kur, kriminalur da sxva xasiaTis faqtorebsac gulisxmobs. kvebis produqtebis saerTaSoriso standartebi, narkotikebis moZraobaze kontroli, urTierTSeTanxmebuli savizo reJimebi da sakanonmdeblo sistema, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis marTvis msgavsi struqturebis Seqmna saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobisa da uSiSroebis arsebobis aucilebeli pirobebia. mas Semdeg, rac sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala da orpolusiani samyaro aRar arsebobs, saerTaSoriso stabilurobis mTavar safrTxed ganixileba lokaluri konfliqtebi, romlebic mTliani regionis usafrTxoebas saeWvos xdis. magaliTisTvis SegviZlia moviyvanoT palestina-israelisa da avRaneTis konfliqtebi. terorizmis sakiTxTa mkvlevarebs Soris damkvidrebulia azri, rom terorizmi ver suldgmulobs arademokratiuli reJimis pirobebSi. aq ori kategoriis saxelmwifos gamoyofa SeiZleba. pirveli _ sadac terori monopolizebulia saxelmwifos mier (teroris saxelmwifo); am SemTxvevaSi, terorizmisTvis yvela sasicocxlo arxi gadaketilia; da meore _ saxelmwifoebi, romlebic kavSirSi arian saerTaSoriso teroristul organizaciebTan da sxvadasxva saSualebiT xels uwyoben maT saqmianobas (terorizmis mfarveli saxelmwifo); am SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli terorizmi TavisTavad gamoiricxeba. terorizmisTvis noyier niadags warmoadgens demokratia. rac ufro demokratiulia saxelmwifo, miT ufro xelsayrelia teroristuli saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi xelisufleba yovelTvis didi sifrTxiliT cdilobs balansi ipovos usafrTxoebis zomebis gamkacrebis, adamianis uflebebis da sxva demokratiuli Rirebulebebis dacvas Soris, rac ar arsebobs arademokratiul saxelmwifoSi. amasTan, es ukanaskneli naklebganviTarebulia, radganac masSi saRi da progresuli azri saxelmwifo teroris marwuxebSia moqceuli. demokratiuli saxelmwifo ki, piriqiT, Tavisi moqalaqeebis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebazea mimarTuli. masSi sazogadoebis sayofacxovrebo da momsaxurebis sferoebi met-naklebad maRalganviTarebul teqnologiebzea dafuZnebuli. kritikuli infrastruqturis seqtorebi, rogorebicaa: sabanko da satransporto (aviacia, rkinigza) momsaxureba, wyaleleqtromomarageba da sxva arteriebi, maRali teqnologiebiT marTvis relsebzea gadasuli. swored, es maRali teqnologiebi warmoadgens kidev erT berkets e. w. kiber teroristebis xelSi civilizebuli qveynebis dasateroreblad. saxelmwifo demokratiulia Tu arademokratiuli, amasTan pirdapir kavSirSia is, Tu ra meTodebs mimarTavs xelisufleba terorizmTan sabrZolvelad. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtebis Semdeg aSS-is xelisuflebam miliardobiT dolari gamoyo usafrTxoebis sistemis reformirebisaTvis. Seiqmna axali saxelmwifo struqturebi, specsamsaxurebma daSvebuli Secdomebi detalurad Seiswavles, raTa maqsimalurad gamoiricxos msgavsi SemTxvevebi momavalSi. arademokratiul saxelmwifoSi aqcentebi keTdeba ara xarisxze, aramed raodenobaze. es exeba warmoebis yvela sferos, maT Soris samxedro mrewvelobas. amgvarad, saxelmwifo saxsrebi araracionalurad gamoiyeneba. imis gamo, rom aseT saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia damatebiTi saxsrebis moZieba terorizmTan brZolis meTodebis gasaumjobeseblad da, Sesabamisad, adamianis uflebebis dasacavad, cdilobs terors teroriTve upasuxos, riTac terorizmi saxelmwifo teroriT icvleba, romelic gacilebiT mZime Sedegebs iwvevs. 85 beslanis tragediam msoflios naTlad daanaxa ruseTis xelisuflebis ususuroba terorizmTan brZolaSi. amaze, pirvel rigSi, metyvelebs cifrebi, romlebic mZevalTa gaTavisuflebis operaciis Semdgom Sedegebs aRniSnavs _ asobiT daxocili mZevali da aTobiT daRupuli specsamsaxuris warmomadgeneli. arada, beslanis teroristuli aqti pirveli ar iyo ruseTisaTvis. mas win uswrebda ramdenime didi tragedia _ nordosti, moskovSi sacxovrebeli saxlebis afeTqebebi da a. S. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTma verc warsulis magaliTebze iswavla rame da arc raime gansakuTrebuli zomebi miuRia kontrteroristuli xaziT usafrTxoebis sistemisa da brZolis meTodebis dasaxvewad. beslanis operaciis msvlelobisas Tu rogor qaoturad moqmedebdnen ruseTis Zalovani struqturebi. maT moqmedebebs naklebad Tu SeiZleba mZevalTa gaTavisuflebis winaswargaazrebuli, gegmuri specoperacia ewodos. kremlma ki, nacvlad imisa, rom gulwrfelad epasuxa misTvis dasmuli kiTxvebisaTvis, romlebic beslanis movlenebis irgvliv arsebobda, sainformacio omi gamoucxada Tavisufal medias. mkacri cenzura daawesa qveyanaSi masobrivi informaciis saSualebebze, ucxoeli korespondentebis dakavebis faqtebze. amgvari moqmedebebi gvaZlevs safuZvels vifiqroT, rom ruseTi Tavis kontrteroristul politikas teroris principebze agebs. garkveulwilad avRaneTSi Seqmnil dRevandel viTarebaze Tavisi wvlili miuZRvis me20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi Seqmnil saerTaSoriso viTarebas. ibrZodnen ra Tavisi gavlenis sferoebis gafarToebisaTvis, sabWoTa kavSiri uceremoniod SeiWra avRaneTSi, xolo aSS-m pakistanSi devnili avRanelebis samxedro momzadebisaTvis oficialuri monacemebiT, daaxloebiT, 5 miliardi dolari daxarja. garda amisa, misma mTavrobam sabWoTa jarebis winaaRmdeg avRaneTSi 35 aTasi daqiravebuli mebrZoli, ZiriTadad, arabebi Segzavna. bin ladeni am periodSi sakuTari finansuri saxsrebiT 200 „boeviks“ wvrTnida. mTeli islamuri samyaros yuradReba avRaneTSi wiTeli imperiis agresiis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. sabWoTa jarebis gasvlis Semdeg atexil samoqalaqo omSi aSS-is mTavroba aRar Careula. pakistaniT zurggamagrebulma da amerikelTa mier cudad gaTvlil islamur ideologiaze aRzrdilma Talibebma omi moiges. eqstremist teroristTa „sawarmod“ qceuli reJimis dasamxobad ki aSS-s ramdenime aTeul miliard dolarad Rirebuli farTobasStabiani samxedro operaciebi dasWirda. mecnierTa garkveuli nawilis azriT, ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze mizanmimarTulad iqmneboda piramidis formis msgavsi msoflio, sadac mwvervalze aSS dgas. Semdeg maRalganviTarebuli industriuli saxelmwifoebis jgufi modis; ufro qvemoT _ saSualo donis qveynebi. isini, yvela erTad, kacobriobis erT meaTeds Seadgenen da „mesame samyaros“ mxrebze dganan. maTi varaudiT, Tu Tanamedrove samyaros piramidiseburi modeli SenarCundeba, zemoaRniSnuli usafrTxoebisa da Tanamegobrobis sistema mxolod amerikisa da evropis sivrceSi Caiketeba. xolo misi uzrunvelyofisaTvis aucilebelia Zalisxmeva, romelic, SesaZloa ar Semoifarglos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi da saerTaSoriso zomieri RonisZiebebiT da qveynebs Soris globaluri dapirispirebis safuZveli gaxdes. swored, „mesame samyarom“ warmoSva is Zalebi, romelTaTvisac miuRebelia ara mxolod civilizaciis aRniSnuli konstruqcia, aramed mTlianad Tanamedrove civilizacia. am dinebas miekuTvnebian islamisti teroristebi. marTalia, TalibTa reJimis amboxebam Sear- 86 №1(2016) yia eqstremistTa poziciebi, magram arsebuli garemoebebi maT sasargeblod moqmedebs. puStunebi, romlebic moZraoba „Talibanis“ eTnikur safuZvels Seadgenen, tradiciulad cxovroben rogorc avRaneTSi, ise pakistanSi, rac Talibebs mTeli puStunistanis teritoriaze manevrirebis SesaZleblobas aZlevT. amis safuZvelze, savaraudoa, islamisturi terorizmis centris gadanacvleba pakistanSi, romlis xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia akontrolos saxelmwifos mTeli teritoria (gansakuTrebiT mTiani raionebi da sasazRvro zona avRaneTTan). amasTanave, pakistanis teritoriaze imyofeba or milionze meti avRaneli ltolvili, romelTagan mravali „Talibanis“ SeiaraRebuli mebrZolia. amave dros gasaTvaliswinebelia avRanelTa gansakuTrebuli brZolis unarianoba. generali T. epitaSvili igonebda, „TiTqmis aTi weli videqiT avRaneTSi, magram mTeli Cemi mxedruli sindisiT mainc vacxadeb, rom Cven es qveyana ver davamarcxeT. iciT ratom ver davamarcxeT? TviTon avRanelis daCoqeba gagviWirda, igi sikvdils arCevda Tavisuflebis dakargvas da amitom iyo, bolomde, sisxlis ukanasknel wveTamde rom gvebrZoda. mokled, avRaneTi ufro magari kerketi kakali aRmoCnda, vidre bevri moeloda“. gaeros egidiT Seiqmna antiteroristuli Zalebis gamaerTianebeli saerTaSoriso sistema, romelsac Seadgenen: mmarTvelobiTi, sainformacio-analitikuri, dazvervis, sakontolo-safinanso, kontrpropagandistuli da Zalovani struqturebi _ kargad uzrunvelyofili mobiluri samxedro nawilebi, romlebic didi danakargebis fasad farTo moculobis samuSaos atareben avRaneTSi. avRaneTma uCvena msoflios Tu ramdenad rTulia terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola. terorizmi Tanamedroveobis erT-erT umwvaves problemad rCeba. dReisaTvis msoflioSi 500-ze meti formireba arsebobs, romlic TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad terorizms irCeven da aseTi organizaciebis raodenoba sul ufro da ufro izrdeba. rogorc Cans, msoflio kidev mravalgzis gadaawydeba terorizmis araerT gamovlinebas. amave dros, terorizmma udidesi ziani miayena msoflio ekonomikas, romlis masStabis srulad gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. eqspertebi da politikosebi miuTiTeben, rom saWiroa terorizmis fenomenis yuraRebiT Seswavla, misi sxvadasxva saxeobis specifikis gaTvaliswineba da mis gamomwvev mizezebSi Rrmad garkveva. mxolod am gziT Tu moxerxdeba misi neitralizeba. 87 Sopo Chkopoia Doctor of Social Sciences, Associate Professor at New Higher Education Institute Terrorism _ a problem for the most of states Abstract The present paper is related to one of the greatest enemies of humanity – to international terrorism and the attitude of states, their unity and fight against the problem. It should be noted that globalization represents a major challenge for international relations because it reduces the difference between domestic and foreign policy, which leads to reduction of internal security. Domestic issues become discussed internationally and vice versa. Therefore, the process of globalization has a great influence on an international security. Democracy is a sufficient ground for terrorism. The more democratic is a state, the more favorable it is for terrorist activities. Democratic state government is always very careful while trying to find a balance between security measures and strengthening the mechanism of human rights and other democratic values, which do not exist in an undemocratic state. Democratic state is aimed at improving living conditions of its citizens. The community of household and service spheres is more or less based on developed technologies. gamoyenebuli literatura: _____________________________________________________________________ 1. d. Caduneli, vahabizmi…axali kavkasiuri daZabulobisaTvis, gazeTi „axali 7 dRe“, 20-26 agvisto, Tb., 1999. 2. k. ZebisaSvili, islamuri fundamentalizmi CriloeT kavkasiaSi, sainformacio-analitikuri biuleteni №11, prezidentTan arsebuli dsT-s da mSvidobiani kavkasiis saqmeTa saxelmwifo biuro, Tb., 1999. 3. e. iakobiSvili, terorizmis cneba da misi saxeebi, almanaxi _ №19 sisxlis samarTali (III), Tb., 2004. 4. Terrorism, International Documents – New York. 1979. 88 №1(2016) Tamara tartaraSvili saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutis saxelmwifo marTvis mimarTulebis doqtoranti saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikur umciresobaTa mdgomareobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi saqarTvelo mravaleTnikuri da mravalkonfensiuri saxelmwifoa. eTnikur umciresobaTa Tanacxovrebas saukuneobrivi istoria aqvs da igi jer kidev Cv. w. aRricxvamde iRebs safuZvels. dReisaTvis, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgenen: azerbaijanelebi, somxebi, osebi, ebraelebi da ase Semdeg. saqarTvelos ori regioni, afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionebi, okupirebulia ruseTis mier, sadac mosaxleobis did nawils afxazebi da osebi Seadgenen. rigi kanonmdeblobebi saqarTvelos normatiul aqtebSi iZleva debulebebs eTnikuri umciresobebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis meore nawilis mixedviT, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs; me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad ki, saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs. konstituciis me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo ena aris qarTuli, xolo afxazeTSi aseve afxazuri. konstituciis me-14 muxli iZleva Tanasworuflebianobis garantiasa da kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas adamianebisa, ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, erovnuli Tu sxva saxis kuTvnilebisa. konstituciiT da sxva kanonmdeblobiT garantirebuli uflebebi ganuxrelad vrceldeba yvela adamianze, miuxedavad misi eTnikuri Tu sxva saxis kuTvnilebisa. yovelive amas aZlierebs konstituciis 38-e muxli, sadac aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeni Tanasworni arian socialur-ekonomikur, kulturul da politikur cxovrebaSi, ganurCevlad maTi erovnuli, eTnikuri, religiuri Tu enobrivi kuTvnilebisa. saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis Sesabamisad, maT ufleba aqvT Tavisuflad, yovelgvari diskriminaciisa da Carevis gareSe ganaviTaron TavianTi kultura, isargeblon deda eniT pirad cxovrebaSi da sajarod. amave dros, am muxlis meore nawili ayalibebs daTqmas, romlis mixedviTac saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli princi- 89 pebisa da normebis Sesabamisad, umciresobaTa uflebebis ganxorcieleba ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes saqarTvelos suverenitets, saxelmwifo wyobilebas, teritoriul mTlianobasa da politikurad damoukideblobas.[1] rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, konstituciis me-6 muxli saxelmwifos avaldebulebs misi kanonmdebloba Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs. am muxlis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, romelic ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis mier, Tavisi iuridiuli ZaliT dgas Sida kanonmdeblobaze maRla. Sesabamisad, iseT saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv aqtebs, _ paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb, paqti ekonomiuri, socialuri, kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb, rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, evropuli konvencia adamianis uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb _ aqvs Sidakanonmdeblobaze upiratesi Zala. Sesabamisad, eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis xelmisawvdomia saerTaSoriso Tu regionaluri uflebadacviTi meqanizmebiT sargebloba, rogoricaa: gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komiteti, strasburgis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo da sxva. 2014 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni, diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, romelic miCneuli aris saqarTvelos evropul stuqturebTan daaxloebis procesSi mniSvnelovan wingadadgmul nabijad. kanonis mizania, diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvra, nebismieri fizikuri Tu iuridiuli pirisaTvis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Tanasworad uzrunvelyofa sxvadasxva Sexedulebebis da niSnis, maT Soris, erovnuli an eTnikuri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad. kanoni gansazRvravs diskriminaciis cnebas, igi vrceldeba aramarto sajaro, aramed kerZo dawesebulebebsa da iuridul pirebze. kanoni qmnis diskriminaciisgan dacvis meqanizmebs da aZlevs pirovnebas mis mimarT diskriminaciis SemTxvevaSi mimarTos saxalxo damcvelsa da sasamarTlos. [2] sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi iZleva umciresobasTan dakavSirebul rig debulebebs, maT Soris, erovnul da eTnikur umciresobebze. kodeqsis 533-e muxlis mixedviT, pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebel garemoebad, yvela saxis danaSaulisaTvis, iTvleba danaSaulis Cadena raime niSnis an mdgomareobis mixedviT. maT Soris, eTnikuri an erovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT. kodeqsis 142-e muxli dasjad qmedebad acxadebs adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis darRvevas sxvadassxva niSnis, maT Soris, eTnikuri an erovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT. am muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebisaTvis iuridul pirs SeiZleba CamoerTvas saqmianobis ufleba, an ar iqnas igi likvidirebuli. rasobrivi diskriminacia, anu qmedeba Cadenili erovnuli an rasobrivi mtrobis, an ganxeTqilebis Camogdebis erovnuli pativisa da Rirsebis damcirebis mizniT, agreTve rasis, kanis feris, erovnuli an eTnikuri kuTvnilebis niSniT, adamianis uflebebis pirdapiri an arapirdapiri SezRudva an/da imave niSniT, adamianisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, ramac arsebiTad xelyo misi ufleba, miCneulia rasobriv diskriminaciad da 1421-e muxlis mixedviT, dasjad qmedebas warmoadgens. aqac diskriminaciis Camdeni iuridiuli piri isjeba saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeviT an likvidaciiT. [3] saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi iZleva garantiebs, diskriminaciis dauSveblobisa, saqmis ganxilvis periodSi, nafici msajulebis SerCevisa da aseve mSobliuri enis gamoyenebisas, pirisaTvis, romelic warmoadgens eTnikur, erovnul umciresobas da ar flobs saxelmwifo enas.[4] saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-11 da me-12 muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ufle- 90 №1(2016) baunarianoba da qmedunarianoba, Tanabrad vrceldeba nebismier pirovnebaze, miuxedavad misi sxvadasxva jgufisadmi kuTvnilebisa da raime niSnisa. [5, gv.3-4] saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis amocanebs sxvasTan erTad warmoadgens piradi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis moqalaqeTa uflebebis pativis, Rirsebisa da saerTo cxovrebis wesebis pativiscema. [6] saqarTvelos zogadadministraciuli kodeqsis erT-erTi mizania, administraciuli organoebis mier adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sajaro interesebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis dacva. kodeqsis me-4 muxli kidev erTxel usvams xazs kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas da ar niSnavs, rom yvela piri Tanasworia kanonisa da administraciuli organos winaSe. [7] saqarTvelos kanonis ,,saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“, me-7 muxliT dadgenilia mosamarTlis damoukidebloba, romlis mixedviTac igi gadawyvetilebas iRebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmenis safuZvelze saqarTvelos konstituciisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis safuZvelze. [8] saqarTveloSi funqcionirebs sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, romelsac SeuZlia mimarTos nebismierma pirma Tu man CaTvala, rom konstituciiT garantirebuli misi uflebebi xelyo nebismierma sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtma, romelic dakavSirebulia adamianis uflebebsa da TavisuflebebTan, maT Soris eTnikur an erovnul umciresobebTan dakavSirebiT. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“, adgens zogad saganmanaTleblo politikis miznebs, romelTa Soris aris moswavlis erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebis mqone, Tavisufal pirovnebad CamoyalibebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis Seqmna. swavlebis ena aris qarTuli, xolo afxazeTSi qarTuli an afxazuri. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs, romlisTvisac qarTuli ena mSobliuri ar aris, ufleba aqvT miiRon sruli zogadi ganaTleba mSobliur enaze. zogadi ganaTleba xelmisawvdomia nebismieri pirisaTvis, miuxedavad misi ama Tu im jgufis mimarT kuTvnilebisa, Tu raime sxva niSnisa. ganaTlebis procesSi nebismiers aqvs ufleba diskriminaciis gareSe, dadgenili wesiT isargeblon yvela uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, aseve saswavlo dawesebulebebis resursiT. [9] saqarTvelos kanoni ,,janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb“, samedicino daxmareba sayovelTao da Tanabaria yvelasaTvis da mis procesSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos erovnul an eTnikuri umciresobas mikuTvnebuli piris tradicia da Tavisebureba. saeqimo saqmianobis procesSi akrZalulia nebismieri diskriminacia nebismier safuZvelze. [10] saxelmwifo icavs im kulturul memkvidreobas, romelic warmoadgens qveyanaSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri Tu religiuri umciresobebis monapovars. saxelmwifo axorcielebs sxvadasxva programas eTnikur umciresobaTa TviTmyofadobis dacvisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. samoqalaqo Tanasworobisa da integraciis saxelmwifo ministris aparatis mier SemuSavebulia samoqalaqo Tanasworobisa da integraciis saxelmwifo strategia, sadac gaTvaliswinebulia: eTnikur umciresobaTa mcirericxovan da mowyvlad eTnikur jgufTa mxardaWera; maTi maqsimaluri CarTuloba qveynis politikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi; saxelmwifo administrirebis, samarTaldamcavi organoebisa da meqanizmebis xelmisawvdomobis gazrda eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis; maT mier mediasa da informaciaze xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba; Tanabari socialuri, ekonomiuri pirobebisa Tu SesaZleblobebis Seqmna da sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. 91 saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelTan funqcionirebs umciresobaTa sabWo, romelSic Sedis yvela eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi. SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom mTlianobaSi es sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da meqanizmebi Seesabameba saerTaSoriso standartebs. miuxedavad amisa, qveyanaSi arsebobs rigi problemebi eTnikuri umciresobebis srulfasovani integrirebisa saerTo saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi. Zalzed mcirea maTi warmomadgenloba rogorc saxelmwifo, sakanonmdeblo, ise aRmasrulebel struqturebSi. problemas warmoadgens saxelmwifo enis arcodna. gansakuTrebiT samxreT saqarTveloSi, sazRvrispira raionebSi; ZiriTadad, kompaqturad dasaxlebul azerbaijanul da somxur raionebSi. misaRebia da gansaxorcielebelia rigi aqtebisa da nabijebisa, romelic exeba erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi deportirebul mesxebs, maT enobriv da sxva sakiTxebs. yovelive es, saxelmwifos mniSvnelovan Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. 92 №1(2016) Tamara Tartarashvili PhD Student of State Management of Georgian Institute of Public Affairs Legal aspects of ethnic minorities in Georgia Abstract Ensuring ethnic, religious and other minorities’ peaceful and harmonic co-existence with majority is getting more and more of acute importance in modern society. We can consider many examples of low level of minorities’ integration in public political life, which were reasons of a number of tensions and dramatic conflicts. Georgia is in one of the important stages of its development. In the country it is clearly stated to become a full member of the European and Euro-Atlantic structures. In that process it is very important to have legislative acts and practice based on modern democratic values. On the one hand, to ensure the rights and freedom of minorities living in the country and on the other hand, to mobilize each resident living in the country and groups potential to achieve this goal. All this becomes more urgent in the circumstances of the case, taking place in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region. The present review does not claim that it is complete and comprehensive. We only tried to review that regulations, structures and mechanisms, which regulate the legislative situation of the ethnic minorities in the country. gamoyenebuli literatura: ________________________________________________________________________ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7. 