kasa koinè archeologica, sapiente antichità

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! University of Malta
Final report
on the study of
Roman Architectural Decoration in Malta
A study carried out in connection with
Work Package 2
'Censimento dei Monumenti di Eta' Preistorica, Romana e Medievale
di Influenza Siciliana a Malta',
part of the
INTERREG IIIA K.A.S.A. Project
2nd August 2007
David Cardona
BA (Hons.) arch.
List of Contents
1.0
Introduction and Project Objectives
1.1
2.0
3.0
4.0
Progress & Results
2.1
Database
2.2
The Catania Research – Research Overview
Evidence of Sicilian or South Italic influence on Maltese Architectural Fragments
3.1
General Considerations
3.2
Stylistic similarities and Differences
Conclusion
Bibliography
Figures
Methodology & Problems
3.2.1
Bases
3.2.2
Columns
3.2.3
Capitals
3.2.4
Entablatures
1.0
Introduction & Project Objectives
/@SDHMSGDXD@QSGDTMCDQRHFMDCV@RFHUDMSGDNOONQSTMHSXSNB@QQXNTS@RSTCXVGHBG
VNTKCRSTCXSGDEQ@FLDMSRNE5NL@M@QBGHSDBSTQ@KCDBNQ@SHNMOQDRDMSHM0@KS@@MCSNSQ@BD
SGQNTFG SGD R@LD EQ@FLDMSR @MX @QSHRSHB NQ SDBGMHB@K HMEKTDMBDR SG@S SGDX L@X G@UD G@C
EQNL SGD MDHFGANTQHMF ,RK@MC NE 6HBHKX 7GD BNMMDBSHNMR @MC SGD DWBG@MFD NE HMEKTDMBDR
ADSVDDM SGD SVN HRK@MCR G@UD ENQ KNMF ADDM RSTCHDC GNVDUDQ SGDRD RSTCHDR G@UD @KV@XR
BNMBDMSQ@SDCVHSGNMKXUDQXEDVDWBDOSHNMRNMBTKSTQ@KHMEKTDMBDRHMEKTDMBDRNESQ@CD@MC
HMEKTDMBDR NM RL@KKDQ BTKSTQ@K QDL@HMR SGD ENQDLNRS NE VGHBG ADHMF ONSSDQX RG@ODR @MC
CDBNQ@SHNM )NQ RNLD QD@RNM NQ @MNSGDQ SGD @QBGHSDBSTQ@K CDBNQ@SHNM @MC HSR @QSHRSHB
HMEKTDMBDR G@R DRB@ODC SGD @SSDMSHNM @MC SGD CDS@HKDC RSTCX NE RBGNK@QR @MC G@R MNQL@KKX
NMKX AD FQ@MSDC @ AQHDE LDMSHNM HM 5NL@M RSTCHDR 7GTR SGHR OQNIDBS OQNUHCDC @ TMHPTD
NOONQSTMHSX SN BNMCTBS RTBG @ KNMF @V@HSDC RSTCX @MC SGD TMCDQRHFMDC V@R FHUDM @M LNMSGBNMSQ@BSRS@QSHMFEQNLSGDMCNE-@MT@QX@RNMDNESGDMTLDQNTRQDRD@QBGOQNFQ@LR
RSTCXHMFSGDBTKSTQ@KDWBG@MFDRADSVDDM0@KS@@MC6HBHKXVGHBGVDQDADHMFBNMCTBSDCHM
BNMMDBSHNMVHSG:NQJ3@BJ@FDNESGD,MSDQQDF,,,$.$6$OQNIDBS
$R RS@SDC HM SGD BNMSQ@BS SGDQD @QD SVN L@HM NAIDBSHUDR ENQ SGD OQNIDBS @MC @BBNQCHMF SN
VGHBGSGDTMCDQRHFMDCHRSN
¤HCDMSHEX @MC BNLOHKD @M HMUDMSNQX NE SGD QDKDU@MS BTKSTQ@K @RRDSR SGQNTFG VQHSSDM
CNBTLDMS@SHNM @R VDKK @R DWS@MS L@SDQH@K QDL@HMR VGHBG @RRDSR RG@KK HMBKTCD SGD
@QBGHSDBSTQ@K CDBNQ@SHNM NE SGD ODQHRSXKD NE SGD 5NL@M CNLTR @MC SGD EQ@FLDMSR NE
RTBGCDBNQ@SHNMHMSGDRS@SDBNKKDBSHNMR@MCOQHU@SDBNKKDBSHNMRHM0@KS@¥
¤BNLOHKD @MC RTALHS @ QDONQS NM SGD L@SDQH@K VGHBG RG@KK HMBKTCD SGD QDRTKS NE SGD
@QBGHU@KQDRD@QBG@MCEHDKCVNQJ¥
7GD BNLOHK@SHNM NE SGD @ANUD LDMSHNMDC HMUDMSNQX HR DRRDMSH@K ENQ SGD ETKEHKLDMS NE SGD
OQNIDBS6HMBDSGDRDSSHMFTONESGD@QBG@DNKNFHB@KLTRDTL@MCSGDLTRDTLATHKSNUDQSGD
1
2
Point 3a in contract agreement
Point 3b in contract agreement
5@A@SCNLTRHMSGDEHQRSXD@QRNESGDSGBDMSTQXSGDRDEQ@FLDMSRG@UDADDMRSNQDCQ@SGDQ
SG@M CHROK@XDC HM SGD SVN LTRDTLR @MC @KSGNTFG SGDX VDQD OK@BDC HM SGD R@LD OK@BDR
SGDXG@UDMDUDQADDMRSTCHDC@R@RHMFKDAQ@MBGNERSTCX$B@S@KNFTDNQHMUDMSNQXNESGD
RTQUHUHMF EQ@FLDMSR AX RSTCXHMF SDWSR @MC CQ@VHMFR EQNL SGD SG SG @MC SG BDMSTQHDR
NMD B@M FDS @M HCD@ NE SGD MTLDQNTR EQ@FLDMSR SG@S G@UD MNV ADDM KNRS G@R SGTR MDUDQ
ADDM BNLOHKDC ,S V@R SGTR CDDLDC MDBDRR@QX SG@S @M DRRDMSH@K O@QS NE SGD OQNIDBS RGNTKC
HMBKTCDSGDB@S@KNFTHMFNESGDHSDLRSG@SVDQDSNADRSTCHDC7GHRV@RMNSNMKXHMSDMCDCSN
FQNTO SGD HSDLR SNFDSGDQ ATS @KRN OQNUHCDC SGD FQNTMC ENQ SGD CDS@HKDC RSTCX NE SGD
@QSDE@BSR 7GD C@S@A@RD OQNUHCDC @ CDS@HKDC CDRBQHOSHNM @MC OGNSNFQ@OGHB QDBNQC NE D@BG
@MC DUDQX @QSDE@BS @MC SGHR OQNUDC SN AD DRRDMSH@K CTQHMF SGD BNLO@Q@SHUD OQNBDRR NE SGD
0@KSDRDEQ@FLDMSRVHSGSGNRDHMD@RSDQM6HBHKX
1.1
Methodology & Problems
7GD OQNIDBS V@R CHUHCDC HMSN SVN L@HM O@QSR @MC SGDQDENQD SGDQD @QD SVN CHEEDQDMS
LDSGNCNKNFHDR@MCD@BGOQDRDMSDCHSRNVMOQNAKDLR@MCNARS@BKDR
$KKSGDRSTCHDCEQ@FLDMSRG@UDADDMB@S@KNFTDCHM@C@S@A@RDSG@SG@RADDMBNMRSQTBSDCENQ
SGHROQNIDBSNM@OQNFQ@LB@KKDC)HKD0@JDQ3QNAXSGDTMCDQRHFMDC7GDSGQDDENQLRNQ
CHUHRHNMRNESGDC@S@A@RDG@UD@KQD@CXADDMCDRBQHADCHMCDS@HKHMSGDOQDKHLHM@QXQDONQSNE
SGHROQNIDBSGNVDUDQ@AQHDECDRBQHOSHNMNESGDENQLRHR@RENKKNVR
*DMDQ@K 'DRBQHOSHNM VHKK BNMS@HM @KK SGD FDMDQ@K HMENQL@SHNM NE SGD EQ@FLDMS
HMBKTCHMF SGD B@S@KNFTD MTLADQ LD@RTQDLDMSR RS@SD NE BNMRDQU@SHNM @MC @ UDQX
CDS@HKDCCDRBQHOSHNMNESGDEQ@FLDMS@MC@MXCDBNQ@SHNMOQDRDMSNMHSRRTQE@BDEHF
5DK@SDC 'NBTLDMS@SHNM VHKK FHUD SGD HMENQL@SHNM NE SGD OQNUDM@MBD NE SGD
EQ@FLDMS SGD C@SD @MC MNSDR NM CHRBNUDQX @ AHAKHNFQ@OGX NE @MX OQDUHNTR
CNBTLDMS@SHNMNMSGDEQ@FLDMSNQSGDRHSDVGDQDHSV@RENTMC@MCOQDUHNTROHBSTQDR
@MCCQ@VHMFRNESGDEQ@FLDMS2MDLTRSAD@QHMLHMCSG@SSGDOQNUDM@MBDNELNRS
3
Submitted 15/6/2007
NESGDEQ@FLDMSRG@RMNSADDMQDBNQCDCAXSGDNQHFHM@KEHMCDQR@MCSGHRHMENQL@SHNMHR
RTAIDBSSN@U@HK@AHKHSXEHF
3GNSNRVHKKGNKCSGDOGNSNFQ@OGHBQDBNQCNESGDEQ@FLDMSSG@SG@RADDMS@JDMAXSGD
TMCDQRHFMDCENQSGHROQNIDBS2MDLTRSLDMSHNM@EDVOGNSNRSG@SG@UDADDMFDMSKX
FHUDMSNSGDTMCDQRHFMDCAX0Q'@MHDK&HKH@7GDK@SSDQ@QD@OOQNOQH@SDKXL@QJDCNM
SGDEHKDM@LDEHF
$KKSGDHMENQL@SHNMFHUDMG@RADDMS@JDM@MCHMOTSSDCAXSGDTMCDQRHFMDC@MCFQD@SB@QD
V@R S@JDM SN L@JD SGD HMENQL@SHNM @R @BBTQ@SD @R ONRRHAKD 0D@RTQDLDMSR VDQD S@JDM AX
LD@MRNESVN9DQLDDQB@KKHODQRNE@MNODMHMFRO@MNEBL@MCBLQDRODBSHUDKXSGD
K@SSDQ G@R ADDM AQNTFGS NUDQ EQNL $LDQHB@ ENQ SGD RNKD OTQONRD NE S@JHMF @BBTQ@SD
LD@RTQDLDMSRNEK@QFDHSDLRDRODBH@KKXBNKTLMRG@ESR@MCSGDHQCH@LDSDQR*QD@SB@QDV@R
@KRN S@JDM SN TRD SGD QHFGS SDQLR ENQ SGD FHUDM EQ@FLDMSR @MC SGDHQ CDBNQ@SHUD LNSHER $
FKNRR@QX V@R SGTR BQD@SDC VHSG SDQLR S@JDM EQNL U@QHNTR @QBGHSDBSTQ@K DMBXBKNO@DCH@R @MC
ANNJRQDK@SDCSNSGDRTAIDBSSNRTOONQSSGDTMCDQRHFMDCHMSGHRQDF@QC$R@KQD@CXCDRBQHADC
HMSGDLDSGNCNKNFXRDBSHNMNESGDOQDKHLHM@QXQDONQSSGDOGNSNFQ@OGHBQDBNQCV@R@KLNRS
DMSHQDKXS@JDMAXSGDTMCDQRHFMDCTRHMF@RLTBGDPTHOLDMS@RONRRHAKDSNOQDRDMSSGDHSDL
@ROQNEDRRHNM@KKX@RONRRHAKD$RL@MXOHBSTQDR@RVDQDRNLDSHLDRS@JDMENQ@RHMFKD@MC
EQNLSGDRDVDQDBGNRDMSGDADRSOGNSNRMDBDRR@QXSNOQDRDMSSGDEQ@FLDMS@MCHSRCDS@HKRHM
HSRDMSHQDSX
7GD BNLOHK@SHNM NE RTBG @ C@S@A@RD V@R MN D@RX ED@S @MC @ MTLADQ NE OQNAKDLR @QNRD
