appendix a: the most common forms of inflected prepositions

Transcript

Appendices
APPENDIX A: THE MOST COMMON FORMS OF INFLECTED PREPOSITIONS
IN IRISH AND ITALIAN
1
Irish (cf. NIG, Mac Congáil 2004)
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
PREPOSITION
MÉ
TÚ
SÉ
SÍ
SINN
SIBH
SIAD
1. ag
agam
agat
aige
aici
againn
agaibh
acu
2. ar
orm
ort
air
uirthi
orainn
oraibh
orthu
3. as
asam
asat
as
aisti
asainn
asaibh
astu
chugam
chugat
chuige
chuici
chugainn
chugaibh
chucu
6. de
díom
díot
de
di
dínn
díbh
díobh
7. do
dom
duit
dó
di
dúinn
daoibh
dóibh
8. faoi
fúm
fút
faoi
fúithi
fúinn
fúibh
fúthu
9. i
ionam
ionat
ann
inti
ionainn
ionaibh
iontu
10. idir
–
–
–
–
eadrainn
eadraibh
eatarthu
12. le
liom
leat
leis
léi
linn
libh
leo
13. ó
uaim
uait
uaidh
uaithi
uainn
uaibh
uathu
14. roimh
romham
romhat
roimhe
roimpi
romhainn
romhaibh
rompu
15. thar
tharam
tharat
thairis
thairsti
tharainn
tharaibh
tharstu
16. trí
tríom
tríot
tríd
tríthi
trínn
tríbh
tríothu
17. um
umam
umat
uime
uimpi
umainn
umaibh
umpu
4. chun
5. chuig
A. S. Frenda
173
Appendices
2
Italian (cf. Sensini 1992)
ARTICLES
PREPOSITION
il
lo
la
i
gli
le
1. di
del
dello
della
dei
degli
delle
2. a
al
allo
alla
ai
agli
alle
3. da
dal
dallo
dalla
dai
dagli
dalle
5. in
nel
nello
nella
nei
negli
nelle
6. con
col/con il
collo/con lo
colla/con la
coi/con i
cogli/con gli
colle/con le
7. su
sul
sullo
sulla
sui
sugli
sulle
A. S. Frenda
174
Appendices
APPENDIX B: IRISH CORPUS
1
Ní Dhuibhne (2000)
p.1
1.
Chuir Saoirse
put.PAST Saoirse
thosaigh
begin.PAST
an
DET
ag
at
pictiúr ar
picture on
tiomáint
drive.VN
ais
back
abhaile
home
i
in
ón
from.DET
mbút
an
boot
DET
Daingean
Dingle
Toyota
agus
Toyota.GEN
and
go
Dún Dearg
to
Dún Dearg
Saoirse put the picture back in the boot of her Toyota and set off to drive home from Dingle to Dún Dearg
2.
3.
‘Site for Sale’
an
teideal a
bhí
ar
‘Site for Sale’
DET
title
REL
be.PAST on
‘Site for Sale (was) the title that was on the picture’
Tráthnóna
afternoon
ann
in.OBJ:3SG.MSC
ceathach
showery
i
in
dtús
start
an
DET
bpictiúr
picture
mhí
month.GEN
Aibreáin a
April.GEN REL
bhí
be.PAST
go
agus
and
PTC
gliondrach
joyful
anuas
down
ó
from
It was a showery afternoon at the beginning of April
4.
Bhí
an
be.PAST DET
uairibh
times
ghrian
sun
ag
at
taitneamh
shine.VN
PTC
geal
bright
ag
at
stealladh
pour.VN
go
ar
on
The sun was shining bright and mirthfully at times
5.
agus
fiú amháin
and
even
flaithis
kingdoms
an
DET
sneachta
snow
na
DET
while even the snow was pouring down from the sky
6.
Agus í
and
OBJ:3SG.FEM
agus
Dún Dearg,
and
Dún Dearg
Mhic
Cárthaigh,
child.GEN Cárthaigh.GEN
ag
at
bhí
be.PAST
cara
friend
dul
trasna
go.VN across
uirthi
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
léi
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM
an
chnoic
hill.GEN
tiomáint thart
drive.VN around
DET
idir
between
ar
on
an
Daingean
Daingean
theach Phatsy
house Patsy.GEN
DET
As she was going across the hill between Daingean and Dún Dearg, she had to drive round the house of Patsy Mac
Cárthaigh, a friend of hers
7.
Bhí
sí
be.PAST SUBJ:3SG.FEM
uaithi
from.OBJ:3SG.FEM
in ann1 an
able
DET
bothán beag
shed
small
a
to
fheiceáil i
see.VN in
bhfad
distance
She could see the small shed at a distance from her
1
In ann is the modern spelling for i ndon ‘in stead’ (don = ‘room, space, stead’) (Eoin Mac Cárthaigh, p.c.), an expression which is
commonly used to express ability.
A. S. Frenda
175
Appendices
8.
Stop
stop.PAST
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
ag
at
an
DET
teach
house
She stopped at the house
9.
Bhí
an
be.PAST DET
doras
door
ar
at
leathadh agus
open.VN and
isteach léi
inside with.OBJ:3SG.FEM
The door was open wide and in she went
10. Ní
NEG
raibh
Patsy
be.PAST Patsy
sa
in.DET
chistin
kitchen
ar
on
siúl
go.VN
Patsy was not in the kitchen
11. bhí
an
be.PAST THE
raidió
radio
the radio was on
12. Bhí
be.PAST
faoi
about
Mike
Mike
dhráma
drama
Murphy ag
Murphy at
a
bhí
REL
be.PAST
cur
put.VN
ar
on
agallaimh
conversation.GEN
siúl
i
go.VN
in
ar
fhear
éigin
on
man
some
mBaile Átha Cliath
Dublin
Mike Murphy was having an interviewing a man about a drama that was going on in Dublin
p.2
13. Bhí
fonn
be.PAST desire
ar
on
Shaoirse
Saoirse
an
raidió
radio
a
to
mhúchadh
turn off.VN
léi
nuair
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM when
mBaile Átha Cliath
Dublin
a
bhíodh sí
be.IMPF SUBJ:3SG.FEM
DET
Saoirse wished she could turn off the radio
14. Thaitníodh
please.IMPF
ina
in.OBJ:3SG.FEM
The Arts’ Show
The Arts’ Show
cónaí i
live.VN in
REL
She used to like The Arts’ Show when she lived in Dublin
15. ach
but
mar a
as
agus
and
anseo
here
dhein
do.PAST
ar
on
chuir
sé
put.PAST SUBJ:3SG.MSC
a
lán
de
POSS.3 full:N
of
an teilifís
the television
saghas masmais
sort
nausea.GEN
na
cláir
DET
programmes
uirthi
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
ar
an
on
DET
raidió
radio
but here it was making her sick, as did many of the radio and TV programmes
16. bhí
be.PAST
agus
and
dtaobh,
side
tábhacht
importance
na
leis
with
DET
le
cúrsaí
with
affairs
ag
baint
at
pick.VN
rudaí
a
things REL
polaitíochta,
political
leis
na
with
DET
bhí
le
be.PAST with
leis
with.OBJ:3SG.MSC
cúrsaí
affairs
rá
say.VN
seo
this
sin,
those
ag
at
agus
and
le
drámaí
with
dramas
daoine ina
people in.POSS:3PL
leis
siúd
with.OBJ:3SG.MSC that
those were important issues, the dramas and the things that the people had to say about them, political issues, this and
that’
A. S. Frenda
176
Appendices
17. Ní
NEG
raibh
tábhacht
be.PAST importance
ar
on
bith
world
ag
at
baint
leo
pick.VN with.OBJ:3PL
There was nothing important about them
18. ní
NEG
raibh
aon
be.PAST one
bhrí
sense
leo
with.OBJ:3PL
anseo, dar
here
seem.PAST
léi
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM
they had no meaning now, in her opinion
19. Bhí
be.PAST
daoine
people
siad
SUBJ:3PL
ar
on
cosúil
similar
Shráid
Street
leis
na
with
DET
Grafton
Grafton
héadaí áiféiseacha
clothes ridiculous
faiseanta
fashionable
a
REL
chaith
wear.PAST
the ridiculous, fashionable clothes worn by the people in Grafton Street
20. Níor
NEG
oir
siad
don
become SUBJ:3PL to.DET
áit
place
seo
this
They don’t become this place
21. na
DET
smaointe
thoughts
a
REL
bhí
ag
be.PAST at
gabháil trína
move.VN through.POSS:3SG.FEM
ceann
head
the thoughts that were going through her head
22. ag
at
dul
go.VN
isteach sa
inside in.DET
cheardlann
workshop
going in to the workshop
23. Bhí
be.PAST
a
POSS:3
Patsy
Patsy
lámh
hand
ina
in.OBJ:3SG.FEM
ar
phota
on
pot
suí
sit.VN
mór
big
ag
at
a
REL
an
roth
potaireachta,
wheel pottery.GEN
bhí
leathchasta
aici
be.PAST half.twisted
at.OBJ:3SG.FEM
DET
Patsy was sitting at her potter’s wheel, she had her hand on a big pot that was half twisted by her
24. Bhí
sí
a
muineál
POSS:3SG
neck
gléasta ina
dressed in.POSS:3SG.FEM
aici
at.OBJ:3SG.FEM
geansaí dubh
jumper black
agus
and
scaif
scarf
oráiste timpeall ar
orange around on
She was wearing a black jumper and had an orange scarf around her neck
25. Ach
but
bhí
rud
be.PAST thing
éigin
some
aisteach ag
strange at
baint
léi
pick.VN with.OBJ:3SG.FEM
But there was something strange about her
26. Bhí
mé
ag
be.PAST SUBJ:1SG at
tiomáint thar
drive.VN past
bráid
front
agus
and
bhuail mé
isteach
hit.PAST SUBJ:1SG inside
I was driving by and I called in
A. S. Frenda
177
Appendices
27. Ní
NEG
raibh
an
be.PAST DET
roth
wheel
ag
at
bogadh
move.VN
The wheel was not moving
28. D’fhan
remain.PAST
gcathaoir
chair
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
ard
high
a
REL
ina
suí
in.POSS:3SG.FEM sit.VN
bhí
aici
be.PAST at.OBJ:3SG.FEM
ag
at
an
DET
mbinse, ar
bench, on
an
DET
She remained seated at the bench, on her high chair
29. ag
at
stánadh ar
stare.VN on
an
DET
bpota
pot
lámh
hand
ar
on
staring at the pot
30. Leag
sí
cast.PAST SUBJ:3SG.FEM
ghualainn
shoulder
Phatsy
Patsy.GEN
She laid a hand on Patsy’s shoulder
31. ag
at
druidim
approach.VN
níos cóngaraí
nearer
di
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
moving closer to her
p.3
32. B’
fhada
COP.PAST long
an
DET
Bharra an Teampaill
Temple Bar.GEN
t-aistear
journey
go dtí
to
a
thóg
Saoirse
take.PAST Saoirse
dainséir bhithiúnta
dangers scoundrelly
REL
ó
shábháilteacht
from
safety
Chorca Dhuibhne
Corca Dhuibhne
shofaisticiúil
sophisticated
It was a long journey that took Saoirse from the sophisticated safety of Temple Bar to the scoundrelly dangers of Corca
Dhuibhne
33. Thosaigh
begin.PAST
Eanáir,
January.GEN
an
DET
go
PTC
t-aistear
journey
luath
early
sin
that
sa
in.DET
tráthnóna
afternoon only
mhílaois
millennium
amháin i
one
in
nua
new
ndeireadh
end
mhí
month.GEN
That journey began one afternoon at the end of January, early in the new millennium
34. Bhí
Saoirse ar
be.PAST Saoirse on
an
DET
DART
DART
ag
at
filleadh
return.VN
ón
oifig
from.DET office
Saoirse was on the DART, on her way home from the office
35. mar
as
ba
ghnách
COP.PAST customary
léi
ag
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM at
an
DET
am
time
sin
that
den
of.DET
bhliain
year
as she used to do at that time of the year
36. ag
at
an
DET
am
time
sin
that
den
of.DET
lá
day
at that time of the day
A. S. Frenda
178
Appendices
37. Bhí
be.PAST
ón
from.DET
an
DET
stáisiún liath
station grey
gruama plódaithe
gloomy pack.PPSTPTC
le
with
daoine ag
people at
teitheadh
flee.VN
Brown Thomas
Brown Thomas
Donna Karan,
Donna Karan
scríofa
write.PPSTPTC
Nua-Eabhrac
New York
gcathair
city
The grey, gloomy station was packed with people running away from the city
38. mórán acu
many at.OBJ:3PL
ag
at
iompar málaí
carry.VN bags
many of them carrying bags
39. Bhí
margaí na
be.PAST markets DET
hathbhliana
following-year
ar
on
siúl
go.VN
ag
at
de
of
Saoirse, ainm
Saoirse name
dhearadh
design.VN
the following year the markets were going on
40. Mála
mór
á
bag.MSCi big
POSS:3SG.MSCi
air
agus
culaith
on.OBJ:3SG.MSC and
suit
istigh ann
inside in.OBJ:3SG.MSC
iompar
carry.VN
nua
new
Saoirse was carrying a big bag, with the name Brown Thomas written on it, and a new suit designed by Donna Karan,
New York’ (or ‘from the collection of Donna Karan, New York’) (was) inside it
41. cosúil leis
similar with
aici …
at.OBJ:3SG.FEM
an
DET
agus
and
gculaith
dress.FEMi
ag
gach
at
every
dhubh
black
bean
woman
a
REL
eile
other
bhí
be.PAST
sa
in.DET
á
POSS:3SG.FEMi
caitheamh
wear.VN
stáisiún
station
like the black dress that she and every other woman in the station was wearing
42. an
DET
sa
in.DET
gculaith dhubh
suit
black
bhaile
home
a
REL
bhí
ar
be.PAST on
crochadh
hang.VN
ina
vardrús
in.POSS.3 wardrobe
airgid
money.GEN
le
with
the black suit that was hanging in her wardrobe at home
43. culaith a
suit
REL
díobh
of.OBJ:3PL
chosain a
cost.PAST PTC
sin
those
trí
three
oiread
times
ceann
head
ar
on
ag
at
teacht
come.VN
bith
word
a suit that cost three times as much as any one of those
44. faoi
under
bhun
bottom
leath
half
a
POSS:3
luach
worth
less than half its worth
45. ó
since
bhí
laethanta
be.PAST days
deiridh mhí
end.GEN month.GEN
Eanáir
January.GEN
since the final days of January were coming
A. S. Frenda
179
Appendices
46. beidh
be.FUT
na
DET
héadaí ag
clothes at
dul
go.VN
ar
on
phinginí
pennies
Saoirse
Saoirse
ar
on
ar
on
a
na
clothes will be going for pennies
47. Nuair a
when
REL
meangadh
smile
smaoinigh
think.PAST
gáire
laugh.VN.GEN
DET
POSS:3SG.FEM
ceithre litir
four
letter
béal
mouth
sin,
that
tháinig
come.PAST
When Saoirse thought of those four letters a smile appeared on her lips
48. tháinig
come.PAST
gliondar
happiness
ina
in.POSS:3SG.FEM
croí
heart
istigh
inside
a
bheith
to
be.VN
bainistíochta
management.GEN
aici
at.OBJ:3SG.FEM
a
bhí
REL
be.PAST
Happiness came into her heart
49. Ach
blús
deas
but
blouse nice
agallamh
do
interview
to
gceann seachtaine
head
week.GEN
bán
white
phost
post
bheadh
be.COND
le
with
léi
san
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM in.DET
bheith ann
be.VN
in.OBJ:3SG.MSC
i
in
If she had a nice white blouse, she would succeed in the interview for a managerial position that was to take place in a
week’s time
50. Dá
mbeadh
barr
top
if
be.COND
d’fhéadfadh
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
be able.COND
dhubh sin
black
that
beag
ar
small
on
freastal
attend.VN
dhath
colour
ar
on
an
airgid
silver.GEN
ócáid ar
bith
occasion on
world
DET
aici
at.OBJ:3SG.FEM
sa
chulaith
in.DET suit
If she had a small, silver-coloured top, she would be able to attend any event in that black suit
51. Culaith a
suit.FEMi REL
thógfadh
take.COND
bean
in
woman in
áit
place
ar
on
bith
word
ach
but
go
PTC
háirithe
certainly
ba
ea
COP.PAST 3SG.NT
í
SUBJ:3SG.FEMi
A suit that a woman could wear everywhere, it was
52. Sin
that
a
REL
dúradh
say.PAST.AUT
in
in
Image
Image
So they said in Image’s [a shop], at any rate
pp.3–4
53. Culaith
suit
agus
and
nó
or
bith
word
a
an
REL
d'fhéadfá
a
chaitheamh
go dtí
be able.COND.2SG to
wear.VN
to
ithe
lóin
le
do
tú
ag
SUBJ:2SG at
eat.VN food.GEN with
POSS:2SG
ag
oscailt taispeántas
ealaíne nó
ar
at
open.VN exhibitions.GEN
art.GEN or
on
DET
oifig,
office
chairde,
friends
ócáid de
occasion of
shaghas ar
sort
on
A suit you could wear to the office and when you were eating with your friends or inaugurating art exhibitions or on
occasions of any sort
A. S. Frenda
180
Appendices
p.4
54. Ba
mhinic Saoirse ag
Saoirse at
COP.PAST often
freastal
attend.VN
ar
on
a
POSS:3
leithéid
like
Saoirse was often attending to such things
55. Bhí
cáil
be.PAST reputation
air
on.OBJ:3SG.MSC
mar
as
dhearthóir
designer
He had a reputation as a designer
56. Ba
mhinic lagmhisneach
depression
COP.PAST often
ar
on
Mharcas
Marcas
Marcas was often depressed
57. clúdaithe
cover.PPSTPTC
cosúil le
similar with
le
with
ráillí
rails
línte
díreacha
lines
straight
traenach
train.GEN
ag
at
rith
run.VN
trasna
across
an
DET
chanbháis
canvas.DET
covered with straight lines that ran across the canvas like railways
58. Bhí
na
be.PAST DET
pictiúir
pictures.MSC
an-chosúil
very-resembling
lena
chéile
with.POSS.3SG.MSC counterpart
The pictures were very similar to each other
59. gur
COMPL
bhain sé
take.PAST SUBJ:3SG.MSC
úsáid
use
as
out of
dathanna
colours
éagsúla i
various in
ngach
each
ceann
head
acu
at.OBJ:3PL
that he made use of several colours in each one of them
60. de
of
réir
accordance
an
DET
ghiúmair
humour.GEN
a
REL
bhí
air
be.PAST on.OBJ:3SG.MSC
depending on his mood
61. bhain
take.PAST
sé
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
úsáid
use
astu
out of.OBJ:3PL
he made use of them
62. Chuaigh
go.PAST
an
DET
lagmhisneach
depression
le
with
meon
mind
an
DET
ealaíontóra
artist.GEN
Depression went with the artist’s disposition
63. in
spe
in
hope
‘in spe, at least’
A. S. Frenda
ar
at
a
PTC
laghad
smallness
181
Appendices
64. Bhuail
meet.PAST
freastal
at attend.VN
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
ar
on
an
DET
le
Marcas
with
Marcas
gColáiste
College
nuair
a
when
REL
Ealaíon
Arts.GEN
bhí
an
be.PAST DET
bheirt
pair
acu
at.OBJ:3PLag
nua
new
i
in
mBarra an Teampaill
Temple Bar
am
time
sin
that
She met Marcas when the two of them were attending the Arts College
65. fuair
sí
get.PAST SUBJ:3SG.FEM
post
post
deas
nice
i
in
ngailearaí
gallery
she got a nice job in a new gallery in Temple Bar
66. Bhí
Barra an Teampaill
be.PAST Temple Bar
díreach tosaithe
just
start.PPSTPTC
ag
at
an
raibh
sí
ag
at
glacadh páirte i
take.VN part.GEN in
DET
Temple Bar had just begun at that time
67. mheas sí
think.PST SUBJ:3SG.FEM
iontach tábhachtach
very
important
go
COMPL
bhfiontar
venture
she thought that she was taking part in a very important venture
68. Bhíodh sé
be.IMPF SUBJ:3SG.MSC
péinteáil
istoíche
paint.VN
at night
i
in
gcónaí
rest.VN2
i
in
gceist aici
question at.OBJ:3SG.FEM
leanúint
continue.VN
ag
at
t-am
time
fháil
find.VN
rud
thing
ar
on
féin,
self
ag
at
smaoineamh
think.VN
she was always considering continuing painting at night
69. agus
and
ag
at
an
DET
deireadh
end
seachtaine
week.GEN
sé
deacair an
difficulty DET
and at the end of the week
70. i
in
bith
word
ndáiríre
earnest
eile
other
bhíodh
be.IMPF
a
to
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
a
to
dhéanamh
do.VN
in earnest it was difficult to find the time to do anything else
71. bhíodh uirthi
be.IMPF on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
Marcas a
Marcas to
chur
put.VN
san
in.DET
áireamh
number
She had to take Marcas into account
72. Lig
let.PAST
ar
on
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
Mharcas
Marcas
osna, gan
fhios
sigh
without knowledge
di
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
di
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
She sighed, unwittingly, thinking of Marcas
2
I gcónaí, here analyzed in its constituents, will henceforth be glossed with its normal meaning ‘always’.
A. S. Frenda
182
Appendices
73. Bhí
be.PAST
anuas,
down
sí
go
mór
i
ngrá
much
in
love
an
raibh
seisean
PTC.INT be.PAST SUBJ:3SG.MSC-EMPH
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
ach
but
PTC
leis,
with.OBJ:3SG.MSC
i
ngrá
in
love
le
sé
with
six
léi
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM
bliana
years
siúd?
that
She had been very much in love with him for the past six years, but was he in love with her?
pp.4–5
74. Ar
mhaith leat
good
with.OBJ:2SG
sé
ar
aon
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
on
one
PTC.INT.COP.PAST
Tá
be
méid
amount
mhéid
amount
mo
POSS:1SG
le ...
with
ghrá
a
thomhas?
love.GEN to
measure.VN
fan
go
bhfeice
mé
wait.IMP COMPL see.SUBJN
SUBJ:1SG
Did you like to measure the quantity of my love? Is it the same quantity as … let me see
p.5
75. Ní
NEG.COP
faoi
about
ciallmhar
an
sensible
DET
mhéid a
amount POSS:3SG.MSC
rud
thing
ghrá,
love.GEN
é
duine
person
háirithe más
certain if.COP
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
go
PTC
ar
on
fear
man
bith
world
an
DET
a
to
duine
person
cheistiú
question.VN
sin
that
It is not sensible to ask anybody about the amount of their love, especially if that person is a man
76. ach
but
ní
NEG
bhíodh leigheas
be.IMPF medicine
ag
at
Saoirse air
Saoirse on.OBJ:3SG.MSC
but Saoirse had no cure for that
77. Níl
sé
NEG.COP SUBJ:3SG.MSC
cónaithe
live.VN.GEN
ciallmhar
sensible
brú
ar
press.VN on
fhear
man
ar
on
bith
world
teacht chun
come.VN to
leat
with.OBJ:2SG
It is not sensible to put pressure on any man to come live with you
78. Beag an
little
DET
á
POSS:3SG.MSC
mhaitheas
a
goodness
REL
éileamh air
ask.VN on.OBJ:3SG.MSC
dhein sé
do.PAST SUBJ:3SG.MSC
di
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
a
to
bheith
be.VN
Little good it did her to be asking that of him
79. Níor
NEG
ghéill
yield.PAST
sé
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
di
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
He didn’t yield to her
80. Ní
NEG
fhéadfainn
árasán
be able.COND.1SG apartment
a
to
roinnt le
share.VN with
héinne!
anyone
I wouldn’t be able to share an apartment with anyone!
