085) Sultan, Tell es - Jericho - Tell es

Transcript

085) Sultan, Tell es-
[PADIS code 0001]
Arabic: ‫اﻠﺴﻠﻄاﻦ ﺗﻞ‬
Site ancient name: Ruḥa, biblical Jericho.
Site location: Lat. +31° 52' 15.99" N; Long. +35° 26' 39.32" E.
Site extension: 40 dunams.
Elevation: 250 m b.s.l.
State of preservation: preserved (archaeological park); the necropolis is partly
destroyed/cleared off, partly concealed under modern edification and modern debris.
Disturbance: road cut on the eastern side of the tell; pillage and modern building activities in the
nearby necropolis.
Occupational periods: Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic/Late Natufian , Pre-pottery Neolithic A , Pre-po
ttery Neolithic B
,
Pottery Neolithic A-B
,
Late Chalcolithic
,
Early Bronze I
,
Early Bronze II-III
,
Early Bronze IV
,
Middle Bronze Age
,
Late Bronze Age
1 / 20
,
Iron Age
,
Persian
,
Hellenistic
,
Roman
,
Byzantine
,
Early Islamic
,
Middle/Late Islamic
, Ottoman.
Plates: I, III, LXXXIV-LXXXVI.
Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic/Late Natufian Period
Site typology: camp-site.
Public architecture: shrine (?).
Domestic architecture: clay walls and platforms.
Material culture: bone amulets, bone tools (harpoon head), stone amulets, stone objects and
tools, flint tools.
2 / 20
Bibliography: Garstang et al. 1935, 182-184; Kirkbride 1960; Kenyon 1967a, 269-270; 1971, 5;
1981, 6, 18, 114, 121-122, 175, 178-179, 220, 224-226, 268, 271-275; 1993, 675; Kenyon Holland 1982, 583-586; 1983, 489-490; 1983, 624-639, 781-783; Taha 2010, 36-37.
Pre-pottery Neolithic A Period
Site typology: town.
Public architecture: Round Tower, Town-Wall, rock-cut ditch.
Domestic architecture: surfaces, huts and curvilinear houses (first made of clay-ball, then made
of loaf-shaped and plano-convex mudbricks).
Funerary architecture: cist-burials, burials beneath the floors of the houses.
Material culture: unbaked clay figurines, unbaked clay objects, bone amulets, bone objects and
tools, beads and pendants, stone amulets, stone objects and tools, flint tools (ad polished axes
and adzes).
Bibliography: Garstang et al. 1935, 182-184; Kenyon 1954, 47-54; 1955, 109-112; 1956a,
69-77; 1957a; 1957b, 67-73; 1960a, 91-102; 1967a, 270-271; 1971, 5-6; 1981; 6-10, 18-61,
114, 122-125, 175, 179-181, 220-221, 226-236, 269-270, 275-289; 1993, 675-676; Kenyon Holland 1982, 551-552, 586-611; 1983, 491-520, 639-665, 781-786, 788-789, 814-816; Zeuner
1955a; 1958; Kirkbride 1960; Bar-Yosef 1989; Sala 2006, 270-272; Marchetti - Nigro eds. 1998,
219-223; Taha 2010, 37.
3 / 20
Pre-pottery Neolithic B Period
Public architecture: Town-Wall, shrine (?), ceremonial building (?), terrace-walls.
Domestic architecture: rectangular houses (made of cigar-shaped mudbricks).
Funerary architecture: burials beneath the floors of the houses.
Material culture: plastered skulls, unbaked clay statue, stone betyl, stamp seal, pierced shells,
unbaked clay figurines, unbaked clay objects, bone amulets, bone objects and tools, beads and
pendants, stone amulets, stone figurines, stone objects and tools, flint tools.
Bibliography: Garstang 1930, 126; 1932a, 4-6; Garstang et al. 1935, 167-168, 176-181; 1936,
69-70; Garstang - Garstang 1948, 55-64; Kenyon 1952, 72-73; 1953, 83-88; 1954, 47-54; 1955,
109-112; 1956a, 69-77; 1957a; 1957b, 51-67, 73-76; 1967a, 271-272; 1971, 6; 1981, 11-14,
62-92, 114-116, 125-136, 175-176, 181-191, 221-222, 236-253, 270-271, 289-308, 309-311,
395-406; 1993, 677; Zeuner 1955a; 1958; Cornwall 1956; Kirkbride 1960; Frierman 1971;
Strouhal 1973; Garfinkel 1987; Byrd - Banning 1988; Marchetti - Nigro eds. 1998, 29-30, 87-88,
219-223; figs. 1:6, 1:38-1:39; Nigro 2006c, 4-5, note 4; Sala 2006, 270-275; Taha 2010, 37.
