Methods fo Colle ti g, Measu ig, ad Modeli g A ti it “pa es “

 Methods fo Colle ti g, Measu i g, a d Modeli g A ti it “pa es “ ott T. Ya iku Je
ife E. Gli k Eliza eth We tz Qu sha )hao A izo a “tate U i e sit Methods for Colle ting, Measuring, and Modeling A tivity Spa es A stra t I di idual a tio s a e oth o st ai ed a d fa ilitated the so ial o te t i hi h i di iduals a e e
edded. But esea h to test spe ifi h potheses a out the ole of spa e o hu a eha io s a d ell‐ ei g is o st ai ed the diffi ult of olle ti g a u ate a d pe so all ele a t so ial o te t data. We epo t o a p oje t i Chit a , Nepal, that di e tl add esses halle ges to olle ti g a u ate a ti it spa e data. Ou p oje t has t o ai s. Fi st, e ha e a ethodologi al ai to test if a o pute assisted i te ie i g CAI , ta let‐ ased app oa h to olle ti g a ti it spa e data as supe io to a pape ap‐ ased app oa h. Ou se o d ai as to test su sta ti e h potheses li ki g espo de ts’ de og aphi ha a te isti s to thei a ti it spa e patte s. Models f o ou se o d ai sho that despite th ee diffe e t a s of easu i g a ti it spa es, o e ha e o siste tl s alle a ti it spa es tha e , a d people ith o e edu atio ha e o e e pa si e a ti it spa es. Methods for Colle ting, Measuring, and Modeling A tivity Spa es Introdu tion, Ba kground, and Hypotheses I di idual a tio s a e oth o st ai ed a d fa ilitated the so ial o te t i hi h i di iduals a e e
edded. But esea h to test spe ifi h potheses a out the ole of spa e o hu a eha io s a d ell‐ ei g is o st ai ed the diffi ult of olle ti g a u ate a d pe so all ele a t so ial o te t data E t isle, ; “a pso et al., . U til e e tl , p io esea h has fo used ai l o eigh o hood o te t as the p i a so ial o te t that is ost ele a t to eha io . Resea he s, ho e e , a e i
easi gl looki g e o d the eside tial eigh o hood fo i po ta t a ke s of so ial o te t. “tudies f o de eloped setti gs fi d that i di iduals spe d elati el s all po tio s of thei da s i thei eside tial eigh o hood. This a e plai h so e studies ha e fou d eak o o i flue e of eigh o hood o te t o i di idual health a d ell‐ ei g, e e he these asso iatio s ha e ee st o gl p edi ted theo “ast & Pe le , ; C o de & “outh, ; Wodtke et al., . Measu i g the so ial o te t at i di iduals’ a ious a ti it spa es, hi h a e ot ou ded the eside tial eigh o hood, a o e ealisti all aptu e the so ial o te t to hi h i di iduals a e e posed. Fo e a ple, Calde et al. used the detailed lo atio data i the LAFAN“ to eate a spatial ap of i di iduals’ a ti it spa es. This allo s a oade o eptualizatio of so ial o te t, e ause it is ot e essa il tied to the espo de t’s eigh o hood ut efle ts the spa e i hi h i di iduals li e thei da ‐to‐da e pe ie es K a et al., . I aga i, Cohe , a d Fi h a gued that ig o i g e posu es to so ial o te t outside a i di idual’s eigh o hood a ias esti ates of asso iatio s et ee so ial o te t a d health out o es. Measu i g a ti it spa es e ui es detailed i fo
atio o he e ea h i di idual pa ti ipates i a ious do ai s of a ti it , su h as o su ptio , edu atio , p odu tio , a d e eatio . Colle ti g highl a u ate a ti it spa e data a e diffi ult. Fo e a ple, the LAFAN“ p oje t i Los A geles is a leadi g stud fo e a i i g li ks et ee pla e a d health, so ioe o o i s, a d fa il ell‐ ei g. LAFAN“ asked espo de ts fo p e ise lo atio data u e i add esses o oss‐st eets o the ph si al lo atio of pla es espo de ts f e ue ted, su h as g o e sto es, hu hes, a d p io eside es. E e though a ti it spa e data e e e uested of pla es just ithi “outhe Califo ia, o l a out th ee‐