CTQHMFSGDVNQJRLNRSNEVGHBGBNTKCMNSADOQDUDMSDCNQBNMSQNKKDCAXSGDTMCDQRHFMDC
2MDNESGDL@HMOQNAKDLRDMBNTMSDQDCV@RSG@SNE@BBDRRHAHKHSX@MCKNFHRSHBR7GDEQ@FLDMSR
@QD RB@SSDQDC HM U@QHNTR OK@BDR @MC KNB@SHNMR @MC U@QHNTR ODQLHSR G@C SN AD HRRTDC AX
CHEEDQDMS DMSHSHDR RN SG@S SGDRD EQ@FLDMSR BNTKC AD CTKX QDBNQCDC 6TBG @ OQNAKDL V@R
DMBNTMSDQDC ENQ SGD EQ@FLDMSR BTQQDMSKX DWGHAHSDC @S SGD &@SGDCQ@K 0TRDTL HM 0CHM@
3DQLHRRHNM V@R FQ@MSDC ENQ SGD QDBNQCHMF NE SGD EDV EQ@FLDMSR HM SGD LTRDTL SN SGD
BNMCHSHNMSG@SSGDOHBSTQDRG@CSNADS@JDMAXSGDHQNVMOGNSNFQ@OGDQ@SSGDTMCDQRHFMDC§R
DWODMRD$KSGNTFGSGNRDSDQLRVDQD@BBDOSDCFDSSHMFGNKCNESGDODQRNMRQDPTHQDCSNRDS@
C@SDENQSGDEQ@FLDMSRSNADQDBNQCDCRDDLR@KLNRSHLONRRHAKD@MCSNC@SD@KK@SSDLOSHM
BNMS@BSHMFSGDMDBDRR@QXLTRDTLRS@EEG@UDADDMEQTHSKDRR
2MSGDNSGDQG@MC+DQHS@FD0@KS@G@R@KLNRSHLLDCH@SDKXFQ@MSDCODQLHRRHNMSNQDBNQC@KK
SGD EQ@FLDMSR HM HSR ONRRDRRHNM @MC NM @KK SGD RHSDR L@M@FDC AX HS 7GHR @KKNVDC SGD
TMCDQRHFMDCSNRSTCXSGDLNRSHLONQS@MS@MCLNRSQDOQDRDMS@SHUDNESGDEQ@FLDMSRHM0@KS@
+NVDUDQ @ MTLADQ NE E@BSNQR BNMMDBSDC VHSG SGD V@X SGD EQ@FLDMSR @QD BTQQDMSKX RSNQDC
G@UDBQD@SDCMNKHSSKDOQNAKDLR0NRSNESGDHLONQS@MSEQ@FLDMSR@MC@K@QFDODQBDMS@FDNE
SGD M@SHNM@K BNKKDBSHNM NE 5NL@M @QBGHSDBSTQ@K CDBNQ@SHNM @QD BTQQDMSKX HM SGD QDRDQUDC
BNKKDBSHNM SG@S HR RSNQDC @S SGD 0@QHSHLD 0TRDTL HM 9HSSNQHNR@ 7GDRD @QD CHUHCDC HMSN SVN
RSNQDR NMD @S SGD RDBNMC EKNNQ SG@S GNKCR KDRR SG@M G@KE NE SGD EQ@FLDMSR @MC NMD HM SGD
FQNTMC EKNNQ $KSGNTFG SGD TOODQ RSNQD OQDRDMSDC RNLD OQNAKDLR VHSG RO@BD @MC
L@M@FD@AHKHSXHSHRSGDFQNTMCEKNNQRSNQDSG@SOQDRDMSDCSGDAHFFDRSOQNAKDL7GHRADB@TRD
VGDMSGDEQ@FLDMSG@UDADDMSQ@MREDQQDCEQNLSGDHQOQDUHNTRDWGHAHSHNMRO@BD@SSGD5@A@S
CNLTR SN SGDRD RSNQDR SGDX G@C ADDM OK@BDC NM O@KKDSR @MC VDQD OK@BDC BKNRDKX SNFDSGDQ
@MC RNLD DUDM OHKDC NM SNO NE D@BG NSGDQ EHF 0NQDNUDQ SGDRD EQ@FLDMSR G@UD ADDM
RTQQNTMCDC@MCRNLDSHLDRKHSDQ@KKXBNUDQDCNUDQSGDXD@QRAXMTLDQNTRAN@SRVNNC@MC
NSGDQL@SDQH@K@RRNBH@SDCVHSGSGDVNQJRGNOOQDRDMSHMSGDR@LDRSNQDEHF7GTRRNLD
NESGDHSDLRBNTKCMNSADRSTCHDCOQNODQKXADB@TRDSGDXVDQDDHSGDQSNNGD@UXNQITRSBNTKC
MNSADLNUDCAXSGDTMCDQRHFMDCCTDSNNSGDQEQ@FLDMSRADHMFBKNRDKXRSNQDCMDWSSNSGDL
7GHR CQ@RSHB@KKX RKNVDC SGD VNQJHMF OQNFQDRR ADB@TRD FQD@S B@QD G@C SN AD S@JDM MNS SN
C@L@FDSGD@QSDE@BSRVGHKDDMRTQHMF@OQNODQ@MCCDS@HKDCCNBTLDMS@SHNM$KSGNTFGVNQJ
OQNBDDCDC UDQX RKNVKX HS V@R CDBHCDC SG@S RHMBD LNRS NE SGD HLONQS@MS EQ@FLDMSR VGDQD
RSNQDCSGDQDVNQJRRGNTKCOQNBDDCSNOQNODQKXCNBTLDMSSGDRDEQ@FLDMSRVGHKDNSGDQKDRR
HLONQS@MSEQ@FLDMSRG@UDADDMKDESENQ@ETSTQDRSTCX
+NVDUDQ SNFDSGDQ VHSG SGDRD EQ@FLDMSR VDQD @CCDC SGNRD EQ@FLDMSR SG@S @QD BTQQDMSKX
CHROK@XDCHMSGDHMSDQHNQNESGD5@A@SCNLTR%DHMFNMDNESGDEDVEQ@FLDMSRENQVGHBGVD
G@UD@RDBTQDOQNUDM@MBDSGDHSDLRNESGDCNLTRVDQDCDDLDCSNNHLONQS@MSSNADKDES
NTS$F@HMSGDCNBTLDMS@SHNMNESGDRD@QSDE@BSROQDRDMSDCRNLDOQNAKDLRHMSG@SSGDX@QD
CHROK@XDC HM @M NODM LTRDTL EHF 7GD @QSDE@BSR BNTKC SGTR MNS AD LNUDC @MC FQD@S
@SSDMSHNM V@R S@JDM SN TRD SNN LTBG DPTHOLDMS VGHBG VNTKC CHRQTOS SGD EKNV NE UHRHSNQR
SGQNTFG SGD CHROK@X 7GDRD OQNAKDLR VDQD GNVDUDQ CD@KS VHSG @MC SGDRD EQ@FLDMSR VDQD
CTKX QDBNQCDC 7GD EQ@FLDMSR BTQQDMSKX @S SGD A@BJ NE SGD R@LD RHSD OQDRDMSDC @MNSGDQ
*PC?RRF?LIQFCPCEMRM0PQ6SX?LL?F'C3?QOS?JC?LB0PQ6F?PML6SJR?L?UFMNPMKNRJWQCLRRFCGPNMQGRGTCPCNJGCQ
MLRFCGQQSC
4
RSNQX%DHMFRSNQDCNTSCNNQRHM@RHSDVGHBGG@R@OO@QDMSKXMNSADHMFS@JDMLTBGB@QDNEHM
SGDO@RSLNMSGRG@RQDRTKSDCHMSGDEQ@FLDMSRADHMFKHSDQ@KKXBNUDQDCNUDQHMUDFDS@SHNM$M
@SSDLOSV@RL@CDSNQDLNUDSGDVDDCR@QNTMCRNLDNESGD@QSDE@BSRATSSGHRV@RENTMCSN
ADSNNSHLDBNMRTLHMFENQSGDR@JDNESGHROQNIDBS@MCVNQJV@RSGTRBNMBDMSQ@SDCNMSGD
@QSDE@BSRHMSGD0@QHSHLD0TRDTL
$R @KQD@CX RS@SDC HM SGD OQDKHLHM@QX QDONQS @ NMD UHRHS SN &@S@MH@ V@R CNMD AX SGD
TMCDQRHFMDC ADSVDDM SGD SG @MC SG NE -TKX VHSG SGD OQHMBHO@K @HL NE RSTCXHMF @MC
F@SGDQHMF @R LTBG HMENQL@SHNM NM SGD @QBGHSDBSTQ@K CDBNQ@SHNM NE 5NL@M ATHKCHMF HM SGD
@QD@ 0 NE SGD SHLD V@R RODMS HM SGD KHAQ@QX NE SGD @QBG@DNKNFHB@K HMRSHSTSD VHSGHM SGD
8MHUDQRHS@§'DFKH6STCHCH&@S@MH@@MCCTQHMFSGHRSHLDUNKTLDRVDQDKNNJDC@SSNF@SGDQ@R
LTBGHMENQL@SHNMDRODBH@KKXOHBSTQDRC@SHMF@MC@KKNSGDQENQLRNEC@S@VGHBGBNTKCSGQNV
KHFGSNM@MXSQ@BDRNE@QSHRSHBHMEKTDMBDRADSVDDMSGDSVN8MENQSTM@SDKXSGDKHAQ@QXG@RMN
@BBDRRHAKD CHFHS@K B@S@KNFTD RN @KK SGD QDRD@QBG G@C SN AD CNMD AX FNHMF SGQNTFG SGD
DWSDMRHUD B@QC B@S@KNFTD @MC RDKDBSHMF SGD ANNJR @MC @QSHBKDR SG@S BNTKC AD NE @MX
HLONQS@MBD7GHRV@RNEBNTQRDSHLDBNMRTLHMF@MCSGDNODMHMFGNTQRNESGDKHAQ@QXVGHBG
NMKXNM7TDRC@XR@MC7GTQRC@XRNODMRHMSGD@ESDQMNNMCHCMNSGDKO7GDTMCDQRHFMDCV@R
KTBJHKX@HCDCAX'Q)7Q@O@MHVGNG@UHMFRSTCHDCSGD@QBGHSDBSTQ@KEQ@FLDMSRGDQRDKEG@R
OQNUHCDCSGDSHSKDRNESGDLNRSHLONQS@MS@QSHBKDR@MCANNJR@KSGNTFGEDV7GDMTLADQNE
ANNJRSG@SBNTKCADRSTCHDCADB@LDDUDMEDVDQADB@TRDRNLDNESGDLBNTKCDHSGDQMNSAD
ENTMC NQ VDQD MNS @U@HK@AKD HM SGD KHAQ@QX 7GTR SGD TMCDQRHFMDC G@C SN L@JD VG@SDUDQ
V@RONRRHAKDVHSGSGDKHLHSDCHMENQL@SHNM@U@HK@AKDSGDQD
$O@QSENQLQDRD@QBGHMFSGDKHAQ@QXSHLDV@R@KRNENTMCSNUHRHSRNLDRHSDRNEHLONQS@MBDENQ
SGHR RSTCX 7GD EHQRS SN AD UHRHSDC VDQD SGD RHSDR HM 6XQ@BTRD VGHBG HR @ANTS @M GNTQ CQHUD
RNTSGNE&@S@MH@7GD5DFHNM@K0TRDTLM@LDC@ESDQ3@NKN2QRHV@RSGDEHQRSSNADUHRHSDC
1TLDQNTREQ@FLDMSRVDQDENTMCKXHMFHMSGDF@QCDMRNESGDLTRDTLGNVDUDQSGDRDVDQD
@KK TMK@ADKKDC @MC SGTR MDHSGDQ OQNUDM@MBD MNQ @MX C@SHMF BNTKC AD FHUDM ENQ SGDL EHF
P 0NQDNUDQ SGD RDBSHNM HM SGD 0TRDTL @ANTS 6XQ@BTRD V@R BKNRDC @MC SGD 5NL@M
RDBSHNMCHCMNSOQNUHCDVHSG@MXDW@LOKDRNE@QBGHSDBSTQ@KCDBNQ@SHNM7GD$QBG@DNKNFHB@K
3@QJ NE 6XQ@BTRD V@R @KRN UHRHSDC $O@QS EQNL SGD L@FMHEHBDMS QDL@HMR NE SGD SGD@SQD @MC
@LOGHSGD@SQD NMKX EDV EQ@FLDMSR K@X RB@SSDQDC @QNTMC SGD DMSQ@MBD SN SGD @LOGHSGD@SQD
@MC@F@HMSGDRDVDQDMNSK@ADKKDC8MENQSTM@SDKXSGD*XLM@RHNHM6XQ@BTRD@KSGNTFGUDQX
HLONQS@MS ADB@TRD HS GNKCR MTLDQNTR @QBGHSDBSTQ@K EQ@FLDMSR BNTKC MNS AD UHRHSDC CTD SN
QDETQAHRGHMF@MCBKD@MHMFVNQJR
2MBDA@BJHM&@S@MH@@UHRHSV@RO@HCAXSGDTMCDQRHFMDC@MC'Q7Q@O@MHSNSGDLTRDTL
@S&@RSDKK§8QRHMN$KSGNTFGMTLDQNTREQ@FLDMSRVDQDENTMCFQNTODCHMNMDBNQMDQNESGD
BDMSQ@K BNTQSX@QC SGDRD VDQD @F@HM TMK@ADKKDC @MC B@M SGTR NMKX AD TRDC ENQ RSXKHRSHB