81. Táim
i
be.1SG in
bhfad róscaipthe
distance too-scattered
I am far too scattered
A. S. Frenda
183
Appendices
82. ar
on
aon
one
nós
manner
at any rate
83. níl
spás
space
NEG.COP
in
in
árasán
apartment
ar
on
bith
word
do
to
mo
chuid
POSS:1SG share
canbhás
canvasses.GEN
there is no room in any in any apartment for my canvasses
84. B’
fhíor
COP.PAST true
dó
to.OBJ:3SG.MSC
faoin
about.DET
bpointe deireanach
point
last
He was right about the last point
85. Bhí
sí
lán
go
doras ag
teacht isteach sa
be.PAST it.SUBJ:3SG.FEM
full
to
door
at
come.VN inside in.DET
di
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
‘It [= the train, FEM] was full to the doors when it arrived at the station’
stáisiún
station
86. bhrúigh
press.PAST
treo
direction
gach
every
duine
person
ar
on
an
DET
ardán isteach ina
platform inside in.POSS:3SG.FEM
everyone on the platform pushed towards her
87. trí
three
chéad duine
hundred person
ag
at
iarraidh dul
try.VN go.VN
ar
on
thraein
train
three hundred people trying to get on the train
88. ribe
hair
féir
i
hay.GEN in
ngort
field
a blade of hay in a field
89. brúite
press.PPSTPTC
ar
on
gach
each
taobh
side
ag
at
coirp
bodies
eile
other
hemmed in on each side by other bodies
90. Ní
bhíonn tú
riamh chomh
be.IMPF SUBJ:2SG ever
as
agus
a
bhíonn tú
ar
and
REL
be.IMPF SUBJ:2SG on
lena
bhfuil tú
pósta
with.REL be
SUBJ:2SG marry.PPSTPTC
NEG
cóngarach
close
an
DART,
DET
DART
nó
i
or
in
do
dhaoine,
go
to
people
PTC
seachas
daoine
other than
people
ngrá
love
fisiciúil,
physically
You would never get as close to people, physically, as when you were on the DART, except the people with whom you
are married or in love
A. S. Frenda
184
Appendices
91. Bhí
be.PAST
agus
and
tóin
bottom
brollach
breast
fir
aird
man.GEN tall
mná
woman.GEN
chaoil
thin
bige
little
sáite
press.PSTPTC
sáite
press.PPSTPTC
ina
in.POSS:3SG.FEM
ina
in.POSS:3SG.FEM
brollach,
breast
droim
back
The bottom of a tall, thin man was pressed against her breast, and the breast of a small woman was pressed against her
back
92. Daoine eile
persons other
ag
at
tabhairt tacaíochta
give.VN support.GEN
di
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
ar
on
an
ar
on
traein
train
seo…
this
DET
dá
two
thaobh
side
ní
thitfeá
fall.COND.2SG
other people hemming her in on both sides
93. Dá
if
in
in
dtitfeá
fall.COND.2SG
aon
chor
one
turn
i
in
laige
weakness
an
DET
NEG
if you fainted on this train you would not fall at all’ (the train is so crowded that it is impossible to fall down)
94. Ní
NEG
raibh
spás
be.PAST space
ann
in.OBJ:3SG.MSC
le
with
titim
fall.VN
There was no space to fall down
95. Sheasfá
stand.COND.2SG
Dún Laoghaire
Dún Laoghaire
i
in
do
laige
POSS:2SG weakness
go dtí
until
go
COMPL
sroichfeadh
reach.COND
an
DET
traein
train
You would stand, unconscious, until the train had reached Dún Laoghaire
pp.5–6
96. ansin
then
a
REL
thitfeá
fall.COND.2SG
thuirling
descend.PAST
amach ar
out
on
ansin
there
an
DET
ardán, leis
platform with
na
DET
sluaite eile
crowd other
then you would fall out onto the platform as the crowd descended there
p.6
97. mura
unless
mbeifeá
be.COND.2SG
tagtha
arrive.APSTPTC
chugat
to.OBJ:2SG
féin
self
faoin
under.DET
am
time
sin
that
if you had not come to by that time
98. ‘Tá
be
cairde
friends
an
DART
DART
i gcónaí, le
always with
DET
go
hiontach,’
a
wonderful
REL
daoine sa
ghailearaí
people in.DET gallery
PTC
deireadh
say.IMPF
Saoirse lena
Saoirse with.POSS:3SG.FEM
“The DART is wonderful,” Saoirse would always say to her friends and to the people in the gallery
A. S. Frenda
185
Appendices
99. Tá
be
an
DET
t-ádh
luck
leat
with.OBJ:2SG
You are lucky
100. Ní
NEG
raibh
cead
be.PAST permission
gearáin
complaint.GEN
ag
at
aon
one
duine
people
nobody was free to complain
101. ‘Tá
be
aghaidh
face
an
DET
an
DET
DART wonderful!’
DART wonderful
lae
day.GEN
a
REL
deireadh
say.IMPF
Saoirse, deich
Saoirse ten
n-uaire in
times
in
“Tá an DART wonderful!”, Saoirse would say ten times a day
102. dhá
two
spota
spot
dhearga ar
red
on
chúlra
background
gorm
blue
two red spots on a blue background
103. Bhí
bolaithe éagsúla le
fáil
ar
an
DART an
tráthnóna
be.PAST smells strange with
get.VN on
DET
DART DET
afternoon
go
deas
agus
cuid
acu
nach
raibh
seo,
cuid
acu
this
part
at.OBJ:3PL
PTC
nice
and
part
at.OBJ:3PL
REL.NEG be.PAST
chomh deas
sin
as
nice
that
‘You could smell strange odours on the DART that afternoon, some of them nice, some of them not that nice’
104. Cumhrán
scent
de
of
shaghas
sort
éigin
some
a
REL
bhí
coitianta
be.PAST common
faoi
under
láthair
presence
Every kind of scent that was common at that time
105. Bhí
sé
be.PAST SUBJ:3SG.MSC
sin
that
san
in.DET
aer
air
It was in the air
106. Boladh nua
scent
new
ar
REL
bhain Saoirse triail
take.PAST Saoirse test
as
off.OBJ:3SG.MSC
inniu
today
A new scent that Saoirse was trying on today
107. i
in
siopa
shop
Brown Thomas
Brown Thomas
in Brown Thomas
108. Cé
go
although COMPL
raibh
an
be.PAST DET
tráthnóna
afternoon
fuar
cold
bhí
an
be.PAST DET
traein
train
an-te
very-hot
Although the afternoon was cold, it was quite hot in the train
A. S. Frenda
186
Appendices
109. duine éigin
person some
a
líon
REL
fill.PAST
a
REL
an
DET
lig
broim
let
fart
carráiste
carriage
as,
nó
out of.OBJ:3SG.MSC or
le
boladh bréan,
with
smell
foul
aisti
agus
out of.OBJ:3SG.FEM and
te,
náiriúil
warm
shameful
someone (a man or a woman) farting and who filled the carriage with a foul, warm, shameful smell
110. An
DET
t-aon
one
bhuntáiste
advantage
a
to
bhain leis
pick.VN with
an
cloch
stone
amháin ar
one
on
DET
DART
DART
the only advantage concerning the DART
111. Ní
NEG
raibh
ionat
be.PAST in.OBJ:2SG
ach
but
bheag
small
charn
pile
You were nothing more than a small stone on a pile
112. Thosaigh
start.PAST
daoine ag
people at
tuirlingt
descend.VN
den
traein
from.DET train
ag
at
an
DET
gCarraig Dhubh
Black Rock
de
of
shaghas eile
sort
other
people started to get off the train at Black Rock
113. B’
COP.PAST
a
to
fháil
find.VN
in
that
ar
on
seans agat
mioneolas
chance at.OBJ:2SG
detailed-knowledge
an
nádúr daonna
DET
nature human
You had that chance of finding detailed information of a different kind about the human nature
114. den
of.DET
chéad
first
uair
time
ó
since
d’fhág
leave.PAST
siad
SUBJ:3PL
lár
centre
na
DET
cathrach
city.GEN
for the first time since they left the city centre
115. bhí
be.PAST
clár
board
seans
chance
a
to
ag
at
chur
put.VN
na
a
DET
hainniseoirí
miserable.PL
faoina
dtóin
under.POSS:3PL bottom
REL
bhí
leathmharbh
be.PAST half-dead
ón
seasamh
from.DET stand.VN
the miserable who were half-dead from standing had a chance to put a bord under their bottom
116. Ní
NEG
crannchur
lottery.MSC
a
REL
bhí
ann
be.PAST in.OBJ:3SG.MSC
ach
but
seasamh
stand.VN
na
orthu
on.OBJ:3PL
siúd
those
DET
dtréan
strong.GEN.PL
It wasn’t a lottery but the survival of the fittest
p.7
117. Bhí
uirthi
súil
be.PAST on.OBJ:3SG.FEM eye
a
bhí
ina
REL
be.PAST in.POSS:3PL
ghéar
sharp
suí
sit.VN
a
choimeád
to
keep.VN
cheana féin
already
She had to keep a sharp eye on those people who were already sitting
118. Conas a
how
REL
tharla
happen.PAST
sé
go
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
COMPL
raibh
siad
ina
be.PAST SUBJ:3PL in.POSS:3PL
suí?
sit.VN
How did it happen that they were sitting?
A. S. Frenda
187
Appendices
119. a
REL
chaith
spend.PAST
an
DET
lá
day
ar
on
fad
length
go
to
Binn Éadair,
Binn Éadair
ar
on
an
ó
from
Bhinn Éadair
Binn Éadair
DET
DART
DART
who spent the whole day on the DART
120. ag
at
go
to
taisteal ó
travel.VN from
Bré
Bray
Bhré
Bray
travelling from Bray to Binn Éadair, from Binn Éadair to Bray
121. ionas
manner
a
to
go
COMPL
bheith
be.VN
mbeadh
be.COND
acu
at.OBJ:3PL
sé
de
of
thraein 5.15
train
5.15
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
ar
on
shásamh
satisfaction
acu
at.OBJ:3PL
leid
clue
fháil
get.VN
suíochán
seat
so that it would be fine by them to have a seat on the 5.15 train
122. Bhí
uirthi
be.PAST on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
pleananna
na
plans
the
faire
go
watch.VN PTC
ndaoine
people.GEN
géar
sharp
suite
certain
chun
to
a
to
maidir le
concerning
She had to watch out carefully to get a clue as regards the plans of certain people
123. An
raibh
an
be.PAST DET
gur
as
COMPL.COP
from
PTC.INT
chuma
air
siúd
appearance
on.OBJ:3SG.MSC that
an
gCarraig Dhubh dó
DET
Black Rock
to.OBJ:3SG.MSC
nó
or
nó
or
uirthi
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
di?
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
siúd
that
na
Carraige
Rock.GEN
Duibhe
Black
Did that man or that woman look as though they were from Blackrock?
124. An
PTC.INT
raibh
aghaidh, éadaí, mála,
be.PAST face,
clothes, bag,
leabhair, nuachtáin
books, newspapers
DET
aici?
at.OBJ:3SG.FEM
Did she have the face, clothes, bags, books, newspapers of (someone coming from) Black Rock?
125. duine a
person REL
tSeanchill,
Seanchill
ar
feadh
on
length
mbeadh cónaí uirthi
amuigh
be.COND live.VN on.OBJ:3SG.FEM out
is
é
sin
duine
COP
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
that
person
leathuair
an
chloig
half-hour.GEN
DET
clock.GEN
i
in
a
REL
mBré, nó
Bray
or
choimeádfadh
keep.COND
sa
in
an
DET
suíochán
seat
eile
other
a woman who was very likely to be living out in Bray or in Seanchill, that is someone who would keep the seat for another
half an hour
126. An
raibh
cuma
be.PAST appearance
ullmhú
don
turas
prepare.VN
to.DET journey
traenach
train.GEN
PTC.INT
ar
an
on
DET
uafásach
terrible
duine
person
ón
from.DET
go
sí
COMPL
raibh
be.PAST
suíochán
seat
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
go dtí
to
doras
door
ag
at
na
DET
did she look as though she was preparing for the terrible journey from the seat to the doors of the train
A. S. Frenda
188
Appendices
127. An
PTC.INT
cóip
copy
raibh
be.PAST
de
of
sí
a
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
ag
cur
at
put.VN
The Irish Times, ina
The Irish Times in.POSS:3SG.FEM
POSS:3
mála
bag
leabhair,
nó
book
or
bog
leathair?
soft
leather.GEN
a
POSS:3SG.FEM
Was she putting her book, or her copy of The Irish Times, into her soft leather bag?
128. An
PTC.INT
raibh
cuma
be.PAST appearance
neirbhíseach
nervous
ag
at
teacht ar
come.VN on
a
POSS:3SG.FEM
haghaidh?
face
dhuine a
person REL
rugadh …
be born.PAST
sa
in
Was a nervous look appearing on her face?
129. Uaireanta
times
bheadh dul
be.COND go.VN
amú
in vain
ort
on.OBJ:2SG
Sometimes you can go wrong
130. Bheadh gach
cosúlacht
be.COND every
appearance
Charraig Dhubh
Rock
Black
air
on.OBJ:3SG.MSC
gur
COMPL
He would no doubt look as someone who was born … in Black Rock
131. Bheadh
be.COND
nó
or
an
DET
ag
at
duine
person
cur
put.VN
céanna seo
same
this
uaithi
from.OBJ:3SG.FEM
ag
at
a
POSS:3
dúnadh a
close.VN POSS.3
Walkman
Walkman
leabhair
book.GEN
This same person would be closing her book or putting away her Walkman
132. Ach
ag
stáisiún na Carraige Duibhe
but
at
station of Black Rock
‘But at the Black Rock station’
133. bhogfadh
sí
move.COND
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
‘she would leave her seat’
as
from
134. Bheadh gach
be.COND every
di
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
uirthi
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
cosúlacht
appearance
a
POSS:3SG.FEM
suíochán
seat
gurbh
COMPL.COP
as
from
an
DET
gCarraig Dhubh
Black Rock
It was evident that she was from Black Rock
pp.7–8
135. I
in
gCill Iníon Léinín a
Cill Iníon Léinín REL
rugadh
agus
be born.PAST.AUT and
a
REL
tógadh
raise.PAST.AUT
í
OBJ:3SG.FEM
In Cill Iníon Léinín where she was born and raised
A. S. Frenda
189
Appendices
p.8
136. is
COP
ansin
there
a
REL
bhí
cónaí fós
be.PAST dwell.VN still
uirthi
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
it is there that she still had to live
137. Fiche
twenty
nóiméad eile,
minute other
sa
in.DET
suíochán
seat
sin
that
Another twenty minutes, on that seat
138. níor
NEG
dhein
make.PAST
siad
SUBJ:3PL
botúin ina
blunders in.POSS:3PL
gcuid
share
meastachán
estimates.GEN
They did not make any gross mistake in their estimates
139. agus
and
ag
at
an
DET
gCarraig Dhubh
Rock
Black
and at Black Rock
140. Dheinidís
cinnte
do.IMPF.3PL
sure
suíochán
don
to.DET seat
de
of
gurbh
iadsan
a
COMPL.COP
SUBJ:3PL-EMPH
REL
bhíodh cóngarach
be.IMPF near
fháil
find.VN
ar
on
They made sure of the fact that they were close to the seat
141. Iadsan
OBJ:3PL-EMPH
a
REL
shleamhnaíodh
slip.PAST
isteach ann
inside in.OBJ:3SG.MSC
Saoirse riamh
Saoirse ever
suíochán
seat
Those who slipped in there
142. Níor
éirigh le
rise.PAST with
mbealach
seo
route
this
NEG
a
to
an
DET
Saoirse never succeded in finding a seat on this route
143. Uaireanta
times
d’fhaigheadh
find.COND
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
ceann
head
trí
through
sheans
chance
de
of
ghnáth, suíochán
custom seat
Sometimes she would find one by chance
144. thairgeadh
offer.PAS
fear
man
éigin,
some
seanfhear
old-man
di
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
Some man, usually an old man, would offer her his seat
145. Ní
NEG
a
to
éireodh
rise.COND
thabhairt
give.VN
éinne,
anyone
do
to
fear
nó
man
or
thaistealaí
traveller
páiste, chun
child
to
eile
other
a
POSS:3SG.MSC
shuíochán
seat
féin
own
Nobody, either a man or a child, would get up to give their own seat to another traveller
A. S. Frenda
190
Appendices
146. na
DET
daoine a
people REL
bhí
ina
be.PAST in.POSS:3PL
seasamh
stand.VN
the people who were standing
147. dá
if
taobh
side
mbeadh
fear
be.COND
man
in
aice
in
nearness
agus
and
le
with
bean
ina
woman in.POSS:3PL
suíochán
seat
seasamh
stand.VN
taobh
side
le
with
comhartha
sign.GEN
chéad rogha
first
choice
éigin
a
some
to
di
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
if a man and a woman were standing side by side, next to a seat
148. bhíodh sé
dhéanamh
leis
make.VN
with
de
of
an
DET
nós
custom
mbean,
woman
ag
at
ag
at
an
bhfear
man
tabhairt na
give.VN DET
DET
the man would customarily make some sign to the woman, giving her the first choice
149. Go dtí
until
anocht
tonight
until tonight
150. Bhí
Saoirse tar éis
be.PAST Saoirse after
brú
isteach go dtí
push.VN inside to
an
DET
pasáiste idir
na
corridor between DET
suíocháin
seats
Saoirse had just pushed into the corridor between the seats
151. Dheineadh
sí
seo
ag
do.IMPF
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
this
at
mbíodh sí
i gcónaí ag
iarraidh
always at
try.VN
gcorr éisc
a
bhíodh ina
grey heron.FEM
REL
be.IMPF in.OBJ:3SG.FEM
i
lár
an
réisc
san
in
centre DET
marsh.GEN
in.DET
Baile an Bhóthair
Baile an Bhóthair
radharc a
look
to
seasamh
stand.VN
áit
seo
place
this
i gcónaí, toisc
always purpose
fháil
ar
get.VN on
ar
chos
on
foot
go
COMPL
an
DET
amháin
one
She would always do so at Baile an Bhóthair, because she would always try to look at the grey heron that was standing
on one leg, in the middle of the marsh there
152. Agus
and
go
COMPL
toisc
go
purpose COMPL
mbeadh
be.COND
mbíodh
sí
sí
in ann
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
able
dóchasach
hopeful
COMPL
suí
síos
ag
sit.VN
down
at
go
mb'
fhéidir
COP.PAST possible
an
DET
gCarraig Dhubh
Rock
Black
And because she hoped that she would be able to sit down at the Black Rock stop
153. B’
fhuath
COP.PAST hatred
le
with
Saoirse seasamh
Saoirse stand.VN
Saoirse hated having to stand
154. Tharlaíodh
happen.IMPF
rud
thing
aisteach
surprising
di
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
Something surprising would happen to her
A. S. Frenda
191
Appendices
155. D’fhaigheadh
experience.IMPF
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
pian
pain
ina
in.POSS:3SG.FEM
bolg
stomach
She would have a pain in her stomach
156. Thagadh
come.IMPF
masmas uirthi
nausea on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
She would feel sick sick
p.9
157. bhrúigh
press.PAST
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
isteach sa
inside in.DET
phasáiste
corridor
she pushed into the corridor
158. sheas
stand.PAST
a
POSS:3SG.FEM
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
teileafón
telephone
in
in
ó
since
aice
le
nearness with
d’fhág
leave.PAST
bean
a
woman REL
an
traein
DET
train
bhí
ag
caint
ar
be.PAST at
speak.VN on
Sraith an Iarthair
West Street
she stood next to a woman who was speaking on her telephone since the train had left West Street
159. Cailín
girl
gealgháireach
cheerful
a
REL
bhí
inti
be.PAST in.OBJ:3SG.FEM
She was a cheerful girl
160. seaicéad
jacket
leathair
leather.GEN
uirthi
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
she was wearing a leather jacket
161. ‘Hi!’
Hi
i
in
a
REL
nguth
voice
dúirt
say.PAST
ard
high
sí
arís
agus
again
and
féinmhuiníneach
self-confident
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
láidir
strong
arís
again
eile
other
ar
on
an
DET
nguthán,
telephone
“Hi!” she would say again and again on the telephone, in a strong, loud, self-confident voice
162. chuir
sí
put.PAST SUBJ:3SG.FEM
meangadh
mór
smile
big
an
teileafón
telephone
gáire
leis
laugh.VN.GEN
with
DET
ina
in.POSS:3FEM
an
saol
DET
world
mála
bag
i
in
droma, agus
back.GEN and
gcoitinne
generality
dhein
make.PAST
she put the telephone into her backpack she gave a big smile to the world in general
163. agus
and
an
DET
traein
train
ag
at
druidim
approach.VN
leis
with
an
ag
at
déanamh
make.VN
DET
gcéad
first
stáisiún eile
station other
as the train moves/moved closer to the next station
164. d’éirigh sí
rise.PAST SUBJ:3SG.FEM
go dtí an
doras
to
the
door
agus
and
thosaigh
begin.PAST
a
POSS:3SG.FEM
bealaigh
route
she got up and started to make her way to the door
A. S. Frenda
192
Appendices
165. Bhí
fear
be.PAST man
meánaosta
middle-aged
ina
in.POSS:3SG.MSC
sheasamh
stand.VN
in
in
aice
le
nearness with
Saoirse
Saoirse
A middle-aged man was standing next to Saoirse
166. D'fhan sí
soicind,
wait.PAST SUBJ:3SG.FEM
second
dtabharfadh
sé
give.COND
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
go
PTC
an
DET
dea-bhéasach, ag
well-behaved
at
nod
di
nod
to.SUBJ:3SG.FEM
feitheamh
wait.VN
go
COMPL
She waited for a second, politely, for him to nod at her
167. Ina
in.POSS:3SG.MSC
ionad
place
sin,
that
shuigh sé
sit.PAST SUBJ:3SG.MSC
féin
self
síos
down
Instead of that, he sat down
168. tharraing
pull.PAST
[sé]
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
leabhar as
book
out of
a
as
out of
stáisiún
station
POSS:3SG.MSC
phóca
pocket
he drew a book out of his pocket
169. Shleamhnaigh
slid.PAST
an
DET
traein
train
an
DET
The train slided out of the station
170. bhí
be.PAST
dorcha
dark
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
agus
and
glór
noise
ina
luí
in.POSS:3SG.FEM lie.VN
aisteach ina
strange in.POSS:3SG.FEM
ar
on
cluasa
ears
a
DET
droim
back
i
in
seomra beag
room
small
she was lying on her back in a small dark room, and a strange noise was in her ears
171. Bhí
sí
in
in
otharcharr
ambulance
dul
go.VN
faoi
under
She was in an ambulance
172. Tar éis di
after
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
scrúdú
examination
san
in.DET
ospidéal
hospital
after she had undergone the examination in the hospital
173. Fuair
sí
get.PAST SUBJ:3SG.FEM
tacsaí
taxi
go dtí
to
a
POSS:3SG.FEM
hárasán
apartment
seanteach
old-house
sa
in.DET
She took a taxi to her apartment
174. dhá
two
sheomra
room
bheaga i
small
in
Naigín
Noggin
two small rooms in an old house in the Noggin
175. Níor
tharla
happen.PAST
‘She simply fainted’
NEG
A. S. Frenda
ach
but
gur
COMPL
thit
sí
fall.PAST SUBJ:3SG.FEM
i
in
laige
weakness
193
Appendices
176. Bhí
an
be.PAST DET
iomarca daoine
excess people.GEN
ar
on
an
DET
traein
train
There were too many people on the train
pp.9–10
177. thaispeáin
show.PAST
na
DET
scrúduithe
examinations
nach
COMPL.NEG
raibh
mórán
be.PAST much
cearr
wrong
léi
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM
the examinations showed that there was not much wrong with her
p.10
178. ba
COP.COND
nó
or
dhó
two
mhaith
good
chun
to
leis
dá
with.OBJ:3SG.MSC if
go
ndéanfadh
COMPL make.COND
bhfillfeadh
return.COND
sé
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
scrúdú
examination
i
gceann lá
in
head
day
níos géire
sharper
he would like her to return within a day or two so that he could carry out a more accurate examination
179. Bhí
Saoirse ina
be.PAST Saoirse in.POSS:3SG.FEM
seomra beag
room
small
Saoirse was in her small room
180. nuair a thug
when
understand.PAST
mála
aici,
bag
at.POSS:3SG.FEM
sí
in
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
in
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
an
DET
mála
bag
faoi
under
ina
in.REL
deara
perception
raibh
an
be.PAST DET
nach
COMPL.NEG
chulaith DK
suit
DK
raibh
a
be.PAST POSS:3
a
cheannaigh
REL
buy.PAST
BT
BT
when she understood that she didn’t have her bag, the bag in which was the DK suit she bought in Brown Thomas
181. Dhá
two
chéad punt,
hundred pound
imithe
go.APSTPTC
le
with
gaoth
wind
Oifig
Office
na
Two hundred pounds, gone with the wind
182. Ghlaoigh
call.PAST
Éireann
Ireland.GEN
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
ar
on
DET
nEarraí
Things.GEN
Caillte
Lost
in
in
Iarnród
Railroad
naoi
nine
a
cúig,
five
ón
from.DET
She called the Lost-and-Found Office at Iarnród Éireann
183. ag
at
Luan
Monday
iarraidh
ask.VN
go dtí
to
uirthi
glaoch idir
a
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM call.VN between PTC
an
Satharn
DET
Saturday
agus
and
PTC
asking her to call between nine and five, from Monday to Saturday
184. Ghlaoigh
call.PAST
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
ar
on
Mharcas
Marcas
she called Marcas
A. S. Frenda
194
Appendices
185. ‘Hello’
Hello
ní
NEG
déarfadh
say.COND
sé
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
mura
unless
mbíodh gá
be.IMPF need
leis
with.OBJ:3SG.MSCi
chuid
share
fuinnimh
energy.GEM
go
éigin
some
a
to
ithe
eat.VN
ó
since
bhí
am
be.PAST time
lóin
lunch.GEN
domhain
world.GEN
di
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
He would not say “Hello” if iti was not necessary
186. Shábháladh
save.IMPF
chanbhás
canvas
sé
a
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
POSS:3SG.MSC
PTC
léir
entire
don
to.DET
He would save all of his energies for the canvas
187. Smaoinigh
think.PAST
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
ar
on
rud
thing
She thought of eating something
188. ní
NEG
raibh
faic
ite
be.PAST anything eat.PPSTPTC
aici
at.OBJ:3SG:FEM
ann
in.OBJ:3SG.MSC
she had eaten nothing since lunch time
189. ag
at
siopadóireacht
shopping:N
shopping
190. Ní
NEG
raibh
ocras
be.PAST hunger
ar
on
bith
world
anois
now
an
immersion
immersion
uirthi
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
She was not hungry now
191. Chuir sí
DET
ar
on
siúl
go.VN
She turned the immersion on
192. Dhéanfadh
folcadh deas
te
maitheas
do.COND
bath
nice
warm
goodness
‘A nice, warm bath would do her all the good in the world’
193. chuir
[sí]
an
DET
teilifís
television
an
DET
ar
on
siúl
go.VN
she turned the television on
A. S. Frenda
195
Appendices
2
Mícheál Ó Cíosóig (1997)
p.5
1.