fou ths of a ti it lo atio s e e su essfull geo oded Pe le & “ast , , p. . Colle tio of a ti it spa e data is e e o e halle gi g i a eas that do ot use u e i add ess s ste s, su h as de elopi g setti gs. Po ta le, ea a le GP“ data logge s a d o ile pho es offe the possi ilit of o ti ual o ito i g of a ti it spa es a d highl a u ate spatial easu e e t, ut these te h ologies ha e d a
a ks. The atte life of ost of these de i es is ot lo g e ough to e deplo ed ithout e ha gi g the espo de t du i g data olle tio Vaz uez‐P okope et al., . Ideall , a ti it spa es ould e e o ded fo at least a eek, gi e the diffe e es et ee eekda a d eeke d eha io . No u e tl a aila le ea a le GP“ data logge s a ope ate o ti uall ithout a ha ge fo a e ti e eek. Not o l does e ha gi g e ui e pa ti ipatio f o the espo de t ut it a ot e e e possi le fo data olle tio i populatio s ithout elia le ele t i it sou es. I additio , populatio su g oups ith li ited fa ilia it to o ile te h olog , su h as olde i di iduals, a ot e o fo ta le e ha gi g the de i es o thei o
. Usi g the te h olog of espo de ts’ o ile pho es is a p o isi g alte ati e fo esea h ith so e su g oups i so e lo atio s Matthe s, . But o ile pho e pe et atio is fa f o u i e sal, a d espo de ts a ot ag ee to pa ti ipate i a p oje t that the pe ei e as iolati g thei p i a e e the p oje t passes ethi al a d IRB e ie
. Fi all , a espo de t’s pe so al o ile de i e a
ot assist the olle tio of et ospe ti e data u less the esea he a o i e the espo de t a d/o data a ie to elease ad i ist ati e o auto ati all olle ted data . Be ause the a ti it spa es a
ot e efe e ed a add ess i a de elopi g setti gs, esea he s i these setti gs ha e o ti ued to el p i a il o easu i g so ial o te t that is tied to the eside tial eigh o hood. “u e s i de elopi g setti gs ofte ask if the e is o is ot a e tai t pe of o ga izatio o i f ast u tu e i the espo de t’s o
the ou da of the o
u it , su h as a s hool, hospital, o oad, ut u it is ofte a tifi ial. Alte ati el , so e data olle tio s ask ho fa a a the ea est o ga izatio is. This app oa h is take the Chit a Valle Fa il “tud , Me i a Fa il Life “u e , I do esia Fa il Life “u e , a d the Lati A e i a Mig atio P oje t. I apidl de elopi g setti gs, ho e e , the e a e ofte a s hools, a kets, a d health li i s i a d a ou d a gi e o
u it . K o i g o l the dista e to the ea est o ga izatio p o ides a t u ated easu e e t of o te t de oid of a ti it usage i fo
atio . I this pape , e epo t o a p oje t i Chit a , Nepal, that di e tl add esses these halle ges to olle ti g a u ate eigh o hood o te t a d a ti it spa e data i de elopi g o u al setti gs he e o p ehe si e u
e add ess s ste s a e ot used. Ou p oje t has t o ai s. Fi st, e ha e a ethodologi al ai to test if a o pute assisted i te ie i g CAI , ta let‐
ased app oa h to olle ti g a ti it spa e data as supe io to a pape ap‐ ased app oa h. Ou data olle tio pla a do l assig ed CAI o pape ap ode to espo de ts. We h pothesized that the CAI app oa h ould ield o e a u ate data. Ou se o d ai as to test su sta ti e h potheses li ki g espo de ts’ de og aphi ha a te isti s to thei a ti it spa e patte s. A ti it spa e esea h is a elati el e do ai , a d a al ti ethods a e ei g de eloped to est o eptualize a d a al ze these spatial data. Gi e ou k o ledge of the Chit a , Nepal, o te t, e o st u ted se e al p eli i a h potheses. Be ause poo health est i ts o ilit , people of poo e health ill ha e o e li ited a ti it spa es tha people i ette health. Be ause Nepal is a highl ge de ‐seg egated so iet , o e ’s a ti ities outside the ho e a e o e li ited elati e to e . We e pe t that o e ill ha e o e li ited a ti it spa es tha e . Although Chit a , Nepal, is p i a il ag i ultu al, the e a e g o i g oppo tu ities fo o ‐