RHLHK@QHSHDRATSMNSENQC@SHMFEHF7GDSGD@SQD@MC2CDNM@S&@S@MH@VDQD@KRNUHRHSDC
)Q@FLDMSR@QDCHROK@XDCHM@RL@KK@MSHPT@QHTL@SS@BGDCSNSGDRL@KKRSQTBSTQDR@MCHMSGD
SGD@SQD GNVDUDQ NMKX @ EDV OHBSTQDR NE SGD EQ@FLDMSR KXHMF NTSRHCD BNTKC AD S@JDM RHMBD
OGNSNFQ@OGR @QD MNS ODQLHSSDC @MXVGDQD VHSGHM SGD RHSD EHF $MNSGDQ RHSD SG@S V@R
UHRHSDC V@R SGD B@SGDCQ@K NE &@S@MH@ 7GD QDATHKCHMF NE SGHR B@SGDCQ@K G@R DLOKNXDC
MTLDQNTRBNKTLMRA@RDR@MCB@OHS@KREQNL5NL@MRHSDRLNRSNEVGHBGONRRHAKXS@JDMEQNL
SGD SGD@SQD EHF +NVDUDQ SGD GDHFGS NE SGD BNKTLMR K@BJ NE FNNC KHFGSHMF @MC
VNQRGHOODQRG@UDRNLDVG@SOQDUDMSDCSGDB@QDETKRSTCXHMFNESGDRDEQ@FLDMSR@MCNMKX@
EDVOHBSTQDRBNTKCG@UDADDMS@JDM7GDK@SSDQG@UHMFADDMS@JDMHMONNQKHFGSG@UDSTQMDC
NTSSNADNEUDQXONNQPT@KHSX
2.0
Progress & Results
2.1
Database
7GDC@S@A@RDBNMS@HMRSGDHMENQL@SHNM@MCETKKB@S@KNFTDNEEQ@FLDMSRVGHBG@R@KQD@CX
DWOK@HMDC@ANUDBNMRHRSNESGDEQ@FLDMSRRSNQDC@SSGD0@QHSHLD0TRDTLHM9HSSNQHNR@@MC
SGNRD SG@S @QD BTQQDMSKX CHROK@XDC @S SGD 5NL@M 'NLTR +NVDUDQ NTS NE SGDRD EQ@FLDMSROHDBDRG@UDADDMHCDMSHEHDCEQNLU@QHNTRRHSDR@QNTMCSGD0@KSDRD,RK@MCR7GDRD
BNMRHRSNE
EQ@FLDMSRENTMC@SSGDSNVDQNE7@§õ@VG@QEEEEHF
EQ@FLDMSR SG@S G@UDADDM BDQS@HMKX ENTMC @S SGD 5@A@S 'NLTR E E E E
EEEHF
EQ@FLDMSREQNLSGDEHDKCJMNVM@RõMHDMHR6TKS@MEEEEHF
EQ@FLDMSRVGHBGVDQDOQNA@AKXENTMC@SSGD5@A@S'NLTRATSBNTKCMNSLDSNKC
VHSGBDQS@HMSXEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
E
EQ@FLDMSR VGHBG VDQD ONRRHAKX ENTMC CTQHMF CQDCFHMF VNQJR BNMMDBSDC VHSG SGD
3NQSN1TNUNHM0@QR@EE
8MENQSTM@SDKXSGDQDL@HMHMFEQ@FLDMSR@QDRSHKKVHSGNTSOQNUDM@MBD@MCVHKKOQNA@AKX
QDL@HMRNTMKDRRRNLDMDVCHRBNUDQXL@SDQH@KNQKHSDQ@KHRENTMC
2.2
The Catania Research – Research Overview
7GDQDRD@QBGHM&@S@MH@B@MADCHUHCDCHMSNSVNSGDQDRD@QBGBNMCTBSDCHMSGDKHAQ@QXNE
SGD'DO@QSLDMSNE$QBG@DNKNFX@MCSGDUHRHSHMFNERHSDRSNUHDVSGDEQ@FLDMSRVHSGHMSGDL
$R @KQD@CX DWOK@HMDC @ANUD RNLD OQNAKDLR G@UD ADDM DMBNTMSDQDC CTQHMF SGD QDRD@QBG
BNMCTBSDC HM SGD /HAQ@QX HM 9H@ 6@M *HTKH@MN 7GD @HL NE SGD TMCDQRHFMDC V@R SN FN SN
QDRD@QBGSGHRKHAQ@QXSN@BPTHQD@RL@MX@QSHBKDROHBSTQDR@MCNSGDQQDK@SDCCNBTLDMS@SHNM
NM SGD 5NL@M @QBGHSDBSTQ@K CDBNQ@SHNM NE 6HBHKX +NVDUDQ SGD @QSHBKDR SG@S G@UD ADDM
ENTMCNMSGDRTAIDBS@LNTMSSNITRSSGQDD@MC@KKNESGDLG@UDADDMVQHSSDMAXSGD,S@KH@M
3@SQHYHN3DMR@ADMD
7GDEHQRSNESGDRD@QSHBKDRQDK@SDRNMSGD@QBGHSDBSTQ@KCDBNQ@SHNMNESGD5NL@MUHKK@@S
3H@YY@$QLDQHM@7GHR@QSHBKDKHRSRSGDU@QHDSHDRNE@QBGHSDBSTQ@KCDBNQ@SHNMRENTMCHMSGDUHKK@
VHSGRODBH@KHMRHRSDMBDNMSGDB@OHS@KR7GDSDWSHR@BBNLO@MHDCAXOGNSNFQ@OGRNMKXNE
VGHBGRGNVEQ@FLDMSRSG@S@QDMNSB@OHS@KR7GDTMCDQRHFMDCG@RSGQNTFGSGDNEEHBH@KSGHBJ
ANNJSG@SRDQUDR@R@QDONQSENQSGDDWB@U@SHNMRNESGDR@LDUHKK@ENQETQSGDQHMENQL@SHNMNM
SGDEQ@FLDMSRGNVDUDQUDQXQ@QDKXCN@QBGHSDBSTQ@KEQ@FLDMSRBNLD@SRS@JD@MCMNFNNC
HKKTRSQ@SHNMR@QDFHUDM
7GD RDBNMC @QSHBKD HR CHUHCDC HMSN SGQDD RDBSHNMR VGHBG CD@K NM SGD @QBGHSDBSTQ@K
CDBNQ@SHNM SGD TRD NE L@QAKD @MC SGD HLONQS@SHNM NENQHDMS@K @QSDE@BSR HM 5NLD ,S@KX @MC
1NQSG$EQHB@ADSVDDMSGDRDBNMC@MCRHWSGBDMSTQHDR$'7GHR@QSHBKDHRBNMRHCDQDC@RNMD
NESGDLNRSHLONQS@MSENQSGDRSTCXNE@QBGHSDBSTQ@KEQ@FLDMSRHMSGDBDMSQ@K0DCHSDQQ@MD@M
@R HS FHUDR CDRBQHOSHNMR KHRSR @MC EHFTQDR NE @QSDE@BSR ,S @KRN FHUDR @ CDS@HKDC @BBNTMS NE SGD
5
Ampolo, C., Carandini, A., Pucci, G., Pensabene, P., 1971: La Villa di Piazza Armerina, Appendice II; gli elementi
decorative architettonici, in Melanges De L’ecole Franciase de Rome Antique, vol.83, 1, pp 207-233
6
Pensabene, Patrizio, 1986; La Decorazione Architettonica, l’Impiego del Marmo e l’Importazione di manufatti orientali
a Roma, in Italia e in Africa (II-IV DC), in Giardina, Andrea (ed.), Societa’ Romana e Impero Tardoantico, vol. III; le
merci, gli insediamenti, Editori Laterza, pp285- 429
@QBGHSDBSTQ@K CDUDKNOLDMSR SG@S NBBTQQDC HM SGD BDMSTQHDR SG@S SGHR @QSHBKDR CD@KR VHSG
+NVDUDQSGHR@QSHBKDCD@KROQHL@QHKXVHSG@QBGHSDBSTQ@KEQ@FLDMSRSG@SVDQDHLONQSDCNQG@C
CHQDBS HMEKTDMBD EQNL SGD D@RSDQM OQNUHMBDR 7GTR HS QTKDR NTS SGD HMCHFDMNTR RSXKDR NE
RNTSGDQM,S@KX@MCNMKXFHUDR@BBNTMSNESGDEQ@FLDMSRNED@RSDQMNQHFHMR$MNSGDQOQNAKDL
VHSGSGHR@QSHBKDHRSGDE@BSSG@SHSNMKXCD@KRVHSGB@OHS@KRANSG&NQHMSGH@M@MC&NLONRHSD
@MCL@QAKDR@QBNOG@FH1NLDMSHNMHRSGTRL@CDNE@MXCDBNQ@SDC@QBGHSDBSTQ@KDKDLDMSR
/@RSKX SGD @QSHBKD NMKX CD@KR VHSG SGD ODQHNC ADSVDDM SGD MC @MC SG BDMSTQHDR $' @MC
SGDQDENQDCNDRMNSS@JDHMSN@BBNTMSSGDOQDBDCHMFBDMSTQHDR+NVDUDQSGD@QSHBKDV@RRSHKK
CDDLDCNEFQD@SHLONQS@MBDRHMBDHSB@MGDKOSNSQ@BD@MXNQHDMS@KNQHFHMRSG@S@MXB@OHS@KR
HM0@KSDRDBNMMDBSHNMRBNTKCG@UD
7GD K@RS @QSHBKD HR CHQDBSKX BNMMDBSDC VHSG SGD BHSX NE &@S@MH@ HM @R HS CD@KR VHSG SGD
@QBGHSDBSTQ@K CDBNQ@SHNM NE SGD 5NL@M 7GD@SQD NE &@S@MH@ 1NS G@UHMF ADDM @AKD SN S@JD
OGNSNFQ@OGRNESGD@QBGHSDBSTQ@KLDLADQRNMCHROK@XHMSGDSGD@SQDHSRDKESGHRHRNMDNESGD
NMKXRNTQBDRSG@SOQNUHCDOGNSNFQ@OGRNESGDR@HCHSDLRSGTR@KKNVHMFCHQDBSBNLO@QHRNMR
SN AD L@CD VHSG 0@KSDRD EQ@FLDMSR 7GHR @QSHBKD RSTCHDR SGD @QBGHSDBSTQ@K EQ@FLDMSR SG@S
VDQDRSTCHDCAX3DMR@ADMDCTQHMFGHRBNKK@ANQ@SHNMNMQDRSNQ@SHNMVNQJRBNMCTBSDCHMSGD
R@HC RHSD ADSVDDM @MC 7GD RSTCX BNMBDMSQ@SDR LNRSKX NM SGD @QBGHSDBSTQ@K
DKDLDMSR NE SGD RBDM@D @MC FHUDR ANSG @ CDS@HKDC CDRBQHOSHNM NE SGD FDMDQ@K CDBNQ@SHUD
RBGDLD@RVDKK@R@RGNQSB@S@KNFTDNESGDRTQUHUHMFEQ@FLDMSR
$LNMFSGDU@QHNTRNSGDQ@QSHBKDR@MCANNJR@QDRNLDVGHBG@KSGNTFGMNSCHQDBSKXQDK@SDCSN
SGDRTAIDBSNQ@QBGHSDBSTQ@KCDBNQ@SHNMHM6HBHKXOQNUHCDL@HMKXSGQNTFGSGDHQOHBSTQDR@MC
OK@SDR U@KT@AKD HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS EQ@FLDMS ENTMC HM 6HBHKX $LNMF SGDRD HR SGD ANNJ AX
5-$ :HKRNM NM 6HBHKX CTQHMF SGD 5NL@M (LOHQD 7GHR ANNJ OQNUHCDR @ FDMDQ@K HMRHFGS NM
SGDU@QHNTR@RODBSRNESGD6HBHKH@MOQNUHMBDCTQHMFSGD5NL@M(LOHQDHMBKTCHMF@RDBSHNM
NM @QBGHSDBSTQD 7GD K@SSDQ HR GNVDUDQ SNN FDMDQ@K @MC OQNUHCDR UDQX KHSSKD HMENQL@SHNM
RTHS@AKDENQSGHROQNIDBS2MSGDNSGDQG@MCSGDOGNSNFQ@OGRNEU@QHNTREQ@FLDMSR@MCRHSDR
OQDRDMSDCHMSGHRANNJG@UDOQNUDCSNADPTHSDTRDETK
Pensabene, Patrizio, 2005: La Decorazione Architettonica del Teatro di Catania, in Gigli, Rossella, MEΓAΛAI
NHΣOI:QRSBGBCBGA?RC?*GMT?LLG5GXX?NCPGJQSMMRR?LRCQGKMAMKNJC?LLMTMJ&MLQGEJGM1?XGML?JCBCJJC5GACPAFC
,%$0&?R?LG?
