Science and Technology for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage

Transcript

5th International Congress on
“Science and Technology for the
Safeguard of Cultural Heritage in the
Mediterranean Basin”
Istanbul, Turkey
22 – 25 November 2011
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© VALMAR – Roma
Printed by Moda Ofset, Istanbul - November, 2011
ISBN 978-88-905639-3-5
Publishing coordination, revision and realization: Angelo Ferrari - CNR, Inst. of Chemical
Methodologies, Italy; Digital Editing and Data Processing: Stefano Tardiola and Gianni
Pingue; Secretariat: Enza Sirugo - CNR, Inst. of Chemical Methodologies, Italy; Elvira
Possagno, Manuela Manfredi, A.I.C. Secretariat, Italy.
Printing coordination, revision and realization: Alpaslan Hamdi Kuzucuoğlu, Istanbul
University.
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FOREWORD
This Congress which follows the December 2009 Congress of Cairo
represents a significant step forward for the number of scientific activities, for the
countries Participants belong to and for the number of presentations. These data
show how large is the interest of scientists from all over the world for the
preservation of our Cultural Heritage.
There are 750 registered scientists who belong to 52 countries: Albania,
Algeria, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India,
Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Mongolia,
Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Norway, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, USA,
Virgin Islands.
The total number of Abstracts is 400 presented by 1.030 Authors and Coauthors: 256 oral and 44 poster presentations.
Most participants belong to universities (60%), 24% belong to public
scientific institutions and 16% to scientific enterprises.
This Congress will be also the right moment to define the final text of the
EACH Project to be given to the European Commissioner for Research and
Innovation, Mrs. Máire Geoghegan-Quinn in order to take it into account for the
“Discussion Document” the Commissioner is preparing for the next 8th Framework
Programme of the European Commission to be completed within the end of 2011.
Welcome to Istanbul, Istanbul’a hoç geldiniz,
prof. Angelo Guarino
prof. Ahmet Güleç
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INDEX
Foreword ..................................................................... III
Organization .............................................................. VI
Session A, Resources of the Territory …………..………. 1
Session B, Diagnostics and Restoration ……………………….. 80
Session C, Biological Diversity and Performing Arts ………. 259
Session D, Museums Projects & Benefits …………………… 290
Abstracts Titles ........................................................ 366
Keywords Index ....................................................... 377
Authors Index ........................................................... 383
V
 Franco Salvatori
Italian Geographic Society, Italy
 Cevat Erder
ICCROM, Former director
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
ORGANIZATION
HONORARY COMMITTEE
Ertugrul Gunay
Ministry of Tourism & Culture, Turkey
Giancarlo Galan
Ministry of Culture
Michela Brambilla
Ministry of Tourism, Italy
 Huseyin Avni Mutlu
Governor of Istanbul, Turkey
 Kadir Topbas
Mayor of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality,
Turkey
 Yunus Soylet
Rector of the Istanbul University, Turkey
 Nur Akin
ICOMOS, Turkey
 Maria Mautone , Dept. Cultural Heritage
 Sesto Viticoli, Dept. Molecular Design
(National Research Council, CNR), Italy
Hala Afifi , Cairo University, Egypt
Zeynep Ahunbay, Istanbul Technical Univ. Turkey
Engin Akyurek , Istanbul University, Turkey
Monica Alvarez , CSIC, ICG, Madrid, Spain
Elif Őzlem Aydin, Gebze University, Turkey
Meric Bakiler , Mimar Sinan University, Turkey
Claire Angéle Baluci, DSL Heritage, Malta
Can Binan , Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
Demet Binan, Mimar Sinan University, Turkey
Hasan Boke , Izmir Institute of Technology ,
Turkey
Antonio Gómez Bolea, Barcelone Univ. Spain
Ezio Burri , L'Aquila University, Italy
Emine Caner , Middle East Technical Univ. Turkey
Giulia Caneva, Rome "TRE" University, Italy
Bernardino Chiaia, Turin Polytechnic, Italy
Philippe Colomban, CNRS, LADIR Thiais, France
Alfredo Coppa, Rome University, Italy
Francesco D’Andria, Lecce University, Italy
Frank Ehlers, NATO, Undersea Research Centre ,
Germany
Fethiye Erbay, Istanbul University, Turkey
Mutlu Erbay, Bosphorus University, Turkey
Ahmet Ersen, Istanbul Technical Univ. Turkey
Nevra Ertürk , Mimar Sinan University, Turkey
Angelo Ferrari , CNR, IMC Rome, Italy
Piero Frediani , CNR, Florence, Italy
Paolo Galluzzi , Florence University , Italy
Salvatore Garraffo , CNR, ITABC Rome , Italy
David Gregory, National Museum of Denmark,
Copenhagen, Denmark
Angelo Guarino, AIC, Italy
Sevil Gulcur, Istanbul University, Turkey
Ahmet Güleç, Istanbul University, Turkey
Meral Halifeoglu , Dicle University, Turkey
Mohamed Abdel Harith, Cairo University, Egypt
Murat Hatipoglu, Dokuz Eylul Univ. Turkey
VI
Basak Ipekoglu, Izmir Institute of Technology,
Turkey
Jerzy Jasienko, Wroclaw Technical University ,
Poland
Andreas Kappos , Aristotele University of
Thessaloniki, Greece
Sedat Kurugol, Mimar Sinan University, Turkey
Roman Kozlowski, Polish Academy of Sciences ,
Poland
Donna Kurtz, Beazley Archive, Oxford , UK
Alpaslan Hamdi Kuzucuoğlu, Istanbul University,
Turkey
Johanna Leissner, Fraunhover Institute, Germany
Milica Ljaljevic Grbic, Belgrade Univ. Serbia
Roberto Macchiarelli, Poitiers University, France
Laura Moltedo, CNR, Dept. Cultural Heritage,
Italy
Antonia Moropoulou, Athens Technical
University, Greece
Stale Navrud, Norwegian University of Life
Sciences (UMB), Norway
Michele Pipan, Triest University, Italy
Anastasia Pournou, Athens University, Greece
Thomas Risan, The Norwegian Institute for
Cultural Heritage Research, Norway
José Ignacio Rojas-Sola, Jaén University, Spain
Jon Rodica – Mariana, ICECHIM, Bucarest,
Romania
Manuela Romagnoli, Tuscia University (VT),
Italy
Julio Romero Noguera, Granada University ,
Spain
Luigia Sabbatini, Bari University, Italy
Cristina Sabbioni, CNR, ISAC Bologna, Italy
Renzo Salimbeni, CNR, IFAC Florence, Italy
Nil Sari, Istanbul University, Turkey
Apostolos Sarris , Foundation for Research &
Technology, Crete, Greece
Magda Sibley, Manchester School of Architecture,
UK
Claudia Sorlini, Milan University, Italy
Johan Tidblad, Swerea Kimab, Sweden
Sarp Tuncoku, Izmir Institute of Technology,
Turkey
Claudio Tuniz, Triest University, Italy
Alessandro Vigato, CNR, ICIS Padoa, Italy
Moushira Zaki, Cairo University, Egypt
Nilufer Baturayoglu Yoney, Istanbul Technical
University, Turkey
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Ali Osman Avsar, Culture & Tourism Ministry,
Turkey
M. Simsek Deniz, Istanbul Metropolitan
Municipality, Turkey
Antonella De Mico , CNR, Rome , Italy
Diomira Di Ciano, CNR, Dept. Medicine, Rome ,
Italy
Fethiye Erbay, Istanbul University, Turkey
Angelo Ferrari , CNR, IMC Rome , Italy
Angelo Guarino, AIC, Italy
Ahmet Gulec, Istanbul University, Turkey
Saadet Guner, KUMID, Turkey
Hasan Riza Guven, Istanbul University, urkey
Safak Sahir Karamehmetoglu, Istanbul
University, Turkey
Alpaslan Hamdi Kuzucuoglu, Istanbul University,
Turkey
Manuela Manfredi, AIC, Rome, Italy
Gianni Pingue, AIC, Rome, Italy
Elvira Possagno, AIC, Rome , Italy
Ozcan Feyzullah, Deputy Governor of Istanbul,
Turkey
Enza Sirugo, CNR, IMC Rome, Italy
Ali Omar Taha, CIERA, Cairo, Egypt
Stefano Tardiola, CNR, IMC Rome, Italy
VII
VIII
SESSION A - Resources of the Territory
HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE ACCADEMIA IN VILLA ADRIANA OF
TIVOLI: THE BUILDING IN THE HADRIAN ERA
Cacciavillani Carlos Alberto1, Margiotta Nina Maria2, Mazzanti Claudio3
1
University “G. D’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy, [email protected]; 2University “G. D’Annunzio”,
Chieti-Pescara, Italy, [email protected]; 3University “G. D’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy,
[email protected]
Keywords: Building Technique, Roman Architecture, Building Conservation, Villa Adriana, Academy
This study comes from the experience gained through years of teaching and research on the ancient
architectural techniques. The choice to know the Roman architecture, in particular the period of Hadrian
as ‘place-study’, is motivated by the large contribution that this has given to the architecture of the
Mediterranean basin. The aim of this research is the study of building techniques and the materials used
in the complex denominated Academy, at Villa Adriana in Tivoli. This heritage is almost unknown, with
no restoration and no variation from the original.
The analysis of the construction techniques will be divided as follows: materials, size, installation, arches,
thick walls, the study of flat and curved walls, corner solutions and volume. It will identify the modularity
and the homogeneous parts of buildings, including the construction of
interpretative frames, 3D virtual models and scale models for study.
The study, together with an examination of the archaeological finds, in
search of archival material and bibliography, will make use mainly of
direct analysis on buildings, through the creation of new surveys
planimetric and elevation, as well as original interpretive schemes,
with a focus on the different construction techniques that characterize
the complex of buildings of the Academy, in order to determine the
various phases of each of these works in relation to the more general
growth and transformation of Villa Adriana.
Particular attention will be directed to sun exposure and the lighting of
the natural environment of the Academy.
The research will be developed in phases strictly interrelated with each
other: a) Data collection in situ; b) Bibliographic review; c) The rating
of the details identified; d) Typological selection of constructive
solutions; e) Selection of samples for the analytical characterization of
materials, analysis of the elements of stone and bricks, selected for
their uniqueness or singularity apparent or, conversely, because of
their wide dissemination; f) Recognition of similarities with the rest of
Fig. 1 Tivoli, Villa Adriana.
Accademy, surveys planimetric and
the archaeological complex of Villa Adriana; g) Study materials for
elevation.
the construction of Villa Adriana in the archaeological museums, with
their analysis from a metric point of view and types of building materials from the archaeological site
under investigation; h) Comparison with ancient drawings and classical treatises.
The integrated study of all these different aspects can lead new contributions, useful for knowledge and
conservation of this important heritage.
An important aspect is to add new knowledge about Villa Adriana, as the urban structure alignments and
the main axes of the buildings, the relationship with the altimetry and the terrain.
The expected result of this project is not only the transmission of technical and historical data, but also the
possibility of a comparison of historical methods and scientific approach to the study of subject. The
ultimate objective is a methodological growth and openness to the study of architecture that goes beyond
the territorial boundaries to achieve a sharing of knowledge and traditions on the ars aedificandi.
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IDENTITY PRESERVATION IN RENEWED USES OF THE SAMA’KHANA IN
CAIRO
Luisa Bongrani1, Giuseppe Cecere2,Giuseppe Fanfoni3, Sara Fanfoni4, Ali Taha Omar5
1-2-3-4-5
CIERA, Cairo, Egypt – CFPR, Roma, Italy. e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected];
5
[email protected]; [email protected]
Keywords: Identity, Preservation, Reuse
The identity of a monument is essentially definable by his technical, visual and cultural aspects.
Therefore, the more deeply we respect such aspects during restoration intervention, and the more
carefully we will operate, in an eventual case of reuse of the ancient monuments for their material
conservation, and their cultural significance.
We will give here reference to an example of recovery and current reuse of a very special complex,
according this aim: the Cairo Sama’khana and another antecedent and underlying building, the Sunqur
Sa’di Madrasa. The technical identity is recognizable in the structure and in the support of the shape and
of the work image: from the knowledge of its technique we can know deeper the relation of the artist,
artisans and material, with the cultural contents and form.
We have therefore given great attention to keep the original technical elements, for giving the possibility
of deeper researches, by future and more modern systems and instruments of analysis.
In case of need of particular safety devices, we took care of distinguishing them and keeping recognizable
the original.
The identity of the visual form is expression and image of the work project.
The form of the particular, planimetric and spatial planning of the Sama’khana, which reuses also parts of
earlier elements of the madrasa of Sunqur Sa’di is the expression of the symbology itself of the Sama’ rite
and functional requirements. In this situation, our intervention was directed both to the recovery of its
original formal identity, and to the conservation of the documents recording both the reused parts of the
madrasa and its most significant moments of formal changes.
The excavated area of the Sunqur Sa’di Madrasa, below the sama’khana, appeared seriously damaged
because of the time and the Mevlevi reuse:
therefore his formal recovery was carried on,
with much discretion, for expositive purposes
and of comprehension of the monument.
The cultural identity is definable by the origin
of a monument and by the utilization in its social
context and in the historical development.
The Sama’khana which is inspired by religious
feeling and philosophy of the founder of the
Order, was conceived as the heart of all the
conventual complex, by the sufi Mevlevi
confraternity, which was devoted to the spiritual
and moral education, and to an important
humanitarian activity of assistance to the poor
people.
It is not by chance that, on 28 July 1988, the
opening of the restored Sama’khana to public,
coincided with the inauguration of the Centro
Italo-Egiziano per il Restauro e l’Archeologia,
and made official the teaching organization of an
educational work site school, which is since a
long time operating for the recovery of the area,
and had become a frequented centre of training.
We may say that the work site school reflects in
some way the learning organization of the
Mevlevi Tariqa, although it is directed not only
to ethical education, but also to the discipline and
the practice of the work.
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THE ROCK DWELLINGS OF SHAWBAK AND NEARBY AREA (SOUTHERN
JORDAN)
Ezio Burri1, Andrea Del Bon2, Pasquale Di Paolo3, Angelo Ferrari4, Massimo Mancini5, Marco
Meneghini6, Pietro Ragni7, Guido Vannini8
1
University of L’Aquila (Italy), [email protected]; 2Collaborator of University of L’Aquila (Italy),
[email protected]; 3Terredimezzo srl - Campobasso (Italy), [email protected]; 4Institute of Chemical
Metodologies – National Research Council, Roma (Italy), [email protected]; 5University of Molise (Italy),
[email protected]; 6National Speleological Society (Italy), [email protected]; 7Institute of Chemical
Metodologies – National Research Council, Roma (Italy), [email protected]; 8University of Florence (Italy),
[email protected]
Keywords: Underground Environments, Shawbak , Jordan
As part of the archaeological mission “From Petra to Shawbak – Archaeology of a Frontier”,
specific research was addressed to the identification and study of artificial hypogea that develop on the
extensive cliffs around the crusader castle of Shawbak, located in southern Jordan. The structures known
as Jaya and Habis, positioned in the immediate vicinity of the fortification and related to it, are of
particular interest. Above all, some of these settlements may have been part of the Ayyubid-Mameluke
town already pinpointed and certainly present at some time during the 13th-14th centuries.
The original configuration of the underground environments is easily identifiable even from
outside because of recent collapse, but their exploration is complex due to the fact that the sites are
vertical, although it is clear that the site was settled on a continued basis. The earlier phases, presumably
Byzantine and revealing its use as a place of worship with burials and simple depictions, were followed
by agricultural periods, with definitive interruption presumably only in the last century
The examination of the sites included not only surveys but also hydrogeological readings, radon
gas sampling and landscape-settlement analysis.
These multidisciplinary studies intend both to safeguard the cultural identity of the sites and to
foster the most suitable technical and scientific activities for their enhancement and promotion in the
tourism sector.
The Shawbak Castle
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TOWARDS MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION OF EGYPTIAN CULTURAL
LANDSCAPES SITES CASE STUDY: SIWA OASIS
Eslam Mahmoud Hassan Hussein Nofal1
1
Post-graduate Student of Maclands II; Master in Management of Cultural Landscapes - Universität Stuttgart,
Germany; Lecturer assistant at the department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Egypt,
email: [email protected]
Keywords: Management, Preservation, Cultural Landscape
The problem can be summarized in the lack of information, including the sequence steps for management and
preservation of the cultural heritage landscape sites in Egypt. Also, the lack of coordination between the government,
the associations which are looking after with culture landscape, GIS designers, archaeologists and the public for
management the cultural landscapes sites and their preservation.
So, the paper has tried to put some of central research questions:
Is it possible to reach a common framework means the management and preservation of cultural heritage landscape
sites in Egypt, in order to make a valorization for such these sites?
Could the application of this common framework on “Siwa Oasis” help to develop and upgrade this framework?
The paper aims to find the possibility of reaching a common framework for the formulation of management and
preservation of cultural heritage landscape sites in Egypt in order to make a valorization for such these sites.
After that, the paper made an application on a cultural heritage site “Siwa Oasis”, which aims to reach an urban
upgrading, humanity upgrading and adaptation of the heritage places for the selected case study.
HISTORIC CENTRE OF CATANIA: FROM URBAN BLIGHT TO DISORDER.A
PROJECT OF VALORISATION
D’Urso Andrea1, Famoso Fabio2
1
PhD Student in Geography, University of Catania, Italy, [email protected]; 2PhD Student in Geography,
University of Catania, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Urban Regeneration Models, GIS, Public Spaces
In the last decades the historic center of Catania was object of partial regeneration measures. In fact until the 80's a
large portion of the historic center was left abandoned and deteriorated, only afterwards the city planners began the
restyling work of the “old heart” of Catania. This paper is about this transformation process and the urban and social
revival of the historic center. The paper will give both a definition of the historic center as part of the urban fabric
dating back to the preindustrial period and a cartographic representation. The analysis will also focus on the urban,
social and economic reasons that lead to the regeneration of different areas of the historic center. We will discuss the
controversial issue of the different regeneration models: on one hand the city planners, geographers and sociologists
that consider the demolition policy, carried out after the Second World War, as a measure intended to replace old
neighborhoods (e.g. San Berillo) with new ones, symbols of post-modernity and new urban functions ( service sector
and high technology) without preserving the old authentic spirit of the neighborhood, on the other hand those who
consider the historic center overloaded with new functions and high rate of congestion as an element of vitality, rich
in new ferments, different from the ones in the past as now there are new different users. This analysis will deal not
only with the housing issue and the controversial discussion between demolition and preservation, restoration and
reuse, but also with new functions of the public space (squares, streets etc) used by city inhabitants and city users. A
special emphasis is given to the economic, social and cultural systems present in the historic center and their many
effects. Finally this study will analyze the latest city planning scheme in comparison with the previous plans, by using
Gis (Geographical information system) maps to represent the transformation occurred to the historic center in the last
decades.
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REFUNCTIONING OF MONUMENTS “RESTORING RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS
WITH DIFFERENT USES”
Ass. Prof. Dr. Mine Tanaç Zeren1
1
Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Architecture, [email protected]
Carrying all the historical, cultural and architectural heritage to future can be obtained by letting all these values used
by nowadays needs. If a monument can not be used for some purposes and can not be adapted to life, it won’t be able
to preserved, it will be left alone and forgotten forever.
When preserving these monuments come into practice the best way in restoration attempt is preserving all of them
with their original functions. But this can not be possible practically in some cases. Now that a monument needs
urgent interventions, this case shows that it can not be used for several reasons, and the most important reason will
be its loss of its original function.
Religious buildings have private functions, so if a religious building lose its community, it can not be used by other
religious communities. Religious buildings are important landmarks, symbols of the towns. This cases differs the
religious buildings from all other monuments. If we are talking about the religious buildings, two main
abandonment factors can be seen.
They can be demolished because of external factors especially because of wars.
They can lose their own community and can be left alone. (Again because of reasons of wars)
All these two cases makes the preservation case of the religious buildings by refunctioning. Because in both cases the
monument will be restored as the symbolic evidence of the history of the town, and as the identity searches for the
territory it belongs. This paper aims to put forward refunctioning examples of religious buildings.
BONONIA PICTA: THE 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF BOLOGNA IN XVI CENTURY
Orlandi M.1, Smurra R.2
1
Ph.D. Student in History and Computing (Università di Bologna, Italy) [email protected] (3D
Reconstruction); 2 Reader in Medieval Urban History (Università di Bologna, Italy) [email protected] (didactics
and cultural tourism)
Keywords: 3D Historical Reconstruction, History Of Bologna, Didattica, Turismo Culturale
3D Reconstruction
The three-dimensional reconstruction of the city of Bologna in the second half of the 16th century is based on the
fresco representing the city, situated in the apostolic buildings in Vatican and commissioned from Pope Gregory XIII
in 1575. The fresco represents a perspective view of the city in its complete urban development within the third
circle of walls (XIII century), broke down at the early beginning of the XX century.
The three-dimensional reconstruction was made with an open-source 3D modeling software (Blender) and has
concerned the whole urban area represented in the vatican fresco (ca. 5000 buildings). The 3D reconstruction was
also based on the urban cadastral survey made in the Pontifical State in 1835, in order to sustain the virtual
reconstruction with a reliable topographic map and chronologically close to the vatican source.
The 3D city model of Bologna in the late 16th century was also tested in a 3D engine (Unity) to create an interactive
virtual environment where a user can move along in real time.
The current state of the project allows to navigate the whole area of Bologna as it was painted in the vatican fresco.
Another phase of the work will focus on the reproduction of buildings materials and on the creation of the Digital
Terrain Model -DTM- (based on current spot heights and contour lines data) with the vegetation reproduced in the
pictorial decoration.
The next step is to connect the 3D models to historical data coming from several sources and to link the 3D model of
Bologna in renaissance to the other historical three-dimensional reconstructions of the city (especially for medieval
times).
Didactics and cultural tourism
The goal is to obtain a dual-purpose model which it will be used in university didactics to visualize the history of
transformations of Bologna since antiquity until renaissance, through the production of a GIS application that will
provide a visualization of the historical documents of the city. This achievement will also reach a large audience
interested in cultural heritage. Concerning about cultural tourism it will be possible to create customized itineraries
and mobile and tablet APPS.
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KHARGA OASIS CULTURAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT: AN APPROACH TO
SUSTAINABLE PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CULTURAL AND
NATURAL HERITAGE COMPONENTS
Elsayed M. Yones1
1
Director of Site Management Department, Islamic and Coptic Sector – Ministry of State for Antiquities
Summary
Kharga Oasis is the largest of Egypt’s Oases. It is located in the New Valley Governorate, in the Western
Desert which known as the Libyan Desert, in around 200 km western of the Nile River. The Oasis was
settled since the Pharaonic times by an indigenous community. They live in traditional type of small
houses, which had built from local materials of the Oasis (clay from bottom of lakes and wood and leaves
of the palm trees). The main source of income is from agriculture, industry, and tourism. Kharga’s main
cultivated crops are cereals, dates, and vegetables. Main handcrafts are pottery, carpet, basket and matmaking from the leaves and fibres of the palm trees.
Kharga Oasis characterized by desert feature; its environment has both cultural and natural elements
which formed a remarkable Cultural Landscape. The 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the
Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, which is known as the World Heritage
Convention, was designated the concept of Cultural Landscape in its Article 1 as cultural properties
which represent “the combined works of nature and of man". Moreover, the 2008’s Operational
Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention clearly explained the definition and
categories of inscription of the Cultural Landscape on the World Heritage List. In parallel, it urged the
State Parties to the World Heritage Convention to do all they can to ensure the protection, presentation
and management of their cultural landscape and its outstanding universal value as one component of
World Heritage.
Basis on the above definition, Cultural Landscape reflects the interactions between people and their
natural environment over space and time, so Kharga Oasis represents a good example of the cultural
landscape which produced by the interactions between the indigenous Khargian people and their natural
environment from Pharaonic time till today. According to the second category (ii.b) of the Cultural
Landscape Categories in the 2008’s Operational Guidelines, There are many elements and units have
been formed the cultural landscape of Kharga Oasis, which could be identified as follows:
 Natural heritage components: lakes, freshwater springs, mountains, hills, palm fields, and rock and
sand formations
 Cultural heritage components: local festivals, traditional houses, traditional handcrafts, historical trade
route, artifacts and archaeological remains (temples, caves,
fortresses, and necropolises).
Nowadays, the Outstanding Cultural Landscape of Kharga
Oasis which consider a unique Desert Landscape associated
with the traditional way of life of indigenous community, are
threatened by number of factors such as: increasing tourist
numbers, lack of awareness of local community about cultural
significance of the Oasis, lack of maintenance and monitoring
by national government, new reclamation projects for the Oasis’
The Bagawat Necropolis at Kharga Oasis
(Source: Google Image)
lands, and deterioration of the state of landscape components by
natural and human factors. So the overarching and main
objective of this research is to help in protection and
management of the cultural and natural components of Kharga Oasis’ Landscape to safe and sustain its
outstanding universal values.
6
PROPOSAL FOR ARCHITECTURAL, URBAN AND HERITAGE LANDSCAPE
PROTECTION ZONES (HAMPI, INDIA)
Ananth Preethi1, Bilal Essaid2
1
University Jean Monnet, St-Etienne, France, [email protected]; 2Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de
Saint Etienne, UMR6425, CNRS, Saint Etienne, France, [email protected]
Keywords: Heritage, Architecture, Landscape
Hampi is a complex, living, World Heritage Site with widespread archaeological remains of the erstwhile
metropolis within a spectacularly beautiful natural setting characterized by boulder landscape and the
meandering river Tungabhadra. It undoubtedly requires a management program that addresses the
challenges so posed, the balances that are the requirements of heritage protection and the essential
developmental needs of the site.
Effective management of a heritage site is real and functions at ground level. It is subjected to the
activities of many groups of different levels within and outside the mainstream systems of the country. It
is therefore obvious that diverse and numerous aspects and interests have to work together in harmony
towards the goal of conserving the cultural heritage, values and significance of the site.
Looking Beyond Monuments:
The existing paradigm of heritage comprehension and its protection and management are limited to
monuments in India and deemed as the responsibility of selected agencies and state departments of
archaeology. Comprehension of an area as heritage and the protection and management of the entire area
introduces a new paradigm and new challenges that have to be understood. Detailed survey of the Hampi
Village includes study of urban formation, Landscape of Hampi Village, Typology of the buildings,
Architectural Vocabulary etc. This project, Heritage conservation and
development program aims at protecting the overall character of the
Hampi village and its landscape and townscape. This project deals
with an area of special architectural cultural or historic interest, the
character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance.
Many parts of the site are living areas, although the buildings and
spaces have lost their original usage. There are many structures, which
are either in use due to their associational value or have been reused by
the local population. It is observed that a few temples and shrines are
still worshipped and the historic Market Street is still being put to
commercial use. The traditional use of structures has been changed.
For instance, many structures have been converted into temples and
tombs and others are being used as residential structures. Around the historical renowned temples many
unauthorized guest houses and residential complexes have been developed and it is in the verge of getting
a little too out of control situation.
Fig. 1 View of temple
The concept:
Architecture, Urban and Heritage Landscape Protection Areas, are a portion of the territory to be
protected or to be valorised for aesthetic or historic
reasons. The main aim here is to protect the environment
around the monument, to safeguard the disappearing
urban heritage and other architectural features which
constitute the historic importance to that particular area.
This is a form of protection plan intended to focus on
listed buildings, group of buildings, open space or an
historic street pattern. This heritage conservation plan
envisages the site to maintain its extraordinary values-the
delicate balance of nature and the ruinous character of
Fig. 2 Proposed sectors
Vijayanagara metropolis.
7
CREATIVE EVALUATION OF GENIUS LOCI
Dr., MdC Marilena Vecco1, Prof. Luigi Fusco Girard2
1
University Ca’ Foscari, Venice, San Sebastiano 1686, [email protected], +39 041 2347383 - University of Naples,
Federico II, Department of Conservation of Architectonic and Environmental Assets, Via Roma, 402, 80134 Napoli,
Tel. +39 081-2538662; 2University of Naples, Federico II, Department of Conservation of Architectonic and
Environmental Assets, Via Roma, 402, 80134 Napoli, [email protected], Tel. +39 081-2538664
The paper – structured in 8 sections - aims to analyze the concept of place and its genius loci. After
presenting an overview of the literature in order to identify the spirit of the place, we consider the passage
from the tangible to the intangible dimension characterizing our society, as well as the concept of cultural
heritage, incorporating human sustainable development.
In this paper the focus is on intangible (soft) and tangible (hard) values relating to places and on the
possible ways to assess these values in order to improve choices in planning, avoiding damage in various
dimensions to socio-cultural heritage, places, etc. The analysis of the economic characteristics that can be
attributed to places has allowed us to introduce the reflection on the evaluation processes of places,
including their hard and soft values.
Evaluation is founded on a relational nature. Evaluation is considered here as a process to build
relationships (among individuals, individuals and their environment, etc.) through interpretation and
comparison. Indeed, interpretation and comparison are key elements of critical thinking and also of
cultural resilience. Creative evaluations combine hard and soft values, quantity and quality, particular
interests and common good in an innovative way. This is the fundamental characteristic of creative
actions/projects/plans.
All over the world conflicts are more and more concentrated in places of high symbolic, cultural, social,
spiritual and environmental values; they also take the shape of economic pressures and interests. New
towers or malls are planned to be built near (or in) city centres and coastal areas, generating strong
conflicts between economic and non-economic interests/values (for example, Saint Petersburg, Vienna,
Prague, etc.).
How, then, can we manage soft and hard values? How can we compare the benefits of a new building
(tower, skyscraper, mall, etc.), that has economic value, with benefits represented by a negative change in
the urban landscape? Urban landscape value is more important than the single building value, but it is
expressed only in soft or qualitative terms. Can economic evaluation of urban landscape temper the
economic impacts of its transformation? Some answers are proposed, considering both a
technical/positivistic and a social/constructivist approach.
The evaluation processes have been implemented with an information matrix of places and the SWOT+
analysis in order to establish priorities. Finally, we have analyzed the threefold movement of the spirit of
the place which is needed to preserve and transmit the spirit; these operations have to be characterized by
interpretation because only interpretation can transform the spirit of place into a motor of creativity,
allowing that specific place to become resilient.
The conclusions in the last section sum up the main ideas that emerged in the article.
8
UNDERGROUND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
Roberta Varriale1
1
Institute of Studies on Mediterranean Societies (ISSM), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
Keywords: Underground, Cities, Mediterranean
Introduction
The underground of the Mediterranean has a pervasive role within the metropolitan scenario. That is
because, although its use may include many features of the construction of worldwide contemporary cities
where the underground and its caves have always been fundamental in the initial steps towards urban
development in several cases; in the Basin this relationship is much longer standing.
The idea of a negative culture building became very popular in order to resolve problems caused by
common social and climatic conditions such as: defence from the harsh natural elements, communication,
religious practice, scarcity of resources and many more. In these cases, the dominant local building knowhow was reconsidered and new underground building rules were adopted. Thus, the underground
architectures of diverse geographical locations within the Basin have much more in common than their
corresponding aboveground architectural styles.
Underground was the place where environmental conflicts were managed, sometimes it was itself the
place chosen for the urban settlement. In both the cases, the traces of its use are today a significant part of
the Cultural Heritage of the Mediterranean.
Objectives
The research is part of a CNR (Italian National Research Council) Project: “I sottosuoli urbani nel
Mediterraneo (Urban undergrounds in the Mediterranean)”. In this project, the approach from the urban
and environmental history points of view considers these sites as an interpretative key of a common
Mediterranean attitude to urban development. In the analyzed cases the underground is not a non space
(M. Augè), it is the urban space; the paper aims to dismiss the stereotype which considers the
underground and the aboveground worlds to be as opposite as dark and light and gives, instead, these
locations a new role and new perspectives.
Both infrastructural underground cavities and caved towns are considered, classified and organized
according to the urban functions they realized. Once collected the more significant examples of
underground architecture, the final goal of the presentation is the identification of a Mediterranean route
in order to implement their touristic evaluation.
Methods
The first step of the study is the identification of all the most representative underground locations within
the Basin. The second is their functional and chronological classification. The third is the comparison
among all the underground cavities with the support of literature and pictures. The fourth phase is the
creation of an ideal Mediterranean route where each location is connected to the others with multimedia
supports.
Results
The most representative locations are all identified on the map (picture 1), but since this is a work in
progress new ones will be added by the time of the presentation.
9
Picture 1 (by the author)
The starting point of the itinerary is Naples, an archetype of subterranean city since the Magna Graecia
period, when underground cemeteries were built in the tuff soil. Since then, all the urban history of the
city has been connected to its underground and almost all the functions have been dealt with and solved
with its use. The second stop is in Spain where the underground was used both for urban and rural use in
the Gaudix area. The third is Tunisia, where the Matmata underground villages reflect the passage from a
nomadic to a sedentary life. The fourth is Gadamès where the vertical organization of the urban space
gives the underground the role of networking the city. The fifth is in Turkey: in the Eastern rural area for
the management of water, in Istanbul for the magnificent aqueduct and in Cappadocia where the dramatic
tuff landscape was shaped into subterranean cities: Ozkonak, Kaymakli, Derinkuyu, Mazi, Ozluce,
Tatlarin and the spectacular Goreme. The sixth step is back in Italy for the stones of Matera, the Gravine
of Puglia and the Cappuccini’s cemetery in Palermo.
SMART STRATEGIES BASED ON CONSERVATION OF BUILT URBAN HERITAGE
IN CONCERT WITH CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES AIMING AT
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Christer Gustafsson, PhD1
1
Director, Heritage Halland (SE); Secretary-General ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Economics of
Conservation [email protected]
Keywords: Trading Zone, Sustainable Integrated Conservation, Cultural Districts
This paper presents an application-oriented theoretical platform and a new model, providing adequate approaches to
solving boundary-spanning challenges for regional growth, strengthening competitiveness, sustainability and
development of building conservation.
Here, tailor-made multi-stakeholder networks have been operating pro-actively with a jointly organized formula of
the historic environment sector together in concert with representatives from other public sectors and industries. The
cases observed, illustrate how the historic environment sector took an intermediate position and provided historic
buildings at risk, useable as working places for long periods of time as well as “containers” for new functions: e.g.
activities in the cultural and creative industries. This regional cross-sectoral cooperation with a multi-problemoriented approach has demonstrated win-win situations for the historic environment sector as well as for other
partners and for regional sustainable development in general.
Research on such a comprehensive collaboration scheme demands the use of hybrid methodologies and boundaryspanning, trans-disciplinary and multidimensional theories. Based on a participatory action research methodology the
objective of this paper is to analyse the trading zone. Each separate sector or industry has had its own objectives as
well as its own resources, needs, policies, networks and regulations, but also its own vocabulary and mindset. The
paper discusses the new role of culture in the post-industrial economy and how cultural heritage planning could be
linked to the emerging cultural and creative industries. This means new opportunities, challenges and new roles for
the cultural heritage sector. The study of these manifold relations and judgements involved – between different
systems of policies and values – is connected to meta-modelling discourses dealing with sustainable development. A
generic model is developed where the trading zone is defined as an active arena or a field of force corresponding to
the actors’ various policies, values, facts and resources.
10
SAMNITE SITE IN MONTALTO, ABRUZZO, ITALY
Angelo Ferrari1, Ezio Burri2, Amelio Ferrari3, Guglielmo Palmieri4, Stefano Tardiola1
1
CNR - Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Roma, Italia, [email protected]; 2Università dell'Aquila – Dip. Scienze
Ambientali, L'Aquila, Italia, [email protected];3Istituto Tecnico Agrario “Emilio Sereni”, Roma, Italia,
[email protected]; 4Dir. Settore Tecnico Comunità Montana "Montagna Sangro-Vastese", Abruzzo, Italia,
[email protected]
Keywords: Tombs, Samnites, Abruzzo
Two tombs in a good state of preservation have been found in Montalto area, in the territory of
Borrello, a little village in Abruzzo (Italy). The tombs are very old and both have a little opening, which
connects the sepulchre space to the outside.
One of the two tombs has a rectangular base 3,40 mt wide and 3,65 mt long. The north side is 2,90
mt high while the south side is only 1,50 mt high due to the ground slope. The side walls of the building
lean to the interior giving the tomb, which has a barrel vault, a higher stability.
Today the area is covered by a forest of oaks, hornbeams and silver firs, but at a deeper
examination a number of sepulchres have been located, twenty or more. We hypothesize the presence of a
wide and complex burial area which has been used along various historical periods. The tombs have
different structures: many are only piles of stones resulting by the collapse of the original buildings, other
are similar to the grave previously described. Some graves are parallelepipeds and others are complex
buildings with circular works on square bases.
In the northern area of Montalto there are three important walls. The first one is a little vallum at
an altitude of 805 mt; the second is the northern wall at an altitude of 820 mt. It is about three meters
high, with small passages and big supports, so it has the characteristics of a fortification wall. The
southern wall, at an altitude of 840 mt, is similar to the northern one. The defence walls of Montalto
extend towards East as far as the Vallone delle Querce stream, where other tumulus structures, walls of
ancient buildings and big hydraulic stone works for the protection of the banks were found.
As a first conclusion it is possible to hypothesize that we are in the presence of an ancient site of
the Samnites and more precisely, a fortification for the defence of a sacred place. Or, more likely, a centre
for the control of the street which came from the valley of the Sangro river to Pescopennataro, an ancient
Samnite village. Or both the hypotheses. The Samnite centre was not destroyed by man, it is possible that
it was abandoned and after, during another historical period, it was used as a burial site by the Samnites
themselves. The reuse of the site for funerary purposes happened several times in subsequent periods.
Due to the great number of ancient evidences found in the area and for the historical importance,
an intervention for survey and study by the Archaeological Superintendence would be necessary.
Furthermore, the involvement of authorities and local competences would be useful for the archaeological
exploitation and for the cultural and touristic fruition, which may result in economic and social
advantages for the community of Borrello.
11
FROM 2D TO 3D DATA: AL-WU’AYRA’S CRUSADER CASTLE
Gabrielli Roberto1, Angelini Andrea1, Giunta Elisa1, Taffi Elena1
1
Institute for Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage (ITABC), CNR, Rome, Italy. [email protected],
[email protected]
Keywords: Aerial Photogrammetry, 3D Model, Orthophoto Mosaic
During the reorganization plan of the Petra valley, the crusader castle of Al-Wu’Ayra was built
by the king of Jerusalhem Baldovino I at the beginning of the 12th century. The castle is the largest
among the fortresses near Petra, in Jordan. This work relates to the following archaeological project
“Medieval Petra: archaeology of Crusader-Ayyubid settlement in Transjordan” financed by the Ministry
of Education, University and Research (MIUR) and by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MAE) under the
direction of Prof. Guido Vannini of the University of Florence and in collaboration with the Institute for
the Technologies Applied to the Cultural Heritage (ITABC) of the National Council of Researches
(CNR).
The main purpose of this work has been the experimentation of new surveying methodologies in
order to document and contextualize the site and to check spatial interactions in prospect among the
castles of Al-Habis, Al-Wu’Ayra and Shawbak.
The research group has integrated aerial photography from braked air balloon and Differential
Global Positioning System (DGPS) to generate geometric correction photogram and their georeference.
Close range photography has been made to be processed with orto-rectified photograph software to
achieve a total aerial mosaic of the Al-Wu’Ayra’s castle. The functional and altimetric difference between
the stronghold and the surrounding fortified area has strongly influenced the creation of a cartesian midplane of all the area. As result of this, the software have created incomplete and inaccurate aerial mosaic.
Thereby the work group has decided to experiment a photogrammetric software that allowed to
reconstruct a 3D numeric model of the castle.
This has enabled us to get a detailed 3D model directed to the documentation of the present day
situation. On the model the following analyses have been made: metric, spatial and volumetric; further
from that model we have been obtained accurate aerial mosaic both of the stronghold and the surrounding
fortified area.
After a few years, new methodologies and inexpensive software have allowed us to revise
previously obtained data set and convert from 2D to 3D data. These numeric data will facilitate the
archaeological comprehension and knowledge of the castle; moreover in perspective they’ll contribute to
its preservation, safeguard, fruition and virtual reconstruction.
Fig. 2 Castle’s aerial photography (detail)
Fig. 1 Al-Wu’Ayra castle
12
REHABILITATION THROUGH A HOLISTIC REVITALIZATION STRATEGY OF
HISTORICAL CITY CENTRES – CASE STUDY TIMISOARA, ROMANIA
Radoslav Radu1, Branea Ana-Maria1, Găman Marius Stelian1
1
Faculty of Architecture “Politehnica” University of Timisoara Str. Traian Lalescu, no. 2, Timisoara, ROMANIA,
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: Rehabilitate, Reinvent, Revalue
The need to protect our cultural heritage was stressed upon by „The Leipzig Chart for Durable European