Agus
and
i
in
mé
im
in.POSS:1SG
gCill Airne,
go
Killarney
PTC
SUBJ:1SG
sheasamh
stand.VN
déanach
late
ag
at
an
DET
doras
door
oíche
night
an
Great Southern Hotel
Great Southern Hotel.GEN
Shathairn
áirithe seo
Saturday.GEN
certain this
DET
As I was standing at the door of the Great Southern Hotel in Killarney, late one Saturday night
2.
bhíos
ag
be.IMPF.1SG
at
chun
cainte
to
talk.VN.GEN
bheag álainn a
small
beautiful REL
iarraidh
try.VN
ag
at
bhí
was
a
to
an
the
in
in
dhéanamh
make
am
seo
time
this
áit
éigin
place
some
amach
out
den
of.DET
istigh
inside
an
PTC.INT
oíche
night
san
in.DET
leis
with
óstán
hotel
rachainn
come.IMPF.1SG
an
mbean
DET
woman
I was trying to decide if I would go to talk at this time of the night to the small, beautiful woman who was somewhere in the
hotel
3.
Bhí
a
be.PAST POSS:3SG.FEM
híomhá do
image to
mo
POSS:1SG
chrá
anguish
Her image anguished me
4.
Bhíos
be.PAST.1SG
ar
on
bís,
screw
neirbhíseach
nervous
I was in suspence, nervous
5.
Bhí
cúis
be.PAST cause
mhaith leis
sin
good
There was a good reason for that
6.
bhí
a
fear céile
ina
be.PAST POSS:3SG.FEM
husband
in.POSS:3SG.MSC
uaim
from.OBJ:1SG
‘And her husband was standing a couple of yards from me’
7.
Bhí
be.PAST
cur
put.VN
cé
who
an
DET
t-am
time
ag
at
is
and
acu
at.OBJ:3PL
sheasamh
stand.VN
caite
agam
ó
am
spend.PPSTPTC
at.OBJ:1SG
from
time
cúiteamh,
ag
iarraidh m’
aigne
repay.VN
at
try.VN POSS:1SG mind
a
labhróinn
léi
nó
REL
speak.COND.1SG with.OBJ:3SG.FEM or
cúpla
couple
slat
yard
dinnéir
ag
dinner.GEN
at
a
shocrú
to
settle.VN
nach
labhróinn
REL.NEG speak.COND.1SG
I had spent my time since dinner humming and hawing, trying to make out if I should or should not speak to her
8.
Ba
chóir
COP.PAST apt
dom
to.OBJ:1SG
insint di
relate.VN to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
mar
as
gheall ar
account on
gheáitsíocht
antics
Chlic
Clic.GEN
I should have given her some explanation as regards Clic’s antics
A. S. Frenda
196
Appendices
9.
agus
and
sinn
i
OBJ:1PL in
bhfad ón
oifig
distance from.DET office
as we were away from the office
10.
bheadh
be.COND.3SG
leithscéal
excuse
agam
at.OBJ:1SG
to
to
labhairt
speak.VN
léi
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM
I would have an excuse to speake to her
11.
Ach
but
an
PTC.INT
dteastaíonn
be missing
sin
that
uaim?
from.OBJ:1SG
abród
say.FUT.1SG
léi?
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM
But do I need that?
12.
Cad
what
a
REL
What will I tell her?
13.
Tar éis dinnéir
after
dinner.GEN
ina
raibh
an
in.REL be.PAST DET
gcairde
dá
of.POSS:3PL
friends
bhí
sí
gafa
busy
fear céile
damanta
husband
damned
le
with
sin
that
scata
group
agus
and
meidhreach
merry
roinnt
some
After dinner she was occupied with a merry group of people among whom was (her) damned husband and some of their
friends
14.
Chaith
spend.PAST
an
bpianó
DET
piano
baint
suilt
take.VN fun.GEN
siad
uair
hour
i
den
in
of.DET
as
mar
out of.OBJ:3SG.MSC as
SUBJ:3PL
cúpla
couple
gcúinne
corner
an
chloig
clock.GEN
bhfoyer galánta ag
foyer
grand at
ócáid
occasion
DET
cruinnithe
gather.VN.GEN
ól,
ag
drink.VN at
thart
around
cantain
sing.VN
ar
on
agus
and
ag
at
They spent a couple of hours around the piano in a corner of the grand foyer, drinking, singing and enjoying it as an
occasion
15.
Níor
éirigh deis
ina
rise.PAST opportunity
in.REL
orthu
agus
labhairt
on.OBJ:3PL
and
speak.VN
NEG
mbeadh
sé
be.COND
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
léi
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM
cuí
proper
cur
put.VN
isteach
inside
tuirseach
tired
amuigh den
outside of.DET
mé
ar
SUBJ:1SG on
de
of
óstán,
hotel
imeacht
go.VN
There did not arise an opportunity in which it would be proper to interrupt them and speak to her
16.
nuair a dúras
liom
when
say.PAST.1SG
with.OBJ:1SG
bheith ag
guairdeall
thart
loiter.VN
about
be.VN at
ag
smaoineamh
uirthi
at
think.VN
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
liom
suas
staighre
with.OBJ:1SG
up
stairs
féin
self
taobh
side
agus
and
go
COMPL
istigh
inside
gur
COMPL
rabhas
be.PAST.1SG
agus
taobh
and
side
shocraigh
settle.PAST
When I said to myself that I was tired of loitering about inside and outside the hotel, thinking of her decided to go upstairs
A. S. Frenda
197
Appendices
17.
Bhrúigh
press.PAST
mé
SUBJ:1SG
cnaipe chun
button to
an
DET
t-ardaitheoir
elevator
díoscánach
creaky
a
to
stopadh
stop.VN
I pressed a button to stop the creaky elevator
18.
Gan
fothram ar
without noise
on
bith
world
uathu,
off.OBJ:3PL
shleamhnaigh
slid.PAST
na
istigh
inside
ann,
in.OBJ:3SG.MSC
ina
in.POSS:3SG.FEM
seasamh
standing
bhogas
move.PAST.1SG
tacú
support.VN
isteach
inwards
le
with
DET
doirse, ar
doors
on
leathadh
spread.VN
Silently the doors slid open
19.
bhí
sí
romham
before.OBJ:1SG
she was in there, standing before me
20.
Mar
as
chiall,
sense
bhrat
flag
gan
without
ar
on
toil,
will
foluain
flutter.VN
ag
at
chuici,
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
snámh
swim.GEN
gan
mo
without POSS:1SG
na
gcos
DET
legs.GEN
Shaking as a fluttering flag, I went toward her, senselessly, unwillingly, with trembling legs’ (?)
21.
Stánamar
stare.PAST.1PL
ar
on
a
POSS:3SG.MSC
chéile
counterpart
We stared at each other
22.
D’fhéach
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
look.PAST
go
tapaidh
PTC
quick
aníos
up
orm,
on.OBJ:1SG
a
POSS:3SG.FEM
súile
eyes
ag
at
léim
jump.VN
She looked up on me, her eyes darting quickly
23.
agus
and
féin
selves
iad
OBJ:3PL
ag
at
filleadh gan
fothram agus
return.VN without noise
and
ag
at
greamú
adhere.VN
POSS:1SG
dhá
two
lámh
hand
scáfar, go
timid
PTC
mall
slowl
ciúin
calm
iontu
in.OBJ:3PL
as they [the doors] returned quietly and caught on themselves
p.6
24.
Chonaic
see.PAST
ag
ardú
at
rise.VN
mé,
SUBJ:1SG
mhothaíos,
feel.PAST.1SG
mo
liom
with.OBJ:1SG
chuici
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
I saw, I felt, my two hands rising to her
25.
Ardaíodh
rise.PAST.3SG
a
POSS:3
lámha
hands
siúd,
those
She rose those hands of hers, timid, slowly calm
26.
míobhán
dizziness
dár
from.POSS:1PL
suathadh
excitement
dizziness from our excitement’
A. S. Frenda
198
Appendices
27.
Bhrúigh
push.PAST
a
POSS:3
dhá
two
cíoch
breast
ionam
in.OBJ:1SG
Her breasts pressed against me
28.
Nocht
appear.PAST
muineál,
neck
scornach,
throat
cíocha chugam
breasts to.OBJ:1SG
Her neck, her throat, her breasts appeared to me
29.
an
DET
mothú
feeling
san
in.DET
taobh
side
istigh
inside
dem
OF.POSS:1SG
bhaclainn
bent arm
the feeling in the inner side of my elbow
30.
D'éalaigh
escape.PAST
roimh phuth
before puff
mo
chiall
POSS:1SG sense
uaim
from.OBJ:1SG
mar
as
chúr
foam
geal
bright
na
DET
habhann
river.GEN
gaoithe
wind.GEN
My reason abandoned me as the bright foam of the river driven forward by a puff of wind
31.
Tamall
while
as
out of
ina
dhiaidh
in.POSS:3SG.MSC aftermath
mo
sheomrasa
agus
POSS:1SG room-EMPH
and
sin . . . shleamhnaigh
that
slip.PAST
d’fhág
mé
leave.PAST
OBJ:1SG
Annagael
Annagael
im
in.POSS:1SG
léi
with.POSS:3SG.FEM
ghealt
lunatic
A while later, Annagael slipped away out of my room and left me stark mad
32.
Cad
what
a
REL
bhí
déanta
be.PAST do.PPSTPTC
againn?
at.OBJ:1PL
What had we done?
33.
Agus
and
agus
and
mé
ar
on
timpeall gan
around without
OBJ:1SG
mire,
rothlaigh
madness
spin.PAST
stad
im
aigne
mind
stop.VN in.POSS:1SG
smaoineamh
thought
amháin timpeall
one
around
In a frenzy, only one thought would spin around and around ceaselessly in my mind
34.
Bhí
sé
uirthi
on.POSS:3SG.FEM
tamall
while
ón
gcéad
from.DET first
uair
time
a
REL
leagas
lay.PAST.1SG
súil
eye
mar
as
bhíos
be.PAST.1SG
míshuaimhneach,
perturbed
It had been a while since the first time I laid eyes on her
35.
bhí
mo
shaol ina
in.POSS:3SG.MSC
be.PAST POSS:1SG life
suaite
ionam
féin
confused
in.OBJ:1SG
self
phraiseach,
mess
my life was a mess, because I was perturbed, confused in myself
A. S. Frenda
199
Appendices
36.
Tar éis
after
sa
in.DET
dom
to.OBJ:1SG
státseirbhís,
civil-service
seacht mbliana
seven years
tháinig
come.PAST
a
to
saghas
sort
chaitheamh
mar
spend.VN
as
tinnis orm
pain.GEN on.OBJ:1SG
fheidhmeannach
functionary
After working for seven years as a civil servant, I started to feel some kind of pain
37.
bhíos
be.PAST.1SG
an-tuirseach
very-tired
ar
on
fad
length
I was very tired indeed
38.
Ba
léir
be.PAST clear
liom
with.OBJ:1SG
ná
COMPL.NEG
raibh
páipéarachas
be.PAST stationery
na
DET
státseirbhíse
civil-service.GEN
ag
at
réiteach
agree.VN
It was clear that the civil-service stationery did not suit me
39.
an
DET
saol
world
sin
that
a
to
chur
put.VN
ar
at
leataobh
side
bliain
year
ag
at
iarraidh a
try.VN
to
to put that life aside
40.
Chaitheas
spend.PAST.1SG
cúpla
couple
chruthú gur
prove.VN COMPL.COP
péintéir mé
painter SUBJ:1SG
I spent a couple of years trying to prove that I was a painter
41.
b’
amaideach
COP.PAST foolish
an
DET
mhaise
becomingness
dom
to.OBJ:1SG
sin
that
a
to
dhéanamh
do.VN
it was foolish of me to do so
42.
ba
ghearr
raibh
orm
a
be.PAST on.OBJ:1SG
to
ar
chasáin chultúrtha
na
hardchathrach
DET
metropolis.GEN
on
brooches cultural
imeacht liom
im
Raifteirí
leave.VN with.OBJ:1SG
in.POSS:1SG
Raifteirí
COP.PAST short
go
COMPL
admháil
admit
agus
and
le
with
nach
raibh
ór
be.PAST gold
go
raibh
orm
COMPL be.PAST on.OBJ:1SG
pócaí folmha
pockets empty
COMPL.NEG
it would not be long until I had to acknowledge that there was no gold on the cultured brooches of the metropolis and to
leave as Rafteirí with empty pockets
43.
Thugas
give.PAST.1SG
geábh
run
ar
on
Mheiriceá
America
I made a flying visit to America
44.
thug
mo
dheartháir,
give.PAST POSS:1SG brother
cúpla
mí
ag
couple.GEN
month at
Wayne, tógálaí, jab
Wayne builder job
leagadh seantithe
knock.VN old-houses
dom
ar
to.OBJ:1SG
on
i
Manhattan
in
Manhattan
feadh
duration
my brother, Wayne, builder, gave me a job for a couple of months, knocking old houses in Manhattan
A. S. Frenda
200
Appendices
45.
d’fhilleas
return.VN
ar
on
an
DET
bhfód dúchais
ground native
I went back to my native place
46.
Ach
cad
but
what
éirigh
succeed.PAST
a
REL
bhíonn in
be.IMPF in
ann
there
d’
to
ealaíontóir
artist
nár
tuairim go
opinion COMPL
bhféadfaidís
be able.COND.3PL
REL.NEG
leis?
with.OBJ:3SG.MSC
But what was in store for an artist that he did not succeed?
47.
Tháinig
come.PAST
déanamh
do.VN
an
státseirbhís
civil-service
gan
mé
without OBJ:1SG
DET
ar
on
an
DET
The civil service came to the opinion that they could do without me
48.
ní
NEG
raibh
fonn
be.PAST desire
orthu
on.OBJ:3PL
mo
phost
POSS:1SG post
a
to
thabhairt
give.VN
ar
on
ais
back
dom
to.OBJ:1SG
They were not eager to give me back my job
pp.6–7
49.
Fuaireas
get.PAST.1SG
jab
job
le
with
comhlacht
company
beag
small
turasóireachta
tourism.GEN
i
in
mBaile Átha Cliath
Dublin
I got a job with a small tourist agency in Dublin
p.7
50.
cuireadh
put.PAST.AUT
eile
a
other
REL
ag
at
bhí
be.PAST
obair
mé
work
OBJ:1SG
beagnach
almost
in
in
ar
on
oifig
in éineacht
le
office
together
with
comhaois
liom
equal-age
with.OBJ:1SG
beirt
two people
féin
self
I was put at work in an office together with two other people who were almost as old as me
51.
Bhí
Tom
be.PAST Tom
ann,
in.OBJ:3SG.MSC
fear
man
óg
young
a
REL
d'éalaigh
escape.PAST
ó
from
Chontae Liatroma
County Leitrim
a
raibh
be.PAST
There was Tom, a young man who escaped from County Leitrim
52.
Kenneth,
Kenneth
gaolta
relatives
Bleá Cliathach
Dubliner
leis
with.OBJ:3SG.MSC
cosúil liom
féin
self
similar with.OBJ:1SG
faoin
tuaith
under.DET
country
ach
but
REL
Kenneth, which was from Dublin like myself but had relatives in the country
53.
D’fhreastal
attend.PAST
Kenneth ar
Kenneth on
an
DET
scoil
school
chéanna
same
liom
with.OBJ:1SG
féin
self
Kenneth attended the same school as I did
A. S. Frenda
201
Appendices
54.
bhí
cúpla
be.PAST couple
bliain
year
aige
at.OBJ:3SG.MSC
orm
on.OBJ:1SG
he was a couple of years older than me
55.
ní
NEG
raibh
aithne
be.PAST acquaintance
agam
at.OBJ:1SG
air
on.OBJ:3SG.MSC
ag
at
rialtais
government.GEN
ba
Kenneth
Kenneth
an
DET
am
time
I did not know him at the time
56.
Mac
son
le
with
hiar-aire
ex-minister
ea
COP.PAST 3SG.NT
Kenneth was he son of an ex government minister
57.
agus
and
bith
world
nár
COMPL.NEG
a
to
bhac
meddle.PAST
[sé]
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
mórán
much
le
with
cairdeas
friendship
ar
on
chothú
maintain.VN
and would not really bother to keep up any friendship
58.
cuidín beag
part-DIM small
bídeach d’
tiny
of
eagraíocht
organization
an-mhór idirnáisiúnta
very-big international
a very very small part of a huge international organization
59.
sraith
series
de
of
chomhlachtaí
companies
innealtóireachta
engineering
a chain of engineering companies
60.
agus
and
iad
OBJ:3PL
scaipthe
scatter.PPSTPTC
ar fud
throughout
an
DET
domhain
world.GEN
as they were scattered all over the world
61.
An
fáth
a
reason REL
na
gcomhlachtaí
DET
companies.GEN
amach go
raibh
COMPL
be.PAST
out
aghaidh an
lae
front
DET
day.GEN
DET
raibh
comhlacht
be.PAST company
innealtóireachta ná
engineering
PTC
an
t-uafás
DET
vast amount
ar
chúrsaí
on
matters
turasóireachta istigh i
measc
tourism.GEN
inside in
group
go
bhfuair an
Bord
Idirnáisiúnta
COMPL find.PAST DET
Board International
chaitheamh
airgid
dá3
money.GEN.MSC at.POSS:3SG.MSC spend.VN
iompair
na
mbainisteoirí
transport.GEN
DET
managers.GEN
in
in
The reason why there was a tourist company amongst the engineering companies [was] only because the International
Board had found out that there was this vast amount of money that was being spent daily on the travels of the managers
3
dá < dhá < gá < agá < *ag a (Eoin Mc Cárthaigh’s interpretation of the phenomenon).
A. S. Frenda
202
Appendices
62.
shíl
think.PAST
deineadh
make.PAST.AUT
gcuntais
count
siad
go
SUBJ:3PL COMPL
ar
díol
on
sale
Budmore
Budmore.GEN
mbeadh cruth
níos áille
ar
be.COND shape more beautiful
on
na
dticéad
turais
DET
tickets.GEN
journey.GEN
na
DET
dá
if
proifidí
profits
mbeadh
be.COND
a
REL
siad
SUBJ:3PL
i
in
they thought that the profits made on the tickets’ sale would look better if they were in Budmore’s account
63.
Bunaíodh
found.IMPF
i
gcrích
in
end
an
DET
comhlacht
company
turasóireachta
tourism.GEN
chun
to
sin
that
a
to
thabhairt
give.VN
The tourist agency was founded to accomplish that
64.
ó
ba
Chiarraíoch
é
since
COP.PAST Kerryman
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
idirnáisiúnta
fadó,
socraíodh
gur
COMPL
international
long ago decide.IMPF
é
OBJ:3SG.MSC
bunaitheoir
an
founder
DET
in
Éirinn …
in
Irelandi
chomhlachta
company.GEN
a
lonnófaí
REL
found.COND.AUT
since the founder of the corporation, long ago, was from Kerry, he decided that it be founded in Ireland
65.
Saol
life
raibiléiseach
Rabelaisian
an
DET
bhunaitheora
founder.GEN
ba
bhonn
COP.PAST foundation
leis
with
an
i
in
na
Nua-Eabhrac
New York
cinn
heads
DET
ainm
name
The founder’s Rabelaisian life was the reason for the name
66.
Aisteach
go
strange
PTC
agus
i
bPáras
and
in
Paris
s’
againne
these at.OBJ:1PL-EMPH
leor
bhí
enough be.PAST
a
bhí
REL
be.PAST
oifigí
offices
níos mó
bigger
ag
at
go
PTC
Budmore Tours
Budmore Tours
mór
ná
much
than
DET
Strangely enough Budmore Tours had offices in New York and in Paris which were much bigger than ours
67.
bhí
oifigí
móra
be.PAST offices big
fochomhlachtaí
subsidiary-companies
eile
other
éagsúla
various
i
gcúpla
in
couple
innealtóireachta
engineering.GEN
ionad
place
den
of.DET
eile
i
other
in
chomhlacht
company
mBaile Átha Cliath
Dublin
idirnáisiúnta
international
ag
at
various subsidiary engineering companies of the corporation had other big offices in a couple of other places in Dublin
68.
Bhí
be.PAST
s’
this
boss
in
boss
in
againne
at.OBJ:1PL-EMPH
ainm
name
is
and
a
to
bheith
be.VN
i
in
gceannas
command
na
DET
hoifige
office.GEN
There was supposed to be a boss (and) in charge of our office
69.
ach
but
bhí
folúntas ann
be.PAST vacancy in.OBJ:3SG.MSC
ag
at
an
DET
am
time
there was a vacancy at the time
A. S. Frenda
203
Appendices
70.
[óir
because
poist
job.GEN
bhí
be.PAST
a
to
an
DET
té
person
[a
REL
bhíodh ann]
be.IMPF in.OBJ:3SG.MSC
[i
in
ndiaidh [ardú
aftermath promote.VN
eile
other
de
of
fháil]]]
get.VN
because the person who was there had just been promoted
71.
d’imigh
leave.PAST
chomhlachta
company.GEN
sé
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
leis
chuig
with.OBJ:3SG.MSC to
oifig
office
chuid
share
an
DET
idirnáisiúnta
international
and he left for another office of the corporation
72.
Chuireamar
put.PAST.1PL
eitleáin
aeroplane.GEN
shíor
ag
eternal at
ár
POSS:1PL
d’
to
dul
go.VN
gcuid
share
fhoirne
staffs
ar
on
ama
isteach ag
time.GEN inside at
an
chomhlachta
DET
company.GEN
thurais anseo is
journey here
and
ceannach
ticéad
buy.VN
tickets.GEN
idirnáisiúnta
a
bhíodh
international
REL
be.IMPF
ansiúd ar fud
an
there
throughout
DET
de
of
domhain
world.GEN
We spent our time buying plane tickets for the people of the corporation’who were constantly travelling here and here
around the world
73.
D’eagraíomar
roinnt
arrange.PAST.1PL some
mhaith comhdhálacha
good
meetings
gnó
business.GEN
dóibh,
to.OBJ:3PL
leis
with.OBJ:3SG.MSC
We arranged a good few business meetings for them, too
74.
Chomh
as
agus
and
maith leis
sin,
good
laethanta
saoire ar
days
feast.GEN on
bhímis
be. HAB.1PL
chóistí do
coaches to
ag
díol
at
sell.VN
Mheiriceánaigh
Americans
ticéad
tickets
eitleáin
aeroplane.GEN
As well as that, we would sell plane tickets and coach trips to the Americans
75.
bhí
orm
be.PAST on.OBJ:1SG
Jury’s
Jury’s
am
time
a
to
chur
put.VN
isteach ag
inside at
freastal
attend.VN
ar
on
ócáid
event
i
in
crua
fada
hard
long
sholáthar
collect.VN
a
chur
to
put.VN
staitisticí
statistics
isteach
inside
faoi
about
ag
at
líon
na
number DET
I had to spend some time attending an event in Jury’s
76.
agus
iad
and
OBJ:3PL
plé
discuss.VN
gcuairteoirí
visitors.GEN
ag
ól
at
drink.VN
ábhair
subject.GEN
tar éis lá
after
day
iontacha mar
strange like
while they drank after a long, difficult day spent discussing a strange subject like collecting statistics about the number of
visitors
A. S. Frenda
204
Appendices
pp.7–8
77.
Bíonn na
be.IMPF DET
mar
bíonn
as
be.HAB
fad
atá
length REL.be
is measa
worst
í
OBJ:3SG.FEM
hócáidí
occasions
ar
dhuine
on
person
sé
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
agus
fad,
and
length
le
feiscint
with
see.VN
seo
ainnis
these
miserable
cruth intleachtóra
shape intellectual
ag
éisteacht
at
listen.VN
leis,
ná
with.OBJ:3SG.MSC REL.NEG
go
PTC
a
to
le
with
bíonn
be.HAB
leor
de
ghnáth
sufficient of
routine
chur
air
put.VN on.OBJ:3SG.MSC
seafood
den
nonsense
of.DET
ainnir ar
chuid
girl
on
share
féin
self
chuid
kind
súl
eyes.GEN
These occasions would normally be miserable enough, because one has to assume an intellectual appearance while
listening to nonsense and while, besides, there is not even a woman who would be an eyeful to be seen (= ‘worth looking
at’)
p.8
78.
Seasamh
stand.VN
thart
around
ag
at
súmaireacht
slug.VN
dí
agus
drink.GEN and
súil
eye
ar
on
an
DET
gclog
clock
ar
on
ardán
stage
Hanging around slugging a drink and (keeping) an eye on the clock
79.
nárbh
COP.PAST.NEG
beag
small
fhéidir gíocs a
possible squeak to
chlos ón
ngrúpa ceoil
hear.VN from.DET group
music.GEN
it was not possible to hear a note from the music band on the small stage
80.
Chonaic
see.PAST
uaim
off.OBJ:1SG
mé
SUBJ:1PSG
í
OBJ:3SG.FEM
uaim
off.OBJ:1SG
ar
an
on
DET
í–
ní
OBJ:3SG.FEM
NEG
taobh
side
den
of.DET
eile
other
hea,
bhraitheas
3SG:NT feel.PAST.1SG
seomra
room
I saw her away from me – no, I felt her away from me, on the other side of the room
81.