8
Wilson, RJA, Sicily Under the Roman Empire: the archaeology of a Roman province.
7
$KRN NE RNLD HLONQS@MBD VDQD RODBH@KHRDC ANNJR NM SGD U@QHNTR U@QH@SHNMR NE &NQHMSGH@M
B@OHS@KRHMCHEEDQDMS@QD@RNESGD5NL@M(LOHQD8MENQSTM@SDKX@KKSGDRDANNJR@QDVQHSSDMHM
*DQL@M@K@MFT@FDSG@SSGDTMCDQRHFMDCCNDRMNSTMCDQRS@MC+NVDUDQ@KKSGDRDRSTCHDR
OQDRDMSDC @M DWSDMRHUD OGNSNFQ@OGHB QDBNQC EQNL SVN NE VGHBG BNTKC AD R@LOKDC
EQ@FLDMSREQNL6HBHKX7GDANNJAX/@TSDQ%TEDHRDRODBH@KKXHLONQS@MSHMSGDE@BSSG@SHS@KRN
QDOQDRDMSR@B@OHS@KMNVNMCHROK@XHMSGD5@A@S'NLTREEHFR
2SGDQANNJR@MC@QSHBKDRG@UDADDMRJHLLDCSGQNTFGHMGNODSG@SSGDXBNTKCG@UDFHUDM
RNLDLNQDHMENQL@SHNMATS@KKOQNUDCPTHSDEQTHSKDRR7GDKHRSNESGHRKHSDQ@STQDHR@RENKKNVR
9
%DB@SSH*HNU@MMH
/§$QSD5NL@M@*@QY@MSH,S@KX
??????????????
/§$QSDCDKK§(S@§&K@RRHB@6@MRNMH(CHSNQD
%H@MBGH%@MCHMDKKH5@MTBBHN
/§$QSD5NL@M@(CHSNQH5HTMHSH5NL@
%TBBGH/DSHYH@
,K 6@MST@QHN CH $ONKKN 7DLDMHSD 3QDRR NHK 7D@SQN $MSHBN CH 6HQ@BTR@ TMOTAKHRGDC
CHRRDQS@SHNM
)QDXADQFDQ.K@TR6
6S@CSQNLHRBGD.@OHSDKKD@TRCDQ=DHSUNM'NLHSH@MAHR$KDW@MCDQ6DUDQTR9DQK@F
3GHKKHOUNM=@ADQM*DQL@MX
2QRH3@NKN
RBNODQSD$QBGDNKNFHBGDHM6HBHKH@DWSQ@BSDCEQNL1NSHYHD'DFKH6B@UHE@RBHBNKH
'NSS*HNU@MMH%@QCH5NL@
3@KKNSSHMN0@RRHLN
&HUHKS@§ 5NL@M@ @QSD EHFTQ@SHUD D NQM@LDMS@KD &@R@ (CHSQHBD &@QKN &NKNLAN
,S@KX
6BGpQMDQ*tMSGDQ
5pLHRBGD5@MJDMEQDHRD9DQK@F3GHKKHOUNM=@ADQM*DQL@MX
7DMMDX)Q@MJ
Lauter-Bufe, Heide, 1987: Die Geschichte Des Sikeliotisch-Korinthischen Kapitells, Philipp von Zabern, Germany and
Kahler, H. 1939: Die Romischen Kapitelle Des Rheingebietes, verlag von Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin
10
Lauter Bufe 1987: p24, n.34, taf. 17
5NL@M %THKCHMFR NE SGD QDOTAKHB @M @SSDLOS SN C@SD SGDL EQNL SGDHQ L@SDQH@KR
3@ODQR @MC 0NMNFQ@OGR NE SGD $LDQHB@M $B@CDLX HM 5NLD UNK ,,, $LDQHB@M
$B@CDLXHM5NLD
:HKRNM5-$
/@7NONFQ@EH@CDKK@&@S@MH@5NL@M@3QNAKDLHDOQNRODSSHUDHM*DMSHKH%QTMN
DC&@S@MH@$MSHB@@SSHCDKBNMUDFMNCDKK@6,6$&&@S@MH@0@FFHN
,RSHSTSN(CHSNQH@KDD3NKHFQ@EHBH,MSDQM@YHNM@KH3HR@@MC5NLD
$R @KQD@CX RS@SDC @ANUD RHSDR @MC 0TRDTLR VDQD @KRN UHRHSDC HM NQCDQ SN FDS @R LTBG
HMENQL@SHNM@RONRRHAKDNESGDRHSDR@MCSGDEQ@FLDMSRNQ@QBGHSDBSTQ@KCDBNQ@SHNMENTMCNQ
RSNQDCVHSGHMSGDL7GDRHSDRSG@SVDQDUHRHSDCG@UD@KQD@CXADDMKHRSDC@ANUDRNSGDXVHKK
MNSADQDOD@SDC:G@SB@MADR@HCHMSGHRRDBSHNMHRSG@S@KSGNTFGMTLDQNTROHBSTQDRVDQD
S@JDMEQNLSGD&@SGDCQ@KNE&@S@MH@&@RSDKK§8QRHMN@MCSGD3@NKN2QRH0TRDTLSGDUHRHSR
VDQDRSHKKRNLDVG@SCHR@OONHMSHMFHMSGDE@BSSG@SLNRSNESGDEQ@FLDMSR@QDKXHMF@QNTMCHM
SGD F@QCDMR @MC BNTQSX@QCR NE SGD R@HC RHSDR VHSG MN K@ADKKHMF OQNUDM@MBD NQ C@SHMF
@U@HK@AKDEHFR
3.0
Evidence of Sicilian or South Italic influence on Maltese Architectural
Fragments
3.1
General Considerations
7GDTMCDQRHFMDCG@RTMCDQFNMDSGHRRSTCXVHSGSGDL@HM@HLNESQ@BHMF@MXHMEKTDMBDRSG@S
SGD @QBGHSDBSTQ@K RSXKDR @MC CDBNQ@SHNMR NE 5NL@M 6HBHKX BNTKC G@UD G@C NM RHLHK@Q
EQ@FLDMSRHMSGD0@KS@+NVDUDQNMDLTRSJDDOHMLHMCSGDE@BSSG@SSGDSVNHRK@MCRRSHKK
QDL@HMCHRSHMBSEQNLD@BGNSGDQ@MC@CDUDKNOLDMSSG@SNBBTQRHMNMDNESGDHRK@MCRCNDR
MNSMDBDRR@QHKXNBBTQHMSGDNSGDQ
,ME@BSNMDB@MRDDBKD@QCHEEDQDMBDR@MCCDUDKNOLDMSRHMSGDTRDNEL@SDQH@KR@MCNQCDQR
ADSVDDMSGDSVNHRK@MCR$BBNQCHMFSN'Q)Q@MBDRB@7Q@O@MHVGN@R@KQD@CXR@HC@ANUD
L@CD@RHLHK@QRSTCXENQ(@RSDQM@MC6NTSGDQM6HBHKXENQGDQRODBH@KHYY@YHNMDG@RENTMCNTS
SG@SVHSGSGDHMSDFQ@SHNMNE6HBHKXTMCDQ5NL@MQTKD@KK@QBGHSDBSTQ@KCDBNQ@SHNMV@RCNMD
@KLNRS RNKDKX HM L@QAKD @MC OQDBHNTR RSNMDR 7GD L@QAKDR Q@MFD EQNL SGD BGD@O
3QNBNMMDRH@ML@QAKDTRDCHMSGDTOODQNQCDQRNESGDRBDM@DHMSGDSGD@SQDNE&@S@MH@CTD
SN K@BJ NE LNMDS@QX QDRNTQBDR CTQHMF SGD SHLD NE BNMRSQTBSHNM SN BNKNTQDC %QDBBH@ @MC
U@QHNTRRG@CDRNEFQ@MHSDEHFR7GDEQ@FLDMSRHMKNB@KKHLDRSNMD@MCUNKB@MHBQNBJ
B@MHME@BSADBNTMSDCNM@EDVEHMFDQR7GDQD@QDHME@BSNMKXNMDB@OHS@K@MCA@RDB@QUDC
NTS NE UNKB@MHB QNBJ HM SGD 0TRDN &HUHBN &@RSDKK§ 8QRHMN NE &@S@MH@ @MC ANSG @QD NE UDQX
ONNQPT@KHSXEHF2MSGDNSGDQG@MCNMD(@QKX&NQHMSGH@MB@OHS@KEQNL1NSN@MCMNV
HMSGD3@NKN2QRH0TRDTLHRL@CDNEKNB@K/HLDRSNMDEHFR,S@KRNRDDLRSG@SNMBD
6HBHKXADB@LDSNENQLO@QSNE5NLDSGD'NQHBNQCDQCHR@OOD@QR@KLNRSHLLDCH@SDKXSNAD
QDOK@BDCAX&NQHMSGH@M@MCHMEDVB@RDRAX&NLONRHSD
7GHR O@SSDQM CNDR MNS QDEKDBS VG@S V@R FNHMF NM HM SGD 0@KSDRD ,RK@MCR 7GD DUHCDMBD
F@SGDQDCEQNLSGD5@A@S'NLTRBKD@QKXRGNVRSG@SSGDDKHSDNESGD0@KSDRDHRK@MCRCHCMNS
D@RHKX RSNO TRHMF *KNAHFDQHM@ /HLDRSNMD ENQ L@QAKD 9@QHNTR EQ@FLDMSR NE @QBGHSDBSTQ@K
CDBNQ@SHNMHM*KNAHFDQHM@/HLDRSNMDG@UDHME@BSRTQUHUDCSN@KKNVTRSNR@XSG@SSGDTMHPTD
OQNODQSHDRNESGD0@KSDRD*KNAHFDQHM@/HLDRSNMDVDQDETKKXDWOKNHSDCCTQHMFSGDEHQRSBNTOKD
NEBDMSTQHDRNESGD5NL@MCNLHM@SHNMNM0@KS@7GDODQHRSXKDNESGD5@A@S'NLTR@MCHS§R
'NQHBCDBNQ@SHNMC@SDCSNSGDRDBNMCG@KENESGDMCBDMSTQX%&HRSGDENQDLNRSDW@LOKD
ENQSGDTRDNE*KNAHFDQHM@/HLDRSNMDEHF+NVDUDQNMDLTRSMNSENQFDSSNLDMSHNMSGD
EQ@FLDMSR NE LNCHKKHNM BNQMHBD ENTMC @S õMHDM HR6TKS@M AX 7 ö@LLHS HM E E
@MC E EHFR VGHBG @QD K@UHRGKX @MC BQHROKX CDBNQ@SDC HM SGD R@LD KNB@K
/HLDRSNMD@MCVGHBGRSXKHRSHBBNMRHCDQ@SHNMR@MCBNLO@QHRNMRVHSG@RHLHK@QEQ@FLDMSENQL
SGD SGD@SQD NE &GDQBGDK HM $KFDQH@ EHF LHFGS OK@BD SGDRD EQ@FLDMSR HM SGD SQ@MRHSHNM@K
ODQHNCEQNL5DOTAKHBSN(LOHQD2MDLTRS@KRNLDMSHNMSGDDKDF@MSKXB@QUDCEQ@FLDMSNE@