fa
la o , su h as usi esses, a kets, shops, go e
e t, a d i dust ies. These o ‐fa
oppo tu ities usuall e ui e o e edu atio . We e pe t that i di iduals ith o e edu atio ill ha e o e e pa si e a ti it spa es e ause the ill ha e the oppo tu it to e gage ith o e i stitutio s a d o ga izatio s outside the ho e. I othe o ds, edu atio is asso iated ith o ‐fa
odes of p odu tio a d g eate i teg atio ith se i es a d o ga izatio s e o d the ho e. A o e, ou h potheses ha e ot spe ified hat e ea o e li ited o o e e pa si e a ti it spa es. I ou ethods se tio , e des i e se e al ope atio alizatio s e use to o e t ou a ti it spa e spatial data i to a ia les fo out a al ses. The data ha e e e tl ee olle ted, a d i this ief a st a t e o e ie the data olle ted, p ese t so e des ipti e statisti s, a d dis uss the pla
ed ulti a iate a al ses fo the o plete pape . Setting, Data, and Methods “i e , the Chit a Valle Fa il “tud CVF“ has e te si el easu ed so ial ha ge a d fa il eha io s i the Chit a Valle of Nepal. The Chit a Valle is feet a o e sea le el, a out iles south‐ est of Kath a du, the apital it of Nepal. Chit a is lo ated i the Te ai, a egio of lo ‐l i g plai s alo g the southe o de s of the ou t . This is a ideal lo atio fo ou p oposed p oje t. Fi st, the stud site is t pi al of a de elopi g a eas a d does ot use u e i add ess s ste s, hi h akes a e elle t lo atio fo testi g ou i st u e t. “e o d, the e is sig ifi a t a ia ilit a oss Chit a , a gi g f o u a to e u al a eas, hi h allo s us to test the i st u e t i a eas of de se a d spa se o te tual featu es a d a ti it spa es. I “u
e /Fall , e fielded a household, fa e‐to‐fa e su e of app o i atel i di iduals. The su e o sisted of oth a sta da d, i te ie ‐led st u tu ed uestio
ai e a d a spatial a ti it spa e o po e t. The a ti it spa e o po e t asked espo de ts a out the follo i g a ti ities of e e da life: goi g to s hool, shoppi g, isiti g a health p o ide , estau a ts, pla e of e plo
e t, o ship, e eatio , isiti g f ie ds/ elati es, a ki g, lu s/g oups, a d isiti g lo al go e
e t offi es. Fo ea h a ti it espo de ts e e asked if the did the a ti it i the past eek, ho a ti es i the past eek the did that a ti it , a d he e the a ti it as lo ated. If a espo de t did ot do a a ti it i the past eek fo e a ple a espo de t a ha e a usual do to , ut did ot isit the do to e e tl , the espo de t esti ated he he/o she last did the a ti it , a d i di ated the lo atio of the a ti it . Ho the lo atio of ea h a ti it as easu ed as a do l assig ed to espo de ts: ta let o pape . Co puter assisted i ter ie i g CAI ta let. App o i atel / of espo de ts e o ded the a ti it lo atio usi g a CAI app oa h. The ta let p og a as usto desig ed a d p og a
ed ou tea i C#, a d it as ad i iste ed o Wi do s ta lets. The CAI i te fa e s ee as ostl satellite i age a d allo ed espo de ts to easil lo ate the sel es o the ap. The i te fa e as fluid, pa
a le, a d zoo ed i a d out easil , u h like a ode ta let app. Although the i te ie e as al a s p ese t, the CAI i te fa e as desig ed to e app oa ha le a d eas to use, e e fo a o ‐e pe t. The goal as to i