Bhogas
move.PAST.1SG
trasna
across
an
a
leithéid chéanna céad
like
same
hundred
níorbh
ionann
COP.PAST.NEG
same
DET
tseomra
room
I crossed the room
82.
Rinneas
do.PAST.1SG
ach
ar
but
on
POSS:3
shlí,
way
uair
time
an
DET
cheana ar
already on
cás
case
ócáidí
occasions
eile,
other
I did the very same thing hundreds of times on other occasions, in a way, but the circumstances were different
83.
Thángas
come.PAST.1SG
aniar
from west
aduaidh
from north
uirthi
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
I took her by surprise
84.
ní
NEG
raibh
le
be.PAST with
feiscint agam
see.VN at.OBJ:1SG
ach
but
a
POSS:3SG.FEM
folt
head of hair
rua
red
All I could see was a red head of hair
A. S. Frenda
205
Appendices
85.
Gruaig
head of hair.FEM
guaillí
shoulders
rua
red
agus
and
loinnir
brightness
inti,
in.OBJ:3SG.FEM
síos
down
fad
length
lena
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM
san
in.DET
aer
air
le
with
lámh
hand
nó
or
ceathrar fear
four
man
A red head of hair and the brightness in it, down to her shoulders
86.
d'fhéadfainn
í
be able.COND.1SG OBJ:3SG.FEM
a
to
chaitheamh
throw.VN
amháin
one
I could have thrown her in the air with just one hand
87.
Bhí
sí
ag
at
caint
le
speak.VN with
triúr
three
tobann
sudden
dá
two
bhreathnaigh
look.PAST
orm
on.OBJ:1SG
she was speaking to three or four men
88.
Chas
sí
turn.PAST SUBJ:3SG.FEM
beirte,
isteach
two people.GEN inside
go
PTC
sa
in.DET
agus
and
shúil
eye
aníos,
up
thar
past
dhroim
back
She turned suddenly and looked upwards, past the back of two people, she looked into my eyes
89.
Bhíog
rud
start.PAST
thing
ar
mo
on
POSS:1SG
ionam
in.OBJ:1SG
chroí
is
heart
and
a
chuir
snaidhm
put.PAST constriction
m’
aigne
POSS:1SG
mind
REL
agus
and
mearbhall
beweilderment
Something in me gave a start, which set pain and bewilderment in my heart and my mind
90.
D'éirigh meisce teaspaigh
rise.PAST daze
fury.GEN
ina
in.POSS:3SG.FEM
bladhm
flame
The daze of her fury became a fire (?)
91.
thosaigh
begin.PAST
[sí]
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
ag
to
bogadh amach ón
move.VN out
of.DET
ngasra beag
group small
She began to pull out of the small group
92.
Ar
on
feadh leathshoicind
duration half-second.GEN
for half a second
93.
thit
a
fall.PAST POSS:3SG.FEM
súile
eyes
ar
on
lipéad
label
ar
on
mo
chasóg
jacket
POSS:1SG
her eyes fell on the badge that was on my jacket
94.
Chas
sí
turn.PAST SUBJ:3SG.FEM
amach ón
ngasra
out
from.DET group
uaim
from.OBJ:1SG
beag
small
láithreach
immediately
agus
and
thosaigh
start.PAST
ag
at
bogadh
move.VN
She immediately turned away from me and began to pull out of the small group
A. S. Frenda
206
Appendices
95.
Tháinig
come.PAST
fear
man
ard
tall
scafánta
strapping
ina
in.POSS:3SG.FEM
treo
direction
A tall, strapping man came towards her
96.
nuair a rug
sí
when
bear.PAST
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
orm
é
on.OBJ:1SG
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
barróg air
hug
on.OBJ:3SG.MSC
ba
chosúil le
with
COP.PAST similar
buile
fury
when she hugged him I felt as in a fury
97.
Baineadh
take.PAST.AUT
stangadh
wrench
asam
out of.OBJ:1SG
I was taken aback
98.
rinneadh
make.PAST.AUT
gual
coal
dem
of.POSS:1SG
chroí
heart
my heart was seared
99.
Thugas
give.PAST.1SG
geábh
run
go
to
cúinne ciúin
corner calm
sin
that
geit
fright
asam!
out of.OBJ:1SG
ba
bheag
nár
I took a run to a quiet nook
100.
Bhuel,
well
bhain
take.PAST
Well, that startled me!
101.
Ar
on
bhealach
way
COP.PAST little
COMPL.COP.PAST.NEG
bhuile
madness
é
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
In a way it was nearly madness’ (lit. ‘In a way, it was by little that it was not madness’)
102.
mhothaíos
feel.PAST.1SG
domsa
to.OBJ:1SG-EMPH
an-amaideach, mar
very-foolish
like
roimhe
before.OBJ:3SG.MSC
níor
NEG
tharla
happen.PAST
rud
thing
mar
like
seo
this
sin
that
I felt very foolish, because nothing like this had ever happened to me before
103.
Dáiríre
in earnest
bhí
iontas
be.PAST surprise
ba
rud
an-ait
ar
un-pleasant
on
domhain
orm
world.GEN
on.OBJ:1SG
COP.PAST thing
an
DET
fad
length
é
SUBJ:3SGMSC
agus
and
In earnest it was something unpleasant indeed and I was very surprised
104.
bhí
súil
be.PAST eye
baineadh
take.PAST.AUT
mé
OBJ:1SG
agam
le
on.OBJ:1SG
with
siar
asam –
back
out of.OBJ:1SG
Dia
God
nó
or
nach
COMPL.NEG
nár
COMPL.NEG
bhfaca éinne
see.PAST anyone
thug
éinne
give.PAST anyone
an
DET
faoi
under
tslí
a
way
REL
deara
perception
I hoped to God that nobody saw the way I was taken aback or noticed me
A. S. Frenda
207
Appendices
105.
Shiúil
walk.PAST
iad
ag
OBJ:3PL at
an
DET
dul
go.VN
bheirt
two
chun
to
tharam
past.OBJ:1SG
cainte le
talk.VN with
i
in
cúpla
couple
líne
line
duine
person
ar
on
eile
other
sceabhadh
obliqueness
uaim,
from.OBJ:1SG
The two of them walked past me, turning away from me, as they went to talk to another couple of people
106.
Scinn
spring.PAST
féachaint
glance
im
in.POSS:1SG
threo
direction
A glance darted in my direction
107.
bhí
a
be.PAST POSS:3SG.MSC
an
tarraingt
DET
attraction
fhios
knowledge
agam
at.OBJ:1SG
gur
bhealach
way
trín
through.DET
slua
crowd
a
folt
head of hair
beagáinín
little-DIM
rua
red
idir
between
COMPL
mhothaigh
feel.PAST
sise
SUBJ:3SG.FEM-EMPH
I knew that she felt the attraction
108.
bhrúigh
push.PAST
mé
mo
SUBJ:1SG POSS:1SG
I pushed my way through the crowd
109.
Ag
at
a
stánadh dom
stare.VN to.OBJ:1SG
droim a
POSS:3SG.FEM
back
REL
ghualainn
shoulder
ar
on
bhí
be.PAST
POSS:3SG.FEM
nochtaithe
bared
is
and
an
DET
ar
on
dá
two
As I was staring at her red hair and her back, which was just a little bit bared between her shoulders
110.
bhíos
be.PAST.1SG
rabhas
be.PAST.1SG
siúráilte
sure
ag
at
go
raibh
a
stánadh
uirthi
stare.VN
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
COMPL
fhios
knowledge
aici
at.OBJ:3SG.FEM
go
COMPL
I was sure that she knew that I was staring at her
111.
Níor
NEG
ligeamar
let.PAST.1PL
a
POSS:3SG.MSC
dhath
colour
orainn
on.OBJ:1PL
We did not pretend anything
112.
dhruideas
ina
haice,
ag
draw.PAST.1SG
in.POSS:3SG.FEM nearness
at
raibh im
ghluaiseacht
trín
be.PAST in.POSS:1SG
move.VN
through.DET
cor
sa
tsaoil4
turn
in.DET world
ligint
let.VN
slua
crowd
orm
nach
on.OBJ:1SG
COMPL.NEG
ach
guairdeall
nádúrtha,
but
loiter.VN
natural
I drew closer to her, pretending that there was nothing in my moving through the crowd except loitering about naturally,
nothing special
4 A turning of the world/a twist of fate = something natural, banal, that happens everyday. Saoil is a nominative but it might be an
attempt to render certain pronunciations in which it sounds like a genitive (Eoin Mc Cárthaigh, p.c.).
A. S. Frenda
208
Appendices
113.
Bhí
lámh
be.PAST hand
léi
in
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM in
ascaill
armpit
an
DET
fhir
scafánta
man.GEN strapping
Her hand was on the strapping man’s arm
114.
Bhí
sin
be.PAST that
neamhghnách
un-usual
ag
at
cruinniú gnó
meeting business.GEN
That was unusual at a business meeting
pp.8–9
115.
Leasbhainisteoir
vice-manager
idirnáisiúnta
international
éigin
some
s’
this
cheann de
ar
on
head
of
againne
at.OBJ:1PL-EMPH
na
DET
rannóga ba mhó sa
sectors biggest in.DET
chomhlacht
company
Some vice-manager in charge of the biggest sectors of our international company
p.9
116.
Chúbas
shrink.PAST.1SG
agus
and
d'éalaíos
liom
escape.PAST.1SG with.OBJ:1SG
I shrank back and slipped away
117.
Dhá
two
nuair a
when
oifig
office
lá
ina
day
in.POSS:3SG.MSC
fuarthas
amach
get.PAST.1SG
out
agus
gur
and
COMPL.COP.PAST
dhiaidh sin, baineadh
aftermath that take.PAST.AUT
go
raibh
boss
COMPL be.PAST boss
bean
a
bheadh
woman REL
be.COND
geit
as
fright
out of
nua
le
new
with
chugainn
to.OBJ:1PL
foireann
staff
bheith
be.VN
na
DET
ar
on
hoifige
office.GEN
an
DET
Two days later the staff in the office would startle when I found out that a new boss was to be over the office and that a
woman would come to us
118.
an
DET
duine
person
ba ghlóraí
most vociferous
den
of.DET
bhfoireann
staff
the most vociferous person of the staff
119.
Céard
what
tá
be
cearr
wrong
leatsa?
with.OBJ:2SG-EMPH
What’s wrong with you?
120.
Bíonn tusa
be. HAB SUBJ:2SG-EMPH
de
of
shíor
eternal
ag
at
tóraíocht
pursue.VN
na
DET
mban
women.GEN
You are always after the women
121.
B’
fhéidir gurab
í
possible COMPL.COP.SUBJ SUBJ:3SG.FEM
do
chuid fadhbanna
POSS:2SG
share
problems.GEN
COP.COND
ar
on
seo
this
an
DET
réiteach
solution
It might be that this woman is the solution to your problems
A. S. Frenda
209
Appendices
122.
Bhí
uafás
be.PAST horror
ar
on
Tom
Tom
bocht
poor
Poor Tom was horrified
123.
Deirtear go
say.AUT COMPL
bhfuil
be
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
sí
ar
on
comhaois
same-age
linn
with.OBJ:1PL
eolas
information
a
to
lorg
ina
seek.VN in.POSS:3SG.FEM
taobh
side
le
with
a
mé
They say she is as old as us
124.
Caithfidh
spend.FUT.1PL
muid
SUBJ:1PL
We will have to look for information about her
125.
An
DET
mar
as
t-eolas
information
gheall ar
account on
a
REL
an
DET
d'éirigh
succeed.PAST
mboss nua
boss
new
REL
Tom
agus
Tom
and
bheadh
be.COND
OBJ:1SG
féin
self
againn
at.OBJ:1PL
The information Tom and I managed to get as regards our new boss-to-be
126.
an
DET
mboss nua
boss
new
a
REL
bheadh againn
be.COND at.OBJ:1PL
our new boss-to-be
127.
níor
NEG
fhág
leave.PAST
sé
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
ar
on
ár
a
bhíodh ag
be.IMPF at
POSS:1PL
suaimhneas
ease
sinn
OBJ:1PL
it did not leave us at our ease
128.
Labhair
Tom
le
speak.PAST
Tom
with
chéanna léi
same
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM
duine
person
REL
obair
work
sa
in.DET
rannóg
sector
Tom spoke to someone who was working in the same sector as her
129.
Tá
be
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
beag,
small
gruaig
head of hair
fiche
twenty
d’
of
rua
red
uirthi
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
She is small, has red hair
130.
sé
six
bliana
years
is
and
aois
age
twenty six year old
131.
tar éis
after
le
with
cúpla bliain
couple year
haghaidh
front
a
chaitheamh
ag
spent.AUT
at
comhlacht
ginte
companies.GEN produce.VN.GEN
REL
dearadh
design.VN
leictreachais
electricity.GEN
bogearraí
softwares.GEN
san
Áis
in.DET Asia
after a couple of years spent designing software for some companies producing electricity in Asia
A. S. Frenda
210
Appendices
132.
Annagael Fearn Lang,
Annagael Fearn Lang
as
out of
Luimneach
Limerick
di
to.POSS:3SG.FEM
Annagael Fearn Lang, from Limerick
133.
Tá
sí
be
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
faghairt
chun
temper.VN
to
máistriúil,
bossy
oibre
work.GEN
cosúil le
similar with
inti
in.OBJ:3SG.FEM
múinteoir
teacher
scoile,
school.GEN
ní
thing
bith
word
She is bossy, like a school teacher, there is a fire for work in her
134.
nuair a shocraíonn
when
decide
ní
stopfadh
NEG
stop.COND
sise
SUBJ:3SG.FEM-EMPH
capall
horse
ar
on
ar
on
a
to
fháil,
get.VN
an
bhfuil?
be
í
OBJ: 3SG.FEM
when she decides to get something, nothing could stop her (lit. ‘a horse could not stop her’)
135.
Níl
aon
be.NEG one
bhaint aici
take.VN at.OBJ: 3SG.FEM
le
with
mo
dhuine M. J. Lang,
M. J. Lang
POSS:1SG person
PTC.INT
She’s got no connection with our man, M. J. Lang, has she?
136.
Sin
that
é
agat
at.OBJ:2SG
é
go
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
PTC
mise
an
a
COP.NEG SUBJ:1SG-EMPH
DET
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
díreach
direct
That’s it, exactly
137.
Ní
té
person
REL
chuirfeadh
set.COND
ina
in.POSS:3SG.FEM
haghaidh!
face
I’d certainly not contradict her!’ (lit. ‘set against her’)
138.
Chuir an
put.PAST DET
cur-síos
description
sin
that
uirthi
on.OBJ: 3SG.FEM
mé
OBJ:1SG
ag
at
smaoineamh
think.VN
That description made me think of her’
139.
“N’
NEG
fheadar . . .”
know.1SG
arsa
mise
say.PAST SUBJ:1SG-EMPH
liom
with.OBJ:1SG
féin
self
“I don’t know …” I said to myself
140.
Beidh
be.FUT
dóthain trioblóide
enough trouble
againn
at.OBJ:1PL
léi
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM
ghrianghraf
photograph
‘teagmhálacha’
encounters.GEN
di
of.OBJ: 3SG.FEM
We will have enough trouble with her
141.
Shocraigh
Tom
decide.PAST
Tom
óna
from.POSS:3SG.MSC
ar
on
chuid
share
a
to
lorg
seek.VN
Tom decided to look for a photograph of her from his “encounters”
A. S. Frenda
211
Appendices
p.10
142.
Dé
day
Luain seo
Monday this
chugainn
to.OBJ:1PL
Next Monday
143.
Deinimis
make.PAST.1PL
an
DET
gnó
i
business in
gceart
right:N
We looked after the business in the right way
144.
Bhí
pictiúir di
be.PAST pictures of.OBJ:3SG.FEM
ar
on
fáil
find.VN
go
PTC
fuirist
easy
agus
and
go
PTC
flúirseach
abundant
Numerous pictures of her were easily available
145.
taobh
side
istigh
inside
d’
of
uair
hour
an
DET
chloig
clock.GEN
within an hour
146.
bhí
be.PAST
ina
in.REL
cóip
copy
raibh
be.PAST
faighte
find.PPSTPTC
grianghraf
photograph
d’
iris
of
magazine
di
of.OBJ:3SG.FEM
inmheánach
internal
an
DET
chomhlachta
company.GEN
a copy was found of the company newsletter where there was a photograph of her
147.
Lig
Tom
let.PAST Tom
fead
whistle
as
out of.OBJ:3SG.MSC
an
anáil
breath
Tom whistled
148.
baineadh
take.PAST.AUT
DET
díom
from.OBJ:1SG
my breath was taken away
149.
ar
on
d’
to
chúis éigin,
cause some
admháil5
admit.VN
cheapas
think.PAST.1SG
go
poiblí
PTC
public
gurbh
COMPL.COP.PAST
fhearr
better
gan
é
without OBJ:3SG.MSC
sin
that
For some reason, I thought it best not to acknowledge it publicly
150.
ní
NEG
fhéadfainn
ligint
be able.COND.1SG let.VN
orm
on.OBJ:1SG
gur
COMPL
aithníos
recognize.PAST.1SG
í
OBJ:3SG.FEM
I could not pretend not to have recognized her
5
D’admháil, dialectal for a admháil ‘to admit’. Historically a ‘to’ < do, more precisely a < dha < dho < do (Eoin Mc Cárthaigh, p.c.).
A. S. Frenda
212
Appendices
151.
chuimhníos
remember.PAST.1SG
in
Jury’s
in
Jury’s
gur
COMPL
Lang
Lang
a
REL
bhí
ar
be.PAST on
an
DET
bhfear
man
áirithe
certain
sin
that
And then I remembered that Lang was the name of that certain man in Jury’s’ (lit. ‘Lang was on that certain man …’)
152.
Agus
and
ón
from.DET
ise
a
OBJ:3SG.FEM-EMPH REL
Luan
dár
Monday of.POSS:1PL
bhí
le
be.PAST with
gcionn
head
bheith
be.VN
mar
as
bhoss
boss
orainn
on.OBJ:1PL
And it was her who was to be our boss from next Monday (lit. ‘from the Monday ahead of us’)
153.
bhíomar
be.PAST.1PL
triúr
three
istigh
inside
go
PTC
luath – roimh
early
before
a
PTC
naoi
nine
a chlog fiú
o’clock even
the three of us were in early – even before nine o’clock
154.
ag
at
feitheamh
wait.VN
uirthi
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
waiting for her
155.
B’
fhearr
COP.PAST better
an
DET
dea-shampla
good-example
a
to
thabhairt
give.VN
di
to.OBJ:3SG.FEM
It was better to give her a good example
156.
nach
COMPL.NEG
raibh
cuma
be.PAST appearance
bhuartha
sorry
orainn
on.OBJ:1PL
agamsa
at.OBJ:1SG-EMPH
mar
is
as
COP
ar
on
dócha
likely
that we did not look sorry
157.
Ní
raibh
be.PAST
neirbhíseachta
nervous
mhíniú
explanation
NEG
aon
one
a
REL
mhíniú
explanation
bhuail mé
hit.PAST OBJ:1SG
an
saghas taom
sort
fit
nach
raibh
aon
COMPL.NEG
be.PAST one
DET
air
on.OBJ:3SG.MSC
I had no explanation for the sort of nervous attack that struck me, for it is likely that there was no explanation for it
158.
níor
tháinig
sí
come.PAST
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
ndiaidh
a
naoi,
agus
aftermath
PTC
nine]
and
gcaithfeadh
sé
rud
cast.COND
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
thing
NEG
isteach
inside
sinn
OBJ:1PL
éigin
some
go
PTC
ar
on
a
to
luath,
early
bís
screw
rá
say.VN
agus
faoi
and
about
shíl
think.PAST
leath
[half
Tom
Tom
i
in
go
COMPL
she did not came in early, and around half past nine, and as we were in suspense, Tom thought he would have to say
something
159.
Níl
sí
NEG.be
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
chugainn
to.OBJ:1PL
She has not come
A. S. Frenda
213
Appendices
160.
Tá
be
sé
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
chomh maith
as
good
againn
at.OBJ:1PL
dul
go.VN
ag
at
ól
drink.VN
bpointe sin
point
that
is
and
a
shiúil sí
walk.PASTSUBJ:3SG.FEM
isteach
inside
aigne
head
rá
say.VN
We might as well go drinking
161.
Is
COP
ag
at
an
DET
ea
3SG.NT
REL
It is at that point that she walked in
162.
Sheasamar
stand.PAST.1PL
triúr,
three
in
in
ár
POSS:1PL
bpáistí scoile
children school.GEN
We stood, the three of us, like schoolchildren
163.
D’fhéadfainn
Tom
be able.PAST.1SG Tom
“Wowee!”
“Wowee!”
a
to
chloisint
hear.VN
im
in.POSS:1SG
istigh
inside
ag
at
I could hear Tom in my head saying “Wowee!”
164.
D'fhéadfaí
mise
be able.COND.AUT OBJ:1SG-EMPH
a
to
leagadh le
knock.VN with
cleite
feather
One would be able to knock me with a feather
165.
Bhí
sí
gruaig
rua,
head of hair
red
beag,
small
faghairt
fire
culaith
suit
sna
in.DET
ghlas
green
súile
eyes
chostasach
expensive
glasa
green
uirthi,
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
She was small, wearing an expensive green suit, red hair, fire in her green eyes
166.
meangadh
smile
gáire
laugh.VN.GEN
Mhona Lisa
Mona Lisa.GEN
uirthi
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
she had a Mona Lisa smile on
167.
Go
PTC
díreach mar
exact
as
a
REL
chonaic mé
í
see.PAST SUBJ:1SG OBJ:3SG.FEM
in
in
óstán
hotel
Jury's
Jury’s
Exactly as I saw her in Jury’s hotel
168.
Leag
sí
cast.PAST SUBJ:3SG.FEM
cás
case
beag
small
leathair
leather.GEN
don
to.DET
triúr
three
uaithi
from.OBJ:3SG.FEM
She cast aside her small leather bag
169.
d’fhógair
announce.PAST
[sí]
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
againn
at.OBJ:1PL
she announced to the three of us
170.
Dia
God
dhaoibh
to.OBJ:2PL
Hello
A. S. Frenda
214
Appendices
171.
Is
COP
agus
and
ar
on
gan
without
Kenneth a
Kenneth REL
aon
ní
one
thing
leag
set.PAST
a
to
sí
súil
eye
bheannaigh
greet.PAST
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
rá,
say.VN
i
dtosach,
in
beginning
dó
to.OBJ:3SG.MSC
It is on Kenneth that she first laid eyes, and without saying anything, she waved at him
172.
D’fhéach
look.PAST
[sí]
go
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
PTC
tapaidh aníos
quick
up
ar
on
Tom
Tom
súile,
eyes
cheapas,
think.PAST.1SG
ag
at
léiriú
gur
show.VN COMPL
aithin
recognize.PAST
bhfaiteadh
flapping
aithin
recognize.PAST
na
She quickly looked upon Tom
173.
Bogadh
movement
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
beag
sna
small
in.DET
é
OBJ:3SG.MSC
Small movements of her eyes, I thought, showing that she recognized him
174.
d'fhéach
sí
ormsa
agus
look.PAST
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
on.OBJ:1SG-EMPH and
bhí
a
fhios
agam
knowledge
at.OBJ:1SG
mé
OBJ:1SG
i
in
gur
COMPL
DET
súl
eyes.GEN
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
she looked at me and in the twinkling of an eye I knew that she recognized me
175.
Bhuel,
well
chuimhnigh
remember.PAST
sí
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
orm,
on.OBJ:1SG
de
of
réir
accordance
dealraimh
appearance.GEN
Well, she remembered me, it would appear’ (lit. ‘according to the appearance’)
pp.10–11
176.
Léim
Tom
jump.PAST
Tom
oifig
chluthar ar
office
secretive on
chun
to
chúl
back
tosaigh agus
threoraigh
front.GEN and
direct.PAST
an
tí,
gar
DET
house.GEN
near
í
OBJ:3SG.FEM
isteach san
inside in.DET
dúinn
to.OBJ:1PL
Tom jumped to the front and led her into the hidden office at the back of the house, close to us
p.11
177.
D’fhan
sé
remain.PAST
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
ag
míniú
seo
at
explain.VN
this
ag
at
siúd
that
caint
léi
ar
speak.VN with.OBJ:3SG.FEM on
is
uile
and
all
feadh deich
duration ten
nóiméad
minute
He kept talking to her for ten minutes, explaining this, that and everything
178.
Tháinig
come.PAST
air
on.OBJ:3SG.MSC
Tom
Tom
amach as
out
out of
a
POSS:3SG.FEM
hoifig
office
agus
and
aghaidh cait
face
cat.GEN
Tom came out of her office, with an sly look on his face
A. S. Frenda
215
Appendices
179.
Nuair a shroich
sé
lár
na
when
reach.PAST
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
centre DET
thosaigh
sé
ag
pocléimrigh,
start.PAST
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
at
buckjump.VN
aige
ar
nós
dornálaí
ag
at.OBJ:3SG.MSC
on
custom boxer.GEN
at
hoifige
office.GEN
na
doirn
DET
fists
tabhairt faoi
give.VN under
s’
this
á
againne
at.OBJ:1PL-EMPH
mbagairt
POSS:3PL brandish.VN
dhornálaí
eile
boxer
other
When he got to the centre of our office he started buckjumping, while brandishing his fists like a boxer attacking another
boxer
180.
ní
NEG
chuirfeadh
put.COND
sé
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
ionadh orm
wonder on.OBJ:1SG
it would not surprise me
181.