Cities”, a European Community act, which appeared in 2007 in response to the danger of destruction of
European city centres. This was the first official act that recognizes the historical centres as Europe’s
research, innovation, and economical development engines and one of its main goals was to attract
investments and activities in the cities centres through the citizens’ participation while putting an end to
the limitless extension of the cities.
Rehabilitation of historical areas, although crucial for expanding their lifespan does not improve their
lifelines by much. The only by product and economical aspect is an increase in tourism, due to their
esthetical appeal, but this only lasts a couple of months a year. Thus arises the need for a more holistic
strategy oh rehabilitation, not only of the buildings themselves but the old atmosphere and function on the
historical areas, restoring them as a cities’ exchange markets of knowledge and social interaction clusters.
The Toledo Declaration, 2010 takes the Leipzig Charter’s objectives a step forward by underlining the
necessity to rehabilitate, reinvent and revalue the cities’ central historical areas.
The danger facing not only Romanian cities but most European ones as well is loss of their centrality
directly through neglect, abandonment and consequently „Balkanizing”, gradual taking over of the public
space by private use, of the central areas, or indirectly as a consequence of the territorial urbanization in
any point of the region, by decentralizing living, commerce and office areas.
The centralizing strategy applied by the Research Group for Sustainable development in the case of the
city of Timisoara, Romania, to the central areas took place on three levels, namely revitalize-restructurerenovation in this order by using the potential of the existing students as an engine of development. The
revitalization itself took place on another three levels meaning Re-Functionalizing of buildings, ReCreating Public Spaces and Re-Orienting Events.
A main advantage of the city of Timisoara and a key factor of potential is the large number of students,
over 15% of the entire population, characterised as highly active both financially and socially. The
relationship between the central historical area and the universities around it make it ideal for housing
student spin outs, major generators of innovation. A new trend in urban revitalising, which proved very
successful, is the creation of knowledge centres or creative hubs which are not only promising growth
industries but also as a catalyst for urban regeneration. This goes beyond physical regeneration as urban
knowledge hubs are often developed with explicit social regeneration objectives in mind. Collaboration
between the local administration and the universities could turn the historical center of Timisoara into
such a knowledge center.
Without a well made strategy, its profound understanding by the local authorities and its coherent
application, the city’s public urban areas may collapse despite funds, creative efforts, dedication and
expertise invested in their rehabilitation.
13
INTRODUCING THE ARCHITECTURAL MASTERPIECES OF ARDASHIR PALACE
IN IRAN
Farin Sadat Mousaviara1, Golnoosh Rahimi2
1
B.A. Student of Architecture, University of Tehran Kish International Campus, Tehran, Iran, e-mail:
[email protected]; 2B.A. Student of Architecture, University of Tehran Kish International Campus, Tehran, Iran,
e-mail: [email protected]
The town of Firuzabad is 120 kilometers to the south of Shiraz. It is one of the towns in Fars province in
the country of Iran. The old name of this town was Gur (Jur). The Sassanid city of Gur was the first
circular city of Iran (Fig. 1) which was built under the rule of Ardashir Babakan.
Ardashir Babakan, the founder of Sassanid dynasty in Iran
(226AD to 241AD) made this city the center of his government.
Ardashir Palace is located at the entrance of Tang Abad valley
and at the beginning of Firuzabad plain. The dimensions of the
palace are 11557*5464 meters and the surface area of the whole
palace including the pool is 8496 square meters altogether. The
main construction materials are rubble stones and plaster. The
adornments made in the palace include beautiful and colorful
plaster work inside the building.
The palace (Fig. 2), has three entrances and the main entrance is
in the south of the building. In the west and the east of the yard
of
the main entrance, there are two rooms with cradle vault. In the
Fig. 1 Firuzabad
north and the south of this part, two porches are built and behind
the northern porch, there are three square halls with
open domes. The palace has two floors. There are
lofty Iranian halls in the palace which remind us of
the Parthians period. In each side of this porch two
halls with cradle-shaped ceilings can be seen. In
front of the main porch, an almost circular pool is
built which is surrounded by a fence.
The following elements which organize the space
from inside of the building towards the outside of it
can be distinguished:
1. The buildings
2. The circular lake with spouting water in
front of the main sight of the building
3. In the southwest of the palace, there is a
fire altar in the form a four-walled structure
and the remnants of it are destroyed.
Fig. 2 Ardashir palace plan
From a technological perspective and regarding
the native construction materials used, this
palace is one of the very valuable works of architecture in the historical period of the building. The
architectural values of this building are thought-provoking in a way that we can
always consider this building as one of the technological successes of Iranian
architecture. This building demonstrates one of the greatest and most influential
masterpieces of Iranian architectural genius, i.e. the dome (Fig. 3).
Iranians solved the problem of building a circular dome on a square structure by
devising a structure in the four corners under the ceiling of the building.
Ardashir palace is a unique building because various methods of performance have
been carried out in all of its architectural elements. This text discusses these methods.
Fig. 3 Ardashir
In this article, our aim is to introduce these methods and architectural masterpieces
and the technology of construction used in this building at that time.
14
CAVE DI CUSA IN SICILY: A BACKDROP OF SOLITUDE IN A WILD OASIS.
Angela Mazzè1
1
Università degli Studi di Palermo - Faculty of Engineering, Palermo, Italia, [email protected].
Keywords: Archaeological Sicily, Anthropic Landscape, Stone Materials.
The author selects, catalogues and describes environmental, topographic, artistic and construction
peculiarities in the Cave di Cusa quarries, a spectacular anthropic landscape in the province of Trapani,
Sicily. These quarries provided the stone for the
construction of the whole area of the temples in Selinunte,
or the better known Temple C and Temple G, both in the
Doric style. In 480 B.C. this prime example of classical
Sicilian art was still incomplete, and continues to resist
environmental and physical ravages, which have not
harmed the structural vitality of the spatial volume (m110,
36 x 50).
The bold stylistic composition, second only to the Temple
of Giove Olimpico in Agrigento, is based around stereometrical criteria, the evaluation of which comes within the
Fig.1 View of Cave di Cusa in Campobello di
parameters of static perfection. The polychromy of the
Mazara, from J. F. D’OSTERVALD, Voyage
40,000 m³ of stone is still partially visible on certain
pittoresque, Paris 1820-26
columns and contrasts with the sunny Sicilian landscape,
which in turn acts as a backdrop to the sturdy line of stone
colossuses, bearing silent witness to Greek urban colonisation. The quarries were mentioned and
described in works by learned historiographers going back to the Renaissance, and were re-examined in
the Baroque period; they were then outlined graphically in
the Age of Enlightenment, observed by (Italian, German,
French and English) travellers-cum-naturalists and
analysed by archaeologists in the positivist period; they
are proposed here as documents of historical peculiarity
and re-examined through the lens of artistic philology.
In synthesis, this acknowledgement aims to redeem the
culture of architecture and landscape of the picturesque in
a literary ambience, in order to achieve the pre-set aim:
the constant monitoring of the morphology of classical
Sicilian architecture.
Fig.2 View of the ruins of Tempio A in Selinunte
from J. F. D’OSTERVALD, Voyage pittoresque, Paris
1820-26
15
CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION POLICY FOR THE RURAL HERITAGE
IN “TERRA JONICA” REGION (ITALY)
Alessio Bartolini1, Francesco Conserva2, Luca Gullì (S)3, Francesca Talò4
1
University of Bologna DAPT, Bologna, Italy, [email protected]; 2University of Bologna DAPT, Bologna,
Italy, [email protected]; 3University of Bologna DAPT, Bologna, Italy, [email protected];
4
University of Bologna DAPT, Bologna, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Rural Heritage, Hypogeal Architecture, Terra Jonica, Diffuse Cultural Heritage, Site Conservation,
Public Policies, Cataloguing.
The agrarian territory of the southern Italian region of Apulia is to be inscribed within the context of the
Mediterranean Sea settlements, presenting a melting pot of different cultures. Since Middle-ages until the
beginning of the Industrial Age, this furthest strip of Italy has been a cross road between East and West, a
gathering place for cultures and a settling land for migrant people. This fact allowed a strict connection
between the history of the first human groups that civilized this land and the history and landscaping of
this region.
During the centuries VI-XIII, wide portions of this places were characterized by a cavern-living culture.
Many cave settlements delimited the region of lower Murgia, near Taranto. These settlements,
characterized by geological formations called “gravine”, constitute a particular cave urbanization,
presenting a visible integration between roads layout, dwellings, religious constructions (monasteries,
hermitages and hypogeum churches) and manifacturing facilities (furnaces, olive-mills, store houses,
water wells-cisterns, animal shelters). It was about a kind of architecture realized by subtraction of
material, deeply connected to everyday needs: a much significant form of civilization.
Since VI century, rural open-air architectures (sub divo) arose. Since these constructions are the most
visible presence within the entire Terra Jonica, they are to be investigated together with hypogeal
settlements, as toghether they constitute the essential presence of the entire rural landscape until modernage. In fact, their mutual relationship forms the identity for the main part of the local landscape,
presenting humble sanctuaries, aedicule and votive columns and, most of all, diffuse dry-stone
constructions (trulli and tholo-constructions, in Valle d’Itria, or truncated cone-shaped constructuins paggijari), which have determined the entire region character. Also, a particular land-shaping system is
integrated to the previous described elements: networks of ancient rural paths, grids of dry-stone walls,
drinking troughs and property marks, all of them strictly related to the tradition and culture of the place.
This entire design of the local landscape stayed unaltered through the centuries (as in typology,
morphology and function) passing on its traditions of building techniques and materials.
Once the rural culture passed, these rich inheritance suffered from abandon and now risks to disappear or
to be interested by wrong revitalization actions. This research is striving to identify guidelines for an
integrated conservation of such artifacts, so to enhance their value as “material legacy, with a high
civilization value”. Specifically, the Project provides to:
research on the genesis of the local rural heritage: historical interpretation and reconnaissance of
architectonical types, places of interest and emerging landmarks;
analisys on the connections and paths system, related to activities that moved the shaping of such a built
heritage;
survey of built environment: morphology, constructing techniques and climate performances of typical
rural architectures, so to define rules and instruments for both conservation and rehabilitation policies;
general regional planning hypothesis for the protection and revitalization of such an heritage, aimed at
enhancing environmental value, defining compatible uses (economic, cultural and functional) and
accessibility strategies.
The research project results are to be transferred in full-extent publication, so to constitute a reliable
guideline for local public administrations action, in terms of protection policy.
16
SPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS FOR LANDSCAPE AND HISTORICAL TERRITORIES
INVETIGATIONS.
Antonia Spanò1, Margot Pellegrino1
1
Politecnico of Turin, Italy, antonia.spano/[email protected]
Keywords: GIS, Mapping, Cultural Heritage Archives, Cluster Analysis, Decorated Gypsum Ceilings
The paper is aimed to present some methodological and practical issues related to the application of
spatial analysis to enhance studies on historical territories. Mapping, cataloguing and retrieving data in
GIS environment is developing and widely used in many research fields. The interest highlighted in this
paper is supposed to be the arrangement of a set of dynamic comparison and analyses among spatially
referenced data that can lead to improve the knowledge about the past environment and to support real
actions and strategies of conservation.
The study focuses on a particular constructive
solution belonging to handicraft heritage that has
been evidenced some years ago and recently has
been mastered with modern technologies: the
gypsum ceilings of South Piedmont, Italy. They
represent a traditional, local, original technology
typical of XVII-XIX century that involves
particular skills and also shows an interesting
aesthetic value since they are decorated. (It’s a
simple and ingenious building system that
replaces the wooden planking lean on beam
warping with a gypsum jetty).
In the context of recent researches, a huge spatial
Figure 1. An example of gypsum ceiling
and alphanumerical database implementing data
documentation has been created, dealing with different kind of information about ceilings
Results of last activities are the arrangement of different and various thematic maps illustrating some
inspiring aspects of the phenomenon - mainly concerning the localisation of ceilings in the area.
The present objective, focused in this paper, concerns the aim of deepening geographical correlations
between the location of different typologies of gypsum ceilings. Since the ceilings mainly belong to private
owners, spatial analyses are referred to understand the density and the sprawl of technique. In particular some
topics will be presented:
The differences between the ceilings’ typologies. Gypsum ceiling have been previously
classified in different groups, depending on the characteristics of their decoration. Cluster analysis of their
distribution on territory helps to understand the favourite vocation of each ceiling class to locate in a
specific geographical area.
The similarity of ceilings decorative motives to some traditional wood works located in the same
area. The ceilings have been apposed to carving art and handicraft, since the decoration originates on
wooden quarterdeck. A study concerning the carved decoration of wooden door during the same centuries
has been carried through a census survey in the small city of Cherasco, and by a bibliographic survey of
most representative specimens of carved door in Piedmont. Many similarities have been found, testifying
the presence during centuries of handcraft workers moving along the area and spreading the knowledge
on decorative motives. The organized database has been fundamental tool for crossing and checking data;
data inquiries, retrieval and analysis has delivered new information. The objective was the creation of
maps which revealed a correspondence between the various types of gypsum ceilings and wooden panels,
with attention to the historical territorial situation of Piedmont.
Ceilings are a precious architectural and historical testimony, extremely delicate and fragile, due to the
material features, which are often underestimated by the owners of the houses where they are located.
The analyses carried out by GIS data management can improve the knowledge of their value.
New information about the presence, estate of conservation, reasons of their diffusion are the basic items
for planning possible conservation strategies.
17
[13:45:03] Nannina Spano': Fig. 2 Political context in
Piedmont region in the second half of XVI sec (after
the Cateau Cambresis treaty) and most ancient ceiling
diffusion; different colors identify diverse typologies
(A1, A2, E7, F1)
Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of ceilings (green), with a particular decoration similar to specific class of carved doors (picture on the
right).
18
METROLOGICAL ANALYSIS APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF THE CRUSADER
CASTLES OF THE OLD KINGDOM OF VALENCIA
Concepción López González1, Simeón Couti López2, María Luisa Navarro García3,
Daniel Crespo Godino4
University Polytechnic of Valencia, Spain, (Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia),
2
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
1
[email protected];
Keywords: Medieval Castles Metrology
Background:
There are many techniques for analyzing the architectural heritage. Metrology is a form of analysis few
have experimented with. However, this technique has been very helpful for the study of castles located on
the Mediterranean side of the Iberian Peninsula.
Objectives:
The purpose of this research project, funded by the Polytechnic University of Valencia, is the ordered
documentation of the castles and fortresses in the province of Valencia. The project includes the study of
84 castles. Different topics are being studied: location, environment, spatial organization, construction
systems used, and date of construction materials. This is being developed for each one of the elements in
the castles. The rationale of the results will reveal the wide range of defensive construction types that
exist in the Spanish Mediterranean coast.
Methodology:
To achieve this objective, they used surveys of photogrammetric programs and determined which
technique was used for the construction of each of the elements of the set: walls, floors, vaults, roofs,
stairs and openings. The results are shown by a summary table where you can see at a quick glance the
technique used in each case. It also investigates the measurement system used in each case of the
Valencian medieval fortress buildings where the Muslim and Christian traditions converge. The more
rigorous analysis technique to verify the origin of each architectural element is the "metrological analysis,
ie, the study of measurement system used for construction. This makes it possible to check if you used the
"elbow Mamunia", the "span of Aragon" or "span Valencian" in the design of different architectural
elements. You can also check the size of the "walls" that were used to construct the walls by measuring
the distance between the holes left by the needles of wood and the dimensions of the formwork panels.
According to the results obtained, it appears that the wall was built under Muslim or Christian tradition.
Results:
The analysis of the measures have provided information concerning the origin of the buildings and the
architects who designed them. They also provided information on how to build in the Muslim and
Christian tradition: the differences and influences. In the example of Castielfabib, the analysis of the
measurement systems has led employees to understand the constructive process used: The parts that
correspond to the Moorish castle and those that were expanded and elevated by Christian Aragon. Later,
it was expanded again by knights of the Order of St John of Jerusalem using the Valencian measurement
system created by King James I.
Conclusions:
The investigation of the systems of measures used in the construction of buildings can be very
enlightening when conclusions on the constructive evolution of a heritage building.
19
THE CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE HISTORICAL CENTERS: THE CASE OF
ROSETTE, EGYPT
Prof. Arch. Cannarozzo, Teresa1, Prof. Arch. Rashed Ahmed Y. G.2, Khalil Mohamed A.3
1
University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, [email protected]; 2 The British University in Egypt(BUE), Cairo, Egypt,
[email protected]; 3Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt, [email protected]
Keywords: Historical Centers, Sustainable, Conservation, Rosetta, Egypt
Historical centers of many Egyptian cities managed to survive as living cities in spite of physical
decline and economic depression. Their fabric carries out the spiritual and cultural messages that
communicate with their present citizens. The heritage of these historic city centers are not only Material
character, but much more.
Generally, the conservation of historic centers is fundamentally different from conservation of single
monument. While a single monument can be kept on a chosen state of evolution, the historic centers
cannot be preserved in particular state “with exception of the small areas conserved for tourist purposes”.
The historic centers, as living cities must meet the varying needs of citizens with sustainable
transformations. The challenge is not how to preserve, but how to create dynamic living spaces and places
that produce rich in cultural traditions that lead organically from the past to the future.
The research will study and analyze the historical center of “Rosetta”, which is one of the
intermediate cities in northern Egypt that has a particular architectural heritage and many urban problems.
The city of Rosetta (Rashid in Arabic) is located on the west bank of the Rosetta branch of the Nile,
approximately 65km east of Alexandria on the Mediterranean coast. Today it is best known for the
Rosetta stone, which was discovered in the Qayitbay castle in 1799.
The city history passed over many periods of increase and decrease in its importance due to
economical and political reasons. Its architectural heritage reveals the influence of various ages, but the
most unique are merchant houses and mosques from the ottoman period. The city also has a particular
suburban landscape of agricultural land and palm groves that are of great importance. Although Rosetta is
no longer a leading commercial center, its citizens are employed in various typical activities, which are
mainly agriculture, stocking and processing rice from the Delta, fishing and building ships and yachts.
The main problem that faces the historic buildings of Rosetta is moisture from the soil, caused by an
excess of underground salt water. The historic merchant houses have been the subject of many restoration
projects over the past 20 years, but many of them have regularly been re-damaged by water and humidity
and are currently under re-restoration. Unfortunately, some have even collapsed or were demolished.
However, there are a number of activities that may take place in the historic buildings no longer used,
maintaining the characteristics, such as crafts centers, libraries and cultural places that serve the local
communities.
Rosetta's historic center future must include renovation and modernization of basic infrastructure and
development of traditional production sectors, based on the exploitation of this natural and cultural
heritage to promote tourism locally and internationally. Physical restoration of the buildings is not enough
to keep the historic center of the city alive, but a project for rehabilitation based on sustainability sould be
initiated. Not only to preserve and restore the outer shell, but inside the shell should inserted some
activities, social and economic dynamics that can make best use of resources and potential.
The revitalization of Rosetta provides a mix of cultural, social, economic, technical and institutional,
that need coordinated investments by the government. Must involve residents, landowners and all those
have interest to ensure the careful maintenance and replacement of the elements of the built environment.
This does not only depend on the availability of funding but also the specific technical and social skills
that make up the traditional know-how. Unfortunately, many historical cities, especially the intermediate
cities in Egypt suffer from lack of funds and local expertise. But the main problem is the lack of
cooperation between the authorities who make the decisions.
20
A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE PROGRAMMING:
THE CASE OF “GREAT PROGRAM FOR NAPLES HISTORICAL CENTER”
Rostirolla Pietro1, Monacciani Fabiana2
1
University "L'Orientale",
[email protected];
Naples,
Italy,
[email protected];
2
University
"L'Orientale",
Naples,
Italy,
Keywords: Financial Allocation, Investments Selection, Mathematic Programming
The task of preserving and valorizing towns' historical centers is implied by the wider duty of cultural
heritage protection; such task is defined both by the Constitutions of modern Countries and in many
international documents such as the Athens (1931) and Venice (1964) Charts, the UNESCO Agreement
(1972) and the European Chart on Architectural Heritage (1975).
In particular, the last two documents state the concept of cultural heritage "global" protection, and stress
the need of not considering historical centers as a simple sum of buildings or assets, but as a whole,
whose preservation must be integrated into city planning and economic programming.
Unfortunately, the aim of "global" preservation has to face strict public budget constraints avoiding the
implementation of wide programs; therefore, accurate financial programming and coherent investments
selection is strongly required in order to successfully preserve and valorize towns' historical centers.
With reference to such problem, the paper shows a useful methodology for helping decision maker
through the long process leading to definition and implementation of complex policies for globally
preserving and valorizing the cultural heritage, in a context of limited financing.
The proposed methodology is inspired by the fundamentals of Goal Programming.
Such methodology is based on the assumption that the definition of expenditure plans and investments
programs is a typical multi-objective problem, whose solution could be found by transforming them into
constrained mono-objective problems, where "original" variables are replaced by continuous or binary
"latent" variables.
The proposed methodology is shown through its application to the "Great Program for Naples Historical
Center", launched by the Municipality in year 2007 with the aim of triggering a requalification process
involving the whole historical center, enrolled in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1995.
The case study is divided into two steps: the first, with the aim of defining the best budget structure of the
Program (about 350 million euro to be allocated among 9 different actions) in order to get the best
compromise impacts on 15 relevant Program's targets; the second, aiming at selecting the best
compromise investments sets to be included into the "Great Program", coherently with the budget
constraints previously set.
Implementation of such process allowed to obtain the following results:
a) the definition of the most efficient budget allocation in order to reach "Great Program" targets, and its
impacts prevision;
b) the generation of the best compromise investments plans to be included into the "Great Program", and
their impacts prevision.
In addition to specific results related to the case study, the main strength of the proposed methodology is
that it helps defining both effective (able to reach the targets they have been set for) and feasible (in terms
of financing and management) programs for preserving and developing towns' historical centers.
Another important feature of the approach is that the same methodology is used, with little changes, to
support both the programming and budgeting phases, thus allowing to simplify model understanding and
results reading and by the not-technical decision maker.
21
PALERMO: RESTORING THE CITY CENTRE – PLANNING AND POLICIES
Teresa Cannarozzo1 and Manfredi Leone2
1
Affiliation: Architect, Full Professor of Urban Design and Head of C.I.RCE.S. (Interdepartmental Centre for
Research on Historical City Centres) - University of Palermo, Italy, E-mail: [email protected]; 2Manfredi Leone:
Architect, PhD in Sustainable Urban Development, University of Rome Three. Landscape Architecture Researcher
and Adjuncted Professor, University of Palermo, Italy, E-mail: [email protected]
Objectives
The article describes the restoration process of Palermo’s historical centre. The process has been
discontinuous and fragmented, so that presently, extremely degraded urban areas still coexist with highly
desirable areas characterized by first-rate restoration.
Identity
Palermo is often considered the grand capital of the Mediterranean. It is, however, more similar to a
Middle Eastern than European city. It has its own unique historical and cultural identity, which is the
product of the marriage between the dominant noble culture and the popular traditions.
The large historical centre (250 ha) is full of important architecture that still suffers the ravages of World
War II and decades of culpable neglect.
The official urban plan (PRG 1956-62), drawn up when members of the local mafia held seats in the city
government, called for the destruction and almost total reconstruction of the urban fabric. This project
was not adopted because the construction business, almost always controlled by the mafia, found it more
cost-effective to operate in the sparsely populated but expanding areas. Meanwhile, however, the
earthquake of 1968 and the continuing departure of the residents brought about the depopulation and
decline, still visible today.
Methods
It was only during the late 1980s, with the election of mayor Leoluca Orlando, which marked a major
break with the past, that the necessary town planning tools (the Operational Detailed Plan, and the
appointment of consultants Pierluigi Cervellati and Leonardo Benevolo) to launch the redevelopment of
the historical centre were set up. A regional law also ensured funds were allocated to public and private
operators (1993).
The successive municipal public policies, however, showed fluctuations and shortages of various kinds in
connection with the difficulty of mobilizing an adequate number of individuals, the magnitude of the
degradation, the complexities of the projects and the enormity of the centre.
Results
However, despite everything, the restoration process is under way and there have been numerous and very
significant public renovation projects, such as places for cultural activities, museums, offices, as well as
the redevelopment of the waterfront, which has allowed Palermo to reclaim its identity as a coastal city.
The restoration for residential purposes has brought about gentrification to many areas greatly increasing
property values and created conflict between the residents and entertainment and tourist sectors.
In the third millennium, the permanence of the city’s culturally inadequate and ineffective centre-right
government has considerably slowed the recovery process, and the majority of the projects are devoted to
converting heritage buildings into luxury hotels.
Conclusions
Palermo’s experience with urban revitalization and development of an impoverished historical city centre
demonstrates the need for urban planning that is systematically supported by effective public policies and
that never loses sight of preserving the soul of the city.
22
ARCHAEOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE IN THE HERITAGE RESTORATION. THE
SECOND ALBACARA’S TOWERS AND WALLS OF THE CULLERA’S CASTLE
(SPAIN).
José Manuel Climent Simón1, Enrique Gandía Álvarez2, (S) María Isabel Giner García3
Professor of Architectonic Designs Department, in Technical High School of Architecture, Valencia Polytechnic
University, Valencia (Spain) [email protected]; 2Professor of Master in Conservation and Management of Cultural
Heritage, Valencia (Spain) [email protected]; 3Professor of Architectonic Constructions Department,
in Technical High School of Building Engineering, Valencia Polytechnic University, Valencia (Spain)
[email protected]
Keywords: Historical Investigations, Archaeological Excavations, Islamic Monumental Restoration.
The main procedure to follow in order to determine the building’s constructive characteristics and its
decay is to analyze all the existing historical information of it such direct and indirect. That is the
historical documentation and the information provided by the own building such from the constructive
and pathological point of view. Taking this information as the starting point, hypotheses are formulated
and restoration proposals are suggested, and finally it is expressed in a Architectural Restoration Project.
Nevertheless, the hypotheses and the restoration proposals made for the project not always are matched
up with the reality, which is verified in situ through carrying out archaeological excavations and
archaeological monitoring during the restoration works. Therefore, the objective of this investigation is to
prove the importance of these archaeological works, which are able to contribute with “new” historical
information. Consequently, it requires redefining the restoration proposal suggested at the beginning for
the project in order to restore the monument with rigor.
The documentation archaeological works carried out in the Second Albacara of the Cullera’s Castle
during the restoration works have been able to discover constructive peculiarities of great significance.
The construction of almohade period called the Octagonal Tower stands out because of its singularity
which is built as a polygon cover to a preexisting structure with circular plan. In the rest of the historical
monument’s towers also have been tested that they are built over other previous structures, or are later
constructions attached to the Wall. New lengths Wall have been discovered too.
The archaeological monitoring has highlighted the strategic relevance of the monument which as has been
realized it was fortified at least twice during the Islamic period. So, a first moment of fortification existed
around the 11th century, to which a second moment of strengthen of the defensive elements followed
coinciding with the almohade period. Therefore, these discoveries have changed the initial idea of the
architectural restoration project, being necessary to suggest new architectural solutions of integrations and
respectful with the “new” reality.
23
HISTORICAL CITY PLANS APPLIED TO THE CASE OF THE CIUDADELA,
VALENCIA (SPAIN)
Lillo Giner, Santiago 1, Abad Porzelt, Marcos 2, Rodrigo Molina, Angeles 3, Pérez de los Cobos
Cassinello, Marta4
1
Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, [email protected]; 2Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain,
[email protected]; 3Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, [email protected]; 4Polytechnic University
of Valencia, Spain, [email protected];
Keywords: Historical Planimetry, Missing Heritage, Ciudadela
In the field of rehabilitation of architectural heritage, a deep knowledge of the building involved is a
necessary and indispensable tool to guide any subsequent action to be carried out.
Although in the case of the Ciudadela of Valencia, we are dealing with a disappeared building, the
ultimate goal of its study does not differ from other cases in which the building has survived: the common
aim is to reconstruct the memory of a city and to become aware of its value as part of our heritage. That
should be the certain common goal.
To study the evolution of a building like the Ciudadela through historic planimetric maps allows,
although not a thorough and detailed knowledge of it, to analyze the relationship of the building with the
surrounding area. This is fundamental in a defensive building influenced by important urban aspects such
as the relationship of the city with the river, the access from the sea and the articulation of the building
with the neighboring urban fabric through the emptiness of the Bulevar de los Predicadores.
While some of the data provided by city planimetric maps are difficult to place _ taking into consideration
that many maps used previous sources as a model or even added data and corrections afterwords in order
to update them_, its study provides us with valuable information regarding an urban context that changed
and evolved with it, showing how those who portrayed the city considered the building as a key player in
history.
By means of the analysis of various images found at the quoted documentary sources, the aim has been to
extract as many details as possible in regards to different aspects of the building such as its construction,
its evolution, its morphology, its integration into the urban landscape in which it is portrayed, its
subjective perception, and so on.
In such manner, we will be able to determine both the invariants and the contradictions, that is, those
aspects that can be accepted and those that need to be corroborated or studied in greater detail, evaluating
the validity of the different representations.
All of this previous work leads to the ultimate goal, to define a starting point for further analysis of the
building. The results of the analysis will allow to develop an in-depth study of the building process and its
subsequent graphic reconstruction at various stages of development.
24
THE EVOLUTION OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN IN BUILDING THE QUAY
BREAKWATER OF THE DOCK IN CARTAGENA HARBOUR (1670 – 1754)
A paradigm of 18th century building knowledge recommended by construction treatises
Peñalver Martínez M. Jesús1, Maciá Sánchez J. Francisco2, Segado Vázquez Francisco3
1
Technical University of Cartagena School of Architecture (ARQUIDE UPCT), Cartagena, Spain,
[email protected]; 2Technical University of Cartagena School of Architecture (ARQUIDE UPCT), Cartagena,
Spain, [email protected]; 3Technical University of Cartagena School of Architecture (ARQUIDE UPCT),
Cartagena, Spain, [email protected];
Keywords: Underwater Cultural Heritage, Building Knowledge, Restoration And Conservation.
The case study of the port of Cartagena set out in this paper is intended to contribute to the study of the
Mediterranean underwater cultural heritage as a prerequisite and essential step towards the promotion of
its value and conservation.
When the Bourbons came to the throne in Spain in 1713 great reforms were initiated in the organisation
of the Spanish Navy. A momentous reform for the city of Cartagena came about in 1726, during the reign
of Phillip V, this being the division of the Spanish coast into three boroughs; El Ferrol, Cadiz and
Cartagena. An arsenal was built in each of the cities which were at the head of these districts. In
Cartagena, the construction of the arsenal entailed a great transformation of the natural harbour and a
decision to take on one of the greatest challenges involving hydraulics in 18th century Europe.
This is how it is described by engineer Sebastián Feringán when he states in the letter and quote that he
sends to the Marquess de la Ensenada regarding the construction of the quay surrounding Cartagena dock
that:
[...] this company is one of the most hardworking you can find, and as there is no news of any other
construction equal to this having been made in Europe, as the profile shows, a depth of 30 feet below sea
level must be reached in order to dig. [...]
Therefore, the building works which presented the greatest
technical and human challenge among all of those carried out
during the construction of the Arsenal of Cartagena are those of
the quay surrounding the artificial dock built in the hidden
Mandarache Sea. What is most complex and interesting about the
construction of this structural element is, among other things, the
depth at which cement was to be laid under the sea, the nature of
the ground and the relief of the location.
The structural solution for resolving this challenge evolved over
the course of almost a century, as building knowledge, the skills
of the head engineers and knowledge of the surrounding area
increased.
Fig. 1 Proposed dock, 1716
This technical challenge was met with skill and mastery by the
military engineers who were in charge of the building work and several systems were proposed for laying
the cement and for completing the wall, all of which deserve particular attention.
This article was performed upon the analysis of different historical dossiers found in the Simancas
General Archive (Valladolid, Spain), containing manuscripts written by the architects responsible for the
building work whose results achieved highlight their historical and technical value and can be applied to
other works of similar features around the Mediterranean basin, with the following results:
- Evolution of structural design proposed for the construction of the quay around the dock at Cartagena
harbour for more than a century.
- Characterisation of the technical, architectural and historical variables involved in the process.
- Definition of the construction process used in the final completion of the building work: the building
techniques used, the way the work was organised, the building materials and the means used.
- Virtual reconstruction of the completed building work.
25
METRIC SURVEY APPROACH FOR HISTORICAL BUILDINGS RESTORATION.
THE VALENTINO CASTLE BUILDINGYARD
Antonia Spanò1, Cristina Bonfanti1
1
Politecnico of Turin, Italy, antonia.spano,[email protected]
Keywords: Historical Architecture, Metric Survey, Digital Photogrammetry, Lidar, Architectural Representation
The present paper is purposed to enlight the contributions of Geomatics in CH documentation. With
Geomatics we mean the set of disciplines which traditionally attend to the study of territory and natural
and antropic environments; the development of Information Technology has driven traditional methods to
radically renew themselves, widening the potentialities of investigation and representation, often with a
simplification of acquisition and processing techniques and yelding them to a wider set of users.
The metric survey, which is generally aimed to define the geometrical and morphological features of the
study objects, uses strategies that are shared among different CH categories.
Focal point of CH documentation is the interdisciplinary, the activation of profitable synergies among
cooperating studies to fulfil the more possible all-embracing knowledge of assets.
Geomatics applications intend to satisfy a set of basic and shareable needs:
o It’s necessary to provide suitable tools to enable that the knowledge of cultural assets can be
developed as a continuously evolving process.
o Data have to be shared in order to allow other specialized analyses, deepening diverse beaviours
and phenomena of the cultural asset.
o Survey results have to be deliverable disguised as a unique ensemble arranged in a proper order.
Each measurement operation implies a preliminar reading of survey object and its framework, that enable
the recording and representation of the primary peculiarities and the others less detectable. In case of
buildings subject to restoration and conservation plan, survey methods involving surface description or
image texturing are essential to enlight problems distressing the whole building, such as plaster
degradation, subsiding or other anomalies troubling structures, moistness and other ambiental causes of
damages.
One of the main recent assumption is that a correct balance of traditional and innovative survey
techniques (which means essentially total station and direct methods plus LiDAR and Digital
Photogrammetry methods) is able to satisfy most requirements of architectural documentation
A very diversified set of different applications, featured by different acquiring and processing survey
methods, even varied in order to fulfill describing requirements of different portion of a huge and
stratified stately building as the Valentino Castle (a Savoy suburban residence), are going to be presented.
Facades, courtyard surface, aulic stairs and open gallery, adding to basement level which was an ancient
entrance facing the Po river of the royal residence, have been surveyed by topographical,
photogrammetrical and LiDAR integrated techniques.
A common item, connecting different results of metric survey is a first order topographical verteces
network that have to be fixed ( most time it has to be integrated with lower levels verteces network), in
order to define a 3D local coordinate system and to enable the geo-referencing to cartographic reference
system of the final representation of survey. Finally they allow to verify that the error propagations is
under the fixed tolerance of the survey.
Schematic description of relevant phases of the survey activities, allow to clarify different alternatives
fronting diverse documentation claims.
26
Figure 1. Some final representations and works in progress elaborations concerning the integrated Metric Survey applied to the
Valentino Castle (Torino).
27
RENDERING FROM THE 1773 OF CATHEDRAL NOSSA SENHORA DO
DESTERRO, FLORIANOPOLIS, BRAZIL
Márcia Regina Escorteganha Laner1,Alina G. SANTIAGO2, Marc DOUMAS3, Essaid BILAL4 and
Jacqueline Bayon5
1,2
Fédérale de Santa Catarina University, Florianopolis, Brazil,[email protected], and Jean Monnet University,
ISTHME, CNRS UMR 5600 Saint-Étienne – France, [email protected]; 3Ecole Nationale Supérieure des
Mines de Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France, [email protected]; 4Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint
Etienne, UMR6425, CNRS, Saint Etienne, France, [email protected]; 5Jean Monnet University, ISTHME,
CNRS UMR 5600 Saint-Étienne, France, [email protected]
Chapel of Florianópolis 1771
Church 1753-1922
The Metropolitan Cathedral of Florianopolis is
considered a heritage cultural from XVIII century and
linked with the foundation of the village of Nossa
Senhora do Desterro. During 230 years it has suffered
many architectural transformations. With the aim to
identify and analyze the architectural modifications
1922-2003
related with the period when they were made it
was search the interventions through
bibliographical, graph and oral research;
besides this it was possible to divulgate the
information collected from the Tumble Book
of the Metropolitan Curia of Florianopolis,
proving dates and facts ignored until then.
With this collected information it was possible
to analyze the facts and to organize the
building alterations in chronological order. The
research starts with the history of the wattle
and daub Chapel, built by the pioneer
Francisco Dias Velho in 1651. Refers the
"stone and mud" Chapel with probable date of
1721. The Jose da Silva Paes Brigadier
General projected the New Main Church in
1748. In the beginning of the XX century the
Church became Cathedral. In 1922, the XVIII
century project was modified and the parietal
structure of the Church received a "rip" for
building the transept, besides the bell towers
elevation and the ornamental additions.The
profound changes that occurred in the
building, resulting in the centuries which
remains the main religious building of the city,
Fig 1: Frescos original XVIIIth century (probably 1773) discovered
in 2005.
can not be ignored. From his original composition fragments
were added to others that were added. During the restoration
done in 2005, were discovered Frescos of two seasons
(XVIIIth century and 1938).
We focus our works to characterize the panting walls dating
1773; we collected manually samples of wall paintings and
rendering with a scalpel and we kept in small plastic bottles.
The samples were analyzed by XRD, ICP-AES, and Raman
spectroscopy. The different layers of rendering are
composite to lime bender and sand.
28
7/6
5
4
3
2
1
Fig 2: The right to left the chromatic layers:
1: repainting (Concrejato) 2006; 2: repainting (project
architects) 2001; 3: repainting (Pe. Jose Besen) 1995;
4: repainting (Pe. Pedro Koehler) 1975; 5: painting
wall 1938; 6: rendering and 7: mortar.
The sand used have different mineral composition dipending the layer
(Frescos original XVIIIth century discovered in 2005.):
the layer 1: Quartz, microcline, albite, kaolin;
the layer 2: Quartz, microcline, albite and
the layer 3: Quartz, microcline, albite.
The pigment is the zinc white « Lapis lazulis ».
The crafts men have taken great carein the preparation of sand, infact
it has not phyllosilicates, clays or ironoxide type of that may damage
the wall painting. The pigment layer suggests the nature of the fresco.
These First results show that these walls are frescoes using traditional
European techniques (lime mortar, lapis etc.) and a “reinterpretation”
by way of the use local materials.
CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND DIAGNOSTIC OF A WATERFRONT