Pottery Neolithic A-B Period
Site typology: village.
Public architecture: orthostatic walls.
4 / 20
Domestic architecture: houses (made of round and plano-convex mudbricks), pit-dwellings.
Material culture: unbaked clay statues, unbaked clay figurines, unbaked clay objects, bone
objects and tools, beads and pendants, stone objects and tools, flint tools, pottery.
Bibliography: Garstang 1932a, 4-6, 10, fig. 4; 1935b; Garstang et al. 1935, 143, 163-173,
176-181; 1936, 68-73, 77-90; Garstang - Garstang 1948, 64-72; Kenyon 1952, 72-73; 1954,
54-55; 1957b, 77-92; 1960a, 102-103; 1967a, 272-273; 1981, 14, 92-96, 116-117, 136-145,
176, 191-192, 222-223, 254-257, 309, 311-314; 1993, 677-678; Kenyon - Holland 1982, 4-81,
554-555, 557-559, 615, 628-630; 1983, 1-24, 85-86, 89-92, 96-118, 182-190, 251-262,
281-293, 478-484, 544-551, 706-718, 791, 807-808, 815-816; Branigan 1967; Sala 2006,
275-276; Taha 2010, 37.
Late Chalcolithic Period
Site typology: camp-site.
Material culture: stone tools, flint tools (tabular scrapers), pottery (churn).
Bibliography: Zeuner 1954; Kenyon 1955, 112-114; 1960a, 102-103; Kenyon - Holland 1983,
figs. 12:22, 108:12; Holland 1987, 22; North 1982; Garfinkel 1999; Nigro 2005a, 198, note 1;
2006c, 5, note 4.
Early Bronze I
5 / 20
Public architecture: terrace-wall, shrine.
Domestic architecture: houses.
Funerary architecture: shaft-tombs in the nearby necropolis.
Material culture: copper objects, Egyptian stone palettes, marble and stone cultic furniture,
stone mace-heads, stamp-seal impression, bone flutes, bone objects and tools, beads and
pendants, stone objects and tools, flint tools, pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, figs. 10, 15, 82-83, 107, 109-110, pls. 19, 20:B4a-b,
B6a-b, 21; Garstang 1932a, 10, pls. VI:4, 8, VIII:1-3, XII:20-21; XXVIII:4-5; Garstang et al.
1935, 148-150, 152-153, 161-162; 1936, 68, 73-74, 96-100; Garstang - Garstang 1948, 78-80;
Hennessy 1967; Kenyon 1952, 74-76; 1957b, 93-102; 1960b, 4-51; 1965, 3-32; 1967a, 273;
1971, 7-8; 1981, 96, 117-118, 145-147, 176, 193-195, 223, 257, 309, 314-325; 1993, 678;
Kenyon - Holland 1982, 82-123, 559-561, 564, 615-618, 621, 630-635; Kenyon - Holland 1983,
24-31, 87, 118-127, 190-221, 246-249, 262-264, 293-327, 375-377, 551-553, 718-723,
791-792, 794-796, 808-810, 816-817; Holland 1987; Parr 2000; Nigro 1999a, 188-191; 2005a;
2006a, 353-355; 2006b; 2007; 2008; 2009c, 176-180; Marchetti 2003a, 299-300; Sala 2006,
277-280; Polcaro 2005a; 2005b; 2006, 254-257; 2007; Sala 2005a; 2005b; 2007.
Early Bronze II-III
Site typology: city.
Public architecture: city-wall, towers, city-gate, palace, temple with platform (?).