Agus
and
mé
OBJ:1SG
ag
at
ligint
let.VN
orm
on.OBJ:1SG
nár
pheata ag
pet
at
an
COMPL.NEG
thuigeas,
understand.PAST.1SG
Pretending that I did not understand
182.
Tá
be
tú
SUBJ:2SG
id
in.POSS:2SG
DET
múinteoir
teacher
cheana féin
already
You are already the teacher’s pet
183.
Bastaird!
bastards.VOC
An
DET
bheirt
two
agaibh
at.OBJ:2PL
sin
that
an
Bastards! Both of you
184.
Éad
oraibh,
envy
on.OBJ:2PL
daoibhse
to.OBJ:2PL-EMPH
DET
méid
atá
ag
amount REL.COP at
cur
put.VN
as
out of.OBJ:3SG.MSC
You guys are jealous, that’s all that disconcerts you
185.
ar
PTC.INT
thug
sí
give.PAST SUBJ:3SG.FEM
milseán duit?
sweet to.OBJ:2SG
Did she gave you a sweet?
186.
Chaith
throw.PAST
sé
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
leabhar beag
book
little
im
in.POSS:1SG
threo
direction
seo
this
fhear
man
He threw a small book at me
187.
Lig
Kenneth liú
let.PAST Kenneth yell
as
out of.OBJ:3SG.MSC
Kenneth gave a yell
188.
Níor
be.PAST.NEG
chóir
apt
go
COMPL
dtarlódh
happen.COND
d’
to
ar
on
bith
world
This should not have happened to any man
A. S. Frenda
216
Appendices
189.
Is
í
an
COP
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
DET
boss
boss
orainn
on.OBJ:1PL
geit
fright
as
out of
Tom
Tom
í
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
She is our boss
190.
Bhain
take.PAST
sin
that
That startled Tom
191.
Chuir
put.PAST
gan
without
sin
that
focal
word
deireadh
end
lena
with.POSS:3
rás
race
agus
and
fágadh
leave.PAST
é
chun
to
lámh
hand
a
to
chur
set.VN
obair
work
an
ar
bith
on
world
fhaopach
predicament
OBJ:3SG.MSC
That put an end to his race and left him speechless
192.
Cheapfaí
think.COND.AUT
ina
in.POSS:3SG.MSC
go
COMPL
bhás
death
raibh
sé
féin
own
One would think he was going to commit suicide
193.
ar
feadh
on
length
dhéanamh
do.VN
rabhamar
be.PAST.1PL
tamaill ní
while.GEN NEG
ach
sinn
but
OBJ:1PL
thiocfadh
linn
go.COND
with.OBJ:1PL
ag
smaoineamh
ar
at
think.VN
on
DET
a
to
ina
in.REL
for a while we were not able to do anything except think of the predicament in which we were
194.
Tar éis
after
ar
on
tamaill, ar
ndóigh,
while.GEN on
likelihood
ár
bhfadhbanna
POSS:1PL problems
bhris
break.PAST
an
DET
domhan amuigh isteach
world
outside inside
After a while, of course, the world outside took over our problems
195.
thosaigh
begin.PAST
athuair go
again PTC
obair
work
mall
slow
na
hoifige
office.GEN
drogallach
lazy
DET
ag
at
teacht chun
come.VN to
beatha
life.GEN
office work began to pick up again, slowly and lazily
196.
Ní
NEG
chóir
apt
raibh
a
dom
a
to
to.OBJ:1SG
fhios
knowledge
ghlacadh
take.VN
agam
at.OBJ:1SG
cén
seasamh
INT.DET stand.VN
ba
COP
I did not know what stance I ought to take
197.
Mhothaíos
feel.PAST.1SG
an
DET
tarraingt
attraction
ina
in.POSS:3SG.FEM
treo
direction
I felt attracted to her
A. S. Frenda
217
Appendices
198.
Le
with
linn
period
na
DET
seachtaine
week.GEN
ina
in.POSS:3SG.MSC
dhein
make.PAST
Tom
Tom
dhiaidh
aftermath
sin
that
For a week’s time later
199.
ba
mhinic a
be.PAST often
REL
eascainí fúithi
curses about.OBJ:3SG.FEM
Tom would often curse her’
200.
ach
but
raibh
be.PAST
bheadh
be.COND
bonn
foundation
a
fhios
knowledge
lena
bhriathra
with.POSS:3SG.MSC words
POSS:3SG.MSC
ag
at
an
DET
bhfear
man
dall,
blind
nach
COMPL.NEG
but even a blind man would know that there was not a reason for his words
201.
Bhíodh sé
de
of
dhraíocht
aici
magic
at.OBJ:3SG.FEM
shíor
eternal
ag
at
rith
run.VN
ina
in.POSS:3SG.FEM
sin
that
eatarthu
between.OBJ:3PL
diaidh,
wake
faoi
under
he was always running after her, under her spell
202.
bhraitheas
feel.PAST.1SG
go
COMPL
raibh
níos mó ná
be.PAST bigger than
I felt that there was more than that between them
203.
chaithfidís
spend.COND.3PL
tamall
while
fada
long
ag
at
comhrá
conversation
they would spend a long while chatting
204.
tháinig an
DET
come
chomhrá
conversation.GEN
tuairim
opinion
le
with
chugam
to.OBJ:1SG
hobair na
work
DET
nár
COMPL.NEG
bhain
take.PAST
ábhar
topic
an
aithin
recognize.PAST
sí
COMPL
ar
on
bith
word
ócáid
occasion
DET
hoifige
office.GEN
I came to think that the topic of the conversation had nothing to do with office work
205.
D’éiríos saghas
rise.PAST somewhat
éadmhar
jealous
ar
on
feadh
length
scaithimh
while.GEN
I grew somewhat jealous for a while
206.
Níor
lig
sise
let.PAST SUBJ:3SG.FEM-EMPH
mé
ón
ócáid
OBJ:1SG from.DET
occasion
NEG
uirthi
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
i
Jury's
in
Jury’s
gur
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
She pretended not to recognize me from the occasion in Jury’s’
207.
níor
NEG
dhein
make.PAST
[sí]
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
tagairt
reference
don
to.DET
she made no reference to the occasion
A. S. Frenda
218
Appendices
208.
Ba
bheag
be.PAST little
a
REL
dúirt
sí
say.PAST SUBJ:3SG.FEM
liom
with.OBJ:1SG
riamh
ever
It was not much that she said to me
209.
B’
é
léi
with.OBJ:3SG.FEM
tuairim Tom
nár
opinion Tom.GEN COMPL.NEG
thaitin
shine.PAST
mise
SUBJ:1SG-EMPH
It was Tom’s opinion that she did not like me
p.11–12
210.
Bíodh go
be.IMPF COMPL
ann
in.OBJ:3SG.MSC
uaim
from.OBJ:1SG
ndúras gur
say.PAST COMPL
agus
níor
and
NEG
é
OBJ:3SG.MSC
aontaíos
leis,
agree.PAST
with.OBJ:3SG.MSC
chreideas
é,
believe.PAST.1SG OBJ:3SG.MSC
a
chreidiúint
to
believe.VM
bhí
be.PAST
nó
or
an
DET
níor
NEG
tarraingt
attraction
theastaigh
be missing.PAST
sin
that
Despite the fact that I agreed with him, the attraction was still there and I did not believe it, or I did not want to believe it
p.12
211.
D'éiríos
míshocair
uneasy
rise.PAST.1SG
ngar
dom,
mar
proximity to.OBJ:1SG
as
aici
at.OBJ:3SG.FEM
míchompordach
uncomfortable
bhíos-sa,
be.PAST.1SG-EMPH
as
í
out of OBJ:3SG.FEM
leis,
faoi
with.OBJ:3SG.MSC under
a
bheith
to
be.VN
dhraíocht
magic
i
in
I grew uneasy, uncomfortable, out of her being near me, because I was myself under her spell
212.
Bhínn
be.IMPF.1SG
iontas an
wonder DET
ag
smaoineamh
de
at
think.VN
of
domhain
orm
world.GEN
on.OBJ:1SG
shíor
eternal
uirthi,
on.OBJ:3SG.FEM
rud
thing
a
mo
shúile
bhaint di
take.VN off.OBJ:3SG.FEM
REL
chuir
put.PAST
I was always thinking of her, which really surprised me
213.
De
of
m’
ainneoin
féin
own
POSS:1SG spite
In spite of myself
214.
bhí
be.PAST
agus
and
sé
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
í
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
deacair
hard
ag
at
orm
on.OBJ:1SG
gabháil thart
pass.VN by
POSS:1SG eyes
a
to
it was hard for me to take my eyes off her as she was passing by
A. S. Frenda
219
Appendices
215.
chaitheadh
wear.IMPF
deartha
design.PPSTPTC
sí
sciortaí
skirts
dearthóirí
designers
SUBJ:3SG.FEM
ag
at
beaga teanna
small
tight
Éireannacha,
Irish
agus
seaicéid
and
jackets
Louise Kennedy
Louise Kennedy
chostasacha,
expensive
ina
in.POSS:3PL
measc
group
she would wear tight miniskirts and expensive jackets designed by Irish designers, amongst them Louise Kennedy
216.
An-fheiceálach agus
very-striking
and
dearadh an-mhaith
design very-good
an-oiriúnach
very-apt
ar
fad
on
length
don
jab
to.DET job
orthu
on.OBJ:3PL
a
REL
bhí
aici,
be.PAST at.OBJ:3SG.FEM
[Her clothes were] very striking and very apt for her job, and very well designed
217.
218.
uaireanta
níor
thaitin
times
NEG
please.PAST
‘sometimes I did not like her choice’
a
Buí-ghlas
yellow-green
samhraidh
summer.GEN
dathanna
colours
agus
and
go
PTC
donn-ghorm,
brown-blue
minic uirthi
often
on.her
POSS:3
rogha
choice
liomsa
with.OBJ:1SG-EMPH
na
DET
sléibhte
mountains.GEN
Yellow-green and brown-blue, the colours of the mountains during the summer, (were) often on her
A. S. Frenda
220
Appendices
APPENDIX C: ITALIAN CORPUS
Calvino 1972
I
1.
Di
of
l’
DET
canali
canals
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
capo
a
head
to
uomo s’
man
REFL
concentrici
concentric
tre
giornate,
andando
three
days
go.GER
incontra ad
Anastasia,
città
meet.3SG at
Anastasia
city
e
sorvolata
da
aquiloni
and
overfly.PPSTPTC by
kites
verso mezzodì,
towards south
bagnata
da
wet.PPSTPTC
by
In three days’ time, going southwards, one will find Anastasia, a city wetted by concentric canals and
overflown by kites
le
merci che
qui
si
comprano
con
vantaggio
DET
goods REL
here
PASSV
buy.3PL
with
convenience
the goods that are here conveniently purchased
altre
varietà di
calcedonio
other
varieties of
chalcedony
other varieties of chalcedony
lodare la
carne del
praise.INFDET
meat
of.DET
sulla
fiamma di
legno
of
wood
on.DET flame
con
molto origano
with
much
oregano
fagiano dorato che
pheasant golden REL
di
ciliegio …
of
cherry tree
qui
here
e
and
si
PASSV
si
PASSV
cucina
cook.3SG
cosparge
sprinkle.3SG
praising the pheasant meat … which is here cooked on the flames of burning cherry-tree wood and sprinkled
with abundant oregano
dire
delle
donne che
ho visto
fare
il
bagno nella
vasca
tell.INF of.THE women REL
see.PERF.1SG
do.INF DET
bath
in.DET pool
d’
un
giardino
of
one
garden
speaking about the women I have seen taking their bath in a garden pool
e
che
talvolta
invitano –
si
racconta –
and
REL
sometimes
invite.3PL
PASSV
recount.3SG
passeggero
a
spogliarsi
con
loro
e
a
passer-by
to
undress.INF-REFL with
OBJ:3PL and
to
nell’
acqua
in.DET water
il
DET
rincorrerle
chase-OBJ:3PL-FEM
and sometimes inviting – such is the rumour – the passer-by to undress himself with them and to chase them
in the water
Ma
con
queste notizie
non
ti
direi
la
vera
but
with
these
information.PL
NEG
OBL:2SG say.COND.1SG
DET
real
essenza della
città
essence of.DET city
Were I to tell you all that, I still wouldn’t be telling you the city’s quintessential quality
A. S. Frenda
221
Appendices
8.
la
descrizione
di
description
of
risvegliare
i
desideri
awaken.INF
DET
desires
a
soffocarli
to
suffocate.INF-OBJ:3PL-MSC
DET
9.
Anastasia
Anastasia
uno
per
one
for
non
NEG
volta
time
fa
do.3SG
per
for
che
but
obbligarti
force.INF-OBJ:2SG
the description of the city of Anastasia will just awaken your desires one at a time, and will then force you to
suffocate them
a
chi
si
trova
un
mattino in
mezzo ad
Anastasia
to
OBJ:3SG.REL
REFL
find.3SG one
morning in
middle at
Anastasia
i
desideri si
risvegliano
tutti
insieme
DET
desires REFL
awaken.3PL
all
together
if one morning one happens to be in the middle of Anastasia, their desires awake all together
10. La
città
ti
appare
come un
tutto
in
cui
DET
city
OBJ:2SG appear.3SG
as
one
whole in
OBL:REL
nessun desiderio
va
perduto
e
di
cui
tu
fai
no
desire
go.3SG lose.PPSTPTC
and
of
OBL:REL SUBJ:2SG make.2SG
parte
part
the city appears to your eyes as a whole in which no desire is ever lost and of which you are a part
11. a
te
non
resta
che
abitare
questo desiderio
to
OBJ:2SG NEG
remain.3SG
but
dwell in.INF
this
desire
you cannot but dwell in this desire
12. per
otto
ore
al
for
eight
hours
at.DET
agate
d’
of
agates
giorno tu
day
SUBJ:2SGG
if you work for eight hours a day as an agate carver
13. la
tua
fatica che
dà
forma al
DET
POSS:2SG labour
REL
give.3SG shape to.DET
desiderio
la
sua
forma
prende dal
take.3SG from.DET desire
DET
POSS.3SG shape
lavori come
work.2SG as
tagliatore
carver
desiderio
desire
your labour, which shapes your desire, takes its own shape from your desire
14. tu
credi
di
godere per
tutta
Anastasia
SUBJ:2SG believe.2SG
of
enjoy.INF for
entire
Anastasia
you think you are enjoying yourself all over the city of Anastasia
II
15. In
in
per
by
due
two
nave
ship
modi
manners
o
or
si
PASSV
per
by
raggiunge
reach.3SG
cammello
camel
Despina:
Despina
You can reach Despina in two ways: either by ship or by camel
16. La
città
si
presenta
differente
DET
city
REFL
present.3SG
different
da
terra
e
a
chi
dal
from
land
and
to
OBJ:3SG.REL
from.DET
a
to
mare
sea
chi
OBJ:3SG.REL
viene
come.3SG
The city looks different to those who come overland and to those who come from the sea
A. S. Frenda
222
Appendices
17. Il
DET
dell’
of.DET
cammelliere
camel driver
altipiano
plateau
che
REL
i
DET
vede
spuntare
see.3SG show up.INF
pinnacoli
dei
pinnacles
of.DET
all’
orizzonte
at.DET horizon
grattacieli
skyscrapers
The camel driver who sees the skyscrapers’ pinnacles show up at the skyline of the plateau
18. le
maniche
a
vento bianche e
rosse
DET
sleeves
at
wind
white
and
red
the white and red windsocks
19. pensa a
una
nave
think.3SG to
one
ship
he thinks of a ship
20. un
bastimento
one
vessel
che
lo
REL
OBJ:3SG-MSC
a vessel that might take him away from the desert
21. un
veliero
che
stia
REL
stay.SUBJN.3SG
a
sailing ship
vento che
già
gonfia le
vele
wind
REL
already fill.3SG DET
sails
porti
take.SUBJN.3SG
per
for
via
away
dal
deserto
from.DET desert
salpare, col
sail.INF with.DET
a sailing ship which is about to sail, with the wind already filling its sails
22. un
vapore con
la
caldaia che
vibra
one
steamer with
DET
boiler
REL
shake.3SG
nella
carena di
ferro
of
iron
in.DET keel
a steamship, with its boiler vibrating in the iron keel
23. pensa
a
tutti
i
porti,
alle
merci d’
think.3SG
to
all
DET
harbours to.DET goods of
che
le
gru
scaricano
sui
moli,
alle
osterie
REL
DET
cranes unload.3PL
onto.DET docks to.DET taverns
diversa bandiera si
rompono
dove
equipaggi
di
where crews
of
different flag
RCPR
break.3PL
sulla
testa, alle
finestre illuminate
a
pian terreno,
on.DET head
to.DET windows light.PPSTPTC
at
ground floor
una
donna che
si
pettina
ognuna con
each-one with
one
woman REL
REFL
comb.3SG
oltremare
overseas
bottiglie
bottles
he thinks of all the harbours, of all the goods from overseas that the cranes unload onto the docks, of the
taverns where sailors of different nationalities break bottles on each other’s head, of the lighted ground-floor
windows, each one of them with a woman combing her hair
24. Nella
foschia della
costa
il
marinaio
distingue
in.DET haze
of.DET coastline
DET
sailor
discern.3SG
la
forma d’
una
gobba di
cammello,
DET
shape of
one
hump
of
camel
d’
una
sella
ricamata
di
frange luccicanti
fringes glittering
of
one
saddle embroider.PPSTPTC of
tra
due
gobbe chiazzate
between two
humps speckled
In the haze of the coastline, the sailor discerns the shape of a camel’s hump, of a saddle embroidered with
glittering fringe between two speckled humps
A. S. Frenda
223
Appendices
25. un
one
e
and
tabacco
tobacco
cammello
camel
bisacce
saddle bags
dal
from.DET
di
of
cui
REL.OBL
frutta
fruit
basto
saddle
candita,
candied
pendono
hang.3PL
vino
di
wine
of
otri
goatskins
datteri, foglie
dates
leaves
di
of
a camel from whose saddle there hang goatskins and saddle bags full of candied fruit, date wine, tobacco
leaves
26. già
si
vede
in
testa
a
una
lunga carovana
already REFL
see.3SG in
head
at
one
long
caravan
che
lo
porta
via
dal
deserto del
mare
REL
OBJ:3SG-MSC
take.3SG away
from.DET desert of.DET sea
he already sees himself at the head of a long caravan taking him away from the sea desert
27. oasi
d’
acqua dolce all’
ombra seghettata
delle
palme
oasis
of
water
sweet at.DET shadow serrate
of.DET palm trees
oases of fresh water in the serrate shadow of the palm trees’
28. palazzi dalle
spesse mura
di
calce, dai
cortili
palaces by.DET thick
walls
of
lime
by.DET courts
su
cui
ballano
scalze le
danzatrici,
on
REL.OBL dance.3PL
barefoot DET
dancers.FEM
e
muovono
le
braccia un
po’
del
and
move.3PL
DET
arms
one
bit
of.DET
e
un
po’
fuori
dal
velo
and
one
bit
out
from.DET veil
di
of
piastrelle
tiles
velo
veil
palaces with thick, whitewashed walls, and with courts covered in tiles on which girls dance barefoot and
move their arms, half from behind their veils, half revealed
29. Ogni
città
riceve
la
sua
forma dal
deserto
DET
POSS.3SG shape
from.DET desert
each
city
receive.3SG
a
cui
si
oppone
to
REL
REFL
oppose.3SG
Every city is shaped by the desert it contrasts with
30. il
cammelliere
e
il
marinaio
DET
camel driver
and
DET
sailor
città
di
confine tra
due
deserti
city
of
border between two
deserts
vedono Despina,
see.3PL Despina
the camel driver and the sailor see Despina, a border city between two deserts
III
31. A
at
la
DET
Maurilia,
Maurilia
città
e
city
and
il
DET
nello
in.DET
viaggiatore
traveller
stesso tempo
same
time
è invitato
a
invite.PASSV.3SG to
a
osservare
to
observe.INF
visitare
visit.INF
certe
vecchie
some
old
cartoline
postcards
A Maurilia, the traveller is both invited to visit the city and to observe certain old postcards
32. la
stessa identica piazza con
una
gallina al
posto
DET
same
identical piazza with
a
hen
at.DET place
della
stazione degli
autobus
of.THE station of.DET buses
the very same with a hen instead of the bus station
A. S. Frenda
224
Appendices
33. il
DET
chiosco della
kiosk
of.THE
musica al
music at.THE
posto
place
the band-stand instead of the viaduct
34. due
signorine
col
parasole
two
ladies
with.DET parasol
della
fabbrica di
esplosivi
of.THE factory of
explosives
del
of.THE
cavalcavia
viaduct
bianco al
white
at.DET
posto
place
two ladies with their white sun umbrellas instead of the explosive factory
35. Per
non
deludere
gli
abitanti
occorre
che
for
NEG
disappoint.INF
DET
inhabitants
be necessary.3SG COMPL
viaggiatore
lodi
la
città
nelle
cartoline
traveller
praise.SUBJN.3SG DET
city
in.DET postcards
e
la
preferisca
a
quella presente
and
OBJ:3SG.FEM
prefer.SUBJN.3SG to
that
present
il
DET
in order for them not to disappoint the inhabitants, visitors ought to praise the city that appears in the
postcards and prefer it to the present one
36. avendo
però
cura
di
contenere
il
suo
rammarico
have.GER
though attention of
constrain.INF
DET
POSS.3SG regret
per
i
cambiamenti
for
DET
changes
yet trying to constrain their regretting the changes
37. la
magnificenza
e
prosperità
DET
magnificence
and
prosperity
la
vecchia
se
confrontate
con
if
compare.PPSTPTC with
DET
old
di
of
Maurilia
Maurilia
Maurilia …
Maurilia
provinciale
provincial
Maurilia’s magnificence and prosperity … when one compares them to the old, provincial Maurilia
38. non
ripagano
d’
una
certa
grazia perduta,
la quale può
NEG
pay back .3PL
for
one
certain charm lose.PPSTPTC
REL
can.3SG
tuttavia essere goduta
soltanto adesso nelle
vecchie cartoline
though appreciate.PASSV.INF
only
now
in.DET old
postcards
they cannot make up for a certain lost charm, which can however be appreciated only now in the old
postcards
39. prima, con
la
Maurilia provinciale
sotto
gli
occhi,
first
with
DET
Maurilia provincial
under DET
eyes
di
grazioso
non
ci
si
vedeva
proprio nulla
of
charming
NEG
there
PASSV
see.IMPF.3SG
quite
nothing
in the past, as one could only see the provincial Maurilia, there was nothing charming to be seen
40. la
metropoli
ha
questa attrattiva
in
più
DET
metropolis
have.3SG this
charm
in
more
the metropolis has this further charm
41. si
può
ripensare
con
PASSV
can.3SG think back.INF
with
era
be.IMPF.3SG
nostalgia
nostalgia
a
to
quella
that
che
REL
one can look back nostalgically to what it used to be
A. S. Frenda
225
Appendices
42. Guardatevi
dal
refrain.IMP.2PL
from.DET
nascono
e
be born.3PL
and
incomunicabili
not in communication
dir
loro
tell.IMP OBL:3PL
muoiono
die.3PL
tra
loro
between OBJ:3PL
che…
talvolta
città
sometimes
cities
senza essersi conosciute,
without get to know.INF.PAST.REFL
COMPL
diverse …
different
Refrain from telling them sometimes different cities are born and die without ever getting to know each other,
without ever communicating with each other
43. anche i
nomi
degli
abitanti
restano uguali
even
DET
names of.THE inhabitants
stay.3PL identical
even the names of the inhabitants remain the same
44. l’
accento delle
voci,
e
perfino i
DET
accent of.DET voices and
even
DET
delle
facce
of.DET faces
the accent of their voices, even the features of their faces
45. al
loro
posto si
sono annidati
dèi
at.DET POSS:3PL place
REFL
hid.PERF.3PL
gods
foreign gods have hidden where they were
46. se
essi
sono
migliori o
if
SUBJ:3PL-MSC
be.3PL better or
lineamenti
features
estranei
foreign
peggiori degli
antichi
worse than.DET old
whether they are better or worse than the old ones
47. non
esiste tra
loro
alcun rapporto
NEG
exist.3SG between OBJ:3PL any
relationship
there is no relationship between them
48. un’
altra
città
che
per
one
other
city
REL
for
caso
si
chance REFL
chiamava
call.IMPF.3SG
Maurilia
Maurilia
another city which happened to be called Maurilia
IV
centro
49. Al
at.DET centre
sta
stand.3SG
di
vetro
of
glass
di
of
un
one
in
in
Fedora,
Fedora
palazzo
building
ogni
every
metropoli
metropolis
di
metallo
of
metal
stanza
room
di
of
con
with
pietra
stone
una
one
grigia,
grey
sfera
sphere
At the centre of Fedora, a grey-stone metropolis, is a metal building with a crystal sphere in each room
50. una
città
azzurra che
è
il
modello
one
city
blue
REL
be.3SG DET
model
d’
un’
altra
Fedora
of
one
other
Fedora
a blue city, which is the model of another Fedora
51. se
non
fosse,
per
una
if
NEG
AUX.SUBJ.IMPF.3SG for
one
diventata
come oggi
la
become.APSTPTC as
today
OBJ:3SG-FEM
ragione o
reason or
vediamo
see.1PL
per
for
l’
the
altra,
other
had it not become, for some reason, like we see it today
A. S. Frenda
226
Appendices
52. In
in
ogni
each
In all epochs
53. qualcuno …
someone
la
città
DET
city
epoca
epoch
aveva immaginato
imagine.PLPF.3SG
ideale
ideal
il
modo
way
THE
di
of
farne
make.INF-OBL:3SG
someone … had imagined the way of turning it into the ideal city
54. mentre costruiva
il
suo
modello in
while
build.IMPF.3SG
DET
POSS.3SG model
in
miniatura
miniature
while he was building its miniature model
55. Fedora non
era
più
Fedora NEG
be.IMPF.3SG
more
di
of
la
stessa
same
DET
Fedora was no longer the same as before
56. quello che
fino
a
ieri
REL
up
to
yesterday
that
futuro ormai era
solo
un
future now
be.IMPF.3SG
only
one
vetro
di
of
glass
era stato
be.PLPF.3SG
giocattolo
toy
prima
first
un
one
in
in
suo
possibile
POSS:3SG possible
una
one
sfera
sphere
what had until yesterday been a possible future image of Fedora was now just a toy in a crystal sphere
57. Fedora ha
adesso nel
palazzo delle
sfere
Fedora has
now
in.DET building of.DET spheres
il
suo
museo
DET
POSS.3SG museum
Fedora now has its own museum in the building of the spheres
58. sceglie
la
città
che
corrisponde
choose.3SG
DET
city
REL
correspond.3SG
he chooses the city which matches his wishes
59. immaginando
di
specchiarsi
of
mirror.INF-REFL
imagine.GER
che
doveva
raccogliere
REL
must.IMPF.3SG
collect.INF
nella
in.DET
le
DET
ai
to.DET
peschiera
fish tank
acque del
waters of.DET
suoi
desideri
POSS.3SG wishes
delle
meduse
of.DET jellyfish.PL
canale
canal
while imagining that his image is being reflected in the jellyfish pond which was meant to collect the waters of
the canal
60. dall’
alto
del
baldacchino
from.DET height of.DET canopied box
from the high canopied box
61. il
viale
riservato
DET
avenue reserve.PPSTPTC
città)
town
agli
to.DET
elefanti
elephants
(ora
now
the avenue reserved for the elephants (now banned from town)
62. scivolare
lungo la
spirale del
minareto a
slide.INF
along
DET
spiral
of.DET minaret to
(che
non
trovò
più
la
base
su
REL
NEG
find.PAST.3SG
more
DET
base
on
banditi
ban.PPSTPTC
dalla
from.DET
chiocciola
snail
cui
sorgere)
REL.OBL rise.INF
imagining to slide down along the spiral of the winding minaret (which never found a pedestal on which to
stand)
A. S. Frenda
227
Appendices
63. Nella
in.DET
mappa del
map
of.DET
On the map of your empire
64. sia
la
be.SUBJN.3SG
DET
Fedore nelle
sfere
Fedoras in.DET spheres
tuo
impero
POSS.2SG empire
grande
great
di
of
Fedora di
Fedora of
vetro
glass
pietra
stone
sia
be.SUBJN.3SG
le
DET
piccole
small
both the greater, stone-built Fedora and the smaller Fedoras contained in the glass spheres
V
65. In
ogni
in
each
differente
differente
città
city
e
and
dell’
impero
of.DET empire
disposto
arrange.PPSTPTC
ogni
each
in
in
edificio
building
un
one
è
be.3SG
diverso ordine
different order
In every city of the empire all buildings are different from one another, each one being arranged in a different
way
66. appena
il
forestiero
arriva
alla
città
sconosciuta
THE
foreigner
arrive.3SG
to.DET city
unfamiliar
as soon as
as soon as the foreigner gets to the unfamiliar city
67. getta
lo
sguardo in
mezzo a
cast.3SG DET
gaze
in
middle at
pagode e
abbaini e
fienili
di
of
pagodas and
dormers and
barns
quella
that
he casts his eyes upon that pile of pagodas, dormers and barns
68. seguendo
il
ghirigoro
di
canali
follow.GER
DET
doodle
of
canals
following the maze of canals, gardens, dumps
69. distingue
quali
sono
i
discern.3SG
which be.PL
DET
quali
i
templi dei
grandi
temples of.DET high
which DET
palazzi dei
palaces of.DET
sacerdoti
priests
pigna
pile
orti
immondezzai
gardens dumps
principi,
princes
he can tell which buildings are the potentates’ dwellings, which are the high priests’s temples
70. ogni
uomo porta
nella
mente una
città
fatta
each
man
bear.3SG in.DET mind
one
city
make.PPSTPTC
soltanto di
differenze
only
of
differences
every man bears in his mind a city that is only made of differences
71. Non
così
a
Zoe
NEG
so
at
Zoe
In Zoe things are different
72. In
ogni
luogo
in
each
spot
In every spot of this city
73. si
potrebbe
IMPS
can.COND.3SG
arnesi, cucinare
tools
cook.INF
di
of
questa città
this
city
volta
time
a
to
volta
time
dormire, fabbricare
sleep.INF make.INF
one might from time to time sleep, manufacture tools, cook
A. S. Frenda
228
Appendices
74. accumulare
accumulate.INF
monete d’
coins
of
to pile up golden coins
75. tanto il
lazzaretto
so much DET
lazaretto
le
terme
delle
DET
thermal baths
of.DET
oro
gold
dei
lebbrosi quanto
of.DET lepers as much
odalische
odalisques
both the lepers’ lazaretto and the odalisques’ thermal baths
76. distinguere
i
punti
della
città
distinguish.INF
DET
spots
of.DET city
to distinguish the different spots of the city
77. i
punti
che
egli
DET
spots
DET
SUBJ:3SG.MSC
the spots he keeps distinct in his own mind
78. l’
esistenza
in
tutti
DET
existence
in
all
è
tutta
se stessa
be.3SG all
REFL-EMPH-FEM
tiene
distinti nella
keep.3SG distinct in.DET
i
suoi
DET
POSS.3SG moments
existence, in all of its moments, is entirely itself
79. la
città
di
Zoe
è
il
DET
city
of
Zoe
be.3SG DET
indivisibile
indivisible
luogo
place
mente
mind
momenti
dell’
of.DET
esistenza
existence
the city of Zoe is the place where existence is indivisible
80. Quale linea
separa
il
dentro dal
fuori,
il
which line
divide.3SG
DET
inside from.DET outside DET
delle
ruote
dall’
ululo
dei
lupi?