ease espo de t e gage e t a d ake the i te ie olla o ati e. Figu e sho s the CAI i te fa e. Figu e Pape ap. App o i atel / of espo de ts e o ded a ti it lo atio o a pape ap. This as a la ge olled‐up ap of the Chit a stud a ea; the ap as app o i atel feet ide feet lo g. This allo ed espo de ts to see the ge e al a ea of Chit a a d ide tit ajo i te se tio s of oads, ut ot e ough to ide tif i di idual uildi gs. Methods for assessi g Hypothesis : Data a ura y of CAI ersus paper approa h. To assess the a u a of the lo atio data olle ted ith the ta let e sus pape odes, e eed so e efe e e poi t of the a tual lo atio s espo de ts i te ded to a k. Whe e olle ted the lo atio s, i oth ta let a d pape ode, e also asked fo the o plete a e a d add ess i fo
a ti ities. I Fall espo de ts atio fo a su set of , e a e u e tl g ou d t uthi g the a ti it spa e lo atio s fo a su set of e pla to g ou d t uth the a ti it lo atio s of ta let espo de ts a d pape espo de ts . I te ie e s ill isit the a ti it e tio ed i the data e.g., a s hool o estau a t o a k a d use a GP“ u it to a k the lo atio of the a ti it . This ill se e as the gold sta da d efe e e poi t. Dista e et ee this efe e e poi t a d the espo de t’s lo atio a ked ia ta let o pape ill se e as the depe de t a ia le fo assessi g a u a i assessi g the a u a of pape o ta let ode. The g ou d t uth data is e pe ted to e o pleted this fall. Methods for assessi g Hypothesis : li ki g respo de ts’ de ographi hara teristi s to their a ti ity spa e patter s. H pothesis i ol es su sta ti e h potheses a out de og aphi a kg ou d fa to s a d a ti it spa e patte s. We p edi ted that so e a kg ou d fa to s ould e asso iated ith o e li ited o o e e pa si e a ti it spa es. The e a e ultiple a s to o eptualize these a ti it spa es, ut he e e p ese t th ee diffe e t a s of thi ki g a out ho to eate a ia les f o the spatial a ti it spa e data. I ou i itial a al ses, e ha e est i ted the a ti ities to o l those that happe ed to the espo de t i the last eek. I additio , e ha e egu usi g o l the data f o the ta let ode, as these N=
ha e ee lea ed a d a aila le fo ou use. Co side a espo de t hose a ti it spa es i the past eek appea as i Figu e . Note: e ha e e o ed the ase la e satellite a d oad i age f o this Figu e i o de to p ote t espo de t o fide tialit . To gi e a se se of the s ale, the lo gest dista e et ee t o poi ts he e is a out . k . The e a e diffe e t a s to app oa h t a sfo
i g these spatial poi ts i to a assess e t of the e te t of this espo de t’s a ti it spa e. We ha e thus fa e plo ed th ee app oa hes: Nu
e of diffe e t a ti it lo atio s. This app oa h is the si plest a d it ig o es the spatial i fo
atio i the data. If o e o eptualizes a ti it spa e as the di e sit of diffe e t lo atio s a espo de t o upies, the a si ple ou t of lo atio s p o ides a iatio i a ti it spa es. As sho
i i Figu e , Pa el A, the espo de t i di ated diffe e t lo atio s i the past eek. Co e hull. The si ple u
e of diffe e t a ti it lo atio s ig o es the spatial dist i utio of a ti ities. T o espo de t a ha e the sa e u
e of a ti ities, ut if o e espo de t’s a ti ities all took pla e ithi the sa e ½ s ua e kilo ete a ea, the that espo de t’s a ti it spa e ould e thought of as o e li ited tha a espo de t hose a ti ities e e sp ead out a oss s ua e kilo ete s. A o e hull is the i i u o e pol go that o tai s a set of featu es, su h as poi ts. I sho t, it takes a olle tio of poi ts a d eates a easu e of a ea. I Figu e , Pa el N, the a ea of the o e hull is . s ua e kilo ete s A e age ea est eigh o s ANN . ANN al ulates the a e age dista e et ee ea h poi t a d all eigh o i g poi ts. This esults i a e to of a e age dista es, the le gth of hi h is the u
