SEEP 2010 - 4th International Conference on Sustainable Energy
Transcript
SEEP 2010 - 4th International Conference on Sustainable Energy
4th International Conference on Sustainable Energy & Environmental Protection Energie sostenibili e Protezione dell’ambiente June 29/July 02, 2010 Politecnico di Bari BARI – ITALY Proceedings of the International Workshop on “Sustainable Energy & Environmental Protection (SEEP): Opportunities for Developing the Regional Economy in Europe” Bari - June 30, 2010 Atti del Workshop “Energie sostenibili e Protezione dell’ambiente: opportunità per lo sviluppo delle economie regionali europee” Bari - 30 Giugno 2010 Edited by MICHELE DASSISTI PATROCINIO del PRESIDENTE della GIUNTA REGIONALE CONCESSO con DECRETO N° 322 del 23/03/2010 Regione Puglia “INNOVATION IN TRADITION” (Innovare attraverso la tradizione) 1 EDITED BY Michele Dassisti © DIMeG Politecnico di Bari – SEEP2010 ISBN: 978-88-905185-0-8 Proceedings of the International Workshop on “Sustainable Energy & Environmental Protection (SEEP): Opportunities for Developing the Regional Economy in Europe” Bari - 30 June, 2010 (Atti del Convegno Internazionale su “Energie sostenibili e Protezione dell’ambiente: opportunità per lo sviluppo delle economie regionali europee” Bari - 30 Giugno 2010) First Published in 2011 by Politecnico di Bari - BB Press Politecnico di Bari - Biblioteca Brucoli Press Via Orabona, 4 - 70125 Bari ITALY http://www.biblio.poliba.it/ The authors have asserted their moral rights All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photography, filming, recording, video recording, photocopying, or by information storage and retrieval system and shall not, by any way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold or otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Cover design by Web studio Lab, Internet Solutions www.webstudiolab.it – [email protected] Printed in Italy 2 INNOVATION IN TRADITION (Innovare attraverso la tradizione) << As the century draws to a close, environmental concerns have become of paramount importance. The survival of humanity and of the planet are at stake. Concern about the environment is no longer one of many ''single issues"; it is the context of everything else of our lives, our business, our politics >> << Alla fine del secolo, L’interesse per l’ambiente è diventato di enorme importanza. Sono in gioco la sopravvivenza dell’umanità e del pianeta. L’attenzione per l’ambiente non è solo una delle questioni più importanti; è il centro delle nostre vite, dei nostri interessi, della nostra politica >> Fritiof Capra e Gunter Pauli 3 4 INDIRIZZI DI SALUTO ISTITUZIONALI On. Giorgia Meloni 5 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITOLO AUTORE PAG Michele Dassisti 8 Piero Abbina 10 Giovanni Cipolla 12 The Challenge of Merging Energy Needs and Environmental Quality on Regional and Global Scales Nicola Pirrone 37 Developing Next Generation Products and Processes using Innovative Sustainable Manufacturing Principles I. S. Jawahir 38 Trigeneration – A Way to Improve Food Industry Sustainability S.A. Tassou, IN. Suamir 83 Innovation in Tradition: a new motto for Sustainability Michele Dassisti 111 La sostenibilità energetica: questione di scala Domenico Laforgia 113 Lo stabilimento ILVA di Taranto Gli investimenti per migliorare la compatibilità ambientale Adolfo Buffo 129 Energy Efficiency and Environmental Sustainable Policies in Local Municipalities Pasquale Capezzuto 131 Green Economy e Sviluppo Sostenibile nel fare impresa Giovanni Ronco 143 Why we must value the "commons" Giovanni Zurlini 149 Adriana Longo Domenico Pagazzo 150 151 Sisto De Matthaeis 153 PREFAZIONE / FOREWORD Discorso introduttivo al Workshop INSTITUTIONAL WELCOME "TIKKUN OLAN" WORKSHOP KEYNOTE "Driving to a low CO2 Future" SEEP 2010 CONFERENCE KEYNOTE INTERVENTI PROGRAMMATI SUPPORTING SPONSORS Sentiresostenibile Aiutaci a salvare il mare PRIZE (Premi) Preface from Organizer 155 156 158 161 GENERAL MOTORS BOSCH INTERFLON SITEC 7 PREFAZIONE - FOREWORDS Discorso introduttivo al Workshop sulle “Energie sostenibili e Protezione dell’ambiente: opportunità per lo sviluppo delle economie regionali europee” <<Dopo un secolo di dominazione del pensiero scientifico di tipo deterministico, che ha visto la natura come oggetto inanimato da conquistare e il benessere sociale solo come sinonimo di crescita continua e smisurata di consumi, al limite infinita, un nuovo sentire sta pervadendo le nostre menti e spero i nostri cuori: una visione, per così dire, consapevole dei limiti, contrapposta al “confidenza nell’infinito” di ieri. La crisi che stiamo attraversando sta solo dando concretezza alle strategie operative, non ne è generatrice. Questa nuova sensibilità, del sostenibile, del compatibile con i limiti naturali, porterà in tempi ragionevoli per la nostra specie verso nuovi stati di equilibrio di lunga durata? Abbiamo oggi la opportunità di modificare il nostro modo di essere e di agire in modo saggio, in reazione al troppo rapido cambiamento del nostro ambiente: il concetto di sostenibilità, nella sua versione inglese “Sustain-ability”, è antico, ha radici nel verbo sostenere, che significa ‘mantenere in uno stato continuativamente, mantenere un dato o proprio livello di standard; preservare uno stato di cose’. In una parola il concetto che sempre più si sta affermando oggi è il desiderio, o la necessità, di trovare i modi per avere la capacità di ritrovare uno status quo di benessere personale e di vita sociale raggiunti, a fronte di violente mutazioni di scenario che si stanno presentando, anche come frutto delle teorie economiche basate sulla massimizzazione del profitto di pochi, e giustificate dal pensiero scientifico deterministico che appartiene oramai ai secoli passati. L’importanza del dibattito sulla sostenibilità per le nostre vite e quelle delle generazioni a venire è il motivo che mi ha spinto ad organizzare una conferenza internazionale sui temi delle Energie Sostenibili e la Protezione dell’Ambiente. Sfida partita dalla Università di Dublino solo tre anni fa e che oggi, per la prima volta, esce dall’Irlanda per arrivare a Bari, la porta a levante dell’Europa. La vera questione che si deve affrontare è cosa significa sostenibilità dello stato delle cose, in un mondo dove vi sono troppe – per dirlo in termini presi dalla fisica – “differenze di potenziale sociale”, troppe disparità (causa) che poi si manifestano nelle tensioni sociali (effetto) a cui purtroppo assistiamo tutti i giorni nel mondo. La scienza deve cambiare attitudine e ragionare anche in termini di impatto etico e morale, interessarsi degli effetti sui sistemi sociali allontanandosi dalla vista antica di disciplina asettica e oggettiva. La conferenza, pur non pretendendo di risolvere questioni così importanti, è tesa a stimolare il dibattito culturale internazionale proponendo due momenti distinti: un dibattito allargato in lingua italiana nella mattina del 30 giugno, con attori locali alla presenza degli ospiti internazionali che cercheranno di portare un contributo al tema di come la ricerca sulla sostenibilità possa influenzare il benessere sociale ed economico delle regioni europee, e la nostra Puglia in particolare. Questo un dibattito che ha affrontato non temi economici, ma temi tecnici, parlando di concetti concreti e non della loro valenza monetaria. Questo è un punto critico su cui insisto e che giustifica l’affermazione di prima sulla crisi: siamo troppo abituati a dare valore alle cose attraverso l’espressione monetaria: è questo un errore, che va corretto 8 per poter parlare di bisogni reali, di funzioni degli oggetti prodotti, di necessità, di servizi resi cioè delle cose che ci servono e non della loro misura economica. Il “pensiero finanziario”, se così semplicisticamente lo possiamo definire, è pericoloso e subdolo, perché fa perdere il contatto con la realtà delle cose: spero gli ospiti della conferenza invitati vogliano seguirmi in questo ragionamento. Un secondo momento, di carattere più squisitamente tecnico, consisterà nel dibattito scientifico sui temi della conferenza che qui brevemente riassumo: produzione di energia sia da riciclo di attività o sostanze, produzione di energia da fonti rinnovabili (eolico, solare), risparmio energetico e politiche di gestione della energia, sostenibilità della produzione manifatturiera, misurazione dell’impatto e della impronta ecologica, metodi organizzativi e conoscitivi per la sostenibilità, il ciclo di riuso delle materie prime. Temi per i quali i numerosi lavori presentati da studiosi di tutto il mondo (sono presenti molti paesi africani, ma anche India e Giappone) propongono soluzioni e studi interessanti, recuperando anche processi e tecniche tradizionali per proporre soluzioni nuove e di immediato interesse applicativo in moltissimi settori. Particolarmente interessanti quegli studi che interpretano il motto della conferenza, “Innovazione nella tradizione”, un motto che credo possa essere la risposta a tanti nostri dubbi e quesiti per il futuro che ci aspetta. Una risposta saggia, che coniuga passato e futuro in modo, appunto, sostenibile. La scienza, nata dalla curiosità dell’uomo di esplorare il suo mondo, forse la sua rivincita nei confronti della natura un tempo ostile, deve ritrovare una strada nuova, non porsi più solo al servizio del consumismo ma del benessere delle popolazioni per la sostenibilità del vivere. Progetto ambizioso per una conferenza: ma il dibattito sarà su come fornire energia in modo compatibile, perché energia è vita ed anche su come produrre con minimo impatto. La questione di fondo, sul perché produrre, forse non sarà oggetto di dibattito scientifico -non è questa la sede – anche se nei temi della conferenza il concetto sociale ed etico alla fine è entrato, ragionando di conoscenza, di formazione e di supporto alle decisioni, di percezione della sostenibilità: in fondo è dell’uomo che si parla ragionando di scienza, del suo ambiente e dell’energia che usa per la sua vita ed i suoi scopi. >> Spero vivamente che possa diventare un appuntamento costante per tutta la Regione, visto anche il livello di attenzione istituzionale raggiunto: Ministero dell’Ambiente e Ministero della Gioventù, Regione Puglia, Provincia Bari, Foggia e Lecce, Comune di Bari e Lecce, Camera di Commercio, Associazioni degli Industriali delle provincie Pugliesi, Il Technion di Israele (a testimoniare come la scienza possa rappresentare un logo di dialogo multiculturale) per non elencare il numerosissimo elenco di sponsor che hanno voluto supportare economicamente lo sforzo organizzativo e che trovate citati nel programma delle giornate. Nell’aprire la tavola rotonda desidero rinnovare il mio ringraziamento per tutti i convenuti locali ed internazionali, numerosi e da varie parti del globo, la cui presenza ed attenzione sono segno di speranza per il futuro, un futuro fatto di dialogo tra culture e di pace, sostenibile appunto.>> Michele Dassisti 9 INSTITUTIONAL WELCOME "TIKKUN OLAN" Dott. Piero Abbina Presidente AIAT – Associazione Italiana Amici Technion Israel, as a tiny country with few natural resources, is particularly dependent on the one resource with which it abounds: brainpower. For 85 years, the Technion has played a major role in harnessing this energy, having awarded 87,599 degrees as of 2008/09. The ingenuity of Technion alumni has made Israel home to the greatest concentration of high-tech start-up companies outside the United States. Technion graduates comprise the majority of Israelieducated scientists and engineers, and account for over 70% of the founders and managers of high-tech industries in the country. Eighty percent of Israeli NASDAQ companies are led by Technion graduates. High-tech industry now accounts for more than 54% of Israel's industrial exports, and over 26% of the country's total exports. One hundred thirty-five out of every 10,000 workers in Israel are scientists and engineers, while the rate in the USA is only 85 out of every 10,000 workers. Nine out of every 1,000 Israeli workers are engaged in R&D, nearly double the rate in the USA and Japan. Seventy-four percent of managers in Israel's electronic industries hold Technion degrees. Technion graduates have turned dreams into reality in creating the State of Israel, designing and building an infrastructure that has enabled the absorption of immigrants from all over the world and helping to make possible the regeneration of the Jewish people. This transformation from a poor country with a rapidly growing population to a booming export economy was accomplished through engineers using knowledge, creativity, and ingenuity to build solutions despite shortages of materials and a hostile environment. Yet, while performing this astonishing feat of building itself into a thriving nation, Israel has always looked outward and extended a helping hand to needy people beyond its borders. Israeli ingenuity has helped struggling nations adopt technology that provides clean water, food, energy, and communications, and Technion graduates have played a key role in moving knowhow to where it is most needed. The challenges Israel faced and is still facing make it uniquely able to help others find ways to build from "nothing." Necessity forced Israeli engineers to excel at teaching themselves to find solutions; a sense of moral obligation drives them to transfer their knowledge and approach to others in need. This sense of social responsibility is expressed in the Hebrew phrase "tikkun olam," which refers to the Jewish obligation of perfecting, preparing, or repairing the world. It is this principle that led to the establishment of the Technion chapter of Engineers without Borders (EWB) in 2008. EWB is an international association dedicated to initiating and fostering sustainable engineering projects in developing and disadvantaged communities all over the world. EWB projects make a real difference in improving the lives of people in the developing world, and they build collaborative relationships with the communities receiving the assistance and with other EWB branches. Technion students volunteer their time, but they reap huge educational 10 benefits from their hands-on work designing and implementing engineering solutions, in their exposure to foreign cultures, and in their discovery that individuals have real power to improve the world. Helping solve other people's problems helps Technion engineers remain among the best in the world. About the Technion The Technion attracts the best and brightest students, and provides a combination of rigorous training and inspiration that produces the innovative thinking that powers the start-ups and high-tech industries that drive Israel's economy as well as provide for its security and defense needs. The Technion is one of only a small handful of science and technology universities in the world with its own medical school. This is significant because medicine is becoming increasingly dependent on powerful instruments for diagnosis and treatment, making biotechnology a leading 21st century field. The awarding of the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to two Technion professors, Distinguished Profs. Avram Hershko and Aaron Ciechanover from the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, is a definitive demonstration of the collective strength of the Technion's 18 faculties. This achievement is multi-faceted; primarily, it is an honor to the recipients. It is also a tribute to the teamwork, vision, persistence, and innovation that characterize the Technion. Success is continually demonstrated by the countless honors awarded, nationally and internationally, to professors and lecturers across the campus. The Technion takes pride in being consistently represented by its accomplished faculty among the top universities in the world at international conferences, on the pages of the most prestigious professional journals, at ceremonies honoring exceptional achievement and more. The wide range of groundbreaking research carried out at the Technion has worldwide impact: making deserts bloom, feeding the hungry, providing solutions to energy and water scarcity, curing devastating diseases, and developing technologies that affect virtually all human endeavors, and making scientific discoveries whose future applications have not yet been imagined. The Technion draws students, post-graduates, and visiting faculty from around the world. The importance, prestige, and outstanding student population of the Technion have grown significantly through the years. As an excellent teaching and research institution, the Technion constantly hosts international gatherings and welcomes leading scientists, businesspeople, and public leaders from Israel and from around the globe. To enter the gates of the Technion is to enter the training ground of the next generation's innovators and entrepreneurs. Continued progress depends on training the next generation of engineers and scientists to continue imagining, designing, and building for Israel's needs and for the betterment of the world. Piero Abbina 11 WORKSHOP KEYNOTE "Driving to a low CO2 Future" Prof. Ing. Giovanni Cipolla CTO & Engineering Director - GM Diesel Hybrid Center, Torino 4th International Conference on "Sustainable Energy & Environmental Protection (SEEP)” Workshop on: “Opportunities for developing the regional economy in Europe“ 30th June 2010, Bari, - Italy Driving to a low CO2 Future Giovanni Giovanni Cipolla Cipolla CTO CTO & & Engineering Engineering Director Director GM GM Diesel Diesel Hybrid Hybrid CenterCenter- Torino, Torino, Italy Italy Driving to a low CO2 Future (Giovanni Cipolla Cipolla – GM GM Diesel Diesel Hibrid Center) ABSTRACT The EC EC 20/20/20 20/20/20 commitment is is just the the first first step step towards towards aa significant significant reduction reduction in in CO2 CO2 anthropogenic anthropogenic emissions emissions into into atmosphere, next goal goal being the the 80% 80% reduction in in greenhouse greenhouse gas emissions from from 1990 1990 levels by 2050. 2050. Driven Driven by global population growth and expected economic expansion, big big pressure is put on the automotive community in order order to to drive the transportation means towards to utilization utilization of of alternative alternative energy sources sources and the the development of of new new propulsion propulsion systems. The keynote keynote will highlight the technology technology challenges for for automotive automotive engineers engineers and the the foreseen evolution evolution scenario for for aa future future sustainable mobility mobility system. system. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 WORKSHOP KEYNOTE The Challenge of Merging Energy Needs and Environmental Quality on Regional and Global Scales Nicola Pirrone Director CNR - Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy URL: http://www.iia.cnr.it EMAIL: [email protected] The fast industrial development and increasing energy demand along with increasing population in large urban areas worldwide (about 60% of the total) has driven increasing trends in atmospheric emissions of major hazardous air pollutants on regional and global scales since late 1990s. The atmospheric pollution is still considered (WHO) one of the major environmental risk for public health. The emissions of primary pollutants (i.e., SO2, NOx, CO, BTX, heavy metals, PM10) to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources are primarily related to energy production, manufacturing of goods, waste disposal and transportation systems. During the last decade energy consumption has increased by 2-3% worldwide, with highest rate (up to 12% per year) in fast developing countries (i.e., China, India). Fossil fuels power plants provides nearly 80% of the total energy production worldwide (34.4% petrol, 24.4 coal, 21.3% natural gas), the remaining 20% of the total is from biomass burning (9.5%), nuclear energy (6.5%) and renewable energy (4%). Having the above in mind, the evaluation of the impact on human health and ecosystems related to the exposure to major atmospheric pollutants should take into account all chemical and physical processes that lead to the formation of secondary pollutants; the latter being characterized by a different atmospheric reactivity and atmospheric residence time. These processes may affect their atmospheric transport and deposition patterns as well as the exchange mechanisms between the atmosphere and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, their temporal and spatial scale as well as their effects on climate change through a complex combination of positive and negative forcing. Recent studies have also shown that climate change may affect air quality in urban areas, therefore the definition of trade-offs is one of the future challenge for scientists and policy makers. Recent developments in Europe and worldwide have been addressed to build global observation systems aiming to provide real-time observations of atmospheric pollutants concentration and fluxes to be used for the validation of atmospheric numerical models and emission inventories for policy development at regional and global scales. A growing interest in policy development in Europe and worldwide has taken place during the past 20 years in the framework of European and international programs and conventions (i.e., CLRTAP, CAFE, UNEP, IGBP) aiming to reduce, among others, the emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere and their impact on human health and ecosystems. The specific goals of these programs is to evaluate the relative contribution of natural vs. anthropogenic sources for priority pollutants (i.e., O3, aerosol, POPs, Hg), the mechanisms that affect their transport and deposition patterns on regional and global scales, and source-receptor relationships for major socio-economic scenarios considered in the policy development. 37 SEEP 2010 CONFERENCE KEYNOTE Developing Next Generation Products and Processes using Innovative Sustainable Manufacturing Principles I. S. Jawahir Professor of Mechanical Engineering James F. Hardymon Chair in Manufacturing Systems, and Director of Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing (ISM) www.ism.uky.edu Collaborating Researchers: Professor O.W. Dillon Jr. - Professor F. Badurdeen - Professor K.E. Rouchand - Dr. A.D. Jayal Graduate Students: P. Marksberry - P. Wanigaratne - A. Deshpande - S. Chen F. Pusavec - S. Yang - P. Zhengwen - T. Lu - A. Gupta 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 SEEP 2010 CONFERENCE KEYNOTE Trigeneration – A Way to Improve Food Industry Sustainability S.A. Tassou, IN. Suamir Brunel University Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH EMAIL: [email protected] ABSTRACT: In industrialised countries the food industry constitutes one of the largest industrial manufacturing groups with significant environmental impacts. For Western Europe as a whole it is estimated that food is responsible for between 20% and 30% of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Sources of greenhouse gas emissions of the food industry include CO2 emissions from energy used in the manufacturing processes and for the environmental control of buildings, emissions of refrigerants from food refrigeration equipment and organic waste. A technology that offers the potential to make significant reductions in GHG emissions and sustainability is trigeneration. This paper reviews and discusses the main technologies employed in trigeneration systems, and outlines research, development and challenges in their application to the food industry. Particular attention is given to applications in the food retail industry and the integration of trigeneration with CO2 refrigeration systems to minimize greenhouse gas emissions from both the reduction of fossil fuel use and refrigerant leakage. KEYWORDS: GHG EMISSIONS, FOOD INDUSTRY, TRIGENERATION, SUPERMARKETS, ENERGY SAVING 83 1. Introduction The food industry, food manufacturing, storage and retail, has a need for heating and electrical power as well as refrigeration. Invariably, plant is installed which consists of heating systems employing low pressure hot water, high pressure hot water or steam, vapour compression refrigeration systems and an electrical power supply derived from the National Grid. The overall utilisation efficiency of these processes is low, around 50%-55%, because of seasonal variations in demand and the relatively low electricity generation efficiency in power stations and distribution losses in the grid. One way of increasing the energy utilisation efficiency of food processing and retail facilities is through local combined heat and power generation (CHP) or as otherwise known co-generation. The fuel energy utilization efficiency of CHP can be as high as 80%, almost 30% higher than the separate production of electricity and heat, but to achieve high efficiencies CHP systems have to operate at maximum load for the for the vast majority of time and make maximum utilization of the generated electrical power and heat. If sufficient demand for the generated electricity and thermal energy is not available on site, consideration can be made to export electricity back to the grid and thermal energy to neighbouring facilities. This approach, however, introduces complexities and reduces the economic attractiveness of CHP as the purchase price of electricity generated locally by the electricity supply company in the majority of cases is significantly less than the sale price of electricity. Where it is not feasible to export electricity or heat a variety of strategies can be used to optimise the sizing and control of the CHP system to maximise efficiency. These strategies which can be heat demand or electrical demand lead will depend on many factors, one of the most important being the purchase and sell (spread) of electricity price. Another way of ensuring that high energy conversion efficiencies of CHP systems are maintained throughout the year is to use some of the excess heat available in periods of low heat demand to drive sorption refrigeration systems and provide cooling or refrigeration. The integration of CHP and sorption refrigeration or other technologies to provide simultaneously electrical power, heating and cooling or refrigeration is known as CCHP, CHRP or trigeration. The term polygeneration is also sometimes used when local plant is used to produce different forms of energy. Trigeneration systems have been in operation for many years but only in a small number of food manufacturing industries. Recent increases in fuel prices, concerns about the environmental impacts of the food industry and developments in technology have increased interest in the application of trigeneration to the food industry. This paper reviews the main technologies employed in trigeneration systems. The paper also outlines research, development and application challenges and explores the influence of the performance characteristics of trigeneration systems on energy performance and environmental impacts. 84 2. Environmental Impacts and Carbon Footprint The environmental impact and cost of each food product is a function of the type of the raw materials used, the manufacturing processes employed for its production, the design of the packaging used, its distribution and retail and final consumption (Figure 1). Raw materials Manufacture Distribution / retail Consum er use Disposal/ recycling Figure 1. Life Cycle Stages of food products In order to improve the sustainability of food and other products, it is necessary to use techniques and tools to assess the environmental impacts associated with the different stages of the product’s life cycle, identify the ‘hot spots’ and develop processes and systems that make the greatest contribution to the reduction of environmental impact at an acceptable cost. Over the last twenty years a number of approaches and tools have been developed for the assessment, management and monitoring of environmental impacts and sustainable development. Many of these tools are complimentary and a number use a form of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to provide a quantitative estimate of the environmental impacts of a product or process [1]. Life Cycle Assessment which is also sometimes known as Life Cycle Analysis or Ecobalance is the quantification of the environmental impacts that arise from the complex interactions between a product and the environment over its whole life cycle-from cradle to grave. Application of LCA can be quite complex due to its multidisciplinary nature which involves assessment of the impacts of the technical systems involved in the production and transport processes, the impacts of resulting emissions, the potential impact of alternative choices of materials and processes and wider social and environmental issues. The use of LCA can be simplified by the selection of specific methods and impact categories to be considered in the analysis. PAS2050, a publicly available specification for the assessment of the GHG emissions of goods and services provides a simplified approach to life cycle assessment by focusing solely on GHG emissions rather than wider environmental, social and economic issues [2]. The Guide to PAS2050 provides guidance on the use of the methodology and examples on its application to specific goods and services [3]. The PAS2050 uses the carbon footprint as a measure of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) associated with a process or a product. The carbon footprint converts emissions of individual GHGs into a single carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) value using the global warming potential (GWP) of the individual gases over a 100 year period [4]. In a farming and food context, carbon foot print normally represents the total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and 85 nitrous oxide (N2O). It is expressed in kg or tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per kg or tonne of output and can be calculated for any system or product. For industrial processes as well as food processing and retail, carbon footprinting tends to focus on energy use since most emissions are CO2 from energy production. This is normally an auditing process where results are fairly precise with minimal variation. Figure 2 shows the percentage impact of the life cycle stages of a cottage pie ready meal determined using PAS2050 [5]. Figure 2. Impact of the life cycle stages on the carbon footprint of a cottage pie ready meal It can be seen that for the case of the pie ready meal most of the impacts arise from the raw material of which mince meat is a significant contributing factor. Manufacturing and distribution and retail of the pie, however (Figure 3), also make a significant contribution of the order of 24%, 12% each, with the use phase and disposal accounting for the remainder. Emissions of refrigerants from food refrigeration equipment (HFCs) CO2 emissions from energy used in the manufacturing processes, transport and for the environmental control of factories/distribution centres/retail food stores Air Pollutants Distribution centre Raw Materials Energy supply FOOD FACTORY SERVICES Steam Air Cooling Heating Refrigeration products Retail Outlets Waste Organic Waste Waste water Emissions of gases such as methane from organic waste (landfill sites) Figure 3. Emissions from the manufacture and retail phase of the product life cycle 86 The energy used in food manufacturing as a whole in the UK which should not be much different from other developed economies, is shown in Figure 4 [6]. It can be seen that approximately 60 to 70% of the energy is used by fuel fired boilers and direct heating systems for process and space heating and the remainder is electrical energy used by electric motors, electric heating, refrigeration equipment and air compressors. Figure 4. Energy used in food manufacturing in the UK In food retail more than 70% of the energy is in the form of electricity for refrigeration equipment, heating and ventilation Equipment and lighting and the remainder thermal energy for space heating and in certain cases for in-store baking. Invariably, electricity is provided by central power stations and electricity supply grids whereas thermal energy is produced locally by gas boilers and distributed to the building by low pressure hot water. The percentage contribution to GHG emissions of the distribution and retail phase of a cottage beef pie ready meal is shown in Figure 5 [7]. Figure 5. Percentage contributions to total GHG emissions of beef cottage pie 87 The analysis assumed that the refrigerant employed in the refrigeration systems of retail food stores is R404A and the annual leakage rate is 15% of refrigerant charge. It can be seen that most of the emissions (45%) arise from the refrigerant leakage due to the high global warming potential of R404A and from the energy consumption of the refrigerated display cabinets (41%). The GHG emissions from the distribution and retail phase of chilled and frozen food products can be reduced significantly from the use of natural refrigerants such as CO2 or hydrocarbons and local power generation using low emission fuels such as natural gas or biofuels. A number of studies and projects have been performed on the application of trigeneration in the food industry. Bassols et.al [8] presented several examples of this. In these applications, a range of prime movers were employed in conjunction with ammonia-water refrigeration systems. Maidment et.al. [9] considered the feasibility of application of CHP in a supermarket. The investigators found the system to be viable, with a projected payback period of approximately 4 years. Because of the low heat demand for space heating in the summer months, however, it was found that considerable amounts of heat would be rejected to the atmosphere. To improve the utilisation the authors also considered the feasibility of using the waste heat to drive an absorption chiller to provide refrigeration at -10 oC for secondary refrigeration chilled food display cabinets. It was concluded that such a system is feasible and would lead to a payback period of 5 years. A project funded by the European Union, ‘OPTIPOLYGEN’ considered the application of polygeneration to the food industry. The aim of the project was to investigate the application of polygeneration and to develop tools, data and guidelines to promote its application [10]. The results of the project indicated that with suitable policy measures, in the EUR-15 countries that were considered in the study, the potential for electricity generation from CHP in the food industry was 40 TWhe, from tri-generation applications 15 TWhe, and 16 TWhe from the use of biomass or biogas electricity generation. According to the study, 70%- 80% of the energy needs of the food industry could be satisfied by polygeneration but at present only 25% of this potential is exploited. The study also identified a number of technology gaps that need to be addressed in order to accelerate the application of polygeneration technologies in the food industry. These include: Improvement of the electricity generation efficiency of CHP systems, Improvement of efficiency of absorption refrigeration systems. Increase of electricity to heat ratio of commercially available CHP systems. Development of off the shelf (packaged) systems to simplify integration and reduce capital cost. Reduction in capacity and footprint of commercially available biogas plants. Development and application of fuel independent technologies such as Stirling engines. 88 Work at Brunel University in recent years has investigated the practical application of trigeneration systems in the retail food industry to provide electrical power for the supermarket and refrigeration to the refrigerated display cabinets. The work which is funded by Defra and is supported by food retail and refrigeration companies has lead to: the development of tools for the evaluation of the economic and environmental performance of Combined Heat, Power and Refrigeration schemes [11,12] The establishment of test facilities in the University for the testing of systems and evaluation of components with electricity generation capacities up to 100 KWe, The establishment of the performance characteristics of microturbine based tri-generation systems for medium temperature retail food refrigeration applications and optimum integration of components. A current project funded by Defra is investigating the integration of tri-generation and CO2 refrigeration systems for retail and other food engineering applications. 