BUILDING. GENOA PALASPORT (1960-1963)
Carolina Di Biase1, Francesca Albani1
1
Architecture and Planning Department, Politecnico di Milano (Italy)
Keywords: Waterfront-Building, Maintenance, Decay Evaluation
At the end of the 1950s, Genoa – a city whose dense urban fabric was already fully saturated – expanded
along its waterfront to create new exhibition and trade-fair facilities (area designed by Luigi Daneri).
The Palasport was envisaged as the fulcrum of the project, a symbol of a cultural climate that looked
beyond the greyness of the post-war period to the future. The building immediately was seen as a
‘monument’ that not only established the character of a new part of the city but also bore witness to the
faith in research, in experimentation with form and technology, which was characteristic of Italy in the
1950s. The building, designed by Franco Sironi, Lorenzo Martinoia, Leo Finzi and Remo Pagani, was
innovative in terms of both structure and materials. The designers were undoubtedly familiar with famous
constructions created by Pier Luigi Nervi or with the United States Pavilion at the 1958 Brussels Expo
and the Sports Arena in Raleigh (North Carolina). One of their prime inspiration for the design of the
metallic wheel-shaped tensile structure with diameter of 160 metres, came from Frei Otto’s studies in the
use of tensile structures. Completed in 1963, the Palasport was given a very favourable review by the
architect and art historian Bruno Zevi, whilst in the public eye the building would gradually establish
itself as a “work of art”; its outstanding formal qualities would also determine its future fate.
Nowadays, substantial redevelopment of the entire area has led to the replacement of some of the original
trade fair pavillons. The Palasport, with its characteristic circular form, seems to stand as a possible
symbol of the area and it has been the object of a complex and costly programme of maintenance,
designed to remedy the effects of ageing materials, and the damage caused by aggressive action of sea air
and sea spray (the building stands right next to the sea).
Safety reasons and normative (above all fireproof) have determined the substitution of some elements of
the roof and facades. Particularly, the facades composed from staves and windows in anodized aluminum,
are behaved well altogether in the time, but in 1994 many windows, some of which with armed glasses,
have been changed.
The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of dialogue between historical research and
engineering investigations on deteriorated materials, to design a special programme of maintenance for
building under aggressive conditions. Moreover the building is coming at the end of its “service life”, as
conceived for concrete structures built more than 50 years ago. The research that we proposed have
focused, by on-site and laboratory tests, the role of carbonation and presence of chlorides in the processes
of corrosion of the bars, main cause of reinforced concrete decay.
29
THE USE OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER FOR SURVEYING AND
PERFORMING A 3D MODEL OF A FOSSILIFEROUS LAYER IN A RAPIDLY
EVOLVING FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT
Elena Ferrero1, Giovanni Mortara2, Davide Martelli3, Andrea Tamburini3, Marcello Balzani4,
Francesco Ferrari4, Francesco Viroli4
1
Earth Sciences Department, University of Torino, Italy, [email protected]; 2National Research Council - IRPI,
Torino, Italy, [email protected]; 3Imageo S.r.l., Torino, Italy, [email protected]; 4.DIAPReM Department
of Architecture, University of Ferrara, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Paleontology Museum, Terrestrial Laser Scanner, 3D Model.
A new Paleontology Section was recently opened at the “Museo del Territorio Biellese” (Biella
Territory Museum, Piemonte, NW Italy). Well preserved samples of the Pliocene marine fauna, collected
in the Biella area are shown. The most important Pliocene fossiliferous levels of the region, generally
exposed along the rivers, are exhumated during the frequent floods (Fig.1). Due to the seasonal variation
in discharge, the river bank erosion and the thalweg shift, the conservation of these fossiliferous sites is
quite difficult, even impossible. In order to “freeze” the evolutional stage of the Cervo river in an area
where
a
new
fossiliferous level was
recently brought to light
by erosion, a 1:100 scale
model was performed
and is presently exposed
at the Biella Area
Museum.
A
terrestrial
laser
scanner survey was
carried out, with an
average point spacing of
40 mm and more than 4
million points. Partially
overlapped laser scans
Fig. 1 Cervo river, fossiliferous levels.
were taken from several
scanning positions located on both river sides. After outlier and vegetation removal, the scans were
assembled and georeferenced. To this aim, the position of some reference points was determined with a
proper GPS survey carried out during the scans.
The point cloud acquired with the laser scanner survey was processed through an appropriate software in
order to obtain a triangulated 3D model. The mesh model was re-processed with algorithms for filling
holes, smoothed, and remeshed to obtain a geometric and spatial coherence necessary for 3D printing.
The physical model (fig. 2) has been realized with hybrid
technology, using a CNC milling machine (3 axis) and the
traditional modelling techniques for a better characterization
of materials and surfaces (i.e. vegetation, sediments, water,
etc.).
The physical model is well fitting in the Territory Museum
because: 1) displays a geosite where a number of important
fossils finds, exhibited in the paleontological section, come
from; 2) illustrates some typical features of the present
geomorphological landscape, gradually shaped after the
disappearance of the Pliocene sea.
Fig. 2 – Cervo river, physical model.
30
ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS: THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF
MEDITERRANEAN THEATRES
Tronchin Lamberto1, Tarabusi Valerio1
1
University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, [email protected]; 2University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,
[email protected]
The acoustics of Opera houses and theatres characterise many different architectural historical buildings
in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin. The acoustics of historical rooms, as baroque theatres and
renaissance concert halls, is nowadays considered as
the most important physical aspect in the cultural
heritage of theatres.
In this paper the acoustic characteristics of some
important theatres in the Mediterranean basin will be
considered. The theatres are chosen in important
locations on the Mediterranean basin, covering
different Countries. Moreover, in order to precisely
characterise the analogies among the theatres, only
theatres which were realised in the 18th Century were
considered.
The acoustics
characteristics
of the theatres
have been obtained considering an exponential sine sweep
played in the room by means of a pre-equilised omnidirectional
sound source, and acquired by means of a dummy head and a
Sound-Field microphone. Therefore, the measurements were be
to obtain thorough informations about sound distribution in the
hall, including spatial sound distribution.
Afterwards, the acoustic physical parameters measured in the
theatres are analysed and compared, and related with the
architectural background of the area where they are located.
Finally, some sound experiments obtained by means of 3D
auralisation will be presented and commented. In this way the
sound characterisation that was experienced by the listeners of
the 18th century will be renewed and represented in the
“Arlecchino” listening room at the University of Bologna.
31
THE USE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLIED TO THE
PROTECTION AND RESTORATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
María Luisa Navarro García1, Concepción López González2, Jorge García Valldecabres3, Simeón
Couti López4
University Polytechnic of Valencia, Spain, [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected]
4
Keywords: Heritage, Castles, Fortresses
Background:
The Mediterranean side of the Iberian Peninsula has a vast heritage of castles and fortresses now obsolete
and mostly in serious condition. The willingness of public bodies to address the restoration shows the
need to establish a database that contains the actual state of the structures that make up these buildings.
Objectives:
The project aims to establish a database that reflects the conservation status of the castles and fortresses in
the province of Valencia. The novelty consists in the design of the geographic information system (GIS)
that allows easy access to the base establishing a connection with the construction schedule indicated.
This information may be viewed by the entire scientific community interested in the subject.
This database contains technical data, analyzing the constructive system, the alterations of its structures
over the year and the damages that, in actuality, suffer from different constructive elements that although
conserve the structures, affect the building aesthetic (fissures, the loss of covered material, humidity…)
like those that seriously affect its stability (the foundation laying, excessive screws of the floor structures,
uncompensated pushes of the vaulted elements, cracks, bucklings…). This analysis, conducted by
professors from the Polytechnic University of Valencia outside the Departments of Architectural Graphic
Expression, Architectural and Planning will, in each case, establish a diagnosis assessing the current state
of the building and a proposed intervention developed in several phases according to the urgency of
action.
Methodology:
To ensure thoroughness designing a generic form that will be filled in each case according to the
conditions and characteristics of each building. It contains the following fields:
Alphanumeric Reference.
Location
Description. Brief history. Construction stages. State of conservation. Component materials.
Degree of impairment (scale).
Typological and constructive peculiarities.
Layout plan, elevations and sections. Location + site. (Indicating orientation).
Construction details of the unique elements.
To view the results and more effectively manage the database, these are presented in the form of the
geographic information system (GIS). Use of this computer application in the study and documentation of
architectural heritage is new, but its effectiveness is proven by the results obtained in other disciplines.
Results:
This project directly involves the recovery of architectural heritage, and the database reflects the overall
intervention
strategy
based
on
the
urgency
of
the
different
activities.
It involves access by the scientific community of data that can help enhance the value of these buildings.
It will contribute data on medieval construction, the constructive typology employed, and the
metrological and geometrical systems for its design.
From a social point of view, it will help inform citizens about the architectural heritage, establishing
tourist or teaching routes.
32
A GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE SAFEGUARD OF
CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE APULIA OF THE KNIGHTS
Antonella Pellettieri1, Maurizio Delli Santi1
(CNR – IBAM) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto per i Beni Archeologici e Monumentali, Area di
Ricerca di Potenza, Contrada Santa Loja 85050 Tito Scalo (PZ), Tel. 0971. 427328, Fax 0971. 427333, e-mail:
[email protected]; [email protected];
Keywords: GIS, Cultural Heritage, Apulia.
The recovery and the electronic fruition of documentary material in architectonic heritage, the development of digital
technology methodologies for cultural heritage and the use of new technological and informative systems are more
and more diffused nowadays. The potential of these technologies for the planning and the subsequent management of
information in cultural heritage fields is various and, above all, the digitalization of data is considered by this time an
essential part in a course to cultural heritage valorization. Particularly, among the new applied technologies the
Geographical Information Systems, that come up as instruments for the control of territory and are so flexible that
they can be applied in different research areas, are more and more frequent.
This work is part of a research project called "At the origins of Mediterranean Europe: Monastic and Military
Orders", that IBAM-CNR has been carrying out for some year. In this project we are going to analyze and to
catalogue all the territory of Apulia in the cartographic sources of The Sovereign Military Order of Malta and then it
is going to be implemented in a GIS that has specially been created.
The new use of GIS in this application field it will be the implementation of the rich cartographic production of The
Sovereign Military Order of Malta, by comparing the “cabrei” (cadastral surveys) which are stored in Apulia with the
pictures of those stored in Malta, Napoli and Rome, so that we can increase the cartographic and archives
documentation of the territory of Apulia.
The idea of using a Geographical Information System for a systematic scheduling of the “cabrei” of Apulia has been
organized so that the common characteristics of Real Estate registers can be immediately underlined. Indeed some
electronic tabs have been arranged and converted in special formats to be dynamically linked to cartographic sources
and to the vector themes, that are analysis objects. These tabs contain those data and technical parameters that are
useful for the planning of a recovery plan besides the topographic, location, building and architectonic characteristics,
sites and historical data.
The aim of this work is the realization of a historical and geographical Atlas about the presence of monastic and
military orders in the Mediterranean Basin.
RECONSTRUCTION VILLAGE LIFE IN THE CENTRAL MOUNTAIN REGION
Salem Hamed1
1
Birzeit University, Birzeit- Ramallah, Palestine, [email protected]
The people-place historical connection is mostly affected by the socio-economic dynamics of the village
settlement system. Archaeological surveys and excavations revealed that data on ancient systems are fragmentary
and required the use of a holistic approach to be fully reconstructed. A 3-D and Virtual reality modelling is a tool
commonly used to reconstruct the people-place relationship and further bring the past cultures to life. This paper is a
pilot attempt to use the Byzantine and Medieval remains at Birzeit region to reconstruct the ancient village system in
the central mountains. Two steps were followed.
The first step is collecting data relevant to the natural and cultural landscape of the region based on aerial
photos, Google Earth images, historical documents and traveller’s accounts. These were combined with the use of
field work data collected during our survey and excavations. Mainly is compiling various field records, photos, , the
site master plan, elevations, sections and top plan drawings. Next, all the data were processed using various software
including GIS MapInfo, AutoCAD, and Google Sketchup. The information obtained from the analysed data was used
in building the site environment and terrain, the Byzantine industrial area and church, and the reconstruction of the
Medieval village and main building. The Artifacts are to used to build other aspects of the daily life.
The modelling is among the few attempts to integrate 3D/VR models in reconstructing archaeological sites
in Palestine and so will improve our understanding of the use of the space during the past. It is also hoped that it will
improve public understandings of the ancient past life and facilitate developing a cultural management plan for the
site.
33
CNR GIS FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE: TERRITORIAL ANALYSIS AND DAMAGE
TO CULTURAL HERITAGE
Patrizia Tartara1
1
CNR – IBAM di Roma, “Rome SIT Office for Cultural Heritage”, Rome, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords : Archaeology, Aerial Photography, Photogrammetry.
A wide-ranging topographical analysis of archaeological areas at risk in the national territory of Italy is
currently being conducted.
Developed by the author of this paper, this kind of analysis is being performed within the context of
research projects of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), within the main lines of the Istituto
IBAM (Institute for the Archaeological and Monumental Heritage) in the Ufficio Sistemi Informativi
Territoriali per i Beni Culturali di Roma (SIT Office of Rome for Cultural Heritage), on some territories
of Latium and Abruzzo, before and after the earthquake of the 6th April 2009.
It is worthwhile to recollect that it is not always possible to obtain information on archaeological
buried sites from the most recent aerial photographs or from satellite images or from multiband sensors.
In many instances, it can prove just as useful, if not more so, to examine historical images (e.g. the RAF
photographs of the Second World War or the 1929-1930 IGM glass plates) that show the territory and
environment in a state of preservation that is closer to that of the ancient world, without the numerous
changes and damage caused:
a)
by the use of mechanical means on fields,
b)
from intensive exploitation (quarries and illegal waste disposal),
c)
from unplanned or uncontrolled urbanization,
d)
or quite simply from a diminution (if not a complete absence) of tree-cover.
When conditions for seeing the terrain were favourable, survey of the territory has allowed the
gathering of a considerable quantity of information regarding the settlement of the territory, the typology,
extension and chronology of sites (by means of their relative data, in so far as they are tied both to the
many variables governing survey and to the question of whether or not the fields have been subject to
cultivation); of necropoleis; of cultivated areas and the types of crops that are grown, even successively,
on the same piece of land; of trails and their use or abandonment in connection with the local service or
long-range connections.
In order to locate and establish the geographical positioning of the evidence, a detailed review of
the historical and recent aerial photographic documentation to be found in the national public archives
and in those belonging to private companies. Flight shots have been read and the evidence has been
progressively registered and mapped. This has been achieved both by means of analytical
photogrammetry and by applying sophisticated software for geographical positioning.
The immediate aim of this exhaustive historical vision is to prevent the progressive destruction of what
evident has been identified.
Also it will be simultaneously the requisite basis for a correct planning of the territory.
Within the various territories being monitored, which were chosen primarily on the basis of
archaeological criteria, it has proved possible to identify and document a series of damages, situations of
risk and various sorts of intervention that are deleterious to the environment. Competent territorial
administrations and those organisms in charge of safeguarding the landscape were unaware of these
situations.
34
HOLY SHRINE AHMAD BIN QUASIM PROJECT- 1 (FARSI)
35
36
37
S. I. T. A. R. - ARCHAEOLOGICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM OF ROME
A repository of archaeological data for conservation of cultural heritage and town planning
Mirella Serlorenzi1, Andrea De Tommasi2
1,2
Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici, Rome, Italy
Beginning in 2008, the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma launched the S.I.T.A.R.
(territorial information system) project for recording archaeological data. S.I.T.A.R. meets the primary
needs of the Soprintendenza: protection, development and preservation of the exceptionally rich
archaeological heritage of Rome. The system is a unique tool for the organization of the available data
from the whole of the urban area of Rome, and it provides invaluable support in the process of urban
planning.
The project follows the guidelines of INSPIRE, Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European
Community, set by the European Parliament and European Council (Dir. 2007/2/CEE of 14 March 2007).
The system brings together very diverse types of data sets, ranging from large monumental contexts to
single archaeological features found in rescue excavations; it also records all of the scientific data
deriving from the entirety of the investigations (both salvage ones and planned ones) carried out in the
territory of the Soprintendeza.
In the future, the system will function as the information center and general repository for all of the
results of the various research projects carried out by the different offices involved in the preservation of
the archaeological and historical heritage of Rome. Because of its modular logical architecture, the
system is highly adaptable and will allow for interaction and exchange with new and up-to-date systems
that will become available to the offices working in the territory; this, in turn, will lead to the mutual
utilization of the archaeological data and the integrated management of the recorded archaeological
resources.
The overall goal of the S.I.T.A.R. project is to publish the recorded and interpreted data using the
standards and technologies of WFS/WMS/IMS, in order to share the descriptive and cartographic
databases with the other offices that deal with town planning; this will also foster interaction and
encourage the use of new methods for the spread of knowledge and the exploitation of the urban
archaeological heritage.
The various aspects of the project are presented in posters illustrating the details of the methodology used
in data acquisition, the implementation of the webgis, and the experimentation with the use of the
available three-dimensional data to reconstruct the morphology of the territory in different time periods.
38
INTEGRATED METHODOLOGIES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE
RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT TOPOGRAPHY OF HIERAPOLIS IN PHRYGIA
AND ITS SURROUNDING TERRITORY (TURKEY)
Scardozzi Giuseppe1
1
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per i Beni Archeologici e Monumentali, Lecce, Italia,
[email protected];
Keywords: Archaeology, Remote Sensing, Survey.
Since 2003 until 2010 the Institute for Archaeological and Monumental Heritage of the National
Research Council of Italy performed systematic archaeological surveys in the urban area and in the
territory surrounding the ancient city of Hierapolis in Phrygia (Pamukkale, Denizli; south-western
Turkey), as part of the research activities of the Italian Archaeological Mission.
The surveys, integrated with the stratigraphic excavations, aimed to the reconstruction of the ancient
topography of the site and its transformations during centuries, from the Hellenistic age to the Ottoman
period. The research is based on the integration of multidisciplinary methods and technologies to support
archaeological surveys, with the aim to acquire as much data as possible on the ancient topography of the
site. The topographical surveys of all archaeological remains were conducted using a robotic Total Station
and a high precision differential GPS-GNSS. They were integrated by satellite, aerial and ground remote
sensed data. Very large and systematic was the use of multi-temporal high-resolution satellite images:
space photos taken by US spy satellites (Corona KH-3 and KH-4A, Hexagon KH-9) in 1960s and 1970s,
and images (both panchromatic and multispectral) taken by current satellites for civil use (Ikonos-2 and
QuickBird-2) between 2002 and 2009. This multi-temporal documentation allowed to acquire very
interesting data concerning the transformations of the site during the last fifty years, mainly caused by
urbanization and agricultural works. The recent images, ortho-rectified, were also used during field works
as base maps and for updating modern topography in the cartography of Hierapolis.
The use of satellite images were supported by low-altitude aerial photographs, taken from a tethered
helium balloon. Both satellite and aerial images are very useful to document archaeological areas and
monuments, to understand their topographical context, and to detect traces and anomalies linked to
ancient buried remains or paleo-enviromental elements.
In addition, given the presence of thick colluvial and limestone deposits that have covered some
ancient structures, the research has been supported by geophysical surveys. The integrated use of Ground
Penetrating Radar, Magnetometry and Electrical Tomography have allowed to document a lot of traces of
buried walls and roads.
All the data acquired during 8 field work campaigns with the use of these integrated methodologies
and technologies were georeferenced in the digital archaeological map of Hierapolis and its surroundings.
The map is integrated in a GIS platform, within Digital Elevation Models characterized by different
geometric resolution, processed from cartography, GPS surveys and satellite data (Shuttle Radar
Topography Mission data, Ikonos and ASTER stereo pairs).
During the research, the urban layout and its transformations were reconstructed, the Sanctuary of the
Thermal Springs and Sanctuary of St. Philip were discovered, other monuments of Hierapolis (the North
Theatre, the city walls, etc.) were studied and many ancient features of its territory (necropolises, roads,
aqueducts, water channels, settlements, stone quarries, sacred areas, etc.) were identified and documented.
Moreover, the archaeological map and the DEMs constituted also the base for the 3D reconstruction of
some monuments, by using photo-modelling and laser scanner techniques.
39
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHY OF HIERAPOLIS IN
PHRYGIA (TURKEY)
Di Giacomo Giacomo1, Scardozzi Giuseppe1
1
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per i Beni Archeologici e Monumentali, Lecce, Italia,
Keywords: Archaeology, Cartography, Geospatial Database
The project to draw up an archaeological digital cartography of Hierapolis in Phrygia was born thanks to
the experience gained during the production of the Atlas of Hierapolis in Phrygia, published in 2008. This
work highlighted the necessity to create a cartographic digital product that could be continually updated,
changed and completed in case of new discoveries from the archaeological excavations and surveys
guided yearly by the Italian Archaeological Mission (director prof. Francesco D’Andria).
Starting from a vectorial cartographic base, already existing and created by the architects of the
Polytechnic of Turin, the topographers of CNR-IBAM created, contextually to the researches on the
ground, a geospatial database structured into PostGreSQL (with PostGIS extension) and capable of
containing both the geomorphological information and the archaeological ones, connecting with each
information a series of descriptive metadata of the single entities.
In particular, the first step was the creation of a logical pattern of the digital cartography: this pattern is
useful both to identify the entities to treat inside a complex system of geospatial information, and to
clarify, univocally, the existing connection among the entities, often of different nature, that together
compose the cartography.
This propaedeutical phase was followed by the production of a physical pattern of the cartography that is
functional to identify a standard procedure of representation inside the management system of the data
entities and the connections described in the logical pattern, considering the limits imposed by the system
itself (limits connected with the kind of treated data or with the general performances of the database
server, etc.).
Then, the different layers of the vectorial cartography have been collected in homogeneous groups
containing the same typology of information, distinguishing the geomorphological and archaeological
levels from the ones related to the modern structures. The organization of these levels also allowed they
could be structured in logically similar and physically coherent tables; after, vectors constituting the
entities have been transferred into a PostgreSQL database with PostGIS extension, associating to each
single vector, if necessary, information regarding the represented entity. As for geomorphology, for
example, the kind of element has been specified (contour line, water course, etc.), as for archaeology,
instead, the kind of monument and its dating.
This work has been repeated for each element composing the cartography.
The product is an archaeological digital map, completely editable, that can be updated both entering new
cartographical entities and introducing further metadata useful to complete the dataset of information
regarding a single monument. This tipology of cartography, perfectly in accordance with the technology
of the modern geographical systems for the land management, is already web-oriented: the entire database
can be interfaced to a cartographical engine for the web (e.g. UMN Mapserver). Moreover, thanks to the
already known technologies for the remote sharing of geospatial information, the cartography can be
displayed and updated (or modified) by different team taking part in the researches of the Italian Mission
of Hierapolis in Phrygia or used as basis for popular online products.
40
VIRTUAL ARCHAEOLOGY: INSTRUMENTS, TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS FOR
A CORRECT REPRESENTATION
Gugliermetti Franco 1, Bisegna Fabio1, Monti Laura1, Laudani Francesca2
1
University of Rome “Sapienza” – Dip. DIAEE-, via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Roma, Italy,
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; 2University of L’Aquila –
Dip. DIMEG, via Giovanni Gronchi 18 - Zona industriale di Pile, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy, [email protected]
The representation of the Archaeological Reality has been object of study for many years. Nowadays
more and more instruments are developed in order to recreate cultural assets. These assets could be
virtually-experienced through the use of computers, movies, documentaries or smart phones and tablet
PC.
The public demand, in this sense, has increased exponentially, and knowing to satisfy this requirement
correctly becomes an inevitable task of technical archaeologists, but also by physicist ready to simulate
the best possible elements that are nearly or completely relating to the reality.
But what exactly is meant by "correct" virtual representation? From several years the virtual scenarios
have been used to represent the archaeological remains.
In this field comes into play the “augmented reality”, that is the overlapping of a different levels of
information, since the virtual elements and multimedia data to obtain the geo-localization, compared to
the everyday reality. Through additional tools to the basic computer support (like cameras, headsets, etc.)
multimedia information could be included in the perceived reality.
Nowadays this technology is unsuitable for the use of cultural heritage as it is not available with supplied
content graduated according to the users competences. Non-expert users in facts need just elements of
general culture, technicians users instead need specific data regarding the asset examination object.
The virtual reconstruction is a powerful tool that can be used primarily to make available an assets hardly
accessible or an assets damaged until it was unrecognizable; more advanced applications concern,
however, the simulation of information relating to the good that can not be detected on it.
The objective of this work is to obtain, thanks to the use of computational models for the virtual
reconstruction of sites, an information network that allows a 360 degree deepen knowledge of the
represented environments, both from the historical-archaeological point of view, and from a technicalphysical point of view (material composition, the degradation detection, monitoring, intervention
strategies, underwater reconstruction, etc.). This network of information becomes, therefore, a versatile
tool used for the historical reconstruction of damaged sites, for the simulation of the state of conservation
of the archaeological evidence, or the study of aimed solutions to improving the usability.
These data can be combined into a database that constitutes a collection of informations and digital
objects, a 3D repository available like a base for an augmented reality usable with different levels of
complexity of information, aimed to the spreading scientific 3D contents.
41
CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION AT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES LABRAUNDA
Freccero Agneta, PhD1
1
The Swedish Institute, Rome, Italy [email protected]
Keywords: Conservation, Archaeological Site, Marble
Excavations at the archaeological site of the Sanctuary of Zeus
Labraundos at Labraunda started in 1948. The archaeologists
uncovered seven buildings partly built in marble from the fourth
century B.C. Most of the fragments found, mainly sculpted
architectural details such as capitals, columns, and friezes, remain at
the site. These objects, probably made of a large-grained local white
marble, have been exposed to weather and wind for over half a century
and are now in great need of conservation interventions. A survey was
made in 2010 to study the natural conditions at the site and to estimate
the general state of preservation of the marbles, with the objective to
make a long-term plan for conservation. The fragments are totally or
partially covered with mosses and lichens. Most of them are loosing
the finely cut decorations due to detachment of crystals, i.e. sugaring, a
few practically fall apart at touch and many present fissures or even
severe cracks that tend to break the stone. Considering the prevailing
circumstances, preservation of the site is regarded as the principal
objective rather than conservation or restoration of a few selected
objects.
Fig.1. Labraunda, Andron A.
A few cleaning and consolidation tests were made during the survey
in 2010, and the results will be evaluated during next archaeological
campaign, starting in August 2011. So far, natural soaps, a non-toxic
biocide, and water-based colloidal silica have been tested in situ, as
part of the basic idea of an ecological approach, using simple and
non-toxic conservation substances and, as far as possible, to avoid
modern chemicals such as solvents dangerous for human health.
Some additional material tests are planned to be performed on gravely
decayed marble. Small samples of marble are being examined by a
mineralogist to establish if one or more marble types occur at the site.
As far as possible substances will be chosen, aiming at saving the
marble as well as safe-guarding nature and persons.
Conservation at an archaeological site such as Labraunda should be
regarded as a total environment evaluation rather than the study of
singular items. The need for conservation interventions is urgent.
Consolidation of the fragments is necessary to preserve not only the
sculpted, finely cut details, but also to preserve the surface of larger
forms. This conservation project is part of the Swedish excavation
project at Labraunda, which will also include studies on the standing
structures and a preservation plan of these.
Labraunda marble.
Fig 2, Above. Fresh marble..
42
THE ROCK-CUT TEMPLE TOMBS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AREA. A STUDY.
Ambrosini Laura1
1
Istituto di Studi sulle Civiltà Italiche e del Mediterraneo Antico - CNR, Roma, Italia, [email protected]
The rock-cut tombs are an interesting feature of Anatolian architecture in general. The type varies from
site to site. The development of the chamber-tombs shows an influence from Greek architecture. The
tombs with temple façades are similar to the Etruscan ones (e.i. the Norchia temple-tombs, in Italy, near
Viterbo). Like the Norchia temple tombs, the Turkish ones, in spite of the different rock (limestone or
gneiss in Turkey, and tufa at Norchia), have a tomb chamber at a level below the columns. Many of the
Turkish rock-cut tombs are to be attributed to the period after the arrival of
Alexander the Great, some certainly later. The Turkish tombs that date back
to the IV century B.C., not only are carved out of the rock wall like in
Norchia, but often share the same shape, i.e. a small temple with pediments
supported by columns. The hub of this architectural model seems to me to
have been Macedonia, home/heart of the kingdom that, with Alexander the
Great, became an empire extending eastward to India.
The necropolis of Norchia, in the area of Viterbo (80 km. North of Rome),
with its rock-cut tombs, is one of the most important archaeological sites of
Fig. 1 The Etruscan
southern Etruria. This is an important and rare example of rock architecture,
one of the few preserved in Italy. Along the “Fosso dell’Acqualta” the rock-cut temple tombs (Fig. 1)
have facades that imitate those of a Doric temple with pediments, friezes, protomi and acroteria carved
into the tufa. Thanks to the drawings by Canina in 1842 and by Ainsley in 1849,
not only the original design but also the state of conservation of the monuments
in the 19th century is known. This is of the utmost importance seeing the poor
state of conservation of the monuments nowadays.
The aim of the study will be to compare the Etruscan rock-cut temple tombs of
Norchia with the rock-cut tombs of Turkey as those, for example, of Kaunos
and Demre (in ancient Caria and Lycia) and to point out the differences. For the
study of the architecture of the Turkish tombs I'm very happy to have the kind
support of the Swedish Prof. Paavo Roos and the French Dr. Olivier Henry the
most experts of the Lycia and Caria rock-cut tombs. The Norchia tombs have
much in common with the Macedonian tombs. The Norchia temple-tombs are
very well placed in a type common in the Mediterranean basin in the Hellenistic
age.
43
Fig. 2 The Turkish tomb
of Fethije.
PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES FOR CONSERVATION AND PRESENTATION OF
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
Yaka Çetin Funda1, İpekoğlu Başak2
1
Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey, [email protected]; 2Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey,
[email protected]
Keywords: Protective Structures, Archaeological Heritage, Conservation
Archaeological sites are sensitive to effects of atmospheric events due to the ruinous state of the remains.
As a preventive measure, protective structures are built to minimize the destructive effects of atmosphere
such as rain, wind, direct sunlight, UV radiation and plant growth. Protective structures are advantageous
to extend the life of remains and to display objects of cultural significance. The remains protected under
protective structures are immovable archaeological heritage such as stone, brick or adobe building
remains, decorations like mosaics and wall paintings in addition to sculptures and inscriptions. The
elements of archaeological heritage vary in size from a single object to a monument or a complete
excavation site. In relation to this variation, protective structures range from simple pitched open shelters
to enclosed high tech designs. A considerable number of protective structures have been constructed in
the appearance of a glass house and transparent materials such as glass, plexi glass and polycarbonate
sheets are used in façade and roof construction. The main reason for using transparent materials is to
enhance the display function. It is probably inspired from glass cases used for protection and display of
museum objects. However, transparent surfaces allow sunlight in, which cause to temperature rise and
heat built up inside in addition to plant growth.
This study aims to examine the protective structures with transparent façade and roof construction in
terms of material use and design approaches. To fulfil this purpose, protective structures which are
completely transparent or with transparent façade are selected and investigated. The selected protective
structures are constructed to protect the Roman Villa in Piazza Armerina, Sicily; the Fishbourne Roman
Palace in West Sussex, England; the Terrace Houses 2 in Ephesus, Turkey; the Roman Bath in
Badenweiler, Germany; the Domus of Vesunna in Perigueux, France and the Altar of Augustan Peace in
Rome, Italy. The advantages and disadvantages of transparency in relation to design approach and inner
climate have been investigated.
The protective structures in Piazza Armerina and West Sussex present disadvantages of transparency. The
protected remains are exposed to excessive temperature rise and high relative humidity that accelerate
deterioration problems. Other selected examples illustrate innovative architectural design approaches to
prevent from direct sunlight. Use of shading, fringe and natural ventilation openings are among the
architectural elements that have to be considered in the design process to avoid effects of direct sunlight
on the remains. In addition, the transparent materials used in protective structures should be selected
carefully according to their thermo-physical properties such as solar, thermal and light transmission in
order to reduce the negative effects of overheating and condensation. This study is important to present
the contribution of protective structures to conservation in relation to material use and design approach.
44
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK OF CHAN CHAN: STUDIES AND PROJECTS
Colosi Francesca 1, Gabrielli Roberto 1, Orazi Roberto 1, Angelini Andrea1 , Rossi Michela 1
1
CNR –Istituto per le Tecnologie Applicate ai Beni Culturali, Rome, Italy, [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: Mud Brick, Archaeological Park, 3D Modelling
Chan Chan (IX – XV sec. A.D. – UNESCO World Heritage List since
1986) is the largest pre – Colombian town of America built in mud brick
(adobe). It represents the material and immaterial synthesis of ten
thousand years of autonomous evolution of the pre- Colombian cultures
in northern Peru. The Italian Mission of CNR – ITABC (Institute for
Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage) is operating in Chan Chan
since 2002 on behalf of an agreement of collaboration with the Peruvian
Ministry of Culture. The main actions of the project are the planning of
the Archaeological Park of Chan Chan , the realization of its
Documentation and Managing Centre and the valorisation of the
principal architectural elements of the complex.
The objectives of the work are referred to counter the uncontrolled urban development of the near Trujillo
and to improve the social and economic conditions of the local population by the organic development of
the handicraft and touristic sectors. The study is carried out using satellite images with different sensors,
registering the territorial data in a specific GIS, providing the survey of the architectural structures with
GPS and photogrammetry for the realization of virtual and multimedia visits to the complex.
Palacio Rivero, the most recent and smallest of the ciudadelas, was chosen for the experimentation of
new photogrammetric techniques that could provide rapid acquisition of
data and a faithful reproduction of reality. On the base of a topographic
net, terrestrial photogrammetry was used for the survey of the perimetral
walls (11 m. of height) and aerial photogrammetry (gas balloon) for the
survey of the first sector of the palace.
The topographic and geometric data have been elaborated by mean of a
3D software that has allowed to design plants, sections and virtual
models of the monument.
The virtual reconstruction of Palacio Rivero together with the one of the
principal architectural elements of the complex (huacas, huachaques, ciudadelas etc) will provide
multimedia videos to be shown in a specific hall in the managing centre of the park.
45
ARCHAEOGEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND RESTORATION OF CITY
WALLS IN BURSA
İlkışık O. Metin1, Yazar Muhammet2, Başaran Sait3
1
Anadolu Yerbilimleri, PERPA 5.Kat 157 Okmeydanı, Şişli, İstanbul, [email protected]; 2Osmangazi
Belediyesi, Plan Proje Müdürlüğü, Osmangazi, Bursa; 3İstanbul Üniversitesi, Taşınabilir Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma
ve Onarım Bölümü, Fatih, İstanbul
Keywords: Bursa Region, Archaeogeophysical Analysis
According to decision No. 17.02.2000/7712 of Bursa Region Cultural and Natural Heritage
Conservation Board, the city walls (3180 m) and it’s vicinity declared as the first degree archeological
site and inner part as third degree of archeological site. In 2007, the project of “Geophysical Research for
Archaeological Purposes in Hisar Region of Osmangazi Belediyesi” initiated to determine archaeological
potential in the 51 ha region using ground penetrating radar (GPR), seismic and electrical resistivity
methods. Because of intense settlement in the region plausible excavation areas are very rare and
therefore applications of archaeo-geophysical techniques is restricted in these settled area. However, open
spaces with plausibility of ancient structures are identified and studies focused around 1) Mansion of
Hyacinth Gardens, 2)Haşim İşcan Park, 3)Tophane Park, 4)Gardens of Officier’s Club, 5)Yerkapı and
6)Fetih Kapı. Within the Hisar Region a total of 8228 m GPR record taken along various profiles using
250 MHz antenna. Some examples of these GPR data will be discussed as interpreted in terms of archaeogeophysical view.
With some limited number of excavations during the Republican era, some old foundations,
natural caves and vaults are found in Hisar Region. In the investigation area there is a 2 or 3 layered
artificial fill with a total thickness of 2-4 m on geothermal origin travertine basement. GPR records in
Haşim İşcan Park of Hisar Region indicate some wall ruins, channels and even some groups of vaults. As
an example, No.1 anomaly on H19 profile next to Group-14, traces of a structure of plausible vault, canal
etc. are observed at the depth of 1.5-2 m which may be related to known vault entries at northern walls of
eastern part of Park.
Beg’s Place, which is used by authorities during the Bithynia, Byzantine and Ottoman periods,
recently located on Officier’s Club land. Total length of GPR records in the garden of Officier’s Club
along 51 profile is 1571 m. Many anomalies have been identified in this region possibly regarding to
some old structures. Group-I Anomalies next to northern walls of the garden, especially radar anomalies
which are appearing on O23 profile fits with the location of a structure which is marked on 1862 Suphi
Beg’s map. These anomalies interpreted as “must examined first” with a rescue excavation.
In 2010 Bursa Metropolitan Municipality initiated the first phase of restoration and conservation
project for City Walls in between Balibey Inn and Tophane Watch Tower (400 m). Some static problems
and practices in this part will be discussed.
46
INNOVATIVE METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO THE EMERGENCY EXCAVATIONS
OF NEW LINE METRO C. THE EXPERIMENTATION OF VIA LA SPEZIA IN
ROME
R. Gabrielli1, A. Angelini1, C. Giorgi1, C. Chiefari1, B. Landini1
1
Institute for Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage (ITABC), CNR, Rome, Italy., [email protected];
[email protected]
Keywords: Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, Archeological Survey
The Institute for Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage (ITABC) has applied and
experimented in recent years innovative methodology of survey for national and international projects.
Main research program covers archaeological and topographical areas, where integrated techniques have
been developed in order to acquire quickly territorial data. Aim of such experimentations has been the
definition of a methodology that can be applied in a field so difficult as emergency archaeological
excavations. Indeed that methodology had to ensure reliability and accuracy of data and, at the same time,
had to be versatile and quickly.
The research group decided to find a satisfactory compromise between working time and
information volume, in order to avoid too heavy and complex processing. Optimizing work time,
maintaining accuracy of data, means cost savings and optimal use of funds. Main goal was to create a
compatible, sustainable but above all competitive method of survey in the field of emergency
archaeological excavations, preserving cooperation between public and private sectors.
The workgroup have developed a 3D protocol of archaeological survey, used for the first time in
Italy and experimented on the road yard of Metro C in the archaeological excavation of Via La Spezia in
Rome, in collaboration with the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici of Rome (SSBAR),
Commissario delegato per le Aree Archeologiche di Roma e Ostia Antica and Metro C spa. Such
methodology can be schematized in the following points:

Inspection of the archaeological area to investigate;

Topography and positioning of ground control points (GCP);

3D photogrammetric survey from crane;

Data elaboration;

Generation of different output;
Final restitutions have been 2D and 3D graphic documentations of all archaeological area up to
high-definiton orto-rectified images. Point clouds allowed to view simultaneously a general 3D model of
all open archaeological areas (length of 100 m), providing an opportunity for observation and analysis not
possible by other means. Each area can be studied together with the others in a global view of the
excavation. Every stratigraphic units can be displayed in the same area and switched on in the same way
as the layers. That approach allowed us to decrease the time of acquisition and elaboration, maintaining
however accuracy of data set and adding 3D information. Decrease of elaboration time also reduced
global costs of the project.
47
AN APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION AND CARE CONCEPTS FOR
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN DÜLÜK AND DÜLÜK BABA TEPESI (GAZIANTEP)
(S) Yoshida Maruchi1, Prof. Dr. Winter Engelbert2
1
Fraunhofer-Institute for Building Physics, Research Group Preventive Conservation and Cultural Heritage, Valley,
Germany, [email protected]; 2Forschungsstelle Asia Minor, Wesfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Germany, [email protected];
Since 1997 an interdisciplinary team of scientists, led by the research group Asia Minor from Münster
University are examining the cultural development of the ancient commagene region in today’s Gaziantep
(Turkey).1 In the scope of these researches some significant sites were discovered, e.g. the caves of two
underground sanctuaries of the Roman mystery god Mithras (Mithraea) near the village Dülük and the
Iupiter Dolichenus sanctuary on the top of the mount Dülük Baba Tepesi.2
In the last years a team of local professionals started to prepare the Mithraea for public access. The caves
are now walkable by illuminated stairs; the area around the
Mithraea is designed as archaeological park with green
walkways, parking area, a small café and sanitary facilities.
The small village Dülük is now connected to Gaziantep by
public transport and is expecting visitors from the region as
well as foreign countries.
The actual excavation of the Iupiter Dolichenus sanctuary is
located at the top of the Dülük Mensir Alani, a natural
preserve which is a popular recreation area for the local
population of Gaziantep. Especially in recent years the
excavation activities and the uncovered archaeological
attracted an increasing number of local and foreign visitors.
Thus the head of excavation is now interested in officially
Fig. 1 Mithraea
opening the site for public access.
A team of archaeologist and conservators from the
Forschungsstelle Asia Minor and Fraunhofer-Institute for Building Physics are now forming a
cooperation programme for the development of sustainable
heritage care concepts for archaeological sites and public
access. Different projects are planned in Turkey and
Azerbaijan. Sustainability and long duration of conservation
is not only a matter of modern conservation technologies
and communication media. Social aspects like public
awareness, valuation and appreciation, regional town
planning and environmental protection are as well important
as economical subjects. So our team’s objective is to create
cooperative networks and preventive conservation concepts
to provide a holistic approach to cultural heritage care.
This year’s excavation season will also include the
Fig. 2 Part of Iupiter Dolichenus sanctuary
documentation of actual conditions of the sites, damage
(2010)
assessment and mapping. Based on these data a strategic
plan for further examinations in outdoor conservation
technologies and concept definition for the public access will be elaborated. Further project plans
comprehend work packages for examination of socio-cultural and economic contexts of archaeological
sites, for research on conservation materials, the simulation of their hygrothermal behaviour on different
substrates and weathering conditions and for museological concepts providing a scientific and plausible
presentation of sites for the wide public. The elaboration of long-term monitoring plans and economic
tourism concepts in cooperation with the local administration and museum is an important part of a
holistic approach to sustainable site and conservation management.
Winter, E. / Blömer, M.: Commagene. The Land of Gods between the Taurus and the Euphrates, Homer Kitabevi Istanbul 2011.
http://www.doliche.de/tk/
2
48
LAPIS PALLENS: INTEGRATED RESEARCH ON ANCIENT ROMAN QUARRIES
OF RED TUFF OF ANIENE RIVER KNOWN AS LATOMIE DI SALONE (ROME)
Stefano Musco1, Antonio Salvatori2, Mauro Mazzei3, Cristina D’Agostini1
1
SAR – Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici del Comune di Roma, Piazza delle Finanze, 1 - 00185
Roma, Italy, [email protected], [email protected]; 2CNR - ITABC - Istituto per le
Tecnologie Applicate ai Beni Culturali, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria, km. 29,300 - C.P. 10 - 00015
Monterotondo St.(RM), Italy, [email protected]; 3CNR - Dipartimento ICT - Tecnologie
dell'Informazione e della Comunicazione, Piazzale Aldo. Moro, 7 - 00185 Roma, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Quarries, Tuff, Cluster Analysis
Recent activities of preventive archeology, still ongoing, have provided a new impulse to a series of
studies and research carried out for years with the aim of achieving a more comprehensive understanding
of stone resources in the Roman area, with particular reference to tuff quarries. These resources consist of
a very widespread net of quarry areas, differentiated by nature, materials and extraction techniques. These
fields are only partially documented and, in most cases, are lacking of geo-spatial, analytical, and
archaeological data.
At first, in the present case, a GIS system with historical-topographical and technical-scientific aspects
was realized for a massive quarrying district of the Roman territory: the so-called Latomie di Salone. This
is one of the most extensive complex of Roman tuff quarries, extraction site of Lapis pallens: “tawny”
lithoid tuff auct., variable in color, sometimes tending to gray-yellowish till dark brown, with small
polychrome and reddish color intrusions, fine grained, apparently uniform and compact; it is located
about 12 km from Rome, on the right side of the Aniene river and developed on an area of about six
hectares, most of which are in underground quarries. Salone quarries are a site at risk since 1965, when
they suffered a first destruction as a result of the construction of the motorway A24 Roma-L’Aquila.
Their material was used for building an embankment along the valley. However, since that date more than
half of the complex, which until then had remained substantially intact, has been destroyed.
The documentation collected using the Salone quarries GIS system consists of, in addition to geological,
archaeological and historical-cartographic data, a filing - although partial - of the quarry faces, together
with a documentation created using laser-scanning technology. This documentation is focused mainly on
the acquisition of a high-definition relief, aimed at the recognition of extraction techniques, of working
traces and marks left by tools used, of working day and the volume of the extract. Sometimes the state of
conservation of these quarries allows the identification of the general extracting technique of bank of tuff,
which used the Aniene river as priority and essential way for transporting materials in Rome.
The adopted methodology is based on the criteria of the multivariate analysis of data held in an OLAP
system (Online Analytical Processing), with particular reference to spatiotemporal systems analysis of
clustered data. The multivariate analysis techniques based on the grouping and selection of a data set take
advantage to a great extent of the concept of space-time between more elements, allowing the
identification of underlying results of the data structure in order to summarize the relationships between
the examined variables.
The aim of the present research, through the implementation of a repository of spatial data-mining
involving the tuff quarries of Lazio is, therefore, the collection of a wider data set, with diversified form
and content, in order to guide the research themes aimed at advancing our knowledge and to plan
appropriate forms of human resources management, monumental and environmental related to the
quarrying basins. The expected results, therefore, will also allow the realization of a tool for supporting
the protection the big Latomie di Salone complex, in view of the planning and preparation of a naturalarchaeological park included in the wider perimeter of the Regional Park of Aniene river.
49
ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND HERITAGE: THE CASE OF TARRAGONA (SPAIN)
IN THE MEDITERRANEAN CONTEXT
Ricardo Mar, Joaquin Ruiz de Arbulo, David Vivó, Jose Alejandro Beltrán-Caballero
Tarragona University, Spain
The aim of this paper is to show the importance of new technologies in the management of archaeological remains as
part of the historical heritage. We will use the case of Roman Tarragona as an example of criteria and strategies
developed in Spain during the last twenty years. Tarraco was probably the first Roman settlement laid in the Iberian
Peninsula at the end of the second Punic war. It was born as a military base that finally became an important city that
still exists today. Their well-preserved monumental ruins served to build a mediaeval town which is still alive. The
old city keeps today an important archaeological set of Roman remains included in the list of the World Heritage by
the UNESCO. The archaeological research and the restoration of these monuments developed along a century allow
us to use it as a model to explain the modern tendencies in the archaeological heritage management. The foundations
of modern scientific knowledge of the Roman city were placed, first by the work of local archaeologists in the 30's
during last century, then by the excavations of the German Archaeological Institute in the 60’s and 70’s and finally,
by the activity of the TEDA, the municipal organization for archaeology led by the Spanish archaeologist Xavier
Dupré in the 80's. The International Congress of Classical Archaeology held in Tarragona in 1993 provided a
summary of the general knowledge achieved during a whole century. At that time we knew only the public buildings
of the roman city and almost nothing about the urban paths and buildings that had filled the empty space spread
between those monuments. Since then 300 points of the modern city have been explored in 20 years of archaeological
excavations with remarkable archaeological findings. Precious information has remained buried for years in
administrative records, like in many other European historical cities. It was necessary put all data in a single
document, to start the archaeological analysis and interpretation of architectural remains and to reconstruct the
historical and archaeological context, incorporating all kinds of findings that we could link with every identified
antique building. Every column, cornices, capitals, mouldings, carved stones and marbles that belonged to the
missing facades of the old buildings were drawn in the aim of its understanding as part of a three dimensional
construction. Only then was it possible to achieve a virtual model to explain the final outcome. New technologies
have become an important tool capable of enhancing the historical value of archaeological data in the context of their
modern management.
PROJECT FOR THE CENSUS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PRESENCES IN ITALY
Maria Luisa Marchi1
1
(University of Foggia) Dipartimento di Scienze Umane. Territorio, beni culturali, civiltà letteraria, formazione
(DISCUM), [email protected]
The “Project Census for an Archeological Map of Italy”, was carried out in several years (2002-2008) to create a
scientific and technical instrument that gets its origin to the history of the “Archeological Map” of Italy. Regarding
the discussion on the preventive archeology, and more in general on the “archeological risk”, topic actually
considered of great relevance, it is noteworthy to underline that to have the opportunity of having a database
concerning the archeological heritage, is of great importance.
The “Project Census for an Archeological Map of Italy”, started in 2002 on input of the “The Ministry of Cultural
Heritage and Activities”, in collaboration with the University of Rome La Sapienza, with the participation of the
University of Foggia, and was carried out in several operative phases.
The Project allowed the realization of a big integrated system, for protecting the heritage and preventing its damages,
but also essential instrument for a better knowledge and valorization of the cultural heritage on the Italian territory.
The program provided a “Register”, based on the cataloguing and on the georeferencing of bibliographic and archive
material. The Census involved all Italy, with a work developed in different steps, progressively starting with the
central-southern Regions and finishing with the Northern Regions, with the exception of some autonomous Regions
with special status and the Emilia Romagna, that has its own Informative system since many years. The project has
also considered an updating for the Regions subjected to census in the early phase (Basilicata and Campania) and in
general a continuous updating. The census of the archeological elements is based on published material for which a
topographic localization on map is possible. To assure the reliability of the data, that in case should be verified on
field, the archeological elements were selected basing on two levels of trustworthiness: the georeferencing and the
general localization.
The project has so far led to the census of almost 30,000 archaeological sites, chronologically placed form the
prehistory to the high Middle Ages
For this purpose was used a computerized system for data management composed of a GIS platform, associated to an
alphanumeric archive and designed to become soon a webGIS.
50
HOW THE STUDY OF TECHNOLOGIES, MATERIALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
INFORMS OUR UNDERSTANDING OF EVERYDAY LIFE IN THE PAST. THE CASE
OF ROMAN-BYZANTINE SETTLEMENTS IN THE NEGEV DESERT, ISRAEL
Meir Isaac A.1
1
Desert Architecture and Urban Planning, Dept. Man in the Desert, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, BenGurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel, [email protected]
From the Nabatean-Hellenistic to the Early Islamic period the Negev Desert witnessed the establishment
of urban settlements along the Nabatean Spices Roads, serving intense commercial activity between the
Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean. Originally roadway inns - caravanserais - they witnessed massive
development during the Roman-Byzantine period, backed by imperial funding and an expanding activity
of the Church. Extensive construction of houses and churches, bath houses and fortifications, water
storage and agricultural systems, created urban centres with extensive agricultural hinterland
development, all this in an arid region.
It is this paper thesis that understanding appropriately this urbanization period may only be enabled
though comprehensive study of the physical environment – natural and built up. To achieve this, studying
the construction technology of the period is undertaken with the use of contemporary building sciences
and climatology, and environmental assessment tools: XRD and SEM analysis of materials and their
composition, as well as the assessment of their structural properties; numeric models of buildings used in
thermal simulation programs, coupled with infra-red thermography, calibrated by monitoring
reconstructed models; daylighting simulation and in situ measurements, etc. These allow the recreation of
the actual environment within which people lived and operated, vis-à-vis the environmental constraints of
the time, among them climate changes documented through various proxies, seismic activity as evidenced
in both physical damage and documents, and resources availability.
Considering the fact the settlements investigated here were along the desert limes of the empire, the built
up remains indicate a very elaborate and sophisticated society and technology. Yet when considering the
environmental limitations and conditions, both outdoors and indoors, a different picture emerges,
illustrating the poor living conditions of the time and place.
This presentation is based on over ten years of on-going research, parts of which have been published in
journals and conference proceedings1.
1
Meir, I. A., J. Mackenzie Bennett, S.C. Roaf. 2001. Learning from the past – shaping the future: Combining archaeology and simulation tools to teach
building physics and appropriate solutions. In F.O.R Pereira et al (eds) Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Development of the Built
Environment. Proc. 18th PLEA Int. Conf., Florianopolis, Brazil, 7-9 Nov. Vol.II, pp. 951-956.
Meir, I. A., I. Gilead. 2002. Underground dwellings and their microlcimate under arid conditions. In GRECO & ACAD (eds.) Design With the
Environment, Proc. 19th PLEA Int. Conf. Toulouse, Vol.2, pp. 618-624.
Meir, I. A., I. Gilead, R. Tang, J. Mackenzie Bennett, S.C. Roaf. 2003. A parametric study of traditional housing types from the Middle East. In Tham
Kwok Wai, Chandra Sekhar, David Cheong (eds.) Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Energy-Efficient Healthy Buildings, NUS & ISIAQ, Singapore, Vol.II pp.
225-230.
Tang R., I. A. Meir, Y. Etzion. 2003. An analysis of absorbed radiation by domed and vaulted roofs as compared with flat roofs. Energy & Buildings,
35(6) :539-548.
Peeters A., I. A. Meir. 2003. More than a hole in the ground? Fusing object and context in subterranean architecture. Open House International, 28(3)
:34-48.
Tang R., I. A. Meir, Y. Etzion. 2003. Thermal behavior of buildings with curved roofs as compared with buildings with flat roofs. Solar Energy, 74(4)
:273-286.
Meir, I. A., S.C. Roaf, I. Gilead, T. Runsheng, I. Stavi, J. Mackenzie Bennett. 2004. The Vernacular and the Environment - Towards a Comprehensive
Research Methodology. In M.H. de Wit (ed.) Built Environment and Environmental Buildings. Proc. 21st PLEA Int. Conf. Eindhoven, Vol.II
pp.719-724.
Freidin C., I. A. Meir. 2004. Byzantine mortars of the Negev Desert. Construction & Building Materials, 19(1) :19-23.
Meir, I. A., C. Freidin, I. Gilead. 2005. Analysis of Byzantine mortars from the Negev Desert, Israel, and subsequent environmental and economic
implications. J of Archaeological Research, 32(5) :767-773.
Meir, I. A. 2006. Climatic Adaptation Of Historical And Vernacular Buildings: A Comprehensive Model Toward An In-Depth Investigation Of A
Research Hypothesis. (In Hebrew) Merhavim 6: 145-160.
51
CURRENT POSITION AND PERSPECTIVES OF INVESTIGATION OF THE
PROBLEMS OF EARLY METALS PERIOD CULTURES (VIEW FROM SOUTH
CAUCASUS AND ANCIENT ANATOLIA )
Prof. Dr. Marina Puturidze1
1
[email protected], (Georgia)
Keywords: Metal Period Cultures, Old Babylonian Period, Caucasian
Presented paper proposed consider some different problematic issues of Early Metals Period Cultures of
the South Caucasian region in contemporaneous with Ancient Anatolian, and more wide, Near Eastern
civilizations. There are still enough much debatable topics in Chalcolithic, Early- and Middle Bronze
Ages which since a long time attracts attention of Caucasian, Turkish and western scholars. This is an
attempt precisely defined current position of study of the different problematic issues of the wide
chronological range, evaluate all possible future perspectives and judged the methods of their solution.
The South Caucasus – a vast geohistorical area located among the south Russian stepps and the Near East
was from the early II millennium BC was populated by the ethno-cultural group, bearer of the Trialeti
Culture who were contemporary with Hurrians, Old Assyrians, Mycenaeans and Old Hittites in the Near
East. For a comprehensive study of the Trialeti Culture it is considered to be most important to investigate
the nature of contacts between the South Caucasus and the Near East (especially with Anatolia) and
reveal the measure of influence on the local Caucasian region by the ancient eastern cultures. Here
considered materials of the Trialeti Culture with the primary focus on issues of interrelations and have
dwelt in detail on the artifacts that yield traces of direct Ancient Near Eastern influences. In order to
illustrate more evidently this fact, scholars should concentrate their knowlage, all databases and analyse
much more variety of assemblages as from well-known, as still unpublished new sites, than it is done up
today. Beside the close analogies to ancient Near Eastern artifacts, we also consider as necessary to study
transformed samples of the previous period as well and provide the comparative analyse of all kind
archaeological evidances.
At the same time, it is clear that complex historical processes that found reflection in various items of Old
Babylonian period Trialeti Culture characterized with the mass of innovations and as well the essential
changes in social, economic and cultural life of South Caucasian population. We suppose that cultural
bonds and influences from the Near Eastern World furnish one of the main factors that played a
predominant part in the formation and development of this famous culture.
Problem of interrelation with the south and south-western bordering areas, South Caucasian cultures
clearly illustrates also during the previous than II millennium BC period. This is a problematic issue
which currently arise a great interest of scholars of the different countries and therefore collaboration
project seems will give more results from this point. Special attention has been paid to the historical
significance of pivoral changes and innovations seen in archaeological records of the Trialeti Culture and
also other previous period ones.
As it suggested, fruitful study of the considered here debatable problems of a wide chronological range,
i.e. Early Metals Period, can have successful results in case if scholars of different countries will try
coordinate their abilities and collaborate in joint research projects. Current Congress give an excellent
chance to consider all possibilities from this point and create such long term perspective project.
52
THE NYMPHAEUM OF THE TRITONS AT HIERAPOLIS OF PHRYGIA (TURKEY)
FROM EXCAVATION TO 3D VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION: AN EXAMPLE OF
INTEGRATED METHODS IN THE STUDY OF ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE
Campagna Lorenzo1, Limoncelli Massimo2
1
University of Messina, Department of Archaeology, Messina, Italy, [email protected]; 2University of
Salento, Department of Cultural Heritage, Lecce, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Roman Fountains, 3D-Virtual Reconstructions, Ancient Earthquakes
For several years the Italian Archaeological Mission working at the ancient city of Hierapolis of Phrygia
in Turkey has been carrying out important research on the city’s major monumental complexes from the
Roman period, based on the application of innovative research tools in addition to traditional methods.
One of the most important buildings in Roman Hierapolis is the Nymphaeum of the Tritons. Excavated
between 1994 and 2001 under the direction of Francesco D'Andria, this monumental fountain, built in the
early 3rd century AD, is characterized by a 67 m-long pool with an imposing marble facade displaying
three architectural orders. The nymphaeum is currently being studied by a team from the University of
Messina, which has set itself the goal of understanding as fully and in as much detail as possible the
original layout of the building and its history, starting from its construction up to the events which caused
its destruction. This process is also crucial in developing a project for promoting the monument and its
enjoyment by a wider public. The starting point of the study is the wealth of data provided by
stratigraphic excavation of the building and, in particular, by the extensive archaeological deposits formed
by the blocks of the facade, which collapsed into the tank following the earthquake that caused the
destruction of the building in the 7th century AD. The need to process a large amount of data required the
creation of a computer database linked to a GIS platform. This permitted the integrated and systematic
management of various types of information regarding individual architectural elements, their
stratigraphic position, their function and position in the facade, and more generally the way in which
archaeological deposits were formed. The results so far achieved through analysis of the data regard two
main, closely interrelated aspects: the development of a proposed complete digital reconstruction of the
nymphaeum and its hydraulic system; and a reconstruction hypothesis for the dynamics of the building’s
collapse and the nature and intensity of the earthquake that caused it. Fundamental support has been
provided for both aspects at the various stages of work by the creation of a 3D digital model of the
building. In our view the 3D model should not be understood solely as the final presentation of research
results; rather, it was conceived as an investigative tool throughout all the phases of the work in progress.
Thanks to their versatility and reversibility, in fact, 3D modelling techniques represented a tool for
monitoring and testing the reconstruction hypotheses as they were formulated, enabling us to effectively
view how reliable the proposed reconstructions were, and any errors. In our contribution, therefore, the
results of our research on the nymphaeum will be presented with particular emphasis on the importance of
using 3D reconstruction models as an integral and necessary part of the various stages in the process of
analysing and documenting an ancient building.
53
THE HELLENISTIC THÉATRON OF MORGANTINA: HISTORY AND
RESTORATION
Sposito Alberto1, Faraci Giorgio2
1
Università degli Studi di Palermo – DARCH Dipartimento di Architettura, Palermo, Italia, [email protected];
Università degli Studi di Palermo – DARCH Dipartimento di Architettura, Palermo, Italia, [email protected].
2
Keywords: Ancient Architecture, Historical Knowledge, Conservation.
Morgantina is an indigenous Hellenised site situated in the umbilicus Siciliae, and well-documented in all
its historical phases, from its foundation to its abandonment. In the 4th century B.C. this city boasted an
important system of public buildings, among which there was a Théatron; it was built by exploiting a natural
slope, with the resulting difference in level being offset by the construction of four counterforted supporting walls
(analémmata), which held in the earth required to even out the floor. The American Archaeological Mission of
Princeton University began excavations with King Gustav
Adolph of Sweden in 1955; in 1963 the northern análemma
was restored and subsequently, in the years 1966-67, four of its
quoins. The fifth and sixth quoins were left untouched, in the
state in which they had been uncovered, with the rows of
stones having subsided somewhat, in a different position from
the original, with many of the blocks missing.
In 2000 local government decided to restore the Théatron
in order to stage classical drama. The complex intervention
required a joint approach involving various disciplines. The
cognitive process on the Théatron was initiated with
Fig. 1 Top View of the Théatron
typological analysis, comparing other contemporary
examples and searching out material from the archives and libraries in order to find out details of the
excavations and the previous restoration work. Subsequently, specific analysis of a chemical-physical
nature was carried out on the stone, so as to acquire information about the mineralogical-petrographical
characterisation of the materials used and about the
phenomena of deterioration; these results influenced the
choices regarding recovery and protection of the stone
surfaces. Other investigations, of a geo-technical character,
were carried out on the material in the intrados of the
southern análemma, which exercised such strong pressure
on the wall as to cause an inclination of about 40 cm from
the top of the wall to the bottom. Finally, analysis of an
agronomic type was needed for the infesting species present
in the structure. In the recent restoration the two un-restored
quoins were overhauled, relocating the ashlars available in
Fig. 2 A view of the Théatron
their original position and the missing parts were integrated
with small stones and rubble, so as to render the operation distinguishable but chromatically
homogeneous; the análemma, which risked collapsing, was also reinforced.
In conclusion, with the recent restoration work the physical and structural integrity of the construction has
been re-imposed; the works completed in the seventies have been restored; the Théatron has re-assumed
its original form, whilst respecting the architectural evidence and interpreting it. The fruition of the
structure as a physical, functional and historical entirety has been assured. The structure has been
showcased within its setting, enhancing its status through its utilisation as a theatre suitable for hosting
classical drama.
54
GEOLOGICAL DANGER FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE IN BULGARIA AND
PRESERVATION APPROACHES
Diana Gergova1, Margarita Matova2, Rumiana Glavcheva3, Ilian Katevski1
1
National Institute of Archaeology with Museum-BAS, [email protected]; 2Geological Institute-BAS, Sofia,
Bulgaria, [email protected]; 3Nat. Inst. Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography-BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria,
[email protected]
Keywords: Bulgarian Cultural And Archaeological Heritage, Geoarchaeology, Geological Danger
In the NE Bulgarian lands an eloquent testimony of human evolution, passing through the later
Thracian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Bulgarian civilizations, takes place. It is a territory where various
tendencies in the material and spiritual development of people from the East and the West, from the North
and the South leave traces.
Geologically NE Bulgaria represents a fragment of the Moesian Platform. It is a relatively stable
geological unit but, recently, processes of fault segmentation and block differentiation are activated there.
The most expressive of them are manifested in a wide contact zone between the Moesian Platform and the
Black Sea Depression. The geological processes include tectonic and epirogenic movements. The tectonic
processes, including the regional and local earthquakes, are of particular importance. The tectonic and the
epirogenic processes are capable to cause slope effects, land subsidence, liquefaction. They create
geological danger for the cultural heritage.
Monuments, like the Sveshtari Thracian royal tomb and other tombs of the necropolis of the dated to
1st mill BC sacred and political Getae capital Dausdava-Helis, the Early Mediaeval Madara Horseman and
the Mediaeval Ivanovo rock-cut churches, are included in the UNESCO Cultural Heritage List. Many
others, like the prehistoric Necropolis of Varna (the oldest European hand-made Gold treasures
discovered) and of Durankulak (presented by the oldest in Europe two-storey stone construction), the
sanctuary of Kibela in Balchik and Thracian town of Bizone, the first two Bulgarian capitals of Pliska and
Preslav, the Mediaeval Besarbovo and the Aladja Rocky Monasteries, the Mediaeval town of Cherven,
are of considerable national significance and of the Balkan Peninsula’s worth.
Both natural and human factors influenced the relative stability of the historic monuments. Some of
them suffered geological deformations in different degree (Sveshtari, Madara and Ivanovo monuments,
Aladja monastery, the oldest Bulgarian capital Pliska, Kibela sanctuary in Balchik, Besarbovo
monastery). Others were geologically totally destroyed (several Sveshtari tombs, one of Ivanovo rock-cut
monasteries). A lot of monuments are partially or almost totally destroyed or robbed. For instance, the
powerful 1940 and 1977 Vrancea earthquakes caused landslides and rockfalls, and led to subsidence,
liquefaction effects in the studied area and provoked the most considerable human and material losses,
including many historic monuments.
The archeological, geoarcheological, geoenvironmental, seismic and other interdisciplinary
examinations propose important information about possible dangers to the cultural heritage. They also
concern geological processes in the past, the skills of ancient people in geotechnical and construction
aspects, as well as their style of living.
The acquaintance with the geological and historical evolution of our lands has been used in the
protection policy of these valuable monuments. The recent study of the cultural heritage in NE Bulgaria
shows also our respect to the previous periods of our constructive and destructive evolution in time and
space, also our wish to preserve the monuments for the contemporary and future generations.
55
THE MODEL OF DESIGN DEVELOPED IN THE LATE ROMAN BUILDINGS
BEQUEATHED TO THE LAND OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WEST
Jorge García Valldecabres1, Concepción López González2, Maria Luisa Navarro García3, Simeón
Couti López4
University Polytechnic of Valencia, Spain, 1 [email protected]; 2 [email protected]; [email protected];,
4
[email protected]
Keywords: Archaeological, Geometric, Metric
Objectives: The study understands as the designers of architecture choose a regulatory system that
applied according to the needs of program and of the place.
Method: Between the alternatives, the geometry is the most suitable. Develops in big groups: 1º The
drawing of the building and, 2º the analysis of his parts across the instruments of representation.
The modular proportions of the
Colonna
of the Peristyle of Diocleciano's
Palace in Spalato
The
tracing in the churches of the city of Valenia
Results: We expose the studies of Diocletian's mausoleums in Spiro, which of Holy Constance in Rome,
of the Vega in Populates New, Spain and, the studies on the geometric model developed in the cathedral
of Valencia and in the first churches of the city.
Conclusions: The metric control of architectural from provides his knowledge, his interpretation, and is
the guide to define the criteria of the process of rehabilitation. We are summarized the values in the so
called triangle of π quarters.
References:
SOLER SANZ, F. Regulatory Tracings Octogonales in the Classic Architecture. Ed. General de ediciones de Arquitectura.
Valencia. 2008
GENTIL BALDRICH, J. M., Trace and Model in the Renaissance. Ed. Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Construcción
Sevilla
DE RUIZ DE LA ROSA, J. A., Trace and Symmetric. In the Antiquity and the Medieval. Ed. Universidad de Sevilla. Servicio de
publicaciones. Sevilla, 1987
QUARONI L., To Project a building. Eight lessons of Architecture . Ed. Xarait. Madrid, 1980
HUERTA FERNÁNDEZ, S., Presentation published in the book of Acts the Find International Congress. "Former new spaces
times”. Titled: The stony material and his factories in the heritage. Santiago de Compostela, 2004
JIMÉNEZ MARTÍN, A. and PINTO PUERTO, F. The drawing and Building analysis. Tradition and future. Ed. Institute of
Sciences of the construction. Ed. Instituto de Ciencias de la construction. Sevilla, 2003
56
PROTECTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES TOOLS AND CRITERIA FOR AN
ECOCOMPATIBLE AND ECOEFFICIENT CONSERVATION PROJECT
Baiani Serena1
1
“La Sapienza” University of Rome-Dept. DATA, Rome, Italy, serena.baiani@uniroma1it
Keywords: Sustainable Conservation, Energetic And Environmental Technologies, Ecoefficient Archeological Sites
Set the project of conservation in the sustainable human development, means to understand the reality in
becoming, turning the static vision into a dynamic approach that considers the life cycle as theoreticalmethodological base articulated in different, integrated steps.
The objective of protecting and restoring archaeological properties pursues criteria of optimising the state
and use conditions with the aim of fruition in line with the transformation processes of ancient sites.
The historical settlements, in the Mediterranean basin, assumes a type-morphological structure in
coherence to the microclimatic characters of the site, realizing a condition of optimization of the energetic
relationships with the surrounding natural environment.
The transferability of bioclimatic systems and technologies to the planning of sustainable and energetic
conservation allows to re-construct the processes of "natural working" of the historical-architectural
structures, valorising the characters (orientation, radiation, shadowing, form and compactness,
peculiarities of the envelope and characteristics of the materials) in the microclimatic local conditions, to
increase environmental efficiency.
The objective of the compatibility among demands of protection, exploitation and fruition shapes the
intervention as insertion of the new (low energetic systems and equipments for preservation and fruition)
within the " constraint" imposed by the archaeological site. The aim is to lay down the guidelines and
specific techniques useful for regulating at various levels the suitability of potential interventions for
energetic and environmental protection and sustainable restoration, taking as reference the sector dealing
with the complementary support equipment as used in archaeological sites and properties (appropriate
materials, dimension and energetic technologies).
Construction of the model for this research foresees both the pinpointing of suitable categories for
intervention and also the defining of the course of action able to assess, with the use of analytic and
technical-evaluative measures, the levels of appropriateness and compatibility with the particular
conditions of the context. In analysing an archaeological property, consideration of the parameters
concerning the environment is targeted in understanding how the relationship of the subject with the
surrounding territory makes evident the general condition of decay. From this, suitable potential actions
must be derived for its safeguarding and employment to better advantage. In this way, to the specific
restoration technologies must be added technologies for intervening or the environmental conditions that
have exceeded the "level of attention" in order to proceed to a radical planning of the protection and
restoration tasks required.
The objective is to supply the planner with a univocal reference system to be used in the planning of
structures designed to protect archaeological properties from elements causing deterioration and for their
organised fruition by users of the cultural patrimony, thereby indicating for each intervention precise
guidelines controlling and evaluating the expected impacts.
57
THE BASILICA OF THE NATIVITY IN BETHLEHEM, AN HISTORICAL
RECONSTRUCTION USING DENDROCHRONOLOGY
Jarno Bontadi1, Mauro Bernabei1
1
CNR-IVALSA, Laboratorio di Dendrocronologia, San Michele all’Adige (TN)
The Basilica of the Nativity is probably one of the oldest churches in the Holy Land. Over the years, the
building underwent a series of renovations and alterations the traces of which are difficult to identify
nowadays.
The first sacred building on top of the cave traditionally believed to be the birthplace of Christ, was
constructed under the patronage of Constantine I and the Empress Helena and consecrated in 339. At the
time of Samaritan revolt of 529, the church was destroyed by fire and then rebuilt in its present form by
the Emperor Justinian. During the time of the Crusades, the church escaped destruction by the Muslims
because Jesus’ birthplace is considered sacred also in the Islamic religion. Over the centuries, when
Bethlehem was occupied by many different countries and rulers, such as the King of England, the Duke
of Burgundy, the Venetians, Mameluks, Greeks, Turks, Armenians and others, the church was
occasionally refurbished. Reliable written documentation dates interventions to the wooden roof structure
to the years 1150, 1435, 1479, 1670 and 1832.
At this Congress, we present the results of our analyses, which focused on identifying the wood species
and dating the timber of the roof structure, as well as determining different building phases.
Oak, larch, cedar, pine and cypress woods were found. Basilica’s larch timber was dated
dendrochronologically to the year 1412: the mean larch chronology, which is 592 years long, shows such
high cross-matching values with reference
chronologies from the Eastern Alps that the
origin of the timber from this area cannot be
disputed. Venetia’s involvement in the
construction of the Church of the Nativity is,
thus, confirmed, thereby also underlining its
international role in the wood and timber trade
of the past. Try to imagine how such long and
heavy pieces of timber could be carried from
the Palestinian coast to Bethlehem in those
days, across rough and arid terrain…
The oak timbers used also yielded interesting
results. The mean oak chronology spans 315
years, with its last tree ring dating to 1723, so
that this oak must belong to one of the most
Fig. 1 – the Church of the Nativity
recent interventions. Interestingly, the growth
ring series from the oak of the Church of the
Nativity match the oak series form timber of the Hagia Sophia baptistery in Istanbul very well. This
would indicate the provenance of the wood to be Anatolia, and it also suggests that both buildings may
incorporate trees grown in woodlands not very distant one from another.
Hence, apart from answering the initial questions regarding the wood species used in the construction of
the church, the dating of the timber and the different building phases, our results have also shed some
light on the historical timber trade in the Mediterranean.
58
YENIKAPI IN ISTANBUL – CONTRIBUTION OF DENDROCHRONOLOGY FOR
THE STUDY OF EAST-MEDITERRANEAN HERITAGE
Ważny Tomasz1,2, Kuniholm Peter I.3, Pearson Charlotte L.4, Griggs Carol B. 5
1
Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA, [email protected] ; 2Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń,
Poland; 3Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA, [email protected] ; 4Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA,
[email protected] ; 5Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA [email protected]
In the Mediterranean area, the general opinion is that stone and bricks were the basic materials for building,
manufacturing, crafts, and creating objects of art. In accordance with this, wood (timber) played a secondary role as a
material used for roof constructions, ceilings, door and window frames, gates, wall supports, fortifications, ship
building, etc. Over 2100 wood samples retrieved from the combined Marmaray and Metro Project Excavations in
Yenikapı, Istanbul, for dendrochronological analyses plus results of our research on Byzantine and Ottoman
architecture contradict this opinion.
Figure 1: Left - Illustration from the Liber Cronicarum (Nürnberg Chronicle 1498) shows windmills at Yenikapı. Right – Five sided
structures from Bostan Kuyusu (“Well of the Cabbage Garden”) at Yenikapi – perhaps the bases of windmills like the ones show –
now dated by dendrochronology.
Dendrochronology is one the most important analytical methods applied for the study of cultural heritage objects.
Well-known as the most-precise dating method, dendrochronology also provides information about the origin of the
timbers. By comparing an undated tree-ring series (i.e., sequence of growth-rings from a wooden sample) with
absolutely dated master chronologies from the same species and same geographical area, an exact calendar year can
be assigned to each ring in the examined sample. Thus, the history of construction, renovations, and major structural
changes can be dated with annual, and sometimes sub-annual, precision.
Numerous harbor installations, shipwrecks, and modern constructions from Yenikapı represent different historic
periods, from 4th c. sea-walls and harbor docks to 19th c. basements of pumping stations (Fig. 1). The building
activity was not continuous; natural and anthropogenic sedimentation plus natural hazards like earthquakes, storms,
and possibly even a tsunami have obliterated many phases of construction (Fig. 2). The history of these events
revealed from the wood structures demonstrates the role of this underestimated material as a witness of the past.
Dendrochronology, the science of tree-rings, has proved its potential for the study and safeguard of this EastMediterranean heritage.
Figure 2: Dock at Yenikapı with results of dendrochronological dating. In the background section, directly over-lying the posts, a
chaotic layer rich in cultural debris is visible. This layer may represent a change in sediment regime following the construction of a
new harbour wall or may be the result of a storm deposit or even tsunami.
59
ANAXUM PROJECT: INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SURVEY OF THE STELLA RIVER ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREA
Pipan Michele1, Gasperini Luca2, Forte Emanuele1, Mocnik Arianna1, Del Ben Anna1, Zambrini
Roberta3, Zamariolo Andrea3, Capulli Massimo4, Fozzati Luigi5
1
University of Trieste – Exploration Geophysics Group, Trieste, Italy, [email protected]; 2ISMAR-CNR, Bologna, Italy,
[email protected]; 3Anfibia S.r.l., Ravenna, Italy, [email protected]; 4University of Udine, Udine, Italy,
[email protected]; 5Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy, [email protected]
The Stella river (Latin name Anaxum) was the most important fluvial connection between the sea and the
surroundings of the Roman town Aquileia. It was therefore intensively utilized by as a commercial route
that intersected also the Roman Via Annia (Fig.1). The ANAXUM project is an integrated archaeological
and geophysical research program that aims at a complete reconstruction of the evolution of the area from
the historical/archaeological point of view. An international
Fig. 1 –The intersection between the
Roman Via Annia and the Stella River
(NE-Italy)
Fig. 2 Location map of geophysical
surveys
research team successfully completed the first part of the fieldwork
during the summer 2011. The results obtained include detailed
underwater archaeological surveys of wrecked Roman ships and
ultra-high resolution geophysical datasets collected along a 3-km
long segment of the river (Fig.2). The geophysical data include
chirp sub-bottom profiles, high-resolution acoustic bathymetry and
ground-penetrating radar data. The sub-bottom acoustic data were
obtained with a Datasonics Chirp II acoustic profiling system,
which offers simultaneous dual-frequency operation in a wide
spectrum of frequencies (2-7 kHz and 10-20 kHz) with selectable
chirp bandwidths. The results exhibit horizontal and vertical
resolution adequate to image the targets of interest and penetration
in a depth range around 5 meters. An example of target of potential
archaeological interest imaged by the chirp survey is shown in
Fig.3. Dimensions of the target, shape and spectral characteristics
of the response match those of already identified shipwrecks.
Underwater inspection of identified and unidentified targets is in
progress as well as processing and interpretation of the large
geophysical datasets obtained to date. The integration of acoustic
and electromagnetic surveys and the calibration of the geophysical
data by underwater archaeological inspection provides detailed
information about present
and past conditions of the
area of study and about its
evolution
since
its
commercial exploitation
during the Roman period.
One wrecked Roman ship
has been extensively
surveyed
by
the
underwater archaeological team, which exhibits well preserved
sections of the hull.
Target of
archaaelogical
interest
Fig. 3 – Stella river: example of Chirp profile
across an unknown target of potential
archaeological interest (horizontal distance
10m, vertical exaggeration 3x)
60
HISTORIC WATER MILLS OF NORTHERN CYPRUS AND PROPOSALS FOR
THEIR PRESERVATION AND RE-USE
Nurbanu Tosun Soyel (phD, arch)1
1
Tourism , Environment and Culture Ministry of Northern Cyprus, [email protected]
Keywords: Water Mill, Cyprus, Industrial Heritage, Vernacular Architecture.
Water is one of the important requirements of life. In Cyprus, water was used as the main energy source
for grinding grains between the years 1200-1950 in spite of long and dry summers.
The first water conveyance systems in Cyprus were erected under Roman rule. During the Byzantine and
Eleusinian periods, the number of such structures increased. Under Ottoman rule, various water conduits,
aqueducts and mills were built as part of charitable foundations.
During a survey of historic rural settlements in Cyprus remains of several neglected water mills was
noted. This lead to a detailed study of old maps and more mills were spotted. Unfortunately, these
traditional structures were deserted and without maintenance. The decrease of water in the recent years
and the developments in technology lead to their abandonment. The mills need to be studied and
preserved within the context of the industrial heritage of the island. As an important component of the
rural landscape, they should be preserved with their original features and potentialities for their reuse
should be investigated.
Except one, the water mills from the pre-industrial period are examples of the old turbine type. According
to Landels, the earliest example of this type of mill was built near Neocaeserea (modern Niksar) during
the 1st century B.C. The mills in Cyprus were constructed using local technology and know-how. The
construction of numerous mills and water conveyance systems by the Ottomans show the importance of
water and its use as source of energy during their rule in Cyprus. Mills played an important role in the
daily life of the rural people. They were rented and the income was used to run charitable institutions
established by the Ottomans.As a result of the recent field survey, eighteen water mills were listed as
worthy of being protected as part of the island’s architectural, historical, technological heritage. The water
mills in Cyprus have common features with the ones erected around the Mediterranean between the 18th 20th centuries. The majority of extant mills in Cyprus is from the Ottoman period and belongs to sultans’
foundations. Unfortunately, no detailed studies were made on the mills in Northern Cyprus. The
preservation of this important heritage and its transfer to the future generations demands research and
funding for preservation. In order to achieve this goal, it was suggested to the Ministry of Tourism to
initiate a project called “The Historic Water Mills and the Use of Water Power in Cyprus”. The aim of
this research is twofold; to document the water mills that are part of the technological history and rural
landscape of Cyprus and to develop preservation and re-use proposals for them. With the help of historic
documents, archives, a list of water mills that were built in Northern Cyprusduring the Ottoman period
was compiled. The second step was the preparation of an inventory of the extant water mills. Eighteen
mills were studied and recorded by 1/100 scale drawings. Conservation problems of the mills were noted;
re-use proposals were developed according to the needs of the nearby settlements. Projects to conserve
the old mills in other Mediterranean countries were investigated.At the moment none of the watermills
are in use. It might be possible to improve the situation, with the support of the government. A project
which aims to reuse the mills within the context of cultural tourism, assigning new functions to the
industrial heritage and displaying the original technical equipment was proposed. New visitor routes
including watermills and aqueducts were defined. The itinerary of “Historic Water Mills”is expected to
contribute to the increase of interest and thus support the efforts for the preservation of the significant
structures in Northern Cyprus. The new itinerary may be linked to “ERIH”’s “industrial heritage itinerary.
The reuse of the mills might lead to the rehabilitation of rural settlements; thus improving the scene for
the better. The project will be integrated to the cultural tourism projects of the European Commission.
With the documentation acquired by this research, it is possible to go forward to develop the legal basis
for the conservation of industrial heritage of Northern Cyprus. After scheduling, it might be possible to
work on the chances for the conservation of the mills. The result of the survey conducted during the
research, the data sheets containing information about the geographical distribution, architectural features,
physical conditions and re-use proposals for the water mills in North Cyprus is presented in order to start
the discussion.
61
HARNESS: A ROBOTIC SWARM TO EXPLORE AND PROTECT UNDERWATER
CULTURAL HERITAGE
Moriconi Claudio1, Bonanno Giacomo1, Cavallini Fiorello1, Cupertino Giacomo1, Dell’Erba
Ramiro1, Meo Giovan Battista1, Nanni Vincenzo1, Paoloni Marco1, Sagratella Giovanni1, Taraglio
Sergio1
1
Institution ENEA – Robotics Laboratory, C. R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123; [email protected]
This work describes a multipurpose underwater robotic system to be used for exploration, exploitation
and surveillance of underwater cultural heritage.
This system is a school of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV): a swarm. Its development is currently
work in progress in our laboratory in the framework of the HARNESS project (Human telecontrolled
Adaptive Robotic NEtwork of SensorS) . Its object is the realization of an underwater multi body robotic
system able to perform tasks in a faster and reliable way as compared to a single vehicle. The key points
of the HARNESS project are: the development of a novel underwater acoustic channel with very high
performances in routing and data throughput capacities, the design of a reliable swarm control system
based on a balance of centralized and distributed control and the development of an interface with the
operator able to permit an interaction with the swarm as a whole. The project includes a demonstration
with a limited number of physical vehicles and with a larger number of simulated ones.
In a swarm the robots operate with a common objective and sharing the job workload; the lack of one
member can be easily taken care of by redistributing the job among the others. This feature is especially
useful if we consider as the swarm task the surveillance of submarine archeological sites. Moreover a
swarm can be considered as a whole thus offering the advantage of a simple way of interfacing with the
human end-users, overcoming the problem of separately controlling a large number of individuals. The
geometrical distribution of the members of this system is flexible and adaptable to the task and
environmental characteristics. In the underwater world a severe limitation to our communications
technology is perhaps the main drawback: the physical medium only permits acoustical channels, since
electromagnetic waves are rapidly damped. Also the acoustical technology is heavily affected by a fast
decay in the signal bandpass as soon as the distance increase, also for limited ranges. This limitation can
be overcome by a suitable and intelligent spatial distribution of transmission nodes (the swarm members
themselves), allowing an enhanced throughput of data through logical and physical routing. One of the
aims of the project is the creation of an adaptation capability among individual, collective and
communication behaviors of the swarm in order to maximize the performance of the system.
The swarm control must balance the different needs of the operator on one side (e.g. the mission task) and
of the single elements of the swarm on the other (e.g. obstacle avoidance, loss of communication link).
This equilibrium can change depending on the assigned tasks, the survival risk associated to the operation
of each robot and the risk associated to the loss of connection with rest of the swarm. Approaches
currently under study to this aim include neural network techniques, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms.
In the swarm there is no central brain, each individual must possess an intelligent local control system
capable to control its route on the basis of the available data. These data will be different depending on
the position inside the swarm, the data propagation speed and, in special cases, by the role of some
individuals.
The foreseen applications of this underwater swarm are in the safeguard of the underwater cultural
heritage in terms of exploration of submerged sites in search for possible new relics, in terms of
surveillance of already discovered sites against damage, in terms of the possible realization of a remote
museum facility where both archaeologists and laymen can explore underwater sites without “getting
wet”.
62
INVENTORY, ANALYSIS, VALORISATION AND RESTORATION OF A SINGULAR
WATER HERITAGE: DRAINAGE TUNNELS (“M’KOULAS”) OF TUNISIA.
Miguel Antequera1, Emilio Iranzo García2, Jorge Hermosilla Pla3
1
Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Valencia, España, [email protected]; 2Departamento de Geografía,
Universidad de Valencia, España, [email protected]; 3Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de
Valencia, España, [email protected];
Keywords: Foggara, Qanat, M’koula, Drainage Tunnel, Water Heritage Analysis And Valorization
The arid character of the Mediterranean environments determines in some cases the settling strategies and
development of the existing societies. A singular element of water gathering for the water supply and the
irrigation systems are the “foggaras”, ”qanats”, “m’koulas” or drainage tunnels. They are traditional
systems for collecting groundwater originated in Persia in the 7th B.C. “Foggaras” consist of an
underground tunnel with a smooth slope that due to the gravity allows the collection and extraction of
phreatic water from the most superficial aquifers. These elements have an especial importance because
are part of the cultural heritage of the society they belong.
The ESTEPA research group, from the Geography Department of the University of Valencia, Spain, and
the “Institute des regions arides de Medenine” (Arid regions Institute of Medenine) of Tunisia, are
carrying out a project called “Centro de Estudios Mediterráneos de Galerías de Agua, CEMGA” (Center
of Mediterranean Studies of Drainage Tunnels) aimed to catalogue the existing draining galleries in
Tunisia. This project is supported financially for a period of four years (2010-2013) by the Integrated
Action of the Spanish Agency of International Cooperation for Development (AECID).
During the first year of study, the regions of Kebili, Tozeur, Gafsa and Gabes were analysed. The
methodology used was the inventory, cataloging, heritage and environmental evaluation and proposals for
increasing the value of each tunnel. There were identified 89 m’koulas or drainage tunnels, a considerable
quantity that allow us the production of a Geographic Information System (G.I.S.) and the consequent
elaboration of automatic cartography and thematic maps. Regarding to the most representative tunnels it
must be highlight the group of 29 m’koulas of El
Guettar oasis (Gafsa), located at the foothills of Djebl
Orbata, and the m’koulas of the Mansoure (Kebili)
municipality.
Through this research we are able to diagnose the
present condition of the drainage tunnels in the south
of Tunisia and at the same time to elaborate proposals
for increasing their value as a heritage, not to the
extent of its operational use, but related to their
associated landscape and heritage resources. A clear
example of the actions that are being carried out
currently is in a m’koula in El Guettar oasis (Gafsa,
Tunisia), where the University of Valencia financed by
the 0’7 program is rehabilitating and increasing the
value of the “Mkoula” denominated Ain Boussoufa.
63
ISTANBUL KÜÇÜKÇEKMECE LAKE BASIN EXCAVATIONS
Sengul Aydingun1, Hakan Oniz2
1
Eastern Mediterranean University, Underwater Research and Imaging [email protected]; 2Kocaeli
University, Dept.of Archaeology [email protected]
“Istanbul Prehistoric Researches” began the archaeological studies of coasts of Istanbul, Europe side with
an international science team as an inclusion of `ITA` project. During these studies under the leader ship
of Sengul Aydingun, some evidences such as some agricultural pots and pans production clues regarding
prehistoric times, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantium and Ottoman periods were found. The ITA project now
expanded into an international and interdisciplinary project, including specialists from several Turkish
and European universities. This international team has started on the excavations in 2009 at Istanbul Kucukcekmece Lake after the land and underwater research in 2007 and 2008. This lake is located at the
junction of the sea way between Istanbul and Mediterranean sea and just 20 kilometers away from the
center of Istanbul. There is still a connection between the lake and the sea for boats, which was much
wider in the past. It was a safe natural harbour for ships on the rotation between Aegean and the Black
sea.
Our previously known history is changing drastically after the new explorations and excavations in
Istanbul. Gathered from this history, we know that the Byzantion established by Megara people in B.C.
660-658, doubtlessly took the control of the trading road between the Black Sea and Mediterranean. On
the other hand, because of the position on the Golden Horn and the geography between SarayburnuYenikapı, Byzantion had its own perfect natural ports. These two features provided the necessary
substructure to it for becoming a trade centre. The high taxes they paid to Delos-Attic sea union in B.C. 5
century, shows this characteristic. From being grains to slaves, many various products from the Black Sea
and Mediterranean was changing hands here. Marble from Proconessos, timber from Pontus Mountains
should be added on these. From B.C. 2 century, by the entrance of Roman to Aegean-Pontus area,
especially cheap corn grains started coming to the area and giving to the ports on the Golden Horn and its