e of total poi ts. We the take the a e age of this as a a to su
a ize ho tightl luste ed the poi ts a e. The ea of the a e age ea est eigh o s fo the poi ts i Figu e is a out ete s. Ea h of these ope atio alizatio s ha e d a
a ks. The si ple ou t ig o es spatial i fo
The o e hull is e se siti e to outlie s, a d a
ot e pe fo
atio . ed o sets of a ti ities ith o l o t o poi ts. The a e age ea est eigh o s is slightl less se siti e to outlie s, ut still a e affe ted a st a lo atio that is fa f o the ai luste . Gi e the elati el e
ess of a ti it spa e data, the lite atu e does ot et offe lea guida e o hi h app oa hes a e ideal. The de og aphi a kg ou d fa to s e use i ou p eli i a odels a e self‐ ated health to s ale , ge de , a d ea s of edu atio . We also o t ol fo age, e plo
e plo
e t status o ‐fa
e t outside the ho e , a ital status u e tl a ied o ot . Results I the u e t pape , e p ese t a fe des ipti e statisti s a d si ple odels. B the ti e of PAA, e ill ha e the g ou d t uth data as ell as a o e o p ehe si e set of ulti a iate odels. Ta le I Ta le , e p ese t the des ipti e statisti s fo diffe e t o eptualizatio s of a ti it spa es. O a e age, espo de ts isited . u i ue lo atio s i the past eek. Of ou se, ou su e easu ed o l a li ited set of lo atio s s hool, e plo e s, li i s, et . , a d it is likel that espo de ts e gaged i a ti ities that e did ot assess. The o e hull ou di g these a ti ities a e aged . s ua e kilo ete s a d the a e age of the a e age ea est eigh o s et ee all a ti ities of a espo de t as . kilo ete s. Although these a e diffe e t et i s, the e a e so e si ila ities. Na el , a ti it spa es a e highl a ia le. The a i u alues a e a ti es g eate tha the ea . Fo the spatiall e pli it easu es o e hull a d a e age ea est eigh o s , the sta da d de iatio is g eate tha the ea . I the Chit a o te t, this high a ia ilit is e pe ted. Chit a is ag i ultu al a d a espo de ts ill ha e odes of p odu tio a d dail li es that a e e te ed o the house a d fa
us se i e a d oto ikes a e o
. Although the e is o , a s a e a a it a o g ost fa ilies, a d alki g o i
les a e the ai ode of t a spo tatio . This setti g is e diffe e t tha , fo e a ple, the U ited “tates he e o
uti g fo o k is o
o a d d i i g fo shoppi g, pleasu e, a d s hool is the o
. Thus life i Chit a is o e o fi ed spatiall , although the e a e i di iduals ho do t a el g eate dista es. Ta le Ta le p ese t the p eli i a eg essio esults. “e e al o
o the es e e ge f o the odels, e e though ea h depe de t a ia le is a diffe e t app oa h to easu i g a ti it spa e. The ost o siste t p edi to s a e ge de a d edu atio . Wo e i Chit a ha e sig ifi a tl o e li ited a ti it spa es tha e : the had a ti ities i . less lo atio s i the p io eek, the ou ded a ea i hi h thei a ti ities took pla e e e . s ua e k less tha e ’s, a d the a e age dista e et ee thei a ti ities as less tha e ’s. A fa to that o siste tl e pa ded a ti it spa es as edu atio . Respo de ts ith o e edu atio had o e a ti ities i diffe e t lo atio s a d had a ti ities sp ead a oss g eate a eas. The had g eate a e age dista e et ee a ti it lo atio s, i di ati g that thei a ti ities e e less tightl luste ed tha people ith less edu atio . Health did ot ha e a o siste t asso iatio ith a ti it spa es. “elf‐ ated health as ot elated to the u
e of a ti ities o the o e hull ou di g a ea, ut ette health as positi el a d sig ifi a tl asso iated ith g eate dista e et ee a ti ities a e age ea est eigh o s . The e ai i g o t ol p edi to s i the odel age, o ‐fa
a d o ‐ho e e plo