3. Trigeneration Technologies A trigeneration system is normally an integration of two major technologies: the CHP system and a thermally driven refrigeration technology. CHP systems, many of which are available in packaged form, consist of a prime mover which drives a generator to produce electrical power and a heat recovery system that recovers heat from the exhaust gases and the engine cooling water in the case of internal combustion engine based prime movers. A schematic diagram of a trigeneration system is shown in Figure 6. The following CHP technologies are currently in widespread use. Steam turbines Gas turbines Combined Cycle systems (gas and steam turbines) Internal combustion engines (Diesel and Otto). These technologies are readily available, and fairly mature, and reliable. Three other technologies have recently appeared on the market. Microturbines Fuel cells Stirling engines. The following CHP technologies are currently in widespread use. Steam turbines Gas turbines Combined Cycle systems (gas and steam turbines) 89 Internal combustion engines (Diesel and Otto). Waste heat Sorption refrigeration system Heat recovery Refrigeration Prime mover Electricity Condenser Figure 6. Schematic of a trigeneration system Table 1 details the main characteristics of these technologies, all of which can use either gaseous or liquid fuels. The following sections provide more information on the three newer technologies. 3.1 Microturbines Microturbines are a new type of combustion turbine suitable for use in distributed energy generation applications. A schematic of a microturbine power generation system is shown in Figure 7 and the major components of a commercial unit are illustrated in Figure 8 . Microturbine power generation units comprise a gas compressor, a combustion chamber, an air compressor, a turbine and an alternator. Compressed air is mixed with fuel and burned in the combustion chamber. The hot gases produced are expanded in a turbine which drives an alternator. Recuperated units recover heat from the turbine exhaust which is used to preheat the air entering the compressor. This improves the electrical generation of the unit but reduces the temperature of the exhaust gases and the amount of recoverable heat. 90 Microturbines offer advantages of compactness, higher exhaust gas temperatures and lower maintenance requirements than internal combustion engines. Their electrical generation efficiency, however, is lower than those of internal combustion engines. Table 1. Characteristics of CHP systems Technology Size MWe Electrical Efficiency (%) Overall Efficiency (%) Average Capital Cost (£/kWe) Average Maintenance Cost (£/kWh) Steam Turbine >50 7-20 60-80 450-900 0.0013 Gas Turbine 0.5 - 25 25-42 65-87 200-450 0.002-0.005 Combined Cycle >10 35-55 73-90 200-450 0.002-0.005 Diesel and Otto Engines 0.005 - 4.0 25-42 70-85 150-700 0.003-0.01 Microturbines 0.025 – 0.30 15-31 60-85 400-800 0.002-0.005 Fuel Cells 0.001 - 10 30-60 75-90 450-3800 <0.005 Stirling Engines 0.003- 0.1 40 65-85 2000 ? 91 Stack Recuperator Compressor Alternator Fuel Gas Compressor Turbine Combustion Chamber Figure 7. Schematic diagram of a microturbine Figure 8. Bowman TG80RCG microturbine CHP system 92 3.2 Fuel Cells A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy device that converts hydrogen (fuel) and oxygen (air) into electricity and heat. The hydrogen can be obtained from a variety of sources but the most common is through reforming of natural gas or other gaseous or liquid fuels. Figure 9. Principle of operation of fuel cell [13] A fuel cell (Figure 9), consists of two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, separated by an electrolyte. Power is produced when ions (charged particles) formed at one end of the electrodes with the aid of catalysts pass through the electrolyte. The current produced can be used for electricity. The electrolyte plays a key role as it must permit only the appropriate ions to pass between the anode and cathode. Passage of free electrons or other substances through the electrolyte, would disrupt the chemical reaction. Fuel cells are categorized by the kind of electrolyte they use and include: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC) Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC) 93 Table 2. Characteristics of fuel cells Electrolyte Operating Temperature (oC) Electrical Efficiency (%) Typical Electrical Power (kW) Fuel Type Possible Applications AFC 60-90 40-60 20 kW Pure hydrogen Spacecraft, Submarines PAFC 100-220 35-40 >50 kW Pure hydrogen Buses, trucks, large stationary applications MCFC 550-700 45-60 >1.0 MW Most hydrogen based fuels Power Stations PEFC/ PEMFC 80 30-35 <250 kW Pure hydrogen Passenger cars and mobile applications SOFC 450-1000 45-65 >200 kW Most hydrogen based fuels Small to large stationary applications Apart from high electrical generation efficiencies, fuel cells offer advantages of low noise and greenhouse gas emissions and high reliability. Disadvantages include their relatively high cost, and short life span, typically 10 years. PAFCs are the most widely deployed fuel cells and more than 250 units of 200 kWe capacity have been installed worldwide since the early 1990s. The characteristics of these fuel cells are summarised in Table 2. Fuel cells have a typical electrical efficiency of between 30 and 60 % and an overall efficiency, if using the heat in a CHP arrangement of 70-90 %. 3.3 Stirling Engines The Stirling Engine (Figure 10),is an emergent technology in the realm of CHP systems, despite the fact it has been invented in the 19th century. Combustion takes place outside the engine and the heat generated is used to heat the operating gas in the cylinder of the engine (Figure 11). 94 Figure 10. 35 kW Stirling engine [14] Figure 11. Schematic of a Stirling based CHP system [15] The advantage of Stirling CHP systems over internal combustion based systems is that they can be powered by biomass, solar, and fossil fuels. This flexibility and the high efficiency of the engine offer significant potential for further development in the future. 95 3.4 Thermally Driven Refrigeration Technologies The most common thermally driven refrigeration systems are based on the sorption technology where the mechanical compressor of the common vapour compression cycle is replaced by a ‘thermal compressor’ and a sorbent. The sorbent can be either solid in the case of adsorption systems or liquid for absorption systems. When the sorbent is heated, it desorbs the refrigerant vapour at the condenser pressure. The vapour is then liquefied in the condenser, flows through an expansion valve and enters the evaporator. When the sorbent is cooled, it reabsorbs vapour and thus maintains low pressure in the evaporator. The liquefied refrigerant in the evaporator absorbs heat from the refrigerated space and vaporises, producing the cooling effect. 3.4.1 Absorption Refrigeration Systems The most common sorption technology is absorption refrigeration. Absorption refrigeration systems are characterised by the refrigerant fluid pair they use. The most common pairs are Lithium Bromide (refrigerant)-Water (absorbent) and Ammonia (refrigerant)-Water (absorbent). LiBr-H2O water systems can only be used for cooling temperatures above 0 oC. The technology is well established and packaged systems are readily available from a number of manufacturers in the USA, Japan, India and China which include Carrier, York, Sanyo, Hitachi, Yazaki, Thermax, Broad and many others. Ammonia-water systems can provide refrigeration at temperatures down to -60 oC. Commercial systems are available from only a very small number of manufacturers which include Colibri bv and Transparent Energy Systems. Robur supplies packaged systems able to provide 12 kW of refrigeration at brine flow temperatures down to – 12 oC [16]. A schematic diagram of a single stage ammonia-water system is shown in Figure 12. Generator Figure 12. Schematic of Ammonia-Water absorption refrigeration system [17] Heat input Heat Exchanger Evaporator Absorber 96 The condenser, expansion valve and evaporator operate in exactly the same way as for the vapour compression system. In place of the compressor, however, theabsorption system uses a number of other components: a generator, an absorber a solution pump and a regenerating heat exchanger. A liquid solution weak in ammonia in the absorber absorbs ammonia vapour exiting the evaporator. The process is exothermic and so cooling is required to carry away the heat of absorption. The solution which becomes rich in ammonia is then pumped through a heat exchanger to the generator. Heat supplied to the generator evaporates the ammonia from the solution. The solution which becomes weak in ammonia returns to the absorber through the regenerating heat exchanger where it preheats the solution supplied to the generator. The ammonia after passing through a rectifier where any water present in the refrigerant is removed travels to the condenser where it condenses by rejecting heat to a cooling medium. The ammonia liquid from the condenser flows through the expansion device before entering the evaporator where it evaporates and produces refrigeration. Figure 13. Transparent Energy Systems PVT Ltd absorption refrigeration system [18] Figure 13 shows an ammonia-water system employed in a trigeneration application in a dairy factory. The system provides 280 kW of refrigeration at a brine flow temperature of – 5.0 oC. Figure 14 shows typical performance characteristics of ammonia-water absorption refrigeration systems. The refrigeration capacity and COP of the system is a function of the evaporating temperature, the temperature of heat input to the generator and the temperature of the condenser cooling medium. The COP of these systems will be 0.5-0.6 at evaporating temperature of -10 oC and 0.25-0.4 at evaporating temperature of -50 oC. 97 3.4.2 Adsoprtion Refrigeration Systems Adsorption refrigeration unlike absorption and vapour compression systems, is an inherently cyclical process and multiple adsorbent beds are necessary to provide approximately continuous capacity. A schematic diagram of a simple adsorption system is shown in Figure 15. Adsorption systems inherently require large heat transfer surfaces to transfer heat to and from the adsorbent materials which automatically increases their size and cost. COP Figure 14. Performance characteristics of ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system [18] Figure 15. Schematic diagram of adsorption chiller [17] 98 High efficiency systems require that heat of adsorption be recovered to provide part of the heat needed to regenerate the adsorbent. These regenerative cycles consequently need multiples of two-bed heat exchangers and complex heat transfer loops and controls to recover and use waste heat as the heat exchangers cycle between adsorbing and desorbing refrigerant. Adsoprtion systems for air conditioning applications are already commercially available from a small number of manufacturers . "MYCOM", Mayekawa Mfg. Co., Ltd. are producing Silicagel/water adsorption chiller (ADREF-models) with ranges between 35 and 350 kW for use in the air-conditioning industry. NISHIYODO KUCHOUKI CO. LTD, produce Silica-Gel/Water adsorption chillers (ADCM models) with capacities between 70 kW and 1300 kW capable of being driven by low grade heat 50 – 90 °C and able to give COPs of around 0.65 (Figure 16). Figure 16. Nishiyodo adsorption chiller [19] Research and development is also underway to produce systems for refrigeration applications and prototypes for temperatures down to – 25 °C are currently in operation. 4. Research and Development on Trigeneration Systems at Brunel University The Centre for Energy and Built Environment Research (CEBER) at Brunel University has been involved in research on the development of trigeneration systems for food engineering applications since 2001. Research projects that have been funded by Defra and a number of companies in the retail food and refrigeration industries have resulted in the development of experimental test facilities and tools for the evaluation of the economic and environmental performance of trigeneration systems. 99 4.1 Experimental Test Facilities The trigeneration test facility incorporates three main modules; CHP module, absorption refrigeration system module, and a refrigeration load module. A schematic diagram of the facility is shown in Figure 17. Figure 17. Schematic diagram of test facility 4.1.1 CHP Module The CHP module is based on a 80 kWe recuperated microturbine generation package with inbuilt boiler heat exchanger (exhaust heat recovery heat exchanger). The microturbine consists of a single stage radial compressor, single radial turbine within an annular combustor and a permanent magnet rotor (Alternator) all on the same rotor shaft. Other systems in the engine bay include the fuel management system and the lubrication/cooling (oil) system. 100 290 30 o Electrical efficiency (%) 270 22 Exhaust gas temperature ( C) 280 26 260 18 250 14 240 230 10 220 Electrical efficiency 6 Exhaust gas temperature 210 2 200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Electrical power output (kW e) 70 80 90 Figure 18. Variation of electrical efficiency and exhaust gas temperature with electrical power output Heat recovery from the exhaust gases is performed in a flue-gas/water heat exchanger. The heat exchanger consists of stainless steel coils imbedded in parallel flue gas streams to reduce pressure drop and the back pressure on the turbine. The fuel system comprises an external gas boost compressor which compresses the gas supplied to the combustor to 5.0 bar, and an internal fuel system that provides fine control of the gas fed to the burners. Figure 18 shows the variation of the electrical generation efficiency and exhaust temperature of the microturbine CHP with power output. Maximum efficiency and exhaust gas temperature is obtained when the turbine delivers the maximum electrical power output of 80 kW. 101 4.1.2 Absorption Refrigeration Module The refrigeration capacity of the test facility is depended on the type of thermally driven refrigeration system used. For ammonia-water refrigeration systems providing refrigeration at 10 oC, the unit is able to provide up to 50 kW of refrigeration. The absorption refrigeration system currently employed, is a packaged gas fired chiller of specified refrigeration capacity of 12 kW at ambient temperature of 35 oC and chilled fluid (brine) inlet and outlet temperatures of 0 oC and –5 oC respectively. The gas fired unit was modified to operate with heat recovered from the exhaust gases of the microturbine. A number of different designs were investigated: a) using the exhaust gases directly on the generator and b) using a heat transfer fluid to transfer heat from the heat recovery heat exchanger (boiler) of the microturbine to the generator. The latter arrangement, was found to be more effective and the arrangement is shown in Figure 17. Figure 19. Performance of absorption refrigeration system driven by heat transfer fluid from gas turbine Figure 19 illustrates the performance of the absorption refrigeration system with the heat transfer fluid for a range of glycol delivery temperatures. It can be seen that the COP of the unit varies from around 0.58 to 0.67 as the brine flow temperature is increases from -10.0 oC to -2.0 oC. 102 If the heat transfer fluid pump power is taken into consideration, the system COP drops by approximately 0.08 over the whole range of brine flow. Figure 20. Model of integrated CO2 refrigeration and trigeneration with ammonia-water absorption chiller 4.1.3 Integration of trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration systems in supermarket applications The energy savings potential of tri-generation systems in supermarket applications can be increased through the use of CO2 as a secondary refrigerant to replace conventional secondary fluids such as propylene glycol, potassium formate and others. The viscosity of liquid CO2 is approximately 100 times less than the viscosity of common secondary fluids and thus the power that will be required to circulate CO2 from the trigeneration system to the display cabinets will be very small and insignificant compared to the power required for conventional secondary refrigerants. Other advantages of this system include: • Smaller pipe sizes and lower piping and insulation costs.re uniformity in the cabinet. 103 • • The use of only a single working fluid to satisfy both the frozen food and chilled food refrigeration requirements in a retail food store. The use of only a single working fluid to satisfy both the frozen food and chilled food refrigeration requirements in a retail food store. Figure 20 shows a schematic diagram of an integrated trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration system for supermarket applications. The CO2 refrigeration system is of a cascade system with cooling generated by the absorption system used to condense the CO2 refrigerant at a temperature of around -10 oC. 5. Energy analysis and comparison with conventional systems Figure 21 shows the energy flow diagram for the proposed supermarket energy system. The supermarket considered in the study has a sales area of 2800 m2. Annual electricity consumption of the supermarket was 3495 MWh with peak and average demand of 662 kWe and 399 kWe respectively while gas consumption was 988 MWh with peak demand during the winter of 385 kWth. Average demand of thermal energy was 113 kWth. There was also a significant variation between daytime and night time electrical and gas energy demand. Figure 22 shows the variation of the MT (medium temperature) and LT (low temperature) refrigeration system electrical energy demand and the thermal energy demand for the supermarket during a whole year. The total electrical energy demand for refrigeration was 2830 MWh of which 20% was for LT refrigeration. Peak refrigeration demand of the supermarket was 536 kW of which 447 kW for MT and 89 kW for LT refrigeration. Annual heating demand of the supermarket was 791 MWh, with peak heating demand of 308 kW. Figure 22 shows the variation of the MT and LT refrigeration system electrical energy demand and the thermal energy demand for the supermarket during a whole year. 104 Figure 21. Energy flow diagram for conventional and proposed system in a supermarket Refrigeration and heating demand (kW) MT Refrigeration Heating LT Refrigeration 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 Time (days) Figure 22. Daily average energy demand of the supermarket 105 300 330 360 Simulation results of the conventional refrigeration system show the COP of the MT refrigeration system to vary between 1.42 in the summer and 3.08 in winter with average annual COP of 2.79. The COP of the LT refrigeration system varies from 0.25 in the summer to 1.29 in winter with average annual COP of 1.04. The overall average seasonal COP of the conventional refrigeration system was found to be 2.02. Figure 23 shows daily average efficiencies of the conventional supermarket energy system. It can be seen the overall efficiency in winter fluctuates between 60% and 70% and then drops to about 52% in the summer due to higher outdoor temperatures giving an overall seasonal efficiency of 61%. Refrigeration and heating efficiency also vary throughout the year. Annual average efficiency of refrigeration is 48% and heating 13% respectively. Primary fuel required by conventional system is 11580 MWh per year of which 10592 MWh is electricity and 988 MWh gas. Overall Refrigeration Heating 80 70 Efficiency (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Time (days) Figure 23. Daily average efficiencies of conventional supermarket energy system Daily average efficiency of the integerated trigeneration-CO2 refrigeration system is shown in Figure 24. It can be seen that the overall efficiency of the system can reach 75% in the winter and drops to 51% in the summer giving an overall seasonal efficiency of 64.6%. The efficiency of refrigeration fluctuates in the range 24% to 38% with annual average of 29.4%. The average electrical efficiency is 27.5%. The Figure also shows that the efficiency of heating is relatively low particularly in the summer with a seasonal average of only 7.7%. 