north and south coasts. From 6. century, it is known that the empires controlled the grain stocks in the
city. The open sea grain ships’ necessity of emptying their loads before Istanbul due to reasons such as
storms or other forms of obstacles, was realized by the middle store structures built on Bozcaada
(Tenedos) by Iustinianos. Because of the concept that Kuçukcekmece Lake is seen as a suitable qualified
port in every weather condition, it puts forward a probability of its usage for this aim.
During the underwater and coastal researches in 2008, many of remains indicate two natural harbours and
a settlement probably from the late Roman age in and around of Kucukcekmece lake. For example Side
Scan Sonar images taken during the studies, proves the common use of this port. Despite the fact that
only a little area was initially scanned, it is assumed that there are 6 Post Roman- Byzantium iron anchors
(in V and T anchor form) that the majority of them are in the port area Moreover, on the south coast of the
lake, the images are determined to be some sort of wooden quay legs.
Excavation works were carried out in different parts of a Peninsula situated roughly in the middle of the
lake in 2009 and 2010. The first point of attention was the tip of the peninsula in which we believe a
sizeable ancient port is situated. We named it “The Great Harbor”. The second point was at the North
East, where a smaller port is encountered and we named it as the “Small Harbor”) and a very large
Roman road was excavated.
The Great Harbor
During the surveys, in that particular zone appearing in our map under the area codes of A6 and A7,
heavy vegetation were cleaned thanks to the powerful help from Avcilar Municipality. Once the
impenetrable bushes were gone, it became possible to see both the remains of the buildings and to do a
thorough geophysics works. The excavation in the Great Harbor began right on the tip of the peninsula,
very close to the lake’s shore. During that works some trenches were dug. At a depth of 50 cm, a wall
previously noted during the geophysics, was reached.
In the Great Harbor and on the surrounding area, harbor walls made of regularly cut stones and rubbles
and under some farm buildings from Ottoman period, a cistern was found. The existence of a channel
from cistern to the lake was established during the excavation of a 1 x 2 m trench. The same channel was
also discovered during the geophysics works done by the Bristol University’s team. The same team also
realized a number of dendrochronology works on the wooden remains from the cistern. Because of the
64
length and the high level of craftsmanship of the harbor walls, and how the tip of the peninsula is pointed
to the lake, it is believed that this is quite a big antique harbor and there are also ruins of a lighthouse at a
distance of 300 meters from the shore.
Small Harbor
2,5 km from the Great Harbor, on the North East direction, archaeological remains were noted by the
team. After the workmen from Municipality cleared the bushes and the heavy vegetations, remains of
possibly religious and residential areas were found on the surface. Now it is believed by the team that this
is where a sizeable antique city lies. One of the initial findings which were a great importance was a very
large Roman road going trough the ruins. With a width of 8 meters, such a road had to be constructed for
a large traffic within the antique time period. The team believes that it was the connection road from a
dense population and a big harbor facility to the one of the most important highways of antique times, the
road connecting Constantinople to Rome (via Adriatic shores), Via Egnatia, passing just from the North
of the peninsula.
It is believed that the antique city lies close to a small harbor with two piers (Photo 1), which was
discovered in 2009, and within the ruins of late Ottoman farm houses. The initial digging was carried out
on the south pier. An area of 3 x 10 m. was cleaned and it was dig to a dept of 1 m. The pier was
constructed with regularly cut stones and rubbles. And to join big stone blocks iron clamps were
occasionally used. After the excavations in 2010, a new road which is different then the other road mentioned in this text- is found under the earth. Excavated part of the road shows that; the width of the
road is 3.40 m and it is longer then 160 m. (Photo 2). Some of trenches at the lake coast show us there is
probably a long quay system. (Photo 3)
From the evidence of these clamps the dating of the construction was made to early Roman Period. It is
believed that this harbor was a gate for the city opening to the sea. Today’s lake was a deep bay in
Marmara Sea in the antiquity allowing navigation for all sizes of ships. While the works on south pier was
progressing, for a better understanding of the northern pier, municipality workers continued in cleaning
the bushes and opened that site to inspection as well. The distance between two piers is around 100
meters. On the north and south of Small Harbor the walls on the shore continued as a couple stone layers,
for long distances. Between these stones some reused materials also encountered. In these materials there
was a column capital of Corinthian style from B.C. 1-2 century, a broken column, column bases and some
orderly cut stone blocks with holes on them. In some part of this long wall there were square or
rectangular shaped big stone blocks. They are believed to belong to buildings constructed right on top of
the sea walls.
The measuring and the drawing of the Small Harbor, sea walls and the traces of the buildings were done.
The excavation of the Small Harbor gave a great numbers of Roman and Early Byzantine ceramics. 50
cm below the surface two Ottoman coins and a Wheel of Fortune carved on a rock were found. Lots of
iron nails, ceramic fragments and all different sorts of remains were uncovered and found, making the
team think that the harbor area was used at some point in the past, as also shipyard. Excavations in that
harbor will continue in the coming seasons.
Map 1) Istanbul and Kucukcekmece Lake
Map 2) Possible harbors and other remains
of Kucukcekmece Lake
Photo 1) One of the
piers of the small
harbour
Photo 2) Road which is connected to the
pier (photo
651)
Photo 3) Possibly part of
the quay system
CARTOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HYDRAULIC HERITAGE. THE
MEDITERRANEAN TRADITIONAL IRRIGATIONS
Martín Peña Ortiz1, Emilio Iranzo García2, Jorge Hermosilla Pla3
1
Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Valencia, España, [email protected]; 2Departamento de Geografía,
Universidad de Valencia, España, [email protected]; 3Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de
Valencia, España, [email protected];
Keywords: Traditional Irrigations, GIS (Geographical Information Systems), Water Heritage
Since late nineties, the Unidad de Investigación ESTEPA (Territorial Studies of Landscape and Heritage),
assigned to the Geography Department of University of Valencia, has focused its research on identifying
and analyzing the hydraulic heritage related on to the systems of traditional irrigations of western
Mediterranean basin.
The field of research is located especially on the territory that spans the southeastern areas of
Spain (counties of Valencia, Alicante, Castellón, Teruel, Cuenca, Albacete and Almería). However, and
as a result of five years of institutional agreements with Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional
para el Desarrollo (AECID) –Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and Development, the
research team has also had the chance to study in the Magreb countries some singular systems of
collecting water for irrigation and supply for the population known as system of ganats-oasis-sebkhas.
As a result of this interesting and contrasted line of research, a thorough and rigorous
methodology of analysis of traditional irrigation (flooding and furrow irrigation systems) has been
designed, improved and implemented. It gets specified in a Geographical Information System (GIS) with
which it is catalogued and mapmaking water heritage. The work methodology includes a series of phases,
among which we may highlight the documental investigation, source consulting (oral, written,
planimetric), fieldwork o recognizing in situ territory as well as department tasks where the goal to
achieve is identifying, kwoning, cataloguing, evaluating, and especially cartographic mapmaking of
hydraulic works (dams, reservoirs, springs and brooks, irrigation channels, pools, aqueducts, siphons and
tunnels, watermills, hydroelectric fabric, laundries and drinking troughs, water wheel etc.), which
constitute and organize the singular and complex cultural landscape of the traditional irrigations of
western Mediterranean area.
Cartographical representation stands as a basic tool to research traditional irrigations as it allows
georeferencing of a vast and different semiotics associated to the architecture of water and to some
hydraulic elements which articulate these secular water systems. These come from a long process of
historic formation and transformation (Roman period, Muslim domination, Middle Age, Enlightenment,
Modern and Contemporary periods). Without any doubt, SIG preparation and of its corresponding
automatic cartography, contribute to interpret the irrigation systems, from different territorial points of
view:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Hydraulic systems scales (Large systems: megascale: >20.000 hectares and macroscale -from 5.000
to 20.000 hectares. Medium systems: intermediate: from 1.500 to 5.000 hectares, and lower scale:
from 250 to 1.500 hectares; and Minor systems: small: from 50 to 250 hectares, and micro scale:
<50 hectares.
Morphology of irrigation nets.
Geomorphology of irrigated places (flooding plains, alluvial cone, different types o fluvial valleys,
tank, moorland or countryside, glacis and foothills, ford or ravine);
Consequent cultural agricultural landscape: vegetable garden crops, tree-irrigated, rice fields, mixed
crops, transition to dry-farmed crops, etc) and
Prevailing typology of hydraulic goods (collected waters, transport, distribution, accumulation and
use) which articulate the different hydraulic systems of traditional Mediterranean irrigation.
66
THE AQUEDUCT OF ACEQUIA REAL IN THE ALHAMBRA OF GRANADA:
CONSTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR
Javier Suárez1 & Laura Cirera1
1
Department of Structural Mechanics and Hydraulic Engineering of the University of Granada (Spain), Edificio
Politécnico, Campus Fuentenueva s/n. 18.071 GRANADA (SPAIN) email: [email protected]
Keywords: Heritage, Civil Engineering, Arch, Masonry, Aqueduct, Alhambra Of Granada Objectives - We present a documental study of the historic beginnings, the constructive description and
the analysis of the mechanical behaviour of the Acequia Real1 aqueduct. This significant historical
structure found in the grounds of the Alhambra of Granada, is the keystone of the of the Nasrid2 palace’s
hydraulic system.
Construction of the Acequia Real was commissioned by King Muhammad I in 1238, when he decided to
build the new palatial city of the Alhambra. This aqueduct formed the citadel’s initial waterworks
system, and later became the noted hydraulic system of the citadel. We present a documental summary of
the later changes performed over the initial layout of the Acequia.
The entrance of the Acequia Real into the citadel of the Alhambra is found by passing through an
aqueduct dating back to the beginning of the XVIII century, built with ashlar, on a semi-circular arch
eight meters in diameter by fifteen meters in height3.
Methods - The proposed work shows: the geometric modelling of the aqueduct, using on-site measuring,
and archive plans for contrast; the study of the stone material, through investigation of its origin,
petrographic analysis and stereotomy; the pathologic inspection of the building and the modelling of its
mechanical behaviour through application of the Fundamental Theorems of Limit Analysis, according to
J. Heyman and S. Huerta.
Results and conclusions - The proposed work includes detailed graphical diagrams on the position of the thrust
line in the aqueduct, and we will draw conclusions on its stability and security level. We propose an unpublished
work, which will be extremely useful in future heritage rehabilitation works.
References:
-
-
-
-
Heyman J. 1999. El esqueleto de piedra. Mecánica de la arquitectura de fábrica. Instituto Juan de Herrera.
Heyman J. 1999. Teoría, historia y restauración de estructuras de fábrica. Instituto Juan de Herrera.
Heyman J. 2001. La ciencia de las estructuras.
Heyman J. 2002. Vigas y Pórticos.
Heyman J. 2004. Análisis de estructuras: un estudio histórico.
Huerta S. 2004. Arcos, Bóvedas y Cúpulas. Instituto Juan de Herrera.
Huerta S. 1996. La teoría del arco de fábrica: desarrollo histórico. Obra Pública. Revista del Colegio de Ingenieros de
Caminos, Canales y Puertos. NE 38:18-29.
Huerta S. 1998. Mecánica de las bóvedas de la catedral de Gerona. En Las grandes bóvedas hispanas. Madrid 19-23
mayo de 1997, editado por S. Tarrago, 53-65. Madrid: CEDEX.
Huerta S. 2001. La mecánica de las bóvedas tabicadas en su contexto histórico: la aportación de los Gustavino. En Las
bóvedas de Gustavino en América. Madrid: Instituto Juan de Herrera, CEHOPU.
Huerta, S. y López Manzanares, G. 1996. Informe sobre la estabilidad de la iglesia de Guimarei. Informe técnico.
Departamento de Estructuras de la ETSAM.
Huerta, S. y López Manzanares, G. 1997. Stability and consolidation of an ashlar barrel vault with great deformations:
the church of Guimarei. En Structural studies, repairs and maintenance of historical buildings, editado por Sánchez Beitia
y CA Brebbia, 587-96. Southampton: Computational Mechanics Publications.
Huerta, S. y Rabasa Díaz, E. 2001. Estereotomía y cálculo de estructuras en la reconstrucción de una bóveda del siglo
XVIII: Pazo de Antequeira (A Coruña). Obra Pública. Revista del Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos.
Nº 57, 60-69.
Página web del Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife. http://www.alhambra-patronato.es/
Archivo y Biblioteca del Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife. Sistema Andaluz de Archivos.
Cuadernos de la Alhambra. Expediente de proyecto de obras de consolidación y restauración del acueducto, hornos y
murallas en la zona del secano de la Alhambra (arquitecto Francisco Prieto-Moreno y Pardo); Expediente de renovación
de redes de suministro de agua y acequia en la calle Real de la Alhambra y red especial con suministro a la Alcazaba;
Expediente del proyecto de nuevo puente de enlace Alhambra-Generalife por la Cuesta de los Chinos (arquitecto
Francisco Prieto-Moreno y Pardo).
Trillo San José, Carmen. 2003. Agua y paisaje en Granada. Una herencia de al-Andalus. Ed. Diputación de Granada.
[N.T.] Literally, Royal irrigation ditch or canal.
2
[N.T.] The Nasrid dynasty or Banū Na r (Arabic: ‫ )ﺑﻨﻮ ﻧﺼﺮ‬was the last Moorish and Muslim dynasty in Spain.
3
[N.T.] 26 Feet In Diameter And 49 Feet In Height.
67
CULTURAL ROUTES AND REHABILITATION OF THE DRYSTONE RAINWATER
CISTERNS OF EPANO MIRABELLO REGION, CRETE.
Skoutelis Nikolaos1, Maravelaki Noni-Pagona2, Stavroulaki Maria3
1
Technical University of Crete, Department of Architectural Engineering, Chania, Greece, [email protected],
Technical University of Crete, Sciences Department, Chania, Greece, [email protected], 3Technical University
of Crete, Sciences Department, Chania, Greece, [email protected]
2
Keywords: Dry Stone Cisterns, Conservation, Visitors Network.
‘Epano Mirabello’ region is located in central Crete (Municipality of Aghios Nikolaos), between the
touristic areas of Malia and Elounda, the national road to the south and the Cretan Sea to the north. The
character of it’s land is based on the calcareus plattenplak and narrow basins where the ihhabitants have
intervened with drystone constructions such as windmills, retaining walls, division walls and cisterns. The
cultural landscape of the area is well marked owing to two networks: one made by dense small size
settlements and another by all kind of drystone constructions. Groups of drystone cisterns are located in
special areas, in the intersection of geological faults, in order to collect the surface rainwater.
The abandonment of the poor land has caused the gradual destruction of human artefacts. In the
meantime, the big pressure of the coastal massive tourism needs some kind of intechanges with the poor
mountainous interior of the island. The creation of a cultural route, connecting the most interesting of
these locations will offer a double benefit: 1. the restoration and use of the cisterns, 2. an alternative
touristical activity capable of creating new work positions.
Circular dry-stone cisterns are presented with nearly vertical masonry walls and with no major structural
problems except in specified areas and also a larger non circular cistern with greater wall inclination to
the vertical, exists which wall has largely collapsed. The mechanisms of failure which are associated with
the geometry of the cisterns, the mechanical properties of stones and the quality of the soil around
(estimated by a geophysical survey), were investigated for structural integrity and rehabilitation study of
these dry-stone cisterns. Standard forms of the examined cisterns, were analyzed by finite element
method. From analysis with and without the presence of water identified areas that need strengthening
and building restoration. Our interventions aim to restore the cisterns as close as possible to the original,
while respecting the existing materials, the original way of building and operating costs, and avoiding
materials and techniques that will alter the monumental nature of such cisterns.
Fig.1.The Kourounes area and the new visitor’s walkways.
The physicochemical chatacterization both of
the surrounding soils and the construction
materials of the various cisterns can be
considered as an important tool towards the
classification of the conservation state and the
consequent decision making of the
appropriate interventions. The analyses
indicated that soils rich in allumino-silicate
minerals retain better water than soils
containing a considerable amount of
carbonate minerals. Differences in the
mineralogical and chemical composition were
also associated with differences in the soil
grain size distribution, establishing thus an
hollistic modell according which the
coexistence of argillaceous and carbonate
minerals was followed by grains of diameters
ranging between 0,125-0,250 mm. These features of soils control the water filtration and allow the whole
system to resist and accommodate better to external shear and compressive stresses. Into this framework,
construction materials of low water absorption with limited interconnected pores, such as the studied
limestones, support their use and function in the cisterns and, admittedly, provide indications on the
requisites for the construction of natural terraces by drystone retaining walls.
68
The areas with these groups of cisterns close
to the settlements Kourounes, Dilakko,
Kastelli and Vrouchas, could be connected
with the archaelogical site of Driros,or the
Aretiou Monastery, using the town of
Neapoli as base. A geomorfological, an
electrodot spacing research, and the
materials analysis has given interesting
results which conducted to a minimal
architectural intervention.
Stone paths, iron railings and shelters for
shading
are
inspired
by
existing
interventions made by the simple spirit of
tradition. The visitor’s journey starts from
the surrounding touristic locations and leads
on, through Neapolis to the afore mentioned.
Thus is established the first backbone of a
future larger net for the visit to the drystone
made landscape of Mirabello.
Fig. 2.Dilakko cisterns area with the circular threshing-floors, above.
Chania – Crete, 15 June 2011
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RE-RESEARCH AND OPEN SITE MUSEUMS IN
MAZANDARAN, IRAN
Mahfroozi Ali11
1
Director of ASEC International archaeological projecte Caltural Hertige & tourism organization, Iran,
[email protected]
Keywords: Museums, Mountains, Mazandaran
Our studied region has been naturally activated for millions of years and been inhabited by humans since Paleolithic
period. in regards to archaeological remains, this area consist of numerous archaeological periods such as Paleolithic
and Epipaleolithic caves and rockshafts, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze age, early Islamic period fire houses, Timrod
Tombs towers, mosque and Safavid placed.
Archaeological investigation in this region have been started since year 2000, which among the most significant ones
are Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze age sites.
Gohar-tepe (mazandaran) with the size of 50 Ac is one of the most important Bronze age sites with evidence of
human occupants gas back to 5000 years ago.
Archaeological investigation in Paleolithic caves of the mentioned vicinity started at 1949 while C.S.Coon from
university of Pennsylvania initiated his excavations at two caves of Huto and kamarband nearly Behshahr. Such
excavation restarted in year 2000 by Iranian archaeologist, which resulted to the discovery of magnificent cultural
data belonging to the Epipaleolithic / Neolithic periods.
in addition to that, one site potentially assigned to the early Neolithic period has been nominated for excavations.
To sum up, we firmly believe that considering natural potentially of the region (e.g., Mountains, forest, plains, Sea)
plus historical and prehistorically potential existed, all have provided an ideal and at the same time very sensitive case
to be nominated as a National Natural - historical park named as Caspian.
In this article neat only we present our archaeological investigations but also, we would like to draw attentions to a
new archaeological management strategic to mountain such site in Iran.
69
KNOW THE PAST TO SAVE THE FUTURE: THE WATER CIRCULATION IN THE
ANCIENT POMPEII
A. Ciarallo1, M.R. Senatore2
1
Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Pompei, [email protected]; 2Dipartimento per
le Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali Università degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento, [email protected]
Keywords: Water regulation, hydrogeology, Pompeii protection
One of the biggest problems to be addressed for the protection of Pompeii, even in the light of the
ongoing climate changes, is to regulate the water flow that impact from the ancient city to the modern
city. To do this it is important to know what happened in 79 AD, before the Vesuvius eruption changed
the landscape. The work here presented is part of a wider research which aim is to reconstruct, through
studies on stratigraphy, sedimentology and flora, the natural landscape prior to the eruption of Vesuvius
in 79 AD. This research was performed using 25 drill cores carried out over a wide area around the
ancient city. Using the stratigraphy of these new drill cores as a reference, about 400 stratigraphies of old
drill cores have been re-interpreted. One archaeological dig in the archaic city and one section located
laterally to the Guard Tower n. 10 along the northern city walls were also studied. Data deriving from
digs and the section integrated with archaeological information were very important for the final
interpretation. Two samples were dated by AMS radiocarbon analysis using animal bones recovered one
by the dig in the archaic city the other by the section at the Guard Tower n. 10
It has long assumed that the water supply needed by the city was derived from the Sarnus fluvial system.
The modern Sarno channel, however, lies far to SE of Pompeii. The meandering course and delta of the
ancient Sarno channel, identified by boreholes was located at least 1 km south of the ancient city walls
like the modern river channel.
Our research leads to find out that another fluvial system once reached the town by a channel directed
toward Pompeii from the base of surrounding hills located about 14 km to the NE. Borehole data
collected to N and W of the city indicate that the channel was artificially diverted toward the W, likely
supplying the city with water. Evidence of this western flow path is also provided by the pollen spectra in
borings and excavations N and W of Pompeii, including poplar, willow and cultivated plants, all of which
required an adequate water supply. That channel flowed then toward Villa dei Misteri, and finally to
south along the western city margin. Along the latter course, the channel likely collected the city’s wastewater before discharging in a delta that once formed on the coastal margin SW of Pompeii. In the
borehole sediments we also identified three units referred to volcaniclastic flood deposits. Root structures
observed at boundaries between units indicate that considerable time may have elapsed between flood
events. These mass-flows, linked to episodes of high rainfall, flowing downslope from the northeastern
hills reached probably the city by way of the discovered channel. They overflowed and hit Pompeii
damaging the city long before its final demise by the Vesuvius eruption and were most likely similar to
the failures that have affected in the last fifty years the Campania region.
70
PORT CITY WATERFRONTS: FORGOTTEN UNDERWATER CULTURAL
HERITAGE
The case of the port of Cartagena, Spain (18th century)
Peñalver Martínez M. Jesús1, Maciá Sánchez J. Francisco2, Segado Vazquez Francisco3
1
Technical University of Cartagena School of Architecture (ARQUIDE UPCT), Cartagena, Spain,
[email protected]; 2Technical University of Cartagena School of Architecture (ARQUIDE UPCT), Cartagena,
Spain, [email protected]; 3Technical University of Cartagena School of Architecture (ARQUIDE UPCT),
Cartagena, Spain, [email protected];
Keywords: Underwater Cultural Heritage, Historical Knowledge, Restoration And Conservation.
Throughout the history of mankind, ports have been the hub of coastal towns and the changes undergone
there have reflected the towns’ historical, social and economical evolution.
Nevertheless, building and adapting them implies a constant battle between technology and the forces of
nature, requiring the application and development of the most advanced techniques in the construction
process.
Taking this into account, it seems paradoxical that, despite their indisputable cultural, historical and
technical value, in cities port constructions are forgotten cultural heritage. These assets required technical,
human and economic resources for their construction far superior to those necessary for building their
surroundings, as is shown in the case study, and are a true reflection of the inheritance of past generations,
helping us to understand a town’s history and identity.
Therefore, we believe it necessary to restore the patrimonial value of these constructions and develop
their tourism potential as a knowledge development factor based on their historical, architectural and
technical value. These assets are highlighted in the case
study on the construction of the port of Cartagena
throughout the 18th century. This research intends to
demonstrate and help understand the transformation
undergone in the city's natural bay to adapt it to the new
requirements of the Bourbon monarchy and build one of the
Mediterranean’s most important arsenals. This work has
been carried out studying historical files from Simancas
General Archives (Valladolid) and the Naval Museum
Archives (Madrid) along with manuscripts written by the
Fig. 1 Port of Cartagena, 1749
architects who built it.
Knowledge of these works means firstly, knowing what materials, techniques and construction systems
were used and evaluating the technological advances used in comparison with the knowledge of the time.
Secondly, the circumstances behind the solutions adopted must be understood, and therefore it is
necessary to establish their construction history context and determine the political strategy, economic
and technical factors prevailing at the time of building.
The analysis of the case proposed aims to prove the scientific, technical and historical value of this type
of works and so help promote the historical and archaeological study of our cities' waterfronts.
Proving the need for this type of study aims to do the following:
1. Show the value of this historical heritage, occasionally forgotten, and restore its cultural value so that it
is granted sufficient legal protection to protect the relevant elements of the continual adaptation work
underway in these ports or “living organisms”. These works must be classified in accordance with
International Architectural Heritage.
2. Make the port area the centre of attention for cultural tourism in cities, not only for leisure and
recreation, but to develop knowledge by revealing its history in the broadest sense, stressing the
surprising nature of its architectural design and construction throughout history.
3. Promote architectural construction studies on ports as an integral part of their management plans so that
the actions considered respect and are coherent with the existing port, facilitating restoration and
reintegration work in the city where necessary.
71
A STEREOSCOPIC HEAD FOR HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGING IN UNDERWATER
ARCHAEOLOGY
Taraglio Sergio1, Cavallini Fiorello1
1
Robotics Laboratory, ENEA, Rome, Italy. taraglio, [email protected]
Keywords: Underwater Archaeology, Stereoscopy, Photogrammetry
It is well known that the Mediterranean Sea has been the cradle of many civilizations such as the
Phoenician, the Minoic, the Greek, the Roman, only to cite some. All the people inhabiting these shores
have used the sea to conquer, to trade, to link themselves with the other populations for millennia. The
Mediterranean seabed is therefore full of relics testifying this huge naval traffic. It is evident that the
development of underwater archaeology is deeply linked to the development of technology, water is not a
natural environment for mankind and the progress of technology may help in exploring it and robotics
may be of great help.
The knowledge of the shape and dimension of archaeological items is, naturally, of the outmost
importance for their study. It is evident that this measurement, extremely simple in a land site, in an
underwater environment becomes quite difficult or even impossible. A potential approach here tackled is
that of employing two high resolution cameras in a stereo vision system and correlate the two images in
order to derive information on the three dimensional structure of the environment and of the objects in
view.
Besides a strictly archaeological interest, underwater stereoscopic images can be of great appeal also for a
wider audience, see e.g. the Titanic’s 3D images on National Geographic. Another promising use is the
remote fruition of archaeological sites not suitable for direct inspection not only by specialists, but also by
the general public. For example one may think about the possibility to let a visitor have a “dry” close
inspection of a shipwreck, not as a pre-arranged guided virtual tour, but as an actual exploration
controlled by the visitor himself, but remotely performed by a ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle).
In this work is presented TESSA (TEsta Stereoscopica Subacquea per Archeologia, underwater
stereoscopic head for archaeology), see Figure 1, an underwater stereoscopic low cost vision system
targeted to archaeology applications. The TESSA head is designed to be a visual sensor device that can
equip any underwater vehicle to the aim of measuring and
inspect relics on the sea bed.
The photographic devices employed are high resolution
digital commercial cameras that can be programmed and
fully controlled via their standard USB interface. The
cameras are enclosed in a custom designed and built glass
and steel housing. Besides the cameras, TESSA features an
illumination system, a set of four laser beams that can
project a reference quadrangle onto the scene and a motor
that can exert a tilt movement on the bench housing the
cameras.
TESSA is fully controlled by an on board computer running
Fig. 1 TESSA
a server application able to manage all its hardware devices.
The end user interacts with the system by a client
application that connects with TESSA via a Ethernet link.
The choice of COTS (Commodity Off The Shelf) components, allows the introduction of innovative
features in an underwater stereo vision system such as the laser reference frame, the use of high resolution
images, the possibility of zooming and of easy storing, retrieving or management of images at an
accessible cost.
72
HISTORICAL CULTURE, PROTECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT IN
PROMOTION OF HYPOGEA SITES
Ezio Burri1
1
Department of Environmental Sciences – University of L’Aquila; [email protected]
Keywords: Underground Environments, Tourism
From the 18th century the underground world aroused considerable cultural interest in both
collective and individual imagination. Proof can be found in the many etchings depicting various groups
of subjects, in period clothing and in the light of smoky torches, intent on their visit of the most
spectacular natural and artificial caves. In these underground environments, morphologies of remarkable
beauty often coexist and it is common for them to be classified as geotopes deserving of protection, but
also as archaeological relics of significant cultural value.
Rather than analyze the reason for this interest, in order to understand the roots of such curiosity,
the vastness of the phenomenon appears no less singular in view of the fact that there have been frequent
examples of projects to exploit that curiosity for profit. One possible answer is offered by the attention
that had been reserved for all natural phenomena and which perceived underground environments as a
possible extra stimulus, perhaps a legacy of the atavistic fears that the world below ground has always
aroused and was now exorcised during group visits. Organizing the satisfaction of this curiosity therefore
acquires the dignity of a business scheme that will develop from being episodic to an increasingly
structured system, even if its implementation is entrusted largely to private enterprise prepared to invest
resources and capital in view of a level of profit still to be evaluated.
These sites, however, precisely due to the peculiarities that characterize them, are particularly
susceptible to degradation, so that very potential runs the risk of being heavily penalized, in varying
degrees, by massive tourist presence. In fact, the need to safeguard cultural heritage compared to the
area’s economic development, as some examples seem to demonstrate, can become occasions of
particular environmental conflict. This consideration depends on the fact that the underground
environment, except for sporadic cases, is anything but an isolated, closed world and, paradoxically, it is
well related with the surface thanks to known and documented processes. Constant air flow of varying
speed, direction and seasonality are the “breath” of the caverns and are also connected to other physical
and chemical parameters like temperature, humidity and CO2.
Promoting for tourism changes things radically because of factors such as heat and carbon
dioxide, whose alteration would be caused by the massive presence of visitors and might produce severe,
sometimes irreversible, environmental damage. However, the investigation and monitoring techniques
practiced widely today in all design and implementation stages are able to reduce each risk significantly –
or to tolerable limits – and allow this type of intervention which, in many cases, may often represent a
winning strategy for the economic development of many areas for revitalizing or creating significant
attractions for otherwise deprived territories.
Nonetheless, there are two absolutely not marginal reflections still to be made. Firstly, in this
context the consideration of the tourist cave as a “cultural object” which, as such, cannot and must not be
isolated from its surroundings. Secondly, the understanding that for the exploitation of a natural or an
artificial cave, however complex they might be, all types of scientific knowledge may be available but
quite often there is a lack of entrepreneurial organization. Which is hardly unimportant.
73
DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL DATING OF COMPOSITE BEAMS IN HISTORICAL
BUILDINGS OF VERONA (ITALY).
Dandria Silvia 1, Tinazzi Orazio2, Fasani Leone2, Romagnoli Manuela2
1.
Politecnico di Milano; 2 Istituto Italiano di Dendrocronologia, Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria, Italia,
[email protected]
In Northern Italy and in neighbouring regions, a composite beam typology (travi piane armate) is to be
found very frequently. It employed in very large floor which can reach up to 10 m in lenght and a surface
up to some hundreds od square meters. This type of composite beams seemed to date back to the
Renaissance period but the dendrochronological analysis is pointing out as such kind of structure was
already known and well assessed in XII century and then it was more widespread in the next centuries.
SILVER PRODUCTION DURING PUNIC PERIOD IN THE MONTEVECCHIO MINE
BASIN (SARDINIA, ITALY)
Ingo Gabriel M.1, De Caro Tilde1, Riccucci Cristina1, Agus Tarcisio2, Ruggeri Ruggero2, Angelini
Emma3, Grassini Sabrina3, Faraldi Federica3
1
CNR-ISMN, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy, [email protected]; 2Gruppo Archeologico Neapolitano,
Guspini, Cagliari, Italy ; 3Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica Politecnico di Torino, Turin,
Italy
The Montevecchio mine basin is located in the south-western part of Sardinia and is characterised by the
presence of a large metal ore deposits with lead, tin, copper, silver, zinc, cadmium, nickel and iron ores.
Classical authors indicated that the metal outcrops of this area have been exploited since the PhoenicianPunic and Roman periods. Curiously, till now, there are few scientific data concerning the
pyrometallurgical activities in this area during that period, even though, many metal artefacts, ingots and
slags have been found there and old roman galleries and remains of mining works are present.
Unfortunately, we know very little about the technology of early mining and smelting in this part of
Sardinia, as we have neither remains of furnaces nor scientific analyses of slags to determine the nature of
the produced metals and of the competence level reached by the ancient extractive metallurgists. The
accidental discoveries of slags and refractory fragments at Bocche di Sciria. associated to pottery,
chronologically related to the Punic and Roman period has allowed to gain further insight into the ancient
pyrometallurgical activities carried out in the Montevecchio basin. Microstructures and chemistry of the
refractory materials and slags were studied by means of the combined use of X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetry (DTA-TG),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM+EDS) and optical micoscopy (OM). The results confirm the
presence of metal production centres very close to the metal ore deposits where high level smelting
processes were carried out for lead and silver production. The micro-chemical results have also allowed
to clarify some aspects of the silver production via cuppelation. Finally, from a lead isotope analysis
methodological point of view, the lead isotope ratios for lead ores from Montevecchio and for the lead
slags have been measured to face the problem of the possible lead isotope fractionation in ancient lead
production. The results suggest to rule out a lead isotope fractionation in ancient lead and silver
production.
74
INTERDISCIPLINARITY IN WATER DIDACTIC ROUTES: A BASIC TOOL FOR
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETENCES RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE
CONSTRUCTION
Díez Bedmar Mª del Consuelo1, Cruz Rodríguez Alcázar2, Abril Gallego Ana Mª3,
1
Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain, [email protected];
2
3
Keywords: Competences, Didactics Routes, Collaboration With Teaching Institutions
Interdisciplinary research is understood by some authors as the application of the same theories from
various fields to the same reality. This interdisciplinary approach has an essential role in the teaching and
learning processes. However, generally speaking, the tendency found nowadays is that research on
specific didactics is divided into knowledge area, which is not in line with the current demand for
research on competences.
From the areas of social sciences education and science education, we try to build a global and
interdisciplinary knowledge, which considers reality as a whole and not as a fragmented construct.
Our main objective in the project is related to three key areas, namely the official curriculum, in-service
teachers and students; to do so, field trips, specifically didactic
routes which have water as the main focus of interest, have
been taken. These routes have proved to be a useful tool for the
development of basic skills, such as the competence in
knowledge and interaction with the physical environment, the
social and civic competence and the cultural and artistic one, for
the students’ development of life-long learning competence.
To meet the objectives related to the teachers and the students,
the teachers underwent a needs analysis, and intervention
programs for the centers were designed. Similarly, materials
addressing students at different education levels, i.e. Early
Childhood Education (3-6 years), Primary Education (7-11
years), and Secondary Education (12-16 years) were developed
and implemented. This paper presents the results obtained so far
Fig. 1 Disegning
regarding the needs analysis, the intervention programs and the
implementation of the materials.
Fig. 2 DidAqua Program and exemple of activities made with E-Doceo
All in all, the research has shown the need to take an interdisciplinary approach to tackle the converging
aspects from the curricula of Didactics of Social Sciences and Science Education. In fact, the
development of basic skills at all levels of compulsory education becomes a reality based on the research
conducted from the specific teaching fields. The output obtained becomes a tool in the construction of
knowledge school and the application of methodologies which support the acquisition of skills which will
be used in life-long learning, apart from favouring the teaching and learning process, the procedures and
values of each discipline.
75
THE REGIONAL MARTURANUM PARK: PRESERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT
WITH INNOVATIVE METHODS OF DATA ACQUISITION
Gabrielli Roberto1, Angelini Andrea1, Celletti Stefano2, Ghigi Maurizio2, Artegiani Leonello3,
Giunta Elisa1, Taffi Elena1, Lauro Vittorio1
1
Institute for Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage (ITABC), CNR, Rome, Italy. [email protected];
Regional Marturanum Park, Barbarano Romano, Italy, [email protected]; 3Team Informatica s.a.s., Deruta,
Italy, [email protected]
2
Keywords: 3D Model, Virtual Reconstruction, GIS
The Regional Marturanum Park, located in Barbarano Romano municipality in province of
Viterbo, was established in 1984 and it extends for 1240 hectares. The Park offers both a naturalistic
relevance for high natural biodiversity, excellent habitat, preservation and species of community interest,
and an historic-archaeological relevance for the presence of evidences from the Paleolithic to the Middle
Ages, including an Etruscan necropolis.
The Institute for the Technologies Applied to the Cultural Heritage of the CNR (ITABC) has made
a collaboration with the local authority of the Regional Marturanum Park and the Team Informatica s.a.s
in order to preserve and enhance it.
By means of the U.E. and regional’s financing, following the disposition POR FESR 2007-2013
Lazio, has been possible to effectuate a preliminary surveying and see what can be done for the
consolidation and restoration of the main emergences of the area: the medieval church of San Giuliano,
the monumental complex of the Etrurian tomb called “ Tomba Del Cervo” and an ancient Etrurian road
called “Cava delle Quercete”. The surveying was carried out using integrated methodologies and
instrumentation consisting of a 3D Laser Scanner and digital photogrammetry. The information of this
preliminary work will be employed for the virtual archaeological evidences conservation and the creation
of a database.
As a matter of fact the group of research behind the project plans to implement a Geographic
Information System (GIS) with a database of archaeological and naturalistic records. The purpose of this
work is to implement our scientific and territorial knowledge to permit a better usability of the Park. The
use of social media will increase the global and/or partial geographical sharing of the Park’s knowledge
with reportage and movies georeferenced that the visitors could implement. Part of our work will be the
individuation of outdoor pathway for walking and trekking. Finally the informatic system will be used
through a web platform (WebGIS) available to all users. Moreover in prospective will create a 3D model
of the Park’s principal evidences. The project intends also to reconstruct the original aspect of these
buildings and their relationship with the territory.
76
SURVEY METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS OF THE FORENSIC BASILICA
PAVEMENTS IN ANCIENT OSTIA
Lanteri Luca1, Vaccarella Corrado1
1
Departamento de Ciencias de la Antiguedad – Universidad de Zaragoza – SPAIN [email protected]
The forensic basilica stands within the old castrum, set southward the decuman in Regio I. The building
consists of a wide rectangular-shaped room divided into three aisles, covering an area of about 1000 mq.
The monument is completely demolished in its elevated part; the richness of its materials has probably
been the main reason of such a decline therefore substantial portions still remain, sufficient enough to
outline the articulation and architecture of the structure.
The basilica ornamental and architectural magnificence is well witnessed by countless decorative
fragments, the columns and the nave pavement, which is made of wide rectangular modules of two or
four flagstones of multifarious grey marbles (grey from Asia Minor, Luni’s vulpinites), framed by an old
yellow coloured band. The squares are smaller in the central part of the nave and outward. The pavement
has been recently dated back to the late-Flavian age by the comparison to the basilica of Brescia.
The problem of the survey of the basilica’s structures should be integrated in a more general matter whose
objective is linked to the study and the critic revision of this monument typology, paying a particular
attention to the typological, projectual and metrological dimension. The research peculiarity is linked to
the methodological approach that puts together the historical-archaeological survey and the modern
archaeometrical analysis systems.
Consequently it appears evident that the only solution open to us is to carry out the survey on our own,
setting a new methodology combining the respect of the traditional manual survey and instrumental
expeditious systems that warrant the necessary accuracy and remarkably contribute to the drafting of a
graphic documentation on vectorial basis.
In particular the survey of the remains of the civil basilica marble pavements carried out with a traditional
system, would have required a steep waste of time and energy that is why it has been chosen an
instrumental survey by means of a digital photographic straightening. The aerial-photography shooting
has been carried out with the help of a wire-controlled balloon.
The system is based on the use of a simple photogrammetric technique through the adjustment of one or
more images put together in a photomosaic thus turning a shot in a photomap. This procedure allows to
carry out linear direct measurements on the straightened image and to obtain on scale vectorial
planimetric surveys, in a simple and expeditious way. The choice to use the monoscopic photogrammetry
technique for the pavement survey has been determined by the necessity to obtain a pinpoint precision
survey and a quick completion.
This methodological approach has allowed to completely avoid the phase of direct manual survey in order
to fix the pavement details, limiting the instrumental survey to the determination of the topographic
mainstays, carried out by GPS and Total Station instruments.
Such images are, by their own nature, a highly valuable set of documents and can offer an effective
support to the archaeological inquiry, to the restoration and the monitoring of the manufacture state of
preservation. In fact the comparison between shots taken at different times might give relevant
information about any surface alterations of the marbles and lead to an accurate monitoring of the surface
damages of the marble pavements or the outbreak of new fractures on the flagstones.
77
INTEGRATED STUDY FOR THE CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE:
THE CASE STUDY OF THE PALACE TOMB (PETRA, JORDAN)
Roberto Franchi1, Roberto Gabrielli2, Andrea Angelini2
1
Dep. of Earth Science of Life and of Environment,University of Urbino, Italy, [email protected]; 2Institute
for Technologies Applied to Cultural Heritage of CNR, Rome, Italy, [email protected];
[email protected];
Keywords: Photogrammetry, 3D Visualization, Petrography
The Petra monumental area is located on the left rim of the Rift Valley in the central-southern
Jordan. The whole valley, originally tectonic, verges on late Cambrian Quartzarenite rock formations of
continental origin. These sandstones are composed principally of quartz(in percentages up to 80%), and
of caolinite, ematite, goethite and, rarely, calcite cement rock. These
different types of cement rocks often coexist arranged in districts which are
generally made up of a single mineral. The phenomena of expansion and
contraction of the rocks, caused by the great daily temperature ranges ,
breaks down the quartz grains leading to rock disruption. This phenomena
has turned out to be active at least at a depth of approximately 20 cm. The
effect of gravity is one of the principal factors contributing to removing
single grains of quartz or grained aggregates more or less solid from the
rock surfaces. Heavy rainfall(rainstorms are not unusual in these areas and
tend to be violent) and the running waters contribute significantly to carrying
Fig.1 Palace Tomb
away superficial material. Indeed, past inspections carried out during surveys
on the site have pointed out the key role played by rainwater flowing down
the front of the monuments in causing their advanced deterioration. An emblematic example of this
situation can be noticed on the Palace Tomb, Fig.1. The top right-hand side of the monument was built
using bedstones placed into a recess of the rocky wall. Here a deep cleft of the mountain chain was
converted into a rainwater collection tank. Both fieldwork and laboratory analyses carried out with the
help of climatic rooms, have underlined how the customary products used in standard preservative
restoration works are not very effective due to the extreme weather conditions and the chemical-physical
characteristics of the rocks. Moreover, the immensity of the surfaces requiring restoration would make
this process extremely expensive. The first preliminary step provided the
development of a detailed, descriptive 3D model of the morphology of the
monument and its surrounding area. Thematic maps of the monumental
area were obtained, from the spatial data collected in a GIS. The GIS
allowed us to make spatial correlation among the different types of data of
the monument in relationship to its territory. The development of 3D
models on a local scale and the generation of DEM has been possible
using higher-definition scanning. For that reason, we integrated the laser
scanning point clouds with photogrammetric analysis on the overall
architectural area. Aerial photogrammetry by aerostatic balloon, Fig.2,
provided a valid solution easy to apply, also thanks to the compact
Fig.2 Aerostatic balloon
equipment used. The combined use of these different methods allowed us
to create descriptive numerical models of the architectural façade of the
tomb, showing the progress of the deterioration. The entire water canalization system is in a complete
status of abandonment. The impact on the territory and on the archeological and architectonical sites is
devastating. The whole collected data allowed to establish the main causes of alteration of the materials
and to formulate restoration plan of the hydrologic system.
78
EXCAVATING, PRESERVING AND ENHANCING AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREA
FOR A SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH-EASTERN TURKEY:
THE CASE OF ELAIUSSA SEBASTE
Eugenia Equini Schneider1, Emanuela Borgia1
1
“Sapienza” University of Rome
The Excavation and Research project at Elaiussa Sebaste, an ancient port city located on the south-eastern
coast of Anatolia, started out in 1995 upon a formal request of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of
Turkey. Its main purpose was the thorough and complete archaeological investigation of the very rich and
multiform archaeological heritage of the site, threatened by neglect and by overwhelming buildingspeculation. The settlement extended on a promontory and over a wide district on the coast-line; it was
one of the most important trade-ports of ancient Cilicia, being situated in a favourable geographical
position at a cross-roads between Syria, Egypt, Cyprus and the Anatolian peninsula.
The research, still presently in progress, allowed to identify a continuity of human presence from the
Hellenistic age to the Early Byzantine period and to outline a composite, even if yet incomplete, profile of
the historical, social ,economic, anthropological and paleo-environmental problems that characterized the
development dynamics of the city during the different chronological phases of its life. The studies have
been accompanied by consolidation and safeguarding restoration interventions that have allowed to arrest
the site’s degradation and the impending illegal real-estate developments threatening its territory.
The project must now go ahead, to pursue a multidisciplinary program which will permit to increase the
knowledge of the city, to reconstruct its development and transformation from both the
historical/topographical and the climatic/ environmental point of views and to safeguard and to enhance
the value of its cultural heritage. The site of Elaiussa Sebaste offers the unique opportunity for the
application of innovative models which take account of the overall potential of the area not only from the
point of view of its archaeological heritage but also from that of its natural environment in order to
establish a homogeneous relationship between nature, monuments and the surrounding community. Given
yet the scarcity of data collected to date related to other settlements in the region, the site of Elaiussa
Sebaste, due to its specific characteristics, may be qualified as a very significant case-study for the
development of historical, archaeological and palaeo-environmental knowledge of South-Eastern
Anatolia as well as for the planning of heritage safeguarding and fruition.
Within the context of the growing interest towards cultural heritage conservation in the Mediterranean
area countries, it is now intended, while continuing restoration programs, to start wider enhancement
programs of the archaeological area, until now limited to the theatre and the Roman agora-Byzantine
basilica complex. The scope is to have the whole site acquire a wider accessibility, a better understanding
and fruition of its monuments historical evolution with the setting-up of visitors’ itineraries and paths
equipped with didactic panels as well as with graphic and virtual reconstructions and to identify coherent
strategies and policies for a more correct and integrated exploitation of its territory’s resources that will
allow for the implementation of an Archaeological Park.
79
SESSION B - Diagnostics and Restoration
SYNAGOGUE IN SUBOTICA – PROPOSAL FOR RESTORATION AND
CONSERVATION
Aladžić Viktorija1, Kukaras Danijel1, Grković Slobodan1
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Subotica, Serbia, [email protected]
Due to the changes in the social system, economic
relations as well as the great changes in the population structure
of Subotica that took place twice, during the First and Second
World Wars, and as the result of the Holocaust, the Synagogue in
Subotica has been deprived of its basic function, left without
financial means for maintenance and genuine interest to be
preserved.
The plans for the Synagogue in Subotica were originally
prepared for the tender invitation of the Synagogue in Szeged
(1900) which was won by Lipót Baumhorn. Based on a mutual
agreement between the Jewish community in Subotica and the
lower prize winning designers Marcell Komor and Dezső Jakab,
Figure 1 – Synagogue in Subotica
the Synagogue in Subotica was built in 1901/1902 (Figure 1).
With its impressive cupolas, curving lines and rich decoration based on Hungarian folk art, the
Synagogue is one of the pearls of Hungarian secession art, at the same time, an early example of a
construction made of concrete and a key element of the unique secession architecture complex of
Subotica.
The building was unique in many ways. Instead of the longitudinal shape, as the majority of
synagogues in Europe had at the turn of the 19th to 20th century, the synagogue in Subotica was arranged
on a central plan around 8 main steel pillars, connected at the top
by steel beams, which supported an octagonal perimeter wall,
forming the barrel on which the main Rabitz-dome rested. The
dome (Figure 2) was strengthened by external concrete ribbing 12 feet thick, arranged in a form of a star. Its wooden roof structure
was supported at its main points of intersection by the steel
framework connecting the 8 supporting columns, a solution that
served to lighten the load of the dome on the outer walls. With its
rabitz-ceilings and smaller 4 domes, in addition to the central
dome, the building comprised an exceptionally unique
architectural structure.
Figure 2 – The central dome
In 1970s, after years of neglect, an interest for studying
history and cultural monuments emerged and the Synagogue came into public attention. It was realized
that its cupola was tilted and might cave in. The Jewish community incapable of restoring the building
unconditionally and irretrievably handed the Synagogue over to the Municipality of Subotica in 1979, and
the first restoration works immediately followed with the aim to transform the Synagogue into a multipurpose center of culture. From that time on continued the efforts to restore the synagogue. The works on
straightening out the cupola were carried out in 1980. In 1990 the Government of the Republic of Serbia
proclaimed the Synagogue a cultural monument of outstanding significance. In 1991 war broke out on the
territory of the former Yugoslavia but the works on the Synagogue continued.
During past 32 years a great amount of money has been spent on the restoration of the
Synagogue but the works were never completed. Synagogue was three times listed on a World
Monuments Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites in the World: in 1996, in 2000 and 2002. Having
such great importance Synagogue in Subotica deserves to be restored and prepared for a new function.
Considering the importance of this cultural monument, this paper gives a detailed proposition for
its condition diagnostics, reconstruction and restoration. Necessity of such plan arises from recent
experience with structures of cultural significance in and around Subotica and it is certain that success of
future reconstruction and restoration of this building demands strict following of properly defined
sequence of activities regarding structural condition diagnostic methodology and procedures of works on
reconstruction and restoration.
80
GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TIMBER STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
ROOF IN THE CHURCH OF S. LORENZO IN TENNO (TN, ITALY) USING CLOSE
RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Riggio Mariapaola1, Prandi Federico2, de Amicis Raffaele 3, Piazza Maurizio4
1
Dep. Mech. and Struct. Eng, University of Trento, Trento, Italy, [email protected]; 2GraphiTech Fondation, Trento,
Italy, [email protected]; 3GraphiTech Fondation, Trento, Italy [email protected]; 4Dep. Mech. and Struct.
Eng, University of Trento, Trento, Italy, [email protected];
Keywords: Geometrical Characterization Of Timber Structural Members, Close Range Photogrammetry
For the conservation of load bearing timber structures in buildings of cultural, historical and artistic
interest, the preliminary evaluation of the state of conservation and the service condition of each single
structural timber element is a preliminary requirement.
Geometrical and material characterization are two complementary investigations in the mechanical
assessment of each timber member. In particular, the geometrical analysis is a multi-purpose operation,
aiming at determining the variability of dimension and shape of the transverse section, detecting
structural damage, in the form of cracks, fractures and deformations, and, finally, at mapping and
measuring visible characteristics of wood, such as knots, checks and decay, which affect material
mechanical properties.
The paper is focused on the application of close range photogrammetry for the geometrical
characterization of the timber roof in the porch of St. Lorenzo church in Tenno (Italy, XII century). In
spring 2011, one of the roof beam partially collapsed, at the interface with the church façade masonry,
where rot due to moisture stagnation already reduced the resistance of the material. Consequently, a
throughout survey was undertaken to support intervention decision.
Close range photogrammetry was used to obtain the threedimensional metric textured models of the timber members. Multiresolution data were acquired using two different non-metric
cameras (Hasselblad H3DII-39 with a 120 mm macro lens and
Canon EOS50D). Because of the instability of the parameters of
non-metric medium format cameras, preliminary calibration was
performed. Hasselblad medium-format camera was used to obtain
high resolution images of the material texture, from a series of
convergent photographs taken at a close distance from the object.