BNEEDQDCBDHKHMFENTMC@S7@§õ@VG@QEEEEHFR,ESGDC@SHMFFHUDMENQ
SGHREQ@FLDMSHMSGD0TRDTL$MMT@K5DONQSOQNUDRSNADBNQQDBSHSBNTKCOTRGSGDTRDNE
KNB@KRSNMD@KSGNTFGONRRHAKXRONQ@CHB@KKSGDV@XTOSNSGDRSNQMCBDMSTQX$',SSGTR
RDDLRSG@S@KSGNTFG0@QAKDRS@QSDCSNADHLONQSDCENQ@QBGHSDBSTQ@KOQNIDBSRHMSGD0@KSDRD
HRK@MCR NMKX 3QNBNMMDRH@M L@QAKD HR @SSDRSDC ENQ VHSG SGD ADFHMMHMF NE SGD (LOHQD KNB@K
RSNMDV@RRSHKKTRDC@SSHLDR$KRNSNBNMRHCDQHRSGDE@BSSG@STMKHJDSGD@KLNRSHLLDCH@SD
CHR@OOD@Q@MBDNESGD'NQHBNQCDQHM6HBHKXVHSGSGDADFHMMHMFNE5NL@MQTKDSGHR+DKKDMHRSHB
NQCDQV@RTRDCHMSGD0@KSDRDHRK@MCR@SKD@RSTOSNSGDRS@QSNESGD(LOHQD
11
12
MAR 1909-1910: E7
MAR 1960
$MNSGDQBNMRHCDQ@SHNMVGHBGLTRSADS@JDMHMOK@BDHRSGDE@BSSG@SBDQS@HMED@STQDRANSGHM
SGD CDBNQ@SHUD RBGDLDR @MC HM SGD EQ@FLDMSR HM FDMDQ@K CN MNS @KV@XR S@KKX HM C@SD VHSG
SGNRD NE @MNSGDQ OK@BD 5DF@QCHMF 0@KS@ @MC 6HBHKHX SGHR HR SGD B@RD NE @ ED@STQD HM SGD
&NQHMSGH@MB@OHS@KRSGHRADHMFSGDBHQBTK@QOQNIDBSHNMSG@SL@JDRTOSGDSNOADCCHMFRTQE@BD
NMSNVGHBGSGD@QBGHSQ@UDVNTKCSGTRQDRS,S@OOD@QRSG@SSGHRED@STQDHRQDK@SHUDKXD@QKXHM
C@SD@MCCHR@OOD@QRSNS@KKXAXSGDRS@MCMCBDMSTQHDR$'EHF+NVDUDQVGDMNMD
BNMRHCDQR SGD &NQHMSGH@M B@OHS@KR HM SGD 0@KSDRD HRK@MCR SGDX RDDL SN @KV@XR G@UD SGD
BHQBTK@Q OQNIDBSHNM DUDM SGNTFG SGDHQ CDBNQ@SHUD RBGDLDR @KSGNTFG MNS 6HBHKH@M HM RSXKD
VDQD C@SDC AX 'Q ) 7Q@O@MH SN MNS ADENQD SGD MC BDMSTQX $' @MC K@SDQ EHFR 7GTRNMDG@RSNADB@QDETK@ANTSSGDE@BSSG@SC@SDRNAS@HMDCEQNLBNLO@QHRNMR@KSGNTFG
ADHMF SGD NMKX BKD@Q V@X NE CDSDQLHMHMF SGD C@SDR NE LNRS EQ@FLDMSR NAS@HMDC EQNL
TMRBHDMSHEHB DWB@U@SHNMR VHKK NMKX FHUD @ A@RD C@SD @MC SG@S QDFHNM@K CHEEDQDMSH@SHNM LHFGS
@MCLNRSOQNA@AKXVHKKNBBTQ
3.2
Stylistic Similarities and Differences
0TBGCHR@OONHMSHMFKXSGDQDRD@QBGHM&@S@MH@@MC6XQ@BTRDCHCMNSOQNUHCD@MXEQ@FLDMSR
SG@SBNTKCGHMSSN@MXRSXKHRSHBRHLHK@QHSHDRVHSG0@KSDRDEQ@FLDMSR+NVDUDQENKKNVHMFHR@KHRS
NESGDRSXKHRSHBRHLHK@QHSHDRSG@SBNTKCADSQ@BDCADSVDDM0@KS@@MCSGDRDSVN@QD@RNE6HBHKX
7GDRDVHKKADCHUHCDCHMSNSGDCHEEDQDMSLDLADQRNESGDBK@RRHB@KNQCDQR
3.2.1 Bases
7GD A@RDR RDDM HM ANSG 0@KS@ @MC 6HBHKX CN MNS OQNUHCD @MX FQD@S U@QHDSX 7GD @SSHB A@RD
VHSG@MTOODQ@MCKNVDQSNQTRCHUHCDCAXSGDBNMB@UDRBNSH@G@RADDMSGDOQDEDQQDCA@RD
ENQ SGD R@HC NQCDQR ENQ @KLNRS @KK SGD SHLD NE SGDHQ TRD ,S U@QHDR UDQX KHSSKD HM RG@OD @MC
@KSGNTFGHSBNTKC@SSHLDRADK@UHRGKXCDBNQ@SDCHSV@RLNRSVHCDKXTRDCHMHSROK@HMU@QHDSX
6HMBDHSG@RADDMTRDCVHCDKX@BQNRR@KKSGD&K@RRHB@K:NQKCHSHRMNRTQOQHRDSG@SMTLDQNTR
DW@LOKDRNE@SSHBA@RDRBNTKCADENTMCHMANSGSGDSVN6HBHKH@MBHSHDREHFR@MC
0@KS@ EHFR $R NMD B@M RDD SGD RG@OD BNMB@UHSX @MC BNMUDWHSX NE SGD CHEEDQDMS
LNTKCHMFRHRUDQXRHLHK@Q@RHRSGDCDDORG@QOBTSSG@SBKD@QKXCHRSHMFTHRGDRSGDEHKKDS@ANUD
SGD RBNSH@ @MC ITRS ADKNV SGD TOODQ SNQTR +NVDUDQ SGHR B@MMNS AD OK@BDC @R NMD NE SGD
13
Information given by Dr. F. Trapani
ED@STQDR HMEKTDMBDC AX 6HBHKX @R HS V@R VHCDKX TRDC HM SGD OQNUHMBDR NE 5NLD 7GD 0@KSDRD
DW@LOKDRNEA@RDRQDBNQCDCRNE@Q@LNTMSSNHMMTLADQEEEEEE@MC
VHSG@BNTOKDNEDWBDOSHNMR@QD@KK@KLNRSHCDMSHB@KHMRG@OD@MCRHYD,M6HBHKX$SSHBA@RDR
BNTKCADRDDMANSGHM&@S@MH@DRODBH@KKXHM SGD&@SGDCQ@KEHF@MCHMSGD*@QCDMNE
SGD0TRDN5DFHNM@KD3@NKN2QRHNE6XQ@BTRD
3.2.2 Columns
7GD HMEKTDMBD NE BNKTLM SXODR HR UDQX CHEEHBTKS SN CDSDQLHMD RHMBD SGDX @QD UDQX RHLHK@Q SN
NMD @MNSGDQ :G@S BNTKC AD MNSHBDC HR SGD E@BS SG@S SGDQD RDDL SN AD MN 'NQHB BNKTLMR
C@SDCSNSGDODQHNCNE5NL@MNBBTO@SHNMHM6XQ@BTRD@MC&@S@MH@1DHSGDQ@QDSGDQD@MX
BNKTLMRNEKNB@KRSNMDNSGDQSG@ML@QAKD@MCAQDBBH@7GDQDV@RNMKXNMDDWBDOSHNMSNSGD
K@SSDQ@MCSGHRQDEDQRSN@RL@KKRG@ESNE@MNBS@FNM@KBNKTLMNE/HLDRSNMDMNVOK@BDCHMSGD
F@QCDM NE SGD 0TRDN 5DFHNM@KD 3@NKN 2QRH EHF VGHBG HR RTQOQHRHMFKX RHLHK@Q SN SGD
NBS@FNM@K BNKTLM HM SGD 0@KSDRD BNKKDBSHNM E EHFR 6NLD QDDCDC BNKTLMR
BNTKC @KRN AD RDDM HM &@S@MH@§R &@RSDKK§ 8QRHMN EHF +NVDUDQ HS HR MNS BKD@Q
VGDSGDQSGDQDDCHMFBNMSHMTDC@KNMFSGDDMSHQDKDMFSGNESGDBNKTLMNQVGDSGDQHSRSNOODC
@QNTMC TO SGD KDMFSG @R RDDL SN AD SGD B@RD VHSG SGD EQ@FLDMSR HM SGD 0@KSDRD
BNKKDBSHNM E E @MC E 7VN NE SGDRD BNKTLMR @KRN CHEEDQ EQNL SGDHQ 6HBHKH@M
BNTMSDQO@QSR HM SGD E@BS SG@S HSDLR E @MC E @QD QDRODBSHUDKX B@QUDC NTS NE *KNAHFDQHM@
@MC&NQ@KKHMD/HLDRSNMDEHFR
$MNSGDQ CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM 0@KS@ @MC SGD SVN 6HBHKH@M BHSHDR @QD SGD RNB@KKDC BHF@Q
BNKTLMR BNKTLMR VHSG @ OQNMNTMBDC DMS@RHR HM SGD BDMSQD NE VGHBG MTLDQNTR DW@LOKDR
@QDJMNVMHM&@S@MH@ATSRDDLSNADSNS@KKXLHRRHMFHMSGD0@KSDRDBNMSDWS
3.2.3 Capitals
,S HR @LNMF SGD EQ@FLDMSR NE SGHR SXOD NE @QBGHSDBSTQ@K LDLADQ SG@S SVN BKD@Q DW@LOKDR NE
HMEKTDMBDREQNLSGHR@QD@B@MADSQ@BDC7GDRDBNMRHRSNESVN&NQHMSGH@MB@OHS@KRSGD@QSHRSHB
HMEKTDMBDNEVGHBGHRSQ@BDCSN@SXODNE6HBHKH@MB@OHS@KC@SDCSN@QNTMCSGDMCBDMSTQX%&
7GD EHQRS NE SGDRD EQ@FLDMSR E HR HM *KNAHFDQHM@ @MC NMBD SNOODC @ BNQMDQ DMF@FDC
BNKTLM,SG@RSVNBQNVMRNECDKHB@SDKXB@QUDC¦KDSSTBDKHJD§@RSGHRSXODNEENKH@FDHRJMNVM
14
Attic bases almost identical to the ones in Maltese collections are mainly seen below the reused columns. Other attic
bases can be seen still in situ below the arches dividing the naves of the church. These are much larger in size and are the
bases of the original Byzantine Cathedral.