106 Overall Refrigeration Electrical Heating 80 70 Efficiency (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Time (days) Figure 24. Efficiency of the integrated trigenration-CO2 refrigeration system Table 2. Results of fuel saving analysis of the proposed supermarket energy systems Fuel utilization Trigeneration fuel (MWh) Auxiliary boiler fuel (MWh) Imported electricity (MWh) Fuel required for imported electricity (MWh) Total fuel required (MWh) Fuel savings ( MWh/year) Fuel energy saving ratio (FESR) (%) Proposed System 8511 378 313 948 9838 1742 15.1 Table 1 summarises the energy performance of the proposed system compared to the conventional system of power heating and refrigeration in the supermarket. It can be seen that the proposed system can provide significant energy savings over the conventional system and a fuel energy saving ratio of 15.1%. Table 2 shows a comparison between the CO2 emissions of the conventional energy system and the proposed integrated trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration system in the supermarket. The results were determined for two annual refrigerant leakage rates of 15% and 30% 107 respectively. It can be seen that for a leakage rate of 15% of refrigerant charge per annum the proposed system will lead to 1453 tonnes of CO2 emissions per year which equates to 43.5% of annual emissions. For a refrigerant leakage rate of 30% the GHG emissions savings are even higher at 56%. Table 3. CO2 emissions of conventional and proposed energy system for case study supermarket Annual leakage 15% of charge CO2 emissions Indirect CO2 emissions Conventional System Proposed System Annual leakage 30% of charge Conventional Proposed System System Units 2094 1807 2094 1807 tCO2/year Refrigerant leakage 1097 68 2194 136 tCO2/year Refrigerant recovery losses 146 9 146 Total annual emissions 3337 1884 4434 Direct CO2 emissions: Net emission savings CO2 emissions reduction 9 tCO2/year 1952 tCO2/year 1453 2482 tCO2/year 43.5 56.0 % 6. Conclusions From the review presented and research on the subject by the authors it can be concluded that: Trigeneration is a very efficient way of generating simultaneously electrical power, heating and refrigeration. It can produce substantial energy and greenhouse gas emission savings over separate production of electricity, heat and refrigeration. A number of different fuels, such as biofuels, and reliable technologies can be used in trigeneration applications. The initial investment costs in trigeneration systems can be relatively high, but payback periods of between 3 and 5 years can be achieved under certain operating conditions. 108 The payback period of trigeneration installations is a strong function of the difference between the fuel price and the purchase price for electricity. A ratio of gas to electricity prices of less than 0.3 is required to obtain reasonable payback periods. GHG emission from energy consumption and refrigerant leakage of chilled and frozen food products are responsible for over 90% of the carbon footprint of the distribution and retail phase of their life cycle. This carbon footprint can be reduced significantly by the use of natural refrigerants and trigeneration. An innovative integrated trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration system provides enhanced opportunities for application of trigeneration systems in the retail food sector and reducing GHG emissions. Models developed and used to investigate the energy efficiency of conventional HFC based refrigeration systems and integrated trigeneration and CO2 refrigeration systems have shown that the latter system can offer fuel energy savings of the order of 15% and carbon emission reductions of over 44% compared to conventional systems. Further refinement of system design is expected to increase fuel energy savings to ver 30% compared to conventional systems and increase significantly the sustainability of the food industry. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the financial support received from the Food Technology Unit of DEFRA (Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs) for research reported in this paper and the contribution of a large number of industrial collaborators: Tesco Stores Ltd, A&N Shilliday & Company Ltd, ACDP (Integrated Building Services) Ltd, Apex Air Conditioning Ltd, Bock Kältemaschinen GmbH, Bond Industries Ltd, Bowman Power group, Cambridge Refrigeration Technology, Cogenco, CSA Consulting Engineers Ltd, Danfoss, Doug Marriott Associates, George Baker & Co (Leeds) Ltd and Somerfield Property Co Ltd. References 1. Robert, K-H., Schmidt-Bleek, B., Aloisi de Larderel, J., Basile, G., Jansen, J. L., Kuehr, R., Price Thomas, P., Suzuki, M., Hawken, P.,Wackernagel, M. Strategic sustainable development — selection, design and synergies of applied tools, Journal of Cleaner Production 10 (2002) 197–214. 2. BSI Group, PAS 2050:2008, Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services, 43 pgs, downloadable from: http://www.bsigroup.com/en/sectorsandservices/Forms/PAS-2050-Form-page/Thank-you/ last accessed 17/03/2010. 109 3. BSI Group, Guide to PAS2050, How to assess the carbon footprint of goods and services, 58 pgs, downloadable from:http://www.bsigroup.com/en/sectorsandservices/Forms/PAS2050-Form-page/Thank-you/ last accessed 17/03/2010. 4. Lillywhite, R., Collier, R. (2009), Why carbon footprinting (and carbon labelling) only tells half the story, Aspects of Applied Biology 95, 2009, http://www.aab.org.uk/ 5. Defra (2008). PAS2050 Case Study. Applying PAS2050 to a complex product: Cottage pie ready meal, www.defra.gov.uk. 6. FDF (2008). Carbon management, best practice in food and drink manufacturing, www.fdf.org.uk. 7. Defra, 2008. Environmental Impact of food: Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Assessments, http://www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/food/environment/gas.htm. 8. Bassols, J., Kuckelkorn, B., Langreck, J., Schneider, R., Veelken, H. (2002). Trigeneration in the food industry, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 22, Issue 6, Pages 595-602. 9. Maidment, G. G., Zhao, X., S. B. Riffa S. B., Prosser, G. (1999). Application of combined heat-and-power and absorption cooling in a supermarket, Applied Energy Volume 63, Issue 3, July 1999, Pages 169-190. 10. OPTIPOLYGEN (2007). Optimum Integration of Polygeneration systems, www.optipolygen.org/ 11. Tassou, S. A., I Chaer, I., Sugiartha, N., Ge, Y-T., Marriott, D (2007) Application of trigeneration systems to the food retail industry, Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 48, Issue 11, Pages 2988-2995 12. Sugiartha, N., Tassou S. A., Chaer, I., Marriott, D., Trigeneration in food retail: An energetic, economic and environmental evaluation for a supermarket application Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 2624–2632. 13. Fuel cell Today (2007), http:// www. fuelcelltoday.com/media/pdf/ 14. Stirling Danmark (2007) http://www.stirling.dk/ 15. OPET (2004) Micro and small scale CHP from Biomass, http://akseli.tekes.fi/ 16. Robur (2010). http://www.robur.it/ 17.Tassou, S. A., Lewis, J. S., Ge, Y. T., Hadawey, A., Lewis, J., Chaer, I., Review of Emerging Refrigeration Technologies for Food Refrigeration Applications, Applied Thermal Engineering 30 (2010) 263–276. 18. TES PVT Ltd (2010) http://www.tesplaarp.com/. 19. HIJC INC (2006) USA,http://www. adsorptionchiller.bigstep.com/ 110 SEEP 2010 CONFERENCE KEYNOTE Innovation in Tradition©: a new motto for Sustainability M.Dassisti (1) (1) Politecnico di Bari, D.I.M.e.G, Viale Japigia 182 - 70126 BARI URL: hychange-lab.poliba.it - EMAIL: m.dassisti @poliba.it Sustain-ability assumed only recently a different meaning of the old verb “to sustain” deriving from Middle English ‘To keep in being; to continue in a certain state; to keep or maintain at the proper level or standard; to preserve the status of’ [1]. The swiftness of changes in our lives induced by scientific discoveries or, to better say, by the deterministic infinite conception of the cosmos induced by Western scientific thought [2] is hopefully responsible for the new consciousness finiteness of our world, the surrounding environment which permeates our lives. The word sustain-ability is made of two separate words to stress the true meaning of it: ability to sustain. But the true point is in the debate of sustainability is to sustain but which state, to what extent to maintain the present status of human impact on the Earth and the living standards, that are so different on the globe to create dangerous differences of what we can call “potential social-energies”, borrowing from the physical concept, to explode in social disorders and injustice we are witnessing. Even more science needs to change attitude and to adsorb ethics and moral questions, avoiding that theoretically marvellous but pragmatically dangerous “inertial view” science, belonging to a the deterministic conception of science of the last century. Science -- born from the curiosity of humankind, a sort of unexplained revenge or need of identity but far from the old natural equilibrium of a mankind as a part of the Whole Universe— induced a vision of our word, that is to say a <<…cosmology that is mechanicistic, deterministic, atomistic and reductionalist..>> [2]. Now we are facing with the effect of these three last centuries dominated by such a though of infinity, that finally justified the distortion of consumerism; sustainability struggle is a form of rebellion or a renaissance of our sleeping consciousness from the scientific side, that has different forms in other aspect of social life: the revival of regionalism in politic, that fear of diversity which is nothing but the fear from the loss of our vital reference points, those standards made of traditions, on unchanging environments, of seasonal cyclicity that we all are perceiving, in different forms and reasons. 111 In this scenario, how can a conference add something news? How can we contribute to this overwhelming arguments? Just one motto may synthesize my personal contribution to this fundamental question tied to our survival: innovation in tradition! Meaning to rediscover those wisdoms of our ancestors but without loosing the outcomes of science and welfare reached so far, to rejoin past and future congruently. Without denying all the discoveries and knowledge accumulated – it would be also impossible, indeed - simply to contextualize into our world the sense of finiteness [3], not simply changing the face of a never-ending consumerism. This lead us to a double reasoning which should be stressed against the old infinite paradigm of the Industrial Growth Society: the means energy should be produced but also limited in consumption to maintain an equilibrium, as well as manufacturing (i.e. transformation of matter) should be made in a sustainable way (compatible with actual resources, preserving reservoir for life to minimize impact on environment) but also should responding to true needs and, more important, sustainable also for the whole humankind. The final question still remain unchanged, as recalled in the motto Innovation in tradition, to recognize our truly needs and to come again to that wisdom quoted in [2] from T. S. Elliot <<Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge, where is the knowledge we have lost in information>>: I would say also for our time <<where is the information, we have lost in frenetic communications”. The true resource of man is time, and we must go back in the middle ages, when life in monastery was signed by two phases: the “time of the market” and the “time of God”. Actual period seems mostly overwhelmed by “time of market”, and its frenzy of infinite wealth, and almost disappeared the other phase: rediscovering it would be a reconciliation with our environment and the finiteness of our lives. References [1] Tainter Joseph A., 2006, Social complexity and sustainability, Ecological complexity, 3, 91 – 103. [2] Hathaway M ., Boff L., 2009, The Tao of Liberation, Orbis Book, New York, ISBN 978-157075-841-6. [3] Vitek B., Jackson W., 2008, The Virtues of Ignorance, The University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 978-0-8131-9258-1. 112 INTERVENTI PROGRAMMATI La sostenibilità energetica: questione di scala (Invited speech) Domenico Laforgia Magnifico Rettore - Università degli Studi del Salento Direttore “Centro di Ricerca su Energia ed Ambiente” 113 EOLICO 114 SVILUPPO DELLE TURBINE EOLICHE IL FUTURO: OFF-SHORE 115 Middelgrunden, DK (2000) 20x2 MW (89 GWh/yr), 3.5 km from coast, 3-6 m depth Horns Rev, DK (2002) 80 x 2 = 160 MW, 14 km from shore, 6-12 m depth 116 IMPIANTO EOLICO OFF-SHORE SU PIATTAFORMA SOMMERSA GALLEGGIANTE A SPINTA BLOCCATA, PER LA PRODUZIONE DI ENERGIA ELETTRICA, MARICOLTURA ED IDROGENO L'impianto è stato studiato per produrre energia elettrica, per la generazione di Idrogeno direttamente da acqua di mare e per fornire elettricità ad impianti di acquacultura. 117 IL FUTURO: IMPIANTI OFF-SHORE IN ACQUE PROFONDE Horns Rev wind park (DK) 25 km dalla costa 118 ENERGIA SOLARE FOTOVOLTAICO META Metodo Eolico per la Tutela dell’Ambiente 119 Gli inseguitori più diffusi sono quelli a un grado di libertà detti anche azimuth. L'incremento di produzione elettrica risultate è ~ 17%. Gli inseguitori a tilt sono anch'essi ad un grado di libertà, ma nel senso verticale. L'incremento di produzione risultante è ~ 6%. CELLE FOTOVOLTAICHE INNOVATIVE CELLE FOTOVOLTAICHE MULTIGIUNZIONE Differenti materiali semiconduttori disposti a strati, uno sull'altro, e che permettono alle differenti porzioni di spettro solare di essere convertite in elettricità a differenti profondità, aumentando con ciò l'efficienza totale di conversione della luce incidente Materiali Utilizzati: arsenuro di gallio (GaAs), il rame indio diselenide (CuInSe2), il tellururo di cadmio(CdTe), fosfuro di indio-gallio (GaInP2), l'alluminio-gallio-arseniuro (AlGaAs), gallioarseniuro (GaAs). 120 CELLE FOTOVOLTAICHE INNOVATIVE CELLE ORGANICHE Utilizzano come elemento attivo non più un semiconduttore inorganico come il silicio, bensì una serie di materiali organici (polimeri o piccole molecole). Solare PV: Trends Source: Sinke, ECN, 2001 • Focus su building-integrated PV (Tetti, facciate) • Silicio ancora dominante, thin films inizio fase commerciale • Energy payback time: 5 a 8 anni; sono necessari sforzi tecnologici per ridurlo a 2-3 anni 121 VEICOLO SOLARE ELETTRICO VEUS08 Uno Sguardo al Futuro dell’Energia Solare: Le Nano-Rectenne Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) La Storia: Nel 1899 a Wardenclyffe Tesla accese delle lampade a 25 miglia di distanza con rete wireless; Nel 1964 William C. Brown dimostrò che una rectenna poteva convertire microonde in elettricità; 122 Schema Funzionale di una Rectenna ENERGIA SOLARE TERMICO 123 Lo Stato dell’Arte Elevati costi di impianto Gestione sistemi di accumulo 10 MWe a Barstow, California (Fonte: Ren. Ener. World, 2000) Impatto ambientale Principali Innovazioni Tecnologiche • • • • Nuovi fluidi vettori termici Nuovo sistemi concentratori/collettori Ottimizzazione Cicli termodinamici per lo sfruttamento del solare termico ad alta temperatura Nuovi approcci ai sistemi di stoccaggio termico/chimico – Analisi e ottimizzazione di materiali solidi per lo stoccaggio termico per il superamento dei transitori – Studio del comportamento termo-fluido-dinamico dei sistemi di stoccaggio termico e chimico 124 Nuovi Fluidi Vettori Termici La necessità di sostituire i Sali Fusi impone lo sviluppo di soluzioni alternative compatibili con la generazione diffusa. Studi preliminari hanno dimostrato che è possibile aumentare la conducibilità termica di un fluido disperdendo in esso nanoparticelle. Ad oggi non sono ancora noti gli effetti dovuti a dispersione dimensionale, morfologia e proprietà ottiche delle nanoparticelle. Linee di sviluppo 1. nanoparticelle sferiche di dimensione controllata nel range 3-20 nm; 2. nanoparticelle di forma controllata, in particolare fili con diametro di qualche nanometro e lunghezza di qualche decina di nanometri; 3. determinazione della conducibilità termica e del coefficiente di scambio liminare di nanofluidi; 4. determinazione delle proprietà ottiche sia delle particelle che dei nanofluidi 5. compatibilità con tutti i componenti l’impianto 6. Metodologie di produzione in larga scala 125 Nodi tecnologici da risolvere • Messa a punto e verifica del processo di produzione delle nanoparticelle con i materiali più idonei allo scambio termico su larga scala • Individuazione delle condizioni che consentano di ottenere la distribuzione morfologica che ottimizza lo scambio termico • Sistemi di monitoraggio e rigenerazione dello stato di deterioramento e/o agglomerazione delle nanoparticelle. Sviluppo di materiali e superfici emettitori ed assorbitori selettivi • Ottimizzazione dell’efficienza del collettore solare tramite il controllo delle proprietà di assorbimento e riemissione spettrale: – Ricerca su materiali e trattamenti superficiali in grado di massimizzare al captazione solare minimizzando contemporaneamente la riemissione nell’infrarosso 126 I Nostri Obiettivi Progettare e realizzare coating o materiali emissivi con elevati coefficienti di assorbimento e bassi coefficienti di emissione alle temperature di lavoro. Le performance richieste ad un buon assorbitore emettitore selettivo riguardano valori dei coefficienti di assorbimento superiori a 0.9 e dei coefficienti di emissione inferiori a 0.1. Progettare e realizzare materiali coibentanti con coefficienti di conduzione termica bassi e con proprietà ottiche dettate dal percorso imposto alla radiazione solare dal collettore stesso. I coefficienti di conduzione termica richiesti ad un buon isolante termico sono dell’ordine di 0,01-0,02 W/mK Concentratori/colletori solari Innovativi Riflettori innovativi a basso impatto ambientale Specchio parabolico Coating protettivi per i collettori solari con elevati coefficienti di assorbimento (>0.9) e bassi coefficienti di emissione (<0.1) Rivestimento in aereogel Materiali coibentanti per contenere le perdite radiative dei collettori Cavità con concentratore parabolico Sistema cavità-concentratore solare con elevata efficienza (>70%) ottimizzato per l’uso delle nanoparticelle 127 Sistemi di accumulo dell’energia Accumulatori di energia termica a calore sensibile e latente: Gli accumulatori di energia termica a “calore sensibile” sfruttano la capacità termica di un materiale che funge da serbatoio di energia termica. Materiali impiegabili: - solidi (acciaio, granito); - liquidi (gallio, sodio, oli termici). Gli accumulatori di energia termica a “calore latente” sfruttano l’energia associata al cambiamento di fase di un materiale. Sistemi di accumulo dell’energia Accumulatori di energia chimica: Un sistema di accumulo basato sull’idrogeno prevede un generatore di idrogeno gassoso alimentato dal sistema ad energia solare con la potenza prodotta in eccesso rispetto alla richiesta da parte dell’utenza. Sarà realizzato un termocatalizzatore indipendente alimentato con fluidi riscaldati in ricevitori dedicati integrati con combustore ausiliario per garantire il funzionamento dell’impianto anche con energia solare insufficiente. 