Photographs at 2 m distance were taken with the Canon EOS50D
Fig. 1 Porch of S.Lorenzo church in
camera, to build accurate 3D metric models of the structural
Tenno (TN, Italy)
members. Survey by total station (Topcon GPT-7000) was needed
for determination of local reference systems; for this purpose a series of natural target points was
identified. Photogrammetric models, obtained with commercial software Photomodeler, were used for
high-definition representation of both geometrical and textural features of the structural elements. In
particular, three-dimensional metric models allowed the analysis of out of plane distortions and damage to
the beams’ cross sections. From metric images of the
beam faces, detailed maps of visible wood strength
affecting characteristics were produced. Image analysis
techniques were then applied for the automatic/semiautomatic detection of the relevant features. This
allowed to performing a series of metric and statistical
analyses of both natural and pathological visible
characteristic of the wood material. Information gathered
from geometrical characterization could be used for
further structural computations, taking into account
variability of geometric and material characteristics in
each structural member.
Fig. 2 View of the roof
81
COUPLING LOCAL SEMI-DESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES AND NON
DESTRUCTIVE IMAGING FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF TRADITIONAL
TIMBER STRUCTURES: A CASE STUDY
Riggio Mariapaola1, Sandak Jakub 2, Sandak Anna3, Piazza Maurizio4
1
Dep. Mech. and Struct. Eng, University of Trento, Trento, Italy, [email protected]; 2CNR Ivalsa,
S.Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy, [email protected]; 3CNR Ivalsa, S.Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy,
[email protected]; 4Dep. Mech. and Struct. Eng, University of Trento, Trento, Italy,
[email protected]
Keywords: Timber Structure Assessment, Electromagnetic Wave-Based NDT, Multi-Sensor Approach
In case of preservation of historic structures, quality assessment allows for the maximum retention of
original material and for the choice of the most appropriate intervention. The evaluation of a timber
structure begins with the assessment of each structural member and component. In the normal praxis,
visual inspection is followed by in situ grading to provide a structural grade of each element based on the
presence of visible strength affecting characteristics. The structural grade is assigned to a section without
the portion decayed by biotic agents. The presence and extend of decay and damages in the interior of
timber components is generally estimated by inspection of drilling cores and by drilling resistance
measurements. Both reveal only local information. This may require repeated sampling, which may be
limited or even forbidden in heritage buildings.
In the reported case study, non-destructive imaging has been coupled with local tests, for the structural
health assessment of a timber construction in St. Lorenzo church (Tenno, Italy).
St. Lorenzo church is one of the most expressive Romanesque architecture of the region. The existing
roofs were rebuilt in 1957.
A core, extracted from a damaged beam in the porch allowed the determination of wood species, moisture
content and density, while NDT imaging techniques were used to map strength affecting material features
and to locate the areas at the highest risk for damage as well as those
already damaged.
Wood species was identified as spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) under
a standard microscopic analysis. Moisture content was locally
estimated on site with the resistance method and in laboratory with
the standard gravimetric method. Additionally, in order to detect
moist areas along the members, active IR thermovision was used.
Despite the lower sensitivity of the IRT analysis than that of the
traditional techniques, IRT
allowed
to
extensively
localizing the areas with high
water content (Fig. 1).
Standard direct density measurement and X-ray densitometry were
carried out on samples from the extracted core.
Visual examination of defects and damage on the timber surface was
coupled with acoustic tomography, to detect internal areas of low
velocities, corresponding to decayed portions of material (Fig. 2).
Higher resolution information of decay extent was obtained, in
selected points, from the analysis of resistance drilling profiles.
Fig. 2 Acoustic tomography of a
timber beam
Causes and severity of decay were evaluated on decayed portions of
material with the near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Comparison of
average spectra from the decayed samples and contemporary spruce are presented in Figure 3. NIR
analysis allowed determination of altered wood chemical components as effect of fungal attack.
Fig. 1 Moisture detection with IRT
82
19
18
17
16 15
14
13
12 11 10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2
nd
der of absorbance
contemporary
degraded
-0,00007
8000
7500
7000
6500
6000
5500
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4500
4000
-1
wavenumber (cm )
Figure 3. Second derivative of NIR spectra of contemporary and degraded wood.
The comprehensive and multi-sensor approach adopted for the analysis of the timber roof members,
provided multi-scale, multi-resolution correlated information, which permitted to assess, with low
invasiveness and good reliability, the level and nature of damage and risk, for the definition of the most
appropriate intervention.
"ARSLANTEPE-MALATYA: CONSERVATION AND EXHIBITION OF A
PREHISTORIC MONUMENTAL SITE"
Marcella Frangipane, Francesca Balossi Restelli, Giulio Palumbi
University “Sapienza”, Rome
Keywords: Mud-Brick Architecture Conservation, Communication; Arslantepe.
The paper will present the pioneering project of conservation and exhibition of the 4th millennium palatial
complex at Arslantepe-Malatya, which has been recently realized (in May 2011) in the form of an open
air museum. The protection of the monumental buildings in mud-bricks, with walls standing for more
than 2 m., the still preserved original white plaster, in some places decorated with wall paintings, has been
an ambitious and difficult task, combined with a thorough study aimed at exhibiting in a proper way what
these unique monuments tell us of the history of humankind, sharing the main achievements of the
scientific research with a vast public. The main purpose therefore was not only to protect and illustrate
this extraordinary architecture, but also to make people conscious of what these buildings, and the
materials found in them, may represent for the understanding of the formation process of an early State
society, in other words the foundations of modern society.
The project has been characterised by four main purposes:
1) not to damage the underlying structures and levels;
2) to protect the structures from water and humidity and any other climatic stress;
3) to create a correct perception of the monument as it was;
4) to transmit a correct and effective message to the public, leading the visitors to perceive and
understand the new historical and anthropological knowledge achieved in the site through a long
lasting archaeological work.
83
THE ANCIENT TIMBER BEAMS ASSESSMENT RELATED TO THE EFFECTS OF
SLOTS PERFORMED FOR THE STRENGTHENING INTERVENTIONS: AN
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Cavalli Alberto1, Togni Marco2, Goli Giacomo3, Mazzanti Paola4
1
DEISTAF – University of Florence, Florence, Italy, [email protected]; 2DEISTAF – University of Florence,
Florence, Italy, [email protected]; 3 DEISTAF – University of Florence, Florence, Italy, [email protected];
4
DEISTAF – University of Florence, Florence, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Strengthening Interventions; Visual Strength Grading; Timber Beams Assessment; Non Destructive
Testing.
The principles for the historic timber structures preservation have been adopted by ICOMOS
International Wood Committee (IIWC) at the 12th General Assembly in Mexico, in October 1999. They
assert that “The protection and preservation of historic timber structures” must be “basic and universally
applicable principles and practices”.
Sometimes ancient timber elements strengthening is required in order to keep the structures safe (e.g.
when significant decay or damages compromise their stability), to increase load bearing capacity (e.g. of
a floor) or to increase stiffness.
Many Authors agree on the importance of on-site inspection and wood elements mechanical properties
assessment, identifying them as the starting points for the restoration plan.
The “Principles for the Preservation of Historic Timber Structures” (by IIWC) underlines that “a thorough
and accurate diagnosis of the timber structure should precede any intervention”. Moreover IIWC
recommends to reduce intervention as much as possible in order to maintain the historical authenticity
and integrity of the cultural heritage. The strengthening interventions
aim is to increase the stiffness of the elements making new parts and
original wooden elements work together, so that the wood residual
strength keeps being important also after the strengthening
interventions execution. For these reasons strengthening interventions
should be planned according to the actual timber properties and
quality.
A largely used timber strengthening interventions are carried out by
inserting reinforcement elements (like steel or FRP bars/plates) in slots
cut deeply in the wood. In several conditions these slots can modify the
original wooden strength making the timber elements weaker.
Fig. 1 - A strengthened beam with
two slots filled by steel plates and
Furthermore the inspection, visual strength grading included, is
resin.
performed only before carrying out the strengthening interventions,
without considering that the assigned grade can change as a
consequence of the executed cuts.
The aim of this work is to evaluate which diagnostics criteria can be fruitfully used to assess timber
elements that were subjected to the strengthening interventions previously described. To fulfil the aim we
graded, according to the Italian standard UNI 11119:2004 (Wooden artefacts – Load-bearing structures –
On site inspections for the diagnosis of timber elements), 13 ancient timber beams of Fir wood (Abies
alba Mill.). Afterwards we estimated dynamic and static MOE values respectively by means of NDTs and
mechanical tests. Slots of various deep were cut in the beams in order to simulate a strengthening
intervention and, afterwards again, we graded the elements and we estimated the MOE values. Through a
proper elaborated model, we show the possibility to estimate the combination effects among cutting
interventions, original defects, cumulate damages and cross section reduction, aimed towards a better
strengthening interventions design.
84
“HISTORIC PLANTS AS MONUMENTS” PRESERVING, RE-THINKING AND REUSING HISTORIC PLANTS
Marco Pretelli1, Andrea Ugolini2, Kristian Fabbri3
1
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, [email protected]; 2Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, [email protected]; 3Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna,
Bologna, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Plants-Retrofitting, Preservation/Inclusion, Plant Design.
Introduction
Since the beginning of modern theories about restoration, in the Fifties of XIX Century, it seems that the
problem of the introduction of modern plants in historic buildings has been explicitly treated just a few
occasions (for instance Viollet-le-Duc wrote about this issue in his Dictionnaire). This attitude derives
from the fact that in that age, coming from the industrial revolution, the “inventor engineers” began to
address their attention to the plants in building. Central heating plants then appeared (from the Franklin
stove to Perkins heating plants) and, a little bit later, gas lighting plants and then electrical lighting plants.
The French architect declared that the restorer has to pay attention to add to the historical buildings all the
comforts that can be assured by new plants, with the aim to improve the quality of the historic building.
The theories about restoration that followed the ones by Viollet-le-Duc, mirrored that attitude, generally
not in an express way, considering new plants as additions to the historic materia of the monuments.
Following this, more than a century and a half later, several "generations" of plants have been
installed in historic buildings or in buildings which have meanwhile become historic, and a more
attentive attitude has been developed, consisting in the preservation rather than the restoration of ancient
architecture, and rethinking that attitude seems important, accepting the fact that plants themselves
became important documents that have to be preserved.
Goals
This paper would like to display how the preservation of historical plants is not only necessary to attest
the technological evolution of the plants themselves in relation to the changing ways of life and to the life
of buildings, but also that they can sometimes be re-employed depending on their typology through the
use of new technological products, taking advantages from their potentiality.
Methodology- The proposed methodology comes from a generally accepted methodology in the field of
restoration of ancient buildings. The steps are: 1. analysis of the existing plants; 2. evaluation of their still
existing potentiality; 3. evaluation of the level of performances requested to the building and hypothesis
about the new plants to introduce in the old building, according to the technical rules; 4. analysis of the
compatibility between the historic plants, depending from their typology (lighting, wiring,HVAC etc.),
and use of new technologies; 5. drafting of the new project connecting old and new.
Results
The results drawn from point 4 can vary from simple preservation of the historic plants to their effective
inclusion in the new plant design.
Conclusions-Components of historic plants, components of historic plants, stratified for more than a
century in the historic architecture, can not be anymore considered as something not consubstantial to
historical buildings. A really modern attitude in this field combines technical and historical knowledge,
the evaluation of their functionality, the evaluation of their simple preservation “in museum” or their
inclusion in the new plant design.
85
“RESTORATION AND ENERGY RETROFITTING” RE-THINKING THE
RESTORATION PROJECT WHILE VERIFYING ITS REVERSIBILITY AND
SUSTAINABILITY
Milan Andreina1, Kristian Fabbri2
1
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, [email protected]; 2Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Energy Retrofitting, Preservation, Reversibility, Technological Installations.
Premise
In the context of a fruitful debate on urban and monumental restoration, during the 80’s and 90’ of the
20th century, in particular in Italy, various experimental interventions were carried out by which new
methodologies and operational strategies were adopted.
Restoration, valorization and re-use interventions have required
new installations and equipment which have been fundamental for
the orientation of choices and criteria adopted for the related
projects. The sector of technical installations proceeds at a higher
speed in terms of innovation, transformation and obsolescence
than other components of a building and, because of that, such
interventions today result of high impact. Therefore, it is
necessary not only to replace obsolete installations but also to rethink the whole in terms of planning methodology: i.e. before
applying market novelties, it is necessary to assess the specific
and actual effects that such technological interventions may cause
on the building body and hence their actual REVERSIBILITY.
Finally, we intend to highlight how the disciplinary and technical
framework has changed over the last years especially as regards
the issue of sustainability: Energy, economic and environmental
sustainability.
Subject of Verification
Two case studies are taken into account which are considered of
particular relevance and homogeneous for their climate and typologicalfunctional characteristics:
1) Torino – Restoration of the former Convento di S. Croce (XVI-XVIIth century), for university use
destination, [plan by: A. Magnaghi et al., 1980; 2) Torino – Preservative restoration of the Chiesa e Coro
di S. Pelagia, (XVIIth century), for auditorium/theatre use destination, [plan by: A. Magnaghi et al.].
1. Objectives of the Verification:
A) to assess, by means of a SWOT Analysis, the effects generated by technical installations (heating,
cooling and HVAC) on monumental buildings and on the planning and design of the very same
installations.
B) to verify the efficacy of the adopted solutions as to the architectonic integration of the installation
subsystems chosen and in order to guarantee micro-climate well-being conditions.
2. Methods of Verification:
On the basis of sample cases, we intend to verify:
a) the typological characteristics of installations made at the time of their deployment and in respect of the
adoptable current solutions;
b) the technical-functional constraints as to the size of the technical areas which have greatly influenced
the plan and architectonic choices of the restoration intervention;
c) if – after the historical assessment of the intervention – the architectonic choices made are still existing
and valid, especially as regards the retrofitting aim which is peculiar to any project. In fact, we believe
that technical installations should be recognized in terms of quality and importance as it is the case for
other building elements and, therefore, as such, they can/should co-exist within the life-cycle of the
historical building. Conclusions – The joint use of analytical tools can lead to a more balanced assessment
of the restoration intervention, including the functional-technological upgrading/retrofitting of heritage
buildings. (heritage buildings).
86
UTILIZATION OF TIE-BEAMS FOR STRENGTHENING STONE MASONRY
ARCHES IN NABATAEAN HISTORIC CONSTRUCTION
Rababeh Shaher1, Al Qablan Husam2, El-Mashaleh Mohammad3
1
Department of Architecture, Zarqa, Jordan, [email protected]; 2Department of Civil Engineering, Zarqa, Jordan,
[email protected]; 3Department of Civil Engineering, Zarqa, Jordan, [email protected]
Keywords: Tie-Beams; Masonry Arches; Thrust; Strengthening; Abaqus; Petra
This paper attempts to demonstrate the use of timber ties in the construction of stone masonry arches in Jordan in the
late antiquity period. It is a topic that amplifies the knowledge of stone masonry technology and strengthening
methods with historic examples. In Nabataean architecture, tie-beams were used for strengthening of masonry
structures and, in particular, to strengthen masonry arches and vaults against their most critical failure mechanism.
The tie-beams introduce tension resistance. This fact has two important consequences: the capacity of the arch itself
is increased, and the lateral thrust transmitted to the piers is reduced, thereby increasing the capacity of the arch – pier
system. Collapse of an arch typically occurs when no tie-rods or tie-beams are adopted and the piers are unable to
bear thrust of the arch. While the first effect has been stressed by the existing research, less attention has been paid to
the second effect, which nevertheless is very important for practical applications. In this paper, the main methods are
critical analysis of archaeological information enriched by structural evaluation of the strength of such systems and
such approach can form reliable hypotheses on the design and construction process. The effect of bonding a tie-beam
to the intrados of a circular arch on the lateral thrust is evaluated analytically using the nonlinear finite element
package ABAQUS software (HKS, Version 6.5). The results are analyzed based on the determination of the thrust
line. This study concludes some recommendations for the conservation of historical buildings in seismic region,
based on a thorough understanding of their structure, construction features and materials, which may help to prevent
earthquake induced damage to buildings, considering traditional and modern materials and techniques.
NEW TRENDS IN CULTURAL HERITAGE METRIC RECORDING: LIDAR AND
PHOTOGRAMMETRY INTEGRATION AND TO CAMERAS
Filiberto Chiabrando1, Fulvio Rinaudo1
1
Politecnico di Torino – Italy
Keywords: Metric Survey, Digital Photogrammetry, Integrated Methods
LiDAR and Digital Photogrammetry are the most used techniques in the field of metric recording of Cultural
Heritage especially when 3D realistic models have to be realized for different purposes (e.g. restoration, valorization
etc.).
Those techniques are not able to satisfy all the needs of a standard metric survey therefore usually they are integrated
in some way: sometimes digital photogrammetry uses LiDAR data to solve its ambiguities and in other cases LiDAR
uses Digital photogrammetry to ease the interpretation of point clouds.
The work shows a new proposal of integration between these techniques in order to obtain a possible autonomous
approach to the metric survey of a complex object such as architecture and urban centers.
Digital Photogrammetry is used to extract all the break-lines of an object thanks to the morphological description
offered by LiDAR data. Once the break-lines have been extracted and located inside the survey’s coordinate system,
the proposed procedure performs the segmentation of the LiDAR point clouds and the 3D modeling thanks to the
break-lines information content. The whole procedure is automatic and all the results are self-tested therefore the
metric survey can be today conceived as an autonomous phase of the metric documentation of Cultural Heritage.
In a second part the work introduces a new promising instrument: the ToF camera. These systems are similar to a
traditional photographic camera but they are able to record, for each pixel of a CCD/CMOS matrix, the distance
measured from the projection center and the object. Therefore a point cloud is generated following the central
perspective geometric approach. The calibration process is described and the potentialities of these new instruments
are demonstrated by means of meaningful examples. The low costs and the good handling of those instruments allow
one to foresee in a near future the possibility to substitute LiDAR instruments at least for indoor applications.
Some significant examples will be presented both on architectures and urban centers: the obtained results will be
compared to traditional approaches in terms of accuracy, efficiency, costs and automation.
87
A NEW LIFE OF THE OLD OTTOMAN FORTRESS –INVESTIGATION OF
RENEWAL AND PROTECTION POTENTIALS OF THE RAM MEDIEVAL
FORTRESS ON THE DANUBE
Roter Blagojević Mirjana1, Milošević Gordana2, Jadrešin Milić Renata3, Nikolić Marko4
Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, Serbia,[email protected];2Faculty of Architecture,
University of Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected];3Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, Serbia,
[email protected];4Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected]
Keywords: Education, Historical Knowledge, Regeneration
At historic sites, numerous problems are initiated in the protection activities and in attempts to include
them in the modern way of life. Insistence on the significance of authenticity in the past resulted in
making a presentation of the preserved remains a primary goal, and restoration and ideal reconstruction to
be just a secondary one. However, the modern times and a need for site revitalization and utilisation
requires a more active approach – i. e. restoration or ideal reconstruction, as well as building new
structures on the sites.
Taking into account the general suggestions and European
standards in the field of education in conservation, at the Faculty
of Architecture University of Belgrade in the recent years a series
of students’ projects has been carried in order to investigate
possibilities of protection, presentation and utilisation of historic
sites. The idea was to broaden the students’ knowledge and to
educate them so that they could be able to solve complex issues
while investigating, evaluating and renewing historic areas.
This paper presents a one-semester work with students
Fig. 1 Ram fortress – present situation
investigating renewal and modern utilisation potentials of the
medieval Ottoman fortress Ram on the Danube bank.
ThefortresswasbuiltbytheSultanBayezid II in 1483 to defend the
northern Ottoman Empire border. A civilian settlement was
developed in front of the fortress, with an imposing caravanserai
and a hammam. A specific cultural landscape around the fortress –
the Danubebanks and the Lederata archaeological site from the
Roman times – gives the area its particular value. The project
empowered the students to be informed about: general methodology
Fig. 2 Ram fortress – 3D model of renewal
of the site condition valorisation; its character, significance and
values; the destroyed buildings restoration and regeneration potentials; and 3D models implementation in
assessing and comparing approaches to the protection and presentation. The historical and architectural
analysis included several research stages of the origin and development of the fortress and data collection
from various sources, in archives and institutes. Conducting such research, the students were able to find
out tangible and intangible characteristics and the basic architectural elements of the fortress and the
surrounding buildings. Theory, investigation and education were complementary within the project,
promoting an integrated approach in order to finding the most effective form of the historic site and its
active inclusion in everyday life. One of the most important goals was to draw the local and public
attention to a very bad state of the fortress, which is unacceptable, considering their great cultural value
and the cultural tourism development potential. The students also showed that active implementation of
historical knowledge of the medieval fortress, along with the inclusion of the existing natural
environment, could be enriched in such a way that the whole site could be transformed into a future
cultural tourism center of a much broader area.
88
THE NOSA-ITACA CODE FOR THE MODELLING OF THE STRUCTURAL
BEHAVIOUR OF HISTORIC MASONRY CONSTRUCTIONS
Binante Vincenzo1, Girardi Maria1, Padovani Cristina1, Pasquinelli Giuseppe1, Pagni Andrea1
1
ISTI - Institute of Information Science and Technologies “A. Faedo”, Italian National Research Council,
Pisa, Italy, e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: Masonry Constructions, Constitutive Equations, Numerical Modelling.
We present a project aimed to develop an information tool, the NOSA-ITACA code, for the structural
analysis of masonry buildings of historical interest and set up an advanced service to provide
teaching, consultancy and assistance to the institutions charged with the safeguarding, maintenance
and strengthening of the architectural cultural heritage of the Region of Tuscany.
The project is conducted by the Mechanics of Materials and Structures Laboratory (MMS Lab) of ISTI - CNR in
collaboration with the Dipartimento di Costruzioni e Restauro of the Università degli Studi di Firenze and is funded
by the Region of Tuscany (PAR FAS 2007-1013).
The project consists of four activities: basic research, the development of the NOSA-ITACA code, the application of
the code to a case study and the setting up of an advanced support service.
The research activity is aimed at studying procedures that allow assessing the static safety and seismic vulnerability
of masonry constructions, while taking Italian regulations into account.
As far as the NOSA-ITACA code is concerned, an integrated tool is being developed based on the finite element code
NOSA [1], implemented by the MMS Lab for the static and dynamic analysis of masonry structures, and SALOME,
an open-source integration platform for numerical simulation [2]. SALOME is used for both the definition of the
geometry of the structure under examination and the visualization of the results of the structural analysis.
In the NOSA code masonry is modelled as a non-linear elastic material with zero tensile strength and bounded
compressive strength [3, 4, 1]. Thermal dilatations due to daily or seasonal thermal variations can be taken into
account as well [1]. The code allows for determining the structural behaviour of masonry constructions, as well as
modelling restoration and consolidation operations, such as the application of metallic chains and rods. NOSA has
been applied to the static analysis of several monuments and structures, such as the church of Santa Maria Maddalena
in Morano Calabro [1] and the church of San Ponziano in Lucca, as well as to the dynamic analysis of masonry
arches, beams and domes. Recently the code has been used for studying the “Rognosa” tower in San Gimignano [5]
and the Tower of the Hours in Lucca, whose mechanical behaviour in the presence of a seismic load is described in
the present paper.
The integrated code NOSA-ITACA will be used for studying the “Voltone”, an important vaulted
masonry structure located under the Piazza della Repubblica in Livorno, Italy. This case study will, on the
one hand, provide the opportunity to validate the models proposed and the calculation tool developed,
and, on the other, constitute a pilot project in the field of safeguarding the cultural heritage. Indeed, the
approach and methods used to study the “Voltone” can be applied to studying other structures of the same
kind as well.
Lastly, a technical support service, based on the NOSA-ITACA code, will provide consultancy, assistance
and training to municipalities, Monuments and Fine Arts Offices and professionals, with the aim of
helping them in their institutional activities of maintaining and safeguarding historical masonry buildings
and monuments.
References
1. M. Lucchesi, C. Padovani, G. Pasquinelli, N. Zani, 2008, “Masonry constructions: mechanical models and numerical
applications”, Series: Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics, Vol. 39, Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag.
2. http://www.salome-platform.org/
3. G. Del Piero, 1989, “Constitutive equation and compatibility of the external loads for linear elastic masonry-like materials”,
Meccanica 24, 150-162.
4. S. Di Pasquale, 1992, “New trends in the analysis of masonry structures”, Meccanica 27, 173-184.
5. M. Callieri, M. Corsini, M. Girardi, C. Padovani, A. Pagni, G. Pasquinelli, R Scopigno, 2010 “The "Rognosa" tower in San
Gimignano: digital acquisition and structural analysis”, CST 2010 – The Tenth International Conference on Computational
Structures Technology. Proceedings, article n. 138. B.H.V. Topping, J.M. Adam, F.J. Pallarés, R. Bru, M.L. Romero (eds.).
Civil-Comp Press.
89
VIRTUAL RESTITUTION AS A TOOL FOR ARCHITECTURAL RESTORATION.
THE CASE OF PUENTE DEL REAL, VALENCIA (SPAIN)
Rodrigo Molina, Angeles1, Pérez de los Cobos Cassinello, Marta2, Lillo Giner, Santiago3, Abad
Porzelt, Marcos4
1
Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, [email protected]; 2Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain,
[email protected]; 3Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, [email protected]; 4 Polytechnic
University of Valencia, Spain, [email protected]
Keywords: Virtual Restitution, Restoration, Puente Del Real
This communication is intended to disseminate the research conducted by a group of professors at the
Department of Architectural Graphic Expression of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, which
proposes to reach an in-depth knowledge of architectural elements through the previous study of the
available graphic and written documentary resources. Such study is the base to develop a series of
computer graphics that will facilitate the understanding of architectural elements evolution.
The present work was based on the Puente del Real model, in Valencia. The bridge was built in 1599 and
since then, it has suffered quite some interventions and mishaps. The construction has been modified and
even expanded, has had some ornaments added to it while others have been eliminated and, in spite of
being one of the oldest bridges in the city, there are scarce direct sources of written documentation to
facilitate the development of a constructive and historical analysis, in keeping with its significance.
Therefore, it has been necessary to turn to documentary graphic sources to supplement the data and
clarify the contradictions of previous studies. These sources are, mainly, engravings, which constitute a
testimony of the way in which the bridge was perceived by its contemporaries in each of the periods
depicted, as well as of the role it played in the urban area in which it was integrated. On the other hand,
the historical planimetric maps analyze the relationship of the bridge with its surroundings, an essential
aspect in this type of infrastructure. Finally, the study of different photographs, although it covers a very
limited period of time, shows precisely the changes that the construction has suffered from the first third
of the nineteenth century on.
By processing the information obtained it is possible to carry out a virtual restoration of the architectural
elements at different time periods throughout history. Virtual restoration is considered not only as a
valuable dissemination tool, but also as an essential mean to appropriate restoration.
90
“ENERGY INCIDENCE OF HISTORIC BUILDING: LEAVING NO STONE
UNTURNED”
Kristian Fabbri1
1
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Historic Building Energy Consumption, Sustainable Development & Restoration, Energy Policy
Introduction
Energy and sustainability are a hard challenge in building heritage, both the technical solutions in order to
solve impact of energy conservation and aspect of conservation and maintenance of architectural heritage,
and also the bigger target: sustainable development of human activity.
The approach could not be separate to meaning of “sustainability” for history buildings and the energy
incidence that building have in the general energy efficiency policy.
Goals
The first issue is quantitative and measurable: which is the energy consumption incidence of historic
buildings respect total building?
To refer to a high urbanized territory such as Italian in the ISTAT 2001 census the building built before
1945 (history threshold) are about 30%, whereas those built before 1919 are about 19%, and not all of
these are defined how historic building. The buildings built after 1991, to be more precise before first
actual "rules about energy saving", are about 7%.
But if we analyze the energy consumption impact of building stock in accordance with energy
performance of building by year, we note that 63% of the buildings built between 1945 and 1991 impact
more than 70% of total energy requirements. Moreover historic buildings are, many times, in old town,
with high density of urban units, also energy consumption for each urban units (ktep/units) in historic
center is lower than other part of town.
The second issue is qualitative: what does sustainability of historic building mean? The Burtland’s report
defines: “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".
In some way historic building are the building was preserved by past generation, which spend more
economic and social resources, in order to maintain the ability of future generations to meet it. For the
common good all have accepted to spend more burden and resources to conserve heritage building.
Methodology
The restoration of buildings need more resources: material assets, economics and energy consumptions;
that could be bigger than retrofit or new building, since they are heritage.
These issues should be arguing in order to don’t follow in “iper-technicality fascinating”. Energy
conservation in historic building should be a best-practices or shining example for common building, not
like to solve energy problems. As a matter of fact the Directive EPBD and EPBD recast not to apply the
energy requirement “to building officially protected as part of designated environment or because their
special architectural or historical merit” (EPBD recast article 4 comma 2).
Conclusions
The energy saving in historic building is a “new challenger” of research, but this may not able be a
priority in order to sustainable development aims, if they are not to be subject to preservation of historic
building.
For instance: the target in restoration historic cannot be a energy Class A, or a thermal transmittance
value, maybe could be a energy efficiency increase to satisfy thermal comfort.
In some sense these issues are not only inside the architectural and restoration discipline, but they are also
outside: in the real estate market, in urban planning and in energy policy choices.
91
RECONSTRUCTION AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE
BEHAVIOUR OF A GYPSUM VAULT IN THE HYSTORICAL CENTER OF RAGUSA
Alessia Bianco1, Salvatore Guastella2
1
Dipartimento PAU, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria – [email protected]; 2 Libero professionista
Keywords: Gypsum Vault, Diagnosis, Anastylosis, Ragusa
The article will report the results of an experimental study, consisted in dismantling and anastylosis of a
vault with complex geometry of an eighteenth century building of Ragusa-Sicily-Italy, an important
historic UNESCO world heritage site. Due to a minor fault of a drainage system the vault has been a
foundational translational vertical failure, which severely ruined the canton corner, producing a severe
deformation and cracking of the polycentric vault of first floor, making necessary its reconstruction. This
vault is realized with a very interesting traditional system: after making and implementing of wooden
centering and have realized traditionally masonry corbels, the remaining blocks of stone were placed in
dry , leaving very large joints between the stones; consequently a very viscous structural gypsum mortar
was poured into joints, which ended in the top surface with a sort of hood. These vaults are extremely
thin, absolutely free from the forms and set up on very thin walls. The presence of a gypsum mortar, reproposed with a mix design inspired by the original, that during the intake rather than undergo a
volumetric shrinkage has a some expansion (even 3-5% vol.), gives to vaults a special and unique
structural properties, determining a sort of pre-compression, investigated applying a diagnostic program
of optical, structural and ultrasonic instrumental monitoring, in comparison with a finite element model,
which have confirmed the good performances of this ancient traditional technology, in terms of structural
behaviour especially in case of seismic action.
92
CONSTRUCTIVE EVOLUTION OF THE CHURCH OF SAN JUAN HOSPITAL IN
VALENCIA
Crespo Godino, Daniel 1, García Valldecabres, Jorge 2, Couti López, Simeón 3, López González,
Concepción 4,
1
Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, España, [email protected], 2Universitat Politécnica de Valencia,
Valencia, España, [email protected], 3Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, España, [email protected],
4
Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, España, [email protected]
Keywords: Constructive Evolución Building
Background:
The study of heritage architecture acquires special relevance today. The methodology for the recognition
of the construction is essential for reliable results.
In this paper we will discuss a method based on deductive processes to ensure the correct understanding
of the building.
This research is based on knowledge of disciplines related to urban archeology, wall stratigraphy and
documentation sciences.
The application of this methodology it’s make evident in the church of San Juan del Hospital in Valencia.
It is one of the oldest in the city (1238), built by the military order of San Juan del Hospital in Jerusalem.
It has undergone multiple operations throughout its history. The recognition of its historical evolution is
extremely complex.
Objectives:
The overall aim is the knowledge of this constructive evolution through the application of stratigraphy
muraria, it’s compared and supplemented with documentary sources. We studied a number of objectives:
- Make a take data, look for wall and building materials.
- Implement a methodology in their own scope of urban archeology.
- Study the records of the church, highlighting the most noteworthy.
- Studying the built environment, historical city maps, prints and books.
- Define and justify the constructive evolution of the building based on previous studies.
Methodology:
This research project presents the morphological changes with a precise and rigorous methodology, this
has been compared with the diferent documentary sources (written and graphic).
Also systematically analyzed all parts of the building using the method archaeological survey based on
analysis of stratigraphic wall according to criteria of diachrony or synchrony, ie relationships: of actual,
before and after. This analysis extracted stratigraphic diagrams for determining those parts that were built
prior to others. The conclusions drawn are compared with the results of the study of documentary sources,
so that the interactions between the results make a constructive evolution of the building.
Results:
This methodology has been applied to the church of San Juan had some surprising results: Contrary to the
assertions of popular tradition, it has been shown that the origin of the temple is located in the header,
initially as a small Romanesque church with cruise. After becomes bigger with the hospital to the back
and finally is used the hospital building for the church.
Conclusions:
This study has achieved a deep knowledge of the building based on a precise methodology and rigorous,
and, in turn, on a thorough survey chart. The purpose of this study is the enrichment of cultural heritage
and the monument for his best knowledge, preservation and conservation.
93
CONDITION DIAGNOSTICS, RECONSTRUCTION AND RESTORATION OF THE
"BIG TERRACE" ON THE LAKE PALIC
Grkovic Slobodan1, Kukaras Danijel1, Aladzic Viktorija1
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Subotica, Serbia, [email protected]
The paper gives a detailed description of the condition diagnostics, reconstruction and restoration of the
central building within one of the most famous tourist destinations located on Lake Palic, the largest
natural lake in Serbia. This building, named "Big terrace" ("Velika terasa“), was constructed under the
rule of Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1909 until 1911 in, at the time already established, spa and tourist
complex of lake Palic. It was erected at the same time as its surrounding buildings with which it makes a
unique urban and architectural unity with clear markings of Hungarian Art Nouveau. The building was
constructed for the purpose of staging different cultural and entertainment venues. It's most significant
parts are two large covered terraces at the ground level and multifunctional large hall at the first floor
which are, in a historical sense, related to large number of cultural and entertainment venues that took
place in this part of Europe. The structure is heterogeneous and it consists of several structural parts made
in different materials: concrete, steel and masonry. Today, the building has a status of cultural monument
and it is under the state protection.
Nearly one hundred years of exploitation under poor
maintenance, especially in 1990s, contributed to the
devastation of the building to such an extent that it became
unusable in 1996. Ministry in charge, in beginning of 2006,
initiated the activities aimed at reconstruction and
restoration of the building. Engineers from the Faculty of
Civil Engineering in Subotica - University of Novi Sad,
Inter-municipal institute for the protection of cultural
monuments from Subotica have, during the first half of
Fig. 1. The view of the building in 1911 just
2006, created a strategy for condition diagnostics,
after the construction
reconstruction and restoration of the building. Condition
diagnostics took place in the second half of 2006 and it included detailed surveys of the buildings,
measurements, recordings, classification and categorization of all damages and defects, geotechnical
investigations, sampling and laboratory testing of soil and construction materials, static and dynamic
calculations, analysis and final condition diagnostics with recommendations for necessary interventions
aimed at bringing the building into a state of reliable use. At the beginning of 2007 technical designs for
reconstruction and restoration were completed and they formed the basis for reconstruction, restoration
and conservation works that took place from 2007 until 2011.
Fig. 2. Reconstruction and restoration of the
roof structure
Fig. 3. View of the building after reconstruction
and restoration
This reconstruction and restoration of the building that has a status of the cultural monument was
successfully conducted while strictly following structural condition diagnostic methodology and
appropriate sequence of activities, measures and procedures of works on reconstruction and restoration.
Experience gained during condition diagnostics, reconstruction and restoration on this building are
precious and can be used for reconstruction and restoration of other, similar, buildings.
94
DIGITAL HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING APPLIED TO THE CHARACTERISATION
OF COATINGS AND FINISHES IN HISTORIC BUILDINGS
Freire Luís1, Brardo Francisco2, Gil Francisco1, Fiadeiro Paulo2
1
Science and Technology Faculty, University of Coimbra, Portugal, [email protected]; 2Science Faculty, University of
Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal, [email protected]
Introduction and Objectives
During the 20th century the traditional building technologies were replaced by the ones of industrial
nature. Therefore the urban images of buildings in historic centres have suffered in the last decades a deep
and quick mischaracterization, such as in the historic centre in the city of Coimbra (Portugal) [1]. The
present study investigates the feasibility to create a database with the spectral reflectances of the wall
paintings [2]. This database should reflect the colours and textures that result from the specific attributes
of the historic coatings and finishes, to support the definition of a colour planning to the historic centre at
Coimbra [3] that can be used to change the colour appearance of the building paintings, under a chosen
illumination, keeping its texture or to change the texture, keeping its colour.
Methods
A digital hyperspectral image of a scenario is obtained using a set of pictures of the scene taken for
specific visible wavelengths. Each pixel on those pictures depicts the spectral radiance which is
dependent of the spectral reflectance properties of the objects in the scene and of the spectral distribution
of the illumination. The spectral distribution of the illumination can be estimated measuring the spectral
radiance on a reference white plate placed in the scene to calculate, for each pixel, the corresponding
spectral reflectance of the objects (illumination independent). This set of pictures consists on a set of
reflectance spectra commonly called hyperspectral image. In this study, from the registered hyperspectral
images one can obtain both spectral and colorimetric information of the objects with high spectral and
spatial resolution to create a spectral reflectance database of historic buildings. Then the colorimetric
information can be processed in a specific colour space, for instance hue, saturation and lightness, and
one can preserve the object texture and change the hue according the chromatic information obtained
from the pure pigments found in the stratigraphic studies, or keeping the colour information and change
the texture. The results of such studies enabled the creation of a spectral reflectance database of pigments
that can be used to change the colour appearance of the building paintings, under a chosen illumination,
keeping its texture.
Results and Conclusions
As a case study for the present work a digital hyperspectral image of an old building facade at Coimbra’s
historic centre was manipulated according the described methodology. From the results of the
stratigraphic study of its coating and finishing it was possible to identify the pigments and mortar used in
such epoch. By comparison on a database it was possible to recreate and display on calibrated monitors
the building aspect on such epoch keeping the texture of the mortar.
Acknowledgments
The present study was supported by the National Science and Technology Foundation of Portugal through
a PhD Grant referenced SFRH/BD/60389/2009, and by the Research Project referenced PTDC/AURURB/113635/2009.
References
[1] - Providência, Pedro; The epidermis of the Coimbra’s Historical Centre – Chromatic studies and contribution to its preservation,
MSc thesis, University of Évora, Portugal, 2009.
[2] - Brardo, Francisco; Hyperespectral digitalization of paintings and artworks; PhD thesis; University of Beira Interior, Covilhã,
Portugal; March 2010.
[3] - Aguiar, José, Colour and Historical City, Chromatic Studies and Cultural Heritage Preservation. Group Editions FAUP, Porto,
Portugal, 2003.
95
A MULTIDISCIPLINARY NDT WORK RELATED TO THE RESTORATION
PROJECT OF THE CRYPT OF THE HOLY SPIRIT IN MONOPOLI (SOUTHERN
ITALY)
F. Gabellone1, E. Geraldi2, G. Leucci1, M. Masini2, R. Persico1, G. Quarta1
1
Institute for Archaeological and Monumental Heritage -IBAM-CNR Lecce, Italy; 2Potenza, Italy,
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected];
Keywords: Rupestrian Church, Non Destructive Testing, Integrated Investigations
In the framework of the restoration interventions, nowadays it is scientifically mandatory a preliminary
diagnostic phase. In fact, this is needed in order to plan adequately an intervention for conservation,
especially in the case of a remarkable monument, as the Crypt of the Holy Spirit in Monopoli is. The
diagnostic work allows to estimate the conservation state of the monument, as well as to identify the main
causes of its degradation. Moreover, within its wider meaning, the diagnostic of the monument can also
allow to get an insight about the knowledge of the monument itself, e.g. in relationship to the use of the
materials, the building techniques and the possible modifications occurred during the centuries. So,
nowadays, the diagnostic for Cultural Heritage essentially aims to give a contribution to the global
knowledge of the monuments, essential for restoration and conservation purposes, but also important for
communication aspects.
The diagnostic aspects considered in the crypt of the Holy Spirit involved multidisciplinary competences,
ranging from engineering to architecture, from geophysics to chemistry to information technologies (IT).
Each of these competencies provided useful tiles for the reconstruction of the mosaic of the knowledge of
the monument.
From the conservation point of view, the crypt presents
problems common to many hypogeum monuments, as the
presence of humidity in the walls that has favoured the
proliferation of several biological species in some areas, thus
compromising the state of conservation of some wall paintings.
In a first phase, the major concerns have been with regards the
structural stability of the crypt, with fractures evident in some
parts of the walls, of the vault and in some columns and pillars
of the main nave of the crypt.
A particular feature of this crypt, consists in the fact that some
Fig. 1 The inner of the crypt.
of the wall paintings are covered with white large and thick lime
washes that have probably preserved them from degradation.
From a few parts of the wall paintings discovered under the removed lime wash, it seems that they are of
good technical stylistic quality, and this makes them particularly interesting in the context of the
rupestrian pictures in the all the Apulian-Lucan area (southern Italy).
After affording some the structural emergencies, the study of a suitable conservation strategy for these
paintings will be the object of a successive study
phase on the monument.
The structural issues have been studied thanks to
non-destructive methodologies implemented with
the instruments supplied by the laboratories of the
Institute for Archaeological and Monumental
Heritage IBAM-CNR.
In particular, the investigation has enclosed 3D
laser scanner survey, infrared thermography,
measurements of temperature and humidity of the
air and of the wall surfaces, ground penetrating
radar (GPR), ultrasonic and seismic tests, on the
floor, on the columns and pillars, on part of the
Fig. 2 Integrated GPR and ultrasonic
walls and above the ceiling of the crypt.
investigations.
96
“VIEWING, UNDERSTANDING AND APPLYING SUCCESSFULLY“ EUROPEAN
COMPETENCE CENTRE FOR THE ENERGY-SAVING RENOVATION OF OLD
BUILDINGS AND THE PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS, BENEDIKTBEUERN
Dr. von Rettberg, Britta1
1
Fraunhofer Institute of Building Physics, Valley, Germany, [email protected]
In times of rising energy prices, growing ecological consciousness and climate change the saving of
energy is becoming more and more important. How can we save energy in historical buildings without
detriment to their historical value? What possibilities are there for applying environmentally friendly
measures under these conditions?
The Competence Centre Benediktbeuern was founded with the idea of providing answers to these
important questions. As an information centre providing expert advice it will deal with topics related to
the renovation and preservation of historical buildings and monuments. In particular, the problems of
energy efficiency and related structural damage as well as the application of sustainable materials and of
procedures with regard to cost-efficiency will be addressed. In response to the current demands of the
European construction industry new research is needed, underlining the importance of such a
demonstration centre on a European level. The Centre in Benediktbeuern is being established in
cooperation with the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics, the Fraunhofer Information Centre for
Planning and Building, the Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Historical Monuments and the
International Association for Science and Technology of Building Maintenance and Monument
Preservation. The various problems and applications will thus be
demonstrated directly on the building „Alte Schäfflerei“ itself;
different heating systems and interior insulation will be realized and
compared; regular exhibitions will take place on site. The scope of
activities of the Competence Centre includes not only the model
renovation of a significant historical building, but also microclimate measurements, research on building services and materials
as well as independent counseling on preservation and energyefficient retrofitting.
Benediktbeuern Monastery is one of the oldest in upper Bavaria, its
Fig. 1 Monastery
roots going back to 8th century AD. After the 1803 secularisation,
the researcher, inventor and entrepreneur Joseph von Fraunhofer (*1787, † 1826) was working in a glass
workshop in Benediktbeuern, where he also did his most important research on the so called Fraunhofer
lines in the solar spectrum. Since 1930 the cloister is run by the Salesians of Don Bosco. The „Alte
Schäfflerei“ from the second half of the 18th century belongs to the
former craftsmen court of the monastery and is the ideal place for such
a centre.
The most important aspect of the new Competence Centre is the close
interaction of craftmanship, science and monument preservation as
well as the use of new, innovative materials and technologies for
historical buildings. For the first time, knowledge in building physics
and experience in the fields of building maintenance and monument
preservation will be combined in a public information and counseling
centre accommodated itself in a historical building.
Fig.2 Basilika
Architects, monument conservators, craftsmen, builders and
stakeholders have a chance to obtain information and advice on energy-efficient renovation and
monument preservation. The Competence Center in Benediktbeuern will be facing the world wide
challenge of energy efficiency in historic buildings by offering innovative solutions suitable in
cooperation with renowned European partners.
97
DIAGNOSTIC OF DECAY OF THE CHURCH OF SANT JUST FROM V CENTURY,
BARCELONA, SPAIN
Bilal Essaid1 and Ananth Preethi2
1
Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint Etienne, UMR6425, CNRS, Saint Etienne, France,
[email protected], 2University Jean Monnet, St-Etienne, France, [email protected];
The church of Sant Just had multiple alterations. The building of the V century, the Visigoth basement,
has been transformed into a mosque in the seventh century and has undergone an enhancement Gothic
style in the thirteenth century. The Different successive developments involving the heterogeneous
materials have caused a complication of treatment to apply for their conservation. The Church of St. Just
is a quiet building, located in the heart of a neighborhood Catholic, The St Just church do not enjoy the
notoriety of its neighbors the Cathedral of Catalunya and the Basilica Santa Maria del Mar. It is a
voluntary association which takes care of this church to live with few resources, hence, a limited
management, an inadequate maintenance to ensure the safeguarding of the church.
Fig1. Localization of St Just Church, mapping of humidity and temperature at 11h30 indoor and sampling of salts.
Fig. 2: Several
degradation in St
Just church and
SEM image of salts
The building is subject to a maritime climate: Barcelona is a
port city. The humidity caused by low temperature, capillary
rising: the salts in the groundwater then back through the
pores of the stone. Liquid chromatography analysis revealed
a high content of sodium: 1077mg / l. When the temperature
increases the water evaporates and the salts crystallize,
crusting and white blooms when the material is permeable.
The salts are stagnating in stone alteration to heart and
accumulate at the interface of stone / rendering.
The alternating cycles of salts dissolution and crystallization
according to the relative humidity in the air contributes to
the fragility of the material. The pressure causes of the salts
crystallization rising of the coating. Until one time, the
church was heated by coal. The deposition of soot on the
wall paintings and pictures has resulted in a darkening of the
latter. The particles (CO32-and SO42- ) react with the mortar
and form a black crust of calcium carbonate or gypsum. The
wall paintings are degraded by the accumulation of white
and black crust. Until one time, the church was heated by
coal. The soot generated a darkening on the wall paintings
and pictures. The particles of CO32-and SO42- react with the
mortar and form a black crust of calcium carbonate or
gypsum. The wall paintings are degraded by the
accumulation of white and black crust. Several treatments
may be considered for protection the Church of St. Just, but
we need important funding for its restoration. It need
interested in these forgotten building (churches, chapels
etc...) that are less prestigious than cathedrals or monuments
but some are our common cultural heritage.
98
VULNERABILITY OF CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE:
CONDITIONS OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPIC HAZARD AND RELATED
PREVENTION AND CONSERVATION MEASURES
Serena Baiani1, Antonella Valitutti2
1
“La Sapienza” University of Rome-Dept. DATA, Rome, Italy, serena.baiani@uniroma1it;
University of Rome-Dept. DATA, Rome, Italy, antonella.valitutti@uniroma1it
2
“La Sapienza”
Keywords: Vulnerability, Mitigation, Prevention
Prevention of hazards, as planning and realisation of interventions to reduce various factors of
environmental and anthropic dangerousness, represents a valid and effective strategy for the protection,
maintenance and exploitation of the cultural heritage of historical and environmental value.
The safety of a territory, respects of calamitous events, constitutes one of the principal objective of the
Administrations called to operate in defence, safeguard and management of the territory.
As premised to every action of hazards assessment and remedy strategies for cultural heritage, is
fundamental a deep knowledge of the landscape, of its sensibility, of its qualities and a punctual analysis
of the components and levels of criticality; this allows to understand, in more complete way, the
necessities of protection and safeguard and the relative typologies of intervention.
The adoption of a "systemic" approach to the reading and the interpretation of the cultural and
environmental good, as a complex system on which and with which more complex systems act and
interact, induces to affirm, in case of natural and anthropical hazards, that any disturbing event that
invests the system of goods can practice a destructive action to result in different phenomena that alter the
stability and the equilibrium, in terms of loss/reduction of safety and resource.
The good, in physical and natural condition, is subject to a process of deterioration and degradation
caused by different and numerous factors of hazards. The phenomena of dangerousness analysed belong
to three thematic areas: static-structural dangerousness (seismic hazards, landslides and accidents, floods);
environmental dangerousness (pollution, climate); anthropic dangerousness (dynamics of the
demographic density, tourist pressure, susceptibility to the theft).
The hazards can be, therefore, interpreted as resultant of the stress that interests a peculiar aspect
(dangerousness of natural or anthropic matrix), of the quantity and the type of the elements potentially
invested (exposure) and of the propension towards damage (vulnerability). Consequently, the analysis of
the hazards is finalised on the definition of the dangerous agent, that is the stress cause, activator of the
event, and on the specific knowledge of the system receiving, to individualise its brittleness; this,
therefore, allows a clean distinction among characteristics of the event and characteristics of the ambits
potentially interested by the event.
The activities finalised to the prevention of the natural and anthropic hazards through the protection, the
control and the definition of suitable measures of defence and safety, follow an approach that foresees:

the list of levels of criticality and specific problems, from the definition of the specific objectives of
intervention for every sector

the system of the cultural and environmental goods, articulated for typologies

the conditions of context, articulated in systems (natural, bio-climatic and anthropic)

the conditions of hazards, articulated in reference to the seismic, the hydrogeological and the
anthropic one (fire, degrades physical, pollution)

the lines of intervention, articulated in reference to the relationship between system of properties and
conditions of hazards, and explicated in comparison to the principal component (ground, water,
vegetation, good).
99
DURABILITY OF EARTH CONSTRUCTION: A CASE STUDY FROM THE DESERT
OF ALGERIA
Said Kenai 1, Ramdane Bahar2, Belkacem Menadi3 And Mohamed Bouhicha4
1
Civil engineering department, University of Blida, Algeria,[email protected]; 2Civil engineering department,
University of Blida, Algeria, [email protected]; 3Civil engineering department, university of Tizi-ouzou,
[email protected] 4Civil engineering department, university of Laghouat, [email protected].
Keywords: Earth Construction, Durability, Water, Repair, Maintenance.
Earth construction is widely used in developing countries. Its locally abundance, low cost and available
experience and ease of use have contributed to its widespread. However, its durability under the effect of
water (rain, flooding, ;;) hindered its use. Nowadays, earth construction in desert and rural regions is
regarded as building material of the poor. Efforts are undertaken by the government and research
laboratories to encourage its use and enhance its performance. Old and heritage constructions such as
ksours in the desert are repaired with the involvement of local people. In this paper, the Algerian
experience in earth construction is described. Some repair and rehabilitation cases of historical villages in
the desert are briefly described. A case study of a research centre built in 1940 in the desert of Algeria
under investigation for diagnosis and repair is described in detail. The research center is composed of
many one floor buildings including a museum and one two floors building. Walls are made of compressed
earth blocks with earth rendering. The roofs are either made of steel joists and earth blocks or from trunk
palm trees. Although rain falls does not exceeds 50 mm a year, the different buildings (one and two
floors) suffered from severe cracking due to the effect of rain water either from roofs or from flooding
from the uphill. Water from the traditional irrigation technique (called foggaras) contributed to the
settlement of a load bearing wall of the two floors building and hence to the cracking of non load bearing
walls. Lack of continuous maintenance and appropriate repair are the main causes of degradation. The
proposed repair and rehabilitation solutions using mainly stabilized earth blocks and rendering,
rehabilitation of the irrigation system and collecting rain water by an appropriate system are described.
STRUCTURAL SAFETY OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS MADE OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE, FROM BANAT REGION - ROMANIA
Mosoarca Marius 1, Victor Gioncu2
1
Politehnica University of Timisoara, 2
[email protected]; 2 [email protected]
1
Traian
Lalescu
Street,
Timisoara,
Romania,
e-mail:
Keywords: Historical Buildings, Concrete, Banat Region
At the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, in western part of Romania important buildings
of reinforced concrete were built such as: water towers, bridges, industrial buildings. There are some
buildings that used only reinforced concrete elements such as slabs, beams, walls and framing. Currently,
these elements have low bearing capacity, putting at risk the security of buildings and their historical
value. The main reasons are: low grade concrete, reinforcements without ductility that are highly
damaged, low percentages of reinforcement. Different types of reinforcements do not provide the
necessary ductility for buildings located in seismic zone Banat, Romania. The article presents the state of
degradation of these constructions and different ways to strengthen these historic buildings with
reinforced concrete.
100
ACOUSTIC DIAGNOSTICS VERSUS THERMOGRAPHY: COMPARISON AND
INTEGRATION AS A BASIC APPROACH FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE
PRESERVATION
Calicchia Paola1, Favaro Monica2, Bison Paolo3, Grinzato Ermanno3, Vigato Pietro Alessandro2, De
Zuccato Daniela4
1
Institute of Acoustics and Sensor “O. M. Corbino” - CNR IDASC, Rome, Italy, [email protected];
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and of the Surface – CNR ICIS, Padua, Italy, [email protected], [email protected];
3
Construction Technologies Institute, Padua, Italy, [email protected]; 4RWS S.r.l. Padua, Italy,
[email protected]
2
Keywords: Non-Destructive Diagnostics, Acoustic Images, Thermographic Images
Innovative technologies are increasingly being applied in the cultural heritage domain, leading to specific
requirements in the effectiveness and harmonization of instrumental methods. Funded on metrological
basis, the assessment of the reliability of diagnostic tools includes the comparison between different
methods revealing the same quantity or kind of degradation.
The investigation deals with an integrated approach to detect the conservation state of frescoes. A
comparison of two diagnostic methods, identifying detachments in mural paintings, was carried out in the
upper hall of the Oratorio of San Rocco in Padua, a restoration yard become a scene of a participated
experimentation. The activity was coordinated between two working units and the restorers for assessing
the range of validity of both methods, their strengths and limits, their ability to turn the outcomes into a
meaningful indication for the restorers.
The frescoes were analyzed through the Acoustic Energy Absorption Diagnostic Device
- ACEADD method and the IR thermography applying three different processing algorithms.
The ACEADD evaluates the acoustic absorption in detached portion of frescoes. Hidden cavities within
walls, excited by a sound wave, behaves as selective acoustic absorbers vibrating at specific frequencies
related to their thickness, while a rigid wall reflects all the incident energy. Employing a non contact
setup, the equipment automatically scans an area, radiating towards the surface an acoustic wave with
audible frequency content and recording the reflected wave. The Cepstrum algorithm extracts the impulse
response of the surface and provides an acoustic absorption image of that area, localizing the defects
where the absorption is high. Using different frequency contents of the exciting wave the sensitivity of the
method to defects size is enhanced.
IR thermography measures the surface temperature in real time. When a heat flux is imposed to the
surface, a sub-surface air cavity represents a thermal resistance to heat diffusion inside the wall, reducing
the thermal flux, becoming visible through a local higher temperature. Three different heating procedures
with suitable heat sources and two processing algorithms were applied making the method more effective,
the tested area increased and the duration of the measurement reduced, while achieving the needed
sensitivity to defects. The processing techniques are dynamic, based on the analysis of the temporal
evolution of the surface thermal response. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied both to
thermograms of the heating and cooling phase. Finally Pulsed Phase Thermography (PPT) was similarly
applied to the data, separating the amplitude and phase components of the dynamic thermal response
Fourier Transform.
Acoustic and Thermal images equally reveals the presence of defects in specific areas. The acoustic
method suitably detects detachments of consistent extension and thickness, with the lower frequency
range, while detailed images emerge with the upper frequency range and low step size. Thermograms
reveal important indications when the PCA third component is examined or the PPT in phase. The testing
results of the two methods were also compared with the restorers investigation, widening the panorama of
information the restorers may use to match the insights from their own experience.
101
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN RESTORATION: CLEANING AND CONSOLIDATION OF
STONEWORK
Sposito Alberto1, Sposito Cesare2, Scalisi Francesca3
1
University of Palermo - Department of Architettura, Palermo, Italy, [email protected]; 2University of Palermo Department of Architettura, Palermo, Italy, [email protected]; 3University of Palermo - Department of
Architettura, Palermo, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Nanotechnology, Restoration, Stonework
Nanotechnology is a science that utilises methods and techniques to manipulate material on a size-scale
smaller than a micrometre (normally between 1 and 100 nanometres) and has the aim of producing
materials with particular chemical-physical characteristics. It constitutes a true multi-disciplinary sphere
of investigation, involving numerous areas of research, ranging from molecular biology to chemistry,
from the science of materials to (applied and basic) physics, to mechanical and electronic engineering.
Nanotechnology’s present and future applications render this an issue of great current interest, bearing in
mind not only its innovative character, but also its possible impact on industrial applications and,
therefore, our daily lives; it has a capacity to spark off a real 21st century industrial revolution. Its
importance is confirmed by the interest shown by all the major world powers, including the USA, China,
South Korea, India, not to mention Europe of course; these are devising long-term programmes devoted
exclusively to development of nanotechnology.
In the architectural sphere the use of nano-structured materials
interests the building in its entirety, from the basic structure to
the walling, from lighting to energy production. However the
contribution of nanotechnology is not restricted to newly-built
structures, but represents an opportunity for an overhaul of the
whole cultural heritage. This sector includes experimentation
on nano-structured materials for cleaning and reinforcement
on stonework samples from the archaeological site of
Morgantina. For this purpose, nano-structured systems have
been devised and proved effective in the cleaning process,
Fig. 1 The altar in the archaeo-logical site of
utilised as cleaning agents with the characteristics of a gel. As
Morgantina
for the reinforcement of stonework, hybrid nano-structured
polymers have been synthesised and tested; the presence of the organic and inorganic components
guaranteed a sound performance. Apart from issues of cleaning and the reinforcement of stonework, that
of enhancing the performance of a traditional material such as earth was tackled, with its utilisation not
only in the sphere of historical architectural restoration but also in new constructions. The research aims
to create nano-composite materials, a new class of material
characterised by an ultra-fine dispersion of elements, typically of the
order of a few nano-metres; in virtue of this dispersion the nanocomposites possess unique properties, not shared by conventional
composites or micro-composites. In other terms, the research aims to
bolster earth with nano-structured reinforcement, in order to improve
the chemical-physical and mechanical performance of the final
product. The research involves aspects of the cultural and material
tradition, as well as innovation, as a criterion for renewing building
methods.
Fig. 2 Test cleaning of the stone
To sum up, nanotechnology certainly represents an advance in the
scientific field, its potential being enormous. The fact should not be neglected that this science requires
investigation of the risks for human health, due to the utilisation of materials manipulated on the nanometric scale; in this regard notes of caution have been voiced regarding the toxic nature of various nanostructured materials. The only path to take for the safeguard of health and environment, in our opinion, is
to invest as much as possible in research and knowledge, especially with the involvement of public
organisations.
102
VENTILATION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOMBS OF THE VALLEY OF
KINGS, LUXOR, EGYPT
Khalil, Essam E.1
1
Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt, [email protected]
The cultural heritage left by the Egyptian Pharaohs in the tombs of the Valley of the Kings represents
some of the key elements of the Egyptian cultural and tourism wealth and standing monuments
demonstrating the wealth and technology of the pharaohs. These tombs were prepared to bury the Kings’
mummies and artifacts for eternal life. Many of the wall paintings identifying the various ancient rituals
and life style are in good conditions as the tombs were only recently opened to the public and resulted, in
many instances, to dramatic deterioration of the wall paintings due in part to excessive humidity.
Basically, ventilation air design systems are considered here for the tomb passage of King Ramses VII,
Ramses IV, Siti II and Bay including different visitors (obstacles) alternative positioning to adequately
predict the actual air flow, thermal and moisture patterns in the tombs and hence to provide energy
efficient design of ventilation system and reduce the adverse effect of excessive humidity.
Fig. 1: Tomb of Ramses VII . KV1
Fig.2: Effect of moisture content in the colour of artifacts
The present work made use of packaged Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) programs. For the present
work, following similar work of Abdel Aziz et al [1] and Khalil [2], a numerical study is carried out to
define the optimum airside design of the tombs air ventilation and conditioning systems, which provides
the optimum comfort and healthy conditions with optimum energy utilization. Basically, airside design
types are considered here for the tomb passage of King Ramses VII, Ramses IV, Siti II and Bay,
including different visitors (obstacles) alternative positioning to introduce the capability of the design to
provide the optimum characteristics. The primary objective of the present work is to assess the airflow
characteristics, thermal pattern and moisture distribution in the different tombs ventilation configurations
in view of basic known flow characteristics. Tombs consist, typically of three gently sloping corridors.
The free air supply and mechanically extracted ducted air play an important role in shaping the main flow
pattern where the internal obstacles can distort the airflow pattern by increasing the recirculation zones or
by deflecting the main airflow pattern, [3 and 4].
References
1. O. A.A.Abdelaziz and E. E.Khalil (2004),CFD- Controlled Climate Design of the Archaeological Tombs of the Valley Of The
Kings “, Proceedings, Sustaining Europe’s Cultural Heritage: from Research to Policy, London, September 2004.
2. E.E. Khalil (2004),“Indoor Air Climatic Design Of The Tombs Of Valley Of Kings”, Invited Paper, Proceedings, Roomvent
2004, Coimbra, Portugal, September 2004.
3. .E.E.Khalil (2010), ”Preservation of the Archaeological Tombs of Tutankhamen and Horemheb of the Valley Of Kings, Luxo”r,
Proceedings CLIMA 2010, Paper 167, ISBN 978-975-6907-14-6.May 2010.
4. E.E.Khalil (2011),"Ventilation Of The Archaeological Tombs Of The Valley Of Kings, Luxor, Egypt". Proceedings of
International Conference on Air-Conditioning & Refrigeration 2011, ICACR2011 , ICACR2011-00102, Korea, July 2011
103
AIR FLOW REGIMES THERMAL AND MOISTURE PATTERNS IN CLIMATIZED
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHURCH OF CHRIST IN CAIRO
Khalil, Essam E1.
1
Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt [email protected]
Airflow characteristics in ventilated and air-conditioned spaces play an important role to attain comfort and hygiene
conditions. This paper utilizes a 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to assess the airflow characteristics
in ventilated and air-conditioned archaeological Church of Christ (hanging Church) in Cairo, Egypt. The optimum
utilization of the air movement to acclimatize and ventilate can be attained by properly locating the supply diffusers
and extract ports to minimize the recirculation zone and prevent the air short circuits. Ideally, the optimum airside
design system can be attained, if the airflow is directed to pass all the enclosure areas before the extraction with
careful selection of near wall velocities to avoid any wear or aberration of the wall paintings.
The present work raises several questions in the room airflow motion prediction techniques. The present paper
represents the results of an ongoing evaluation of a CFD based on computer models for predicting room airflow
distribution in the Hanging Church in Egypt. Air conditioning can be identified as the conditioning of the air to
maintain specific conditions of temperature, humidity, and dust level inside an enclosed space. The conditions to be
maintained are dictated by the function of the space, type of users and the required users comfort. A successful
HVAC design is that energy efficient design in addition to all previous factors. For the present work, a numerical
investigation is carried out utilizing packaged commercially available CFD program to provide the optimum comfort
and healthy conditions with optimum energy utilization. Basically, various airside designs are considered here
including floor and or ceiling supply, different obstacle and alternative positioning to introduce the capability of each
design to provide the optimum air flow characteristics. The optimum utilization of the air movement to acclimatize
and ventilate can be attained by properly locating the supply diffusers and extract ports to minimize the recirculation
zone and prevent the air short circuits.
Fig.1: The Church
Fig.2.Computational Grid
Ideally, the optimum airside design system can be attained, if the airflow is directed to pass all the enclosure areas
before the extraction. The primary objective of the present work is to demonstrate the capabilities of the present
numerical tool to predict the airflow characteristics and thermal patterns in the different acclimatized Church
configurations in view of basic known flow characteristics. The primary objective of the present work is to
demonstrate the capabilities of the present numerical tool to predict the airflow characteristics and energy
consumption in the different acclimatized configurations in view of basic known flow characteristics.
Fig.3: Comparison between measured and predicted Relative humidity.
The mode of evaluation should assess the airflow characteristics in any passage according to its position in the
enclosure and the thermal pattern and air quality. The paper ends with brief discussion and concluding remarks.
104
COLORIMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF (HISTORIC) COVERINGS BASED ON
THE HYPERSPECTRAL METHOD
Providência Pedro1,2, Freire Luís1,4, Brardo Francisco4, Providência Costança1, Catarino Lídia1, Aguiar José3,
Fiadeiro Paulo4; Gil Francisco1
1
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra (FCTUC), PORTUGAL, [email protected]; 2Centro
de Estudos Sociais (CES), PORTUGAL, [email protected]; 3Faculdade de Arquitectura da
Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (FAUTL), PORTUGAL, [email protected]; 4Universidade da Beira Interior (UBI),
PORTUGAL, [email protected]
Objectives
During the XX century, traditional methods of construction were gradually replaced by industrial ones.
As a result, traditional construction techniques, such as the traditional covering and finishing techniques,
were gradually forgotten, little by little. Therefore, the urban images of Historical Centers, as is the case
with the Historical Centre (HC) of Coimbra, are quickly loosing their character.
The objective of the present study is to investigate the possibility of constructing a data basis of spectral
reflectance [3], that is, of colors and textures resulting from the specific characteristics of (historic)
coverings and finishings which may support the definition of a Color Plan, of Coimbra, in technological
conjunction with international protocols for chromatic studies [4], of reference.
Methods
Each image is dressed up by the observer with elements which, being objectively alien to the
representation itself, subjectively belong unavoidably to what is perceived and apprehended by the
observer as his image, that is, the image is the result, not always obvious, of the superposition of the
representation of the object and the projection of the attributions, forms, textures, colors, that our look
lends them, on account of a specific source of radiation (illumination).
According to Isaac Newton, white light is made up of colours of the visible spectrum. On the other hand,
the three-colour theory of Thomas Young postulates the existence of three primary colours: red R, green
(G) and blue (B). Since each colour may be represented by numerical values in this system, it is possible,
through algebraic equations, to determine relations between colours which, when combined between
themselves, produce a certain colour, beforehand defined as reference colour [2].
In the HC of Coimbra, it may be seen that the coverings were rich in color, as is shown by past artistic
representations. It should also be remarked that few of the present day existing colors preserve the
pigments represented in artistic paintings.
From the color code information concerning the identified pigments, it was found that it is possible, on
the bases of medium colorimetric results relating to the set of architectonic elements of a building, to
obtain new and equivalent chromatic proposals which do not cancel the particular information arising
from these elements but redistributes it in space in a controlled manner.
This investigation is part of the Ph. D. research work which one of the authors (P.P.) is developing in of
the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra and is supported by FCT through
the grant SFRH/BD/60389/2009 and by the Project PTDC/AUR-URB/113635/2009.
[1] - Providência, Pedro; A Epiderme do Centro Histórico de Coimbra – Estudos Cromáticos e Contributos para a sua Conservação;
Dissertação de Mestrado; Universidade de Évora, 2009.
[2] -Santos, António; Luz, cor e visão; LNEC; Março 1999
[3] - Berardo, Francisco; Digitalização Hiperespectral de Pinturas e Obras de Arte; Dissertação de Doutoramento; Universidade da
Beira Interior; Março 2010.
[4] - Aguiar, José, Cor e Cidade histórica, Estudos cromáticos e conservação do património. Porto: Grupo Edições FAUP, 2003.
105
DEVELOPING APPLICATIONS OF ION CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR AQUEOUS
CONSERVATION TREATMENTS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ARTIFACTS
Kirsi Perkiömäki1, Ulla Knuutinen1
1
Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Culture, Conservation Department, Lummetie 2 b,
01300 Vantaa, Finland, [email protected], [email protected]
Introduction
Chromatography is a general term for separation technics. In conservation most widely used
chromatographic methods are liquid and gas chromatography technics which are used for identification of
binding media or coloring agents. Ion chromatography (IC) is a liquid chromatography technique in
which the primary mode of separation involves an ion-exchange mechanism. The IC is most often used
for separation and determination of inorganic and simple organic anions and inorganic cations. The IC
can be used both for qualitative and quantitative analyses of ionic components. The aim of IC applications
has been to develop ion chromatography for monitoring conservation aqueous treatments and for
evaluating their effectiveness.
Experimental
Metrohm 761 Compact HPIC device, coupled with the chemical suppressor was used for ion
chromatography analyses. As a pre-treatment, cellulose containing samples were filtered in order to
remove high molecular (cellulose) substances from solutions. Salt removing solutions on the other hand
have to be treated with pretreatment cartridge if they contain iron, because iron ions can damage IC
column. In our studies, all the samples were in addition ran through Dialysis (754 IC) unit. Standard
calibration was performed for fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate and sulfate anions and sodium,
ammonium, potassium and magnesium cations with five concentrations between 0,25 mg/l and 20 mg/l.
For acetate and formiate, 5 mg/l reference standard was used for defining the retention times of these
anions.
IC application results
The results show that the IC suits very well for monitoring the validity of treatment solutions.
Ion chromatography has been used for analyzing washing and neutralization solutions of cellulose rag
papers and textile samples. The washing and deacidifying processes were controlled also with pH
measurements. IC analyses of washing solutions showed that variable amount of nitrates, phosphates and
sulfates were coming out of cellulose samples within 15 minutes. There was not any more increase in
amount of anions if the washing process was continued up to 30 minutes. Also water soluble degradation
products of cellulose, acetates and formiates, were found in washing solutions. Further studies are
ongoing with different types of papers for the evaluation of washing processes (Look at table 1).
Detected
Ion
Samp.1
Samp.1
Samp. 3
Samp.3
Samp. H
Samp. H
Samp.K
Samp. K
Acetate
0,49
0,5
-
0,41
-
-
-
-
Formiate
1,20
1,21
0,64
0,65
0,92
0,92
0,36
0,36
Chloride
1,05
1,04
0,71
0,71
2,97
2,98
3,18
3,18
Nitrate
0,13
0,12
0,17
0,2
3,41
3,39
0,83
0,84
Phosphate
0
0
0,24
0,22
0,83
0,87
0
0,33
Sulfate
0,21
0,23
4,86
4,9
14,24
14,23
15,37
15,3
Table 1. Ion chromatography results of washing solutions of different papers. Paper samples were: Sample 1: Sulfite pulp 100 %,
sample 3: Mechanical pulp 75% and sulfite pulp 25 %, sample H: old rag paper from year 1822 and sample K: sulfite pulp 86% and
mechanical pulp 14%
Recently IC method has also been adapted for analyzing salt (chloride ion) removing solutions of
archaeological iron artifacts. Preliminary studies of chloride removing process included comparison
between three different methods: titration, Merck chloride kit and ion chromatography (Look at table 2).
106
Sample/Treatment sol.
AII (0,5 M alk. sulfite)
BII (0,05 M alk. sulfite)
Iron ball (1% KOH)
Titration (ppm Cl-)
38
21
106
Merck 1.11106.0001 (ppm Cl-)
60
35
IC (ppm Cl-)
51,5
28/54
103
Table 2 Results of ion chromatography analysis of salt removal with different treating solutions.
Conclusions: Developing IC applications for studying aqueous conservation treatments has been
successful. In paper and textile conservation washing solutions could have been monitored by the IC
easily and non-destructively, because salts and some organic ions dissolve into washing solution. Further,
some studies for analyzing chloride ions from salt removing solutions of archaeological iron artifacts
using ion chromatography method has performed.
THE CASE-STUDY OF “THE DAUGHTERS OF THE EMPEROR FERDINAND I” BY
JAKOB SEISENEGGER, IN TRENTO (ITALY): ANALYTICAL HYGROMECHANICAL RESULTS FOR PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION AND AS A
SUPPORT IN RISK ASSESSMENT FOR TECHNICAL INTERVENTIONS
Allegretti Ottaviano1, Raffaelli Francesca2, Dionisi-Vici Paolo3
1
IVALSA-CNR, San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy, [email protected]; 2Soprintendenza per i Beni Storico
Artistici della Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Italy; 3The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA,
[email protected]
In this paper we describe a long-term monitoring experience on a Panel Painting, carried out using a
whole set of analytical tools before the scheduled conservation intervention.
The object under analysis is a painting of the XVI century, “The daughters of the Emperor Ferdinand I”
by Jakob Seisenegger, painted around 1543 and preserved in the storerooms of the Superintendency of the
Trento Province and of pertinence of the Buonconsiglio Castle.
The wooden support is built in a particular way: many narrow planks of pear wood were used, and some
degradation evidences are visible, caused by the previous storing conditions and by old strong
conservation interventions, when the present battened cross-beams structure was applied.
The panel painting has been monitored for some years from both the physical and mechanical point of
view in its storeroom, climatically uncontrolled for most of the time, using:
- displacement transducers, put in different positions, relevant from the structural point of view;
- micro-climatic monitoring (Temperature and Relative Humidity);
- mass variation monitoring with an innovative differential scale able to measure the variation with an
otherwise impossible resolution.
The results of the monitoring have been used to validate a FEM hygro-mechanical model and the
resulting tendencies of the painting will be used to give mechanical parameters to the conservators that
will work on the restoration to be performed.
This research has been performed in collaboration with the Department of Culture of the Autonomous
Province of Trento.
107
POLLUTION IMPACT ON THE ON BURĞ AL KLĀB (BASTION OF DOGS) SALÈ
(MOROCCO)
Ozga Izabela1, Bonazza Alessandra1, Ait Lyazidi Saadia2, Haddad Mustapha2, Ghedini Nadia1,3,
Sabbioni Cristina1
1
Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
[email protected], [email protected]; 2Laboratoire de Spectrométrie des Matériaux et Archéomatériaux,
Université Moulay Ismail, Faculté des Sciences, Morocco; 3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Bologna, via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
Keywords: Surface Damage, Carbon Fraction, Lightness
The majority of the monuments and archaeological sites constituting our cultural heritage is located in
urban areas. It has been recognized that buildings undergo rapid deterioration, especially in areas with
high air pollutant concentrations. It is assumed that the deposition of gaseous multi-pollutants and
aerosols plays a major role in causing the deterioration of monuments and built cultural heritage. This
work focuses on the investigation of the impact of air multi-pollutants on Burğ al Klāb (Bastion of dogs),
known as the Gate Tower, in Salè (Morocco) (Fig.1). The
diagnosis of surface damage layer was performed by range of
analytical techniques including optical and scanning electron
microscopy, x-ray diffraction, ion chromatography, induced
coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and differential
and gravimetric thermal analysis. Discussion will be presented
especially referring to the results obtained by colorimetric
analyses, ion chromatography and CHNSO analyses, with the
aim of achieving an exhaustive picture of the main causes
leading to deterioration of the building under study. The results
obtained show that sulphate is the most abundant anion followed
by nitrate and chloride, while calcium has the highest
concentrations among the cations. Sulphate, nitrate, chloride and
calcium are in higher concentrations in the walls directly
exposed to traffic road, evidencing that they are connected to
emission from vehicular exhaust. We find correlation between
Na+ and Cl-, demonstrating the marine origin of these ions. The
CHNSO analysis identified carbon fractions, organic (OC) and
elemental (EC), showing an OC/EC ratio higher than 1 in all
samples. The organic carbon fraction is in general higher in
Fig. 1 Burğ al Klāb (Bastion of dogs), Salè
samples where the highest concentration of NO3- was also
(Marocco)
detected, thus proving the strong impact mainly of diesel vehicle
exhaust fumes. A decrease of lightness (L*) and chroma (C*) was also observed passing from walls
protected towards traffic to more exposed ones.
108
DESIGNING MULTIMODAL SEMANTIC VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR
CULTURAL HERITAGE
Fabio De Felice1, Fabio Abbattista1, Giovanni Attolico2
1
Dipartimento di Informatica, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 6, 70126, Bari, ITALY,
[email protected]; 2Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation – Italian National Research Council, Via G.
Amendola 122 D/O, 70126, Bari, ITALY [email protected]
Keywords: Virtual Reality, Multimodal Interaction, Meta Design
In the field of Cultural Heritage (CH), multimedia interaction with VEs can be used for conservation and
valorization. Multimodal interaction extends and adapts the access to informative contents to different
types of users through haptic and acoustic interactions. VEs for CH pose some critical issues such as:
consistency between VEs and related historical and cultural environments; realization of virtual
characters that exhibit believable behaviors and interactions; effective multimodal rendering of the
information associated to virtual objects (e.g. using haptic and acoustic displays). This work presents a
methodology for the design of
VEs that aims at grasp directly
the domain knowledge inside
proper Ontologies. The goal is to
make this design accessible even
to domain experts not grounded
in Virtual Reality. The Virtual
Environment can be described
using the conceptual space of the
application domain: this make
the design suited for domain
experts and final users and
increases the consistence and
plausibility of the result.
Fig. 1. A schema that summarizes the proposed methodology. Domain experts
Furthermore an iterative process,
specify domain concepts in their own language. On the other side users provide
based on user feedback, balance
feedback about hapto-acoustic display of virtual objects to software engineer that
haptic and acoustic displays to
can change accordingly the related hapto-acoustic effects through a graphical
improve their effectiveness on
different type of users such as the visually impaired. An authoring graphic tool enables the changes of the
multimodal display of virtual objects to account for user feedback. The general procedure is shown in
figure 1: the domain expert describes the semantic of the scene using the domain language and concepts
expressed in the Semantic Layer (SL). The SL is composed by: the Domain Knowledge (domain
concepts), the Core Knowledge (a detailed formal definition of domain concepts) and the VE Knowledge
(mapping domain descriptions to Scene Graph concepts). The software engineer can understand the
description prepared by domain experts through the analysis of the definitions and of the relations
expressed in the ontology. These concepts are then mapped to formal definitions and translated in
concepts related to the Scene Graph data structures used to implement the VE. At this stage, a complete
conceptual description of the Scene Graph needed to realize the initial scene is available. This description
is enclosed in an OWL file and can be published and shared over the Semantic Web, or directly used to
implement the scene with a chosen technology.
Starting from this description the software engineer can add hapto-acoustic (multimodal) displays to
virtual objects using a graphical editor tool. When final users interact with the scene, their feedbacks are
returned to the software engineer that can easily change accordingly multimodal displays using a very
simple GUI and an iterative refinement process.
The activity is in progress and by now it is possible to create the static part of the scene and to use the
Editor to associate haptic and acoustic properties to its objects. Future work will concern the
formalization of dynamic properties of the actors inside the scene, how the use of semantic allows to infer
believable behaviours and interacton for a given actor, and how user can interact with the environment in
a more flexible and effective way.
109
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE BUILT CULTURAL HERITAGE:
EXPECTED DEGRADATION DURING THE 21ST CENTURY
Lefèvre Roger-Alexandre1
1
European University Centre for Cultural Heritage, Ravello, Italy [email protected]
Keywords: Climate Change, Materials, Modelling
The European University Centre for Cultural Heritage in Ravello, Italy, among its strategic priorities for
the forthcoming years has inscribed the Impacts of Climate Change on Cultural Heritage including
Monuments, Art objects, Sites and Cultural Tourism. International Workshop, Courses and Practical
exercises are organised at the Master-Doctorate level every year since 2007 on behalf of the Council of
Europe, Strasbourg. A book was edited in 2010 containing the Proceedings of the International Workshop
held in Ravello in 2009 and the full texts of the lectures delivered in Strasbourg the same year (Lefèvre &
Sabbioni, 2010).
The most important results concerning the Impact of Climate Change on Cultural Heritage were obtained
in the frame of the Noah’s Ark Project funded by the European Commission (2003-2007) (Sabbioni et al.,
2010). The followed methodology consisted in the crossing of climate models (HadCM3 Global and
HadRM3 Regional Models, Hadley Centre of the Met Office, UK) and A2 scenario of IPCC with
damage/dose-response functions established by some European and International Programmes (Tidblad &
Kucera, 2007). Four major degradations of the stone of monuments would be occurring during the 21rst
century besides biodeterioration: surface recession (Brimblecombe & Grossi, 2008), surface soiling
(Brimblecombe & Grossi, 2009), salt deterioration (Grossi et al., 2011) and frost shattering (Grossi et al.,
2007). Some maps at the European scale were produced (Sabbioni et al., 2010).
This lecture will present some of these results concerning the stone of monuments and the potential
extension to other materials of the Cultural Heritage: modern glass and stained-glass windows, as well as
the comparison of results obtained by using the British climate model Hadley and the French Arpege.
References:
Brimblecombe, P., Grossi, C.M., 2008: Millennium-long recession of limestone facades in London, Environmental Geology, 56,
463-471.
Brimblecombe, P., Grossi, C.M., 2009: Millennium-long damage to building materials in London, Science of the Total
Environment, 407, 1354-1361.
Lefèvre, R.-A., Sabbioni, C. (eds), 2010: Climate Change and Cultural Heritage, European University Centre for Cultural Heritage,
Ravello, Edipuglia (Publ.), Bari, 201 p.
Grossi, C.M., Brimblecombe, P., Menéndez, B., Benavente, D., Harris, I., Déqué, M., 2011: Climatology of salt damage on stone
buildings, Science of the Total Environment, 409, 2573-2585.
Grossi, C.M., Brimblecombe, P., Harris, I., 2007: Predicting long term freeze–thaw risks on Europe built heritage and
archaeological sites in a changing climate, Science of the Total Environment, 377, 273–281.
Sabbioni, C., Brimblecombe, P., M. Cassar, 2010: The Atlas of Climate Change Impact on European Cultural Heritage, Scientific
Analysis and Management Strategies, Anthem Press, London, 160 p.
Tidblad, J., Kucera, V., 2007: Dose-response functions and tolerable levels for corrosion in the multi-pollutants situation, Pollution
atmosphérique, Special issue “Materials”, 87-93.
110
EVALUATION OF TIO2 BASED TREATMENTS ON STONE SURFACES EXPOSED
TO POLLUTED URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Marco Ferretti1, Loredana Luvidi2, Anna Maria Mecchi3, Giancarlo Sidoti4
1
Istituto per le Tecnologie Applicate ai Beni Culturali - CNR, Roma, Italy, [email protected]; 2Istituto per la
Conservazione e Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali - CNR, Roma, Italy, [email protected]; 3Istituto per la
Conservazione e Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali - CNR, Roma, Italy, [email protected]; 4Istituto Superiore
per la Conservazione ed il Restauro, Roma, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Titanium Dioxide, Self-Cleaning Treatment, Stone Treatment
In the last years, titanium dioxide based products were used in the field of construction and building
materials with self-cleaning, depolluting and antibacterial functions. Current applications are in exterior
construction materials and interior furnishing materials such as cement mortar, exterior tiles, paving
blocks, glass and PVC fabric. These products are also offered in the field of Cultural Heritage, however,
the application of these photocatalytic products on natural stone materials is lacking of a specific
experimentation in real environment. For this reason, a systematic research has been carried out on some
TiO2 based products applied on natural stones and exposed in urban polluted environment. The treatments
should be evaluated in terms of efficiency, durability and harmfulness for the treated stone. This paper
reports the results for the first two aspects.
The experiment has been carried out on three types of natural stones: white marble, travertine and
limestone (Lecce stone). The samples were exposed, for eight months, to a polluted urban environment
(Church of S. Andrea della Valle, in the centre of Rome) placed in a rack with and without shelter from
the rain. Four products based on TiO2, in form of nanoparticles or mixed with hydrophobic polymers,
were used for the treatments.
The stone samples were investigated before treatment, after treatment and after natural ageing, through
colorimetric measurements by spectrophotometer, surface observations by SEM, contact angle
measurements and Rodamina tests; further investigations concerned elemental analysis carried out by
EDS and XRF.
In particular colorimetry was use to evaluate possible color changes and soiling of the surfaces, whereas
the adhesion of the treatments and their durability were studied by SEM, before and after ageing. The
surface concentration of titanium, measured by EDS and XRF, was related to the photocatalytic
efficiency obtained by Rodamina test. The results showed that the products have a mild self-cleaning
effect related to the different porosity of the stone materials, also the products tend to leave the stone
surface when this is exposed to rain.
The potential harmfulness will be evaluated by ionic chromatography measurements and stretched tests,
during the next exposure of the treated samples.
111
THE CONTRIBUTE OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING TO THE SAFEGUARD
OF HISTORICAL AND MONUMENTAL HERITAGE
Cavallaro Antonio1, Grasso Salvatore2, Maugeri Michele3
1
3
CNR Ibam, Catania, Italy, [email protected]; 2 DICA University of Catania, Catania, Italy, [email protected];
DICA University of Catania, Catania, Italy, [email protected];
The significance of ground movements causing stresses and displacements in monuments and historical
sites hardly needs to be emphasized. However, on accounting the dramatic increase of environmental
agents, stemming from either human or natural factors, monuments have exhibited a growing sensitivity
to geotechnical factors which may lead to abrupt failures.
The demand of safeguarding measures is therefore increasing, together with the importance of
geotechnical questions in research project, aimed at preserving ancient monuments.
As it is documented by the useless – if not actually harmful – results obtained in a number of cases,
success may only be achieved by considering the monument, its foundation and the supporting ground as
different parts of a unique complex system. Historical transformations which have affected the monument
from its origin up to the present, should also be taken into account.
The cases analysed are numerous in Italy, and the collected data and material very ample. This is the
consequence of the variety and complexity of the Italian monumental heritage, as far as historical epochs,
geotechnical situations and questions involving preservation methods are concerned.
The Oriental part of Sicily is very rich of monuments and monumental building, but at the same time is
the most seismically active areas of Italy. In particular the city of Noto, which is now considered the
capital of baroque in Sicily, was destroyed by the 1693 Earthquake and rebuilt in another location, as
some others cities . In order to study the geotechnical dynamic characteristics of the foundation soils of
monuments, in situ investigations and laboratory have been carried. Among in situ investigations,
Borings, SPT, CPT, Down-hole (D-H), cross-hole (C-H) and Seismic Dilatometer Marchetti Tests
(SDMT) have been carried out, with the aim to evaluate the soil profile of shear waves velocity (Vs).
Among laboratory tests special attention have being paid to the variation of the non linearity of shear
modulus (G) and damping ratio (D) and to its variation with depth, by Resonant Column tests. This
paper tries to summarise this information in a comprehensive way in order to provide a representative
geotechnical model of ground condition at the different zones where important monuments are located.
This enabled the evaluation of site effects to define the earthquake design actions and them the rational
restoration and strengthening of some monuments, before their collapse, with the exception of the Noto
Cathedral which restored after its partial collapse, due to the 1990 Sicilian earthquake. The rational
restorations of the Noto Cathedral and others monument are also reported in the paper .
112
FIRST RESULTS AND ELABORATIONS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC
MONITORING ON PALAZZO DUCALE IN VENICE
Salvatore Russo1, Giosuè Boscato2, Francesca Sciarretta3
1
IUAV University of Venice, Italy, [email protected]; 2IUAV University of Venice, Italy, [email protected]; 3IUAV
University of Venice, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Multi-Disciplinary Control, Long-Term Monitoring, Palazzo Ducale Venice
Preservation guidelines for the maintenance of monumental buildings require a wide knowledge of
complex general conditions, even when only a single problem has to be faced. The paper presents a
unique case of long-term monitoring on one of the most representative and valuable historic buildings of
Italy, i.e. Palazzo Ducale in Venice (Figure 1). From October 2010, the Research Unit on Safety
Assessment of Monuments at the IUAV University of Venice is carrying out a static and dynamic
monitoring of the two external medieval façades of the building. These are double-layered masonry walls,
with internal load-bearing brick and mortar masonry and external cladding of stone blocks and very thin
mortar joints; the internal matching of the layers could not be precisely known from the first. A multidisciplinary safety assessment program aimed to evaluate the inner consistency of the walls, the current
state of preservation and to elaborate maintenance guidelines was elaborated. This program is still in
progress until October 2012; it consists of the following phases: 1) detection and analysis of the past
restoration works, 2) geometrical survey, 3) static, dynamic and environmental long-term monitoring, 4)
short-term monitoring, i.e. non-destructive and micro-destructive testing, 5) geotechnical tests, 6) numeric
modelling, 7) physical modelling.
The paper refers in particular to the first
information raised from static, dynamic and
environmental monitoring (phase 3) in
progress up to October 2012. In detail, static
monitoring involves both the external (South
and West) façades of Palazzo Ducale, by
controlling the displacements of single visible
external cracks or interfaces susceptible to
become critical zones, with the use of
extensometers; an inclinometer as well is
placed in correspondence of a discontinuity in
Fig. 1 South façade of Palazzo Ducale in Venice
the façade’s construction, to check possible inplane rotation of the wall. Dynamic sensors (i.e. one- and tri-axial accelerometers) are aligned along one
vertical line on the South façade, to control the in- and out-of-plane response of a peculiar section of the
wall to dynamic actions. Environmental sensors record the external temperature and dampness and the
level of water on the neighbouring canal, so that the possible influence of environmental actions/factors
on the static and dynamic parameters might be verified. All the data can be checked in real time and
downloaded from remote, by internet connection.
The results here presented are concerning all the working sensors in a time range of 8 months.
Comparisons between paths of static and environmental parameters are made, that demonstrate a clear
influence of the temperature on the crack displacements. Based on the time-path and peaks of all the
recorded displacements, the overall results of static monitoring allow a first evaluation of the possible
most critical points. The recorded dynamic parameters allow an extensive evaluation of the out-of-plane
response of the examined vertical section of the wall, with reference to both ordinary (i.e. daily
occupancy as a museum) and extra-ordinary events (i.e. fireworks, high wind); the position of sensors
allows to evaluate the effectiveness of horizontal connections (internal floor, roof trusses).
113
INVESTIGATION OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES OF DOMES IN SOME
OTTOMAN BATHS
Reyhan Kader (Res. Asst.)1, İpekoğlu Başak (Prof. Dr.)2, Böke Hasan (Prof. Dr.)3
1
Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey, [email protected]; 2Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir,
Turkey, [email protected]; 3Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey, [email protected]
Keywords: Ottoman Bath, Dome, Construction Technique
In Ottoman bath architecture, domes adjoined in varied numbers and sizes are structural elements
ensuring dynamic superstructure adjustment exterior and fascinating spatial features involving the interior
lighting elements.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the architectural characteristics and construction techniques of
domes in some Ottoman baths located in the settlements of Western Anatolia and to examine the
relationship network among them for the purpose of evaluating the problems observed on the domes in
terms of conservation and restoration works. In this frame; the relationship between