@LNMF,S@KH@MRBGNK@QR@B@MSGTRKD@UDR,SHRGD@UHKXC@L@FDCATSSGDRSDLRNESVNQNTMC
RDBSHNMDCGDKHWDRSG@SLTRSG@UDSTQMDCRG@QOKXSNV@QCRSGDBDMSQDB@MRSHKKADRDDMEHFR
,SHRSGDRDKDSSTBDKHJDKD@UDR@MCOQNMNTMBDRSQ@HFGSQNTMCRDBSHNMDCGDKHWDRSG@S
L@JDHSBG@Q@BSDQHRSHB@KKXBKNRDSNSGD6HBHKH@MSXODNE&NQHMSGH@M&@OHS@KSG@SRNLDDW@LOKDR
NEVGHBG@BBNQCHMFSN5-$:HKRNMBNTKCADOTRGDCA@BJSN@QCBDMSTQX%&C@SDEHFR
7GD0@KSDRDB@OHS@KB@MSGTRADOK@BDC@LNMFSGDD@QKHDRSL@MHEDRS@SHNMRNESGD
&NQHMSGH@MNQCDQHMSGD0@KS@@MCCDODMCHMFNMVGDSGDQ@QCNQMCBDMSTQXC@SDHRFHUDM
BNTKC@KRNADBNSDLONQ@QXSNSGDD@QKXODQHNCNESGD5@A@S'NLTR2MDLTRS@KRNMNSDSG@S
SGHR EQ@FLDMS G@R ADDM HMBKTCDC HM SGD RSTCX NE /@TSDQ %TED NM SGD ,S@KHB NQ 6HBHKH@M
&NQHMSGH@MB@OHS@K
7GD RDBNMC B@OHS@K HR RNLDVG@S OQNAKDL@SHB HM SG@S HS HR B@QUDC NTS NE VGHSD L@QAKD
OQNA@AKX3QNBNMMDRH@M@MCSGTROQNA@AKXOQNCTBDCHM,LODQH@KSHLDRQ@SGDQSG@MCTQHMF
SGD 5DOTAKHB EEHF ,S BKD@QKX HLHS@SDR SGD 6HBHKH@M SXOD NE B@OHS@K @MC @KSGNTFG SGD
ENKH@FD HR GHFGKX C@L@FDC SGD QNTMCRDBSHNMDC GDKHWDR BNMUDQFHMF RKHFGSKX SNV@QCR SGD
BDMSQD@QDRSHKKUDQXQDBNFMHY@AKD$KSGNTFGHSHROK@TRHAKDSG@SSGHRV@R@K@SDQHLHS@SHNMNE@M
D@QKHDQ B@OHS@K SGD GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGHR EQ@FLDMS BNTKC G@UD ADDM HLONQSDC EQNL 6HBHKX NQ
@MXNSGDQO@QSNE6NTSGDQM,S@KX@S@MD@QKHDQRS@FDB@MMNSADDMSHQDKXQTKDCNTSRHMBDANSG
OK@BDRL@CDTRDNEL@QAKD@SLTBGD@QKHDQC@SDRSG@M0@KS@
(W@LOKDRNESGHRSXODNEB@OHS@K@QDUDQXQ@QDMNV@C@XR7GDLNRSHLONQS@MSNERTBGB@OHS@KR
HRSGDNMDEQNL1NSN@MCMNVHMSGD0TRDN5DFHNM@KD3@NKN2QRHNE6XQ@BTRDEHFR
7GD RHLHK@Q ED@STQDR B@QUDC HM SGD /HLDRSNMD NTS NE VGHBG SGHR EQ@FLDMS HR L@CD @MC
SGD0@KSDRDDW@LOKDRB@MADBKD@QKX$MNSGDQE@LNTRB@OHS@KHRSGDNMDENTMCHM7HMC@QH@
RHSDNMSGDMNQSGBN@RSNE6HBHKX+NVDUDQSGHREQ@FLDMSHRL@CDNESDQQ@BNSS@@MCK@BJRSGD
BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBGDKHWDREHF
8MENQSTM@SDKX MN NSGDQ BNMRHCDQ@AKD @QSHRSHB HMEKTDMBDR BNTKC AD SQ@BDC ADSVDDM SGD
QDL@HMHMF 0@KSDRD &NQHMSGH@M B@OHS@KR @MC SGNRD HM &@S@MH@ @MC 6XQ@BTRD ,S RDDLR SG@S
SGDRDENKKNVDC$RH@SHBNQ1NQSG$EQHB@M@QSHRSHBHMEKTDMBDR
15
Wilson: 18, fig. 13a
Lauter Bufe 1987: p24, n.34, taf. 17
17
Wilson: 18, fig. 13a & Lauter Bufe1987: taf 16, n. 32
18
Wilson: 18, fig. 13b & Lauter Bufe1987: taf 9 & 10, n. 27
16
3.2.4 Entablatures
8MENQSTM@SDKXUDQXEDVEQ@FLDMSREQNLSGDCHEEDQDMSLDLADQRNESGDDMS@AK@STQDBNTKCAD
RSTCHDCHM6HBHKX@MCDUDMEDVDQ@QDFHUDMQDOQDRDMS@SHNMHMANNJR@MC@QSHBKDR,SV@RSGTR
UDQX CHEEHBTKS SN BNMCTBS SGD MDBDRR@QX RSXKHRSHB BNLO@QHRNMR @MC MN RHLHK@QHSHDR G@UD ADDM
HCDMSHEHDCVHSGHMSGDEDVEQ@FLDMSRRDDM
4.0
Conclusion
$R RDDM @ANUD SGD QDRTKSR NE SGHR RSTCX G@UD ADDM QDK@SHUDKX CHR@OONHMSHMF HM SGD E@BS SG@S
UDQXEDVRSXKHRSHBRHLHK@QHSHDRBNTKCADSQ@BDCADSVDDMSGDEQ@FLDMSRRSTCHDCHM0@KS@@MCSGD
NMDRSG@SBNTKCADRSTCHDCHM&@S@MH@@MC6XQ@BTRD7GDSVNHRK@MCRADHMFRNBKNRDSND@BG
NSGDQ@MC@QSHRSHBHMEKTDMBDADHMF UDQXOQNMNTMBDCHMD@QKHDQ@MC DUDMK@SDQODQHNCRNMD
VNTKC G@UD SGNTFGS SG@S 6HBHKX BNTKC G@UD G@C @ L@INQ HMEKTDMBD NM SGD RSXKDR NE
@QBGHSDBSTQ@K CDBNQ@SHNM HM 0@KS@ (UDM LNQD RN RHMBD 0@KS@ V@R O@QS NE SGD 6HBHKH@M
3QNUHMBD @MC V@R ONKHSHB@KKX TMCDQ HSR CHQDBS RTODQUHRHNM +NVDUDQ SGD E@BS SG@S RN KHSSKD
BNTKC AD SQ@BDC EQNL SGD RSTCHDC EQ@FLDMSR VHKK LD@M SG@S @QBGHSDBSTQ@K CDBNQ@SHNM NE
QNL@M 0@KS@ NVDR HSR RSXKDR SN RNLD O@QS NE SGD 5NL@M :NQKC SG@S RSHKK G@R SN AD BKD@QKX
HCDMSHEHDC6STCHDRRDDLSNADONHMSHMFSNV@QCR$RH@0HMNQ@MC1NQSG$EQHB@ATSSGDRDVHKK
G@UDSNADBNMEHQLDCVHSGETQSGDQRSTCHDRNTSRHCDSGHROQNIDBS
'@UHC&@QCNM@
%$+NMR$QBG
Bibliography
$LONKN&&@Q@MCHMH$3TBBH*3DMR@ADMD3
/@ 9HKK@ CH 3H@YY@ $QLDQHM@ $OODMCHBD ,, FKH DKDLDMSH CDBNQ@SHUD @QBGHSDSSNMHBH HM
0DK@MFDR'D/§DBNKD)Q@MBH@RDCD5NLD$MSHPTDUNKOO
*QNR3HDQQD
/§$QBGHSDBSTQD 5NL@HMD CT 'DATS CT ,,, 6HDBKD @T -& @ K@ EHM CT +TMS(LOHQD L@HRNMRO@K@HRUHKK@RDSSNLAD@TW3HB@QC3@QHR
.@GKDQ+
'HD5NLHRBGDM.@OHSDKKD'DR5GDHMFDAHDSDRUDQK@FUNM:@KSDQCD*QTXSDQ&N%DQKHM
/@TSDQ%TED+DHCD
'HD*DRBGHBGSD'DR6HJDKHNSHRBG.NQHMSGHRBGDM.@OHSDKKR3GHKHOOUNM=@ADQM*DQL@MX
3DMR@ADMD3@SQHYHN
/@'DBNQ@YHNMD$QBGHSDSSNMHB@K§,LOHDFNCDK0@QLNDK§,LONQS@YHNMDCHL@MTE@SSH
NQHDMS@KH@5NL@HM,S@KH@DHM$EQHB@,,,9'&HM*H@QCHM@$MCQD@DC6NBHDS@§5NL@M@
D,LODQN7@QCN@MSHBNUNK,,,KDLDQBHFKHHMRDCH@LDMSH(CHSNQH/@SDQY@OO
3DMR@ADMD3@SQHYHN
/@'DBNQ@YHNMD$QBGHSDSSNMHB@CDK7D@SQNCH&@S@MH@HM*HFKH5NRRDKK@0(Γ$Λ$,
1+Σ2,RSTCHCDCHB@SD@*HNU@MMH5HYY@ODQHKRTNNSS@MSDRHLNBNLOKD@MMNUNK&NMRHFKHN
1@YHNM@KDCDKKD5HBDQBGD,%$0&@S@MH@
9@QHNTR
@MC0TRDTL$MMT@K5DONQS*NUDQMLDMS3QHMSHMF3QDRR
Figures
)HF
7GD*DMDQ@K'DRBQHOSHNMRGDDSNMSGDC@S@A@RD
)HF
7GD5DK@SDC'NBTLDMS@SHNMRGDDSNMSGDC@S@A@RD
)HF
7GD3GNSNRRGDDSNMSGDC@S@A@RD
)HF
7GQDDB@OHS@KRBKNRDKXO@BJDCSNFDSGDQHMSGDRSNQDNESGD0@QHSHLD0TRDTL
)HF
2MDNESGDEQ@FLDMSR@SSGD0@QHSHLD0TRDTLBNUDQDCVHSGVNNC@MCNSGDQNAIDBSR
)HF
3@QSNESGDCHROK@X@SSGD5@A@S'NLTR
)HF
)Q@FLDMSRKXHMF@QNTMCHMSGDF@QCDMNESGD0TRDN5DFHNM@KD3@NKN2QRHHM6XQ@BTRD
)HF
6S@BJDC@QBGHSDBSTQ@KEQ@FLDMSRHMSGDX@QCNESGD0TRDN&HUHBNNE&@RSDKK§8QRHMNHM&@S@MH@
)HF
7GD7GD@SQDNE&@S@MH@
)HF
7VNQDTRDCA@RDRBNKTLMR@MC&NQHMSGH@MB@OHS@KREK@MJHMFNMDNESGDBG@ODKRHMSGD&@S@MH@
&@SGDCQ@K
)HF
7GDEQ@FLDMSEQNL7@§õ@VG@QRNNM@ESDQCHRBNUDQX
0$5
)HF
7GDODQHRSXKDNESGD5@A@S'NLTRVHSGHSRQDBNMRSQTBSDC'NQHBNQCDQ
3GNSNBNTQSDRXNE0Q'@MHDK&HKH@
)HF
2MDNESGDEQ@FLDMSRCHRBNUDQDC@SõMHDMHR6TKS@M5@A@S
)HF
$QDO@HQDCBNKTLMNEAQDBBH@@SSGDSGD@SQDNE&@S@MH@
)HF
$BNKTLMNEFQ@MHSD@SSGDSGD@SQDNE&@S@MH@
)HF
7GDA@RD@MCB@OHS@KNEUNKB@MHBQNBJ@S&@RSDKK§8QRHMN
)HF
'DS@HKNESGDCDBNQ@SHNMNENMDNESGDEQ@FLDMSREQNLõMHDMHR6TKS@M
)HF
'DS@HKNE@MNSGDQEQ@FLDMSEQNLõMHDMHR6TKS@M
)HF
$EQ@FLDMSEQNLSGDSGD@SQDNE&GDQBGDK$KFDQH@UDQXRHLHK@QSNSGNRDNEõMHDMHR6TKS@M
*QNREHF
)HF
'DS@HKNESGDCDBNQ@SHNMNESGDEQ@FLDMSEQNL7@§õ@VG@Q
)HF
&HQBTK@QOQNIDBSHNMNMSGDSNOADCNEEQ@FLDMSE
)HF
&HQBTK@QOQNIDBSHNMNMSGDSNOADCNEHSDLE
)HF
7NOADCNE@&NQHMSGH@MB@OHS@KHM&@S@MH@VHSGNTSBHQBTK@QOQNIDBSHNM
)HF
2MDNESGDQDTRDC@SSHBA@RDRHMSGDB@SGDCQ@KNE&@S@MH@
)HF
$SSHBA@RDHMSGDF@QCDMNESGD0TRDN5DFHNM@KD3@NKN2QRH6XQ@BTRD
)HF
(W@LOKDNE@M@SSHBA@RDEQNLSGDBNKKDBSHNMNE+DQHS@FD0@KS@E
)HF
(W@LOKDNE@M@SSHBA@RDEQNLSGDBNKKDBSHNMNE+DQHS@FD0@KS@E
)HF
2MDNESGD%XY@MSHMD@SSHBA@RDRTMBNUDQDCHMSGD&@SGDCQ@KNE&@S@MH@
)HF
2BS@FNM@KBNKTLMHM6XQ@BTRD
)HF
6DBSHNMNESGDNBS@FNM@KBNKTLMHMSGDBNKKDBSHNMNE+DQHS@FD0@KS@E
)HF
)QNMSUHDVNESGDNBS@FNM@KBNKTLMHMSGDBNKKDBSHNMNE+DQHS@FD0@KS@E
)HF
)Q@FLDMSNE@QDDCDCBNKTLMRG@ES@S&@RSDKK§8QRHMN
)HF
)Q@FLDMSNE@QDDCDCBNKTLMRG@ES@S&@RSDKK§8QRHMN
)HF
5DDCDCBNKTLMNMCHROK@X@SSGD5@A@S'NLTR
)HF
)Q@FLDMSNE@QDDCDCBNKTLMRG@ESNE*KNAHFDQHM@/HLDRSNMD
)HF
)Q@FLDMSNE@QDDCDCBNKTLMRG@ESNE&NQ@KKHMD/HLDRSNMD
)HF
7GD&NQHMSGH@MB@OHS@KNE6HBHKH@MHMEKTDMBDNMCHROK@X@SSGD5@A@S'NLTRE
)HF
'DS@HKNESGDENKH@FD@CNQMHMFSGDB@OHS@KE
)HF
7GD&NQHMSGH@MB@OHS@KNE6HBHKH@MSXODEQNL1NSN
:HKRNMEHF@
)HF
7GDR@LDB@OHS@KEQNL1NSN
/@TSDQ%TEDS@EM
)HF
0@QAKD&NQHMSGH@MB@OHS@KEQNL0@KS@HLHS@SHMFSGNRDNE6HBHKH@MHMEKTDMBDE
)HF
7DQQ@BNSS@&@OHS@KEQNL7HMC@QH
/@TSDQ%TEDS@EM
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Author: Bertran Jacopo
Year: 1456
Place: Barcelona
Description: This is the oldest Portulan
chart in the collection of the Greenwich
Maritime Museum. Its details are typical
of a portulan and it is drawn and painted
on vellum, using a network of intersecting
rhumb lines radiating out from compass
roses. Malta and Sicily are depicted
prominently in the centre of the map.
Source: Greenwich Maritime Museum
Mediterranean and NE Atlantic
project
1
Mediterranean and NE Atlantic (detail)
project
2
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Bartolommeo Sonetti
Year: 1485
Place: Venice
Description: Each Island is enclosed in a
windrose with eight rays and this map is
dedicated to the Doge of Venice and lifted from
a book about islands of the central