128 INTERVENTI PROGRAMMATI Lo stabilimento ILVA di Taranto Gli investimenti per migliorare la compatibilità ambientale Ing. Adolfo Buffo Responsabile Qualità, Sicurezza e Ambiente L’acquisizione dello stabilimento Ilva di Taranto da parte del Gruppo Riva è stata accompagnata da un oneroso e imponente piano di ammodernamento tecnologico degli impianti che ha consentito il recupero ed il rilancio dell’attività produttiva e la progressiva riduzione dell’impatto ambientale. La questione dell’eco-sostenibilità dello stabilimento è stata posta al centro di tutte le scelte di investimento. Nello stabilimento di Taranto, considerato di estrema importanza strategica, l’azienda ha concentrato più dell’80% degli investimenti realizzati in tutti gli stabilimenti del Gruppo, in Italia e all’estero. Tutti gli utili sono stati interamente reinvestiti: dal 1995 alla fine del 2009 il Gruppo Riva ha investito, a Taranto, poco più di 4,2 miliardi di euro (circa ottomila miliardi di lire). Considerate le risorse impegnate, si è trattato di uno dei più grandi investimenti privati nella storia dell’industria del Mezzogiorno. Un miliardo di euro, il 25 % del totale, è stato investito per l’ecologia e la tutela dell’ambiente. Dal 2004 tutti gli investimenti di ambientalizzazione sono stati realizzati in attuazione di Atti di Intesa stipulati con le autorità nazionali e territoriali. Nel periodo 2004-2010 lo stabilimento ha definito un piano di interventi per la prevenzione integrata dell’inquinamento per un importo pari a circa 500 milioni di euro. La politica seguita si è soprattutto indirizzata verso la realizzazione di impianti in linea con le Migliori Tecniche Disponibili (MTD) attraverso la progressiva riduzione delle emissioni in atmosfera e il potenziamento delle prestazioni degli impianti di depolverazione e di abbattimento delle emissioni, la riduzione del carico inquinante nelle acque di scarico, la progressiva eliminazione delle sostanze pericolose (primi fra tutti amianto e PCB), il miglioramento della gestione delle emissioni solide (residui, recuperi, sottoprodotti e rifiuti). Gli investimenti effettuati hanno effettivamente migliorato la compatibilità ambientale dello stabilimento: le emissioni in atmosfera si sono ridotte (con valori che, a seconda dei casi, vanno dal 50 al 90 %) e la qualità dell’aria è migliorata in maniera significativa: i dati rilevati dalle centraline di monitoraggio gestite dall’Agenzia Regionale per l’Ambiente (Arpa) dicono infatti che negli tre anni le polveri sottili PM10 si sono ridotte del 20-30% e rispettano i limiti normativi. Infine, le classifiche stilate da Legambiente pongono Taranto (nel 2009 e in questa parte del 2010) fra le città a più basso livello di polveri sottili. Tutti gli investimenti sono stati realizzati avendo inoltre come obiettivo la riduzione dei consumi energetici. Lo stabilimento è infatti impegnato anche in un programma di miglioramento dei cicli produttivi e di incremento dell’efficienza energetica attraverso l’utilizzo di tecniche e di 129 metodologie finalizzate a ridurre i volumi della CO2 emessa, nei prossimi anni, per circa 500.000 tonnellate all’anno. Nel campo della ricerca di nuove tecnologie per la riduzione della emissione di CO2 durante la fabbricazione della ghisa, il gruppo Riva ha inoltre aderito al Consorzio ULCOS quale membro costituente insieme ad altre 7 primarie aziende siderurgiche europee. In ambito siderurgico il Programma di ricerca Ulcos rappresenta, a livello mondiale, la più significativa realtà di ricerca applicata alla soluzione del riscaldamento globale e si concluderà, entro la fine del 2010, con la definizione di un processo pilota d’altoforno in grado di garantire una riduzione degli agenti riducenti e delle emissioni di CO2. 130 INTERVENTI PROGRAMMATI Energy Efficiency and Environmental Sustainable Policies in Local Municipalities Ing. Pasquale Capezzuto Energy Manager P.O.S. Energy and Safety Installs - Municipality of Bari President of Energy Managers Association Scenario The theme of the energetic efficiency in the final uses appears as a categorical imperative for the attainment of the objectives of international character of reduction of the so-called “greenhouse gases emissions” . Burning the combustible fossils for the energetic uses we introduce in the atmosphere substances to various title polluting and more than 40 million tons of carbonic anhydride of which the contribution is well known to the so-called "GHG” - “ Greenhouse gases emissions " and the so called Global Warming. The primary energy consumption for the construction and restructuring of buildings and their management, reported to the around 190 Mt.e.p.s of the national requirement, constitutes around 45%, or rather around 84 Mt.e.p. Besides, while the total national shows rates of increase smaller then 1% annual, the civil sector, because of the progressive growth of his electric percentage, it increases his own primary consumptions and the relative emissions of 2% annual (White Book ENEA Energy Environment Building). The development of the renewable sources of energy and the efficient use of the energy are today therefore to the first places in the notebooks of the international organizations. The due attention to the use of the energy is able to rise from our cities: it is able to revive a movement that hands to new models of development more careful to the environmental sustainability. Beginning from 1993 a strong activity is developed for the protection of the climate to local level both in Europe and both to international level, mainly through actions of mitigation and now also of adaptation. The Local Governments, as level of governance more next to the citizens, must make load of the leadership within the climate protection actions, develop an Action Plane on Climate with Gas Inventory. 131 Communities have an inherent responsibility for a healthy and safe environment and functioning of the society and are usually responsible for primary and secondary education and have an impact on attitudes and behaviour of the people. On this important theme, a series of Conferences on the Climate of I.C.L.E.I. have launched many clear and strong messages in the last years: in May 2006, the Conference on the Climate in Stockholm has launched a clear message for the cities so that assume the leadership in the efforts of mitigation and adaptation, fixing objective ambitious and constantly operating for their attainment. The Conference in Freiburg on the Renewable Sources of Energy Local, held in June 2007, had a central importance underlining as the local action is essential, and as the attainment of the objective of the use of the 100% of renewable energy both already a reality in the communities model. To April 2008 to Rovigo is worked departing from practical examples that have been successful to local level in theme of mitigation and adaptation. And is necessary a radical change in the administration of our cities and community, of our resources and in the decisional trial, with the purpose to achieve a real climatic protection. Toward a local energy policy . Our Country from years doesn't have an energetic and environmental policy, thinking that the logic of the market could regulate the development. The markets are not interested however to environmental and social objectives. And is necessary a strategic plan for the industrial, economic and social policies of the Country that points out general addresses and avoids lobbies and harmful regionalisms. One of the objectives of the energetic policy is to make enjoyable energy from every individual and to allow an intelligent possibility of access to the compatible energy with the general objectives of the community. Problems connected to the energy as the climatic changes are often global. And is necessary therefore to coordinate the energetic behavior of the many, not only to inevitably overcome the wastes and the ineffectiveness connected with the micro-management of the operations, but also because the civil society in her complex, private, small communities (for es. condomìnia), small firms, can access to the more consistent energy technology for its demands of use, but consistent with the general principles of the sustainability. During the years the legislative changes in subject of administrative decentralization have delegated the management of the energy to the Local Government today. 132 The Local Autorithies , what level of governance more next to the citizens, must make load of the leadership within the climate protection, and to effect the involvement of the citizens community and change of their style of life to redefine the standard of quality of life. The local institutions know local realities and their interactions are able to direct the styles of life of the citizens toward models more aware and rational, toward an "intelligent" use of the available energy for everyone. The Local Autorithies are able to furnish a contribution to the reduction of the energetic consumptions and the issues to national level to effect the Government of the use of the energy in the town territory. From European Conference on Climate Changes Rovigo 2008: EIGHT ARGUMENTS FOR LOCAL COMMUNITY LEADERS TO USE LOCAL RENEWABLES3 (1) Renewable energy (RE) sources are available locally, with RE technologies ready for use today. (2) The use of local resources to produce energy locally ensures a decentralised secure energy supply, making communities more resilient and less dependent on imported fossil fuels. (3) Switching to Local Renewables bring financial benefits – saving money and generating an income over the short to long-term. (4) It creates jobs and stimulates the local economy. (5) Local Renewables give an impulse to urban development and encourage technical and social innovation in communities. (6) Moving away from fossil fuels, towards Local Renewables, will reduce CO2 emissions and support climate protection. (7) Local action is critical in achieving targets – national, regional and international – on sustainable energy and climate protection. (8) The local community is key to reaching and involving various stakeholders, including citizens, business, industry, local researchers, etc.. – a driving force for innovation and change towards sustainable Energy. The town energetic policy is realized through an energetic planning to local level , the Town Energetic Plan effected from a specific “ energy office “ and through a system of management of the energy or Energy Management. 133 The Energy Manager in the Local Government The art. 19 of the law n. 10/91 have introduced in the national panorama the figure of the responsible for the maintenance and rational use of the energy, already institutionalizing the duty of Energy Manager present in the great structures of the tertiary one or the industry. They are institutional performed of the energy manager: the institution of an energetic accounting in form simplified for the anticipated communication of the consumptions by the law; the analysis of energetic situation of the town patrimony and the predisposition of studies of feasibility of interventions of energy rationalization on the town patrimony. The responsible for the maintenance and rational use of the energy, named therefore to the senses of the art. 19 of the law n. 10/91, is today the Expert in the Energy Management according to the D.Lgs. n. 115/08 . The energy town manager in position of Staff in the administration will owe therefore to furnish the inputs for an effectiveness policy of improvement of the energetic efficiency of the patrimony building-systems town and of mitigation and adaptation to the climatic changes. To the institutional assignments go to cooperate those anticipated from the Decree n.192/05 that to the paragraph 15 of the enclosure have introduced, with the finality to effect a control of the application of the art. 26 of the law n. 10/91, the obligation for the subject to the dispositions of which to the art.19 of the same law to integrate the relation ex art. 28 law n. 10/91 with an attestation of verification on the application of the norm compiled by the responsible for the maintenance and rational use of the energy named. Today there is a wide truancy appointed by parties responsible and what influsice greatly on the degree of energy efficiency of structures. The Market of the Energetic Services is estimated at least 5 - 10 million of Euro the year and in 25 million of Euro in the long period to European level. From data CONSIP we notice that the demand of heating in Government is equal to over 2.300 mlns / Euro / year [Consip, 2007], the supply combustible: 1.620 + services 718 million of Euro. This shows the interest that European Union to a particulary energy consumption sector. The Energy Services Directive, 2006/32/EC provides that Member States take on long-term plans for energy efficiency (EEAP) in which the milestones will be established and the strategy for achieving them. In Italy the transposition of the Directive 2006/32/CE is happened with the D.Lgs. n. 115 of May 30 2008. The Decree n.115/08 "realization of the directive 2006/32/CE related to the efficiency of the final uses of the energy and the energetic services and abrogation of the directive 93/76/CEE" Official Gazette n. 154 of July 3 rd 2008 have pointed out what intending for Energy 134 Management System namely the part of the management system that includes the organizational structure, the planning, the responsibility, the procedures, the trials and the resources to develop, to implement, to improve, to get, to measure and to maintain the business energetic policies. The art. 16 (qualification of the suppliers and the energetic services) of the D.lgs 115/08 of realization of the Directive 2006/32/CE foresee: 1. to the purpose to promote a process of increase of the level of quality and technical competence for the suppliers of energetic services, following the emanation of special standard U.N.I.-C.E.I., the M.S.E. approves a procedure of voluntary certification for the experts in management of the energy; 2. to the purpose to promote a process of increase of the level of objectivity and reliability for the measures and the systems finalized to the improvement of the energetic efficiency, following the emanation of special norm UNI-CEI, the M.S.E. approves a procedure of certification for the system of management energy. The same article foresees a qualification of the suppliers and the energetic services and a procedure of voluntary certification of the experts in management of the energy and the system of management of the energy following approval of the standard C.E.N. 16001. The standard U.N.I. C.E.I. 11339 -2009 " Management of the energy. experts in management of the energy. general for the qualification " and the standard UNI CEI 11352 "the energy's Management. Society that furnishes energetic services ESCO- general and list of control for the verification of the requisite", April 2010 and the Pr E0202C160 "the energy management Expert in the management of energy - Guidelines for the Certification", the Pr E0202C170 " the energy management - energetic diagnosis, general and details of the service of energetic " diagnosis they constitute the actual and future normative for the activity of this new figure. The directive 2006/32/CE ask therefore members to confer to the public sector an exemplary role to States and also the L.D. n. 115/08 foresees this role for Public Administrations. The art. 12 “Energy efficiency in the public sector” attributes the obligation to apply the suitable dispositions to the public administration. The administrative, managerial and executive responsibility of the adoption of the obligations of improvement of the energy efficiency in the public sector, of which to the articles 13, 14 and 15, are assigned public owner or user of the asset or service to the administration of which to the same articles, in the person of the responsible of the realization of the obligations anticipated . In the public buildings is obligatory: a) the resort, also in presence of outsourcing of competences, to the financial tools for the energy saving for the realization of the interventions of redevelopment , including the contracts 135 of energy efficiency, that foresee a reduction of the consumptions of energy measurable and predetermined; b) the energetic diagnoses of the public buildings or to public use, in case of interventions of restructuring of the thermal plants, understood the substitution of the generators, or of building restructurings that concern at least the 15 percent of the external surface of the building wrap that contains the heated gross volume; c) the energetic certification of the public buildings or to public use, in the case in which the total useful length overcomes the 1000 square meters and the posting of the certificate of certification in a place, of the same building, easily accessible to the public, to the senses of the article 6, paragraph Procedures of competition: To the public contracts having to object the trust of the management of the energetic services and that they together foresee to the execution of an energetic diagnosis, the presentation of project in conformity to the levels of planning specified by the article 93 of the decree legislative 12 April 2006, n. 163, as well as the realization of the interventions through the tool of the financing through third, is applied the criterion of the more advantageous offer at the article 83 of the decree legislative 12 April 2006, n. 163, also lacking preliminary project compiled edited by the administration. The decree foresees some tools for the improvement of the energetic efficiency what the Contract service energy, the Contract service energy "Plus", the Contract of energy efficiency . The building energy performance labeling must have effected before the start of the contract of service energy understanding the need of a preliminary evaluation during the offer and the possibility during the terms of contract , to arrange further moments of verification. Insofar for all the public buildings from 1/7/2007 should be available the data of the certified energy consumptions. In the public sector we remember that already from 1991 the Italian legislator had predicted in the law n. 10 9/1/1991 to the art. 26 that ": in the buildings of public ownership or turned to public use it is obliged to satisfy the energetic requirement of the same resorting to renewable sources of energy assimilate excepted in case of impediments of technical or economic nature." "The planning of new public buildings must foresee the realization of every plant, work and installation useful to the maintenance, to the saving and the rational use of the energy..". The DP.R. n. 412 of August 26 1993 and ss.mm.ii.: " for the buildings of public ownership or turned to public use is made obligation, to the senses of the paragraph 7 of the art. 26 of the law January 9 th 1991, n. 10, to satisfy the energy requirement favoring the appeal to renewable sources of energy or assimilate to the senses of the art. 1 paragraph 3 of the law 10 same, excepted impediments of technical or economic nature. 