6 / 20
Material culture: copper items (weapons and tools), ivory and stone bull's heads, cylinder seals,
cylinder seal impressions, stamp seal impression, clay figurines, pierced seas-shells, bone
flutes, bone objects and tools, Egyptianizing stone palettes, stone mace-heads, stone weights,
beads and pendants, stone objects and tools, flint tools, pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, 17-45, 97-108; Watzinger 1926; Garstang 1930; 1931;
1932a, 6-15, 17-22, 38-43; 1935c; Garstang et al. 1935, 147-163, 174-176; 1936, 74, 91-96;
Garstang - Garstang 1948, 75-88; Kenyon 1952, 64-70, 76-79; 1953, 88-90, 92; 1954, 55-56,
62; 1955, 114-115; 1956a, 77; 1957b, 167-185; 1960a, 103-104; 1960b, 52-179; 1967a,
273-274; 1971, 8-11; 1981, 14-15, 97-105, 118-120, 147-166, 176-177, 195-213, 223-224,
258-266, 309-310, 325-338, 341-346, 372-374; 1993, 678-679; Kenyon - Holland 1982,
124-243, 558-559, 564-565, 567, 615-618, 621, 630-635; Kenyon - Holland 1983, 24-47, 87-88,
93-95, 127-167, 222-238, 246-251, 264-280, 327-374, 377-393, 473-477, 553-562, 718-723,
792-793, 796-798, 810-811, 816-817; Cleveland 1961; Hennessy 1967; Riklin 1996; Marchetti Nigro eds. 1998, 23-96; 2000, 22-51, 130-138; Nigro 1999a, 191-208; 2006a; 2006c, 4-22;
2009b; 2009c, 180-188; 2009d, 214-216; 2010a; 2010b; Nigro - Taha 2009, 738-741; Marchetti
2003a, 300-303; Ascalone 2006; in press; Polcaro 2006, 257-258; Sala 2006, 280-283; 2008;
Taha 2010, 37.
Early Bronze IV
7 / 20
Material culture: graffiti, copper and bronze items (weapons and tools), clay figurines, bone
objects and tools, leather, beads and pendants, stone tools, flint tools, pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, 46-47, 108-112, 116-119; Garstang 1932a, 9, fig. 5, room
x, pls. I:10, XII:9-10; Garstang et al. 1935, 147, 156; 1936, 74; Kenyon 1952, 70-71, 79-81;
1953, 90, 92-93; 1954, 56-58, 62; 1955, 116-117; 1956a, 77-78; 1957b, 186-209; 1960a,
105-106; 1960b, 180-262; 1965, 33-166, 551-565; 1967a, 274; 1971, 11-17; 1981, 16, 105-108,
120, 166-167, 177, 213-215, 339; 1993, 679; Kenyon - Holland 1982, 244-267, 555, 565-567,
618, 635; Kenyon - Holland 1983, 47-52, 167-173, 238-242, 251-252, 393, 395, 562-563,
723-725, 793, 798-800, 816-817; Zeuner 1955b; Shay 1983; Prag 1986; Marchetti - Nigro eds.
2000, 18, 123; Nigro 1999a, 208-211; 1999b; 2003; 2006c, 23-24; Marchetti 2003a, 303-304;
Polcaro 2006, 259.
Middle Bronze Age
Site typology: city.
Public architecture: MB I mudbrick city-wall, MB I-II towers, MB II stone city-wall, MB II rampart,
MB III rampart, palace (Garstang's Hyksos palace), temple (?).
Funerary architecture: brick-built tombs and child burials on the tell, shaft-tombs in the nearby
necropolis.
Material culture: gold items, bronze items (weapons and tools), alabaster objects, faience
8 / 20
objects, cylinder seals, cylinder seal impressions, scarab seals, scarab seal impressions, bone
inlays, ostrich eggs, wooden furniture, wooden objects, leather, textile, basketry, clay figurines,
clay objects (chariot wheel, loomweights), bone objects and tools, stone mace-heads, shell
plaque, beads and pendants, stone weights, stone objects and tools, flint tools, pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, 48-72; Garstang 1930; 1931; 1932a, 15-17, 43-54; 1933;
1934; Garstang et al. 1936, 74; Garstang - Garstang 1948, 91-120; Kenyon 1951; 1952, 71-72;
1953, 90-95; 1954, 58-63; 1955, 115-117; 1956a, 79-81; 1957b, 210-255; 1960a, 106-107;
1960b, 263-518, 527-536; 1965, 167-478, 566-661; 1967a, 274-275; 1971, 17-26; 1981, 16,
108-111, 120-121, 167-171, 177-178, 215-219, 340, 346-370, 374-375; 1993, 679-680; Kenyon
- Holland 1982, 268-454, 558-561, 565-568, 618-621, 623-624, 635-637; Kenyon - Holland
1983, 52-58, 174-179, 243-245, 251-252, 395-472, 563-573, 725-727, 766-769, 774-776, 793,
800, 811-812, 814-815; Zeuner 1955b, 124-128; Bienkowski 1990; Marchetti - Nigro eds. 1998,
86-87, 97-197; 2000, 19-21, 165-281; Marchetti 1999; 2003b; Nigro 2006c, 25-35; 2007-2008;
2009a; 2009d, 216-219; Nigro - Taha 2009, 731-737; Marchetti 2003a, 304-316; Polcaro 2006,
259-261; Taha 2010, 37-38.