Mediterranean. This portulan of the Adriatic and
central Mediterranean depicts Malta with
exaggeratedly large harbours. It also depicts the
Aeolian Islands in some detail.
Central Mediterranean, Italy and Sicily
project
3
Central Mediterranean, Italy and Sicily (detail)
project
4
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Maggiolo Vesconte
Year: 1546
Place: Genoa
Description: This is a portulan map that
contains a prominent vignette of the city
of Genoa. The Madonna, representing the
religious link of seafarers, is depicted at
the neck (see next slides for details). The
style of this portulan is very much in line
with its predecessors of the late Middle
Ages.
Mediterranean and Black Seas
project
5
Mediterranean and Black Seas (detail)
project
6
Mediterranean and Black Seas (detail)
project
7
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Maggiolo Vesconte
Year: 1548
Place: Genoa
Description: Maggiolo Vesconte was the senior
member of a Genoese chart making family.
Characteristically, it includes features such as
place names tightly listed along the coast,
together with flags and banners of cities. The
style of this portulan is very much in line with
its predecessors of the late Middle Ages.
Mediterranean, Black Sea and NE Atlantic
project
8
Mediterranean, Black Sea and NE Atlantic (detail)
project
9
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Joan Martines
Year: 1550
Place: Unknown
Description: Originally part of an atlas. This
is one of the earliest maps dedicated to the
central Mediterranean.
Sardinia to Sicily
project
10
Sardinia to Sicily (detail)
project
11
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Year: 1550
Place: Unknown
Description: Originally part of an atlas. This
is a map of the central Mediterranean. Of
interest is the fact that only the harbour of
Marsaxlokk is listed by name on Malta – this
being the first harbour available to vessels
approaching from the east. On the eastern
coast of Sicily, a number of headlands are
given prominence over other features.
This portulan differs from its contemporaries
in that it does not give any prominence to
flags and other heraldic features. In this way
it represents an important transition to a more
utilitarian chart.
Sicily to Crete with Libya
project
12
Sicily to Crete with Libya (detail)
project
13
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Angelo de Conte Freducci
Year: 1555
Place: Ancona
Description: This map is bound in an atlas of nine
charts and includes rhumb lines. It also shows
terrestrial relief and rivers. This portulan is rather
distinct as it illustrates the interior of Europe in
unusual detail.
Central Mediterranean
project
14
Central Mediterranean (detail)
project
15
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Sebastiao Lopes
Year: 1555
Place: Portugal (?)
Description: This map is attributed to
Lopes, a Portuguese cartographer. The
attribution is made on its stylistic
grounds. It is decorated with flags,
heraldic shields and compass roses.
project
16
project
17
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Paulo Forlani
Year: 1569
Place: Venice
Description: A Map of the Mediterranean,
including North Western Europe. This is an
early example of a chart on a scale large
enough to be useful at sea. It is also the first
to be printed by the copper-engraving
process
project
18
project
19
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Year: 1572
Place: Messina
Description: Quite an unusual map of the
Mediterranean. Includes latitude and distance
scales as well as windroses.
Once again, the size of Malta’s harbours are
exaggerated to emphasise their importance.
project
20
Central Mediterranean (details)
project
21
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Willem Barentsz
Year: 1594
Place: Amsterdam
Description: Little is known about Willem
Barentsz of Amsterdam, except that he was
a seasoned navigator and explorer. His
hydrographic charts, drawn up in 1595,
owed inspiration to those of an earlier work
by Lucas Waghenaer, a dutch navigator
who published his own charts in his
Spieghel der Zeevaerdt, in 1584. This
collection of maps, which did not include
references to the Mediterranean, were to be
amongst the first published charts to replace
the less-accurate Medieval drawings.
Barentsz’s volume only contains 10 maps
that range from Spain to Italy. This map of
Sicily is drawn by Pieter van den Keere, and
features four views of ports. All maps in
Barentsz’s volume are preceded by a short
description of the characteristics of the
ports, the distance separating them and the
main promontories on the coast. One can
also find detailed references to small islands
and some coastal tracts.
project
Sicily
Source : Liliane Dufour and Antonio La Gumina, Imago Siciliae
(Catania 2007), 96, 292.
22
Source : Liliane Dufour and Antonio La Gumina, Imago Siciliae
(Catania 2007), 96, 292.
Sicily (detail)
project
23
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Francisco Oliva
Year 1609 (?)
Place: Messina
Description: The Olivas were a large Catalan
family of portulan chart makers who worked
in many European port cities in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries. This map includes
distances scales but no latitude graduation.
Malta is depicted in the colours of the flag of
the Order of St John.
Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas
project
24
Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas (detail)
project
25
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Charlat Ambrosin
Year: 1620
Place: Marseille
Description: A cartographic work by
Charlat Ambrosin. This atlas illustrates the
development of French cartography after
the decline of the Catalan School. The part
dedicated to Sicily is not very original as it
seems to be a copy of the map designed by
Pieter van den Keere for the atlas of W.
Barentsz. Ambrosin re-uses frameworks
including the scale as well as details of the
views of the ports of Palermo, Messina,
Trapani and Malta. Ambrosin corrected the
orientation of the island so as to be more in
line with the cartography of the time.
26
Source : Liliane Dufour and Antonio La Gumina, Imago Siciliae (Catania
2007), 111, 294.
project
Source : Liliane Dufour and Antonio La Gumina, Imago Siciliae (Catania
2007), 111, 294.
Central Mediterranean (detail)
project
27
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Joan Oliva
Year: 1632
Place: Livorno
Description: This map is bound in an atlas of
six charts, two by Sanches and four by Oliva.
It charts Malta as part of the eastern
Mediterranean and is a late example of the
medieval style/format of the portulan.
Eastern Mediterranean
project
28
Eastern Mediterranean (detail)
project
29
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Francesco Maria Levanto
Year : 1664
Place: Genoa
Description: Francesco Maria Levanto, a
cartographer and a map merchant, owed inspiration
to Dutch cartography when publishing his Specchio
del Mare and his work is mainly copied off
Anthoni Jacobsz (published in 1656), from which
he copies the whole design and place names of
Sicily. As a hydrographical chart, it features
information regarding the direction of the winds
and sea routes within the region, accompanied by a
brief text containing a description of the Sicilian
coast. Additionally, in the chapter dedicated to
Sicily, there is number of maps of the ports of
Messina, Palermo, Trapani and Agrigento, in
which the distance between the same ports is
indicated.