136 As it regards the thermal plants in buildings, such obligation determines in case of new installation or restructuring . The D.P.R. n. 59 of 2009 point out to the public sector to develop an exemplary role . It foresees reduction of the limits of energy performance and trasmittances and global output of plant for the public buildings. The Energy Management In the Local Municipality The Local Municipality expounds their own actions both on the town territory, with actions type publicist , that on own patrimony, with aspects of privatistic nature . The publicistic aspects: - Regulation of the energetic consumptions in the territory town - Planning and realization buildings - Control of the Plain thermal plants of the territory urbanistic, - Rules buildings and traffic plain - Relationships with concessionaires of services - Firms participated Information - Promotion infrastructures territorial - Regulation installs energetic on the territory you - Check on the realizations building Actions on the town territory from the office energy: the control of the observance of the Law n. 10/91 today D.Lgs. N. 311/06 as tool of control and promotion of the quality' housebuilding. The application of the Decree in the Muncipality of Bari has brought from 1995 to today the beneficent followings in terms of reduction of the CO2 emissions: Reduction of the consumptions : from 120 kWh m2 /year to 60 kWh m2/year and avoids CO2. 20.567 The Municipal Energy Environmental Plan To general level of the efficient use of the energy in the final uses today the Local Government must effect an energetic policy or rather the Government of the use of the energy in the town territory. The art. 5. paragraph 5 law n. 10/91 foresee the obligation of approval of the "Muncipal plain related to the use of the renewable sources of energy" for Governments with superior population to 50.000 inhabitants. 137 Such disposition of law (art. 5 paragraphs 5 of the law n. 10/91) foresees that the energy manager makes promoter of editing the Muncipal Energetic Plan today more correctly Municipal Environmental Energy Plan (M.E.E.P.). The M.E.E.P. provides actions for reduction of energy consumptions in all sectors of the economic life of the town. One of the elective sector for interventions of energy efficiency is the residential sector. In our Europe the 80% of population lives in urban areas. In Italy in nine great metropolitan regions of the country it assembles more than the 55% of the Italian population. And the energetic state of the Italian buildings patrimony and particularly of that public: Global consistence: absence of censuses and respects global Consistence of some sectors: - SCHOOLS: 45.000 buildings [MIUR 2006] - Public Buildings : 20.000 [Agency of the Demanio 2008] - Partner-sanitary Buildings: 7.500 + 1.300 hospitals [Office of the Health 1990] The state of building patrimony for energy efficiency: - up to 1980 (great part): absence of normative on the energetic saving of the buildings - 1980 -1990: criterions by now inadequate L. 373/1976 - 1990...: missed application L. 10/1991 in the housebuilding public reduction of the limits of energetic performance and trasmittances and global output of plant for the public buildings. Total annual expenditure Fuel for heating + electric energy [respect: Consip 2006] 4.500 million Euro Respect Index Consumption : Program "BRITA PUBS" UE "energetic Retraining of the public buildings" 2007 : 200 KWh/m2/year - annual energetic consumption to the m² of heated (well European middle superior) surface. The Italian building patrimony therefore strongly "energivorous" in comparison to other European countries, the tendencies in action show the adoption more and more binding and drastic of policies and interventions contemplated in the different sectors and particularly in that of the public buildings. The national building park, is altogether few efficient and straight the 70% of the buildings are of anterior epoch to 1976. Analogous percentage has not received extraordinary maintenance for 20 years. 40% some buildings have more than of 50 years and introduces problems of degrade physical, functional obsolescence and typological . 138 Two million of families (10% of the population) live in buildings built among 1946 and 1971 under mediocre or bad conditions of maintenance. The worse buildings have been built among 1945 and 1970 / building techniques of scarce quality, dispersing wraps, thermal bridges, condensations, etc.). To face such scenery the Local Government is able today to promote a new sustainable housebuilding. The primo report ON-RE - Observatory National Building Rules for the Energy Saving October 2008 allows us to know how much it is happening to the Italian Local Municipalitie for the development of the energetic efficiency and the renewable sources in the housebuilding. The investigation realized by Cresme and Legambiente on a champion of 1000 Local Municipalities has picked up and listed 188 building rules, that, with obligation (104) or with alone incentives (85), they promote a different way to build that it looks at the environmental sustainability. What is emerging is a scenario in which, through a profound innovation in how to design, build and operate the buildings not only can significantly reduce the demand for electricity and thermal in civil sector , but even some of the energy will be produced and consumed by buildings or exchanged with the network. Well, some hundreds of Local Municipalities have already set in motion by decisions that have paved the way not only the dissemination of solar thermal and photovoltaic, but have made it easier to intervene to make heating more efficient to have a better insulation buildings, more efficient water management and resources, thus promoting a truly sustainable building. These experiences are the starting points for reasoning, looking to the construction sector in Italy, how to reduce energy consumption and emissions related to civil use. A goal of sustainability must change our approach to building construction by extending the concept of life cycle of building products, "from the cradle to the grave”, whereas that is' measurable impact on the environment in different stages of the cycle of production, use and disuse. Sustainability Construction can feed the huge housing problems with the development of 'social housing that addresses the energy needs and regeneration of the City. The Public Administration is not able alone to handle the financing and realization of the necessary works: it must use the contribution of the Privacy and tools of P.P.P. , Public Private Partnership . Public Administration have to adopt new normative philosophies that overcome the traditional conception prescriptive urbanism toward new forms of planning and government that conjugate the interest of the collectivity with that of the private operators, through plans of urban retraining, programs of district, etc., it is able to direct and to stimulate the real estate market of the retraining. 139 We don't forget that the filiera of the sector of the constructions (enterprises of construction, activity real estate, planners) occupies 4.928.900 people in 2005, equal to 21,8% of the busy ones in Italy. Planning Tools as: - Integrated programs of Intervention (PII), - Programs of Urban (PRU) Recovery, - Programs of Urban Retraining for the building recovery and functional of Circles Urban (PRIU) Contracts of District - Program of Urban Retraining and of Sustainable Development of the Territory (PRUSST) - Program URBAN I and II on initiative of the European Fund of Regional (FESR) Development can constitute tools of energetic policies to local level. We remember however that the new constructions are the 2% of the park, the 2% of new lodgings with consumptions 50% meeting places will give only 7% of contribution to the global objective. It needs to thickly intervene on the existing building patrimony that introduces the most elevated borders of improvement performances and to plan the new constructions with elevated levels of energetic efficiency to low issues. The market of the recovery has equalized that of new constructions and it overcomes the market of the ordinary and extraordinary maintenances , up to reach the 70% of that of the constructions. The Puglia region is crossing a road toward to live sustainable today, or rather toward a certification of the quality of the building. In the region has been promulgates the law "Standards to Live Sustainable " Law n. 13/08, effected with the deliberation of G.R. August 4 th 2009, n. 1471 “System of evaluation of the level of environmental sustainability of the buildings in realization of the Regional Law "Norms to live sustainable" (art. 10, L.R. 13/2008) ". Building process must take into account at all stages of finality Sustainability Environment through the use of green building materials and techniques. Green building techniques provide the proper orientation of the lot, the use of global warming and green roofs, natural ventilation and forced (with the possible cooling / heating through ground cooling systems), promotion of natural light ( tubes of light), the shield of the sun, the integration of renewables such as solar panels and photovoltaic panels (with technology increasingly pushed towards the architectural integration as translucent panels and thin films), thermal insulation of walls and through the roof materials and insulation film, reflective coatings and systems for the coverage of thermal bridges, window frames, high performance glass with high thermal insulation, building automation, efficient technologies. 140 Renewable sources of energy contribute to the reduction of the consumptions of primary energy of the building. The " recasting " of the European Directive 2002/91/CE EPDB , the new Directive 2010/31/CE, foresees that from 1/1/2021 the new buildings and the restructured buildings are almost to consumption " zero", " zero net energy", " zero carbon" the whole requirement of primary energy of any new building must have sustained from renewable energetic sources "on site." We are there therefore starting toward a conception of the housebuilding what primary producer of clean energy on local base, that will use the net of electric distribution as accumulator and that, producing as in the future consumptions, can cover the energy requirement of the oldest buildings. Public Administrations will open the road, purchasing or renting only echo-buildings within the end of 2018 and promoting the transformation of those existing in impact buildings "almost zero." The model of the "energy's generation type distributed " has as fundamental pillar the use of locally available sources and therefore of renewable sources of energy, what that solar. Municipality of Bari has intended to promote and to stimulate the sustainable housebuilding inserting in the new rule building incentives of character urbanistic (volumetric) and financial (reductions of the burdens of urbanization and costs of construction) for buildings that realize levels of sustainability environmental. Actions on the town patrimony Privatistic aspects concern the consumptions of own structures. The local administration is an actor of the energy policies but is also a consumer of goods and consumer of energy services. The Municipality is responsible however in front of the collectivity of the functionality, of the efficiency, effectiveness, inexpensiveness and sustainability of the management of the energetic services. The energetic uses: management of the building patrimony, heating and cooling , illumination, energy, public illumination, mobilizes urban, participated firms. The program of improvement of the energetic efficiency and the use of resources must foresee: - activity diagnostic of the town patrimony for monitor the energy consumptions - energetic rationalization of the fittings of the town patrimony - service energy for the thermal fittings of the town patrimony and technological retraining - rationalization energy plants of public lighting - rationalization of the contracts of supply of electric energy and the integrated water service. 141 Of primary importance and therefore the institution of the accounting energetic inside the system of management of the energy or rather the control of the energetic expense, the charge of the energetic costs for center of expense, the responsibility decentralized of the executives, the rationalization of the centers of consumption and indicators of efficiency. In the area of P.A. there are many barriers to energy efficiency improvement: - The low level of understanding, information from the customer; - The limited understanding of the opportunities for improving energy efficiency through the use of performance contracting (EPC) and Third Party Financing (TPF); - The limited size of projects associated with excessive transaction costs for interventions ESCO; - The high perceived risk, both technically and business; - The lack of compatibility of legal frameworks and regulations to investments eff. energy and / or operations of Performance Contracting; - Administrative barriers, complex procedures, split incentives; - The low level of motivation, if energy costs are a fraction of total costs. - The lack of sensitivity 'to the energy problem by structures, Directors and Councillors. - Balance the needs and priorities' spending - The need for visibility 'spending - The cost of operations The Market of the energetic efficiency and the expert in management of the energy The market of the energy efficiency, controlled today by the D.M. 20/7/2004 foresee the issues of titles of energetic efficiency or certified white to forehead of interventions of improvement of the energetic efficiency of the systems. We observe that the DM 21/12/2007 finally have expectation the extension of the right to the release of T.E.E. to the subjects that have complied to the obligation of nomination of the energy manager (L. 10/91) that they realize interventions with superior energy savings to a least threshold individualized by the authority. Conclusions Local Governments can contribute to the national trial of improvement of the energy efficiency and use of renewable sources, it has available the tools, must orchestrate and to involve the citizens and the interested categories. 142 INTERVENTI PROGRAMMATI Green Economy e Sviluppo Sostenibile nel fare impresa Dott. Giovanni Ronco Confindustria Bari e Barletta-Andria-Trani Sezione Ambiente, Energia & Utilities Hanno collaborato: A. Palombo, C. Liscio, L. Ciriello, P. Maniglio Mi è d’obbligo innanzitutto ringraziare il prof. Dassisti per la possibilità che ci ha dato. Il settore delle energie rinnovabili presenta in tutto il mondo tassi di crescita molto elevati ed è considerato uno dei comparti più attraenti della “green economy”. Nel 2008 in Europa oltre metà della nuova capacità produttiva del settore elettrico è stata da fonti rinnovabili (13.600 MW su 24.000). Le “nuove” fonti, eolico e fotovoltaico, hanno contribuito per il 93%, rispettivamente con 8.500 e 4.200 MW. In Italia, l’eolico ha visto una crescita della capacità del 37% nel 2008, con l’installazione di 1.000 MW e con una produzione di più di 6 TWh (+50% sul 2007); il fotovoltaico ha aumentato la capacità di sei volte sull’anno precedente, con un incremento di 258 MW. Nel complesso, il settore italiano delle “nuove rinnovabili” ha una capacità installata di circa 4.000 MW. Le società quotate alla Borsa Italiana coprono il 45% circa di questa capacità, con 1.861 MW. Nove di queste società hanno come core business esclusivo o prevalente le energie rinnovabili e costituiscono la base di calcolo dell’IREX – Italian Renewable Index1. L’IREX dopo aver toccato il minimo di 9.320 punti il 16 settembre 2008 sta raggiungendo nelle ultime settimane i suoi valori massimi, perché l’industria delle rinnovabili pare acquisire nuovi stimoli in seguito alla presentazione del 15 giugno scorso della bozza del piano nazionale richiesto dalla UE. L’Italia dovrà raggiungere nel 2020 una quota complessiva di fonti alternative sul consumo finale di energia elettrica del 28,9%, equivalente a un capacità installata di 45.885MW e a una produzione lorda di 105,950 GWh. Il piano conferma quindi il target del 17% di energia rinnovabile entro il 20202 (8-10% alla fine del 2009) e ribadisce l’impegno del Governo a mantenere una politica di incentivi volta a favorire la crescita del settore. Un messaggio contrastante arriva però dalla recente manovra finanziaria, che contiene, nell’articolo 45 l’abolizione dell’obbligo per il GSE del riacquisto dei Certificati Verdi. Tale azione penalizza gli investimenti rischiando di frenare bruscamente la crescita del settore e di compromettere la possibilità di raggiungere i target. "Economia Rinnovabile": il primo rapporto IREX Annual Report di Althesys presentato il 14 prile 2010 a Milano. 