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C.L.I.L. Lesson number two Greek Art
Liceo Scientifico M. Buonarroti – Monfalcone (GO) a.s. 2010-2011 C.L.I.L. Lesson number two Greek Art This lesson, the second of the four days’ workshop, concerns Greek and Roman art. The first lesson concerned a simplified approach to the elements, both structural and decorative, of the Greek temple, learning the main glossary we needed to describe the architectural parts of religious buildings. In the first part of this lesson we’ll analyse and complete the glossary to describe not only the elements but also the style, the composition and the figures, to be very effective in enabling a better understanding of the meaning and the value of the buildings. In the second part of the lesson I’ll display some pictures about the main subject, emphasizing the stylistic and structural features and the differences among the main masterpieces. In the third part we’ll use the new glossary by short sentences, explaining the characteristics of the artworks. The fourth one’ contains some exercises you will complete as well as your homework. On every sheet you’ll find a white side you can use to write and translate the words you don’t know. 1 Liceo Scientifico M. Buonarroti – Monfalcone (GO) a.s. 2010-2011 Lesson number two - First part THE GLOSSARY The framework of this glossary aims at clarity, grouping the words under the headings ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE, TECHNIQUE AND MATERIALS, STYLE AND COMPOSITION, AND FIGURES. ARCHITECTURE Building edificio Base basamento Temple tempio Column colonna Church chiesa Shaft fusto Cathedral cattedrale Groove scanalatura Basilica basilica Capital capitello Theater/re teatro Abacus abaco Anphitheater/re anfiteatro Echinus echino Sanctuary Santuario Trabeation trabeazione Stadium Stadio Architrave architrave Villa Villa Freeze fregio Abbey abbazia Methope metopa Landscape paesaggio Triglyph triglifo Cornice cornice To build costruire Pediment frontone To devise lasciare in eredità Cella cella To appear sembrare Doric Dorico To evolve sviluppare Ionic Ionico To devote dedicare Corinthian corinzio To feature avere un posto di primo piano Arch arco To provide fornire Vault volta To advance favorire Dome cupola To achive ottenere Apse Abside To convert trasfromare Narthex nartece To rest poggiare Roof tetto To support sostenere Aisle navata 2 Liceo Scientifico M. Buonarroti – Monfalcone (GO) a.s. 2010-2011 Lesson number two - First part THE GLOSSARY Civilization civiltà Head testa God dio Dress vestito Goddess dea Clothes indumenti Hierarchy gerarchia Fold piega Deity divinità Backdrop fondale Athlete atleta Boundary limite Male maschile Female femminile To match accoppiare Arm braccio To sculpt scolpire Leg gamba To carve incidere TECNIQUE AND Brass ottone Stone pietra MATERIALS Bronze bronzo Plaster intonaco Clay argilla Glass vetro Gold oro Wood legno Silver argento Ivory avorio To model modellare Marble marmo To shape formare modellare Iron ferro To break rompere Steel acciaio To point out far notare SCULPTURE 3 Liceo Scientifico M. Buonarroti – Monfalcone (GO) a.s. 2010-2011 Lesson number two - First part THE GLOSSARY STYLE AND Stylised stilizzato Wave onda COMPOSITION Flowing fluente Shape forma Undulating ondulato Descriptive descrittivo Simplified semplificato Soft contours contorni morbidi Careful accurato Stiff rigido Front view vista frontale To display mostrare Profile view vista di profilo To emphasize enfatizzare Horizontal orizzontale To highlight far risaltare Vertical verticale To stand out risaltare Linear lineare To conceive concepire Decorative decorativo To huddle (up) ammucchiare Proportion proporzione To group raggruppare Rhythmic ritmico To range disporre Calm Calmo Twodimensional bidimensionale Colossal gigantesco Espressive Espressivo Dignified Nobile Idealized idealizzato Dramatic Drammatico Realistic Realistico Flat Piatto Severe severo Foreshortened Scorciato Massive Imponente To signify significare Nude nudo (artistico) To imitate imitare Overlapping sovrapposto To depict raffigurare FIGURES 4 Liceo Scientifico M. Buonarroti – Monfalcone (GO) a.s. 2010-2011 Lesson number two - Second part THE PICTURES THE DORIC ORDER PEDIMENT ENTABLATURE COLUMN The Greek temple Tipology: IN ANTIS BASE PEDIMENT CORNICE METHOPE TRIGLYPH ENTABLATURE ARCHITRAVE ABACUS ECHINUS NACKING SHAFT CAPITAL COLUMN 5 Liceo Scientifico M. Buonarroti – Monfalcone (GO) a.s. 2010-2011 Lesson number two - Second part THE PICTURES THE GREEK TEMPLE – Ionic and Doric Order Doric Order Ionic Order acroterion pediment column entableture cornice frieze