Late Bronze Age
Public architecture: "Middle Building".
Funerary architecture: shaft-tombs in the nearby necropolis (Garstang's Tombs 4, 5, 13).
Material culture: scarabs, stone tools, flint tools, pottery.
9 / 20
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, figs. 123-126, 133-141; Garstang 1933, 14-38; 1934,
102, 105-117, pls. XIII-XV; Garstang et al. 1936, 74-76; Garstang - Garstang 1948, 120-130;
Kenyon 1951; 1954, 61; 1957b, 256-263; 1960a, 107-108; 1971, 28; 1981, 340, 371; 1993, 680;
Kenyon - Holland 1983, 463-467, 471-472, 573; Bienkowski 1986; 1990; Holland 1988; Nigro
2006c, 35; Marchetti 2003a, 316-317.
Iron Age
Public architecture: IA II ḫilani-palace.
Funerary architecture: tombs both on the tell and the nearby necropolis.
Material culture: iron objects, bronze items (objects and tools), cylinder seal, scarab and
scaraboids seals, clay figurines, clay objects (loomweights), bone objects, beads, pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, 41, 67-82, pl. IV; Garstang 1932a, 37; 1933, 36-37, fig.
11; 1934, 102-104, 108, pl. XIII; Garstang et al. 1936, 76; Garstang - Garstang 1948, 147-150;
Kenyon 1952, 71; 1953, 95; 1957b, 263-264; 1965, 479-515; 1967a, 275; 1971, 28; 1981, 17,
111-113, 121, 171-173, 178, 219; 1993, 680; Kenyon - Holland 1982, 455-545, 555-557-558,
567, 569, 624, 637; Kenyon - Holland 1983, 58-84, 176, 179-181, 253, 573-575, 767-768, 801,
814-815; Franken 1974; Weippert - Weippert 1976; Bartlett 1982, 100; Marchetti - Nigro eds.
1998, 27-31, 119; Marchetti 2003a, 317-318; Nigro 2006c, 35.
10 / 20
Persian Period
Site typology: scattered materials.
Material culture: ostrakon with Aramaic inscription, stamp seal impressions, pottery.
Bibliography: Hammond 1957a; 1957b; Lemaire 1975; Kenyon 1993, 681; Kenyon - Holland
1982, 537-545.
Hellenistic Period
Material culture: stamp seal impressions, pottery.
Bibliography: Kenyon - Holland 1982, 537-545.
Roman Period
Site typology: architectural remains.
Domestic architecture: architectural remains, wine-presses.
11 / 20
Funerary architecture: tombs and graves both on the tell and in the nearby necropolis (among
which loculi, kokhim and grave-arcosolium).
Material culture: Greek inscription, ossuaries, wooden coffins, capitals, column drums,
drainpipes, faience objects, glass, beads, bronze objects, pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, 83-84; Kenyon 1953, 95; 1956a, 81; 1957b, 264; 1965,
516-545; 1971, 28-29; 1981, 17, 113, 121, 173-174, 178, 219; 1993, 681; Kenyon - Holland
1983, 181, 801; Zias 1982; Marchetti - Nigro eds. 1998, 106-107; Cirelli - Zagari 2000, 366-367;
Zagari 2000, 357-359.
Byzantine Period
Domestic architecture: re-used Roman villa (?), re-used wine-presses, houses.
Funerary architecture: tombs on the tell and in the nearby necropolis.
Material culture: marble furniture, wooden furniture, glass, bronze coins, metal (bronze and iron)
weapons and objects, bone objects and tools, stone objects and tools, pottery (amphorae,
lamps).
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, 82-92, 160-167; Garstang 1932a, 18; Kenyon 1952, 72;
1956a, 82; 1957b, 265; 1981, 113, 174; Kenyon - Holland 1983, 280, 816-817; Cirelli - Zagari
2000, 366-367; Zagari 2000, 357-365; Marchetti 2003a, 318; Nigro 2006c, 35-36.
12 / 20
Early Islamic Period (Umayyad Period)
Domestic architecture: huts.
Material culture: pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, 92-96, 169; Kenyon 1956a, 82; 1957b, 265; 1993, 681;
Cirelli - Zagari 2000, 368; Zagari 2000, 365.
Middle/Late Islamic Period
Material culture: pottery.
Bibliography: Marchetti - Nigro eds. 2000, 182; Zagari 2000, 365-366.
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085) Sultan, Tell es - Jericho - Tell es

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