1 143 Nonostante le contraddizioni generate da un contesto regolamentare incerto, il settore continua, quindi, a mostrare un comportamento attivo e dinamico, come evidenziato nei mesi scorsi. Le tecnologie FER (Fonti di energia rinnovabile) rappresentano un punto cardine della strategia complessiva dell’Europa per lo sviluppo sostenibile. Lo sviluppo di tali tecnologie per la produzione di energia concilia un positivo impatto sull’ambiente con lo sfruttamento di mercati a elevati tassi di crescita, apportando miglioramenti alla competitività industriale. Segnale evidente della forte e accelerata dinamicità tecnologica del settore sono: la proliferazione delle attività di registrazione dei brevetti ed il peso acquisito dai maggiori Paesi industriali sui mercati internazionali, contribuendo ad un’espansione significativa della produzione e dell’occupazione nell’ambito dei rispettivi sistemi economici. Ciò è ulteriormente rafforzato dai dati più recenti2 sull’espansione del mercato mondiale delle rinnovabili: nel 2007, con 148 miliardi di dollari di nuovi investimenti, un incremento di quasi il 60% rispetto al 2006, il 23% della nuova capacità energetica installata è attribuibile a fonti rinnovabili (pari a circa 10 volte quella relativa al nucleare) e, sempre a livello mondiale, le imprese operanti nel rinnovabile hanno rappresentato il 19% di tutto il capitale finanziario addizionale che si è riversato sul settore energetico. Tali tendenze positive non sono state nemmeno minate dal trend negativo del prezzo del petrolio né dalla gravità della crisi internazionale. I Paesi europei si pongono al momento in posizione di leadership rappresentando circa il 30% del fatturato mondiale del settore, pari al 2,2% del PIL e a 3,4 milioni di posti lavoro. Questa situazione rappresenta, tuttavia, l’inizio di un percorso piuttosto che un punto d’arrivo. La domanda si sta espandendo rapidamente tant’è che si stima un raddoppio del relativo mercato mondiale entro il 2020. Lo sfruttamento delle opportunità poste da tale crescita richiederà soprattutto un sostanziale incremento degli sforzi d’investimento finora profusi, primo fra tutti quello relativo alle spese in Ricerca e Sviluppo. Nel settore dell'energia rinnovabile la tecnologia è la principale risorsa necessaria per stimolare le potenzialità di crescita dei sistemi produttivi. L’aumentata complessità dei processi d’innovazione e delle leve capaci di attivarli, comporta la necessità di acquisire competenze tecnologiche sempre maggiori e consolidate. L'importanza della tecnologia si riflette sulla natura dei vantaggi competitivi che determinano le potenzialità di crescita delle singole economie. In particolare la competizione internazionale si sta giocando sul possesso di competenze tecnologiche che sono ormai divenuti carattere Rapporto ENEA Energia & Ambiente 2008. Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (tutti i dati sensibili e i grafici utilizzati a supporto del lavoro sono tratti dal suddetto rapporto dell’Enea). 2 144 distintivo. La peculiarità dei vantaggi competitivi è rappresentata dalla loro dinamicità, essendo centrati sull’innesco di processi legati all’apprendimento ed alla creazione continua di soluzioni innovative per il sistema produttivo. Proprio per tale motivo si è giunti a considerare la “strategia dell’innovazione”, come fattore chiave nella sfida al problema ambientale. Dal 28 gennaio 2004 l'Unione Europea ha adottato un piano d'azione per promuovere le tecnologie ambientali per ridurre la pressione sulle risorse naturali, migliorare la qualità della vita degli europei e favorire la crescita economica. Obiettivo del programma è realizzare tutte le potenzialità delle tecnologie ambientali e mobilitare tutti gli interessati affinché sostengano questi obiettivi. Tale piano d'azione rappresenta la base per l'avvio di una serie d’iniziative volte a migliorare la cooperazione europea ed internazionale, non solo nella ricerca ma anche nella definizione di standard internazionali, nella commercializzazione delle tecnologie emergenti e nella promozione dell’accettazione sociale delle infrastrutture energetiche. In genere, lo sviluppo di queste tecnologie tende a rigenerare settori esistenti tendenzialmente maturi, come nel caso della meccanica varia e della stessa componentistica elettronica, o a dare origine a veri e propri nuovi settori come nel caso della c.d. edilizia sostenibile. L'analisi del settore delineata nel presente lavoro si concentra in gran parte proprio sull'ambiente industriale in cui nascono e operano queste imprese, cogliendo l'esistenza di un potenziale di sviluppo all'interno dei vari sistemi economici che faccia leva sulle opportunità offerte dalle tecnologie FER. L'effettivo stadio di sviluppo delle industrie che producono tecnologie FER, appare notevolmente differenziato e il relativo mercato risulta frammentato nei vari Paesi, anche nel contesto dell'Unione Europea. La posizione competitiva delle singole industrie nazionali nei settori tecnologicamente e commercialmente affini alle produzioni di tecnologie FER può fornire utili indicazioni sui nuovi modelli di business e sugli eventuali sforzi di politica industriale da attuare. La struttura preesistente potrebbe, rivelarsi svantaggiata dalle barriere che caratterizzano le singole società emergenti e dalla loro futura evoluzione, e quindi condizionare il pieno sfruttamento delle opportunità di crescita. Appare evidente, quindi, che le principali opzioni strategiche saranno quelle di aggregazioni di capitali, tecnologie e know how volte a garantire un vantaggio competitivo sostenibile e a superare i limiti dovuti alle ridotte capacità individuali di competere con le multinazionali. In alcuni casi ciò potrebbe anche riflettere un processo innovativo sviluppato secondo le logiche dei distretti, delle filiere e delle reti, in cui le relazioni fra imprese assumono un ruolo fondamentale. Trascorriamo la maggior parte della nostra vita in edifici (casa, al lavoro o nel tempo libero). E utilizziamo più energia negli edifici che in qualsiasi altro luogo. In Europa, infatti, questi consumano circa il 40% dell’energia e l’UE sta per questo compiendo un notevole sforzo per migliorarne l’efficienza energetica. Attualmente sta riesaminando la propria legislazione per sollecitare miglioramenti più rapidi in molte costruzioni e rafforzare il ruolo dei certificati di rendimento energetico. Questo scenario sta suscitando un forte interesse nei 70 progetti per edifici a maggior efficienza energetica finora finanziati dal programma Energia intelligente – Europa. Tale 145 programma ha sostenuto finora più di 400 progetti internazionali, coinvolgendo circa 3500 organizzazioni, mirando a creare migliori condizioni per un futuro più responsabile nei confronti dell’ energia e comprendendo un vasto ventaglio di ambiti tra cui l’edilizia ecosostenibile. Ogni anno, una parte dei vecchi edifici europei viene ristrutturata da cima a fondo o sostituita con edifici nuovi offrendo un’opportunità unica di costruire in base ai livelli più avanzati di efficienza energetica. Naturalmente occorrono specifiche competenze e una grande attenzione in fase di pianificazione, progettazione e costruzione di questi edifici, in quanto i loro standard differiscono da quelli delle abitazioni tradizionali. Il progetto Energy4Life si prefigge il compito di trasmettere il know-how e le competenze maturate dai partner spingendosi oltre piccoli gruppi di esperti, per raggiungere un’ampia comunità di professionisti del settore. In particolare si tratta di una rete d’imprese che abbina la tecnologia fornita da ciascuna alle esigenze e ai fabbisogni di un territorio, puntando molto sulla dinamicità e sulla sinergia tra piccole aziende che fanno sistema, e che permetteranno di abbandonare il concetto ormai restrittivo e distretto. Obiettivo di Energy4Life3 è quello di creare una filiera delle energie rinnovabili - dal produttore al consumatore - finalizzata ad abbattere i costi energetici grazie all’utilizzo di tecnologie innovative con grandi vantaggi per il territorio e l’ambiente. Il progetto, in linea con i dettami di Kyoto, permetterà di ridurre i costi per l'approvvigionamento energetico del 73% e le tonnellate di anidride carbonica in atmosfera. Si tratta di un nuovo modo di fare impresa, nessuna New Company, ma lo sviluppo di un progetto d’integrazione di competenze complementari per fornire soluzioni avanzate di risparmio energetico per il mercato. Energy4Life è un’iniziativa nata originariamente dalla collaborazione di quattro aziende nella fase iniziale (da cui prende il nome) fortemente orientate all’innovazione ciascuna delle quali fornisce la propria tecnologia per garantire alta efficienza: - Multiutility Fotovoltaico by ForGreen per il fotovoltaico; - Linz Electric con il mini eolico; - ICI Caldaie per la cogenerazione di celle a combustibile idrogeno; - Esco Europe per la parte finanziaria e amministrativa. A questo nucleo originario si sono poi aggiunte altre piccole realtà operanti nel settore tra cui spicca un’impresa pugliese, la Bioenergy Italia, che sviluppa il Progetto per il Centro-Sud Italia ed area Mediterranea. Progetto inserito nel Programma “Energia intelligente per l’Europa” 2010 e presentato all’Expo di Shangai 2009. 3 146 Per rispondere alla pressione competitiva, queste imprese hanno iniziato a discostarsi dal modello di business tradizionale per orientarsi verso forme di organizzazione produttiva a rete. Stiamo assistendo al passaggio dalle tradizionali alleanze strategiche e dai distretti territoriali alle forme di reti d’imprese non localizzate. Tale progetto, applicato su edifici residenziali o industriali, può garantire energia attraverso l’impianto fotovoltaico integrato con quello minieolico e termico e sistemi d’illuminazione a LED. A livello di gestione dell’investimento opera la Esco Europe, Energy Service Company che, attraverso il modello del “performance contractor”, vincola il proprio risultato economico alle performance derivanti dalla gestione ottimale delle tecnologie installate. Il finanziamento avviene attraverso FTT (Finanziamento Tramite Terzi), garantito dalla Esco, tramite il risparmio energetico ottenuto. Questo tipo di approccio assicura al cliente una formula win-win, ovvero una convergenza tra l’interesse economico dello stesso cliente e quello della Esco. Il progetto è stato testato su una palazzina di 16 piani e di 80 unità immobiliari, per un'altezza di circa 50 metri, costruzione ex novo a Verona e vede all'ultimo piano l'installazione di un impianto fotovoltaico e di alcune microturbine eoliche. L'energia, prodotta sfruttando sole e vento, passa per gruppi inverter diventando corrente alternata. Una parte viene immessa in rete, l’altra viene convertita in idrogeno e alimenta il co-generatore che produce energia termica ed elettrica. Questa è la dimostrazione di come sia possibile utilizzare tecnologie e proporre servizi per realizzare un sistema con fonti rinnovabili per la produzione di energia. Il tutto reso possibile grazie a tecnologie già presenti sul mercato, interlocutori con progettualità e capacità di gestione, un quadro normativo assai favorevole e da ultimo una forte sensibilità di cittadini e imprese verso soluzioni ad alta sostenibilità ambientale. Un progetto in cui s’incontrano business diversi, piani industriali diversi, ma che riescono a trovare un forte punto di contatto grazie ad un piano di Green Economy come questo. Un ruolo determinante è giocato dalle due tecnologie che sfruttano le fonti rinnovabili: fotovoltaico e mini eolico, poiché i due produttori hanno avuto la capacità di investire in Ricerca & Sviluppo per immettere sul mercato nuove soluzioni che siano in grado di produrre energia “pulita” con livelli di efficienza sempre più alti e con una forte competitività. Piccole aziende, con importanti tecnologie, ed un sistema ottimale per la gestione delle stesse, offrono un nuovo modello per l'autoproduzione di energia elettrica e termica che può garantire risparmi importanti evitando tonnellate di emissioni di CO2 l'anno. Oggi parlare del 73% di risparmio energetico su un edificio significa sviluppare tecnologie che potrebbero supportare cittadini e imprese nella ridefinizione del concetto di utilizzo e produzione di energia. Il progetto Energy4life, date le sue caratteristiche appena descritte e la sua ambizione, può essere anche considerato un esempio di “Blu Ocean Strategy” teorizzata da W.Chan Kim e Renée Mauborgne . 147 Quando ci troviamo di fronte ad un settore con un trend di sviluppo molto attrattivo, al cui interno sono presenti agenti già molto solidi e organizzazioni minori che da sole non dispongono di risorse sufficienti per competere direttamente, l'approccio strategico citato, risulta essere particolarmente efficace, poiché mira a costruire una strategia capace di creare un nuovo spazio di mercato nel quale operare. E’ evidente come tale situazione rispecchi alla perfezione quella del settore dell'energia rinnovabile, fortemente attrattivo, ma, nel contempo, estremamente complesso per le difficoltà di finanziamento e per gli alti costi iniziali. Il business, al momento, è ancora concentrato nelle mani dei pochi grandi gruppi che già tradizionalmente operavano nel settore dell'energia primaria, nonostante vi siano anche moltissime realtà di dimensioni più modeste che stanno cercando di attuare strategie alternative al fine di ritagliarsi fette importanti. Proprio a questo mirano i soggetti partecipanti a Energy4life, offrendo al mercato un prodotto differenziato, ossia un pacchetto di prodotti-servizi integrati che rendono gli edifici completamente autosufficienti dal punto di vista energetico; ciò risulta altresì vantaggioso, sia al momento dell'investimento iniziale, sia nel lungo periodo dal risparmio ottenuto. Vediamo ora nel dettaglio come si articolano nel nostro lavoro le tre value proposition che devono caratterizzare l'approccio strategico vincente per l'impresa ricostruzionista: value proposition attrattiva per gli acquirenti: offerta integrata di energia pulita che permette di ridurre i costi per l'approvvigionamento energetico del 73%; profit proposition che consenta all'azienda di produrre profitti dalla value proposition: formula win-win per cui l'impresa lega i propri ricavi alle performance del mpianto energetico lucrando una percentuale dei risparmi ottenuti dai clienti; people proposition che permette di motivare coloro che lavorano per l'impresa nell'attuazione della strategia: l'intera organizzazione è incentivata a produrre performance soddisfacenti poiché a queste sono legate i ricavi dell'impresa, il tutto nell'ottica del etica sociale dell'ecosostenibilità. Grazie all'allineamento delle tre proposte di valore, il programma Energy4life, che ha plasmato la strategia di tutte le società partecipanti, è riuscito a unificare segmenti di mercato che sembravano appartenere a imprese diverse, ad espandere il raggio d’azione colmando un vuoto d'offerta preesistente, ed infine a superare barriere che impedivano la creazione di un’offerta importante. In conclusione si può dire che la coopetition tra le imprese è stata la chiave di volta per sviluppare un'offerta integrata di servizi energetici “verdi” applicati all'edilizia; questa ha consentito alle singole aziende di non subire passivamente le condizioni dettate dal settore, ma di provare, tramite lo sforzo congiunto, a ridefinire l'ambiente in cui operano aprendo un nuovo “oceano” di possibilità. 148 INTERVENTI PROGRAMMATI Why we must value the "commons" Giovanni Zurlini Università degli Studi del Salento Ecosystems and their services underpin our economic activities, quality of life and social cohesion but environment, economy and society are unequal partners - for while there are environments without economies and societies, there are no economies and societies without environment. Many of the goods and services provided by ecosystems in our conventional market economy do not have an explicit value - yet if the resilience of our ecosystems continues to diminish, these goods and services will become infinitely value and eventually unattainable. There would be huge consequences for employment, health and the basics of life, stretching far beyond today's resourc conflicts (e.g. fish for food or feed; crops for food or fuels; water for people or crops). There is an urgent need of economy-environment accounting techniques to analyse the relationship between the activities of economic sectors and their impacts on the quantity/quality of ecosystems' goods and services; accounts of inclusive ecosystem benefits and full costs of ecosystem maintenance for informing decisions and trade-offs in macroeconomic policies, local management and market-based actions measurements of societal cohesion and hence welfare that go 'beyond GDP' - based on a framework of socially cohesive economic entities known as 'socio-ecological systems'. 