e t status, a d a ital status also sho ed so e hat i o siste t elatio ships. Olde people, people ith o ‐fa
e plo
e t, a d a ied i di iduals had sig ifi a tl o e a ti it lo atio s. Bei g a ied as asso iated ith sig ifi a tl la ge ou di g a eas, ut age a d e plo
e t did ot p edi t ou di g a eas. Dis ussion and Ne t Steps Ou e t steps a e to a al ze the g ou d t uth data a d fu the de elop ou ulti a iate odels. We a e e ou aged the o siste t effe ts of ge de a d edu atio o di e se o eptualizatio s of a ti it spa es. These asso iatio s a e st o gl g ou ded i theo a d also ha e i tuiti e appeal. The esults fo the othe p edi to s a e ot as o siste t, ut as e de elop o e efi ed easu es of a ti it spa es f o ou data e hope to ette aptu e the spatial dist i utio of hu a a ti it . Referen es Calde , C., Da iede , W., B o i g, C., K i o, L., K a , M., a d Pete so , R. . Esti atio of I di idual A ti it “pa es f o I o plete A ti it Patte Data. Asso iatio of A e i a Geog aphe s A ual Meeti g. C o de , K. a d “outh, “. . “patial a d Te po al Di e sio s of Neigh o hood Effe ts o High “ hool G aduatio . So ial S ie e Resear h Ja ua : ‐
. E t isle, B. . Putti g People I to Pla e. De ography, , ‐
. I aga i, “., Cohe , D., a d Fi h, B. . No ‐ eside tial eigh o hood e posu es supp ess eigh o hood effe ts o self‐ ated health, So ial S ie e a d Medi i e, ‐
. K a , M.P., Pete so , R.D., B o i g, C.R., Bu i gto , L., Calde , C.A., a d K i o, L.J. . Re o eptualizi g “o iogeog aphi Co te t fo the “tud of D ug Use, A use, a d Addi tio . I Geography a d Drug Addi tio , edited Y. Tho as, D. Ri ha dso , a d I. Cheu g, ‐
. Be li : “p i ge ‐Ve lag. Matth s, “. . “patial Pol ga a d the Hete oge eit of Pla e: “tud i g People a d Pla e ia Ego e t i Methods, So ial Disparities i Health a d Health Care, , ‐ . Pe le , A. & “ast , N. . Los A geles Fa il a d Neigh o hood “tud L.A.FAN“ O igi al RAND .i ps .u i h.edu/ gi‐
Use Guide, Wa e , Pu li Use. Ret ie ed f o http://
i /file? o p= o e&stud =
&ds= &file_id=
. “a pso , R.J., Mo e off, J.D., & Ga o ‐Ro le , T. . Assessi g "Neigh o hood Effe ts": “o ial P o esses a d Ne Di e tio s i Resea h. A ual Re ie of So iolgy, , ‐
. “ast , N. a d Pe le , A. . Fa il a d Neigh o hood “ou es of “o ioe o o i I e ualit i Child e 's A hie e e t. De ography, : ‐
Vaz uez‐P okope , G., “todda d, “., Paz‐“olda , V., Mo iso , A., Elde , J., Ko hel, T., “ ott, T. & Kit o , U. . Useful ess of o
e iall a aila le GP“ data‐logge s fo t a ki g hu a o e e t a d e posu e to de gue i us, I ter atio al Jour al of Health Geographi s, , ‐ . Wodtke, G., Ha di g, D., & El e t, F. . Neigh o hood Effe ts i Te po al Pe spe ti e: The I pa t of Lo g‐Te E posu e to Co e t ated Disad a tage o High “ hool G aduatio . A eri a So iologi al Re ie . : ‐
. Ta le : Des riptive Statisti s of A tivity Spa e Distri utions
Respo de t's p io eek a ti it spa e a ea
As easu ed u e of diffe e t lo atio s
As easu ed o e hull s k
As easu ed a e age ea est eigh o s k
N=
espo de ts
Mea
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Ta le : Multivariate Models
“elf‐Rated Health
Fe ale
Yea s Edu atio
Age
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Lo atio s i the P io Week
Co e Hull Bou di g A ea
A e age Nea est Neigh o s
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N=
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Figu e : Co pute Assisted I te ie A ti it “pa e Ta let I te fa e Figu e , Pa el A: A ti it Lo atio s i the Past Week fo a espo de t Figu e , Pa el B: Co e Hull of A ti it Lo atio s i the Past Week fo a espo de t