8. 9 10. http://www.parliament.ge/ge/kanonmdebloba/constitution-of-georgia-68 saqarTvelos konstitucia (1995 weli). Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. kanoni diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (2014, quTaisi). http://tcc.gov.ge/uploads/kanonebi/sisxlis_samartlis_kodeqsi. pdf sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi (1999 weli). http://tcc.gov.ge/uploads/kanonebi/sisxlis_samartlis_saproceso_kodeqsi.pdf saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, 1998. http://tcc.gov.ge/uploads/kanonebi/samoqalaqo_kodeqsi.pdf saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 1997. . http://tcc.gov.ge/uploads/kanonmdebloba/samartaldargevata_kodeqsi.pdf, saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsi, 1984. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/16270 saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi (1999 weli). https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/90676 saqarTvelos kanoni saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb (2009 weli). . http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/img/original/2015/7/21/7468109657kanoni%20zogadi%20ganatlebis%20shesaxeb.pdf saqarTvelos kanoni zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb (2005 weli). https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/98933/117891/F827347099/Geo%20 Health%20Care%20Georgian.pdf saqarTvelos kanoni janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb (1997 weli). 93 giorgi RvalaZe axali umaRlesi saswavleblis leqtori masobrivi kulturis aspeqtebi masobrivi kulturis dasayrdenia folkloruli Semecneba da zRaprebi. amis magaliTia „moxetiale siuJetebi“, rogoricaa: legenda don-Juanze, doqtor faustze da konkiaze. gaCnda ra Sua saukuneebis espaneTSi, germaniasa da safrangeTSi, isini safuZvlad daedo bomarSes, mocartis, puSkinis, goeTes, peros, genos da sxva mwerlebisa Tu kompozitorebis nawarmoebebs. es siuJetebi zedmiwevniT popularuli iyo mosaxleobaSi. imdenad popularuli, rom evropis quCis Tojinebis TeatrebSi piesebis, xolo zneobrivi moZRvrebis misteriebis saxiT eklesiaSic TamaSdeboda. sxvadasxva epoqasa da Taobas am saxeebSi Sehqonda Tavisi Sinaarsi, magram maTi arsi ucvleli iyo. don-Juans uyvars yvela qali, igi glexis qalSic dedofals xedavs, magram codvebisaTvis SeuZlia qalis dasja. fausti suls mihyidis mefistofels, konkia ki maRalzneobrivi Tvisebebis gamo jildovdeba mSvenier princTan Sexvedris bednierebiT. kulturis arsebas zogadad Seadgens im ideur, obieqtur arsebaTa erToblioba, romlebic arseboben yovelgvari istoriuli pirobebisagan, ese igi, droSi cvalebadi ekonomikuri da socialuri pirobebisagan damoukideblad. am qmnilebebs aRmoaCenen adamianebi da ucvlelad gadascemen Taobidan Taobas. aqedan gamomdinare, masobrivi kulturis arsebas Seadgens adamianisagan damoukideblad arsebuli ideaTa obieqturi samyaro. igi SeiZleba aRmoaCinos rogorc adamiaTa jgufma da jgufebma, aseve adamianma pirovnulad, magram damoukideblad viTardeba Tavisi sakuTari bunebis imanenturi kanonebis mixedviT. masobrivi kulturis am filosofiuri Teoriebisagan aucileblad unda ganvasxvavoT Teoriebi, romlebic miRebuli da Seqmnilia iseT socialur mecnierebebSi, rogoricaa: eTnologia da sociologia. socialur mecnierebebs kultura esmiT, uwinares yovlisa, realisturad, rogorc adamianTa moRvaweobis produqtebis erToblioba. imavdroulad es produqtebi SeiZleba iyos materialuric da SeiZleba iyos ideebic, romlebic Seesabameba garkveul pirobebs. adamianis moRvaweobis yvela produqti ar Sedis kulturaSi, miTumetes masobrivSi. bevri maTgani swrafad qreba, ar mkvidrdeba, maT ar iReben ufro farTo jgufebi. Sesabamisad, verc masobrivi kulturis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba. adamianSi imTaviTve Cadebulia SemoqmedebiTi elementebi, rogorc TviTgamoxatvis 94 №1(2016) xerxi. es vlindeba yvelaferSi. mas yovelTvis surs gadmosces Tavisi qmnileba, rogorc gzavnili. es aris erT-erTi xerxi komunikaciisa. bunebrivi survili dainaxos, moisminos, ganmsazRvrelia. adamianis organizmi, fsiqika, nervuli ujredebi isea mowyobili, rom igi moiTxovs impulsebs garesamyarodan. araorganizebuli xmebic ki saWiroa adamianis fsiqikisaTvis. zogi adamiani impulsebs iRebs bunebisagan. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu ubralo xmebsac ki SeuZliaT dadebiTad imoqmedon adamianze, maSin kidev ufro didi moTxovnileba Cndeba ukve organizebuli, mizandasaxuli moqmedebebisgan, anu am SemTxvevaSi, masobrivi kulturis sxvadasxva Janrebisagan. zustad amitom Camoyalibda xelovnebaSi ori, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ganStoeba. es aris maskultura da egreTwodebuli elitaruli saavtoro xelovneba, romelic (TavisTavad terminic miuTiTebs) ar aris gaTvlili masaze. masobrivi kulturis moTxovnebi dakavSirebulia adamianis fsiqologiur moTxovnilebebTan. jer kidev me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi froidi gamoyofda adamianis fsiqikis or mTavar mimarTulebas. es aris libido da agresiuloba. es ori faqtori iqca masobrivi kulturis stimulad. SiSi da saSineleba aRagznebs adamians da moqmedebs nervul sistemaze. gasaocaria masobrivi kulturis erTi Tviseba _ moicvas sazogadoebrivi Segnebis yvela axali sfero. gasarTob sferoSi Sedis sazogadoebis ganwyobis yvelaze gansxvavebuli gamovlineba: roca gamoyenebulia nostalgia, Cndeba filmi „retro“, xolo gacruebuli idealebis grZnobidan _ „saSinelebaTa filmebi“, „katastrofis filmebi“ da miswrafeba abstaqtuli ukeTesobisaken, miuRwevelisaken, ris Sedegadac erTimeoris miyolebiT iqmneboda fantastikuri filmebi. aq meamboxe axalgazrdoba uars ambobs moralur da eTikur normebze. es aris protesti cxovrebis standartizaciisa erTxel da samudamod dadgenili wesrigis winaaRmdeg. ielis universitetis profesorma, Carlz reiCma, ganixila cnobierebis 3 tipi, romelic damaxasiaTebelia masobrivi kulturisaTvis: pirveli tipis cnobiereba niSandoblivia provinciuli mosaxleobisaTvis. aseTi cnobierebis adamianebs iseve sjeraT, rom myarma moralurma principebma, qristianuli postulatebis xeluxleblobam, Seupovarma Sromam SeiZleba migviyvanos warmatebamde, romelic gagebulia, rogorc materialuri warmateba. meore tipis cnobiereba damyarebulia organizaciisadmi individis srul morCilebaze. misTvis misaRebia is motivebi, qcevis is miznebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia umravlesobisaTvis da savsebiT cvlis mis sakuTar azrs. isic miiswrafis materialuri warmatebisaken, magram cdilobs gandevnos sakuTari pirovnuli sawyisebi. igi komformistia, akmayofilebs momxmareblis kultura an kiCi. mesame tipis cnobierebis adamianebi uaryofen: yovelgvar xelisuflebas, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv institutebs, kerZo sakuTrebas, ojaxs, yovelgvar moralur kategorias, rac ki ewinaaRmdegeba pirovnebis Tavisufal gamovlenas. „me“ _ ai, maTTvis misaRebi erTaderTi reloba. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia TviTSemecneba da TviTsrulyofa, „revolucia Semecnebis meoxebiT“. praqtikulad, pirovnebisaTvis monobis uRlis axsnam da burJuaziuli pirobebisagan ganTavisuflebam axalgazrdoba „Tavisufal siyvarulamde“ da narkotikebamde miiyvana. daiwyo hipebis moZraoba. mas, ramdenadac gasakvirad ar unda mogveCvenos, safuZvlad udevs didi frangi filosofosisa da ganmanaTleblis 95 Jan Jak rusos Teoria „bunebrivi adamianisa“ da avstrieli fsiqiatris, froidis mowafis, vilhelm raixis wigni „seqsualoba da kulturuli brZola.“ es wigni 1930 w. gamovida venaSi. 1945 w. igi Targmnes inglisur enaze saTauriT: „seqsualuri revolucia“ da man sensacia moaxdina. hipebis am moZraobam didi gavlena moaxdina literaturasa da kinoze, sabolood Camoayaliba kontrkultura. rogorc vxedavT, mesame tipis cnobiereba upirispirdeba pirvelsa da meores. is mTlianad axalgazrda meamboxeebisaa, romelic uaryofs materialur warmatebas. igi adamianisaTvis Seufereblad miiCnevs fulisa da karierisadmi swrafvas. aseTi adamianebi uaryofen wesierebis normebs, romlebic adre SeimuSava sazogadoebam, radgan es normebi miaCniaT crud, romelic angrevs pirovnebas. isini fiqroben, rom qveynad sulierebis naklebobaa, gamefebulia uguloba, adamianebma dakarges arsebobis WeSmariti azri, isini anadgureben bunebasa da Tavissave msgavss _ adamians. maT daiviwyes ra aris namdvili siyvaruli. me-20 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi amerikelma sociologebma: robert hansenma da herbert bliumerma, Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebma, Caatares empiriuli gamokvlevebi masobrivi kulturis sferoSi. magram mxolod 40-50-ian wlebSi moaxerxa emigrantebis jgufma misi kompleqsuri analizi. es jgufi cdilobda gamoevlina masobrivi kulturis gavlena zogadad sazogadoebaze da totalitarizmze. maTi dakvirvebis Tanaxmad, kultura kritikul Zalas warmoadgenda manam, sanam arsebul sazogadoebas miuTiTebda utopiur gamosavalze. magram mas Semdeg, rac gamoCnda masobrivi kultura, xelovnebas emuqreba ekonomikuri bazisis ubralo reproduqciad qceva. masobrivi kulturis aRmavlobisa da tradiciuli xelovnebis degradirebis procesi sul ufro Zlierdeba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. amgvari totaluri masobrivi moZraobebia: faSizmi, burJuaziuli ojaxebis patriarqaluri yaidis ngreva, komformalizmis gaZliereba da calkeuli adamianebis pasiuroba. amerikasa da evropaSi gavrcelebulma teqnologiam xeli Seuwyo kulturis industrias. warmoebis pirobebis Secvlam SesaZlebeli gaxada kulturuli industriis sruli standartizacia, xeli Seuwyo kinosa da estradis varskvlavebis sistemis Seqmnas. garda amisa, gaCnda invariantuli tipebis, lozungebis, ganmeorebadi formulirebis mTeli sia. masobrivi kulturis arsi cvalebadi unda iyos, xelovneba unda emorCilebodes dagegmvis pozitivur formebs. Tavisi moqmedebis mixedviT, formulebsa da kliSeebs Seiswavlian mecnierTa specialuri jgufebi. isini swavloben, agreTve, nebismieri prozauli nawarmoebis moculobas, kinofilmebis finals, romelic winaswaraa prognozirebuli imitom, rom nawarmoebma maqsimaluri mogeba moitanos. standartizaciis upiratesobaa teqnikuri siaxleebis gamoyeneba, romelic xels uwyobs masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT individualuri iluzoruli sferos Seqmnas, rasac xSirad „fsevdoindividualurs“ uwodeben. imJamindel mkvlevrebs miaCndaT, rom kulturuli industriis saerTo aRmavlobis dros daiwyeboda seriozuli xelovnebis degradacia. maTi azriT, masobrivi kultura zemodan inergeboda da ara qvemodan, xalxis masebidan. udides germanel dramaturgs da Teatralur moRvawes, bertold brexts, miaCnda, rom teqnikurma revoluciam SeiZleba gamoiwvios masebis totaluri garevolucionereba. masobrivi kulturis aRmavlobasTan dakavSirebiT tradiciuli xelovnebis likvidacia brexts ar miaCnia progresul movlenad. ufro metic, miaCnda, rom axali reproduqciuli teqnologia saukunod daamkvid- 96 №1(2016) rebda kulturul faseulobebs. masobrivi kulturis Teoria kulturis industriis arsebobis pirobebSi srulad aris gaSuqebuli brextis SromebSi. mas miaCnda, rom masobrivi kultura _ es aris gasayidi saqoneli. teqnikuri saSualebebi mimarTulia iqeTken, rom momxmarebeli winaswar gaataro garkveuli formulirebis labirinTSi da ar miiyvano araorazrovan daskvnamde. misTvis sulerTia mxatvruli formebi da is, Tu ramdenad simarTliTaa gamosaxuli igi. masobriv kulturaSi formulebma Secvales Semoqmedeba, amitom igi ganixileboda fsiqologiuri da araesTetikuri kategoriebiT. kulturis industria angrevs aramarto maRali xelovnebis seriozulobas, aramed gavlenas axdens „saomar winaaRmdegobebze“, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iqneba popularuli xelovnebisaTvis. imavdroulad, ganixilavdnen mxatvruli egzemplarebis tiraJirebis kulturul Sedegebs da midiodnen im daskvnamde, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebi, rogorc unikaluri qmnileba, amiT kargavs Tavis „auras“. me-20 saukunis CarCoebSi masobrivi kultura win aRudga modernistul da avangandistul mimarTulebebs, elitarul kulturas. kulturologiis modernistuli skola negatiur Sefasebas aZlevs masobriv kulturas, rogorc „masebis gamoTayvanebis“ saSualebas. magram 60-70-ian wlebSi postmodernizmma Sewyvita masobriv da elitarul kulturaTa urTierTdapirispireba. 60-ian wlebSi sociologebisa da futurologebis jgufma da maTma yvelaze cnobilma kanadelma liderma, m. makliuenma, masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebSi gamoyo adamianuri mgrZnobelobis gafarToebisa da dedamiwis sferos erT did globalur soflad gadaqcevis meqanizmi. amis safuZvelze 80-90-ian wlebSi aRmocenda kulturuli globalizaciis Teoriebi, gansakuTrebiT, amerikuli kulturisa, romlis Sedegia „makdonaldisa“ da „koka-kolas“ mTel msoflioSi gavrceleba, Tumca es procesi Sefasda araerTgvarovnad, rogorc udavod progresuli movlena (ase afaseben mas amerikeli avtorebi) da rogorc gardauvali boroteba, kulturuli imperializmi, romelic saWiroebs winaaRmdegobas. kulturis popularuli da globaluri tipebi _ es erTi masobrivi kulturis ori mxarea, romelTagan TiToeuli iswrafvis Tavisi gavrcelebis sferos maqsimaluri gafarToebisken. masobrivi kulturis formireba Tu gaazreba me-19 saukunis dasasrulsa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi moklebuli iyo Teoriul safuZvlebs. inteleqtualuri elita evropasa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Semoifargla upativcemlo remarkebiT. popularuli beletristika, sabazro warmodgenebi, balagani, gasarTobi dawesebulebebi, kinematografi ki triumfalurad daabijebda mTel planetaze, Tumca aravis miaCnda igi kvlevis Rirs obieqtad. artistizmisa da prestiJulobis aRmafrenas saukuneTa mijnaze ukavSireben mxatvruli kulturis saganmanaTleblo funqciebis meore planze daxevas da misi esTetikuri Tvisebebis gamovlenas, rasac ganapirobebda: dekadansi da simbolizmi literaturaSi, modernis stili arqiteqturaSi, postimpresionizmi da avangardistuli mimdinareobebi saxviT xelovnebaSi. Tanamedrove kultura xasiaTdeba misi urTierTSemvsebi tendenciiT _ integraciiTa da diversifikaciiT. maintegrirebel tendenciebs mohyva globaluri masobrivi kulturis Camoyalibeba. diversifikacias mivyavarT iseT mzard konkretul kulturul mravalsaxeobebTan, rogoricaa: teritoriulad gansazRvruli da geografiulad gafantuli kulturebi. swored: telefonis, telegrafis, internetisa da kompiuteruli kavSiris 97 meSveobiT, ama Tu im subkulturuli erTianobis wyalobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli erTmaneTis povna, sadac ar unda viyoT. profesiul Tanasazogadoebebs, koleqcionerTa erTobas, estradis da Soubiznesis Tayvanismcemlebs, garkveuli orientaciisa da interesebis warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT erTad Camoayalibon Tavisi sakuTari subkultura. amavdroulad aTvlis wertilad iqca globaluri masobrivi kultura, romlebic aerTianebs im adamianebs, romelTac aqvT: saerTo melodiebi, saerTo teqsti, warmodgenebi, saerTo filmebi, sayovelTaod cnobili nawarmoebebi, romlebic gavrcelebulia mTel dedamiwaze kulturuli stereotipebiT. potenciur globalur kulturasTan mimarTebaSi subkultura Sevida rTul da winaaRmdegobriv urTierTobaSi. erTi mxriv, masobrivi kultura subkulturisgan iRebs axal elementebs, meores mxriv, subkulturebs aqvs midrekileba gancalkevdnen rogorc erTmaneTisgan, ise subkulturisgan da gamoiyenon prioritetebi. rogorc wesi, masobrivi kulturis gavlenis sferoSi mosaxvedri nawarmoebebis Sefaseba ufro dabalia, xolo viwro wreSi ufro „prestiJulad“ iTvleba antimasobrivi namuSevrebi. ukanasknel aTwleulSi subkulturaTa problemad iqca akademiuridan da praqtikulidan politikurSi gadasvla, ramdenadac subkulturaTa TviTmyofadoba SeiZleba gaxdes komfliqtebis wyaro, araiSviaTad _ SeiaraRebulisac. mainc ra aris masobrivi kultura? es aris xelovnebis nawarmoebis kulturuli produqti, dayvanili sasaqonle doneze, romelsac qmnian da avrceleben profesionalebi komerciul safuZvelze farTo masebis moxmarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, maTi socialuri mdgomareobis, sqesis, asakis, erovnebis, religiuri mrwamsis miuxedavad. masobrivi kultura gansxvavdeba xalxuri kulturisagan. xalxur kulturas qmnis TviTon masebi sakuTari moTxovnilebisaTvis. masobrivi kultura gadakveTs, Tumca ar Tanxvdeba popularul kulturas, romelic warmatebas aRwevs ama Tu im qveynis, an regionis mosaxleobaSi. masobrivi kultura msoflios amzadebs globaluri kulturisaTvis da moicavs mTel dedamiwas. marTalia, igi me-19 saukunis bolos Caisaxa, magram misi sawyisebi Rrma warsulSi unda veZeboT. aseTebia: purisa da sanaxaobis moTxovnileba Zvel romSi, Sua saukuneebis saeklesio kultura, kerZod, religiuri misteriebi, del artes komedia, balaganebi, quCis Teatrebi, jambazebisa da Jongliorebis warmodgenebi. amave periodSi gamoCnda beletristika, romelic agreTve SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT masobriv kulturas. me-20 saukuneSi kulturis zedmiwevniT farTo da praqtikulad sayovelTaod gavrceleba emyareba masobrivi komunikaciebis saSualebebisa da kulturuli industriis mizandasaxul ganviTarebas. esenia: perioduli beWvdiTi sityva, kinematografi, radio, televizia, audio da video Canawerebi, kompiuteruli qselebi. maT Camoyalibebas ukavSireben: sazogadoebis modernizaciis, demokratizaciisa da individualizmis procesebs, sabazro urTierTobebis gavrcelebas. fsiqologiuri dasayrdenis ZiebaSi adamianebi mividnen sakuTari warmomavlobis Ziebamdec _ istoriul da kulturul tradiciebamde, riTac isini gansxvavdebian mezoblebisagan da daupirispirdnen kidec maT. adamianTa migracia zrdis „kulturul difuzias“. amis Sedegad gavrcelda „multikulturizmis“ fenomeni _ mravali subkulturis Taanaarseboba regionaluri an erovnuli erTianobis CarCoSi. masobrivi kultura miuTiTebs, agreTve, faseulobebze da imaze, Tu ra zomamdea gavrcelebuli igi sazogadoebaSi. es aris masebis faseulobaTa gansazRvris moqnili meqanizmi. icvleba situacia da icvleba faseulobebic. 98 №1(2016) Giorgi Gvaladze Lecturer at New Higher Education Institute Aspects of the mass culture Abstract The essence of culture generally consists of the unity of ideal, objective creatures, existing independently from all kinds of historical or economic and social conditions, which are changed within the time. These creatures are found by people and are passed from generations to generations. Therefore, the essence of culture represents an objective world of ideas existing independently from a human. It can be detached by a group or groups of people as well as by a man on his own, but it can be developed according to the immanent laws of its own character. Furthermore, global, mass culture has become a starting point combining people with common models, common texts, imagination, common films and well-known works which are spread all over the world with cultural stereotypes. Subculture, concerning the potential global culture, entered into difficult and contradictory relationship. gamoyenebuli literatura: ________________________________________________________________________ 1. e. kukarkini, „burJuaziuli masobrivi kultura“, „iskustvo“, moskovi, 1998 (rusul enaze). 2. nea zorkaia, „kulturis mravalferovneba“, „iskustvo“, moskovi, 2004 (rusul enaze). 3. marine vekua, Jil rue, „Jurnalistika“g. TavarTqilaZis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb., 2013. 99 Maia Chania Doctor of Economics, Professor at New Higher Education Institute THE ROLE OF SMALL BUSINESS IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ON THE EXAMPLE OF GEORGIA For a small country, espeacially for Georgia, it is extremely sensitive to combine own and global problems. Georgia has recently joined the world market in economic, social, political and cultural space. But this revealed an important thing about Georgia: The country imports more than exports. And this situation suppresses national economy. At this stage the economic development of Georgia is oriented to deepening integration in the world economy. For that purpose the country is implementing economic liberalization and creating a supportive business environment, which directly impacts on the development of competition and interconnected chain enterprises. As empirical observations tell us, business units do not have problems to join market in Georgia. Nevertheless, shares in small and medium enterprise, in the total process of value creation, are of less importance for the reasons that limited production and service bussiness development. Besides the above-mentioned issues it should be noted that in Georgia small enterprise was formed on the state property-based economy. State property started massive transporting into small business. Cheap materials, labor sources, preferential transport tariffs, cheap credits, release from the influence of tax mechanism, the factor of big capacity of materialism and invincibility of „ Red Directors“, all these were formed as a unity, which opened the way to create criminal economy. In this way the biggest part of property started draining from the accumulation field and was not spent on development of national production. At the same time, it must be mentioned that such positive results of small enterprenewership are so impressive. In fact, very fast, (within 3-4 years) important private capital was accumulated. Manufacturing of scarce goods and service production set up. Current market gave big opportunity to small enterprises as a result of which public catering and retail trade started developing widely. By the first half of the 1990s there was not a special law about small enterprise in Georgia. This area was mainly regulated by Decree №613 6 (about “Small Enterprise Development Events”) adopted by the Cabinet of Ministers of Georgian Republic on August 6, 1993. In this document problems of forming small enterprises were not associated with privatization process. Providing resources for such enterprises was implemented from traditional positions, with individual and selective attitudes. In 1993 _ 1994 the attitude 100 №1(2016) of Government to entrepreneurship development was substantially transformed. New laws were adopted which contributed to the development of a large-scale entrepreneurship. With the help of liberal-democratic reforms small business developed dynamically. At the beginning of the reforms a large part of public joined private entrepreneurship, especially in small parts of it. In 1990-1992 medium and large enterprise appeared in Georgia. The following years 1993 _ 1998 were marked by a large-scale privatization and development of all types of entrepreneurship, appearance of many ownerships, and active penetration of small enterprise into serving, trading, catering and light industrial mass production fields. In 1993 almost all of the privatized enterprises were small (98,2 %). The following year this number was reduced to 71,2%. 