of.DET wheels from.DET howling of.DET wolves
rombo
rumble
Which is the line that divides the inside from the outside, the rumble of the wheels from the howling of the
wolves?
VI
81. Di
tutti
i
of
all
DET
affrontare
il
DET
face.INF
nessuno uguaglia
none
equal.3SG
di
Ipazia
of
Ipazia
cambiamenti
changes
viaggiatore
traveller
quello che
that
REL
di
of
in
in
lo
lingua che
deve
language REL
must.3SG
terre
lontane,
lands
far
attende
nella
OBJ:3SG-MSC
await.3SG
in.DET
città
city
Although on the traveller’s route through far away lands the language will change many times, no linguistic
change will equal the one which awaits him in the city of Ipazia
82. Entrai
a
Ipazia un
mattino
enter.PAST.1SG
to
Ipazia one
morning
I entered Ipazia one morning
83. un
giardino di
magnolie
one
garden of
magnolias
su
lagune azzurre
on
lagoons blue
si
REFL
specchiava
mirror.IMPF.3SG
the magnolias of a garden were being reflected by the waters of a blue lagoon
A. S. Frenda
229
Appendices
84. io
andavo
SUBJ:1SGj walk.IMPF.1SG
cose
things
tra
le
between DET
siepi
sicuro
hedges surej
di
of
scoprire
discover.INF
belle
beautiful
I was walking between the hedges, sure that I would find enchanting things
85. in
fondo all’
acqua i
granchi mordevano
in
bottom to.DET water
DET
crabs
bite.IMPF.3PL
delle
suicide
con
la
pietra legata
of.DET suicide-PL.FEM
with
DET
rock
tie.PPSTPTC
e
i
capelli verdi
di
alghe
and
DET
hair
green of
seaweed
gli
DET
al
to.DET
occhi
eyes
collo
neck
on the bottom of the pool the crabs were biting suicide women’s eyes, women to whose necks rocks were
still tied, their hair green with seaweed
86. volli
chiedere giustizia al
sultano
want.PAST.1SG
ask.INF justice to.DET sultan
I decided to call on the sultan so that justice be done
87. Salii
le
scale di
porfido del
climb.PAST.1SG
DET
stairs
of
porphyry of.DET
dalle
cupole più alte
by.DET domes highest
palazzo
palace
I climbed the porphyry stairs of the palace which had the highest domes
88. attraversai
sei
cortili di
maiolica con
go through.PAST.1SG
six
courts of
majolica with
zampilli
waterworks
I went through six majolica courts decorated with waterworks
89. La
sala
nel
mezzo era sbarrata
da
DET
hall
in.DET middle bar.PASSV.IMPF.3SG by
inferriate
railings
the central hall was barred off by railings
90. i
forzati con
nere
catene
THE
convicts with
black
chains
rocce di
basalto da
una
rocks
of
basalt from
one
issavano
hoist.IMPF.3PL
s’
apre
sottoterra
REFL
open.3SG underground
al
at.DET
cava
quarry
piede
foot
che
REL
the convicts, with black chains tied to their feet, were hoisting basalt rocks from an underground quarry
91. Entrai
nella
grande biblioteca,
mi
persi
tra
scaffali
enter.PAST.1SG
in.DET great
library
OBJ:1SG lose.PAST.1SG
amidst shelves
che
crollavano
sotto
le
rilegature
in
pergamena
REL
crumble.IMPF.3SG under DET
bindings
in
parchment
I went into the great library, I lost my way amidst shelves crumbling down under (the weight of) parchment
bindings
92. seguii
l’
ordine alfabetico
di
alfabeti
scomparsi,
follow.PAST.1SG DET
order
alphabetical
of
alphabets
disappeared
su
e
giù
per
corridoi, scalette e
ponti
up
and
down
for
corridors ladders and
bridges
I followed the alphabetical order of lost alphabets, up and down through corridors, ladders and bridges
A. S. Frenda
230
Appendices
93. Nel
in.DET
nuvola
cloud
d’
of
che
REL
più remoto
gabinetto
dei
most remote
room
of.DET
di
fumo, mi
apparvero
of
smoke OBL:1SG appear.PAST.3PL
un
adolescente
sdraiato
one
adolescent
lie.APSTPTC
non
staccava
le
labbra
NEG
detach.IMPF.3SG DET
lips
papiri,
papyri
gli
DET
su
on
da
from
in
in
occhi
eyes
una
one
una
one
una
one
inebetiti
dazed
stuoia,
mat
pipa
di
pipe
of
oppio
opium
In the most remote papyri room, in a haze of smoke, there appeared to me the dazed eyes of a boy lying on
a mat, who would not turn his lips off his opium pipe
94. il
fumatore
indicò
fuori
dalla
finestra
DET
smoker
point.PAST.3SG
out
from.DET window
the smoker pointed at somewhere out of the window
95. Era
un
giardino con
giochi
be.IMPF.3SG
one
garden with
toys
infantili
puerile
It was a garden with children toys
96. Il
filosofo
sedeva
DET
philosopher
sit.IMPF.3SG
sul
on.DET
prato
meadow
The philosopher was sitting on the grass
97. una
lingua,
ma
non
one
language
but
NEG
quella
that
che
REL
credi
believe.2SG
di
of
conoscere
know.INF
a language, but not the one you think you know
98. dovevo
liberarmi
dalle
immagini
must.IMPF.1SG
deliver.INF-OBJ:1SG from.DET images
I had to get rid of the images
99. intendere
il
linguaggio
understand.INF
DET
language
di
of
to understand Ipazia’s language
100. a
Ipazia devi
entrare
at
Ipazia must.2SG enter
vedere le
belle
per
for
see.INF DET
beautiful
sella
con
le
cosce
saddle with
DET
thighs
scuderie e
nei
stables and
in.DET
che
montano
REL
mount.3PL
e
i
gambali
and
DET
bootlegs
nelle
in.DET
donne
women
nude
bared
Ipazia
Ipazia
maneggi
maneges
in
in
sui
polpacci
on.DET calves
in Ipazia, you must go into the stables and the maneges to see beautiful women mounting with bared thighs
and bootlegs on their calves
101. appena
s’
avvicina
un
giovane straniero
lo
as soon as
REFL
draw close.3SG
one
young stranger
OBJ:3SG-MSC
mucchi di
fieno
o
di
segatura
rovesciano
su
push back.3PL
on
heaps of
hay
or
of
sawdust
e
lo
premono
con
i
saldi
capezzoli
and
OBJ:3SG-MSC
press.3PL
with
DET
firm
nipples
as soon as a young stranger approaches them, they will push him onto heaps of hay or sawdust and press
him back with their firm breasts
102. so
che
[la
musica] va
cercata
nei
cimiteri
know.1SG
COMPL
DET
music go.3SG seek.PPSTPTC
in.DET cemeteries
I know [music] must be sought in cemeteries
A. S. Frenda
231
Appendices
103. i
DET
una
one
di
of
suonatori
musicians
fossa all’
grave
to.DET
flauti, accordi
flutes
chords
si
REFL
altra
other
d’
of
nascondono
nelle
hide.3PL
in.DET
si
rispondono
RCPR
respond.3PL
arpe
harps
tombe; da
tombs from
trilli
trills
the musicians hide in the tombs – from grave to grave trills of flutes, chords of harps respond to each other
104. anche a
Ipazia verrà
il
giorno in
cui
il
even
at
Ipazia come.FUT.3SG
DET
day
in
REL.OBL DET
solo
mio
desiderio
sarà
partire
only
POSS:3SG desire
be.FUT.3sg
leave.INF
in Ipazia too the day will come when my only desire will be to leave
105. non
dovrò
scendere
al
porto
NEG
must.FUT.1SG
descend.INF
to.DET port
I shall not go down to the port
106. salire
sul
pinnacolo
ascend.INF
on.DET pinnacle
più alto della
highest of.DET
rocca
fortress
di
of
della
of.DET
fuori
delle
outside of.DET
ripetono
repeat.3PL
to ascend the highest pinnacle of the fortress
VII
107. Poco
little
che
REL
da
from
saprei
dirti
know.COND.1SG tell.INF-OBL:2SG
gli
abitanti
stessi
DET
inhabitants
same
sempre
always
Aglaura
Aglaura
città
city
cose
things
Little could I tell you about Aglaura besides what its very inhabitants have been always repeating
108. una
serie
di
virtù
proverbiali,
d'
altrettanto
one
series of
virtues proverbial
of
as much
proverbiali
difetti
proverbial
faults
a series of proverbial virtues and no less proverbial faults
109. puntiglioso
ossequio
alle
regole
precise
compliance
to.DET rules
precise compliance with the rules
110. Antichi osservatori,
che
ancient observers
REL
di
non
supporre
of
NEG
suppose.INF
durevole
assortimento
long-lasting
array
con
altre
città
dei
with
other
cities
of.DET
non
c'
è
there
be.3SG
veritieri, attribuirono
truthful assign.PAST.3PL
di
qualità, certo
of
qualities certainly
loro
tempi
POSS:3PL times
NEG
ragione
reason
ad
Aglaura il
to
Aglaura DET
confrontandole
compare.GER-OBJ:3PL-FEM
suo
POSS:3SG
Ancient observers, whom we have no reason to deem untruthful, assigned such a long-lasting array of
qualities to Aglaura, comparing them, for sure, with other cities of their times
111. sono
forse
molto cambiate
da
allora
AUX.3PL perhaps much
change.APSTPTC from
then
perhaps they have changed a lot since then
A. S. Frenda
232
Appendices
112. ciò
che
that
REL
stranezza
oddity
era
be.IMPF.3SG
quello che
that
REL
eccentrico
eccentric
passava
pass.IMPF.3SG
è diventato
usuale,
become.PERF.3SG usual
per
norma
for
norm
what used to be eccentric has now become usual, what used to be considered the norm, an oddity
113. le
virtù
e
i
difetti hanno perso
eccellenza
DET
virtues and
DET
faults
lose.PERF.3PL
excellence
e
disdoro
in
un
concerto
di
virtù
and
dishonour
in
one
concert
of
virtues
e
difetti diversamente
distribuiti
and
faults
otherwise
distribute.PPSTPTC
virtues and faults have lost their excellence and dishonour in a concert of otherwise distributed virtues and
faults
114. In
questo senso nulla
è
vero
di
quanto si
dice
di
in
this
sense nothing be.3SG true
of
what
PASSV
say.3SG of
Aglaura
Aglaura
In this sense, nothing is true of what is said about Aglaura
115. un'
immagine
solida e
compatta
one
image
solid
and
compact
di
of
a solid, compact representation of a city
116. i
giudizi che
se
ne
possono trarre a
DET
opinions REL
PASSV
OBL:3
can.3PL draw.INF at
‘the opinions you can form about it if you live there’ (lit. ‘at living there’)
117. la
città
che
dicono ha
molto di
quel
DET
city
REL
say.3PL have.3PL much
of
that
che
ci
vuole per
esistere
REL
there
want.3SG for
exist.INF
città
city
viverci
live.INF-there
the city they speak about has much of what it takes to exist
118. la
città
che
esiste al
suo
posto
DET
city
REL
exist.3SG at.DET POSS:3SG place
the city that exists instead of it
119. tenendomi
a
quanto
hold.INF-OBJ:1SG to
OBJ:3SG.REL
persona
person
ho visto
see.PERF.1SG
e
and
provato
experienced
di
of
sticking to what I have personally seen and experienced
120. a
certe
ore
at
certain hours
at certain times of the day
121. in
certi
scorci
in
some
glimpses
di
of
in some glimpses of streets
122. il
sospetto di
qualcosa
DET
inkling of
something
di
raro,
magari
di
of
rare
perchance
of
strade
streets
di
inconfondibile,
of
unmistakable
magnifico
magnificent
the inkling of something unmistakable, rare, perchance magnificent
A. S. Frenda
233
Appendices
123. tutto
all
quello
that
che
s'
REL
PASSV
è detto
say.PERF.3SG
all that has been said about Aglaura so far
124. ti
obbliga a
ridire
OBJ:2SG force.3SG to
repeat.INF
di
of
anziché
rather-than
it forces you to repeat rather than to say
125. gli
abitanti
di
Aglaura credono
DET
inhabitants
of
Aglaura believe.3PL
abitare un'
Aglaura che
cresce solo
sul
inhabit one
Aglaura REL
grow.3SG only
on.DET
Aglaura finora
Aglaura so far
a
to
dire
say.INF
sempre
always
nome
name
di
of
Aglaura
Aglaura
the inhabitants of Aglaura always think they live in an Aglaura that only grows on the name ‘Aglaura’
126. non
si
accorgono
dell'
Aglaura che
cresce in
terra
NEG
REFL
make aware.3PL of.DET Aglaura REL
grow.3SG in
ground
they take no notice of the Aglaura that grows on the ground
127. anche a
me
che
vorrei
tener
OBJ:1SG REL
want.COND.1SG
keep.INF
even to
le
due
città
non
resta
che
DET
two
cities
NEG
remain.3SG
but
altra,
mancando
perché il
ricordo dell'
because DET
memory of.DET other
be missing.GER
per
fissarlo,
s'
è disperso
for
fix.INF-OBJ:3SG-MSC
REFL
disperse.PERF.3SG
distinte nella
distinct in.DET
parlarti
speak.INF-OBL:2SG
le
parole
DET
words
memoria
memory
una
dell'
of.DET one
although I would like to keep the two cities separate in my memory, I cannot but tell you about either one of
them, because the memory of the other, for want of words to fix it, got dispersed
VIII
128. C’
there
è
be.3SG
un
one
precipizio
gorge
There is a gorge between two mountains
129. la
città
è
sul
vuoto,
DET
city
be.3SG on.DET void
con
funi
e
catene
with
ropes
and
chains
in
in
mezzo
middle
legata
tie.PPSTPTC
a
at
due
two
montagne
mountains
alle
to.DET
due
two
creste
ridges
the city hangs over the void, secured to the two ridges by means of ropes and chains
130. Si
cammina
sulle
traversine
di
legno,
IMPS
walk.3SG
on.DET footbridges
of
wood
attenti a
non
mettere il
piede negli
intervalli
careful to
NEG
put.INF DET
foot
in.DET gaps
You walk on the wooden footbridges, paying attention not to step in the gaps
131. ci
si
aggrappa
alle
maglie di
canapa
IMPS
REFL
hold on.3SG
to.DET meshes of
hemp
You hold on to the hemp meshes
132. Sotto non
c’
è
niente per
below NEG
there
be.3SG nothing for
centinaia
di
metri
hundreds
of
metres
centinaia
hundreds
e
and
Right below, there is nothing for hundreds of metres
A. S. Frenda
234
Appendices
133. s’
PASSV
intravede
discern.3SG
più
more
in
in
basso
low
il
DET
fondo
bottom
del
of.DET
burrone
gorge
e
and
da
for
you can discern, further below, the bottom of the gorge
134. Questa è
la
base
della
città
this
be.3SG DET
base
of.DET city
This is the base of the city
135. una
rete
che
one
net
REL
serve
serve.3SG
a net serving as a passage and a support’
136. Tutto il
resto, invece d’
all
DET
rest
instead of
da
for
passaggio
passage
elevarsi sopra,
rise.INF above
sta
appeso
stay.3SG hang.PPSTPTC
sostegno
support
sotto
below
The rest of the city, instead of rising up, hangs below
137. scale di
corda
ladders of
rope
rope ladders
138. case
fatte
houses make.PPSTPTC
a
to
sacco
sack
houses made in the shape of sacks
139. otri
d’
acqua
leather bottles
of
water
leather bottles (full) of water
140. becchi del
gas
burners of.DET gas
gas burners
141. cesti
appesi
baskets hang.PPSTPTC
a
to
baskets hanging by threads
142. trapezi e
anelli per
trapezes and
rings
for
trapezes and rings for the games
143. vasi
con
piante dal
pots
with
plants by.DET
spaghi
threads
i
DET
giochi
games
fogliame
foliage
pendulo
dangling
pots containing dangling-leaved plants
144. Sospesa
sull'
abisso, la
vita
hang.PPSTPTC
over.DET abyss, DET
life
Ottavia è
meno incerta
d'
of
Ottavia be.3SG less
uncertain
degli
of.DET
che
than
abitanti
inhabitants
in
altre
in
other
città
cities
hanging over the abyss, the lives of Ottavia’s inhabitants are less uncertain than (life could be) in other cities
145. Sanno che
più
di
tanto
la
rete
non
regge
know.3PL COMPL more
than
so much DET
net
NEG
hold.3SG
They know the net won’t hold forever
IX
146. chi
SUBJ:3SG.REL
va
go.3SG
a
to
Bauci
Bauci
non
NEG
riesce
manage.3SG
a
to
vederla
see.INF-OBJ:3SG-FEM
those who go to Bauci cannot see it
A. S. Frenda
235
Appendices
147. I
DET
a
at
sottili
thin
gran
great
trampoli
stilts
distanza
distance
che
s'
REL
REFL
l'
uno
one
DET
alzano dal
suolo
raise.3PL from.DET ground
dall'
altro
from.DET other
The thin stilts rising from the ground, very distant from one another
148. Ci
si
sale
con
scalette
there
IMPS
ascend.3SG
with
ladders
You can climb up there by ladder
149. gli
abitanti
si
DET
inhabitants
REFL
mostrano
show.3PL
its inhabitants show up rarely
150. Nulla
della
città
tocca
nothing of.DET city
touch.3SG
il
DET
No part of the city touches the ground
151. quelle lunghe gambe da
fenicottero
those long
legs
of
flamingo
si
appoggia
REFL
rest.3SG
di
of
rado
rare
suolo
ground
a
to
cui
REL.OBL
those long flamingo legs on which (the city) rests
152. nelle
giornate luminose
in.DET days
bright
on a bright day
153. un'
ombra
one
shadow
disegna sul
draw.3SG on.DET
traforata
fretworked
fogliame
foliage
e
and
angolosa
angular
a trellised, angular shadow cast upon the foliage
154. Tre
ipotesi
si
dànno sugli
three
hypotheses
PASSV
give.3PL on.DET
che
si
REL
REFL
abitanti
inhabitants
di
of
Bauci
Bauci
Three hypotheses have been put forward about Bauci’s inhabitants
155. che
la
rispettino
al
punto d'6
COMPL OBJ:3SG-FEM
respect.SUBJN.3PL to.DET point
of
evitare ogni
avoid.INF each
that they respect it so much that they wish to avoid all kinds of contact
156. che
la
amino
com'
era
COMPL OBJ:3SG-FEM
love.SUBJN.3PL
as
be.IMPF.3SG
e
con
cannocchiali
e
telescopi
puntati
and
with
spy-glasses
and
telescopes
aimed
non
si
stanchino
di
passarla
NEG
REFL
tire.SUBJ.3PL
of
pass.INF-OBJ:3SG-FEM
foglia a
foglia, sasso a
sasso, formica per
leave
to
leave
rock
to
rock
ant
by
prima
first
in
in
in
in
formica
ant
contatto
contact
di
loro
of
OBJ:3PL
giù
down
rassegna
review
that they love it as it was before they came and – by means of spy-glasses and telescopes aimed
downwards – they never get tired of examining it leave by leave, rock by rock, ant by ant
6
The final vowel of the preposition having been dropped, it is not possible to say if the writer had da or di in mind, since both can be
used in this context without any difference in meaning.