149 SUPPORTING SPONSORS “SentireSostenibile” Nel mese di dicembre 2009 è stato approvato il progetto “SENTIRE SOSTENIBILE” nell’ambito dell’avviso Pubblico della Provincia di Bari BA/8/2009 – “Informazione e sensibilizzazione in materia di sostenibilità ambientale”, a valere sul P.O.R. Puglia 2007 - 2013. Il Consorzio TECFOR, capofila del progetto, intende veicolare temi ambientalmente importanti relativi alla difesa del suolo, nell'area della provincia di Bari, attraverso un messaggio culturale di qualità, in stretta collaborazione con il partner di progetto A.N.C.A, Associazione Nazionale Consulenti Ambientali. Il progetto “SENTIRE SOSTENIBILE” è sostenuto dal Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Gestionale del Politecnico di Bari, dall’UPSA Confartigianato Bari e dal Consorzio ATO BARI/5. L’Obbiettivo è quello di concorrere a sensibilizzare gli operatori economici e la popolazione della provincia di Bari alla salvaguardia e valorizzazione del proprio territorio in un'ottica di sostenibilità ambientale, attraverso una serie di azioni di educazione permanente che testimonino, tra l'altro, l'impegno "ambientale" della Provincia di Bari e della Regione Puglia e che contribuiscano a sviluppare una coscienza comune sull'importanza della protezione dell'ambiente e del suolo. Nello specifico le azioni progettuali mireranno a sensibilizzare da un lato il mondo economico ed aziendale sulla opportunità di utilizzo delle Green Technologies a basso impatto ambientale nella problematica della difesa del suolo e, dall'altro, a coinvolgere i cittadini con un calendario di azioni di sensibilizzazione ed educazione permanente volte a promuovere l'educazione ambientale e soprattutto la cultura della Innovazione tecnologica ecosostenibile. Il programma delle attività ha visto il notevole successo del progetto con i seguenti risultati: - Ricerca e analisi sulle tematiche ambientali inerenti alla difesa del suolo - Realizzazione di una campagna informativa: “La difesa del suolo: salvaguardia e vivibilità del territorio” - Visita Guidata - Mostra fotografica e booklet fotografico - Infoday sulle Green Tecnologies - Laboratorio in situ di educazione ambientaleWorkshop finale di diffusione dei risultati. 150 Domenico Pagazzo Aiutac i a s alvare il m are Mi è d’obbligo innanzitutto ringraziare il prof. Dassisti per la possibilità che ci ha dato di partecipare a questo importante evento. Sono il rappresentante in loco della Presidenza Nazionale della Lega Navale, Ente pubblico che dal lontano 1897 si dedica non solo a riunire gli appassionati delle attività sportive e ludiche strettamente connesse al mare, ma anche alla promozione sociale ed alla protezione ambientale. Insieme all’Associazione Toto di Bari abbiamo voluto cogliere l’occasione che la Provincia di Bari ci ha offerto per concretizzare una capillare sensibilizzazione sulle problematiche afferenti il diporto sostenibile e le sue soluzioni: abbiamo chiamato il nostro progetto “Aiutaci a salvare il mare”. Certo non pretendiamo di competere con la cultura dei ricercatori e degli studiosi, ma nel nostro piccolo vogliamo collaborare per rendere le attività dei diportisti di minore “invasione” per la natura e sensibilizzarli al rispetto dell’ambiente che vivono ed amano: anche le piccole cose hanno la loro importanza. Guardando il comportamento dei bagnanti, dei diportisti e di tutti gli usufruitori del mare e delle coste, ed ancor più le analisi dei soggetti che verificano lo stato di salute e l’organizzazione degli approdi e delle strutture a ridosso del mare finalizzata alla tutela dell’ambiente, abbiamo notato che ben poco viene fatto per evitare piccole “maleducazioni” nel rapporto con l’ambiente 151 marino. Queste “maleducazioni”, moltiplicate e ripetute, partecipano in maniera sostanziale al deterioramento ed all’inquinamento del mare. I grandi eventi che devastano l’ambiente mare sono da voi conosciuti ben più che da me: pozzi di petrolio e petroliere che riversano il loro contenuto nel mare sono sicuramente devastanti, ma anche il piatto di plastica, la busta, il contenitore d’alluminio, la bottiglietta buttata in mare od anche lasciata sulla spiaggia inquina ed interagisce con l’ambiente e, se tale azione viene quotidianamente posta in essere da centinaia i migliaia di persone, l’effetto risulta altrettanto importante. Purtroppo poco si valuta e poco si interviene da questo punto, soprattutto nel Meridione d’Italia: in Puglia solo 8 spiagge hanno avuto la “Bandiera Blu” dal FEE e solo un approdo ha ottenuto tale riconoscimento per l’anno 2010! Nonostante la nostra Nazione ed in particolare la Puglia “viva nel mare” sembra che nessuno si preoccupi di educare i cittadini orientandoli al rispetto del loro ambiente. I diportisti spesso utilizzano motori vetusti, a benzina o gasolio, e, conseguentemente fortemente inquinanti; i diportisti generano energia elettrica a bordo quasi esclusivamente prodotta dallo stesso motore a combustione anziché utilizzare semplici apparecchiature fotovoltaiche o eoliche; poche sono le strutture a terra in grado di “assistere” il diportista nel corretto smaltimento dei rifiuti di ogni tipo; solo ultimamente sono stati previsti degli incentivi governativi per il diportista che intenda sostituire i motori per inquinare meno, ma sono decisamente esigui. Molti, troppi, sono ancora oggi i diportisti che utilizzano barche a motore: su circa 78.000 unità iscritte negli elenchi degli uffici marittimi solo 17.000 sono a vela. Circa il 78% dei diportisti utilizza barche a motore. E’ indispensabile educare il diportista e guidarlo verso l’utilizzo della vela e di strumenti poco inquinanti. Il nostro progetto intende aprire questi discorsi, far si che coloro che si avvicinano ed utilizzano il mare siano consapevoli del danno che possono creare anche con piccole azioni, ma anche sensibilizzare le istituzioni e la ricerca sui danni che oggi e negli anni possono essere causati dall’utilizzo irresponsabile di una risorsa come il mare. Un breve cenno è anche opportuno a riguardo delle strutture produttrici di energia: per costruire barche e strumentazione è necessaria energia, così come la barca in banchina utilizza energia prodotta dalle centrali. Ci risulta che già oggi esistono centrali che recuperano materiale combustibile, il metano, prodotto dalle discariche. Recuperare tale combustibile ed utilizzarlo per la produzione di energia può aiutare l’ambiente in maniera concreta. Non siamo all’altezza di valutare complessivamente la “bontà” del progetto di centrale che vi esponiamo ma gradiremmo che si facesse tale approfondimento. Vi ringrazio per il tempo dedicatomi. 152 PRIZE (Premi) Preface from Organizer Innanzitutto un GRAZIE al Prof. Dassisti che mi ha dato la possibilità di partecipare a questo importante evento internazionale. La partecipazione è stata abbastanza impegnativa soprattutto nella parte di scelta dei “paper award” da assegnare: la molteplicità e la vastità dei temi affrontati e discussi nelle varie sessioni sono stati tali da rendere non semplice la scelta delle presentazioni da premiare; la vivace e franca discussione avuta alla fine con il team di illustrissimi professori del Politecnico che mi hanno aiutato in questo difficile compito ha consentito di fare, spero, una giusta scelta. Per tornare alla conferenza, l’importanza dell’evento è insita nei suoi argomenti e nei suoi contenuti: tutto ciò che riguarda la produzione sostenibile di energia e la protezione dell’ambiente non può che essere importante. Del resto, nel recente passato, ci sono stati numerosi summit internazionali sull’argomento durante i quali sono state prese importanti decisioni e si sono concordate azioni per contenere emissioni e per ridurre l’aumento del riscaldamento globale. Ad essere sincero, non mi sembra che i risultati di questi summit siano stati entusiasmanti: nel dicembre 1997, il trattato di Kyoto prevedeva l'obbligo dei paesi industrializzati di operare una riduzione delle emissioni di elementi inquinanti nel periodo 2008-2012 (biossido di carbonio ed altri cinque gas serra, ovvero metano, ossido di azoto, idrofluorocarburi, perfluorocarburi ed esafluoruro di zolfo) in una misura non inferiore al 5% rispetto alle emissioni registrate nel 1990, considerato come anno base; 12 anni dopo, nella conferenza di Copenhagen (dicembre 2009), da molti considerata un mezzo fallimento, solo l’Unione Europea si presentava con una proposta concreta: la famosa proposta “20-20-20” e cioè ridurre di almeno il 20% le emissioni di gas serra e portare al 20% la quota di rinnovabili nel consumo energetico entro il 2020. Non sono risultati entusiasmanti se si pensa che “se l’umanità intera e quindi tutti i governi della terra decidessero di applicare da domani tutto ciò che sarebbe necessario applicare per contrastare realmente inquinamento e riscaldamento dell’atmosfera, trascorrerebbero alcuni decenni prima di vedere i primi risultati concreti”. Mi scuserà sia l’autore dell’articolo da cui ho tratto questa frase, sia i lettori che non potranno rileggere l’intero articolo, ma non riesco proprio a ricordare e quindi indicare la fonte: l’età avanza e la memoria invece … A questo punto voglio citare un altro noto motto che dovrebbe far riflettere tutti quanti su come dovrebbero essere affrontati i problemi ambientali: sarebbe bene ricordare sempre che “la terra 153 non è qualcosa che abbiamo ricevuto in eredità dai nostri genitori, ma è qualcosa che abbiamo avuto in prestito dai nostri figli”. Non vorrei sembrare pessimista, ma non mi sembra che si stia facendo tutto il possibile per “restituire” la terra in buone condizioni alle generazioni future e quindi per rendere progresso scientifico e tecnologico veramente compatibile con l’ambiente che ci circonda; lo dico in un momento in cui la natura sembra proprio reagire e rivoltarsi contro l’uomo; penso alla “marea nera” nel Golfo del Messico (anche se in questo caso l’errore umano ha contribuito in maniera determinante), agli incendi in Russia, alle inondazioni in Pakistan, per parlare solo degli ultimi avvenimenti di questi mesi estivi del 2010. In aggiunta, nel momento in cui mi accingo a scrivere queste due righe, leggo dalla prima pagina di “la Repubblica” del 17 agosto 2010 l’inizio di un articolo di Antonio Cianciullo “Il caso. La Terra va in riserva, finite la risorse naturali: tra pochi giorni, il 21 agosto, ci saremo giocati tutto il capitale che il pianeta ha messo a nostra disposizione. Avremo utilizzato l’acqua che si ricarica spontaneamente nelle falde, l’erba che i pascoli producono, i pesci del mare e dei laghi, i raccolti delle terre fertili, il frutto dei boschi”. Non è molto incoraggiante! Voglio però concludere queste brevi considerazioni “estive” con un pensiero positivo e, perché no, anche un poco campanilistico, facendo riferimento all’esempio virtuoso della nostra Puglia sulla eco-compatibilità della generazione dell’energia. Riporto da una scheda apparsa sul sito www.sistema.puglia.it : L’ENERGIA IN CIFRE AL 7 GIUGNO 2010 Potenza elettrica installata negli impianti rinnovabili. Eolico: 1.158 megawatt (al 31 dicembre 2009). La Puglia è prima in Italia con il 23,72% di potenza installata rispetto al totale nazionale (pari a 4.880 megawatt). Fonte Terna. Fotovoltaico: 231,091 megawatt (al 10 maggio 2010). La Puglia è prima in Italia con il 19% di potenza installata rispetto al totale nazionale (pari a 1.211,245). Fonte GSE. Sisto De Matthaeis 154 GENERAL MOTORS 155 BOSCH Attività dell’azienda Lo stabilimento BOSCH di Bari rappresenta attualmente la più grande realtà aziendale nel settore automobilistico presente nel sud Italia. Consiste di due Divisioni produttive: Diesel System per la produzione di pompe ad alta pressione e Chassis Systems Brakes per la produzione di pinze freno. Le pompe ad alta pressione hanno il compito di comprimere il carburante (Diesel) portandolo fino alle altissime pressioni necessarie per una corretta iniezione ed indispensabili per ottenere buone prestazioni abbinate a ridotti consumi di carburante ed a ridotte emissioni. I prodotti si dividono in due famiglie: la prima generazione, nota come CP1 (pressione di esercizio 1400 bar), e la seconda nota invece come CP1H (pressione di esercizio 1600 bar). La sigla CP è l’acronimo di “common(rail) pump”, mentre la lettera H sintetizza la dicitura “high pressure” ovvero alta pressione. Le pompe CP1 sono state impiegate sin dalla nascita dei motori common rail, e sono tutt’oggi montate su vetture estremamente diffuse come le Fiat 500, Panda e Punto e la Ford Ka. Le pompe CP1H rappresentano invece la seconda generazione e sono montate su vetture come le Alfa 159 e Mi.To., la Fiat Croma, la Renault Megane e in generale sulle vetture delle case automobilistiche Renault, Fiat, Peugeot e Opel e sui veicoli commerciali. Nella divisione Chassis Systems Brakes sono prodotti tre tipi differenti di freni a disco: ZOH, ZOH BIR3 e serie V. I freni a disco anteriori ZOH (acronimo di Zero Offset Harmonized) e i freni a disco posteriori ZOH BIR3 (BIR è acronimo di Ball In Ramp) sono montati su applicazioni Fiat (Bravo, Grande Punto, Idea, 500 e sua versione Abarth, Multipla, Panda, Lancia Delta e Musa e anche sui furgoni Ducato) e GME-Opel (Corsa), mentre il freno a disco anteriore serie V è montato sulla Fiat 600 e sulla versione base della 500. Tutti i freni prodotti offrono molteplici vantaggi per i clienti, poiché privilegiano bassa rumorosità durante la frenata, favoriscono consumi contenuti di carburante ed elevate prestazioni funzionali, in virtù di utilizzo di materiali leggeri e resistenti. Il sistema produttivo BPS, il costante sviluppo dell'eccellenza del Business, l'eccellente qualità, i collaboratori competenti che lavorano con passione ed il continuo impegno per la sostenibilità ambientale rappresentano i punti di forza del sito barese. Oltre allo stabilimento produttivo nel sito è presente il Centro Studi Componenti per Veicoli (CVIT) ove è stato progettato il primo sistema Common Rail. Le principali attività del Centro Studi sono la ricerca, ingegnerizzazione e applicazione per il sistema Common Rail oltre che attività di sviluppo della pompa di alta pressione con responsabilità mondiale per i prodotti CP1, CP1H, CP3 e CP4 MD/OHW. Motivazioni del premio Come azienda impegnata nella produzione e nella ricerca di soluzione sempre più efficienti e performanti per l’automotive, apprezziamo il lavoro svolto per la creatività e perché, oltre a dare un contributo in questa direzione, apre la strada a nuove potenziali linee di ricerca e sviluppo verso un trasporto sempre più efficiente e pulito. 156 157 INTERFLON Interflon makes specialist lubricants resulting in superior performance and major cost savings Interflon makes high performance lubricants for industrial and foodstuff plant equipment and outdoor machinery. Our innovative technology results in superior performance and major energy and maintenance cost savings. Interflon lubricants greatly reduce friction, lubricant consumption rates and lubrication work, whilst prolonging the service life and availability of machinery. It has never been easier to save maintenance cost and resolve lubrication issues at the same time. Lower cost, higher output levels Looking for savings? Interflon products offer lubricity and protection well beyond the properties of conventional lubricants. They promote equipment uptime and factory output whilst reducing maintenance cost and energy consumption. Here's what our clients achieve: 1. Reduced Lubrication Labour Costs The high lubricity of Interflon lubricants promote extended lubrication intervals typically our products lubricate up to 5 times longer. This results into considerably less lubrication labour-work giving your engineers additional allowance for other maintenance and remedial work. 2. Lower Lubricant Consumption Rates With extended lubrication intervals, you’ll need less lubricant every time you lubricate. In this way, you reduce cost and waste of possibly hazardous materials. 3. Extended Component life Interflon products reduced wear and tear. This results in extended component life and lower parts exchange expenditure. Most probably the easiest way to extend the charge life of your chains and other critical components. 4. Less lubricants on Stock Unlike most conventional lubricants, Interflon products are engineered for a multitude of lubrication applications, enabling you to cut down on the number of lubricants that you stock and use. With Interflon, you reduce lubrication mistakes and free up storage space. 158 Lubricate by rolling like miniature ball bearings 5. Reduced Power Consumption Energy savings resulting from improved lubrication is the most often overlooked way of saving costs. Interflon lubricants evidently reduce power consumption and thus reduce your energy costs and climate TAX charges. 6. Less unexpected breakdowns, increased uptime, more output Reduced wear and tear promotes less maintenance, disruptive malfunctions and remedial work during unexpected breakdowns. This in turn improves machine availability and increases factory output. 7. Safer premises due to Reduced Vibrations & Acoustic Emission With Interflon, machines usually run smoother and quieter. Where recorded, vibration readings often reduce by 30% - or more, and noise levels taken usually show reductions of several decibels to prove this. Low noise 8. Health & Safety; Less bacteria and slip hazard on floors Operational health and safety improves notably where “Wet” Water/Soap lubrication is replaced with Interflon dry-film Lubricants or when the intensity of the vibration of air tools is brought back within the set limits. 9. Environmental Benefits Less lubricant consumption, less leakages and longer lubrication intervals eventually results into smaller amounts of lubricant ending up in cooling/ waste water systems and the environment. This will help you to keep the costs of waste water treatment and pollution tax down whilst maintaining compliance with environmental permits - something that benefit us all. 159 160 Spinti dalla passione per la Qualità Operiamo nel settore della meccanica di precisione e controllo di qualità dal 1996. La professionalità e la continua ricerca, ci permettono di svolgere molteplici attività. Progettiamo e costruiamo attrezzature per macchine utensili, calibri speciali per attributi e per variabili, apparecchiature meccatroniche e pneumatiche. I nostri tecnici altamente qualificati controllano e certificano, in una sala metrologica all’avanguardia, calibri e attrezzature. Siamo Centro SIT n. 196 per la taratura dei blocchetti piano paralleli. Commercializziamo Macchine e Strumenti di misura i nostri Partners: CARL ZEISS ITALIA - CMF MARELLI MAHR - AFFRI - MODEN - RENISHAW - SCHOLLY - TQM ITACA Forniamo consulenza per l’implementazione ed il mantenimento del Sistema Qualità secondo la norma ISO 9001 e dei Sistemi Ambientali secondo la norma ISO 14001 ed EMAS, Sistema di gestione Etica SA8000, assistenza per l'attestazione SOA, svolgiamo corsi di metrologia e di disegno tecnico. Spinti dalla passione per il nostro lavoro e dalla nostra esperienza siamo sempre pronti ad offrirVi un servizio tempestivo, affidabile, di qualità costante nel tempo. 161 162 163 SPONSORSHIP 164 Valle d’Itria by Yellow.Cat - CC - Flikr.com MAIN SPONSORS AUTOMOBILE CLUB BARI PRIZE SPONSORS http://seep2010.poliba.it e-mail: [email protected]