1993 _ 1997 were the years of privatization of mainly small enterprises which reached a peak in 1995 _ 1996. Only in these two years 6948 small enterprises were privatized, that is 43% of all privatized small enterprises in 1994 _ 2001. The privatization of small enterprises sharply reduced since 2000, because this process was on the highest stage of its capabilities. In 1993-2002 the total number of privatized enterprises was 1659, among of them 1588 were small (95,4% of all enterprises) and 771 medium and large enterprises (4,6%). Therefore, most important capital gains of privatization were in 1995 _ 58,2 million lari, in 1996 _ 164.2 million lari, in 1999 _ 73.3 million lari, in 2000 _ 54.1 million lari. For entrepruneural development in Georgia an unstable tax system was a problem at any stage of economic reforms. Continual changes and additions in tax laws, in some way led to worsening economic index and imposing sanctions for late payment of taxes. This was caused by the earlier commencement date of instructions. In short, the existence of authoritarian system hurt entrepreneural development in Georgia, negatively impacted on the macroeconomic indicators and therefore affected the growth of the economy of the country. It is essential to establish the middle class of owners, in this way one of the most important “constructions” of balanced economy is created, which seems to be adaptable to new situations during political and socioeconomic fluctuations. It is considered that the development of small and medium enterprises plays an important role in the formation of the middle class. Therefore, supportive system should be created and implemented by the state. Free enterprise establishment and development, for forming small enterprises, means to have an appropriate institutional market which requires the following: 1. Developing particular and consistent policy to support small enterprises which, as a rule, should be an integral part of national policy in entrepreneurship development. 2. Creating a favorable environment for private entrepreneurship to determine and eliminate hindering reasons for entrepreneurship development and define specific directions. 3. Separating responsibilities and functions among central government bodies and regional structures in the process of establishment of free entrepreneurship policy and implementation. 4. Effective and active participation of entrepreneurship representative in the proccess of economic policy-making, realising and evaluating of effectiveness. The tax reduction task might be found rational while creating certain conditions for small entrepreneurship, because there are certain types of economic expenses, which are very sensitive for small enterprises. One of the main conditions for a rational policy is that taxes should not be reduced too much. In other words, the tax savings should be relevant to the adjustment of costs. (It is important that people, whose employment period and magnitude are relatively shorter than the named expenses, receive such benefits). In this case reduced rates of taxation or other forms of benefits can be used. In some cases in order to reduce the alternative tax expense, which is too much for small enterprises due to lacking internal 101 demand for developed accounting system, simplified models are utilized, enabling us to focus on certain types of tax liabilities or exempt from taxes. Small Business Taxation special rules are based on the following factors: 1. Relatively high expenses associated with the implementation of tax laws and other state requirements, a high impact on the small business, as well as judicial and law imperfection. This effect might be particularly noticeable for the newly established enterprises. 2. Raise competitiveness by increasing number of small enterprises on the market of pre-cooked products. 3. Small business involvement in the innovation process. 4. Important social role of small business (Influence on employment, income equalization in the labor market by means of competition). 5. Stabilizing role of small business by means of diversified economy. 6. Aspiration for avoiding taxation, which is typical for hard-taxable types of activity. In some cases they are considered to be aiming to taking out taxes from such enterprises. Necessary involvement of this sector in the procurement process should provide support to small and medium enterprises. We believe that the share of small and medium enterprises makes up a third of the total amount of the contracts. In addition, it is recommended to establish minimum 40% of credit resources for small enterprises as a “cheap credit” or similar state program; Under open economy, small and medium businesses can turn into an instrument of large corporation diversification and modernization of the consumer market. Development of small and medium enterprises in Georgia will enable us to effectively solve such important problems, as an enhancement of competition, a reform of the social base extension, formation of middle class, employment, producing capacity load, formation of budget revenues, a weighty contribution to the country’s gross domestic product and, in general, to solving the country’s socio-economic problems. Accelerated development of business in Georgia can make significant contribution to the process of creating new jobs, counterbalancing the monopoly, environmental preservation and improvement of social problems. It is precisely small business that will enable Georgia to implement economic and structural transformation and create a reformed social market. Small and medium enterprise development will ensure the country to be taken out of the economic crisis, promoting formation of the middle class, long-term economic growth and political stability. 102 №1(2016) maia Wania ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, profesori mcire biznesis roli qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTvelos magaliTze rezume mcire qveynisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelosTvis, Zalze mtkivneulia sakuTari da globaluri problemebis Sexameba. saqarTvelo mxolod axlaxan CaerTo msoflio bazarSi, msoflio ekonomikur, socialur, politikur da kulturul sivrceSi. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba dRevandel etapze orientirebulia msoflio ekonomikaSi integraciis gaRrmavebaze. am mizniT xorcieldeba ekonomikis liberalizacia da biznesis xelSemwyobi garemos Camoyalibeba, rac pirdapir zemoqmedebs konkurenciis ganviTarebasa da urTierTdakavSirebul sawarmoTa qselis ganviTarebis procesze. Ria ekonomikis pirobebSi mcire da saSualo bizness SeuZlia iqces msxvili korporaciebis diversifikaciis da samomxmareblo bazris modernizaciis instrumentad. saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis ganviTareba saSualebas mogvcems efeqturad gadawydes iseTi mniSvnelovani problemebi, rogoricaa konkurenciis zrda, reformebis socialuri bazis gafarToeba, saSualo fenis formireba, mosaxleobis dasaqmeba, sawarmoo simZlavreebis datvirTva, biujetis Semosavlebis formireba, wonadi wvlilis Setana qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis formirebaSi da sazogadod, qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebaSi. biznesis daCqarebulma ganviTarebam saqarTveloSi udidesi wvlili SeuZlia Seitanos axali samuSao adgilebis SeqmnaSi, monopolizmis ganeitralebaSi, garemos SenarCunebasa da gajansaRebaSi, socialuri problemebis gadawyvetaSi. swored mcire biznesis bazazea SesaZlebeli saqarTvelos ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmnis ganxorcieleba da reformebis socialuri bazis Camoyalibeba. mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTarebam unda uzrunvelyos qveynis ekonomikuri krizisidan gamoyvana, saSualo klasis Camoyalibeba, grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis da politikuri stabilurobis xelSewyoba da mwvave socialuri problemebis gadaWra. Literature: _______________________________________________________________________________ 1. Understanding growth priorities at small and medium-sized businesses. Economist Intelligence Unit, 2009. 2. Madura J., Introduction To Business. Fourth Edition, 2007. 3. Private Public Partnership: Alternative Modell or State Infrastructure. Price Water-house Coopers, 2008. 4. Human Development Report. 2009/2010. 5. Tokmazishvili M. Papava V., Necroeconomic Foundations and the Development of Bussiness in Post-revolution Georgia. The Caucasus and Globalization, Vol. 1 (3), 2008. 6. Tokmazishvili M. Global Fiancial Crisis transmission in Georgia. Azerbaijan, Economical University of Azerbaijan, 2010. Global Finnancial Crisis: World experimece”: Conference: materials. 7. Private Public Partnership: Alternative Modelle for State Infrastructure. Price Water-house Coopers, 2008. 8. Meqvabishvili E. Modern Macroeconomical Theories tbilisi, 2012. 9. Small and Average Businesses in Georgia (static publication) Tbilisi, 2012. 103 nazi gvaramia ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori auditis strategiuli miznebi da riskebis marTva Tanamedrove etapze did interess iwvevs kompaniebSi riskebis Sefasebisa da auditis sakiTxebi. Teoriul disciplinebSi, romlebic organizaciis marTvis sakiTxebs exeba, risks zogadad, gankerZoebulad ganixilaven, Tumca amave dros xorcieldeba kvlevebi im mimarTulebiT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba riski organizaciis Sida saqmianobas. aqedan gamomdinare, riskis marTva Sida kontrolis marTvis procesis mniSvnelovani nawilia, xolo Sida kontroli, Tavis mxriv korporaciuli marTvis mniSvnelovani nawili. Tu Cven mxolod sinanuliT, umoqmedod vakvirdebiT warsulSi momxdar movlenebs da arafers vcvliT, Sida kontrolis sistemam SeiZleba ver SeZlos riskebis saTanadod gakontroleba. amitom, cxadia, Zalian mniSvnelovania organizaciam Seicnos da raodenobrivad Seafasos is riskebi, romlebsac awydeba Tavis saqmianobaSi. zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis aqtualobidan gamomdinare, warmodgenil samecniero naSromSi yuradRebas davuTmobT, swored, riskebis Sefasebis ZiriTad aspeqtebs. rogorc cnobilia, arsebobs zogadi warmodgena riskis Sesaxeb da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebac Semoifargleba garkveuli codniT aRniSnuli sakiTxis garSemo. kerZod, riskis erT-erTi qmediTi da praqtikuli ganmarteba Semdegia: „riski aris ararealizebuli samomavlo zarali, romelic warmoiqmneba mimdinare periodis romelime qmedebidan an umoqmedobidan.“ saSualod, ukugeba (mogeba) aris riskis funqciT. „riskis wili“ fuladi saSualebebi is saSualebebia, romelTac didi raodenobis SesaZlo Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves, magram yvelaze didi ukugebis miRebis SesaZlebloba unda iyos saukeTeso scenari, romelic mocemul situaciaSi SeiZleba gaTamaSdes (magaliTad: investiciis dabandeba kompaniebSi). riski auditis mniSvnelovani faqtoria da igi or kategoriad iyofa: • konkretuli davalebis riski (e.w. auditoruli riski); • biznesis (kompaniis) riski, romelic dakavSirebulia konkretul damkveTTan da SeiZleba Tandayolili riskis nawili iyos. aqedan gamomdinare, ki gavlenas iqoniebs auditze. riski auditorul saqmianobaSi erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxia. auditis Catarebis yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli midgoma gulisxmobs am riskebis Secnobas. 104 №1(2016) uditis saerTaSoriso standartebSi (ass 300) „finansuri angariSgebis auditis dagegmva“ – aRniSnulia: „auditoris mizania imgvarad dagegmos auditi, rom igi, rac SeiZleba efeqtianad Catardes.“ aRniSnuli standarti exeba or dokuments: auditis saerTo strategias da auditis gegmas. auditis saerTo strategiis dokumentSi zogad aspeqtebSia Camoyalibebuli Tu rogor Catardeba auditi. Sesabamisad, auditis saerTo strategiis gansazRvris dros gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi faqtorebi: • garigebis (davalebis) specifika; • mocemuli garigebis saangariSgebo miznebi, auditis vadebi da saWiro informirebis xasiaTi; • mniSvnelovani faqtorebi, garigebis gaformebamde Casatarebeli winaswari samuSaoebis Sedegebi da mocemuli damkveTisaTvis Sesrulebuli sxva garigebebidan miRebuli codna da gamocdileba; • mocemuli garigebis Sesasruleblad saWiro resursebis xasiaTi, moculoba da maTi gamoyenebis drois gansazRvra. auditis gegmaSi detalizebulia konkretuli procedurebi, romlebic unda Sesruldes strategiuli miznebis misaRwevad da auditis Casatareblad. SedarebiT mcire masStabis kompaniebSi, savaraudod, auditis strategia warmodgenili iqneba mokle Canawerebis saxiT, xolo auditis gegma – auditis ramdenime standartuli adaptirebuli programiT. uditis strategiis amsaxvel dokumentSi aRwerili iqneba auditis Catarebis meTodologia, romelic gamoiyeneba mtkicebulebebis Sesakrebad. erT-erT ZiriTad aspeqts am mimarTulebiT warmoadgens riskze dafuZnebuli auditi, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs auditis Catarebis iseTi meTodikis SemuSavebas, romelic gankuTvnilia auditSi riskis faqtorebze reagirebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi auditorebi profesiul gansjas mimarTaven imis dasadgenad, Tu ra donis riski ukavSirdeba damkveTis sistemis sxvadasxva sferos, ris safuZvelzec gegmaven Sesabamis auditorul testebs. zemoaRniSnulma midgomam unda uzrunvelyos imis garantia, rom auditorebis gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iqneba finansuri angariSgebis iseT sferoebze, sadac yvelaze metad aris mosalodneli uzustobebis arseboba, rac, cxadia, Secdomebis gamovlenis albaTobas zrdis da amave dros amcirebs zedmeti drois xarjvas “usafrTxo” sferoebis testirebaze. riskze dafuZnebuli auditis teqnikis farTod gamoyenebas ganapirobebs ori faqtori: • samewarmeo garemos mniSvnelovani da mudmivad mzardi tendencia Tavis mxriv zrdis TaRliTobisa da uzustobebis warmoqmnis SesaZleblobebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa: kompiuteruli sistemebis farTod gamoyeneba da kompaniebis internacionalizaciis zrda; • auditis damkveTebis zewolis gaZliereba auditorebze, rac gulisxmobs profesiuli momsaxurebisaTvis anazRaurebis dabal tarifebs, xolo momsaxurebis xarisxis maRal dones. Sida kontroli aris procesi, romelsac aproeqtebs da nergavs kompaniis zeda rgolebis xelmZRvaneli personali, romelic swored im mizniT aris daniSnuli, rom efeqtianad marTon kompania. dakisrebuli pasuxismgeblobis Sesasruleblad menejerebma unda warmoadginon imis garantia, rom kompaniaSi moqmedebs korporaciuli marTvis mkacri 105 principebi da maT aqvT dasabuTebuli rwmuneba imisa, rom kompania muSaobs SeTanxmebuli strategiis, anu dasaxuli miznebis Sesabamisad. magaliTad, korporaciuli marTvis principebis erT-erTi moTxovna mdgomareobs SemdegSi: kompaniis xelmZRvanelobam unda uzrunvelyos imis garantia, rom: • kompaniaSi arsebobs finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis saimedo procesi da es procesi efeqtianad muSaobs; • miRweuli iqneba momsaxurebis dasaxuli doneebi; • yvela sakanonmdeblo da maregulirebeli moTxovna Sesruldeba. Sida kontrolis daniSnulebaa minimumade daiyvanos riskebi, romelsac kompania eqvemdebareba da Tu riskebi mainc warmoiqmneba, es xels ver SeuSlis kompanias strategiuli miznebis miRwevaSi. auditis saerTaSoriso standartebi (ass 315) _ „arsebiTi uzustobebis riskebis gamovlena da Sefaseba sameurneo subieqtisa da misi garemos Seswavlis gziT“ – aRniSnulia: „auditoris mizania TaRliTobiT an SecdomiT gamowveuli arsebiTi uzustobebis riskebis gamovlena da Sefaseba finansuri angariSgebis doneze, aseve mtkicebis doneze sameurneo subieqtisa da misi garemos, maT Soris misi Sida kontrolis Seswavlis gziT, risi saSualebiTac uzrunvelyofs safuZvels arsebiTi uzustobis Sefasebuli riskebis mimarT sapasuxo qmedebebis gansazRvrisa da ganxorcielebisaTvis.“ am miznis misaRwevad auditors moeTxoveba riskis Sesafasebeli procedurebis Catareba, romelic unda moicavdes: • xelmZRvanelobis gamokiTxvas; • analizur procedurebs; • dakvirvebasa da daTvalierebas. Sida kontroli moicavs kontrolis yvela sferos da moiTxovs, rom auditorma naTeli warmodgena Seiqmnas sameurneo subieqtis Sida kontrolis garemos Sesaxeb. standartSi gamoyenebuli terminologiis Tanaxmad, Sida kontroli xuTi elementisgan Sedgeba: • kontrolis garemo; • sameurneo subieqtis mier gamoyenebuli riskis Sesafasebeli procesi; • sainformacio sistema, maT Soris, masTan dakavSirebuli finansuri angariSgebis Sesaferisi biznes – procesebi da informireba; • makontrolebeli saqmianoba; • kontolis procedurebis monitoringi. sameurneo subieqtis Sesaxeb naTeli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad, auditorma unda Seiswavlos, erTis mxriv, Sida kontrolis struqtura, raTa gaigos, rom is efeqturia arsebiTi uzustobis Tavidan acilebis da/an gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT; meores mxriv, xorcieldeba Tu ara praqtikulad makontrolebeli saqmianoba, raTa darwmundes, rom mocemuli periodis ganmavlobaSi saTanadod muSaobda kontrolis sistema. riskis Sefaseba da auditi aris im riskebis Secnobis sistemuri gza, romelsac kompania awydeba Tavisi saqmianobis periodSi. imis gamo, rom didi raodenobisa da mravali tipis riski arsebobs, logikuria, riskis Sefaseba da misi auditi rTuli da kompleqsuri procesi iyos. finansuri auditisagan gansxvavebiT riskis auditis Catareba kompaniebisaTvis savaldebulo moTxovnas ar warmoadgens, magram zogierT maRal doneze regulirebad seqtorSi (magaliTad, rogoricaa: sabanko saqme da safinanso momsaxureba), bevr qveyanaSi 106 №1(2016) garkveuli formiT riskis Sefaseba da auditi savaldebuloa. zogierTi kompania iwvevs Sida riskebis specialistebs riskis „Sida“ auditis Casatareblad, sxva SemTxvevaSi am funqcias gare konsultantebi asruleben. cxadia, orive midgomas gaaCnia rogorc upiratesobebi, aseve naklovanebebi. riskis auditis, rogorc kompaniis Sida funqciis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom auditorebi, savaraudod, kargad icnoben aRniSnul kompanias, mis sistemebs, procedurebs, maregulirebel garemosa da kulturas, rac gulisxmobs kompaniis molodinisa da normebis Sesabamisad, sakanonmdeblo moTxovnebis dacviT, saTanado teqnikuri enis gamoyenebiT Catarebul Sefasebas. naklovaneba ki gamoixateba iseTi safrTxeebis warmoqmnaSi, rogoricaa: damoukideblobis Selaxva da zedmeti informirebulobiT ganpirobebuli TavdaWeriloba. am mizeziT kompaniebi amjobineben riskis Sefaseba da auditi gare mxareebs miandon. riskis nebismieri tipis audits (Sidas Tu gares) oTxi stadia axasiaTebs: • riskis dadgena; • Sefaseba; • mimoxilva; • angariSis momzadeba. riskis auditis pirveli etapia riskebis dadgena. riskebis warmoSobasa da arsebobas ganapirobebs kompaniebis saqmianobis cvalebadi buneba, aseve im garemos mudmivi cvalebadoba, romelSic kompania saqmianobs. axali riskebi Cndeba da Zveli qreba, amitom, cxadia, riskebis dadgenas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs kompaniebisaTvis, romlebic cvalebad da araprognozirebad garemoSi funqcionirebs. Semdegi etapi riskis Sefasebaa. nebismieri gamovlenili riski unda Sefasdes or cvladTan mimarTebaSi: riskis realizebis (materializebis) albaToba da riskis gavlena, anu ra Sedegi an safrTxe mohyveba Tu riski realizdeba. es aris ori saintereso koordinatTa RerZi, romlic SeiZleba gamoviyenoT albaTobis/gavlenis wertilebis koordinatebis dasadgenad da individualuri riskis qcevis Sesaxeb Teoriuli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad. „Teoriuli“, radgan zogjer SeuZlebelia sakmarisi informaciis mopoveba riskis Sesaxeb, raTa misi gavlenis da/an albaTobis zusti suraTi miviRoT. riskis Sefasebis aseTi strategia gamoiyeneba mraval situaciaSi, aqciebis portfelis marTviT dawyebuli, internacionalur strategiul kursze riskebis gavlenis Sesacnobad. riskis auditis Catarebisas auditori ganixilavs yvela RonisZiebas, romelic kompaniam gaatara TiToeul gamovlenil da Sefasebul riskze reagirebisaTvis. mimoxilvis stadiaze auditori aanalizebs kontrolis im saSualebebs, romlebic kompanias aqvs im SemTxvevisaTvis Tu riski materializdeba. magaliTad: rodesac aucilebelia, auditorma SeiZleba Seamowmos dazRveva da misi pirobebi Tu ra donezea riskis portfeli diversificirebuli da nebismieri sxva kontrolis saSualeba, romelic riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. riskebisaTvis, romelic kompanias Tavis Tavze aqvs aRebuli, auditori amowmebs im RonisZiebebis dagegmvis efeqtianobas (rogoricaa, magaliTad: evakuacia, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis damyareba da a. S.), romlebic maSin gatardeba, rodesac riski materializdeba. mimoxilva unda iyos arsebiTi amocana, radgan TiToeul Sefasebul riskze reagirebisaTvis gatarebuli RonisZieba mimoxilvis nawilia da SeiZleba praqtikaSi bevri riski iyos gansaxilveli. 107 finalur etapze, mimoxilvis Sedegebis mixedviT daiwereba angariSi da gadaecema damkveTs, romelic xSirad warmoadgens xolme Tavad im kompaniis sabWos, romlis auditic tardeba. xelmZRvanelobas sWirdeba informacia, ZiriTadi riskebis donis Sesaxeb (kerZod: riskebi, romelTac warmoSobis didi albaToba gaaCniaT; riskebi, romelTac didi gavlena aqvT da gansakuTrebiT iseTi riskebi, romelTac gaaCniaT didi albaTobac da gavlenac), riskebis Sefaseba da saxeze arsebuli kontrolis saSualebebis efeqtianoba. naTelia, rom nebismieri araefeqturi kontrolis saSualeba angariSis ZiriTadi komponenti iqneba da maT dauyonebliv unda miaqcios yuradReba xelmZRvanelobam. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, samecniero naSromSi SevecadeT gadmogveca riskebis Sefasebisa da auditis zogadi mimoxilva, sakvanZo sakiTxebi da warmogvedgina winadadebebi, Tu rogor unda aigos kompaniebSi riskebis Sefasebis struqtura maTi saqmianobis Sesabamisad. Cveni azriT, gonivruli iqneba segmentireba kompaniebis specifikidan gamomdinare. auditoruli saqmianobis saerTaSoriso praqtika da arsebuli tendenciebi, kerZod, riskebis Sefasebis da auditis sferoSi dagrovili didi Teoriuli da praqtikuli gamocdileba mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels biznesis sferoSi kompaniebis saqmianobis sworad dagegmvas, riskebis sworad Sefasebas, Sida kontrolis sistemis daxvewas, rac, cxadia, iqneba biznesis ganviTarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani garanti. 108 №1(2016) Nazi Gvaramia Associate Professor at Sokhumi State University Strategic objectives of the audit and risk management Abstract The scientific work highlights the role and importance of tourism as one of the priority directions in the 21st century. As a quite profitable field of the world economy it has become an important factor of successful development of the national economy and business of our country. Development of tourism is directly connected to social, cultural, educational and economic spheres, and at the same time it greatly stimulates economic relation between states. Hence, the sphere mentioned in the studies is characterized as an interfiled complex which simultaneously fulfils double (both entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial) function in a country’s economy. High multiplicative effect is characteristic to tourism. It can equalize the levels of development of economy in different regions. Somehow, development of tourism plays a role of stimulator (a catalyst). That is why this field, in comparison with other fields of economy, can bring more important positive social-economic effect. The work gives us the analysis of the mechanisms of effective functioning of travel agencies from the view of registry, risk evaluation and audit; In particular, the elements of internal control, the requirements of international standards of audit are presented and the advantage of audit of risks as of internal performance of a company is given. Correspondingly, this means the evaluation carried out considering company’s expectations and norms, following legislative requirements, using a proper technical language. Four stages are characteristic to any type of audit (internal or external) of risk. According to the above-mentioned, in our opinion, the issues of risk evaluation and audit in travel agencies attract great interest which is highlighted in the presented scientific work. The studies are about the existed general approaches to risks and one of the practical explanations is analyzed. Accordingly, return as a description of the function of risks and the best scene of possibilities of its making is presented. As the world politics shows, with the purpose of enhancement of a country’s social-economic development as well as providing effective performance of separate economic subjects, the stability of a country’s economic system is of great importance. One of the prerequisites of this is to create a system of risk evaluation and audit. Without this system it is impossible to develop economy. Hence, we think the application of the above-mentioned system in travel agencies in Georgia will guarantee their effective performance. gamoyenebuli literatura: _______________________________________________________________________________ 1. ACCA wigni P7. auditi da marwmunebeli momsaxureba (saerTaSoriso programa, umaRlesi done), saxelZRvanelo, Targmnili saqarTvelos profesional buRalterTa da auditorTa federaciis (bafi) mier, Tb., 2010. 