A. S. Frenda
236
Appendices
X
157. A
at
di
of
Smeraldina,
Smeraldina
canali e
canals and
città
city
un
one
acquatica,
aquatic
reticolo di
grid
of
un
one
strade
streets
reticolo
grid
si
sovrappongono
REFL
superimpose.3PL
In Smeraldina, an aquatic city, a grid of canals and one of streets are superimposed
158. Per
andare da
un
posto a
un
altro
for
go.INF from
a
place
to
one
other
to go from somewhere to somewhere else
159. hai
sempre la
scelta tra
il
have.2SG always DET
choice between DET
e
quello in
barca
and
that
in
boat
percorso
route
terrestre
terrestrial
you can always choose between travelling overland and going by boat
160. la
linea
più breve
tra
due
punti
a
DET
line
shortest
between two
points at
non
è
una
retta
NEG
be.3SG one
straight line
Smeraldina
Smeraldina
the shortest distance between two points, in Smeraldina, is not a straight line
161. uno
zigzag che
si
ramifica
in
tortuose varianti
one
zigzag REL
REFL
divide.3SG
in
tortuous variants
a zigzag dividing into tortuous variants
162. le
vie
che
s'
aprono a
DET
routes REL
REFL
open.3PL to
the routes opening up to any passer-by
163. aumentano
per
chi
increase.3PL
for
OBJ:3SG.REL
barca e
trasbordi
in
in
boat
and
transhipments
ogni
each
passante
passer-by
alterna
traghetti
alternate.3SG
crossings
all'
asciutto
at.DET dry
[the number of available roads] is still greater for those who alternate crossings by boat and overland
transhipments
164. Così
la
noia
a
percorrere
ogni
giorno le
stesse
so
DET
boredom to
walk.INF
each
day
DET
same
strade è risparmiata
agli
abitanti
di
Smeraldina
streets spare.PASSV.3SG to.DET inhabitants
of
Smeraldina
So Smeraldina’s inhabitants can spare themselves the nuisance of walking the same streets every day
165. la
rete
dei
passaggi
non
è disposta
DET
net
of.DET passages
NEG
lay out.PASSV.3SG
su
un
solo
strato
on
one
sole
layer
the grid of passages is not laid out on a single layer
166. un
saliscendi
di
scalette
one
go-up-go-down
of
ladders
a maze of ladders going up and down
167. ponti
a
schiena d'
asino
bridges to
back
of
donkey
humpbacked bridges
A. S. Frenda
237
Appendices
168. segmenti
segments
dei
of.DET
tragitti
routes
sopraelevati
elevate.PPSTPTC
o
or
in
in
segments of the various routes, either elevated or surface-level ones
169. ogni
abitante
si
dà
ogni
giorno lo
every inhabitant
OBL:REFL give.3SG every
day
the
d'
un
nuovo itinerario
per
andare negli
of
one
new
itinerary
for
go.INF in.DET
superficie
surface
svago
amusement
stessi luoghi
same
places
all inhabitants amuse themselves everyday by finding a new itinerary to go to the same old places
170. Le
vite
più abitudinarie e
tranquille
a
Smeraldina
DET
lives
most repetitive
and
peaceful
at
Smeraldina
trascorrono
senza ripetersi
go by.3PL
without repeat.INF-REFL
In Smeraldina, even the most repetitive and peaceful lives go by without repeating themselves
171. A
maggiori
costrizioni
sono esposte … le
vite
to
greater
constraints
expose.PASSV.3PL DET
lives
segrete e
avventurose
secret and
adventurous
Secret and adventurous lives are subject to greater constraints
172. I
gatti
di
Smeraldina
DET
cats
of
Smeraldina
The cats of Smeraldina
173. gli
amanti clandestini
DET
lovers clandestine
più alte e
discontinue
higher and
discontinuous
si
REFL
spostano
move.3PL
per
vie
through routes
clandestine lovers get about through higher, punctuated routes
174. saltando
da
un
tetto
all'
altro,
calandosi
jump.GER
from
one
roof
to.DET other
lower.GER-REFL
un'
altana a
un
verone, contornando
grondaie
da
from
one
loggia to
one
balcony outline.GER
gutters
con
passo da
funamboli
with
pace
of
tightrope walkers
jumping from roof to roof, from a loggia to a balcony stepping along the gutters like a tightrope walker
175. Più
in
basso, i
topi
corrono nel
buio
delle
cloache
more
in
low
DET
mice
run.3PL in.DET darkness of.DET cesspools
l'
uno
dietro la
coda
dell'
altro
insieme ai
congiurati
DET
one
behind DET
tail
of.THE other
together to.THE conspirers
e
ai
contrabbandieri
and
to.DET smugglers
Further below, in the dark cesspools, the mice run after each other’s tail along with the conspirers and the
smugglers
176. fanno capolino da
tombini e
da
chiaviche
peep out.3PL
from
drains and
from
sewers
(mice) peep out from drains and from sewers
177. svicolano
per
intercapedini
sneak off.3PL
through cavities
e
and
chiassuoli
alleys
(mice) sneak off through cavities in the walls and narrow alleys
A. S. Frenda
238
Appendices
178. trascinano
haul.3PL
croste di
rinds
of
da
un
from
one
formaggio
cheese
nascondiglio
hide
all'
to.DET
altro
other
(mice) haul cheese rinds from hide to hide
179. barili
di
polvere da
sparo
barrels of
powder for
shooting
barrels of gunpowder
180. la
compattezza
della
DET
compactness
of.DET
dei
cunicoli sotterranei
of.DET tunnels underground
città
city
traforata
pierce through.PPSTPTC
dalla
by.DET
raggera
beamwork
the compact heart of the city, pierced through by a radial layout of underground tunnels
181. Una
mappa di
Smeraldina
a
map
of
Smeraldina
a map of Smeraldina
182. segnati
in
mark.PPSTPTC
in
inchiostri
inks
marked by means of many-coloured inks
183. Più
difficile è
fissare sulla
more
difficult be.3SG fix.INF on.DET
rondini
swallows
di
of
diverso colore
different colour
carta
paper
le
DET
It is more difficult to fix on the map the swallows’ variable routes
184. calano
lungo parabole invisibili ad
ali
nosedive.3PL
along curves invisible with
wings
vie
routes
delle
of.THE
ferme
steady
(the swallows) nosedive along invisible curves with steady wings
185. scartano
per
inghiottire
una
zanzara
swerve.3PL
for
swallow.INF
one
mosquito
(the swallows) swerve to swallow a mosquito
186. risalgono
a
spirale rasente un
go up again.3PL to
spiral
close to one
pinnacolo
pinnacle
(the swallows) ascend again in a spiral, almost skimming a pinnacle
187. sovrastano
da
ogni
punto dei
loro
sentieri d'
soar above.3PL
from
each
point
of.DET POSS:3PL paths
of
tutti
i
punti
della
città
all
DET
points of.DET city
aria
air
from every single point of their aerial routes, (the swallows) soar above every single point of the city
A. S. Frenda
239
Appendices
XI
188. A
lungo
at
long
incastellata
fortified
finestre
con
with
windows
con
al
with
at.DET
e
con
and
with
Pirra
Pirra
sulle
on.DET
alte
high
centro
centre
un
one
è stata
be.PERF.3SG
pendici
sloping sides
e
torri,
and
towers
una
piazza
one
square
pozzo al
well
at.DET
per
me
for
me
d'
un
of
one
chiusa come
closed as
profonda
deep
centro
centre
una
one
golfo,
gulf
una
one
come
as
città
city
coppa,
cup
un
pozzo
one
well
For a long time, all that Pirra had meant to me was a fortified city built upon the sloping sides of a gulf, with
windows high up the walls and towers, a city closed up all around like a cup, with a square as deep as a well
right in the middle, and with a well in the middle of the square
189. Era
una
delle
tante
città
dove
be.IMPF.3SG
one
of.DET numerous
cities
where
non
sono
mai
arrivato
NEG
AUX:1SG ever
arrive.APSTPTC
It was just one of the several cities I have never been to
190. Pirra
aveva
il
suo
posto
Pirra
have.IMPF.3SG
DET
POSS:3SG place
ognuna di
loro,
come
diversa da
different from
each-one of
OBJ:3PL as
occhi della
mente
inconfondibile agli
unmistakable
to.DET eyes
of.DET mind
in
mezzo
in
middle
ognuna di
each-one of
a
loro,
at
OBJ:3PL
loro
OBJ:3PL
Pirra used to have its own place among them, different from each one of them and, just like any one of them,
unmistakable to the eyes of the mind
191. Venne
il
giorno in
cui
i
miei
viaggi
come.PAST.3SG DET
day
in
REL.OBL DET
POSS:1SG journeys
mi
portarono
a
Pirra
OBJ:1SG take.PAST.3PL
to
Pirra
The day came when my travelling led me to Pirra
192. io
credevo
d'
aver
sempre saputo
SUBJ:1SG believe.IMPF.1SG of
AUX.INF always know.APSTPTC
I thought I had always known
193. il
mare
non
è
DET
sea
NEG
be.SG
nascosto
da
una
hide.PPSTPTC
by
one
in
in
duna
dune
vista
view
della
of.DET
della
of.DET
costa
coast
città,
city
the sea – hidden by a dune of the coast – is not visible from the city
194. le
case
sono
raggruppate
a
intervalli
DET
houses be.PL
group together.PPSTPTC
at
intervals
the houses are grouped together at intervals
195. spiazzi di
depositi
di
clearings of
storage areas
of
legname e
timber and
segherie
sawmills
timber-storage areas and sawmills
196. il
vento muove
DET
wind
move.3SG
girandole
vanes
delle
of.DET
le
DET
pompe idrauliche
pumps hydraulic
the wind spins the vanes of the hydraulic pumps
A. S. Frenda
240
Appendices
197. Da
quel
from
that
richiama
bring back.3SG
momento
in
moment
in
alla
mia
mente
to.DET POSS:1SG mind
poi
afterwards
questa vista
this
view
il
DET
nome
name
Pirra
Pirra
Since then, the name Pirra has brought back to my mind this view
198. quest' aria
in
cui
vola
una
polvere giallina
this
air
in
REL.OBL fly.3SG one
dust
pale yellow
this air in which a pale yellow dust is suspended
199. La
mia
mente continua
a
DET
POSS:1SG mind
continue.3SG
to
gran
numero di
città
great
number of
cities
My memory still retains a great deal of cities
200. nomi
che
portano con
sé
una
names REL
carry.3PL with
REFL
one
barbaglio
di
figura immaginata
glimmer
of
shape imagined
contenere
contain.INF
un
one
figura
shape
frammento
fragment
o
or
o
or
names bringing along a shape – or a fragment, perhaps just a glimmer – of an imagined shape
201. la
città
alta
sul
golfo
è
sempre là,
DET
city
high
on.DET gulf
be.3SG always there
con
la
piazza chiusa intorno al
pozzo, ma
non
with
DET
square closed around to.DET well
but
NEG
posso più
chiamarla
con
un
nome
call.INF-OBJ:3SG-FEM
with
one
name
can.1SG more
the city overlooking the gulf is still there, with its square enclosing the well, but I can no longer call it by a
name
XII
202. Mai
never
nei
in.DET
miei
viaggi
m'
POSS:1SG journeys OBJ:1SG
ero spinto
push.PLPF.1SG
Never in my travelling had I reached Adelma
203. Sulla
banchina
il
marinaio
che
on.DET quay
DET
sailor
REL
la
cima
e
la
legò
DET
rope
and
OBJ:3SG-FEM
tie.PAST.3SG
a
uno
che
era stato
soldato con
to
someone REL
be.PLPF.3SG
soldier with
fino
up
a
to
prese
catch.PAST.3SG
alla
bitta
to.DET bollard
me
OBJ:1SG
Adelma
Adelma
al
volo
at.DET flight
somigliava
look similar.IMPF.3SG
On the quay, the sailor who caught the rope in midair and tied it to the bollard looked like someone who had
been a comrade of mine
204. Era
l'
ora
del
mercato del
pesce all'
ingrosso
hour
of.DET market of.DET fish
at.DET in-bulk
be.3SG DET
It was the time for the wholesale fish market
205. Un
vecchio caricava
una
one
old man load.IMPF.3SG
one
su
un
carretto
on
one
cart-DIM
cesta
basket
di
of
ricci
sea urchins
An old man was loading a basket of sea urchins onto a small cart
206. credetti
di
riconoscerlo
believe.PAST.1SG of
recognize.INF-OBJ:1SG-MSC
I thought I knew who he was
A. S. Frenda
241
Appendices
207. era sparito
disappear.PLPF.3SG
he disappeared into an alley
208. somigliava
look similar.IMPF.3SG
io
ero
SUBJ:1SG be.IMPF.1SG
i
vivi
DET
living.PL
in
in
un
one
a
un
to
one
bambino,
child
vicolo
alley
pescatore
che,
fisherman
REL
non
poteva
NEG
can.IMPF.3SG
già
already
più
more
vecchio
old
essere
be.INF
quando
when
tra
among
a fisherman who was an old man when I was a child and couldn’t possibly be among the living any longer
209. Mi
turbò
la
vista
di
un
malato
di
febbri
OBJ:1SG disturb.PAST.3SG DET
sight
of
one
sick-SG.MSC
of
fever
rannicchiato
per
terra
con una coperta sulla
testa
crouch.APSTPTC for
ground with one blanket on.DET head
The sight of a man sick with fever crouching down on the ground, with a blanket on his head
210. mio
padre pochi giorni prima di
morire
POSS:1SG father
few
days
first
of
die.INF
aveva
gli
occhi gialli
have.IMPF.3SG
DET
eyes
yellow
A few days before dying, my father’s eyes were yellow
211. non
osavo
fissare più
nessuno
NEG
dare.IMPF.1SG
stare.INF more
nobody
I did no longer dare to stare at anybody’s face
212. una
città
che
vedo
in
one
city
REL
see.1SG in
sogno
dream
a city that I am seeing in a dream
213. una
città
vera,
abitata
one
city
real
inhabit.PPSTPTC
da
by
in
in
viso
face
vivi
living.PL
a real city, inhabited by the living
214. continuare
a
fissarli
to
stare at.INF-OBJ:3PL-MSC
continue.INF
to keep staring at them
215. facce estranee,
faces
unknown
apportatrici
bearers
unknown faces, bearers of anguish
216. In
un
caso
o
in
one
case
or
che
non
insista
COMPL NEG
keep.SUBJN.1SG
nell'
in.DET
a
to
In either case, I’d better stop looking at them
217. Un'
erbivendola
pesava
one
greengrocer.FEM weigh.IMPF.3SG
d'
of
angoscia
anguish
altro
è
meglio
other
be.3SG better
guardarli
watch.INF-OBJ:3SG-MSC
una
one
verza
savoy cabbage
a greengrocer was weighing a savoy cabbage on her steelyard
218. la
metteva
in
un
paniere
OBJ:3SG-FEM
put.IMPF.3SG
in
one
basket
cordicella
che
una
ragazza calava
string-DIM
REL
one
girl
lower.IMPF.3SG
sulla
on.DET
appeso
hang.PPSTPTC
da
un
from
one
stadera
steelyard
a
una
to
one
balcone
balcony
she put it into a basket hanging by a string, that a girl was lowering from her balcony
A. S. Frenda
242
Appendices
219. La
DET
che
REL
ragazza era
girl
be.IMPF.3SG
era impazzita
become mad.PLPF.3SG
uguale
identical
d'
of
a
to
amore
love
una
del
one-FEM of.DET
mio
paese
POSS:1SG town
The girl was the spitting image of a girl from my hometown whom love had driven mad
220. un
momento
nella
vita
in
cui
tra
la
one
moment
in.DET life
in
REL.OBL among DET
che
si
è conosciuta
i
morti
sono
più
dei
REL
PASSV
know.PERF.3SG
DET
dead.PL be.3PL more
than.DET
gente
people
vivi
living.PL
a moment in life when – among those you have come to know – the dead outnumber the living
221. la
mente si
rifiuta
d'
accettare
altre
fisionomie
DET
mind
REFL
refuse.3SG
of
accept.INF
other
physiognomies
your mind refuses to take in new facial features
222. su
tutte
le
facce nuove che
on
all
DET
faces
new
REL
i
vecchi calchi, per
ognuna trova
DET
old
moulds for
each-one find.3SG
che
s'
adatta di
più
REL
REFL
fit.3SG of
more
incontra,
imprime
meets
impress.3SG
la
maschera
DET
mask
(your mind) imposes known features on every new face it comes across, and finds the mask that suits each
one of them best
223. Gli
scaricatori
salivano
le
scale in
fila
DET
unloaders
climb up.IMPF.3PL DET
stairs
in
line
The unloaders were climbing up the stairs in a line
224. le
facce erano nascoste da
cappucci
DET
faces
hide.PASSV.3PL
by
hoods
their faces were hidden by sackcloth hoods
225. pensavo,
con
impazienza
with
impatience
think.IMPF.1SG
‘I thought, eagerly and scared’
226. non
staccavo
gli
occhi
NEG
detach.IMPF.1SG DET
eyes
e
and
con
with
da
from
loro
OBJ:3PL
I couldn’t turn my eyes away from them
227. per
poco
che
girassi
for
little
REL
turn.SUBJN.IMPF.1SG
as soon as I turned my eyes to the crowd
228. mi
vedevo
assalito
OBJ:1SG see.IMPF.1SG
assail.PPSTPTC
riapparse
da
lontano
reappear.APSTPTC from
far away
di
of
da
by
lo
sacco
sackcloth
paura
fear
DET
sguardo sulla
glance to.DET
facce
faces
inaspettate,
unexpected
folla
crowd
I would see myself assailed by unexpected faces that had reappeared from far away
229. mi
fissavano
come per
farsi
riconoscere,
OBJ:1SG stare at.IMPF.3PL as
for
make.INF-REFL
recognize.INF
come per
riconoscermi
as
for
recognize.INF-OBJ:1SG
they were staring at me, as if trying to be recognized, or to recognize me
A. S. Frenda
243
Appendices
230. Forse
perhaps
a
to
anch' io
assomigliavo
even
SUBJ:1SG look similar.IMPF.1SG
qualcuno
che
era morto
somebody
REL
die.PLPF.3SG
per
for
ognuno di
each-one of
loro
OBJ:3PL
Perchance, to the eyes of each one of them, I, too, looked like somebody else who had died
231. Ero
appena arrivato
ad
Adelma
AUX.IMPF.1SG
just
arrive.APSTPTC
to
Adelma
I had just arrived in Adelma
232. già
ero
uno
already be.IMPF.1SG
one
di
of
loro
OBJ:3PL
I had become one of them already
233. ero passato
dalla
loro
parte
pass.PLPF.1SG
to.DET POSS:3PL side
I crossed over to their side
234. confuso in
quel
fluttuare d'
confused in
that
waver.INF of
smorfie
di
of
grimaces
occhi,
eyes
di
of
confused amidst that wavering of eyes, wrinkles, grimaces
235. Forse Adelma è
la
città
cui
si
perhaps Adelma be.3SG DET
city
REL.OBL IMPS
e
in
cui
ognuno ritrova
le
REL.OBL each-one find again.3SG
DET
and
in
ha conosciuto
know.PERF.3SG
rughe,
wrinkles
arriva
arrive.3SG
persone che
people REL
morendo
die.GER
Perhaps Adelma is the city where you go when you die, and where everybody will meet once again the
people they met in their life
XIII
236. A
at
basso,
low
Eudossia,
Eudossia
con
vicoli
with
alleys
che
si
REL
REFL
estende
spread.3SG
in
in
alto
high
e
and
in
in
tortuosi
tortuous
In Eudossia, which spreads both upwards and downwards, with tortuous alleys
237. si
conserva
un
tappeto in
cui
puoi
contemplare
PASSV
conserve.3SG
one
carpet in
REL.OBL can.2SG contemplate.INF
la
vera
forma della
città
DET
real
shape of.DET city
In Eudossia a carpet is conserved where you can contemplate the real shape of the city
238. A
prima vista
nulla
sembra
assomigliare
meno a
at
first
sight
nothing seem.3SG
look similar.INF
less
to
Eudossia
che
il
disegno del
tappeto, ordinato
Eudossia
than
DET
pattern of.DET carpet organize.PPSTPTC
in
figure simmetriche
in
figures symmetrical
At first sight, nothing really seems to look less similar to Eudossia than the carpet’s pattern, arranged in
symmetrical figures
A. S. Frenda
244
Appendices
239. intessuto
interweave.PPSTPTC
l'
alternarsi
DET
alternate.INF-REFL
lungo tutto
l'
DET
along all
di
of
delle
of.DET
ordito
warp
gugliate
stitches
cui
REL.OBL
dai
by.DET
trame
weaves
colori
colours
puoi
can.2SG
splendenti,
bright
seguire
follow.INF
interwoven with bright-coloured stitches whose alternating weaves can be followed along the entire warp
240. se
ti
fermi
a
osservarlo
con
attenzione
if
OBJ:2SG stop.2SG to
observe.INF-OBJ:3SG-MSC
with
attention
but if you stop to observe it carefully
241. a
ogni
luogo del
to
each
place
of.DET
luogo della
città
place
of.DET city
tappeto corrisponde
carpet correspond.3SG
un
one
an (actual) location in the city corresponds to each spot of the carpet’s pattern
242. tutte
le
cose
contenute
nella
città
sono comprese
all
DET
things contain.PPSTPTC in.DET city
include.PASSV.3PL
nel
disegno
in.DET drawing
all the things that are contained in the city are also included in the drawing
243. i
loro
veri
rapporti,
quali
sfuggono
al
DET
POSS:3PL real
relationships
REL
pass unnoticed.3PL to.DET
tuo
occhio distratto
dall’
andirivieni
dal
brulichio
POSS:2SG eye
distract.PPSTPTC by.DET toing and froing by.DET swarming
dal
pigia-pigia
by.DET press-press
their actual relationships, which pass unnoticed to your eyes, distracted by the people toing and froing,
swarming, crushing
244. Tutta
la
confusione
di
Eudossia,
i
ragli
all
DET
confusion
of
Eudossia
DET
brays
muli,
le
macchie di
nerofumo,
l'
odore
dei
of.DET mules DET
stains of
gas black
DET
smell
di
pesce, è
quanto
appare
nella
prospettiva
of
fish
be.3SG SUBJ:3SG.REL
appear.3SG
in.DET perspective
parziale che
tu
cogli
partial REL
SUBJ:2SG get.2G
All the confusion of Eudossia, the braying of the mules, the gas-black stains, the smell of fish, is what
appears in the partial glimpse that you can catch
245. c'
è
un
punto dal
quale la
città
mostra
there
be.3SG a
point
from.DET REL
DET
city
show.3SG
le
sue
vere
proporzioni
DET
POSS.3SG real
proportions
there is a viewpoint wherefrom the city shows its real proportions
246. lo
schema geometrico
implicito
in
DET
pattern geometrical
implicit
in
minimo
dettaglio
smallest
detail
ogni
each
suo
POSS.3SG
the geometrical pattern which is implicit in each smallest detail
247. Perdersi
ad
Eudossia
è
facile
lose.INF-REFL
at
Eudossia
be.3SG easy
To lose one’s way in Eudossia is easy
A. S. Frenda
245
Appendices
248. quando ti
concentri
when
OBJ:2SG concentrate.2SG
a
to
when you concentrate on staring at the carpet
249. riconosci
la
strada che
recognize.2SG
DET
road
REL
fissare
stare at.INF
il
DET
cercavi
in
look for.IMPF.2SG in
you will recognize the road you were looking for in a crimson thread
250. ti
fa
entrare in
un
recinto
OBJ:2SG make.3SG
enter.INF in
one
enclosure
it lets you into a purple enclosure
251. il
tuo
vero
punto
DET
POSS:2SG real
point
d’
of
your actual arrival point
252. Ogni
abitante
each
inhabitant
immobile
del
immobile
of.DET
Eudossia
confronta
Eudossia
compare.3SG
una
sua
immagine
one
POSS.3SG image
di
of
tappeto
carpet
tappeto
carpet
un
a
filo
thread
color
colour
porpora
purple
all’
to.DET
della
of.DET
ordine
order
città
city
cremisi
crimson
arrivo
arrival
every inhabitant of Eudossia compares their own image of the city to the frozen order of the carpet
253. ognuno
può
trovare nascosta
tra
gli
arabeschi
each-one
can.3SG find.INF hide.PPSTPTC
amidst DET
arabesques
una
risposta
one
answer
everyone can find – hidden amidst the arabesques – an answer
254. il
racconto
della
sua
vita,
le
DET
tale
of.DET POSS.3SG life
DET
the tale of their own life, the turning points of fate
255. Sul
rapporto
misterioso
di
mysterious
of
on.DET relationship
così
diversi come il
tappeto e
so
different as
DET
carpet and
fu interrogato
un
oracolo
one
oracle
question.PASSV.PAST.3SG
due
two
la
DET
svolte
turns
del
of.DET
destino
destiny
oggetti
objects
città
city
An oracle was questioned on the mysterious relationship between two such different objects as the carpet
and the city
256. Uno
dei
due
oggetti
one
of.DET two
objects
One of the two objects
257. la
forma che
DET
shape REL
e
alle
orbite
and
to.DET orbits
gli
DET
su
on
dei
gods
cui
REL.OBL
diedero
give.PAST.3PL
ruotano
revolve.3PL
al
to.DET
i
DET
cielo
sky
mondi
worlds
stellato
starry
The shape that the gods gave to the starry sky and the orbits along which the worlds revolve
258. Gli
àuguri già
da
tempo erano
certi
che
l'
DET
augurs already from
time
be.IMPF.3PL
sure
COMPL DET
disegno del
tappeto fosse
di
fattura divina
pattern of.DET carpet be.SUBJN.3SG
of
make
divine