Source: Dr. A.Ganado Private Collection
project
30
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Authors: Johannes van Keulen and Gerard van
Keulen
Year: 1682
Place: Amsterdam
Scale: 60 ‘Italian Miles’
Description: Johannes van Keulen, whose family
had moved to Amsterdam, was a member of the
guild of book merchants. In 1680, he published a
maritime atlas entitled De Groote Nieuwe
Vemeerderde Zee Atlas, which was published in
many editions. This map of Sicily is not very
original and mostly limits itself to reproducing
an earlier chart by Anthoni Jacobsz which had
been published in 1656. The only exception
being the substitution of the view of Tabarca
with that of Valletta at the base of the map. The
author of this map failed to correct the errors
found in the place names of the original source
and actually added even more of these.
Nevertheless, the map obtained a notable amount
of success and was republished many times
during the seventeenth century.
Source: Liliane Dufour and Antonio La Gumina, Imago
Siciliae (Catania 2007), 147, 300.
project
31
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Girolamo Agostino
Year 1728
Place: Palermo
Description: This early 18th century document
contains a number of charts from around the
Mediterranean. It was compiled by a pilot who
served on board the galleys of the Order of St
John. The publication consists of charts of
major harbours and anchorages from around
the Mediterranean. This slide shows two maps
from the document, those of Augusta and
Malta.
Source: National Library of Malta, Valletta
Ports in Malta and Sicily
project
32
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Guillaume Delisle
Year: c.1730
Place: Paris
Description: This map is a
republication by Cornelis Mortier
of a chart by Guillaume Delisle. It
has a number of scales depicted in
the bottom right hand corner. In the
top left hand side of the map there
is a detail of Syracuse harbour.
Besides Malta, all other islands
around Sicily are included.
project
Sicily
Source: Dr. A. Ganado Private Collection
33
Sicily (detail)
Source: Dr. A. Ganado Private Collection
project
34
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Joseph Roux
Year 1764
Place: Marseille
Description: This map is from an atlas
consisting of twelve large plates
published in 1764 by Joseph Roux.
The reproduction of Sicily does not
present any noteworthy progress in
respect to previous nautical maps
designed by Van Keulen and the place
names, translated from French, are
scarce. It was also published as an
English version by Mount and Page,
with the title The Coast of the
Mediterranean Sea from Cap Bon to
Cape Mesurato, including the islands
of Sicily and Malta. This chart is an
excellent representation of eighteenth
century maritime cartography which
had moved away from earlier
elaborate maps.
Source: Liliane Dufour and Antonio La Gumina, Imago
Siciliae (Catania 2007), 220, 311-2.
project
35
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Deposito Hidrografico
Year: 1802
Place: Madrid
Description: A very detailed map depicting the
central Mediterranean showing the Italian
Peninsula. This is one of the latest versions of this
type of chart which is devoid of any soundings of
the seabed. Its orientation is very similar to that of
modern charts still in use today.
project
36
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Anonymous
Year: 1820
Place: London (?)
Description: A map depicting the western
Mediterranean showing the tracks of the various
ships of Rear Admiral Sir C.V.
Western Mediterranean
project
37
Western Mediterranean (Detail)
project
38
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: A.W. Smyth
Year: 1823
Place: London
Description: A detail from
Smyth’s map of the central
Mediterranean as published in
his seminal work entitled The
Hydrography of Sicily and its
Islands. Smyth refers to the area
of study as the Channel of Malta
and limited soundings are
depicted around the south
eastern coast of Sicily.
Source: Wignacourt Museum, Rabat, Malta (detail
from the larger map)
project
39
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Attilio Zuccagni Orlandini
Year: 1842
Place: Florence
Description: The imposing work by Zuccagni
Orlandini was published before the
unification of Italy. It was designed by P.
Manzoni and engraved by G. Maina and V.
Stanghi. The plates, in large format, do not
offer a new cartography of Sicily as they are
inspired by older maps. Of interest is the
attempt to illustrate the underwater shelves
surrounding the islands contained within the
map.
Source: Dr. A.Ganado, Private Collection
Sicily and Malta
project
40
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: Francesco Arancio
Year : 1845
Place: Palermo
Description: This map by
Francesco Arancio, which had
originally been published some
years earlier. It was re-edited in
1847 with a new title, possibly
to attract users who were not
exclusively interested in issues
regarding custom offices and
duties. The title, which had been
previously positioned in the
middle of Sicily, was moved to
the bottom-left corner of the
map, making the chart more
legible and the sea routes easier
to identify. The new edition of
the map was aimed at a vaster
audience, pointing out the
position of monuments, ancient
cities and mineral basins.
Source: Liliane Dufour and Antonio La Gumina, Imago Siciliae
(Catania 2007), 270, 319.
Sicily and Malta
project
41
Source: Liliane Dufour and Antonio La Gumina, Imago Sicilae
(Catania 2007), 270, 319.
Sicily and Malta (detail)
project
42
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: James Wyld
Year: 1846
Place: London
Description: General chart of the
Mediterranean Sea including the Gulf
of Venice and the western part of the
Black Sea. The importance of this map
lies in the fact that it illustrates the
steampacket routes. These were vessels
that carried both passengers and goods
between various ports of call. This
Map outlines political boundaries as
well as railways that were both
constructed and under construction.
The Map also includes a view of
Gibraltar.
Mediterranean
project
43
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: J. Rapkin
Year: 1851 Rapkin
Place: London
Description: This map is
divided into two and provides
the principal routes from Britain
to India. The Mediterranean is
charted as part of this route and
the Malta-Sicily channel is
central to this route. The upper
part consists of the map of the
Mediterranean with Britain at
the far left of the chart.
Source: Malta Maritime Museum, Malta
Mediterranean
project
44
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: British Admirality
Year : 1932
Place: London
Description: This is a very detailed chart
which shows Malta, Crete, the southern
end of Sicily. It also includes the
southern extremity of the Peloponnesos
Peninsula, as well as part of the coast of
Libya. The chart depicts hundreds of
depth soundings, courses, buoys,
beacons and shows many small islands
and channels in the Mediterranean and
Aegean Seas.
Malta to Crete
project
Source: Private Collection
45
¾
¾
¾
¾
Author: British Admirality
Year : 1880 (Updated 1946)
Place: London
Description:This is a chart with a largescale depiction of Sicily & the North
Tunisian coast. The map shows the
southern coast of Sardinia, in top left
corner, with the Gulf of Cagliari and
includes Malta and the island of
Pantelleria at the base of the chart.
Thousands of depth soundings are
indicated around coasts and in the bays,
and the chart includes both
topographical and hydrographical
details.One may note that by this period
the Malta-Sicily channel has been
charted in great detail: a great difference
from charts of a Hundred years before.
Mediterranean: Sardinia to Malta
project
46
Mediterranean: Sardinia to Malta (detail)
project
47
Year of Publication: 2003
One of the most recent depictions of the central
Mediterranean.
It depicts the culmination of knowledge of seabed
soundings and other information gathered over the
centuries.
¾
¾
¾
Author: United Kingdom Hydrographic Office
¾
Source: Dr. T. Gambin
project
48
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English red merchant flag known as the red duster. In a couple of instances vessels are
flying the white ensign which was the flag of the Royal Navy. This indicates that they
somehow were attached to the British Navy. Maltese vessels are often referred to as
English.
As the ex-voto tabelle were the fulfilment of a promise made it is of interest to know who
made the offerings. In 11 instances it was offered by the captain and crew of the vessel
whereas in 5 by the crew on their own. It could be that the captain made a separate vow.
In 3 instances the vow was made by a passenger on board. In certain cases a crew made a
vow and promised an ex-voto to two different sanctuaries as seems to be the case with
sheet 7 and sheet 15 where an almost identical painting of the Brig Marietta is in two
different locations describing the same events. Most of the ex-voti seem to be made by
Maltese mariners on board Maltese vessels as indicated by the flags they fly, while the
captain of a Raugsan vessel that ran into trouble 60 miles off capo Passero saw fit to
deposit his tabella at the Mellieha sanctuary.
Conclusion
In conclusion one notes that the frequent life threatening situations which the Maltese
seafarer encountered when at sea gave rise to this vernacular artistic expression which
was formulised and categorised within a framework of convention. The person prayed for
safety and found it necessary to demonstrate gratitude publicly. Ultimately the ex-voto
tabella was a public demonstration of thanks giving. In turn a particular chapel or
sanctuary was enriched and increased in wealth and miraculous power the more ex-voti
were donated as more miracles were granted.
The examples considered in this report not only demonstrate this but often strive to
anchor the events in a known landscape or rather seascape. Attempts at drawing maps are
made by the madonnari, easily recognizable landmarks, such as volcanoes, are drawn and
topographical names of islands, ports, towns, capes and coasts are often given. It is
possible that other certain landmarks which are difficult to identify and puzzling to the
researcher nowadays, would have been instantly recognizable then. In our case the
incidents occurred to shipping operating around Sicily, or to and from one of the islands
within Sicily’s sphere of influence. The variety of vessels, from the galleys of the Order
to the small speronaras, to brigs, brigantines, and bombardas are often seen to run into
storms around Pantelleria, Lampedusa, Linosa, Stromboli, Favignina, or Capo Passero.
As if nature was not a great enough peril Calabrian bandits are also seen attacking
shipping in the area right into the nineteenth century. Thus a religious offering of
thanksgiving that results from narrowly escaped tragedy serves to further strengthen and
demonstrate the link that has always existed between Sicily and Malta two islands of the
middle sea.
Acknowledgments
My deepest thanks go to Professor A. Bonanno, Dr Nicholas C. Vella, Joseph Muscat,
Lykke Lyngsø, Martin Attard and Chris Gemmell for their valuable help in different
ways.
Glossary
Aft
Balanza *
Back end of a vessel.
A vessel common around Italian coasts and used mostly as a
fishing boat. It was usually fitted with lateen sails, while a huge
jib sail was a characteristic of this type of vessel.
Bombarda
Bowsprit
A merchant vessel with the sail arrangement of a warship.
A pole extending out from a vessel's prow, used to attach
forestay(s).
Front end of a vessel, also the prow or bow.
A sail whose normal position runs along the length of the vessel.
The mast nearest to the fore part of a boat.
A pole attached to the top of the square gaff sail and attached to
the mast.
The main vessel of the Order, it made use of large lateen sails
and oars as a means of propulsion.
A small triangular sail attached to the fore stay.
A large triangular sail whose top end is suspended from a pole
called an antenna. The main type of sail on the Order's galleys.
The mast in the middle or waist of a vessel, usually it is the
tallest mast.
A pole that holds sails. All the ropes and sails connected to a
particular mast will have the mast's name as part of their name,
thus a stay attached to a fore mast will be a fore stay while a stay
attached to a main mast will be called a main stay, and so on.
Fore
Fore and aft sail
Fore mast
Gaff
Galley
Jib
Lateen sail
Main mast
Mast
Mizzen mast
Oculo
Rigging
Spanker
Speronara
The mast nearest to the aft part of a vessel.
A decoration in the shape of an eye found on the bow of a boat,
intended as protection against the evil eye.
All the masts, sails and ropes that together propel a sailing ship.
A gaff rigged fore and aft sail hoisted on the mizzen mast.
A small open boat that was very popular with the Maltese
padroni. It takes its name from the beak like spur, or sperone,
jutting out at the bows.
Sprit sail
A rectangular fore and aft sail held open by a sloping pole called
a sprit that is attached to the mast and to the upper outer corner
of the sail.
Stay
Waist
A rope that holds the mast from the front and back.
Middle part of a vessel.
* For a good identification of the different vessel types in use, one should
refer to Joseph Muscat's line drawings either in Prins 1989 or in Muscat 2003.
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kasa koinè archeologica, sapiente antichità

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