2. n. gvaramia, auditis msoflio koncefciebi da ganviTarebis tendenciebi saqarTvelos sabanko seqtorSi, iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia, 6-7 aprili, Tb., 2012. 3. saqarTvelos profesional buRalterTa da auditorTa federacia, J. buRaltruli aRricxva, N11, Tb., 2010. 4. saqarTvelos kanoni Sida auditisa da inspeqtirebis Sesaxeb, T b., 2010, 26 marti. 5. А. Кушнареев. Журнал «Аудит»; N2-3, 2011 г. 109 manana aladaSvili biznesadministrirebis doqtori, saqarTvelos erovnuli universitetis „seu“-s asocirebuli profesori turistuli bazris funqcionirebis sezonuroba da misi gaxangrZlivebis gzebi saqarTveloSi turistuli bazari aris mwarmoebelsa da momxmarebels Soris gamovlenili urTierTobis adgili. turistuli bazris funqciebia: uzrunvelyos turistuli paketebis Seqmna da misi realizacia, aseve momxmareblisaTvis turistuli produqtis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa da mogebis miReba. turistuli bazris koniuqturaze moqmedebs iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa: ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri da samecniero-teqnikuri. garda zemoTaRniSnuli faqtorebisa, sezonurobas gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. sezonis mixedviT turistuli saqmianobis moculobas SeiZleba hqondes seriozuli cvalebadoba. turizmSi sezonurobis faqtori dayofilia pirvelad da meorad faqtorebad. pivelad faqtorebs miekuTvneba bunebriv _ klimaturi da bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebi. sezonuri ryevebis meorad faqtorebs miekuTvneba socialuri, demografiuli, fsiqologiuri, materialur-teqnikuri, teqnologiuri da politikuri mdgomareobis saerTaSoriso garemo. maSasadame, turizmSi sezonurobis Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT turistuli nakadis formirebaze bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis gavlenis xarisxi, turistuli sezonis gaxangrZlivebis dadgenis, turizmSi sezonurobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis gamovlenisa da sezonurobis ekonomikuri Sedegebis gansazRvra. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia turistebis momsaxurebaSi sezonurobis Semcirebis RonisZiebaTa kompleqsis SemuSaveba. amrigad, turistul momsaxurebaTa moculobas aqvs naTlad gamoxatuli sezonuri xasiaTi, amitom turistuli firmis dagegmvisa da marTvis procesSi aucilebelia calkeuli Tveebis maCveneblebis saSualo wliuri gadaxris kanonzomirebebis gaTvaliswineba. es xorcieldeba sezonurobis koeficientis gamoTvliT. 110 №1(2016) K=y1/y× 100%, sadac K _ sezonurobis koeficienti, % Y1 _ calkeuli Tvis realizebuli momsaxurebis moculobis saSualo done, lari Y _ saangariSo periodSi realizebul momsaxurebaTa saSualo Tviuri moculoba, lari praqtikaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba sezonurobis koeficientis gaangariSebis sxvadasxva meTodebi. maT Soris, yvelaze martivad iTvleba martivi saSualos meTodi. miuxedavad imisa, rom, erTi SexedviT, es meTodi zedmetad martivad gamoiyureba, is prognozirebis mainc sakmaod miRebuli instrumentia, radgan mas gamokveTili upiratesobebi gaaCnia sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT is, faqtobrivad, ar saWiroebs danaxarjebs, swrafad Sesrulebadi da advilad gasagebia. uaryofiTi mxare ki, cxadia, rom prognozis sizustis naklebobaa. am meTodis arCevisas eyrdnobian prognozze gaweuli danaxarjebisa da prognozis sizustis Tanafardobis analizs, aseve konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis arsebul prioritetebs. sezonurobis koeficientis mixedviT SeiZleba davakvirdeT turistuli produqtis gayidvis zrdas an klebadobas wlis sxvadasxva dros. yvelaze didi moTxovna turistul produqtze aris aprilidan seqtembris CaTvliT. yvelaze dabali moTxovna turistul produqtze aris ianvarSi, yvelaze maRali _ agvistoSi (Tu ar CavTvliT zamTris turizms). aseTi viTarebis Serbileba (sezonurobis ryevebis stabilizacia) SesaZlebelia iseTi RonisZiebebis CatarebiT, rogorebicaa: fasebis diferencireba, sezonebs Soris Tematuri kvireebis Catareba (Soba, aRdgoma, folkloruli Souebi da sxv.), turizmis im saxeobebis ganviTareba, romlebic naklebad aris damokidebuli sezonze (gastronomiuli turizmi, turizmi soflad, mice da event turizmi). turizmis sezonurobidan gamomdinare mniSvnelovania saqarTveloSi saqmiani turizmis damkvidreba (MICE), rac gulisxmobs Sexvedrebze, wamaxalisebel an mastimulirebel RonisZiebebze, gamofenebsa da konferenciebze xalxis mozidvas. saqmiani turistebi aseve iyeneben bevr iseT momsaxurebas, romelsac mogzaurebi iyeneben dasvenebis mizniT. amitomac, sxvadasxva kvlevebi, romlebic saqarTveloSic Catarebula, cxadyofen, rom saqmiani turistebi erT-erT karg kategoriad moiazreba, aseve sezonis gamaxangrZlivebeli efeqtiT aris ganpirobebuli saqmiani turizmis segmentis mimzidveloba dargis zogad struqturaSi. turizmis erovnul administraciaSi acxadeben, rom 2011 wlidan MICE turizmis mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebulma proeqtebma, infrastruqturisa da ekonomikis gaumjobesebam, bevri brenduli sastumros gaxsnam xeli Seuwyo MICE turizmis swrafganviTarebas. gaweuli samuSaoebis Sedegad 2015 wels saqarTvelo 3 masStabur saerTaSoriso RonisZiebas maspinZlobda: ibiardi, uefas Tasi da axalgazrduli olimpiada. MICE turizmi, turistuli mimarTulebaa, romelic msxvil organizebul, korporatiul da profesiul turebzea orientirebuli da erT-erTi yvelaze maRalSemosavliani da swrafadmzardi dargia. saerTaSoriso kongresisa da konvenciis asociaciis (ICCA) statistikaze dayrdnobiT msoflioSi yovelwliurad 400 000 konferencia da gamofena imarTeba, romelTa jamuri danaxarji 280 milion aSS dolarze metia. saqmiani turizmis segmenti qveynis yvela regionSi unda ganviTardes, sadac turis- 111 tul kompleqsebs saSualeba eqnebaT miiRon turistebi, rogorc dasasveneblad, aseve SexvedrebisaTvis. aqve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es ori komponenti erTmaneTs SeuTavsdeba. am TvalsazrisiT, MICE segmenti ganviTarebulia Tbilissa da baTumSi. saqmiani turizmis dagegmva dRes SesaZlebelia, rogorc bazaleTsa da gudaurSi, aseve sairmesa da kaxeTSi _ sadac ufro mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli turizmis sezonuroba. saqmiani turizmis sezonis gamaxangrZlivebel RonisZiebebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia turistuli gamofena/bazrobebi. msoflioSi uamravi sagamofeno RonisZieba tardeba, romelic ase Tu ise turizmTanaa dakavSirebuli. gansakuTrebiT unda gamovyoT saerTaSoriso turistuli birJebi. es aris sagamofeno RonisZiebebi, romelSic turizmis reklamasTan erTad tardeba aqtiuri muSaoba kontaqtebis dasamyareblad da garigebebis dasadebad turmomsaxurebis mwarmoeblebsa (sastumroebi, satransporto sawarmoebi da sxva) da maT gamyidvelebs Soris (turfirmebi). aseTi birJebiT ixsneba an mTavrdeba turebis aqtiuri reklamis periodi. sworad Catarebis droc maqsimalurad moxerxebulia, romelic xels uwyobs turistuli sezonis gaxangrZlivebas, noemberi _ evropelebisaTvis Cveulebrivi droa momavali Svebulebebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad, xolo turoperatorebisaTvis es aris gasuli sezonis Sedegebis Sejamebisa da Semdegi sezonisTvis gegmebis SesamuSavebeli periodi. garda amisa, SemodgomiT xorcieldeba ,,zamTris“ produqtis asortimentis realizacia. marti _ axali sezonis dasawyisi, pirdapiri kontaqtebis damyarebis SesaZleblobaa sxvadasxva qveynebis specialistebs Soris. igi gadamzidvelebsa da ganTavsebis saSualebebis sawarmoebTan xelSekrulebis gaformebis periodia. TviT monawileobis faqti am gamofenebze adasturebs organizaciis solidarobas, romelic qmnis mis gansakuTrebul imijs da prestiJs. sagamofeno RonisZiebebi turistul sawarmoebs did SesaZleblobebs aZlevs ekonomikuri, organizaciuli, teqnikuri da komerciuli informaciebis erTdroulad gasavrceleblad. Tavisi arsiT sagamofeno RonisZiebebi warmoadgens: dargis ganviTarebis sarkes, informaciis birJas, koniunqturuli cvlilebebis prognozirebis saSualebas, aseve ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri qveteqstebis gamovlenis saSualebas. yovelwliurad ikrebs Zalebs da iZens popularobas saerTaSoriso turistuli gamofena-bazroba TbilisSi, romelic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs saqarTveloSi saqmiani turizmis ganviTarebaSi. wels TbilisSi Catarda saerTSoriso me-18 gamofena, gamofenis farglebSi Catarda turistuli fasdaklebebis festivali, sadac damTvaliereblebs saSualeba hqondaT winaswar daegegmaT dasveneba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT, mieRoT kvalificiuri konsultacia da SeeZinaT turistuli paketebi eqskluziur fasad. sezonis gaxangrZliveba, dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi momxmareblebis mier kvlavac „mzisa da zRvis“ da „mTis“ kurortad aRiqmeba, sadac sezoni 2-2.5 Tve grZeldeba, xolo weliwadis sxva dros turistuli aqtivoba bevrad ufro dabalia. sezonis gasaxangrZliveblad saqarTveloSi ramdenime msxvili proeqti ganxorcielda. maT Soris, mag. aWaraSi mtiralas erovnul parkSi ekoturizmis ganviTareba, “frinvelebze dakvirvebis“ ganviTareba, zamTris kurortis mSeneblobagoderZis uReltexilze. rogorc aWaris turizmis departamentis saitidan irkveva, am gamocdilebas sakmaod 112 №1(2016) efeqtianad iyenebs aWaris turizmis departamenti da „baTumis turistuli saagento“, romlebic gegmaven regionSi MICE turizmis ganviTarebas da sastumroebis maqsimalurad datvirTvas zafxulis sazRvao sezonis garda, wlis sxva TveebSic. am mizniT SemuSavebulia sakonferencio darbazebis specialuri baza da masSi Tavmoyrilia sakonferencio darbazebisa da sastumroebis Sesaxeb detaluri informacia. 2014 wels samTo-saTxilamuro turizmis sezonis gaxangrZlivebasTan dakavSirebiT xelovnuri gaTovlianebis proeqti warmatebuli gaxda, romlis pirveli faza ukve dasrulebulia. kurortze saTxilamuro sezoni amindze damokidebuli aRar iqneba. 1100 metrian pirvel saTxilamuro trasas xelovnuri TovliT 29 Tovlis safrqvevi aparati, e.w. „Tovlis Tofi“, misi specifikidan gamomdinare, 6 Ramis ganmavlobaSi aTovlianebda. sezonis stabiluroba da xangrZlivoba ganapirobebs turistebis raodenobis zrdas. am proeqtma mniSvnelovani biZgi misca investorebs, bevri biznesmenia dainteresuli investirebiT. rogorc turizmis erovnuli administraciis xelmZRvanelobam ganaxcada, turizmis erovnuli administracia kompaniebs saqmiani turizmis ganviTarebaSi daexmareba. turistuli kompaniebis dasaxmareblad erovnuli administracia specialur ofiss gaxsnis, romlis meSveobiTac sxvadasxva qveynebs SeTavazebebs gaukeTebs, SekveTebs ki adgilobriv turistul kompaniebs gadaabarebs. turizmis erovnuli administraciis xelmZRvanelobis TqmiT, MICE turizmi, anu saqmiani turizmi, romelic gulisxmobs saqmiani tipis RonisZiebebis organizebas qveyanaSi, msoflioSi turizmis erT-erTi yvelaze momgebiani nawilia, radgan saqmiani turistebi met Tanxebs xarjaven ama Tu im qveyanaSi. sul male turizmis erovnul administraciaSi gaixsneba sakongreso biuro. es iqneba is meqanizmi, romelic daexmareba saqmiani turizmis ganviTarebas yvela mimarTulebiT. erT-erTi aseTi iqneba msgavsi turebis SeTavazeba sxvadasxva qveynebisTvis da miRebuli winadadebebis distribucia saqarTvelos SigniT, turistul kompaniebSi, raTa maT Sesabamisi momsaxureba gauwion damkveTebs. Cveni mxridan es iqneba aramogebaze orientirebuli moqmedebebi. amis mTavari momxmarebeli iqneba adgilobriv bazarze arsebuli turistuli kompaniebi, sastumroebi da a.S. aRsaniSnavia, rom gudauri da bakuriani saintereso mxolod zamTarSi ar iqneba, radgan turizmis erovnuli administraciis iniciativiTa da organizebiT, turistuli sezonis gaxangrZlivebis mizniT, kurortebze veloparkebi moewyoba. Tumca, saerTo SefasebiT, jerjerobiT srulad ar aris aTvisebuli saqarTveloSi arsebuli turistuli potenciali. mniSvnelovania biznesisa da momsaxurebis momwodeblisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes axali turistuli produqtebis Seqmnis identificireba, marketinguli TvalsazrisiT sworad SefuTon axali paketebi da SemdgomSi gauwion reklamireba, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve mis farglebs gareT, raTa ufro intensiurad gaxangrZlivdes turistuli sezoni saqarTveloSi. 113 Manana Aladashvili Doctor of Business Administration, Associate Professor at Georgian National University Seasonality of the tourist market functioning and prolongation in Georgia Abstract Among the factors affecting the development of tourism, a special place is occupied by seasonality factors. The volume of tourist activities can have serious fluctuations depending on the season. Accordingly, tourist organizations resorted to various activities. The volume of sold services of tourism is characterized by seasonality, which is caused by a number of factors (the season of the year, the period of vacations, holidays, etc.).Therefore, in the process of the analysis and planning services of a tourist agency, the regularity of deviations of data of specific months should be considered. This is done by calculating the coefficient of seasonality. The basic flow of tourists falls in the period from April to October. According to the seasonality indices a growth or a decrease of sales of the tourism product can be observed in different seasons. The lowest demand for the tourism product is in January. In order to facilitate the situation (to stabilize the seasonal unevenness) a few activities should be implemented, including differentiation of prices, organizing thematic weeks in the off-seasons (Christmas, Easter, folk shows, etc.), promoting such types of tourism that are less dependent on seasons (gastronomic tourism, rural tourism), etc. gamoyenebuli literatura: _____________________________________________________________________________ 1. Carlz r. geldneri, j.r. brent riTCi. „turizmi: safuZvlebi, praqtika, Teoria~, me-12 gamocema: Targmn. ingl. _ baTumis S. rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2013; 2. Caganava p., „turizmis politika“ Tb., 2012; 3. margvelaSvili m., „turizmis ekonomika“, Tb., 2012; 4. baraTaSvili e., qoqiauri l., „menejmentis principebi“, Tb., 2010; 5. htt://www.mavriz.ru; 6. htt://works.doklad.ru; 7. htt://izmailonline.com. 114 №1(2016) maia gelaSvili ekonomikis doqtori, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis asocirebuli profesori sabiujeto saxsrebis aTvisebis problema nebismier saxelmwifoSi finansuri urTierTobebis srulyofa da ganviTareba SeuZlebelia efeqtiani sagadasaxado sistemis SemuSavebis gareSe, romelic uSualod damokidebulia saxelmwifos ganviTarebasTan. sagadasaxado sistema warmoadgens saxelmwifos mier amosaRebi gadasaxadebis, am sistemis agebisa da meTodebis erTobliobas. nebismieri saxelmwifos sagadasaxado sistema moicavs: qveynis sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli urTierTobis monawileTa samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, uflebebs, valdebulebebsa da pasuxismgeblobas, maTi dawesebis, SemoRebis, Secvlisa da gauqmebis wesebs; sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli urTierTobebis warmoqmnil davaTa gasaCivrebisa da gadawyvetis wesebs, gadasaxadebis gadaxdasTan Tu kontrolTan, agreTve sagadasaxado valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebul formebs, meTodebs da wesebs. saxelmwifos arsebobisa da funqcionirebisaTvis mniSvnelovania da, ufro metic, aucilebelia arsebobdes gansazRvruli xarjebi. rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo awesebs sagadasaxado sargos, romelic unda amoiRos fizikurma Tu iuridiulma pirebma. swored amitom, TiToeuli adamianis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadi aris saxelmwifos winsvlisa da ganviTarebis sawindari. qveynis sagadasaxado-sabiujeto sistema warmoadgens ekonomikis marTvis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes berkets, romlis meSveobiT saxelmwifo axorcielebs ekonomikis regulirebas. Sesabamisad, efeqturi sagadasaxado-sabiujeto sistemis Seqmna, ekonomikis stabilizaciis ZiriTad mimarTulebas warmoadgens. amitom, misi srulyofis gzebis Zieba, erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis koncefciis damuSaveba, upirveles yovlisa, ekonomikuri politikis miznebisa da amocanebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganxorcieldes. msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi, saxelmwifoebi cdiloben SeimuSaon iseTi tipis sagadasaxado-sabiujeto sistema, romelic, erTis mxriv, gaiTvaliswinebs gadamxdelTa interesebsa da qveyanaSi arsebul socialur dones, meores mxriv ki, saxelmwifos mier dasaxuli konkretuli ekonomikuri miznebisa da amocanebis Taviseburebebs. magram 115 isic faqtia, rom jer arc erT maRalganviTarebul da ekonomikurad Zlier qveynebSic, maT Soris, bunebrivia, arc saqarTveloSic ar SemuSavebula iseTi tipis sagadasaxado sabiujeto sistema, romelic misaRebi gaxdeboda yvela gadamxdelisaTvis. amitomac, sagadasaxado-sabiujeto sistemaSi sistematiurad xorcieldeba reformebi. mecnierebi, finansistebi intensiurad muSaoben, raTa sagadasaxado sistemam miaRwios srulyofilebis garkveul etaps. imisaTvis, rom es realizdes praqtikaSi, saWiroa biujetis Semosavlebis zrdasTan erTad ganviTardes kerZo mewarmeobis saqmianoba. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom arsebobs gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebic, rodesac saxelmwifo an mTeli rigi qveynebi didi finansuri krizisis winaSe dgebian. kerZod, mcirdeba sabanko-sakredito momsaxureba, iklebs sasoflo-sameuneo produqciis warmoeba, mcirdeba turizmis ganviTareba, mcirdeba eqsport-importis warmoeba da sustdeba mravali sxva safinanso dargi, rac iwvevs krizisul viTarebas saxelmwifoebSi. aRniSnuli viTareba iZulebuls xdis saxelmwifos SeimuSaos da Secvalos strategia, rogorc safinanso, aseve sagadasaxado kuTxiT, gaiTvaliswinos sagadasaxado tvirTis araTanabari ganawilebis praqtika. rogorc cnobilia, saxelmwifo biujeti zogadad da saqarTveloSic, orientirebulia socialur-liberaluri amocanebis sworad gansazRvrasa da aRsrulebaze. esaa umTavresi probleba, romelic, Cveni azriT, droulad da marTlzomierad unda gadawydes da ar gaxangrZlivdes droSi. am amocanebidan unda gamovyoT saxelmwifo xarjebis, Semosavlebis organizaciuli Tu stabiluri sistemis Seqmna da misi sworad warmarTva. aq igulisxmeba ZiriTadad is, rom sabiujeto procesma unda gansazRvros qveynis teritoriaze gaweuli xarjebis mTlianoba da maTi uzrunvelyofa Sesabamisi odenobis sabiujeto SemosavlebiT, kerZod, saqarTvelos finansTa saministros xazinis monacemebiT, 2016 wlis pirvel sam TveSi saxelmwifo biujetidan Semosulobebi 1,7 miliardi iyo, biujetis xarjebi ki 2 miliard lars Seadgenda. es niSnavs, rom mTavrobam imaze 300 milioniT meti daxarja, vidre Semosavali miiRo, amas ki deficituri xarjva ewodeba da igi erovnuli valutis kursisaTvis garkveul riskebs Seicavs. deficituri xarjva mTavrobam biujetis naSTebiT daafinansa. es is Tanxebia, rac gasuli wlebis manZilze biujetis Sesrulebis Sedegad grovdeboda. 2016 wlis pirveli ianvrisTvis saxelmwifo biujetis Tavisufali naSTi 622 milion lars Seadgenda, dRes ki naSTi 323 milionia, rac sawyis naSTTan SedarebiT 299 milioniT naklebia. deficituri xarjva yvelaze masStaburi TebervalSi iyo, am dros, xazinis monacemebiT, naSTis moculoba 241 milioni lariT Semcirda, romelic TebervalSi laris gaufasurebis erT-erTi mizezi iyo. mTavrobam deficituri xarjva martSic gaagrZela da naSTis moculoba 58 milioniT Semcirda. 2015 wels, 2012 welTan SedarebiT, mxolod centraluri mTavrobis saxelmwifo aparatis Sromis anazRaureba 358,5 milioni lariT gaizarda, rac 34,16%-iT aRemateba 2012 wlis analogiur maCvenebels, xolo 2014 wlis analogiur maCvenebels – 6,79%-iT. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2015 wels 2014 welTan SedarebiT centraluri mTavrobis saxelmwifo aparatis Sromis anazRaureba 89,6 milioni lariT gaizarda, miuxedavad imisa, rom 2014 wels 2013 welTan SedarebiT ukve 130,74 milioni lariT (11%) iyo gazrdili. amgvarad, riski imisa, rom dagegmili saxsrebis aTviseba, romelic 2014-2015 wlebis saxelmwifo biujetebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problema iyo, 2016 welsac gagrZeldeba, sakmaod maRalia 116 №1(2016) Tu mTavrobam gadamWreli zomebi ar miiRo problemis gamosasworeblad. mTavrobis mier dagegmilze naklebi saxsrebis aTviseba ki uaryofiT gavlenas axdens ekonomikur zrdaze, romelic inflaciis sruliad aSkara riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli. amasTanave, mTavrobas ar unda daaviwydes, rom 2016 wlis biujeti, iseve rogorc wina wlis biujetebi, ara mxolod deficituria, aramed am deficitis didi nawili valiT finansdeba. amasTan, 2015 wels misaRebi kreditebis udidesi nawili sainvesticio miznebisTvis aiRes. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri zrda 2010 wlidan moyolebuli saSualod 6,1%-s Seadgenda, Tumca 2013 wlidan misi tempi damuxruWda da dagegmili 6%-is nacvlad, 3,3% Seadgina. 2014 wels mTavrobas 5%-iani ekonomikuri zrda hqonda dagegmili, Tumca ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gauaresebis gamo zrdam 0,4%-iT naklebi Seadgina. 2015 wels ki ekonomikuri zrda 2,8% iyo, rac mTavrobis gegmas 0,8%-iT aRemateboda. biujetis amgvari socialuri orientacia amcirebs mTavrobis kapitalur danaxarjebs, rac qveyanaSi ekonomikur zrdas aferxebs. gadasaxadebis maCveneblis Semcirebis gareSe, ekonomikis zrdis tempis matebis pirobebSic ki, mTavrobas Zalian gauWirdeba 2016 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesruleba, vinaidan 2013 welTan SedarebiT, 2015 wels saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi TiTqmis 1,5 miliardi lariT izrdeba. sagadasaxado administrirebis gaumjobesebis gareSe warmoudgenelia gadasaxadebis amoReba, gansakuTrebiT ki momsaxurebis saSemosavlo sferoSi, rac ekonomikaSi mTavrobisTvis yvelaze seriozul gamowvevad rCeba. sabiujeto saxsrebis auTvisebloba ori ZiriTadi mizeziT aris gamowveuli: mxarjavi dawesebulebebis arasaTanado muSaoba da biujetis araswori dagegmva. saqarTvelos regionebis ganviTarebis pirobebis gamoTanabrebis sxvadasxva meqanizmebis, maT Soris, sakvanZo mniSvnelobis safinanso da sabiujeto-sagadasaxado meqanizmebis gamovlena ekonomikuri riskis pirobebSi aqtualuria, romelic gamiznulia finansuri meqanizmebis gaaqtiurebisa da regionuli ganviTarebisTvis finansuri nakadebis formirebis meTodologiur-meToduri midgomebis SesamuSaveblad. zemoxsenebuli problemebis dadebiTad gadawyvetaSi gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs qveynis sabiujeto federalizmi, romlis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa regionuli ganviTarebis ekonomikuri pirobebis gamoTanabreba. Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, rom mniSvnelovania Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatareba: 1. mTavrobam unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom gadasaxadebis amoReba kompleqsuri problemaa da moiTxovs kompleqsur gadawyvetas. garda amisa, saWiroa sagadasaxado administrirebis mniSvnelovani gaumjobeseba, romelic mTlianad mTavrobis muSaobis efeqturobazea damokidebuli. 2. biujetis fuladi saxsrebis marTvaSi kvlavac SeiniSneba sisusteebi, rac moiTxovs damatebiT yuradRebas saministroebis mier biujetis aRsrulebis dagegmvis gasaumjobeseblad. saboloo jamSi, sasurveli standartis misaRwevad xazinis aRsrulebis sistema saWiroebs modernizebas. 3. mTavrobam unda gaiTvaliswinos wina wlebis gamocdileba, xarjebis aTvisebaSi Seferxebebze moaxdinos drouli reagireba da politikis adekvaturi cvlilebebi. 117 Maia Gelashvili Acossiate Professor at New Higher Education Institute The problem of the utilization of the budgetary funds Abstract The improvement and development of financial relations in any country is impossible without development of an effective tax system which is directly linked to the development of the country. Underutilization of the budgetary resources is caused by two basic reasons: non-appropriate performance of budgetary institutions and wrong planning of the budget. Implementation of the following important activities can play an enormous role in terms of resolving the problems: a) ministries should pay more attention to the cash expenditure management that requires modernization of the Budget Execution System and b) the government should consider the experience of previous years and provide timely response to the constraints related to the utilization of the financial resources and adequate political changes. gamoyenebuli literatura: _____________________________________________________________________ 1. i. mesxia, r. basaria, saqarTvelos sistemis srulyofis sakiTxebi, saqarTvelos finansTa saministrosTan arsebuli finansebis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti, Tb., 2011. 2. d. narmania, saqarTvelos sajaro finansebis mdgomareoba da tendenciebi, Jurnali „liberali“ Tb., 2010. 3. www.mof.ge 4. www.nplg.gov.ge 5. www. bpn.ge 118 №1(2016) nino maziaSvili ekonomikis doqtori, saqarTvelos erovnuli universitetis asocirebuli profesori teTCeriseuli ekonomikuri deregulacia finansur da SromiT bazarze margaret robertsi jer kidev studentobis periodidan Caeba politikur saqmianobaSi da oqsfordis universitetis konservatorTa asociaciis wevri gaxda. male is asociaciis prezidentad airCies da es mis cxovrebaSi erT-erTi pirveli didi warmateba iyo. 1947 wels margaretma gamosaSvebi gamocdebi Caabara da meore klasis mecnierebaTa (qimia) bakalavris xarisxi mieniWa. 1970-74 wlebSi konservatorebi xelisuflebaSi dabrundnen da teTCeri hitis kabinetSi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministrad daniSnes. am postze muSaoba man dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebis rZiT ufasod kvebis gauqmebiT daiwyo. mxolod Zalze RaribisaTvis iyo dasaSvebi gamonaklisi. amiT 19 milioni funti dazoga. sapasuxod mosaxleobis protesti miiRo. ewyoboda demonstraciebi misi gadadgomis moTxovniT. presa mas eZaxda dedas, romelmac Svilebs rZe waarTva. amis miuxedavad teTCerma gaaZvira skolis sauzme, romlis fasi didi xani ar Secvliliyo. garda amisa, man brZola gamoucxada saskolo reformas, romelic leiboristebma wamoiwyes. amis gamo parlamentSi ukana skamebze msxdomi leiboristebi sesiebis dros gamudmebiT lanZRavdnen teTCers. misdami agresia mosaxleobisa da opoziciis garda, TviT mTavrobaSic izrdeboda. margarets kolega ministrebis colebic ki ver itandnen. teTCeri yovelgvar Seuracyofas gmirulad itanda da jiutad atarebda ekonomiis politikas. 1979 wels margaret teTCeri premierad airCies. Tavidan didi popularobiT ar sargeblobda. man Seasusta profkavSirebi, Seamcira sajaro danaxarjebi, saxelmwifo organizaciebis privatizeba moaxdina da centristuli konservatiuli partia ukiduresad memarjvene gaxada. britaneTSi leiboristTa 13-wliani mmarTvelobis xana dasrulda. qveynis saTaveSi konservatorebi dabrundnen. margaret teTCerma Caibara evropuli saxelmwifo, romlisTvisac ukve daesvaT arasaxarbielo diagnozi, saxelad „britanuli avadmyofoba“. qveyana imkida meoce saukunis dasawyisSi aRebul socialistur kurss, sayovelTao keTildReobis qveynad gardaqmnis warumatebel mcdelobas. ganviTarebuli qveynebis rigSi mowinave adgilebidan CamoqveiTebul da sadRac ukan moCanCale britaneTs teTCerma 11 119 weliwadSi daubruna uwindeli dideba. „kunZuli“ aRar iyo dakarguli. aRdga politikuri da ekonomikuri gavlena. ase daiwyo evropis pirveli da inglisis erTaderTi qali xelisufalis (dedoflebs Tu ar CavTvliT) premieroba, romelmac 11,5 wels gastana. amden xans am postze me-20 saukeneSi aravin mjdara. 1976 wels margaret teTCeri sabWoTa kavSirs akritikebs, ris gamoc ssrk-s Tavdacvis saministros gazeTi „wiTeli varskvlavi“ mas „rkinis qals“ arqmevs. britanuli gazeTebi iWeren am metsaxels da inglisuri maneriT teTCers „rkinis ledis“ arqmeven. ekonomisti irvin stelceri aRniSnavs, rom britaneTis mosaxleoba leiboristebis dros, TiTqos Seegua qveynis ekonomikur dakninebas. mTavroba ferad sizmrebSic aRar ocnebobda viTarebis gamosworebaze. isini ubralod cdilobdnen degradacia gaekontrolebinaT, katastrofa gadaevadebinaT. mTavroba TiTqos mZevlad aeyvanaT gavlenian profkavSirebs. aiZulebdnen, Seenaxa aramomgebiani sawarmoebi da xelovnurad SeenarCunebina araproduqtiuli samuSao adgilebi. farTo samTavrobo subsidiebma da uyairaTo xarjvam bolos da bolos gaarRvia biujeti. rogorRa unda daefaraT deficiti da SeenaxaT naferebi socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema? gadasaxadebis gazrdiT. Sromis partia namdvili ingliseli dendiviT iqceoda, valebs iRebda da provincieli gogonebis Tvalebis asabmelad jibeze xelis gakvras ar izarebda. britaneTs yovel wels 160 milioni girvanqis sesxeba uwevda da male samTavrobo valma trilion girvanqas miaRwia. 1970-ian wlebSi da 80-ianis dasawyisSi britaneTis ekonomika verafriT daikvexnida _ ukontrolo viTareba mrewvelobis seqtorSi, gaxSirebuli gaficvebi... 1979 wlisaTvis minimaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 33%, xolo umaRlesi _ 98% iyo. aseTi tarifis pirobebSi Znelia, dovlaTis dagrovebaze ifiqro. britanuli presa xSirad gadmocemda, rom udidesi korporaciebis wamyvani menejerebi uars ambobdnen dawinaurebaze. SeZlebuli adamianebi cdilobdnen sakuTari simdidre da saqmianoba sxva qveynebSi gadaetanaT. teTCers surda inglisisaTvis prestiJi da siZliere daebrunebina. amisken gzas ki imaSi xedavda, qveynis TiToeuli moqalaqe iZulebuli gaexada rom eSroma. mas sastikad sZulda usaqmuroba da sisuste, uaryofda socializms, yovelgvar subsidias da daxmarebas RaribTaTvis. amitom premierobis dros, pirveli kanoniT Semweobebi minimumade daiyvana, riTac mosaxleobis didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. inglisis sazogadoebis mtkice protestis miuxedavad, teTCeri amcirebda saxelmwifo xarjebs da zrdida gadasaxadebs. didi brZoliT man miaRwia qveyana ekonomikuri katastrofisgan exsna, romelSic leiboristTa gauTvlelma socialurma proeqtebma moaqcia. sastiki ekonomikuri da warmatebuli sagareo politikiT teTCerma britaneTi saerTaSoriso asparezze daabruna. rodesac teTCers hkiTxes, _ Tu ra iyo mis hobi? upasuxa _ politika. misTvis cxovrebaSi araferi iyo politikaze mniSvnelovani da saintereso. „me arasdros daviRlebi premier-ministrobiT“, _ ambobda igi. margareti mudam muSaobda. megobrebi Zalian cota hyavda, radgan maTTvis verasdros iclida. dasvenebiT mxolod kviraobiT isveneda. zafxulobiT Svebulebis aRebaze ki mas didi gaWirvebiT iTanxmebdnen. teTCerma gamoigona politikuri da ekonomikuri iniciativebis seriebi, raTa Semoebrunebina britaneTis daRmasvla. misi politikuri filosofia da ekonomikuri politika eyrdnoboda deregulacias (kerZod, finansuri seqtoris), moqnil Sromis bazars, samTav- 120 №1(2016) robo mflobelobaSi myofi kompaniebis privatizacias, savaWro kavSirebis Zalisa da gavlenis Semcirebas. teTCeris popularoba pirvel wlebSi sagrZnoblad mcirdeboda recesiisa da maRali umuSevrobis gamo, sanam ekonomikis gamococxleba ar daiwyo da 1982 wlis folklendis omma ar gazarda misi reitingi msoflio masStabiT, rasac mohyva xelaxali arCeva 1983 wels. teTCeri mesame vadiTac airCies 1987 wels, magram misi saTemo gadasaxadi iyo Zalian arapopularuli da mis Sexedulebebs evropul kavSirze ar iziarebdnen misi kabinetis wevrebi. is gadadga premieris postidan 1990 wlis noemberSi. 1992 wels man miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom daetovebina britaneTis parlamenti, Tumca sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aqtiur monawileobas iRebda. yovel saxalxo gamosvlaSi is 50 aTas dolars iRebda. Semdeg is lordTa palatis wevri gaxda da baronesas titulic miiRo. margaret teTCeris karierasa da cxovrebas „udreki ledis“ epiTeti ufro Seefereba, radgan istoriaSi Znelad moiZebneba iseTi politikosi, romelic, teTCeris msgavsad, ara mxolod Teoriulad iyo sakuTari principebis erTguli, aramed praqtikaSi axorcielebda maT da TiTqmis cxovrebis yvela etapze warmatebas aRwevda. „arasodes danebdeT brZolis gareSe“, – es misi devizi iyo. kidev erTi Stampi, romliTac is britaneTis istoriaSi Sevida, „teTCerizmia“, anu didi britaneTis premieris ZiriTadi politikur-ekonomikuri xazi, Tumca „teTCerizmi“ klasikur liberalur faseulobebs efuZneboda. misi azriT, „vercerTi qveyana ver ayvavdeba, sadac ekonomikas da sazogadoebriv cxovrebas saxelmwifo akontrolebs. Cveni xarvezebis mizezi Tavisufal mewarmeobaSi ar aris. Cveni problema is ki ar aris, rom aq cota socializmia, aramed bevri rom aris, esaa problema.“[1] 87 wlis asakSi insultis Sedegad didi britaneTis yofili premier-ministri baronesa margaret hilda teTCeri gardaicvala. avtobiografiul wignSi eqspremierma ganacxada, rom saxelmwifo samsaxurSi sakuTar yvelaze did damsaxurebad britanuli politikis kursis Secvla miaCnia zomieri socializmidan Tavisufali bazris mqone sazogadoebisken. sastiki ekonomikuri da warmatebuli sagareo politikiT teTCerma britaneTi saerTaSoriso asparezze daabruna. CerCilis Semdeg britaneTs amodena saerTaSoriso gavlena ar hqonia. swored, teTCeri amoudga mxarSi reigans da am tandemma sabolood sabWoTa kavSiris daCoqeba moaxerxa. 2007 w. margaret teTCeri gaxda pirveli premieri, romelsac sicocxleSive daudges Zegli parlamentSi. misi bronzes qandakeba, misive kumiris, CerCilis qandakebis pirdapir dgas. 2009 wlidan moyolebuli janmrTelobis Zlier gauaresebis gamo teTCeri dapatiJebis miuxedavad aRar monawileobs sajaro SekrebebSi. evropis pirveli da britaneTis erTaderTi qali premieris gza dasasruls miuaxlovda. teTCerma mSvidad moaxerxa cvlilebebis yvela mimarTulebiT erTdroulad ganxorcieleba, upirveles yovlisa, mixeda inflacias. mas mohyva sagadasaxado da profkavSirebis reforma, privatizacia da deregulacia. Tavidanve gauqmda Tanxis gadacvlis regulaciebi, gaadvilda mrewvelobisa da momsaxurebis sferoSi saqmianobisaTvis saWiro nebarTvebis aReba. fulis miwodeba mTavrobis kontrols daeqvemdebara, rac samTavrobo xarjebis SezRudvasac gulisxmobda. xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan ramdenime weliwadSi 121 yvelaze dabali gadasaxadi 25%-s, umaRlesi ki 40%-s Seadgenda. mosaxleoba reformebs mxars ar uWerda. teTCers akritikebdnen. parlamentic lamis aumxedrda. erTxel, saparlamento debatebisas, leiboristma maikl futma teTCers sTxova, Tundac ori adamiani daesaxelebina, vinc mis ekonomikur gegmas emxroboda. rkinis ledim patrik minfordsa (britaneli ekonomisti, romelic icavda teTCeris ekonomikur politikas) da alan uoltersze (teTCeris ekonomikuri mrCeveli 1981-1983 da 1989 wlebSi) miuTiTa, mogvianebiT ki Jurnalistebs gaando: gamimarTla, samis dasaxeleba rom ar mTxoveso. kerZo mflobelobaSi gadasvlis Semdeg britanuli industriis konkurentunarianoba gaizarda. sawarmoebi ki msoflio bazarze dabrundnen da sakuTari dakarguli niSa daibrunes. warmatebuli privatizaciis magaliTia neiSenel freiT konsorciumi. misi TiToeuli aqcia TanamSromlebma erT girvanqad iyides 1982 wels, xuT weliwadSi ki aqciebis fasi 22-jer gaizarda. privatizebuli sawarmoebidan gamosarCevia: britaneTis portebis asociacia, britaneTis aeroportebis asociacia, britiS petroliumi (saxelmwifos wili), britoili, britiS telekomi, britiS earveisi. agreTve manqanaTmSeneblobis grandebi: rols-roisi, lend-roveri da iaguari. reformebis pirveli etapis dasrulebis Semdeg, 1982-1990 wlebSi, britaneTis industriis produqtiuloba wliurad, saSualod, 4.9%-iT izrdeboda. 1973-1979 wlebis 1.9%Tan SedarebiT, mTliani Sida produqti yovelwliurad 3.3%-iT meti iyo (1.3% 1973-1982 wlebSi). umuSevroba TiTqmis orjer Semcirda da teTCeris wasvlis dRes 6.2%-s Seadgenda. maSin es saukeTeso maCvenebeli iyo evropis udides ekonomikebs Soris (germania _ 6.7%, safrangeTi _ 9%, italia _ 11%). Cven is xalxi varT, romelmac amerikis garda, yvela erze meti nobelis premia daimsaxura. romelmac gamoigona kompiuteri, macivari, eleqtroZrava, stetoskopi, xelovnuri abreSumi, orTqlis turbina, uJangavi foladi, tanki, mina, penicilini da a. S. saxelmwifo unda emsaxurebodes moqalaqeebs. aseTia britanuli memkvidreoba. es aris Tavisufali ekonomika. is saukeTeso saSualebaa simdidris mosaxveWadac da mTeli qveynis asayvaveblad. warmoeba aRorZinebis gzaze unda davabrunoT, mogeba Tu ar iqneba, arc investicia gveqneba da momakvdavi industria isev guSindel samyaroze iqneba morgebuli, -ambobda m. teTCeri. Seviwroebuli ekonomika ufro biurokratiuli xdeba biznesmenebi xvdebian, rom ufro Wkvianuri iqneba biznesi gaaCeron, an Sekvecon. didi britaneTisTvis upirvelesi iyo inflaciasTan brZola. pirveli warmateba fasebis dakleba unda iyos. aseve warmateba iqneba Tu gaizrdeba efeqtianoba. axali teqnologiebi. inglisi xom yovelTvis iyo axali kargi gamomgonebeli. es qveyana riskiani vaWrebis warmatebazea aSenebuli, Soreul qveynebSi rom mogzaurobdnen da gaqondaT saqoneli. teTCeris reformebi ekonomikiTa da politikiT ar Semofarglula. britaneli Jurnalistis, saimon jenkinsis TqmiT, teTCerma Secvala ara mxolod mosaxleobis molodini mTavrobisadmi, aramed Tavad xalxis Sexeduleba sakuTari Tavis, rogorc ekonomikuri subieqtis mimarT. britaneTma „avadmyofobis“ winaaRmdeg vaqcina gamoigona da sakuTar Tavze gamoscada. ar uZunwia. formula yvelas gauziara. gankurnebam msoflio kvlav libertarianul talRaze moaqcia. yvela kontinentze gezi aiRes ekonomikaSi mTavrobis rolis Semcirebisaken. teTCeris reformebma CineTic ki STaagona. am ukanasknelma 1980-iani wlebidan sakuTari ekonomikis liberalizacia daiwyo, romelic misi swrafi zrdis umTav- 122 №1(2016) res winapirobad iqca. msoflio bankma da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma sesxebis gacemis erT-erT pirobad ekonomikaze saxelmwifo kontrolis Semcireba miiRo. teTCeris mtkice xasiaTi da Tavdajerebuli mmarTvelobis stili sagareo politikaSic gamomJRavnda. profkavSirebis winaaRmdeg Seuryevlobam, folklendis dasacavad flotis gagzavnam, evrogaerTianebaSi britaneTis poziciebis dacvam da komunizmTan Seurigebelma brZolam teTCers principuli politikosis saxeli moutana. teTCeris politikam daanaxa foladis xelis moyvarul sabWoTa kavSirs, rom evropaSi angariSgasawevi da ukompromiso mowinaaRmdege hyavda. Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli politika britaneTs aRar utovebda Tbili saubrebis fufunebas. man gaamyara britaneTis poziciebi evrogaerTianebaSi. evroskepticizmis miuxedavad, mas ar surda qveynis gamoyvana am organizaciidan, magram ewinaaRmdegeboda Semdgom integraciasac. igi evrokavSirs „ukana karidan momaval socializms“ uwodebda. teTCeris azriT, evrogaerTianebis roli unda Semofargluliyo Tavisufali bazris xelSewyobiTa da Tanaswori konkurenciis uzrunvelyofiT. mas ar surda erTiani evropuli monetaruli kavSiris Seqmna, ar swyalobda evrogaerTianebisgan momaval uricxv regulaciebs. Tqva kidec, _ britaneTis mTavroba imisTvis ar Semikvecavs, rom pasuxismgeblobebi evrostruqturebisaTvis gadamecao. britaneTi wlebis manZilze ar iSurebda msuye gadaricxvebs evrogaerTianebis soflis meurneobisaTvis. Tumca, fuli ukan ar ubrundeboda. aseTi Tavneboba evropelebs teTCerTan aRar gauvidaT. organizacia ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi britaneTs Tanxebs ubrunebda _ proeqtebis saxiT, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo industriuli centrebis problemebis (magaliTad, sawarmoo narCenebiT dabinZureba) mogvarebisa da naklebad dasaxlebuli teritoriebis ganviTarebisTvis. warmatebuli premieris ideebi axlac ar kargaven aqtualobas. 2009 wels, britaneTSi sayovelTao arCevnebamde erTi wliT adre, Jurnalma prospeqtma Caatara gamokiTxva. gamokiTxulTa 49% Tvlida, rom margaret teTCeri ukeT SeZlebda qveynis ekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebas, vidre axlandeli premier-ministri, devid kameroni (24%). marTalia, britaneTs teTCeri aRar hyavs, samagierod, axsovs misi reformebi, romlebsac sxva qveynebic aqtiurad iyeneben stabiluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis misaRwevad. Znelad warmosadgenia sxvagvari adamiani, romelic esoden mtkivneul da fundamentur reformebs SeeWideboda, raTa britaneTi ekonomikuri da politikuri ufskrulidan gamoeyvana. es reformebi _ masobrivi privatizacia, socialuri programebis Sekveca da bevri sxva radikaluri cvlileba, romelTac „teTCeris revolucias“ uwodeben, dRemde mwvave dapirispirebis sagnad rCeba britaneTSi. memarcxene Zalebs ar warmoudgeniaT teTCerze ufro saZulveli politikuri figura, xolo sxvebisTvis is sworedac rom gmiria, romelmac qveyana srul ganadgurebas gadaarCina. 123 Nino Maziashvili Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor at Georgian National University Thatcher’s economic deregulation of financial and labor markets Abstract Margaret Thatcher involved in political activities in her youth, and became a member of the Oxford University Conservative Association. She was elected prime minister in 1979. Thatcher simultaneously made changes in all directions, first of all _ to inflation. She subsequently reformed tax and trades union, privatization and deregulation. First of all, exchange regulations were abolished, and the process of giving necessary permitions to industry and service sector were simplified. Money supply went under government control, which meant limited government expenses. In several years, the lowest tax rate was 25%, and the highest _ 40 %. She weakened the power of the trade unions and reduced public expenditure, privatized state organizations and made the Conservative Party extremely right-wing. Labour’s 13-year reign ended and Conservatives returned to power. Margaret Thatcher took over the state, which had already had an unfavorable diagnosis, called “British Disease”. Thatcher wanted to regain prestige and strength to England. For that all the citizens had to work. She fiercely hated idleness and weakness. She rejected socialism, all Kind of subsidies and aids for the poor. That is why her first law was about reducing benefits to a minimum. This fact led British people to dissatisfaction. Despite the protest she reduced government expenses and increased taxes. She saved the country from economic disaster. By a successful foreign policy Britain returned to an international sphere. gamoyenebuli literatura: ____________________________________________________________________________ m. teTCeri, „rogorc Tavad ityoda“, ien deilis redaqciiT. https://analitikuriblogi.wordpress. www.tabula.ge/ge/story/52893-tetcheris-revolucia. 124 №1(2016) lela zubiaSvili ekonomikis doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis asistentprofesori adamianuri resursebis gamoyenebis mdgomareoba saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi Sroma warmoebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria. sameurneo subieqtis saqmianobis Sedegebi da mTlianad sazogadoebis ganviTarebis progresi damokidebulia adamianuri resursebis raodenobriv, xarisxobriv maxasiaTeblebze, maT efeqturad gamoyenebaze. ekonomikur literaturaSi adamianuri resursebis ramdenime ganmarteba arsebobs, Tumca am cnebis gasagebad yvela arsebuli ganmarteba safuZvelSi erTnairia. adamianuri resursebis cneba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli samuSao Zalis, SromiTi resursebis, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis cnebebTan. samuSao Zala niSnavs adamianis Sromis unars, mis SesaZleblobebs. [1] „adamianuri resursebi“ – „SromiTi resursebis“ cnebis gamoxatvis erT-erTi formaa. SromiTi resursebi mosaxleobis Sromisunariani nawilia, romelic flobs SromisaTvis saWiro fizikur da inteleqtualur unars, romlis meSveobiT awarmoeben materialur dovlaTs an ewevin momsaxurebas. [2] sazogadoebrivi warmoebis ganviTarebis winapirobad, mTavar sawarmoo Zalad gamodis mosaxleoba _ is nawili, romelsac gaaCnia fizikur da sulier unarTa erToblioba, romelic adamians Sromis saSualebas aniWebs. Sromisunariani mosaxleoba aris mosaxleobis is nawili, romelic Semofarglulia asakobrivi zRvariT. Sromisunariani asakis sazRvrebi moZravi xasiaTisaa da ganisazRvreba socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebiTa da adamianis fiziologiuri ganviTarebis TaviseburebebiT. [4] aRsaniSnavia, rom „adamianuri resursebi“ sul ufro xSirad ganixileba rogorc „adamianuri kapitali“. Tumca, cnebebi „adamianuri (SromiTi) resursebi“ da „adamianuri kapitali“ sinonimebi ar aris. SromiTi resursebi SesaZloa gardaiqmnas kapitalad, magram amisaTvis aucilebelia Seiqmnas pirobebi, romelic uzrunvelyofs adamianuri potencialis realizebis SesaZleblobebs organizaciis saqmianobis SedegebSi. e. i. Tu adamiani dasaqmebulia sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi, xolo SromiT resursebs moaqvs realuri Semosavali da qmnian simdidres, maSin maT SeiZleba vuwodoT kapitali. [5] Cveni azriT, „adamianuri resursebis“ struqturisa da arsis srulad warmosadgenad aucilebelia vaCvenoT „adamianuri kapitalis“ formirebis struqtura, rameTu igi yov- 125 lismomcvelia. adamianuri resursebi Tavisi SinaarsiT ufro farToa, vidre samuSao Zala da adamianuri kapitali. adamianuri kapitali xasiaTdeba niSnebiT: janmrTeloba, ganaTleba, profesionalizmi, niWi, mobiloba. adamianuri resursebi ki am niSnebTan erTad moicavs: TviTrealizaciis unars, e.i. aqtivobas, organizebulobas, SemoqmedebiTobas, adamianebTan urTierTobis unars da a.S. mocemuli struqtura adasturebs, rom „adamianuri resursebi da kapitali“ mWidrodaa gadaxlarTuli. e. i. „adamianuri (SromiTi) resursebi“, „adamianuri kapitalis nawilia, Tuki Seqmnilia am gardaqmnisaTvis Sesabamisi pirobebi. amgvarad, „adamianuri resursebi“ aris TiToeuli adamianis codnis maragi, Cvevebi da motivacia; „adamianuri kapitalis“ Semadgeneli nawilia da, amave dros, ar aris sinonimebi, magram formirebis garkveuli pirobebis dros SesaZlebelia gardaiqmnas „adamianur kapitalad“, Sesabamisad, maTi formirebis struqtura erTmaneTis msgavsia. adamianur (SromiT) resursebs miekuTvneba ekonomikuri saqmianobiT dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba, aseve is Sromisunariani mosaxleoba, romelic ama Tu im mizezis gamo ar muSaobs. adamianuri (SromiTi) resursebis SemadgenlobaSi CairTvebian Sromis asakis Sromisunariani mosaxleoba da Sromis asaks gadacilebuli momuSave pirebi (sapensio asakis pirebi da mozardebi), ucxoeli SromiTi migrantebi. adamianuri resursebis umetes nawils Seadgenen Sromis asakis mosaxleoba. saqarTvelos SromiTi kanonmdeblobiT maT miekuTvnebian 16-64 wlis mamakacebi da 16-59 wlis qalebi. maTi Semadgenlobidan gamoiricxebian I da II jgufis umuSevari invalidebi da pensionerebi, romlebic iReben asakobriv pensias SeRavaTiani pirobebiT. SromiT resursebs aseve miekuTvnebian, faqtobrivad, momuSave pensionerebi da 16 wlamde mozardebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom yofili sabWoTa kavSiris rig qveynebSi mamakacebis Sromis asakad iTvleba 16-59 weli, xolo qalebisa _ 16-54 weli. saqarTvelos mTavrobam gaiTvaliswina momuSaveTa mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, garda amisa, saWiro gaxda axalgazrda kadrebis adgilze swavlebis organizacia, romelSic didi roli unda Seasrulos aRniSnulma kategoriam. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba aris mosaxleobis nawili, romelic moicavs Semosavlis momtan sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmianobaSi dasaqmebulebs da umuSevrebs, isini aqtiurad eZeben samuSaos da mzad arian Seudgnen mas. [6] saqarTvelos ekonomikis struqturulma gardaqmnebma ganapiroba qveynis SromiTi resursebis Semadgenlobis mniSvnelovani raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi cvlilebebi. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlasTan erTad qveynis SromiTma potencialma iwyo ganuxrelad Semcireba. gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi qveyanaSi Seqmnilma mZime ekonomikurma da politikurma mdgomareobam likvidaciamde miiyvana sawarmoTa umravlesoba. cxovrebis socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis mkveTrad gauaresebam ganapiroba mosaxleobis gadineba qveynis gareT. sxvadasxva monacemebiT saqarTvelodan gasulTa ricxvi daaxloebiT 1,5 mln. kacs aRwevs. specialuri kvlevebi adasturebs, rom SromiT migrantTa 80-85% qveyanas ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo (umuSevroba, dabali xelfasi) tovebs. ZiriTadad qveyanas tovebs Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleoba. SromiTi migrantebis umravlesoba sazRvargareT aralegalurad, araspecialobiT, dabalkvalificiur da dabalanazRaurebad samuSaoebzea dasaqmebuli. aSS-is centraluri sadazvervo samsaxuris vebgverdze moTavsebuli 2011 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTvelos yovelwliurad yoveli 1000 adamianidan oTxi adamiani tovebs da, Sesabamisad, migraciis tempiT saqarTvelo msoflios 220 qveyanasa da damokidebul teritorias Soris erT-erT mowinave, 31-e adgilzea. 126 №1(2016) sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom SromiTi resursebis formirebaze momqmed ZiriTad faqtorebad, upirveles yovlisa, saxeldeba qveyanaSi Seqmnili demografiuli viTareba. am mxriv, saqarTveloSi Zalze arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaa. sul ufro sagangaSo xdeba negatiuri demografiuli tendenciebi. zemoxsenebuli centris 2011 wlis monacemebiT, Sobadobis mxriv saqarTvelo 232 qveyanas Soris 179, anu erT-erT bolo adgilzea. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda mosaxleobis sikvdilianoba, Semcirda sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba. Sedegad negatiuri demografiuli da migraciuli procesebi auareseben mosaxleobis kvlavwarmoebis reJims da maT asakobriv struqturas, es ki qveyanas SromiTi resursebiT uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi udides problemebs uqmnis. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2013 wels 2005 welTan SedarebiT aRiniSneba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrdis stabiluri tendencia, Tumca 2013 wels dafiqsirda wina welTan SedarebiT mosaxleobis ricxovnobis Semcireba 13,8 aTasi kaciT, anu ukanasknel saanalizo wels saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Semcirda 0,3%-iT. 2014 wels wina welTan SedarebiT gaizarda 6,8 aTasi kaciT, magram 4,0 aTasi kaciT CamorCeba 2012 wels, romlis mizezic unda veZeboT, swored, demografiul sakiTxebSi. ase, 2005 wels mosaxleobis raodenobam Seadgina 4321,5 aTasi kaci, 2006w. – 4401,3 aTasi, 2007w. – 4394,7 aTasi, 2008w. – 4382,1 aTasi, 2009w. – 4385,4 aTasi, 2010w. – 4436,4 aTasi, 2011w. – 4469,2 aTasi, 2012w. – 4497,6 aTasi, 2013w. – 4483,8 aTasi kaci, 2014 wels _ 4490,6 aTasi kaci. rogorc Cans, 2014 wels mosaxleobis ricxovnoba 2006 welTan SedarebiT dinamikaSi gaizarda 89,3 aTasi kaciT, xolo 2013 welTan SedarebiT, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gaizarda mxolod 4,0 aT. kaciT. analiziT dadginda, rom cocxlad dabadebulTa ricxovnoba 2014 wels, wina welTan SedarebiT, gaizarda 2,7aT. kaciT, gardacvlilTa ricxovnoba ki amave periodSi gaizarda 0,5 aT. kaciT, ramac ganapiroba bunebrivi mateba 11,5 aT. kaciT. miuxedavad am maCveneblis zrdisa, wina 2011, 2012, 2013 wlebTan SedarebiT, igi Zalian dabali maCvenebelia da negatiur demografiul tendenciebze miuTiTebs. amasTan, 2005 _ 2013 wlebis periodSi aRiniSneba ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis kleba (samuSao Zala 15-dan 65 wlis zemoT asakis mosaxleoba). analizidan gamomdinare marTebulad SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom aRniSnuli mizezebidan mniSvnelovania mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis (Sobadobis) Semcireba, sikvdilianoba da migraciuli procesebis mateba. mosaxleobis ricxovnobis dinamikis zogadi suraTis mixedviT aSkarad Cans, rom qveynis demografiul cvlilebaze zegavlenis momxdeni faqtorebi ar iZleva damSvidebis safuZvels. miuxedavad mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebisa 2014 wels, 2006 welTan SedarebiT 6,0 aTasi kaciT, es imdenad mwiria, rom igi veranairad ver aisaxeba qveynis mosaxleobis zrdaze. aseTi tempiT zrdis pirobebSi, qveynis mosaxleobis ricxovnobam rom miaRwios 1994 wlis dones (4924,9 aTasi kaci) Cveni gaangariSebiT saWiroa TerTmeti weli. garda zemoaRniSnulisa, qveyanaSi gaizarda migraciis uaryofiTi saldo 2006 wels -12,1 aTasi kacidan, 2013 wels 21,9 aTas kacamde. rac migvaniSnebs isev da isev qveynis krizisul mdgomareobaze, romlis gamoc mosaxleoba iZulebulia Semosavlis saZieblad gavides ucxo qveynebSi. migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis programis koordinatoris informaciiT, samwuxarod, qveynidan gasulTa raodenobis zusti statistika ar arsebobs. sxvadasxva eqspertTa azriT, bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo datova mosaxleobis 15-25%-ma (am maCvenebelSi igulisxmeba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 1999 wlis aRweriT dadgenili raodenobis Sesabamisi procenti). [39] 127 saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri krizisis gaWianurebulma xasiaTma ganapiroba SromiTi resursebis rogorc ricxovnobis Semcireba, aseve misi struqturuli da xarisxobrivi cvlilebebi. 2005 welTan SedarebiT qveynis SromiTi resursebi 1%-iT Semcirda, Semcirda aseve wina, 2013 welTan SedarebiT 1,2%-iT da 2014 wlis bolosaTvis Seadgina mxolod 2003,9 aT. kaci. amasTan erTad, amave periodSi Semcirda dasaqmebulTa ricxvi, daaxloebiT, amdenive procentuli punqtiT, anu 2005 wlis 1744,6 aTasi kacidan, 2014 wlis 1712,1 aTas kacamde. mosaxleobaSi Camoyalibebuli umuSevrobis done Seadgens 14,6%-s, rac 1 procentuli punqtiT aRemateba 2006 wlis dones, Tumca Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, es maCvenebeli realobisagan Sorsaa da ar gvaZlevs Sromis bazris sworad Sefasebis saSualebas. umuSevroba, ZiriTadad, cikluri xasiaTisaa, Tumca maRalia aseve friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevrobis donec. amas adasturebs, aseve msoflio bankis 2013 wlis kvleva “workforce skeels in the eyes of employees”. irkveva, rom saqarTveloSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 2005 _ 2013 wlebSi cvlilebas ganicdis da es cvlileba SeiZleba talRiseburad miviCnioT. Tu davakvirdebiT, dasaqmebulaTa raodenoba xan izrdeba, xan mcirdeba. sabolood, 2013 wels 2005 welTan SedarebiT dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba Semcirda 32,5 aTasi kaciT. dinamikaSi dasaqmeba ganviTarda Semdegnairad: 2008 wels dafiqsirda dasaqmebis yvelaze dabali ricxvi. am periodSi aRiniSneboda Semcirebis tendencia, igi 2006 welTan SedarebiT Semcirda 142,7 aTasi kaciT, anu _ 8,2%-iT. 2009 wlidan SeiniSneba dasaqmebulTa ricxvis mateba da 2012 wlis mdgomareobiT man Seadgina 1724,0 aTasi kaci, Tumca tendencia ver SenarCunda da 2013 wels Seadgina 1712,1 aTasi kaci. saqstatis informaciiT, es ganapiroba qalaqis tipis dasaxlebebSi aRniSnuli maCveneblebis Semcirebam, rac Seexeba soflis tipis dasaxlebebs, mosaxleobis aqtiurobis done ucvleli darCa, xolo dasaqmebis done gaizarda. qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas, garkveulwilad, asaxvs SromiTi resursebis ganawileba ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeebisa da regionebis mixedviT. am mxriv, ekonomikis calkeul seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa Soris mkveTri vardna mSeneblobis seqtorSi dafiqsirda. 2013 wels wina 2012 welTan SedarebiT, dargSi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba Semcirda 17,6 aTasi kaciT, anu 25%-iT. aRniSnul periodSi samuSao adgilebi dakarges aseve mrewvelobaSi, eleqtroenergiis, airis da wylis ganawilebis, transportis da kavSirgabmulobis, sastumroebis da restornebis, saxelmwifo marTvis seqtorSi dasaqmebulebma. amasTan, dasaqmebulTa raodenoba gaizarda vaWrobis sferoSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom umuSevrad darCenilma adamianebma Tavis gadasarCenad vaWrobis sferos miaSures. aRsaniSnavia, soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa ricxvis zrda 2012-2013 wlebSi, romelic ukavSirdeba axali mTavrobis mier dargis ganviTarebis politikuri da ekonomikuri RonisZiebebis gatarebas. amgvarad, gamovlinda, rom realurad dRevandel saqarTveloSi srulyofilad ar funqcionirebs socialurad samarTliani sabazro ekonomikisaTvis aucilebeli elementebi. Sedegad miRebulia qveyanaSi umuSevrobis maRali done, mSp-is Semcireba. unda aRiniSnos, rom qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli reformebi xSir SemTxvevaSi araTanabarzomieri da spontanuri iyo. dRemde arsebul strategiul da saprognozo dokumentebSi gacxadebuli miznebi, romlebic siRaribis da umuSevrobis mniSvnelovan Semcirebas ukavSirdeba, jer kidev miuRweveli rCeba. 128 №1(2016) Lela Zubiashvili Doctor of Economics, Assistant Professor of Georgian Technical University The situation of utilizing human resources in Georgian economy Abstract The article assesses present employment conditions of the economically active residents. It is revealed that essential elements necessary for fair market economy do not function properly in Georgia. Hence, there is a high unemployment rate and a decreased number of Limited Companies. The causes of numerical reduction of labor resources and qualitative changes are detected. gamoyenebuli literatura: ____________________________________________________________________________ 1. ekonomikuri leqsikoni, prof. a. silagaZis xelmZRvanelobiT, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb., 2001. gv. 240. 2. Sromis ekonomika, n. lacabiZis redaqciiT, Tb., 2004. gv.17. 3. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli, 2014. Tb., 2015. 4. Буланов В.С. Рынок труда /В.С.Буланов, Н.А.Волгин. – М.: Экзамен, 2003. – 480с. 5. Лысков А.Ф. Человеческий капитал: понятие и взаимосвязь сдругими категориями // «Менеджмент в Россиии за рубежем». – 2004. 6. Рынок труда. Учебник. Под ред. В.С.Буланова, Н.А.Волгина. – М.: «Экономика», 2000. – 448с. 129 manana zubiaSvili ekonomikis doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori lela zubiaSvili ekonomikis doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis asistent– profesori adamianuri resursebis gamoyeneba saqarTvelos samewarmeo biznesSi samewarmeo biznesSi adamianuri resursebis gamoyenebis srulyofili analizis Casatareblad daveyrdeniT statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris mier Catarebul gamokvlevebs. aRniSnuli masalebi daefuZna samewarmeo sferoSi adamianuri resursebis gamokvlevis deklarirebul monacemebs da orientirebuli iyo samewarmeo biznesSi maTi gamoyenebis ganviTarebis tendenciebis Sefasebaze. amasTan erTad, mizanSewonilad miviCnieT gamovikvlioT samewarmeo sferos ganviTarebis tendenciebi 2004-2014 wlebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom samewarmeo aqtivoba pirdapir kavSirSia qveyanaSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebasTan. am mxriv saqarTveloSi mewarmeobis Camoyalibeba rTul da winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs atarebs, romelTagan ZiriTadia: • bazris arasrulyofileba; • samewarmeo saqmianobis motivaciis, misi faqtiuri mdgomareobis da am fenomenis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis sustad Seswavla; • samewarmeo saqmianobis ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofis arasrulyofileba da Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi bazis ganuviTarebloba; • sainvesticio da sakredito mimzidvelobis dabali done; • korufcia; • biurokratizmi; • kreditze maRali saprocento ganakveTi. kreditebi gaicema moklevadiani, rac arasakmarisia warmoebis organizaciisaTvis da, faqtobrivad, aferxebs Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebas da sxv. saqarTveloSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb deklarirebuli monacemebiT, 2013 wels 2004 welTan SedarebiT registrirebul sawarmoTa raodenoba gazrdilia _ 4,6-jer, brunva _ 5,1-jer, gamoSvebuli produqcia _ 4,4-jer, dRg _ 4,4-jer, Sualeduri moxmareba _ 4,3-jer, fiqsirebuli aqtivebi _ 3,1-jer, dasaqmebulTa raodenoba _ 1,7-jer, saSualo Tviuri Sromis anazRaureba _ 3,7-jer. yuradsaRebia, rom xelfasis zrda win uswrebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas. ufro metic, 2009 wels wina 2008 welTan SedarebiT Sromis mwarmoebluroba Semcirda 3,4%-iT, Tumca saSualo xelfasi erT dasaqmebulze gaizarda 130 №1(2016) 3,5%-iT. xelfasis winmswrebi zrda Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis mimarT dafiqsirda mTel saanalizo periodze, rac arRvevs xelfasis ZiriTadi funqciebis Sesrulebis principebs. vfiqrobT, amis mizezebi unda iyos dasaqmebulTa arasakmarisi kvalifikacia, biznes saqmianobis arasrulyofili codna da unar-Cvevebi, romelic, saboloo jamSi, aisaxeba Sromis mwarmoeblurobis doneze. adamianuri resursebis gamoyenebis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia dasaqmebis struqtura, romelmac ekonomikuri reformebis periodSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada. rogorc cnobili da aRiarebulia, es cvlilebebi sulac ar aris pozitiuri. ramdenadac cvlilebebi daiwyo politikurad damoukideblobis mopovebis wlebidan, amdenad samewarmeo sferos dasaqmebis srtuqturis dinamikis analizisaTvis 2013 wlis monacemebi SevadareT 1990 wlis monacemebs. dafiqsirda, rom 1990-2013 wlebis periodSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wili: mrewvelobaSi 20,3%-dan 16,5%-mde, soflis meurneobaSi 25,2%-dan 1,8%-mde, mrewvelobis danarCen dargebSi 3,2%-dan 0,1%-mde. samagierod, dasaqmebulTa wili gaizarda vaWrobaSi 6,5%-dan 21,8%-mde, transportsa da kavSirgabmulobaSi 4,2%-dan 10,3%-mde, mSeneblobaSi 10,1%-dan 12,1%-mde. ucxour ekonomikur literaturaSi xSirad aris msjeloba, rom materialur [4] sferoSi ricxovnobis wilis SemcirebaSi cudi araferia, es cxrili 11 samewarmeo sferos dasaqmebis struqtura 1990-2013 ww. procentobiT1 _ cxrili Sedgenilia saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli centris deklarirebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT saerTo msoflio tendenciaa. magaliTad, aSS-Si soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulia mTeli dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis 1,5-2%, aseve dasaqmebulTa wili ar aris did damamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom aSS-is da evropis ganviTarebul qveynebSi materialuri warmoebis sferoSi Sromis mwarmoebluroba Sesabamisad 12,8-jer da 8,9-jer metia, vidre saqarTveloSi. [1] amdenad, saqarTvelos materialuri sferos sawarmoebidan momuSaveebi unda ganTavisufldnen Sromis efeqturobis zrdis kvalobaze da ara warmoebis Sekvecis xarjze (rac ar gamoricxavs gakotrebas), rogorc es ganxorcielda Cvens samrewvelo sawarmoebSi. 1 m. tuxaSvili. saqarTvelos SromiTi potenciali (formireba da ganawileba), Tb., 1998. gv.203. 131 rogorc irkveva, samewarmeo biznesSi dasaqmebulTa Soris naxevarze meti msxvil sawarmoebSia dasqmebuli (52,6-60%), romelTa brunvam 2013 Seadgina 36240,3 mln. lari, rac 2,1-jer metia 2008 welTan SedarebiT. miuxedavad amisa, Cveni yuradReba gadavitaneT mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis sakiTxebze. rogorc cnobilia, mcire da saSualo bizness mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba nebismier qveyanaSi, rameTu, igi uzrunvelyofs: mosaxleobis dasaqmebas, xels uwyobs jansaRi konkurenciis Camoyalibebas, bazars awvdis axal saqonelsa da momsaxurebas. amasTan, igi akmayofilebs msxvili sawarmoebis moTxovnebs. amdenad, mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis Tema aqtualuria saqarTveloSi arsebuli ekonomikis transformaciis pirobebSi. analiziT gamovlinda, rom saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesi msxvil biznesTan SedarebiT naklebad ganviTarebulia. irkveva, rom mcire da saSualo biznesSi Seqmnili damatebuli Rirebuleba samewarmeo sferoSi Seqmnili damatebuli Rirebulebis mxolod 20,6%-ia (2013w.), xolo qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis mxolod 9,3% (2013w.) amave dros, am seqtoris wilad modis samewarmeo sferoSi dasaqmebulTa 42,7%. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aSS-isa da germaniis mTliani Sida produqtis daaxloebiT naxevari, iaponiisa ki _ 70% mcire sawarmoebSi iwarmoeba, sakmarisia aRvniSnoT, rom Cven mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs srulad ver viyenebT. aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mewarmeobas Tavisi wvlili Sehqonda umuSevrobis SemcirebaSi. kerZod, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT, 2004 wels am seqtorSi dasaqmebuli iyo 322779 kaci, rac qveynis dasaqmebulTa 8,6% Seadgens. momdevno wlebSi samewarmeo sferoSi dasaqmebulTa wili mTlian dasaqmebulebSi stabilurad izrdeboda da 2013 wels Seadgina 32,2%. aman ZiriTadad imata msxvil sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulTa stabilurad zrdis xarjze. rasac ver vityviT mcire da saSualo biznes seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobaze, radganac, rogorc Cans, igi didi diapazoniT Seicvala. ase, saSualo sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 2007 wels wina welTan SedarebiT gaizarda 7592 kaciT, anu 9,0%-iT, xolo momdevno 2008 wels momuSaveTa raodenoba Semcirda 17341 kaciT, anu 18,9%-iT. Semdgom 2009-2011 wlebSi momuSaveTa raodenoba gaizarda da miaRwia 103004 kacs, romelic 2012 wels Semcirda 29343 kaciT da Seadgina 73661 kaci. es maCvenebeli 2013 wels gaizarda da Seadgina 97090 kaci. rac Seexeba mcire sawarmoebs, aq 2004 wlis Semdegom periodSi (2007-2008) dasaqmebulTa raodenoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. 2009 wels, wina welTan SedarebiT, dasaqmebulTa raodenoba gaizarda 20810 kaciT, romelTagan 4578 dasaqmebulma 2010 wels Tavi daaneba saqmianobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2011-2012 wlebSi am seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba gaizarda, jer 64857, xolo Semdeg _ 28745 kaciT da Seadgina 155396 kaci, Tumca 2013 wels igi Semcirda 17048 kaciT da Seadgina 138348 dasaqmebuli. respodentTa gamokiTxviT dadginda, rom am sferoSi dasaqmebulTa aseTi cvlileba ukavSirdeba am saqmis ucodinrobas, kerZod: biznes saqmianobis unar-Cvevebis ar codnas, resursebis arasworad ganawilebas, bazris arcodnas, sagadasaxado disciplinis arasakmarisad codnas da biznes saqmianobis warmarTvisaTvis aucilebeli sakiTxebis codna _ gacnobierebas. sainteresoa, samewarmeo sferoSi dasaqmebulebis ganawileba ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT. rogorc irkveva, 2013 wlis deklarirebuli monacemebiT samewarmeo sferoSi dasaqmebulTa umetesi nawili, kerZod, 21,8% dasaqmebulia vaWrobis sferoSi, xolo am dargis mcire sawarmoebSi ki _ 27,3%. es maSin, roca damamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi Sesabami- 132 №1(2016) sad dasaqmebulia 15,4% da 13,1%. rasac ver vityviT, rom qveynisaTvis kargi maCvenebelia. is faqti, rom samewarmeo sferoSi dasaqmebulTa mTliani raodenobidan meoTxedze meti savaWro sawarmoebze modis, erTxel kidev adasturebs im mdgomareobas, rom saqarTveloSi araxelsayreli pirobebia warmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis, rac mewarmes ubiZgebs bedi vaWrobis sferoSi eZios. warmoebis dabali done ganapirobebs importis gaumarTlebel zrdas, romelic, saboloo jamSi, TviT warmoebis ganviTarebis damamuxruWebel movlenad iqca, radgan dangreuli ekonomikis mqone qveyanaSi konkurentunariani saqonlis warmoeba metismetad Znelia. mTliani Sida produqtis struqturaSi vaWrobis maRali xvedriTi wona, swored, am realobis damadasturebelia. Tu 1990 wels vaWrobis wili mTlian Sida produqtSi 5,7% iyo, 1995 wels 26,1%-mde gaizarda. momdevno wlebSi igi ramdenadme Semcirda, magram 2013 wels mainc Seadgina 15%. am dros mrewvelobis xvedriTi wona 10% iyo, nacvlad 1990 wlis 23%-isa. Catarebuli analizi metyvelebs adamianuri resursebis, kerZod ki, SromiTi potencialis arasrulad da gauazreblad gamoyenebaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom samewarmeo sferoSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, qveyanaSi umuSevroba (14,6%) kvlavac did problemad rCeba. umuSevrobis mizezebia: samrewvelo warmoebis dacema, inflacia, investiciebis nakleboba da sxv. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunarianoba da moTxovna saqonelze ukiduresad SezRudulia. Sromisnayofierebis zrdis tempic mniSvnelovnad Semcirebulia. ase, 2007 wels Sromisnayofiereba 2004 wlis mimarT gaizarda 2,1-jer, 2008 wels, wina 2007 welTan SedarebiT, gaizarda 9,9%, 2009 wels Sromis nayofiereba araTu gaizarda, aramed piriqiT, wina welTan SedarebiT Semcirda 3,4%-iT. am wlis Semdeg Sromisnayofierebis zrdis tempma mniSvnelovnad iklo da 2013 wels, wina welTan SedarebiT, Semcirda 1,2%-iT. rac, Cveni azriT, gamowveulia mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis arasrulad gamoyenebiT. zemoCamoyalibebuli problemebis daZlevis mizniT saWiroa rigi RonisZiebebis gatareba, romlebic xels Seuwyoben samewarmeo biznesis kadrebiT uzrunvelyofis sistemis gaumjobesebas, kerZod: • samewarmeo biznesSi adamianuri resursebis menejmentis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT, mizanSewonilia, mocemul konkretul SemTxvevaSi adamianuri resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis ZiriTadi parametris SerCeva, masze moqmedi savaraudo faqtorebis gamovlena, maT Soris korelaciuri kavSirebis dadgena da maTematikuri modelis dadgena, romelic umeteswilad wrfivi programirebis amocaniT gamoisaxeba; • Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis mniSvnelovan faqtors karieruli zrda warmoadgens. am sakiTxze uyuradRebobam SesaZloa karieruli zrdis faqtori demotivatorad aqcios. amasTan dakavSirebiT, saWiroa saSualo da dabali rgolis xelmZRvanelTa karieruli marTvis programis SemuSaveba; • Sromis bazris regulirebisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia SromiTi resursebis ganviTarebisa da kvlavwarmoebis sistemis Seqmna. igi unda iTvaliswinebdes: samuSao Zalis damagrebas da mis racionalur gamoyenebas, SromiTi dazogvis politikis gatarebas, samuSao Zalis konkurentunarianobasa da xarisxis mudmivad amaRlebas, damatebiTi moTxovnis dakmayofilebas kvalificiuri samuSao Zalis importis gziT, xelsayreli da xelSemwyobi pirobebis Seqmnas Sromis bazarze axalgazrda Taobis mosazidad. 