armonico
harmonic
The augurs had long been sure that the harmonic pattern of the carpet was the work of the gods
A. S. Frenda
246
Appendices
259. in
in
senza
without
questo
this
dar
give.INF
senso
sense
luogo
place
fu interpretato
interpret.PASSV.PAST.3SG
a
controversie
to
controversies
l'
DET
oracolo,
oracle
the oracle was unanimously interpreted as meaning this
260. allo
stesso modo tu
puoi
trarne
la
at.DET same
manner SUBJ:2SG can.2SG draw.INF-OBL:3
DET
che
la
vera
mappa dell’
universo sia
COMPL DET
real
map
of.DET universe be.SUBJN.3SG
d’
Eudossia
così
com'
è
of
Eudossia
so
as
be.3SG
conclusione
conclusion
la
città
DET
city
opposta:
opposite
in the same way, you might as well draw from it the opposite conclusion: that the real map of the universe is
the city of Eudossia the way it is
261. una
macchia che
dilaga
senza forma, con
vie
tutte
one
stain
REL
spread.3SG
without shape with
roads all
a
zig-zag
to
zigzag
a stain spreading shapelessly, with roads running in zigzags for their entire length
262. case
che
franano
una
sull’
altra
nel
polverone
houses REL
collapse.3PL
one
on.DET other
in.DET dust
houses collapsing on one another in a cloud of dust
263. urla
nel
buio
screams in.DET dark
screaming in the dark
XIV
264. Non
NEG
a
to
c'
there
godere
enjoy.INF
è
be.3SG
la
DET
città
city
vita
life
più
more
e
and
di
than
a
to
Eusapia
Eusapia
sfuggire
avoid.INF
propensa
inclined
gli
affanni
DET
worries
No city is more inclined to enjoying life and avoiding worries than Eusapia is
265. il
salto
dalla
vita
alla
morte
DET
leap
from.DET life
to.DET death
the leap from life to death
266. gli
abitanti
DET
inhabitants
della
loro
città
of.DET POSS:3PL city
hanno costruito una
build.PERF.3PL
one
its inhabitants built an exact replica of their city
267. I
cadaveri,
seccati
DET
corpses
dry.PPSTPTC
lo
scheletro
rivestito
DET
skeleton
coat.PPSTPTC
portati
là
sotto
a
take.PPSTPTC
there
down
to
di
prima
of
first
copia
copy
in
modo
in
manner
di
pelle
of
skin
continuare
continue.INF
identica
identical
che
ne
COMPL
OBL:3
gialla,
yellow
le
vengono
come.3PL
occupazioni
occupations
DET
resti
remain.SUBJN.3SG
The corpses, dried out so that just their skeletons covered in their yellowish skin are left, are taken down
there to carry on their former occupations
A. S. Frenda
247
Appendices
268. Di
of
la
DET
queste, sono
these
be.3PL
preferenza
preference
i
DET
momenti
moments
spensierati
carefree
Of these [i.e. “previous occupations”], the carefree moments are the favourite
269. i
più
di
loro
vengono seduti attorno a
DET
more
of
OBJ:3PL seat.PASSV.3PL
around to
o
atteggiati
in
posizione
di
danza
or
make out.PPSTPTC in
position
of
dance
di
suonare trombette
of
play.INF trumpets
ad
to
avere
have.INF
tavole
tables
o
or
imbandite,
lay.PPSTPTC
nel
gesto
in.DET gesture
the great majority of them are seated around laid tables, or made out in dancing positions or as if playing
trumpets
270. tutti
i
commerci
e
i
mestieri
dell’
Eusapia
all
DET
trades
and
DET
professions
of.DET Eusapia
dei
vivi
sono
all’
opera sottoterra
of.DET living.PL be.3PL at.DET work
under-ground
all the trades and professions of the living’s Eusapia are practised in the underground Eusapia
271. quelli cui
i
vivi
hanno adempiuto con
più
soddisfazione
those REL.OBL DET
living.PL fulfil.PERF.3PL
with
more
satisfaction
che
fastidio
than
annoyance
those that living have fulfilled with more satisfaction than annoyance
272. l'
orologiaio,
in
mezzo a
tutti
gli
orologi
DET
clockmaker
in
middle to
all
DET
clockworks
sua
bottega, accosta
un'
orecchia
fermi della
idle
of.DET POSS.3SG shop
draw near.3SG
one
ear
una
pendola
scordata
incartapecorita a
shrivelled
to
one
grandfather clock unwound
the clockmacker, amidst all the stopped clockworks of his shop, draws his shrivelled ear close to an unwound
grandfather clock
273. un
barbiere insapona
con
il
pennello
one
barber soap.3SG
with
DET
brush
secco l'
osso
degli
zigomi d’
un
attore
dry
DET
bone
of.DET cheeks of
one
actor
a barber soaps an actor’s cheeckbones with a dry brush
274. questi ripassa
la
parte
scrutando
this
revise.3SG
DET
part
scan.GER
con
le
occhiaie
vuote
with
DET
eye sockets
empty
il
DET
copione
script
he’s revising his part, scanning the script with his empty eye sockets
275. una
ragazza dal
teschio ridente munge una
carcassa
smiling milk.3SG one
carcass
one
girl
by.DET skull
di
giovenca
of
heifer
a maid with a smiling skull milks the carcass of a heifer
276. molti
sono
i
vivi
che
domandano
many be.3PL DET
living.PL REL
request.3PL
morti un
destino diverso da
quello che
dead.PL one
fate
different from
that
REL
per
for
già
already
dopo
after
toccò
touch.PAST.3SG
loro
OBL:3PL
for the hereafter, many of the living request a fate different from the one that once fell to their lot
A. S. Frenda
248
Appendices
277. la
DET
necropoli
necropolis
è affollata
di
crowd.PASSV.3SG by
cacciatori
hunters
di
of
leoni
lions
contò
count.PAST.3SG
città
city
vivente
living
the necropolis is full of lion-hunters
278. più
di
quanti
more
than
how many
mai
ever
more than a living city has ever had
279. L'
incombenza
di
DET
task
of
e
sistemarli
al
and
put.INF-OBJ:3PL
to.DET
a
una
confraternita
to
one
confraternity
accompagnare giù
accompany.INF
down
posto voluto
place
want.PPSTPTC
di
incappucciati
of
hooded.PL
ne
OBL:3
i
morti
dead.PL
è affidata
entrust.PASSV.3SG
DET
the task of bringing down the dead and putting them in the place they had wished for themselves is entrusted
to a confraternity of hooded brethren
280. Nessun altro
ha
accesso all’
Eusapia dei
morti
nobody other
have.3SG access to.DET Eusapia of.DET dead.PL
Nobody else has access to the Eusapia of the dead
281. tutto
quello che
si
sa
REL
PASSV
know.3SG
all
that
si
sa
da
loro
PASSV
know.3SG
from
OBJ:3PL
di
of
laggiù
there-down
all that is known about down there is known from their tales
282. Dicono che
la
stessa confraternita
esiste tra
say.3PL COMPL DET
same
confraternity
exist.3SG among
e
che
non
manca di
dar
loro
una
and
COMPL
NEG
fail.3SG of
give.INF OBL:3PL one
i
DET
morti
dead.PL
mano
hand
They say that the same confraternity also exists among the dead and never fails to help them
283. gli
incappucciati
dopo
morti
continueranno nello
stesso
DET
hooded.PL
after
dead.PL continue.FUT.3PL in.DET same
ufficio anche nell’
altra
Eusapia
duty
even
in.DET other
Eusapia
the hooded brethren, after their death, are going to continue the same duty in the other Eusapia as well
284. lasciano credere
che
alcuni di
loro
siano
let.3PL believe.INF
COMPL some
of
OBJ:3PL AUX.SUBJN.3PL
già
morti
e
continuino
a
andare su
e
giù
already die.APSTPTC
and
continue.SUBJN.3PL to
go.INF up
and
down
they let people believe that some of them are actually dead and keep on going up and down
285. l'
autorità di
questa congregazione sull'
Eusapia
DET
influence of
this
congregation
over.DET Eusapia
dei
vivi
è
molto estesa
of.DET living.PL be.3SG very
broad
the influence of this congregation over the Eusapia of the living is quite pervasive
286. trovano qualcosa
di
cambiato
nell’
Eusapia
find.3PL something
of
changed
in.DET Eusapia
di
sotto
of
down
they find something changed in the underground Eusapia
287. i
morti
apportano
innovazione
alla
DET
dead
bring.3PL
innovation
to.DET
loro
POSS:3PL
città
city
the dead bring innovation to their city
A. S. Frenda
249
Appendices
288. non
NEG
non
NEG
molte,
many
di
of
ma
but
capricci
whims
certo
frutto
surely fruit
passeggeri
passing
di
of
riflessione
thinking
ponderata,
meditate.PPSTPTC
not many (innovations), but – certainly – the result of deep meditations, not of momentary fancies
289. Da
un
anno
all’
altro,
dicono, l'
Eusapia
from
one
year
to.DET other
say.3PL DET
Eusapia
dei
morti
non
si
riconosce
of.DET dead.PL NEG
PASSV
recognize.3SG
From one year to the next – they say – the Eusapia of the dead can be no longer recognized
290. E
i
vivi,
per
non
essere da
meno,
and
DET
living.PL for
NEG
be.INF from
less
tutto
quello che
gli
incappucciati
raccontano
all
that
REL
DET
hodeed.PL
tell.3PL
delle
novità dei
morti, vogliono farlo
anche loro
of.DET news
of.DET dead.PL want.3PL do.INF even
they
‘And the living, to keep up (with the dead), want to do all that the hooded brethren tell them about the dead’
291. l'
Eusapia dei
vivi
ha preso
a
copiare
DET
Eusapia of.DET living.PL take.PERF.3SG
to
copy.INF
la
sua
copia sotterranea
DET
POSS:3SG replica underground
the Eusapia of the living has begun to imitate its underground twin
292. in
realtà sarebbero stati i
morti
a
dead.3PL to
in
reality be.COND.PAST.3PL DET
l'
Eusapia di
sopra a
somiglianza
DET
Eusapia of
above to
likeness
costruire
build.INF
della
loro
città
of.DET POSS:3PL city
‘in fact, it would have been the dead that built the upper Eusapia so that it would resemble their own city’
293. Dicono che
nelle
due
città
gemelle non
ci
sia
say.3PL COMPL in.DET two
cities
twin
NEG
there
be.SUBJN.3SG
più
modo di
sapere quali
sono
i
vivi
living.PL
more
means of
know.INF which be.3PL DET
e
quali
i
morti
and
which DET
dead.PL
Rumour has it that in the two twin cities there is no longer any means of telling apart the living from the dead
XV
294. Ciò
that
è
be.3SG
che
REL
che
COMPL
fa
make.3SG
invece d’
instead of
Argia
Argia
aria
air
diversa dalle
altre
different from.DET other
ha
terra
have.3SG earth
città
cities
What makes Argia different from the other cities is that it has earth instead of air
295. le
stanze sono
piene d’
argilla fino
al
soffitto
DET
rooms be.3PL full
of
clay
up
to.DET ceiling
the rooms are full of clay, right up to the ceiling
296. sulle
scale
si
posa
un'
altra
on.DET stairs
REFL
rest.3SG one
other
scala
flight of stairs
in
in
negativo
negative
On each flight of stairs there rests a complementary flight of stairs
A. S. Frenda
250
Appendices
297. sopra
on
terreno
soil
i
DET
tetti
roofs
roccioso
rocky
delle
of.DET
come
as
case
houses
cieli
skies
gravano
weigh.3PL
con
le
with
DET
strati
di
layers of
nuvole
clouds
Layers of rocky soil, like cloudy skies, weigh down on the roofs of the houses
298. gli
abitanti
possono
girare
per
la
DET
inhabitants
can.3PL
wander.INF
for
DET
allargando
i
cunicoli dei
vermi
enlarge.GER
DET
tunnels of.DET worms
its inhabitants can wander around the city enlarging the worm tunnels
299. le
fessure in
cui
s'
insinuano
le
DET
cracks in
REL.OBL REFL
slip.3PL
DET
the cracks into which the roots creep
300. Di
Argia, da
qua
sopra,
of
Argia
from
here
above
No part of Argia is visible from up here
301. Di
notte, accostando
l'
by
night
draw near.GER
DET
volte
si
sente una
alle
at.DET times
PASSV
hear.3SG one
non
si
NEG
PASSV
orecchio
ear
porta
che
door
REL
città
city
radici
roots
vede
nulla
see.3SG nothing
al
suolo,
to.DET ground
sbatte
slam.3SG
At night, if you draw your ear close to the ground, sometimes you may hear a door slamming
XVI
302. A
at
con
with
non
NEG
Olinda, chi
Olinda OBJ:3SG.REL
attenzione
può
attention
can.3SG
più grande
d’
larger
than
ci
there
trovare
find
una
a
va
con
go.3SG with
da
qualche
from
some
capocchia
head
una
one
parte
part
di
of
lente
lens
un
one
spillo
pin
e
and
punto
spot
cerca
search.3SG
In Olinda, if you go there with a magnifying glass and look about carefully, you will find somewhere a spot no
larger than a pinhead
303. a
guardarlo
un
po'
ingrandito
ci
si
vede
at
watch.INF-OBJ:3SG-MSC
one
bit
enlarge.PPSTPTC there
PASSV
see.3SG
dentro i
tetti
le
antenne i
lucernari
inside DET
roofs
DET
aerials DET
skylights
If you observe it through your magnifying glass, you’ll be able to see – just inside it – roofs, aerials, skylights
304. i
chioschi
nelle
piazze
DET
kiosks
in.DET squares
The kiosks in the squares
305. il
campo per
DET
field
for
le
DET
corse
races
dei
of.DET
cavalli
horses
the field for the horse races
306. un
piatto da
minestra
one
bowl
for
soup
a soup bowl
A. S. Frenda
251
Appendices
307. una
one
di
of
città
city
prima
first
a
at
grandezza
size
a new, life-size city, enclosed in the older city
308. una
nuova città
che
si
one
new
city
REL
REFL.OBL
alla
città
di
prima e
to.DET city
of
first
and
naturale, racchiusa
natural enclose.PPSTPTC
fa
make.3SG
la
OBJ:3SG-FEM
dentro la
inside DET
largo
in
room
in
spinge verso
push.3SG towards
mezzo
middle
il
DET
città
city
fuori
outside
a new city which pushes its way out from the very centre of the former city, thereby pushing the latter
outwards
309. Olinda non
è
certo
la
sola
città
a
crescere
Olinda NEG
be.3SG certainly DET
only
city
at
grow.INF
in
cerchi concentrici,
come i
tronchi degli
alberi
in
circles concentric
as
DET
trunks of.DET trees
che
ogni
anno
aumentano
d’
un
giro
REL
each
year
grow.3PL
of
a
ring
Olinda is certainly not the only city that grows in concentric circles, like a tree trunk growing bigger by a ring
every year
310. Ma
alle
altre
città
resta
nel
mezzo la
vecchia cerchia
cities
remain.3SG
in.DET middle DET
old
circle
but
to.DET other
delle
mura
stretta stretta da
cui
spuntano
rinsecchiti
i
of.DET walls
narrow narrow from
REL.OBL emerge.3PL
skinny
DET
campanili
le
torri
i
tetti
d’
embrici
DET
towers DET
roofs
of
flat tiles
belfries
But (what happens) to the other cities (is that) the old, narrow circle of walls, from where skinny belfries and
towers and roofs emerge, remains in the very heart of the city
311. le
vecchie mura
si
dilatano
portandosi
con
sé
DET
old
walls
REFL
expand.3PL
carry.GER-REFL:OBL with
REFL
i
quartieri antichi, ingranditi
mantenendo
le
proporzioni
DET
districts old
enlarged.PL
maintain.GER
DET
proportions
su
un
più largo orizzonte
ai
confini della
città
on
one
larger horizon
at.DET borders of.DET city
the old walls grow longer as they spread out, carrying along the older districts, which grow larger – keeping
their previous proportions – at the borders of the city
312. i
quartieri un
po'
meno vecchi, pure
cresciuti
DET
districts one
bit
less
old
also
grow.APSTPTC
di
perimetro
e
assottigliati
per
far
posto
of
perimeter
and
make thinner.PPSTPTC
for
make.INF room
a
quelli più recenti
che
premono
da
dentro
to
those
more recent
REL
push.3PL
from
inside
the districts which are slightly newer, also grown in perimeter and stretched thinner to provide room for the
newer ones pushing from inside
313. fino
al
cuore della
città
up
to.DET heart
of.DET city
up to the very heart of the city
A. S. Frenda
252
Appendices
314. un'
Olinda tutta
one
Olinda all
conserva
i
preserve.3SG
DET
della
prima Olinda
of.DET first
Olinda
sono spuntate una
sprout up.PERF.3SGone
nuova
new
tratti
features
e
and
dall’
from.DET
che
REL
e
and
di
of
altra
other
nelle
in.DET
il
DET
tutte
all
sue
dimensioni
POSS.3SG dimensions
flusso
flow
le
DET
di
of
Olinde
Olindas
ridotte
small
linfa
lymph
che
REL
an entirely new Olinda, which in its smaller size still preserves the features and the lymph flow of the first
Olinda and of all the Olindas which have sprouted up from each other
315. dentro a
questo cerchio più interno
già
spuntano ...
inside to
this
circle
inner
already spring out.3PL
l'
Olinda ventura e
quelle che
cresceranno
in
seguito
DET
Olinda next
and
those
REL
grow up.FUT.3PL in
aftermath
within this inner circle you can already see the next Olinda springing out, together with all the ones that will
follow suit
XVII
316. Con
with
sua
tale
such
via
POSS.3SG street
arte
art
corre
run.3SG
fu costruita
build.PASSV.PAST.3SG
seguendo
l'
follow.GER
DET
Andria,
Andria
orbita
orbit
che
COMPL
d’
of
ogni
each
un
one
pianeta
planet
Andria was built in such a skilful way that the route of every single street reflects the orbit of some planet
317. i
luoghi della
vita
in
comune ripetono
l'
ordine
DET
venues of.DET life
in
common repeat.3PL
DET
order
delle
costellazioni
e
la
posizione
degli
astri
and
DET
position
of.DET stars
of.DET constellations
più
luminosi
more
bright
public life venues reflect the order of the constellations and the position of the brightest stars
318. Il
calendario
della
città
è regolato
in
modo
DET
calendar
of.DET city
set.PASSV.3SG
in
manner
che
lavori e
uffici
e
cerimonie
si
dispongono
COMPL works
and
duties and
ceremonies
REFL
arrange.3PL
in
una
mappa che
corrisponde
al
firmamento
in
REL
correspond.3SG to.DET firmament
in
in
one
map
quella data:
così
i
giorni in
terra
e
le
notti
that
date
so
DET
days
in
earth
and
DET
nights
cielo
si
rispecchiano
in
in
heaven RCPR
mirror.3PL
The city calendar is set in such a way that works, duties and ceremonies are arranged in a map
corresponding to the firmament as it appears on that day: therefore the days on earth mirror the nights in
heaven and vice versa
319. la
vita
della
città
scorre calma come il
moto
DET
life
of.DET city
flow.3SG calm
as
DET
motion
dei
corpi
celesti
of.DET bodies heavenly
life in the city flows calmly, just like the motion of heavenly bodies
320. la
necessità
dei
fenomeni
non
DET
inevitability
of.DET phenomena
NEG
all’
arbitrio
umano
to.DET discretion
human
sottoposti
subject
the inevitability which is typical of phenomena independent of human discretion
A. S. Frenda
253
Appendices
321. Ai
to.DET
cittadini d’
citizens of
Andria
Andria
To the citizens of Andria
322. l'
agio
dello
DET
ease
of.DET
spirito
spirit
the ease of their spirit
323. m'
indussi
OBJ:1SG induce.PAST.1SG
a
to
dichiarare:…
declare
I decided to declare
324. Bene
comprendo
come voi,
sentendovi
parte
d’
un
well
understand.1SG COMPL SUBJ:2PL feel.GER-OBJ:2PL part
of
one
immutabile,
ingranaggi
d’
una
meticolosa
orologeria,
immutable
cogs
of
one
precise
clockwork
apportare
alla
vostra città
vi
guardiate
dall’
OBJ:2PL watch.SUBJN.2PL from.DET add.INF
to.DET POSS.2PL city
e
ai
vostri costumi
il
più lieve cambiamento
and
to.DET POSS.2PL custom.PL
DET
slightest change
cielo
sky
Well I understand why you, who feel part of an immutable sky, cogs of a precise clockwork machinery, would
refrain from introducing into your city and your customs the slightest change
325. Andria è
la
sola
città
che
io
conosca
Andria be.3SG DET
only
city
REL
SUBJ:1SG know.SUBJN.1SG
cui
convenga
restare immobile
nel
tempo
REL.OBL be appropriate.SUBJN.3SG
stay.INF immutable
in.DET time
Andria is the only city I know which should never change over time
326. mi
condussero
a
visitare una
via pensile
OBJ:1SG lead.PAST.3PL
to
visit.INF one
viaduct
di
recente sopra un
bosco di
bambù, un
of
recent over
one
grove
of
bamboo one
delle
ombre in
costruzione
al
posto del
construction
at.DET place
of.DET
of.DET shadows in
aperta
open.PPSTPTC
teatro
theatre
canile municipale
kennels municipal
they took me to see a viaduct that had just been opened, running just above a bamboo grove, a shadowpuppet theatre being built where the city kennels was
327. nei
padiglioni
dell’
antico lazzaretto,
abolito
per
in.DET pavilions
of.DET former lazaretto
abolish.PPSTPTC for
la
guarigione
degli
ultimi appestati
DET
recovery
of.DET last
lepers
in the pavilions of the former lazaretto, now abolished because of the recovery of the last lepers
328. una
statua di
Talete
a
statue of
Talete
a statue of Thales
329. E
queste innovazioni
and
these
innovations
della
vostra città?
of.DET POSS.2PL city
non
NEG
turbano
perturb.3PL
But don’t these innovations perturb the astral rhythm of your city?
330. la
corrispondenza tra
la
nostra città
DET
correspondence between DET
POSS:1PL city
il
DET
e
and
ritmo
rhythm
astrale
astral
il
cielo
sky
DET
The correspondence between our city and the sky
A. S. Frenda
254
Appendices
331. ogni
each
tra
among
cambiamento
change
le
stelle
DET
stars
d’
of
Andria comporta
Andria cause.3SG
qualche novità
some
innovation
every single change in Andria brings about some innovation among the stars
332. Gli
astronomi
scrutano
coi
telescopi
DET
atronomers
scan.3PL
with.DET telescopes
With their telescopes, the astronomers scan (the sky)
333. ogni
mutamento
che
ha
luogo
each
change
REL
have.3SG place
in
in
every change taking place in Andria
334. segnalano
l'
esplosione
d’
una
report.3PL
DET
explosion
of
one
o
il
passare dall’
arancione
al
or
DET
passage from.DET orange
to.DET
d’
un
remoto punto del
firmamento,
of
one
remote spot
of.DET firmament
di
una
nebula, il
curvarsi d’
una
of
one
nebula DET
bending of
one
Andria
Andria
nova,
nova
giallo
yellow
l'
DET
spira
spire
espandersi
expand.INF-REFL
della
via lattea
of.DET Milky Way
they report the explosion of a nova or a remote spot of the firmament changing colour from orange to yellow,
the expansion of a nebula, the bending of a spire of the Milky Way
335. Ogni
cambiamento
implica
una
catena d’
altri
every change
entail.3SG
one
series of
other
Andria come tra
le
stelle
cambiamenti,
in
changes
in
Andria as
among DET
stars
every change brings about a series of new changes, in Andria as well as amid the stars
336. Del
carattere
degli
abitanti
d’
Andria meritano
of.DET character
of.DET inhabitants
of
Andria deserve.3PL
di
essere ricordate
due
virtù
of
remember.PASSV.INF
two
virtues
Two virtues of the character of Andria’s inhabitants are worth being mentioned
337. la
sicurezza
in
se
stessi e
la
prudenza
DET
confidence
in
REFL
same
and
DET
cautiousness
self-confidence and cautiousness
338. Convinti
che
ogni
sure.PL
COMPL
each
sul
disegno del
cielo,
on.DET shape of.DET sky
i
rischi e
i
DET
risks
and
DET
per
l'
insieme della
for
DET
whole of.DET
innovazione
innovation
prima d'
first
of
vantaggi
advantages
città
e
city
and
nella
in.DET
ogni
every
per
for
dei
of.DET
città
influisca
city
bear.SUBJN.3SG
decisione
calcolano
decision
examine.3PL
loro
e
OBJ:3PL and
mondi
worlds
Sure as they are that all innovation in the city has a bearing on the shape of the sky, before taking any
decision they examine the risks and the advantages for themselves as well as for their city and all the other
worlds on the whole
A. S. Frenda
255

appendix a: the most common forms of inflected prepositions

Transcript

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