triglyph metope architrave volute abacus capital echinus shaft entasis plinth 6 Liceo Scientifico M. Buonarroti – Monfalcone (GO) a.s. 2010-2011 Lesson number two - Second part THE PICTURES GREEK SCULPTURE Archaic period Severe period Classical period Ellenistic period 7 Liceo Scientifico M. Buonarroti – Monfalcone (GO) a.s. 2010-2011 Lesson number two - Third part CONCEPTS The architecture The Greeks devised both the shape and the image of the “perfect” temple, which lasted over the centuries until the 19th century, after its rediscover at the beginning of the 15th century. The most important artistic novelties of Greek architecture were the Three Orders, They are the whole rules, both geometrical and mathematical, through which every architectural element of the temple is linked to all the others and to the whole building. The three Greek architectural orders are: Doric – Ionic – Corinthian. The Greek temples are also grouped according to their typology. The Doric Order flourished in the 7th century b.C., at the beginning of the Archaic Period, as well as the Ionic Order. The birth of the Corinthian one’ dates back to the 5th century b.C. The by far most important and famous typology of Greek temples is the so called “Periptero” in which a rectangle of columns surrounds a cell (naos). In front of the cell there is the pronaos, a little open space enclosed by three walls and, sometimes, even enclosed by two columns on the fourth side. Behind the cell there is often a second little open space, sometimes enclosed by two columns, as well as the pronaos, the so called Opistodomo. Inside the cell were placed the statues of gods and goddesses. 8 Liceo Scientifico M. Buonarroti – Monfalcone (GO) a.s. 2010-2011 Lesson number two - Third part THE CONCEPTS The sculpture The history of Greek Sculpture lasted from the seventh century b.C. to the Roman conquest (31 b.C.) and developed through four main periods: Archaic, Severe, Classical and Ellenistic. In the archaic period the human body, especially the male, was Greek sculptors’ main subject-matter, and it reflected both perfect beauty and moral order. The first free standing figures were the kouroi and korai, male and female types who did not represent real people, but athletes or deities. Both appear stiff, simplified and face towards the front. Less then a century later, in the severe period, the models evolved into more realistic images as the Discobolus, dated around 460 b.C., when the statue was no longer carved but the surfaces were modelled as to resemble a real body. Not many years separated the Discobolus from the Doryphoros, archetype of a more independent and flexible body, whose “contrapposto” becomes a chiastic principle so that the left arm holding the spear is balanced by the right leg engaged in movement, and the relaxed right arm is matched by the left leg. At the beginning of the Ellenistic period, with Lisippos’ Apoxyomenos, Greek statues changed Policletus’ rules abandoning idealized proportions and becoming more similar to a real man. The Greeks devised the perfect human body, an idealized image of man, whereas by Policletus’ rules, the so-colled “Canon”, every part of the body was linked to the whole body through correct proportions. This idea of human beauty will be rediscovered in the Renaissance and will last until the 19th century. 9 Liceo Scientifico M. Buonarroti – Monfalcone (GO) a.s. 2010-2011 Lesson number two - Fourth part YOUR HOMEWORK Texts 1. Choose a statue you’ve studied in the early lessons ( ex.: Cleobis, Moscophoros, Discobolus, Zeus Artemision, etc.) and describe it in at least four lines, underlining the features of the artistic period. Use the glossary. 1. Choose one of the typologies of the Greek temples we have studied, ask and answer at least three questions about the topic and also about the architectural order you better remember. Questions 1. Which was the earliest architectural order the Greeks invented and when did it flourish? 1. Which was the improvement of the sculpture from the Severe to the Classical period? (Answer writing only one line). 1. What were the main subjects of archaic Greek sculpture? 4. Copy the words of the glossary and write down the phonetic transcription by hand. Descriptions 1. Although they had idealized the human body, the Greeks tried to copy the features of the real man. Look for the statue of the classical period you prefer, describe it underlining both the real and the ideal elements. 1. Explain why the statues of the Parthenon's pediments are so innovative, who the sculptor of the masterpiece was and what is the name of the new technique he invented. 10