133 Manana Zubiashvili Doctor of Economics. Professor at Georgian Technical University Lela Zubiashvili Doctor of Economics. Assistant Professor at Georgian Technical University The utilization of human resources in an Entrepreneurial Business in Georgia Abstract The present paper highlights the situation existing in an Entrepreneurial Business about the utilization of human resources. Some personnel staffing problems are detected in small and medium enterprises. Number of measures proposed in the article will help to resolve existing problems and improve the system of providing entrepreneurial business with personnel. gamoyenebuli literatura: ___________________________________________________________________ 1. n. WiTanava, gardamavali periodis social-ekonomikuri problemebi, 2 nawili, Tb., 1999, gv. 262. 2. m. tuxaSvili, saqarTvelos SromiTi potenciali (formireba da ganawileba) Tb., 1998. gv. 203. 3. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli, Tb., 2014; 2015. 4. Храпова Е.В. Кичанов Б.И. Трудовой потенциал: оценка динамики развития, резерыв улучшения использования. Омск, 2014. С.148. 134 №1(2016) naTia bedukaZe – mamacaSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis satransporto da manqanaTmSeneblobis fakultetis doqtoranti korporaciebis operatiuli marTva da maTi aqtivebi nebismieri komerciuli organizaciis winaSe dgas problema, umokles vadaSi operatiulad marTos aqtivebi. es dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva faqtorTa zegavleniT aqtivebis dinamiurobasTan, anu maTi erTobliobis mudmivad cvlilebasTan. korporaciis ufro efeqturi marTvisaTvis unda Camoyalibdes operatiuli marTvis konturi, romelsac miekuTvneba sawarmoo gegmebis realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli amocanebi. am amocanebidan aRsaniSnavia: momarageba, sasawyobe aRricxva, sakonsignacio saqonlis operaciebi, sacalo vaWroba da sxv. amasTanave, konturis Seqmna mimarTuli unda iyos Semdegi miznebis gadawyvetisken: mimdinare amocanebis formulireba; sawarmos saqmianobis droebiTi organizacia; sawarmos yvela resursis sruli, gamiznuli da Tanabari gamoyeneba; korporaciis ganviTarebisaTvis pirobebis Seqmna, misi organizacia. mokled ganvixiloT es miznebi. mimdinare amocanebis formulireba. yoveldRiuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas, gare da Sida faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT, korporaciis saqmianoba ganicdis mudmiv meryeobas. korporaciis saqmianobis stabilizaciisaTvis xSirad warmoiqmneba garkveuli amocanebis operatiulad gadawyvetis aucilebloba. arasasurveli zemoqmedebis Tavidan asacileblad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes yoveldRiuri samuSaos umokles vadaSi dagegmarebis procedura, mimdinare monitoringi da saqmianobis kontroli. xangrZlivi meryeobis SemTxvevaSi, organizaciis xelmZRvanelobam SeiZleba miiRos gadawyvetileba samuSaos droebiT reJimze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT. amisaTvis SeiZleba Seiqmnas korporaciis saqmianobis droebiTi organizacia. sawarmos yvela resursis sruli, gamiznuli da Tanabari gamoyeneba. roca aqtivebis erToblioba da raodenoba SezRudulia gamudmebiT warmoiqmneba deficituri resursebis operatiuli gadasrolis saWiroeba ufro mniSvnelovani saqmianobis mimarTulebiT, korporaciis strategiis CarCoebis gamyarebisaTvis. amasTan dakavSirebiT, resursebis gadanawilebis ZiriTad kriteriumad gamodis maTi sruli, gamiznuli da Tanabari gamoyeneba. sabrunavi saSualebebis dakavSirebis minimizacia. sabrunavi saSualebebis efeqturad gamoyenebis daxasiaTebis erT-erTi maCvenebelia maTi brunva, e.i. brunvis siCqaris Semci- 135 reba. am SemTxvevaSi, erT-erT ZiriTad amocanad sabrunavi aqtivebis marTvisas gvevlineba sabrunavi saSualebebis dakavSirebis minimizacia. korporaciis ganviTarebisaTvis pirobebis Seqmna, misi organizacia. korporaciis resursebi, romelic ixarjeba ZiriTad saqmianobaze, ise unda ganawildes, rom arsebobdes rezervi sakuTari ganviTarebisaTvis, samecniero saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad da sxva RonisZiebebi, romelic gaamyarebs mdgomareobas bazarze. amasTan erTad operatiuli marTvis sistemis formirebisaTvis saWiroa ZiriTadi principebis realizacia. ekonomikur literaturaSi mocemulia Semdegi ZiriTadi principebi: droulobis principi, racionaluri sizustis principi, dajgufebis principi, Zalauflebis delegirebis principi, adaptirebis principi. mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani: droulobis principi mdgomareobs marTvis subieqtis operatiul reagirebaSi marTvis obieqtis funqcionirebisTvis saWiro informaciis cvlilebaze. gadawyvetilebebi unda iyos miRebuli droulad, anu movlena da reaqcia SeiZleba masze iyos gadanawilebuli droSi, vadiT araumetes imisa, rac saWiroa warmoqmnili problemebis efeqturi gadawyvetisTvis. racionaluri sizustis principi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom problemis gadawyvetis xarjebi ar aRematebodes im SesaZlo danakargebsa da zarals, romliTac gamowveulia momxdari movlena. dajgufebis principi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom korporaciis saqmianobis zogierTi movlena da problema SeiZleba dajgufdes maTi ufro efeqturad gadawyvetisaTvis. Zalauflebis delegirebis principi gulisxmobs, rom gansazRvruli Tanamdebobis xelmZRvaneli ar wyvetdes problemebs, romelic mis kompetenciaze dabla dgas da dakavebuli iyos mxolod Sesabamisi sirTulis problemebis gadawyvetiT. adaptirebis principi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gamoviyenoT zogierTi standartuli qmedebis erToblioba tipiuri problemebis gadasawyvetad, anu gavakeToT tipiuri svlebis adaptacia tipiuri problemebis gadasawyvetad. ase rom, korporaciis mimdinare saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas, efeqturobis gazrdis mizniT, unda funqcionirebdes misi marTvis operatiuli sistema. operatiuli marTva es aris marTvis obieqtze mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedeba mimdinare mdgomareobis stabilizaciisaTvis da obieqtis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis moyvana misi saqmianobis strategiis SesabamisobasTan. Cven ganvixilavT operatiul marTvas, rogorc marTvas umokles vadaSi, amitom operatiuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisas korporaciis xelmZRvanelobam ZiriTadi yuradReba unda dauTmos sabrunavi aqtivebis marTvas. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gamovyoT operatiuli marTvis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi, xolo TviTon operatiuli marTvis procesi unda Sedgebodes ramdenime paraleluri procesis ganxorcielebisgan. korporaciis sawarmoo procesebis operatiuli marTvis sistema SeiZleba iyos erTiani yvela sawarmoo procesisTvis, Tumca man unda gaiTvaliswinos korporaciis mimdinare procesebis specifikuri ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi da mkafiod unda aRweros teqnologiuri procesebi. korporaciebis aqtivebis sworad marTvisaTvis gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad, aucilebelia, misi finansuri mdgomareobis mimdinare analizi, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT misi finansuri mdgomareobis xarisxis safexuri. analizis sqema warmoadgens 136 №1(2016) ierarqiul sistemas, romelSic Sedis statistikuri da maTematikuri analizis sxvadasxva meTodi. korporaciis saerTo mdgomareobis analizisaTvis gamoiyeneba monacemebi, romelic miRebulia buRaltruli balansis analiziT da finansuri Sedegebis angariSebidan. dRes msoflioSi Seqmnili ekonomikuri mdgomareoba korporaciebis winaSe ayenebs amocanebs, romlebsac adre isini ar ixilavdnen. am amocanebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos: konkurentuli brZolis gaZliereba; im produqciis gamoSvebis moTxovna, romelic Seesabameba myidvelis mimdinare moTxovnebs; rTul ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi gadawyvetilebis operatiulad miRebis aucilebloba; momwodebels, mwarmoebelsa da myidvels Soris kavSirebis gaZliereba. axali sainformacio teqnologiebi exmareba sxvadasxva masStabis korporaciis xelmZRvanelobas gadaWras es rTuli amocanebi, upirveles yovlisa, informaciis ufro swrafad gacvlisa da maT safuZvelze swori gadawyvetilebebis miRebis gziT. korporaciis mTeli qoneba SeiZleba iyos kompaniis sakuTreba an ijariT hqondes aRebuli. korporaciis qoneba, romelic mis sakuTrebaSia, aisaxeba buRaltruli balansis aqtivSi da korporaciis aqtivebad iwodeba. aqtivebi aris qonebisa da fuladi saxsrebis erToblioba, romelic ekuTvnis organizacias, firmas, kompanias. am sityvis farTo gagebiT, aqtivi aris nebismieri faseuloba, romelsac aqvs fuladi Rirebuleba. miRebulia aqtivebis dayofa materialur da aramaterialur aqtivebad. korporaciis aqtivebi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT or jgufSi: arasabrunavi aqtivebi da sabrunavi aqtivebi. arasabrunavi aqtivebi buRaltrul balansSi aisaxeba Semdegi saxiT: ZiriTadi saxsrebi, aramaterialuri aqtivebi, daumTavrebeli mSenebloba, grZelvadiani finansuri dabandeba da sxv. sabrunavi aqtivebi buRaltrul balansSi aisaxeba, rogorc: maragebi; debitoruli davalianeba, romlis gadaxdis vada aRemateba 12 Tves; debitoruli davalianeba, romlis gadaxdis vadac ar aRemateba 12 Tves; moklevadiani finansuri dabandeba, fuladi saxsrebi da sxv. arasabrunavi aqtivebi gamoiyeneba xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. maT miekuTvneba: ZiriTadi fondebi, aramaterialuri aqtivebi, grZelvadiani finansuri dabandebebi. ZiriTadi fondebi warmoadgens materialur sakuTrebas, romelic gamoiyeneba sawarmoo da komerciuli saqmianobisaTvis da ar eqvemdebareba realizacias xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. aramaterialur aqtivs miakuTvneben uflebas da aramaterialur resursebs, romelic kompanias bazarze aZlevs upiratesobas. mas miekuTvneba: saavtoro ufleba, patenti, savaWro niSani, kompiuteruli programebi da sxv. grZelvadian finansur dabandebebs miakuTvneben investiciebs, Cadebuls sxva kompaniis fasian qaRaldebSi (Cveulebrivi an privilegirebuli aqciebi), obligaciebs. aseTi fasiani qaRaldebis SeZena Cveulebriv xdeba erT welze meti droiT flobis gaTvaliswinebiT. sabrunavi aqtivebi gvevlineba organizaciis potenciuri resursis elementad, romelic gankuTvnilia sayofacxovrebo saqmianobis uwyveti procesis uzrunvelsayofad da gamoiyeneba momavalSi ekonomikuri mogebisaTvis. es aris aqtivebi, romlebsac SedarebiT swrafad gadaaqvs TavianTi Rirebuleba xarjebze, isini unda gadaiqces naRd fulad, an iqnas gamoyenebuli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, an produqciis warmoebis operaciuli ciklis ganmavlobaSi. aqtivebisa da pasivebis marTvisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom mogebis miReba pirdapir 137 aris damokidebuli bazris mdgomareobaze. amitom saxsrebis dabandebisas konsultacia unda gaviaroT specialistebTan, romelTac SeuZliaT gaakeTon potenciuri riskebis xarisxiani prognozi. amrigad, operatiuli marTvis sistemis ZiriTadi mizania warmatebebis miRweva ara korporaciis SigniT, aramed mis gareT. amisaTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebul iyos situaciuri midgoma marTvisadmi, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba Semdeg mdgomareobebze: Tu rogor warmatebiT Seegueba korporacia Sida garemocvas: teqnikurad, ekonomikurad, politikurad; SeZlebs Tu ara korporacia misi arsebobisaTvis SesaZlo safrTxeebis ganWvretasa da gamocnobas; iqneba Tu ara mdgradi korporacia arasasurveli Sida qmedebebisadmi; SeZlebs Tu ara korporacia miiRos mogebis maqsimumi Seqmnili mdgomareobidan; rogoria organizaciuli kultura: individualuri da jgufuri qcevis normebi, urTierTqmedebebis tipebi da a. S. mniSvnelovania, rom aqtivebis marTvis dros misma mflobelma sworad gaanawilon sakuTari saxsrebi. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi, Tundac warumatebeli investirebis an mcdari marTvis strategia ar miiyvans korporacias yvela aqtivis dakargvasTan. 138 №1(2016) Natia Bedukadze-Mamatsashvili PhD Student of the Faculty of Transportation and Mechanical Engineering of Georgian Technical University Operational management of corporations and their assets Abstract In order to increase the effectiveness of corporation activities, it is essential for the managing operational system to operate properly. The present paper highlights some tasks and goals concerning manufacturing plans, basic principles of the system of operational management, classification of corporation assets and their description. While investing funds, corporations should define potential risks in advance. It is important that the owners distribute their own funds properly in the process of managing assets. This is the only way for a corporation to avoid a loss of all the assets, even if it turns out to be an unsuccessful investment or a false managing strategy. gamoyenebuli literatura: _____________________________________________________________________ 1. z. lipartia, m. gelaSvili, n. jRarkava, x. beriSvili, korporaciuli finansebi, t. I, Tb., 2012. 2. jeims s.van horni, jon m. vahoviCi umcr., finansuri menejmentis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2008. 3. d. gadelia, finansuri menejmenti, Tb., 2010. 4. d. gadelia, korporaciaTa finansebi, Tb., 2006. 5. r. kakulia, l. baxtaZe, g. TuTberiZe, korporaciis finansebi, Tb., 2009. 6. n. lazviaSvili, korporaciuli menejmenti, Tb., 2015. 7. b. biwaZe, korporaciuli menejmentis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2009. 8. z. lipartia, korporaciuli finansebis marTva, Tb., 2009. 9. Корпоративное управление, авт.колектив, перевод с английского, М. , 2007. 10. Ли Ч., Финнерти Д. , Финансы корпораций: теория, методы и практика, М., 2007. 11. In Search of Good Directors: A Guide to building Corporate Governance in the 21st Century. Third Edition. Center for international Private Enterprise, 2003. 12. Financial market and management: proceedings/ E. Zelgave(ed). Riga, University of Latvia, 2003. 139 marine donguzaSvili soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtoranti kulturaTaSorisi dialogi da proqsemika inglisuri enis swavlebaSi komunikacia sasicocxlod aucilebelia nebismieri sistemisaTvis. igi Tanamedrove organizaciuli sistemis swori funqcionirebis erT-erTi umTavresi pirobaa. komunikaciaTa nakadi gansazRvravs socialuri ganviTarebis mimarTulebasa da dinamikas. komunikaciebis struqturis, Sinaarsisa da nakadis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba gavaanalizoT yvela socialuri procesi. adamianTa Soris komunikaciis gareSe Tavad sazogadoebis arsebobaa SeuZlebeli. amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom komunikaciur procesTa analizi mTeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Seswavlis erT-erTi wesi da saSualebaa. farTo gagebiT, komunikacia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yovlismomcveli aspeqtia. saqarTvelo, rogorc evrosabWos wevri qveyana, enobrivad da kulturulad mravalferovan sivrceSi Sevida. ucxouri enebis codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia am sivrceSi integrireba da sakuTari pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis srulfasovani realizeba, amitomac zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis erovnuli saswavlo gegma ori an sami ucxouri enis swavlebas iTvaliswinebs. ucxouri enis codnis damadasturebeli saerTaSoriso diplomebis mopovebis xelSesawyobad saswavlo gegmaSi gansazRvrulia saskolo standartis Sesabamisoba evrosabWos mier dadgenil doneebTan da miTiTebulia, swavlebis romeli safexuri Seesatyviseba evrostandartis ama Tu im dones. ucxouri ena, rogorc erovnuli saswavlo gegmis ganuyofeli nawili, saskolo ganaTlebis mTavari saxelmwifo miznis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba, kerZod, erovnul da sakacobrio RirebulebebTan naziarebi, Tavisufali pirovnebis aRzrdas, romelic SeZlebs Tavisi wvlilis Setanas samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi. ucxouri enis swavlebis prioritetuli miznebia moswavles: • ganuviTardes plurilingvuri kompetencia; • ganuviTardes sametyvelo unarebi (mosmena, kiTxva, wera, saubari) or ucxour enaze; • gamoumuSavdes sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebTan warmatebuli komunikaciis unari; • Camouyalibdes dadebiTi ganwyobileba enobriv-kulturuli mravalferovnebis 140 №1(2016) mimarT da gaacnobieros igi, rogorc samyaros mravalferovnebis kerZo gamovlineba; • ganuviTardes gansxvavebuli kulturuli konteqstebisa da teqstebis gagebis unari; • moemzados TanamoRvaweobisaTvis sxvadasxva enobriv-kulturuli identobis warmomadgenlebTan; • ganuviTardes enebis efeqturad swavlis unari. am saganmanaTleblo miznidan gamomdinare, ucxouri enebis swavleba sabazo safexurze iTvaliswinebs konkretuli amocanebis gadaWras. es amocanebi sam kategoriad daiyofa: sxvadasxva tipis codnis SeZena: • gramatikuli, leqsikuri codna; • marTlwerisa da marTlmetyvelebis sabaziso normebis codna; • ucxoenovani qveynebis kulturis gacnoba; • teqstis saxeebisa da maTi maxasiaTeblebis codna; • weris, mosmenis, kiTxvisa da laparakis codna. sxvadasxva saxis unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba: • sametyvelo unar-Cvevebi; • enobrivi unar-Cvevebi; • strategiuli unar-Cvevebi; • iseTi samoqalaqo unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibeba, rogorebicaa: TanamSromloba, Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTeba, TviTsrulyofa, SemoqmedebiToba da sxva. damokidebulebebis Camoyalibeba: • individualuri mravalferovnebis dafaseba da pativiscema; • enobriv-kulturuli kuTvnilebis gancda; • kulturuli garemos TviTmyofadobis, misi ganumeoreblobis dafaseba da pativiscema; • pozitiuri damokidebuleba rogorc kulturuli, ise individualuri mravalferovnebis mimarT da misi, rogorc samyaros mravalferovnebis kerZo gamovlinebis aRqma; • interesi ucxo samyaros mimarT; • ucxouri enebis swavlis survili. dasaxuli miznebis uzrunvelsayofad ucxouri enis swavleba Svidi mimarTulebiT gaiSleba: mosmena, kiTxva, wera, laparaki, swavlis swavla, kulturaTa dialogi, ucxouri enis praqtikuli gamoyeneba. enis Seswavlis dros Svidive mimarTulebas Tavisi datvirTva aqvs, magram gvinda gavamaxvilo yuradReba im mimarTulebaze, romelsac vTvliT, rom gansakuTrebuli roli aqvs enis Seswavlisa sxvadasxva safexurze. es aris kulturaTa dialogi. ucxouri enis swavla niSnavs ucxo samyaroSi Sesvlas, cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesebis, tradiciebis aRmoCenas, gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebis, mentalobebis gagebas. am- 141 denad, warmatebuli komunikacia damokidebulia ara mxolod sametyvelo unar-Cvevebze, aramed gansxvavebuli kulturuli konteqstebis gagebisa da pativiscemis unarzec. swored, am unarebisa da damokidebulebebis Camoyalibebas emsaxureba mimarTuleba „kulturaTa dialogi“. moswavleTa yuradReba gamaxvildeba ucxo kulturis Taviseburebebze. moswavleebs saSualeba miecemaT, gamoxaton TavianTi damokidebuleba, gamoTqvan Sefasebebi, gaavlon paralelebi sakuTar kulturul gamocdilebasa Tu garemosTan. aseTi saxis aqtivobebi maT gauRrmavebs kulturuli kuTvnilebis gancdas, gaacnobierebinebs kulturul mravalferovnebas, aswavlis sakuTari da ucxouri kulturis dafasebas. yuradReba unda mieqces pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebsac. mecadineobebze moswavleebs unda mieceT saSualeba isaubron sakuTar Tavze, gamoavlinon TavianTi pirovnebis sxvadasxva mxare _ iqneba es gancdebi, gatacebebi, gemovneba, Sexedulebebi, ocnebebi, sayvareli saqmianoba, sayvareli personaJebi, cxovrebiseuli istoriebi, Tvalsazrisebi Tu sxva; isini gaecnobian TanaklaselTa Tu ucxoenovan TanatolTa sulier samyaros da am gziT SeZleben ganicadon sakuTari da sxvisi individualurobis ganumeorebloba, iswavlon sxva pirovnebaTa dafaseba, erTmaneTis mosmena, urTierTgageba, urTierTTanadgoma. es xels Seuwyobs moswavleebs gaxdnen ufro Semwynarebelni erTmaneTisa da sxvebis mimarT. bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi naTeli gaxda, rom wminda enis swavleba ar aris sakmarisi. mxolod informaciis kodireba ar uzrunvelyofs komunikaciisa Tu interaqciis damyarebas adamianTan. sakomunikacio kompetencia, romelic inglisuri enis Seswavlisas sakmaod kargad aRiarebuli mizania, ganisazRvreba, rogorc lingvisturi da qceviTi erToblivi kompetencia. mosaubris srulyofili gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod enisa da im kulturis codnis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac ekuTvnis da romlisganac amavdroulad gamomdinareobs ena. is faqti, rom kulturis arcodna/codnis simwire xelis SemSleli faqtoria komunikaciaSi, gansakuTrebul gavlenas axdens ucxo enis SemswavlelTa da am enis matarebelTa Soris, radganac samizne kulturis codna gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs maT urTierTgagebaSi. kulturis gaTvaliswineba enis swavlebisas didi xania xorcieldeba da enasa da kulturas Soris kavSiri damtkicebulia; kulturaze orientirebuli msoflmxedveloba aisaxeba enaSi. es niSnavs, rom adamianebi fiqroben da saubroben maTi kulturis specifikidan gamomdinare. bairami dakvirvebis Sedegad adgens, rom kultura warmoadgens meore enis swavlebis „farul“ saswavlo programas da aRniSnavs, rom enis swavleba gulisxmobs kulturaze orientirebul swavlebas, radgan ena miuTiTebs mosaubreTa mier msoflios Semecnebasa da aRqmas, kulturisa da kulturuli swavlebis koncefciebs. inglisuri enis kulturaze orientirebuli am enis swavleba uaRresi mniSvnelobisaa sakomunikacio kompetenciis mopovebisTvis Sesaswavl enaSi. inglisuri enis kulturaze orientirebuli swavlebis praqtikuli Sedegi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: 1. inglisuri enis kulturaze orientirebuli swavleba xels Seuwyobs da gaumartivebs moswavleebs inglisur enaSi sakomunikacio kompetenciis dauflebasa da uzrunvelyofs maRali motivaciis SenarCunebas maTTvis. 142 №1(2016) 2. inglisuri enis kulturaze orientirebuli swavleba gazrdis moswavleebis kulturul TviTcnobierebas; ucxo da mSobliuri kulturis gansxvavebebisa da msgavsebis gageba daexmareba maT dadebiTi damokidebulebebis CamoyalibebaSi samizne kulturis warmomadgenlebis mimarT da gaamyarebs tolerantobas gansxvavebul kulturebTan mimarTebaSi. 3. kulturaze orientirebuli ucxo enis Seswavlis programa xels Seuwyobs studentebis kulturuli cnobierebis gazrdas, aqtivobebSi CarTulobas, ganaviTarebs sxvadasxva jgufebis urTierTdamokidebulebas da xels Seuwyobs ucxo enisa da kulturis Serwymul swavlebas. 4. inglisuri enis saxelmZRvaneloebSi warmodgenili kulturasTan dakavSirebuli mdidari leqsika, aqtivobebi, strategiebi da meTodebi dadebiT gavlenas moaxdens studentebis mier lingvokulturuli kompetenciis Camoyalibebaze. moswavleebSi gansakuTrebul interessa da motivacias aRZravs Semdegi informaciis gageba, rom arsebobs sivrce kulturaTaSoris komunikaciaSi. holma samecniero xmarebaSi Semoitana termini „proqsemika“, romelic komunikaciis sivrciT organizaciasa da kulturuli sivrcis pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobaTa xasiaTze gansxvavebuli kulturuli normebisa da stereotipebis gavlenas asaxavs. cnobilia, rom laTinoamerikelebi da evropelebi, Cveulebriv garemoSi, erTmaneTs sxvadasxva manZilze elaparakebian. laTinoamerikeli saubrisas, Cveulebriv, cdilobs siaxloves iyos mosaubresTan, maSin roca evropelma msgavsi situacia SeiZleba aRiqvas, rogorc mis piradul sivrceSi SeWra da Seecdeba ukan daxevas, pasuxad laTinoamerikeli ufro miuaxlovdeba, rac evropelisaTvis agresiis gamovlenad aRiqmeba. adamianisaTvis miRebuli sivrciTi sazRvrebidan gamomdinare, isini erTmaneTTan kontaqts aRiqvamen an megobrulad, an agresiulad. es sazRvrebi damokidebulia ara mxolod kulturulad dadgenil stereotipebze, aramed kontaqtis mimarT mis pirad damokidebulebaze. holma komunikaciis oTxi zona gamoyo: pirveli _ „intimuri“ zona _ zona ganacalkevebs (ufro sworad, aerTianebs) sakmaod axlobel adamianebs, romlebsac ar surT sakuTari cxovreba mesame pirs gauziaron. intimuri zona Semoifargleba, daaxloebiT, 0-dan 40-60 sm-mde sazRvrebiT. amiT aixsneba is stresi, romelsac qalaqSi mcxovrebi adamianebi sazogadoebriv transportSi mgzavrobisas iReben _ mis intimur zonaSi taqtianad, sensorulad da verbalurad ucxo adamianTa didi raodenoba iWreba, amitom konfliqtebi transportSi Cveulebrivi ambavia. meore _ „pirovnuli“ zona _ Semoifargleba daaxloebiT 45-dan 120 sm-mde sazRvrebiT. swored am zonaSi urTierTobs individi sxva adamianebTan, radganac es saubrisaTvis yvelaze misaRebi distanciaa. sociokulturul stereotipebidan gamomdinare, es zona SeiZleba gaizardos an Semcirdes. SemCneulia, rom qalaqis macxovrebeli urTierTobisas cdilobs Seamciros distancia, xolo soflisa _ piriqiT, gazardos. es arc aris gasakviri, radganac soflis SemTxvevaSi sivrce „saxli“ gacilebiT didia, vidre qalaqSi. sofelSi, erT quCaze mcxovreblebma, sakmaod pirad sakiTxebze saubari SeiZleba gaaban pirdapir sakuTari nakveTebidan. amitom aris, rom soflidan qalaqSi gadmosuli adamiani nacnobs gzis meore mxares ara marto dauZaxebs, aramed saubarsac gaubams. qalaqSi urTi- 143 erTobis wesebis arcodna xSirad negatiurad („uzrdeli“, “ukulturo“) fasdeba. zustad aseve fasdeba kontaqtebi kulturaTSoris urTierTobisas. kerZod, temperamentiani laTino amerikelebi urTierToben zonaSi, romelic maTTvis „pirovnulia“, xolo Crdilo amerikelebisaTvis igive zona _ „intimuria“. amitom aris, rom samxreTelebi CrdiloeTelebs TavSekavebul da civ Tanamosaubreebad Tvlian, xolo CrdiloeTelebi samxreTelebs _ uceremoniosa da Zalze aqtiurebad. mesame _ „socialuri“ zona _ igi gansazRvravs formaluri kontaqtebisas urTierTobis distancias (120-dan 260-300 sm-mde). aseTi distancia Zalze xelsayrelia ucnob adamianebTan an adamianTa mcire jgufebTan urTierTobisas. formaluri urTierTobis situaciaSi SesaZlebelia partnioris ara marto mosmena, aramed danaxvac. aseTi distancia rekomendirebulia saqmiani Sexvedrebisas, TaTbirebisas, pres-konferenciebisas da a.S. vinaidan socialuri zona esazRvreba pirovnul zonas, mTavaria SenarCunebul iqnas distancia, radganac gaumarTlebelma gadasvlam socialuri zonidan pirovnulSi, SesaZloa kontaqtze negatiuri reaqcia da komunikaciis Sewyveta gamoiwvios. meoTxe _ „sajaro“ zona _ komunikaciis es zona iwyeba 3-3.5 metridan da Semdeg, am zonas agreTve uwodeben Rias. is gamoiyeneba did auditoriasTan urTierTobisas, sajaro RonisZiebisas, mag., saxelmwifo da religiuri ceremoniebisas. komunikaciisas sivrciTi faqtori SeiZleba emsaxurebodes batonoba-morCilebis damokidebulebis gamoxatvas. magaliTad, roca politikosebi an religiis msaxurebi mimarTaven xalxs, maT Soris xSirad barierebis, gadaRobvisa da dacvis saSualebiT xelovnurad zrdian distancias. es imijmeikerebis cnobili xerxia: imisTvis, raTa „ganadidon“ vinme, „gazardon“ misi statusi, „wona miscen“ mis sityvas, aucilebelia Seicvalos komunikaciis sivrciTi parametrebi. aris sxva signalebic, romlebic mmarTvel-qveSevrdomis damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. mag., germaniasa da aSS-Si ofisis zeda sarTulebi, rogorc wesi, gankuTvnilia xelmZRvanelobisaTvis, maSin roca ruseTsa da safrangeTSi _ xelmZRvanelebi irCeven Senobis Sua sarTulebs. es aixsneba imiT, rom aRniSnul qveynebSi marTva da kontroli xorcieldeba centridan. adamiani bavSvobidan iTvisebs sivrciTi signalebis mniSvnelobas, romelic damaxasiaTebelia misi kulturisaTvis. Tumca sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobisas mas ar SeuZlia yovelTvis sworad aRiqvas ucnobi sivrciTi signalebi, romelic SeiZleba gaugebrobisa da konfliqtis mizezi gaxdes. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva kulturaSi, xalxis reaqcia erTi da imave sivrciT signalebze TiTqmis yovelTvis gansxvavebulia. qveynebSi, sadac adamianebi kmayofildebian arc Tu ise didi „pirovnuli“ sivrciT (samxreT evropis qveynebi, axlo aRmosavleTi), Cveulebrivi movlenaa quCaSi erTmaneTis Sexeba, biZgebi da xelis kvrac ki, xolo CrdiloeT evropasa da aSS-Si _ adamianebi gaurbian axlo distanciasa da Sexebas. kulturaTSorisi gaugebrobebi mravali problemis wyaroa. Tu ar gaviazrebT kulturul mravalferovnebas, ar daveuflebiT Cvengan sruliad gansxvavebul adamianebTan efeqturi urTierTobis Cvevebs an ar gveqneba amis survili, Cveni samyaro gacilebiT uaresi gaxdeba. garda amisa, kulturaTSorisi (kros-kulturuli) urTierToba Cvenive gamocdilebis gamdidrebis wyaroa, igi sxvagvarad dagvanaxebs ueWvelad miCneul sakiTxebs. 144 №1(2016) Marine Donguzashvili PhD Student of the Faculty of Humanities of Sokhumi State University The importance of Culture Dialogue and ‘Proxemics’ in English language teaching Abstract The present paper highlights the role and importance of culture-oriented English language teaching. In recent decades it has become clear that teaching English with only grammar rules and vocabulary is not enough as they cannot provide a student with appropriate skills for an efficient communication and interaction. We find great diversity in culture behaviors throughout the world. To understand people properly, it is crucially important to be aware of their culture not only the language. Culture-oriented teaching will increase students’ cultural self-consciousness. Learning about the diversity of cultures provides students with the skills and knowledge for more effective communication in inter-cultural situations, as well as it will promote cultural understanding and a tolerance for diversity and differences. gamoyenebuli literatura: _____________________________________________________________________ 1. http://www.tpdc.ge/?action=page&p_id=109&lang=geo. 2. http://ncp.ge/files/ESG/2010%20wlamde/ucxouri%20enebi.pdf. 3. http://socium.ge/downloads/samagistro/informaciuli-sazogadoeba-da-mediis-sociologia3.pdf. 4. http://intermedia.ge/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98 %E1%83%90/51985. 145 nino WiTanava ganaTlebis administrirebis magistri avtonomiurobis xarisxi qarTul saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi, rogorc sistemis decentralizaciis mTavari principi Sesavali erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizani, romelic safuZvlad daedo ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi ganaTlebis reformas saqarTveloSi, gulisxmobda saqarTvelos integraciis xelSewyobas saerTaSoriso sivrceSi. Sesabamisad, bevri mniSvnelovani konceptualuri cvlileba saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemaSi ganpirobebuli iyo ufro farTo saerTaSoriso procesebiT, romlebsac saqarTvelo bolo wlebSi SeuerTda. Sedegad saqarTveloSi sakmaod swrafad Camoyalibda bevri e. w. xedvis dokumenti, romelic moiazrebda kompleqsur cvlilebebs sistemis yvela doneze. aRsaniSnavia agreTve is faqtic, rom mniSvnelovnad gaizarda saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebis CarTulobac qveynis ganaTlebis sistemis reorganizaciaSi _ SesaZlebeli gaxda erTdroulad bevri mimarTulebiT seqtorSi swrafi da kompleqsuri struqturuli cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba. Sesabamisad, Seiqmna sistemis marTvis axali struqturuli modeli, romlis mizania uzrunvelyos ganaTlebis sistemaSi Semavali erTeulebis avtonomiurobis gazrda, samarTlianobis principze dafuZnebuli konkurentuli garemos Camoyalibeba da ganaTlebis servisis xarisxis gaumjobeseba. ZiriTadi nawili bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis sistemis reformirebis Sedegad mravali mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganxorcielda. sakanonmdeblo doneze ganisazRvra sistemis Zireuli maxasiaTeblebi da moicva zogadi ganaTlebis sistemis yvela mniSvne- 146 №1(2016) lovani komponenti. ganaTlebis sistemis reformirebis ZiriTad mimarTulebad sistemis decentralizacia dasaxelda. e. i. saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis Tavisufleba dasaxelda prioritetad saxelmwifos mxridan, mTavari principi reformisa aris avtonomiis miniWeba. ganvmartoT Tavad avtonomiis cneba – avtonomia „TviTmmarTveloba“ es aris resursebis, uflebebisa da pasuxismgeblobebis gadanawilebis sistema, romelic saxelmwifo instituciebis kontrolisagan Tavisufalia. rodesac vambobT, viRacas raRacis gakeTebis Tavisufleba aqvs, vgulisxmobT, rom mas amis gakeTebis uflebac aqvs da Zalauflebac. Tavisuflebis qonis pirobebSi unda iyos SesaZlebeli Sesabamisad moqcevis saSualeba. xSir SemTxvevaSi Zalauflebas Tan sdevs sxvebis mier iZuleba da manipulireba asarCevi alternativebis gansazRvrisas. saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs unari da resursebi sWirdebaT racionaluri arCevanis gasakeTeblad imisTvis, rom SeZlon miznebis miRweva. SesaZlebelia, sajarod gacxaddes Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, magram uari iyos naTqvami Tavisuflebis realizaciisaTvis aucilebeli resursebis miwodebis xelSewyobaze. am SemTxvevaSi bevri araferi keTdeba TavisuflebisaTvis. Tu SevTanxmdebiT imaze rom avtonomia uflebas, codnasa da Zalauflebas saWiroebs, maSin misi ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebel da arasakmaris pirobebamde mivalT. mizezi martivia. SeiZleba mxolod arCevanis SezRudul variantebTan mimarTebiT viyoT Tavisufali. magaliTad, Tavisufaleba iyos miniWebuli saSualebebis da ara Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT. ganvixiloT decentralizaciis cneba _ decentralizacia ganisazRvreba, rogorc gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze uflebamosilebis gadacema organizaciuli ierarqiis zeda donidan qveda doneze. msoflios mraval qveyanaSi gavrcelebuli tendeciaa ganaTlebis sistemis decentralizacia. decentralizacia SegviZlia ganvasxavaoT misi xarisxis mixedviT da davajgufoT sam ZiriTad formad: 1. dekoncentracia – uflebamosileba ganawilebulia imave centraluri organizaciis qveda an regionalur doneebze. es decentralizaciis yvelaze susti formaa. 2. uflebamosilebis delegireba – uflebamosileba gadaecema naxevrad avtonomiur erTeulebs, romlebic sruliad ar kontroldebian centraluri organoebis mier, magram saboloo jamSi angariSvaldebulni arian. es decentralizaciis ufro Zlieri formaa. 3. devolucia – decentralizaciis mesame da yvelaze Zlieri forma. gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze uflebamosileba gadaecema mTlianad avtonomiur organizaciebs. decentralizaciisadmi interesi msoflioSi (1970-ian wlebSi) samma ZiriTadma faqtorma ganapiroba. esenia: politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri da teqnikuri faqtorebi. 1. politikuri – centraluri mTavrobis rolis reformulireba da Semcireba. 2. socialur-ekonomikuri – nacionaluri mTavrobis gavlenas amcirebs subnacionaluri organizaciebis warmoqmna. centralur mTavrobas sul ufro uWirs socialuri programebisaTvis Tanxebis mobilizeba. 3. teqnikuri – teqnologiebis ganviTareba iZleva saSualebas sistemis gakontrolebisa decentralizaciis marTvis pirobebSi. Tumca, sxvadasxva qveynebSi decentralizaciis procesi sxvadasxva motiviTaa ganpirobebuli. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia maT sam kategoriaSi dajgufeba: 1. politikuri motivi – gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi im jgufebs eZlevaT CarTvis SesaZlebloba, romlebic ar iyvnen CarTulebi. 147 2. finansuri motivi – centralur mTavrobas ar SeuZlia an ar surs upasuxos sistemis finansur SesaZleblobebs. 3. efeqtianobis motivi – adgilobriv doneze gadawyvetilebebis miReba amcirebs erTi konkretuli Sedegebis miRwevisaTvis saWiro danaxarjebs. decentralizaciis politikis ganxorcielebisas qveynebi awydebian sxvadasxva problemebs. maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulia: 1. gaurkvevloba imaSi, Tu vis mier da romel doneze unda iqnas miRebuli esa Tu is gadawyvetileba; 2. warmomadgenlobiTi da sameurveo sabWoebis mier saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis marTvaSi, mmarTvelebis mier menejmentsa da reformirebis procesSi profesor–maswavlebelTa monawileobis Sesabamisi unarebi xSirad sustia da saWiroebs ganviTarebas; 3. decentralizaciis procesSi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis ganviTarebis saWiroebebisaTvis Seusabamo dafinanseba. aRniSnuli problemebis gadasaWrelad qveynebi qmnian specialur programebs da axorcieleben saganmanaTleblo proeqtebs. decentralizaciis mizans warmoadgens ganaTlebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba, romelic Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs ganaTlebis misawvdomobis kuTxiT uTanasworobis Semcirebas, programebis relevanturobis da inovaciurobis gazrdas, programis morgebas damsaqmebelTa moTxovnebze, erovnul doneze korufciis Semcirebas. ganvixiloT konkretulad saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi arsebuli mdgomareoba avtonomiis xarisxTan mimarTebaSi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, „umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad, avtonomia aris umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebisa da misi ZiriTadi saganmanaTleblo erTeulis Tavisufleba damoukideblad gansazRvros da ganaxorcielos: 1. akademiuri, 2. safinanso-ekonomikuri da 3. administraciuli saqmianoba. • akademiuri Tavisufleba evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleam 2006 wlis 30 ivniss akademiuri Tavisuflebisa da umaRlesi saswavleblebis avtonomiis Sesaxeb rekomendacia gaca. dokumentis mixedviT, akademiuri Tavisufleba da universitetis avtonomia demokratiuli sazogadoebis aucilebeli elementebia. akademiuri Tavisufleba aris profesoris ufleba Tavisuflad, represiebisa da samuSaos dakargvisa SiSis gavlenis gareSe eweodes SemoqmedebiT, kvleviT da saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas. akademiuri Tavisufleba icavs ara mxolod profesors, aramed students, doqtorantebsa da akademiur personalsac, romelTac ara aqvT xarisxi, magram swavlebis procesSi ideebis, azrebis dafiqsireba SeuZliaT. akademiuri Tavisufleba aucilebelia maRali samecniero da saganmanaTleblo xarisxis misaRwevad. akademiur personals unda hqondes ufleba da SesaZlebloba monawileoba miiRos universitetis marTvis organoebSi, airCios warmomadgenlebi dawesebulebis marTvis organoebSi, agreTve CaerTos iseTi saxis gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, romelic SeiZleba exebodes umaRlesi saswavleblis administracias, umaRlesi saswavleblis politikis gansazRvras, kurikulums, samecniero kvlevas, saqmianobis gafarToebas da sxva msgavs saqmianobebs. 148 №1(2016) profesors unda SeeZlos arsebuli codnis kritika, samecniero kvlevebis Tavisuflad ganxorcieleba, mosazrebis SeuzRudavad gamoxatva. profesoris saqmianobaSi politikuri, religiuri an komerciuli dawesebulebebis Careva unda gamoiricxos. profesoris SezRudva mxolod im SemTxvevaSi unda iyos SesaZlebeli Tu kvalificiuri organo Sesabamisi sferos eqspertebis mier sakiTxis Seswavlis Sedegad daadgens, rom profesori arakompetenturia an misi saqmianoba profesiuli eTikis normebs ewinaaRmdegeba. • safinanso-ekonomikuri Tavisufleba „umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni gansazRvravs umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis dafinansebis wyaroebs. esenia: a) swavlis safasuri, romelic ifareba saxelmwifo saswavlo grantiTa da saxelmwifo saswavlo samagistro grantiT (mxolod akreditebul umaRles saganmanaTleblo programaze); b) grantis, Semowirulebis saxiT an anderZiT miRebuli Semosavlebi; g) sakonkurso SerCevis safuZvelze saxelmwifos mier gacemuli samecniero-kvleviTi grantebi; d) dargobrivi saministroebis mier gamoyofili programuli dafinanseba; e) saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT nebadarTuli sxva, maT Soris, ekonomikuri saqmianobiT miRebuli Semosavalebi. universitetebi saganmanaTleblo programebis gansaxorcieleblad saxelmwifo dafinansebas e. w. vauCeruli (granti students) modelis mixedviT iReben. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebuli modelis mixedviT mopovebuli dafinanseba Semosavlebis miRebis garkveul garantiebs qmnis, universitetebis finansuri damoukidebloba mainc dabalia, vinaidan universitetebi kargaven Sesabamis dafinansebas studentisaTvis statusis SeCerebisa da Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisad, dafinansebis es modeli ver uzrunvelyofs maT finansur damoukideblobas da efeqtur funqcionirebas. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom saxelmwifo saswavlo grantis saxiT miRebul Semosavals mniSvnelovani wili ukavia rogorc saxelmwifosagan miRebul mTlian dafinansebaSi, ise universitetebis mTlian biujetSic. dafinansebis mizniT samecniero proeqtebis SerCevis wesi ar qmnis obieqturi Sefasebis garantiebs. vinaidan samecniero kvlevebis sagranto dafinansebas axorcielebs mxolod erTi ssip _ rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondi, miuxedavad imisa, rom kanoni iTvaliswinebs samecniero kvlevebis dafinansebis SesaZleblobas sxva ssip _ samecniero fondebis meSveobiTac. saxelmwifo universitetebisa da kerZo universitetebis vauCeruli dafinanseba im pirobebSi, roca saxelmwifo universitetebs, faqtobrivad, SezRuduli aqvT swavlis safasuris dawesebis saSualeba, universitetebis avtonomiis SezRudvasTan erTad umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi Tavisufali konkurenciisa da, Sesabamisad, universitetebis efeqturi saqmianobis mniSvnelovan Semaferxebel faqtoradac gvevlineba. aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad kanonis moTxovnisa, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier dRemde ar aris damtkicebuli doqtoranturis saganmanaTleblo programebis dafinansebis wesi da pirobebi. • administraciuli avtonomia kidev erTi da albaT yvelaze mravalmxrivi komponenti saswavlebelTa administra- 149 ciuli mowyobis sakiTxia. umniSvnelovanesia pasuxi kiTxvebze: vin marTavs? vin irCevs mmarTvelebs? ra meTodebiT irCeven? universitetis xelmZRvanelis arCevis procedurasTan dakavSirebiT arsebiTad gansxvavdeba ssip-isTvis, aip-isa da kerZo universitetisaTvis kanoniT dawesebuli regulaciebi, romlebic gacilebiT met SezRudvas gulisxmobs ssip-is SemTxvevaSi. reqtoris arCevis procedura, xSir SemTxvevaSi, warmoadgens reqtoris daniSvnis proceduras, rasac xels uwyobs universitetis wesdebis Sesabamisad gansazRvruli akademiuri sabWos wevrTa mcire raodenoba da kanonis daTqma akademiuri sabWos SemadgenlobaSi mxolod sruli da asocirebuli profesoris arCevis Sesaxeb. kanonis es moTxovna gamoricxavs reqtoris arCevis procesSi farTo sauniversiteto sazogadoebis pirdapiri monawileobis SesaZleblobas. kanoniT gansazRvrulia saxelmwifos mier dafuZnebuli universitetis reqtoris saqmianobis maqsimaluri vada, xolo kerZo universitetebs es regulacia ar exeba. kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulia akademiuri personalis sakvalifikacio moTxovnebi, aseve, akademiuri da administraciuli personalis arCevis procedurebi, rac evropuli sistemebis maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT ar unda ganvixiloT avtonomiis SezRudvad. arsebiTia, rom personals SearCeven Tavad universitetebi da amas ar sWirdeba gare mmarTvelobis organos Tanxmoba. Tumca, bevri faqti metyvelebs, rom universitetebi am farTo avtonomias iyeneben universitetebisve sawinaaRmdegod, subieqturi interesebis dasakmayofileblad. universitetebs aqvT maRali avtonomia kadrebis dawinaurebis sferoSi, kanonmdeblobiT ar aris gansazRvruli arsebiTi xasiaTis SezRudvebi. kerZo universitetebs aqvT SeuzRudavi damoukidebloba personalis xelfasebis gansazRvris sferoSi. zogadad, farTo SezRudvebia dawesebuli ssip-ebis SemTxvevaSi, xolo kerZo universitetebi yvelaze naklebi SezRudvebis pirobebSi funqcionireben, rac universitetebis Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi funqcionirebis arsebiT barierad unda iqnas ganxiluli. daskvna saganmanaTleblo sistemis zogadi da umniSvnelovanesi problemaa samarTlebrivi debulebebis myisieri da xSiri cvlaa. mniSvnelovani zogadi problemaa sxvadasxva organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT dafuZnebuli universitetebisaTvis kanoniT uflebamosilebebis araerTgvarovani reglamentacia, Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia maTi avtonomiis donec. miuxedavad reformirebis gzaze warmoqmnili problemebisa, decentralizaciis procesi mimarTulia ganaTlebisa da marTvis efeqtianobis xarisxis gaumjobesebaze. sruli avtonomia praqtikulad mxolod maSin miiRweva, rodesac pasuxismgeblobis sakuTar Tavze asaRebad mzadyofnas gamoxatavs yvela mxare. roca Camoyalibebuli pozicia arsebobs urTierTobis principebze, Sidastruqturul mowyobasa da swavlis procesis Sinaarsze. decentralizaciis pirobebSi SesaZlebeli xdeba gadawyvetilebis meti operatiulobiT miReba da konkretuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebiT mosargebleTa specifikuri moTxovnebis gaTvaliswineba. 150 №1(2016) Nino Chitanava Master of Education Administration The degree of autonomy of educational institutions, as a main principle of a system of decentralization Abstract In the present article there is a discussion about one of the most important changes made by reforming an education system of Georgia: decentralization of the education system. The main principle of the reform is to give autonomy to educational institutions. Therefore, in this article we will clarify the concept of autonomy. It is also important to review its basic principles, objectives and trends. Free and autonomous educational institution creates certain prerequisites for the decentralization of the structure, focused on individuals and a healthy learning environment. The role of education and development of the country is so great, that it becomes the target of strategic importance for prosperity and progress of the state. Accordingly, reformation of the education system is very delicate matter and is always paid attention, because it refers to all sectors of society. According to the Law of Georgia on Higher Education, autonomy is when a higher educational institution and its basic educational units are eligible to define and implement academic, financial-economic and administrative activities independently. So, each of the above mentioned aspects will be discussed in this article. gamoyenebuli literatura: _____________________________________________________________________ 1. saqarTvelos konstitucia. 2. „umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni. 3. „ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni. 4. ganaTlebis politikis dokumenti _ svimon janaSia. 5. ,,cvlilebebi umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi“, rezo xoferia, tabula 16.06.2013 “. 6. ,,universitetebis avtonomia da akademiuri Tavisufleba”, Tamar zaaliSvili. 151 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2015 Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; 152