Dome span / dome height,

Bond type / dome span / dome height,

Dome span / dome thickness,

Dome span / the number and the rows of oculi
were investigated.
In this context, the architectural and construction techniques of domes in selected Ottoman baths dated
back to the 15th and 16th centuries were investigated through field surveys and the obtained data were
analyzed and evaluated.
The domes were separated into three groups according to their spans. These are short-span ılıklık, sıcaklık
main space and halvet domes between 0.95 and 3.45 m, mid-span ılıklık, sıcaklık main space domes
between 3.5 and 6.0 m, and long-span sıcaklık main space and soyunmalık domes with 6.05 m and larger
dimensions.
While the dome thicknesses vary between 35 and 75 cm at the springing level in accordance with the
dome spans, the thickness is mostly between 35 and 40 cm at the dome peak.
The brick bonds expose five different layouts as regular circular rows. These are;
1.
Horizontal stacking of the short side faces in places non-parallel rows,
2.
Horizontal and adjacent stacking of the short side faces in parallel rows,
3.
Horizontal stacking of long faces on the bottom for a few rows and short faces on top in parallel
rows,
4.
Random horizontal stacking of long and short faces,
5.
In vertical sequential stacking of long/short faces on interior, horizontal stacking of the long
faces on exterior surface.
The most common ones are; “horizontal stacking of the short side faces in places non-parallel rows” and
“horizontal and adjacent stacking of the short side faces in parallel rows” type of bonds.
In all short-span (0.95-3.45 m) domes the thickness corresponds to one brick row size, in most of the midspan (3.5-6.0 m) domes the thickness corresponds to one brick row size and in long-span (above 6 m)
domes the correspondence is to a double brick row at springing level, one brick row size at the dome
peak.
The oculi are lighting elements formed by the organization of the bond or the placement of the terracotta
elements among the bond at the dome. They are usually located on the dome in two or three circular rows,
in hexagonal shape and decreasing in number.
The problems in the domes were determined as; collapsed lighting cupolas on the top of mid and long
span domes of between 4 and 10 m not depending on bond types and also cracks formed in the domes due
to the superstructure becoming covered with soil, debris and plants.
This study is important to determine architectural characteristics and original construction techniques of
domes and the relationship of the problems in the domes with construction techniques.
114
PORTABLE HYPERSPECTRAL DEVICE AS A VALUABLE TOOL FOR THE
DETECTION OF PROTECTIVE AGENTS APPLIED ON HISTORIC BUILDINGS
M. Benvenuti1, M. Camaiti2, P. Costagliola1, F. Garfagnoli1, S. Moretti1, E. Pecchioni1, S. Vettori1
1
Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, e-mail: [email protected]; 2CNR–ICVBC,
Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, e-mail: [email protected]
In the recent past, a wide range of protective products (in most cases, synthetic polymers) have been
applied to the surfaces of ancient buildings/artefacts to preserve them from alteration [1]. The lack of a
detailed mapping of the permanence and efficacy of these treatments, in particular when applied on large
surfaces, such as building facades, may be particularly noxious when new restoration treatments are
needed and the best choice of restoration protocols has to be taken.
The presence of protective compounds on stone surfaces may be detected in lab by relatively simple
diagnostic tests, which, however, normally require invasive (or micro-invasive) sampling methodologies
and are time-consuming, thus limiting their use only to a restricted number of samples and sampling sites.
On the contrary hyperspectral sensors are known as rapid, non-invasive and non-destructive tools able to
provide simultaneous information on the characteristics and properties of different materials such as soils,
air and water. Hyperspectral analysis identifies materials on the basis of their different patterns of
absorption at specific wavelengths, and may be successfully used for discriminating inorganic (i.e. rocks
and minerals) and organic compounds. Therefore hyperspectral analysis may be used for acquiring, in
short times, many spectra and producing compositional maps at relatively low cost. Hyperspectral devices
were recently used in the field of cultural heritage to detect alteration phases deposited on the surface of
ancient artefacts [2,3].
In this study (carried out preliminarily in laboratory) a portable high-resolution spectroradiometer (ASD
FieldSpec FR Pro) has been used for discriminating the different synthetic polymers, selected among
those more frequently employed in the artworks conservation and restoration field. The ASD FieldSpec
FR Pro is a compact, field portable and precision instrument designed to acquire Visible and NearInfrared (VNIR: 350–1000 nm) and Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR: 1000–2500 nm) punctual reflectance
spectra with a rapid data collection time (about 0.1 s for each spectrum). The reflectance spectra obtained
from stone samples (Carrara marble and a biogenic calcarenite as Lecce and Maastricht stones) treated
with synthetic wax, acrylic, perfluorinated and silicon based polymers show that the hyperspectral
technique is a powerful tool for identifying many compounds (including polymeric materials), and
therefore may be used for detecting and monitoring the surfaces of historic materials.
[1]
[2]
[3]
G.G. Amoroso, M. Camaiti, Scienza dei materiali e restauro - La pietra: dalle mani degli artisti e degli scalpellini a quelle dei
chimici macromolecolari, Alinea Ed., Firenze, 1997.
S. Vettori, M. Benvenuti, M. Camaiti, L. Chiarantini, P. Costagliola, S. Moretti, E. Pecchioni, 2008, “Assessment of the
deterioration status of historical buildings by hyperspectral imaging techniques”, in Proceedings of the “In situ Monitoring of
Monumental Surfaces –SMS/08” Congress, Edifir-Edizioni Firenze 2008, 55-64.
M. Camaiti, S. Vettori, M. Benvenuti, L. Chiarantini, P. Costagliola, F. Di Benedetto, S. Moretti, F. Paba, E. Pecchioni,
“Hyperspectral sensor for gypsum detection on monumental buildings”, Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, in press.
115
CONSERVATION & RESTORATION OF DARIUS THE TOMB LOCATION IN
NAQSH-E ROSTAM
S. Hassan Rahsaz1
1
The prime consultant of conservation & restoration of parsa- Pasargadae research foundation
Naqsh-e rostam is a complex of the glorious king's tombs of achaemenid which is located in a mount
called sivand in zagros mountain ranges. It contains suitable morphological conditions and is built so
beautifully.
One of the most important of these tombs belongs to first Darius. The general view of this tomb is
suggested by first Darius private palace (tachar) and its dimension are according to the dimensions and
measurements of that beautiful palace.
For years after it s construction this monument has suffered from lots of tensions and damages till the
years 2001 to 2005 in which some conservation & restoration program for its preservation and
maintenance were compiled to conservation & restoration of this precious monument on the basis of
priority.
General conservation & restoration measurements which have been done on this tomb are: documentation
recognizing the damage, detergent, stability and rescue.
To start the operation at first a huge 50 meter high scaffold must have been latticed according to the needs
of the specific operation and all the rocks above and near the tomb which were probable to fall down must
have been precisely attached to the main body of the mountain with appropriate tools and materials.
One of the most important measurements which were done in the process of the conservation operation
was to restraint the rain surface water and also undersurface issue passages of water.
In the operation of surface water restraint an area of buried channels above this tomb which was founded
in achaemenid era appeared. After cleaning the topping of these channels and blocking some of the
opening and all existing trenches, these channels were directed towards eastern and central channels
above the tomb. This provided the conditions for the water to cast with pressure.
Consequently the water will motionlessly fall down on the vertical surface of the tomb.
After these rescue measurements and recognizing the damage and documentation all surfaces such as the
surface of inscriptions, engravings and etc which were severely subsided by minerals were cleaned and
precipitated by subtle mechanical techniques and also they were stabilized by lime extract.
After surface cleansing, a great deal of colors were reached which made the view of this monument so
attractive. To stabilize and protect these colors a dilute solution of paraluid B72 in toluene was utilized.
Finally all flaws in cracks and splits were filled with an optimal mixture of lime extract and sand and 2%
of Portland cement and stabilized.
Some parts of the tomb were restored in achaemenid era. Some of these restorative pieces were destroyed
which were restored and reinforced after necessary evaluation.
In the whole trend of operation, documentation and recording the existing conditions were done. A
diagrammatic scheme of restoration of colors from a part of the tomb was also given.
The above operation was done in four years.
116
DIYARBAKIR TRADITIONAL HOUSES AND THEIR RESTORATION PROBLEMS
F. Meral Halifeoğlu1, A. Gökçe Gökçay2
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Dicle University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Restoration Department,
DIYARBAKIR, e-mail: [email protected]; 2Research Assistant, Istanbul University, Faculty of Letters,
Museology Department, ISTANBUL, e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: Diyarbakır houses, restoration, conservation, deterioration, new function.
In this study, the restoration problems of the traditional Diyarbakır houses and their uses were evaluated.
The faults in selecting the functions and the materials, as well as the spatial arrangements were discussed
with given examples and general solutions were proposed.
The traditional urban texture of Diyarbakır is founded in the city walls. The traditional Diyarbakır houses
have their own architectural properties which are shaped with the effect of family structure, economical
structure, cultural interaction, city walls, climate, geological structure and building materials. They also
take an important place in the cultural heritage context due to their distinctive architectural characteristics.
These independent houses that are isolated from the outside are located in a court. The traditional
Diyarbakır houses, which are designed as summer, winter and spring places regarding to the effect of
climatic factors, are generally formed of a basement, ground floor and the first floor. The basement is the
area where the fuel (wood and coal) and foods for winter are stored. The service and living spaces are
found at the ground and first floors. The wide entrances (ivans) and the rooms with their sliced, flat
arched, quadrangular windows with columns are the building elements which give movement and
richness to the courtyard. While the walls built by basalt stones, the authentic flat roofs of the houses are
covered by earthen materials.
During the recent years, restoration works are conducted on monumental buildings and traditional houses
in Diyarbakır by some state institutions and organizations, and, private enterprises which enable them to
be utilized in today’s needs assessment. The most of the traditional houses offer a wide range of usage
possibilities take an important place among them. The authentic textures of many of those houses have
been destroyed due to the renovation works since 1960s. In these works, mostly additional floor and
space constructions conducted by the owners. Deterioration and degeneration of the structures of the
houses have increased because of the lack of proper control mechanism and incompetence of the technical
staffs, working in this field.
A few traditional houses have been restored to reuse with a new public functions by the Ministry of
Culture and Tourism, governorship, municipality, non-governmental organizations and individuals. While
restoring these houses, same of the wrong implementations have been damaged the authentic texture. As a
result of the inspections that have been performed, it has been seen that the new function is directly
related with the destruction that may occur. It is understood that the authentic values and cultural
persistence are preserved when the functions not forced the original design, comfort level and
construction techniques of the houses. Annexes, renovation and modifications destroy the authentic plan
of the houses are limited in restoration works conducted by the Ministry and governorship; whereas,
needs were taken into consideration during works performed by individuals and non-governmental
organizations. Besides, the architectural building elements were also had renovation rather than
conservation.
116a
117
THE PRESERVATION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE IN THE
"SBORYANOVO " NATIONAL RESERVE, IN BULGARIA. GEOLOGICAL RISKS ,
ARCHEOMETRIC STUDIES, RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION.
Diana Gergova1
1
National Institute of Archaeology with Museum-BAS, [email protected]
Keywords: Archaeomatric Studies, Paleoseismicity, Bulgarian Archaeological Heritage
The Sboryanovo National Reserve is characteristic by the great concentration of archaeological and
architectural monuments dated from the Prehistoric to the Late Medieval period in a unique natural
environment. It is may be one of the best examples of a cultural landscape on the territory of Bulgaria.
The most significant among them are the remains of the sacral and political capital of the Northern
Thracians (the Getae) Dausdava (The City of the wolves), according to the Tabula Nona of the Roman
geographer Claudius Ptolemaios. It is dated to the I st millennium BC and is a complex of several
sanctuaries, a town from the Hellenistic period (the polis Helis) and several necropolises of more than
100 tumuli. Several unique tombs have been discovered and one of them - the Sveshtari Royal tomb is
on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The Sboryanovo reserve is situated in NE Bulgaria - the contact zone between the Moesian Platform
and the Black Sea Depression – the most active one, characterized by geological processes of fault
segmentation, block differentiation, tectonic and epirogenic movements of regional and local
significance.
That is why the archaeological investigations in the reserve aimed not only to discover the unique
archaeological monuments , but also to provide most thorough information about their natural,
geological and cultural context for the needs both of the reconstruction of the historical events, as well
as for the conservation and restoration of the monuments.
The further development of the geophysical prospecting in the reserve, aiming the more precise
localization of the tombs below the tumuli was followed by the application of more advanced
approaches in their excavations.
A series of paleo seismic studies allowed to register unknown from the written sources earthquakes (
one of 7,5 degree ) in the end of the 4 th – beginning of the 3rd century BC and their effect on the
natural environment, on the tombs, on the fortress walls and the sanctuaries.
Provenance analysis of the stone blocks , metals and pigments, used for the construction and the
decoration of the tombs were also provided.
These investigations lead to the application of specific and unique approaches in the construction of
the protective buildings, and in the methods of conservation and preservation of the Sveshtari Royal
tomb and of the other monuments in the area. They are good examples for the importance of the
scientific and archaeometric investigations for the development of more efficient approaches in the
preservation policies.
117
FAILURE MECHANISMS AT HISTORICAL RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS IN
ROMANIA, FOUND IN SEISMIC AREAS
1
Politehnica University of Timisoara, 2 Traian Lalescu Street, Timisoara, Romania, e-mail: [email protected]
; [email protected]
Keywords: Religious Buildings, Seismic Areas, Failure Modes
In Romania there are many historic religious buildings located in seismic areas. From these buildings we
can mention: the Orthodox churches, Catholic churches, and synagogues. They have a variety of forms in
plan and elevation. Because of this, religious buildings in Romania have developed different failure
mechanisms. The article describes the specific failure modes of each type of building. Failure modes were
compared with results obtained from computer programs based on finite element theory.
CONSERVATION OF 6000 YEARS OLD FURNACES OF BAKING CLAY IN TANG-E
BOLAGHI OF PASARGADAE(PUSTER)
Rahsaz S.Maryam1
1
Parsa- Pasargadae Research foundation,Shiraz,Iranian,[email protected]
By instructing the Sivand dam in Tange-e Bolaghi of Pasargadae, during the investigation, Iranian –
Germany’s archaeologist found some furnaces of baking clay, which were the sings of being industrial
area. So Parse-Pasargadae research foundation, ordered the head consultant of the conservation and
restoration group, to salvage two of the most complete furnaces. Thus, the group started its work by
considering a proper design and did it by the available equipments such as documenting, laser scan and
producing the modules by the scale of 1 by 1 and Resin and Silicon materials. After that, by the safest
method, the furnaces are packed and then moved to a proper place in research foundation after negotiating
12 kilometre distance.
Fig 1 investigation of primary
position of furnace
Fig 2 3D laser documentation of furnace area
118
USE OF GEOPHYSICAL AND SEISMOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR AIDING IN
REHABILITATION OF MONUMENTAL SITES
Amin E. Khalil1
1
Geology Dept., Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt
Egypt is rich in monumental sites that covers span several civilizations starting from the Pharonic times to
the recent times. Yet these monumental sites are vulnerable due to both natural and man-made effects.
As an example of such effects is Tell Basta an earthquake (2200 BC) that is believed to be responsible for
the total collapse of pharonic temple located in eastern Nile Delta in Sharqiya governorate. Numerous
man made activities have also negative effects. Quarry explosions, industrial activities and dwelling
communities near the monumental sites are also other examples of vulnerabilities. In recent years, the
ex-regime in Egypt exerted some efforts that lead to solve the problem partially.
The present article is focusing on the use of geophysical and seismological studies to aid in the
rehabilitation of monumental sites. As an example, the author contributed in the work carried out to
restore the Muaiiad Masjid minaret at Fatimid Cairo using geophysical and seismological work. For the
Minaret of Muwaiiad Masjid seismic refraction method and simulation of ground motion due to design
earthquake were applied to define the ground motion at the base of the Minaret. The simulated ground
motion is further used to estimate the dynamic load on the Minaret.
Other geophysical method is proposed to solve some restoration problems at monumental sites.
Currently, passive seismic technique is under development. The technique is similar to MASW method
adapted to find zones of weaknesses at the walls of monumental sites.
SEISMIC UPDATE OF INDUSTRIAL MASONRY CHIMNEYS USING FRP
Pallarés Francisco J.1, Ivorra Salvador2, Pallarés Luis3, Adam José M.4
1, 3, 4
ICITECH, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain, [email protected]; 2Universidad de Alicante,
Alicante, Spain, [email protected];
Keywords: Industrial Chimneys, Accelerogram, FRP
Many industrial masonry chimneys in the city of Valencia (Spain) are located in the city centre after the
urban development. External excitation through impact load was also used besides ambient vibrations to
register accelerations and obtain structural parameters. From the experimental results a numerical model
has been calibrated adjusting numerical frequencies to match those experimentally obtained. Accidental
loads as earthquakes were not usually considered when designing these structures, so the updated
numerical model was used in a seismic analysis to know the seismic response of the chimney when
different earthquakes act according to the Seismic Spanish Standard. Five artificial accelerograms were
generated specialized for the city of Valencia and the crack pattern was obtained corresponding to a
return period of 500 years. The lack of conservation with the passing time produces material degradation
and stability problems in many chimneys, so they need strengthening and retrofitting to meet the
requirements of safety, serviceability and durability for the different loads that can appear, like
earthquakes. After these analyses the model of the chimney was strengthened using strips of FRP and the
calculations repeated to obtain the reinforced achieved regarding seismic vulnerability. Conclusions
related to these calculations are outlined.
119
PRINCIPLE AND PRACTICE OF REHABILITATION OF THE HISTORICAL
BUILDINGS IN SEISMIC REGIONS
Moshe Danieli1, Jacob Bloch2
1
Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel, Israel, [email protected], 2Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel,
Israel, [email protected]
Many heritage buildings in the Mediterranean region are of certain value in historical, architectural,
engineering and utilization aspects. In the past these structures endured severe earthquakes, resulting in
significant destruction and human fatalities. Preserving architectural-historical monuments in their
original state is one of the responsibilities of civilized society. As far as preservation is concerned, it can
be done in three different modes or groups of construction techniques, namely: Conservation, Restoration,
and Maintenance. Different as they are, these groups may include similar techniques. Conservation is
aimed at preventing damage by maintaining and improving loading capacity to fit a required level. Thus,
conservation is based on proper structural design in each individual case. One should distinguish between
Temporary and Permanent conservation. Restoration is primary aimed at architectural aspects, such as
external and internal appearance, and functional roles of internal spaces, courtyards, etc. Restoration is
most important also in historical aspects. Maintenance refers mostly to utilization of buildings. It implies
large variety of checkouts and repair works carried out periodically and based on a detailed program. The
major purpose of maintenance is to prevent malfunctioning of engineering systems, as well as loss of
structural integrity and problems of durability. Repairs are done only if needed, according to the results of
periodical checkouts. All three different modes mentioned above have their specific purposes. Successful
application of these methods depends on several factors: importance of the historical monument, its
engineering state, safety demands, possible level of technology to fulfill these jobs on the exact site,
special considerations of engineers, owners of monuments, and so on. Use of reinforced concrete provides
wide possibilities in strengthening of stone buildings, as reinforced concrete is a material well compatible
with stone masonry. It is possible to create elements that are almost invisible in order to maintain the
original look of the monument. This paper deals with examples of actual restoration and strengthening of
three religious structures in mountainous regions of Caucasus, in Georgia, two of which were damaged by
an earthquake on April 30, 1991 (a temple in Nikortzminda and a synagogue in Oni, built in the 11th and
19th centuries, respectively) and a mosque in Ahaltsiche, built in the 18th century.
Fig. 1 Temple in
Nikortzminda
Fig. 2 Synagogue in Oni
Fig. 3 Mosque in Ahaltsiche
Temporary conservation of the dome of the temple in Nikortzminda was carried out, without any delay, in
order to prevent its collapse by possible aftershocks. Retrofitting of these structures was aimed at
preservation of initial geometry and appearance by creating composite (stone–reinforced concrete)
structures, which were partially or fully hidden. The stress-strain states are analyzed using the finiteelement method. This paper presents the description of the design procedure for such cases. The authors
believe that design principles applied in these projects can provide substantial contribution to successful
conservation of other stone domes. It is worth mentioning that both the temple in Nikotzminda and the
synagogue in Oni survived the Richter magnitude 6.2 Earthquake in this region on September 8, 2009,
without any substantial damage caused.
120
ANCIENT RESTORATION TECHNIQUES IN A SEISMIC CITY OF ROMAN AND
BYZANTINE TURKEY, HIERAPOLIS IN PHRYGIA
Ismaelli Tommaso1
1
IBAM-CNR, Lecce, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Ancient Restoration Techniques, Hierapolis Of Phrygia
Today, the restoration of ancient architecture is a main theme into the international debate, especially in
Turkey, where substantial funds are invested in many and important programs for anastylosis of ancient
buildings. These projects have to face the geological nature of the country, crossed by the North and
South Anatolian Faults and stricken by numerous earthquakes during the centuries. For this reason, the
restoration and reconstruction of monuments were a common practice also in the past.
The topic of this paper is the restoration techniques in Antiquity, on the base of the new data collected
during the activities of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Hierapolis of Phrygia. This important
Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine city was founded on a extremely active fault that originated famous
thermal phenomena. During its history, Hierapolis was affected by catastrophic earthquakes: many times
its inhabitants had to reconstruct and restore their public monuments. Thanks to the new excavations, it is
possible to get a better understanding of the restoration techniques employed. In details, the paper will
discuss different Roman and Byzantine monuments, built of big marble and limestone blocks, in order to
describe the most frequent solutions for restoration and to offer new approach to a not yet common
research theme.
More specifically, concerning the Imperial period frequent
techniques used for restoration of fully or partially collapsed
buildings will be described, such as: a) methods for lifting of
blocks, b) numbering of blocks to replace the architectural
elements of a series in their right and original position, c)
reemployment of older blocks and carving of new elements from
them, d) substitution of damaged decorated blocks with new
elements carved in an old-fashioned style. Well-known was also
Fig.1 Hierapolis, Sanctuary of Apollo,
modillion for restoration.
the use of natural glues and iron or bronze clamps to connect the
broken elements and the new parts made to replace destroyed
moldings (fig. 1). Examples taken from Hierapolis and other microasiatic cities will be mentioned.
In the second part of the paper the topic of restoration and reconstruction in Antiquity is discussed
through the case study of the recently excavated Gymnasium of Hierapolis (fig. 2). This monumental
colonnaded court of the 1st century AD underwent
many catastrophic earthquakes until the final
demolition during the 7th century. This case study
illustrates the different approach of the Byzantine
craftsmen in the reconstruction of a previous Imperial
structure: they used not originally belonging elements,
they reused many times the blocks in new and different
positions, the adjoining blocks were not linked together
and the restoration didn’t concern the damaged
moldings.
Finally, the topic of ancient restoration practice is
presented in relation to the contemporary projects of
anastylosis: the study of the later transformations and
restoration techniques could influence the current
solutions, in order to preserve traces of the repairs, that
Fig.2 Hierapolis, Gymnasium, collapsed
is of the history of monuments.
portico with Byzantine restoration.
121
EARTHQUAKE AND PREVENTION: AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL TO IMPROVE
THE SAFETY FOR SEISMIC RISK OF CITY OF REGGIO CALABRIA
Praticò Manuela1
1
PAU Department, Reggio Calabria, Italy, [email protected]
Keyword: Urban Vulnerability, Provisional Plain, Seismic Risk
The local seismic history of Calabria region, presents a 100 – 130 years return period of destructive
seismic events. This should incite us to accelerate and improve researches and studies to estimate the real
conditions of safety and vulnerability of the built heritage including buildings (both historic that modern
ones) and the entire infrastructure nets system of the city.
We formulate a “prevention check-list” that can help to analyze the city’s structure of Reggio Calabria,
re-built in the same place of its wrecking, after the catastrophic earthquake called Reggio – Messina
Earthquake, occurred the 28th of December 1908.
In the centenary anniversary of that sad event, the Department of architectural and urban heritage of
Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria has deeply studied all the aspects of the 1908 earthquake:
damages (number of victims and collapses of constructions and infrastructures); reconstruction choices
(technologies, engineering materials and systems); national and international humanitarian aid; time lines,
laws (general and technical) and economic supports related of this event.
The studies published by CLEAR in 2008 in the book 28 Dicembre 1908. La grande ricostruzione dopo il
terremoto del 1908 nell’Area dello Stretto. Antico e modern/2, shows that the first city of Reggio Calabria
(built between 1909 and 1936) despite with its progressive decline of both architectonic and technical
quality, was a prototype of anti-seismic quake proof model for a 21st century city. We could define
Reggio Calabria and Messina as “XI Mercalli” cities. Unfortunately, year by year the memories of that
event became more and more faded: today the citizens think about 1908 only as a historic legend, a sad
tale of the past.
This paper kicks off by professional and technic experiences done in Abruzzo after the 6th of April 2009
called Aquila's earthquake, and from the recent studies and researches of different university about the
urban vulnerability in relation to the characteristics of cities and its surrounding territories, before and
after seismic events.
The main purpose of this research is to seek the reasons that increase the risk and the danger of a city as
Reggio Calabria, in relation to his recent urban development, to the management of real estate, and its
infrastructure conditions, to permit to elaborate a general model of approach to evaluation and checking
of safety , in particular, in emergency cases.
Is been individuated an interesting case of study inside the city: a thin strip of settlement, which stretches
from the waterfront to the hilly part of the city – with its typical and representative features (of each
buildings, of each urban block, of open spaces publics and privates, of soil and its risks, of general
characteristics of driveway and pedestrian paths, etc…) to carry out the research and test the model.
To make the project feasible and effective we trying to involves together with the national firemen corps,
civil protection department, other university research departments and local government to realize a
previsional plan for the estimation of the city’s vulnerability with suggestions, guide lines, examples and
building maintenance and upgrade requirements.
122
THE PROJECT OF CONSERVATIVE REPAIR ON CULTURAL PROPERTY IN
ABRUZZO AFTER SEISMIC SHOCK: THE CASE STUDY OF THE FAÇADE OF
CHURCH OF SAINT EUSANIO FORCONESE COLLAPSED AFTER AQUILA’S
EARTQUAKE OF 6TH OF APRIL 2009
Praticò Manuela1
1
PAU Department, Reggio Calabria, Italy, [email protected]
Keyword: Seismic Emergency, Conservation Action, Yard Of Repair.
The conditions of damage of the church of Saint Eusanio Forconese after earthquake are come to the fore,
thanks to the famous photos of its clock broken that it appeared on all front page of newspapers in 2009.
In this report we want to focus the attention on the comprehension of the cause of collapses, in particular
of its façade, and explain the direct works of conservation carried out during emergency phase and the
following project of restoration.
At this time the matter is to try to propose the project of restoration and conservation of the façade of this
church to complete the treatise about relation between earthquake and cultural property in Abruzzo. The
PAU department during the two months of the summer 2009 has undertaken the operations of first aid
about this important monument, from the very beginning of the post seismic emergency of Abruzzo. The
operations of first aid of conservation of elements collapsed of the façade made by researchers and
professors of department in cooperation with Civil Protection Department, National Fire Department, and
Ministry of Cultural property, superintendence and technical local offices, are been presented in other
international scientific conferences (COST C26 – APEGA 2010).
At the end of this experience of research we want to explain which are the technical considerations to set
up the project of restoration to improving static behaviour of this type of structures – historic masonry
buildings with important cultural and historic value – damaged after seismic stress, without distort their
own static behaviour, but trying to understand the weaknesses and the positive characteristics of own
techniques and materials that compose them.
The study and comprehension of kinematic mechanism of collapse of façade show the direction to follow
to operate in minimal intervention, with compatible methods and relative materials and a reversible
approach for the chooses of the project. Other precious information come us from the data of the
drawings and of the measurements of each piece of façade, recovered in the operations of conservation
made in the months of June and July of 2009.
Technical decisions about the position of new stainless ties and of their anchorages and the project of a
best arrangement of the different elements that composes the masonry walls, guaranteeing the respect of
“rules of art” will be the main consideration of the project proposal. Another important part of the project
of restoration will concern to the re-placing in the original position and reinforcement the decorative
elements of rose-window and of the moulding of the top of façade
Entire church was damaged by earthquake. The PAU Department has worked to project of restoration
about each part of the church: naves, vaults, walls, apses, and crypt. The Provisional works are been
carried out, just on the façade, in the bell-tower of XVIII century, and in same parts inside of the church.
Unfortunately for the area of the apses just in the last month is been possible to begin the works to put in
safety of the walls of apses, previously no sufficient to work
123
THE RISEM PROJECT: SEISMIC RISK OF MONUMENTAL BUILDING
Bartoli Gianni1, Betti Michele2
1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICeA), Florence, Italy, [email protected]; 2Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICeA), Florence, Italy, [email protected]
The paper reports a description, the proposed methodology and the main outcomes of the research project
“RiSEM - Rischio Sismico negli Edifici Monumentali” (Seismic Risk of Monumental Building) that will
last from 2011 to 2013. RiSEM is a research project funded by the Administration of Tuscany Region
(Italy) and developed by a consortium which includes two Italian University (through four University
Departments from different scientific areas) and one Public Institution (the Municipality of San
Gimignano)..
The project aims, by the creation of a network that collects complementary knowledge, at deepening the
technical and scientific knowledge in the field of the seismic assessment of monumental masonry
building. In particular, taking into account the difficulties that arise in developing exhaustive
experimental campaigns in monumental building by traditional techniques, the project aims to develop
innovative and expeditious methodologies (i.e. without direct contact with the masonry building) to
evaluate the main structural characteristic of the monumental buildings needed for the seismic
assessment. To this aims GRP and interferometric radar techniques will be extensively applied and tested,
to measure buildings geometry and masonry mechanical and dynamical characteristics. The project will
face problems for both architectonic/structural and geological assets taking into account the risk
assessment at a territorial scale.
The city of San Gimignano (Tuscany, Italy), in the UNESCO list of the World Cultural Heritage, has
been chosen as a test case study. This case study has been considered as an optimal one due to two main
aspects: the first is the homogenous typology of monumental building (the historic tall masonry towers);
the second is the availability of experimental results (obtained traditional NDT techniques) for one of the
tower (the so-called “Torre Grossa”) that can offer an effective comparison with the results of the
innovative investigation technique proposed in the RiSEM research project.
Fig. 1. San Gimignano Towers
The methodology adopted in the research will be based on the following fundamental steps: a) evaluation
of seismic hazard and soil-structure interactions; b) acquisition of the geometric characteristics and of the
historical evolution of the masonry buildings (constructive knowledge); c) evaluation of the static and
dynamic properties of the towers (structural identification) through innovative investigation techniques;
d) assessment of seismic vulnerability (through the definition of proper limit states that individuate proper
safety levels for cultural heritage, considering both conservation and safety issues). The seismic risk
assessment will be evaluated assuming two main scales: the first at territorial scale and the second at the
single historic tower. The conclusive aim of the project is then to develop Guidelines for the evaluation of
the seismic vulnerability of historic masonry towers.
124
FATIGUE OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS IN DC 90 SISTEM DURING
EARTHQUAKE
Zoran Petrašković1, Stojan Sedmak2
1
Innovation centre for earthquake engineering System DC 90, Belgrade, SERBIA; 2University of Belgrade, Faculty
of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
Keywords: Structural Material, Earthquake, Hysteretic, Fatigue
In earthquake condition structural components pass in a state of post-elastic, hysteretic cyclic state. This
type of behaviour is of high importance for the structural analysis in seismic condition regarding the
accumulation of dilatation with the number of cycles. To understand material response during hysteretic
behaviour, experimental analysis of several samples had been performed in the range of low number of
cycles, because the collapse takes place only after some loading cycles. The design of device for this
experiment is presented, in addition to steel elements of controlled stability parameters outside elastic
region for dilatation from 0.05 to 0.10. In this way obtained data are of importance for civil engineering
structures, produced of different materials (bricks, concrete, steel, wood, ground) as the bases for
numerical modelling and complete understanding of civil engineering structures in seismic condition.
Performed experiments produced the answers for some materials, but, on the other hand opened new
questions for complex composite materials when the modelling is carried out on three levels (micro,
mezzo, macro).
SEISMIC EVALUATION AND REHABILITATION OF THE HISTORICAL
MASONRY STRUCTURE OF ARG GATE IN SEMNAN
Alireza Mortezaei1 and Kimia Mortezaei2
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Eng., Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch, Semnan, Iran; 2M.Sc.
Student of Earthquake Engineering, Civil Engineering Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
Keywords: Seismic Evaluation, Rehabilitation, Historical Structure, Masonry Gate
Semnan province was one of sixteen divided of Avesta in the ancient era whole of the duration for
government of medes and achaemenid. This province accounted as one of the biggest state for partians.
This state had good development in Sasani era. Seman after the periods of Isalm was a part of historical
regions of Ghomes or Komesh.
Arg Gate (Darvazeh Arg) was constructed during the reign of Naseredin Shah, in the years 1300-1305
AH. The gate-way has been made of brick and stands to an elevation of over 7 m. The ceiling of the
chambers resembles a barrel, but the main rooms have ceilings covered with shallow domes. The masterpiece of this structure is the door way, worked with pieces of seven-colored tiles depicting a scene from
the myth of Rostam and the white monster.
In this paper, an evaluation of the capacity of the gate to withstand lateral loads together with the expected
demands from seismic actions is provided. The effects of two techniques of repair and strengthening on the
behavior are then investigated in order to evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques in retrofitting
historical buildings. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed.
The first method, base isolation, separates the structure from the ground and is efficient in dissipating and
damping the seismic vibration to the structure. This technique reduces the requirement of intervening
directly on the structure itself for seismic strengthening, but will require a major intervention on the culture
layer of the surrounding soil.
The second method, using post-tensioned steel reinforcement within the walls replaces and enhances wood
elements that had been supplied in origin, and was found to improve the structure’s seismic response. This
technique is disturbing but can be installed in such a way that it is hidden from view. Unfortunately,
injection techniques used with this technique can damage valuable historical painting.
125
STRUCTURAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ST. AGOSTINO
CHURCH IN L’AQUILA
Cennamo Claudia1, Chiaia Bernardino2, Di Fiore Marco3
1
Department of Cultura del Progetto, Seconda Università di Napoli, Aversa, Italy, [email protected];
Department of Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy, [email protected];
3
Department of Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy, [email protected]
2
Existing masonry buildings are often the result of constructions, changes and alterations that have
developed over the centuries. The adaptation and improvement of existing masonry buildings, must be
therefore accompanied by an adequate level of knowledge of their history.
The tragic consequences of the recent occurred earthquakes, in Italy and abroad, have stimulated the
belief that, sometimes, the cause of seismic damage could be just the wrong intervention of improvement
or adaptation. This circumstance is attributable, in most cases, to retrofit works carried without any
knowledge of the construction rules of the building.
The case study presented here regards the seismic analysis of the Church of St. Agostino in L’Aquila
(profoundly damaged by the earthquake occurred in April 2009), taking into account the in-depth
knowledge of the factory through the respect of all three levels of evaluation of seismic safety provided
by the Italian seismic Guidelines for Cultural Heritage.
In particular for LV1 (Level of Evaluation 1) all the analyses requested to fill the annexes of the Directive
of December 10, 2007 were carried out, starting from Module A which is the “identifier registry”, passing
through Module B which concerns the study of “sensitivity factors”, ending with Module C which
considers the “morphology of the elements”. From this examination, we concluded that the ground
acceleration during the earthquake of 6 April 2009 passed the value of acceleration corresponding to limit
state collapse.
For LV2 (Level of Evaluation 2), we focused especially on the verification of all macroelements as a
potential source of damage mechanisms. In particular, we found that occurred the mechanisms could
occur in the facade, in the hall, on the dome, in the apse/presbytery, on the roofing, in the side chapels, at
the joints between horizontal and vertical alignment, and finally, in the bell tower.
Once we collected all data regarding the site, the geometry of manufact, the characteristics of the
materials, the structure, the soil, etc.., we carried a dynamic FEM modal analysis on the structure, valid
for the LV3 (Level of Evaluation 3). Moreover, dynamic tests were carried which are essential for the
evaluation of seismic safety, presenting also the clear advantage to be non-destructive.
Ultimately, the analysis provided the most significant vibration modes and suggested the optimal
structural interventions to remedy the existing damage and to prevent the formation of the same
mechanisms under the action of future earthquake.
a)
b)
Figure 1. Modal analysis on 100 vibration modes along x. a) Mode 1, freq. 2,13 Hz, participant mass 56% ; b) Mode 9, freq. 4,81
Hz, participant mass 7%.
126
EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOS FOR SEISMIC ISOLATION DESIGN AND THE
PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
G.F. Panza12, A. Peresan12, F. Romanelli12, F. Vaccari12, M. Indirli3, A. Martelli3
1
Department of Geosciences, University of Trieste. ; 2The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics,
ICTP - SAND Group, Trieste, Italy.; 3ENEA, Italian National Agency for New technologies, Energy and Sustainable
Economic Development, Research Centre of Bologna, Bologna. Italy., corresponding author:
[email protected]
Keywords: Seismic Hazard; Earthquake Scenarios; Seismic Input; Synthetic Seismograms; Seismic Isolation;
Dynamic Analysis
For the protection of cultural heritage and the design of strategic buildings and critical infrastructures,
when it is necessary to consider extremely long time intervals, the standard probabilistic estimates of
seismic hazard (PSHA) are by far not applicable. The heuristic limitations are, indeed, a major limit of
PSHA, whose results, extrapolating ground motion with an infinitely long return period from a few
hundreds years of the available earthquake catalogues, may turn out to be a purely numerical artefact. A
viable alternative, capable of minimizing the drawbacks of PSHA is represented by the use of a scenariobased approach; the recent advances in the physical knowledge of seismic waves generation and
propagation processes, along with the improving computational tools, make it feasible the realistic
modeling of the ground shaking caused by an earthquake. An integrated neo-deterministic approach to
seismic hazard assessment (NDSHA) has been developed that allows for the operational definition of
time-dependent scenarios of ground shaking, through the routine updating of formally defined earthquake
predictions. The integrated NDSHA procedure for seismic input definition, which is currently applied to
the Italian territory, combines different pattern recognition techniques, designed for the space-time
identification of strong earthquakes, with algorithms for the realistic modeling of ground motion.
Accordingly, when an alarm is declared, a set of scenarios of expected ground shaking at bedrock,
associated with the alarmed areas identified by means of the algorithms CN and M8S, can be readily
computed by means of full waveform modeling, both at regional and local scale, considering all of the
possible sources within the alerted areas. For the relevant sites, where intensity values greater than VI
(MCS) are estimated at bedrock, further investigations can be performed taking into account the local soil
conditions, in order to compute the seismic input (realistic synthetic seismograms) for engineering
analysis of relevant structures, such as historical and strategic buildings. The practical application of
seismic input modelling for seismic isolation purposes, and particularly for the protection of historical
buildings, has been already carried out for several sites. A pilot application of the proposed approach,
including a detailed evaluation of the expected ground motion accounting for site effects, has been carried
out for the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (NE Italy). A dynamic engineering analysis has been carried out
for Palazzo Carciotti, a masonry neoclassical palace located in the city of Trieste. The palace is located in
the ancient part of the city, where soft superficial sediments of poor geotechnical characteristics are
present; ground motion modelling showed that these site conditions might lead to a peak ground
acceleration value of 0.2 g, greater than the value obtained at bedrock. The computed synthetic
seismograms have been used as seismic input for the engineering dynamic analysis of the building,
evidencing that a strong earthquake (M=6.5) occurring in the proximity of Trieste (21 km) could seriously
compromise the stability of the structure. Therefore some prevention measures, such as the application of
the seismic isolation, could be taken in order to preserve this important historical building.
Further applications of the NDSHA approach to the definition of the seismic input has been carried out
for the towns of Marigliano and Ercolano (Naples, Italy) and the municipality of Nimis (NE Italy), aimed
at the application of seismic isolation techniques for the protection of cultural heritage and residential
buildings. Finally, the NDSHA approach has been also applied at a local scale for the City of Valparaiso,
in the framework of the “MAR VASTO” Project (“Risk Management in Valparaiso, Chile/Manejo de
Riesgos en Valparaiso, Chile”, funded by IADB/BID (InterAmerican Development Bank/Banco
InterAmericano de Desarrollo), coordinated by ENEA, with the participation of Italian (ENEA,
Universities of Ferrara and Padua, ICTP) and Chilean (University Federico Santa Maria in Valparaiso,
University of Chile in Santiago) partners. The relevance of the realistic modelling, which permits the
generalization of empirical observations by means of physically sound theoretical considerations, is
evident, as it allows for the optimisation of the structural design with respect to the site of interest.
Moreover, the time information given by the intermediate-term middle-range earthquake prediction can
enhance preparedness and planning of risk mitigation actions.
127
ASSESSMENT OF HISTORIC CENTERS THROUGH A MULTIDISCIPLINARY
APPROACH BASED ON THE SIMULTANEOUS APPLICATION OF REMOTE
SENSING, GIS, AND QUICK PROCEDURES FOR SURVEY AND VULNERABILITY
EVALUATION
M. Indirli1, E. Candigliota1, F. Immordino1, L. Moretti1, D. Abate2, G. Furini2, S. Pierattini2,
A. Screpanti3, M. Angelini4, T. Gambatesa4, C. Massaia4
1
ENEA, Italian National Agency for New technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Research
Centre of Bologna, UTSISM Unit, Bologna, Italy.,corresponding author: [email protected]; 2ENEA, Italian
National Agency for New technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Research Centre of
Bologna, UTICT Unit, Bologna, Italy.; 3ENEA, Italian National Agency for New technologies, Energy and
Sustainable Economic Development, Research Centre of Rome-Casaccia, UTPRA Unit, Rome, Italy.; 4Postgraduate Master in “Bio-sustainable Architecture”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Keywords: Evaluation Of Seismic Hazard, Vulnerability And Risk; Remote Sensing And GIS, Building Inventory
Geo-Databases, Survey Quick Procedures, Laser Scanner And DGPS; Earthquake Mitigation And Restoration In
Historic Centers.
About two years after the April 6th, 2009 Abruzzo (Italy) seismic event, a scientific team set up by ENEA
(Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development) with
the Universities of Pescara-Chieti, Naples “Federico II” and Ferrara visited the Municipality of Arsita
(district of Teramo), a small town damaged by the earthquake, to show its resources for training and
demonstration activities in the framework of the Master in “Bio-sustainable Architecture” of University
of Bologna. The main goal of the investigation has been to show the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary
approach based on the simultaneous application of remote sensing techniques, GIS (Geographical
Information System) tools, quick procedures for survey and vulnerability evaluation. In a one-week stay
in the Arsita, a group of about twenty researchers and stage graduates (architects, structural engineers,
geologists, remote sensing experts, art historians, and other technicians) worked hardly in order to: check
hazard, vulnerability and risk due to natural disasters (mainly earthquake and landslide); perform surveys
(topography, landscape and land use analysis, urban planning and architecture, infrastructure, damage,
vulnerability quick evaluation, maintenance, materials features and construction details of buildings);
propose mitigation actions and urban habitat rehabilitation strategies in the historic center.
The topographic survey consisted in the measurement by DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System)
of a set of points along the city center main street, in order to provide sharp geographic coordinates;
moreover, a Laser Scanner survey has been done, aiming to document the front façade of each
construction along the principal streets and create a volumetric model of the historic center. Furthermore,
several forms (GNDT Second Level, Famive, MEDEA, etc.) have been filled up to evaluate
damage/vulnerability/maintenance of masonry construction aggregates and structural units present in the
Arsita historic center. The energy aspects of the built environment have been also taken into account. The
data collected during the in situ investigation will be organized in a GIS digitized database and building
inventory, with the aim to describe, analyze, question and represent all the different layers of the
information.
In addition to the authors, the following experts took part to the workgroup: Roberta Chiarini, Stefania
Bruni, Fabio Geremei, Maria-Anna Segreto, Giuseppe Nigliaccio (ENEA Bologna); Enrico Miccadei,
Samuele Biondi, Enrico Spacone, Matteo Cavalera (University of Chieti-Pescara); Antonio Formisano,
Gilda Florio, Antonio Fornaro, Roberta Forni (University of Naples); Carmela Vaccaro (University of
Ferrara).
128
THE PUSHOVER ANALYSIS FOR THE SEISMIC VERIFICATION OF MASONRY
TOWERS
M. Lucchesi1, B. Pintucchi1, N. Zani1
1
DiCR, Dipartimento di Costruzioni e Restauro, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
Keywords: Pushover Analysis , No-Tension Materials, Freestanding Masonry Towers.
In this paper we use the non-linear static procedure in order to verify the safety of freestanding masonry
towers, as suggested by recent Italian and European regulations for ordinary buildings. The structural
modelling adopted, which has been developed by the authors in previous work, takes into account the
constitutive non-linearity of the material. Nevertheless, it is simple enough to enable conducting both, the
pushover and dynamic stepwise analyses, the latter of which is utilised in this work in order to validate
the former. The results obtained suggest that for such structures non-linear static analysis provides a
reasonable prediction of the damage at the base of the tower, but is not however suitable for predicting the
overall damage along the tower’s entire height.
Refererences
ATC (1996). Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildings. Vol. 1, ATC 40, Redwood City: applied Techology Council.
ATC (2005). Improvement of nonlinear static seismic analysis procedures. FEMA-440, developed for the Federal Emergency
Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
Casolo, S. (1998). A three-dimensional model for vulnerability analysis of slender medieval masonry towers. Journal of Earthquake
Engineering, vol.2, n.4: 487-512.
CEN (2004). Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Part 1, European standard prEN 1998-1, Draft no. 4,
European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
Chopra, A.K. (1995). Dynamics of structure: theory and applications to earthquake engineering. Prentice-Hall Inc.
Fajfar, P., Gaspersic, P. (1996). The N2 method for the seismic damage analysis of Rc buildings. Earthquake Engineering and
Structural Dynamics, 25: 31-46.
Fajfar, P. (1999). Capacity spectrum method based on inelastic demand spectra. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,
28: 979-993.
Fajfar, P. (2000). A nonlinear analysis method for performance-based seismic design. Earthquake Spectra, 16(3): 573-592.
FEMA (1997). NEHRP guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA-273, and NEHRP commentary on the
guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, FEMA-274, developed for the Federal Emergency Management Agency,
Washington, D.C.
FEMA (2000). Prestandard and commentary on the guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA-356, developed for
the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
Galasco, A., Lagomarsino, S., Penna, A., Resemini, S. (2004). Non-linear seismic analysis of masonry structures. Proc. 13WCEE
Vancouver, B.C., Canada 2004 Paper No. 843.
Iervolino, I., Maddaloni, G., Cosenza, E. (2006). Unscaled real record sets compliant with Eurocode 8. First European Conference
on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, Switzerland.
Lucchesi, M., Pintucchi, B. (2007). A numerical model for non-linear dynamics analysis of masonry slender structures, European
Journal of Mechanics A/Solids, 26: 88-105.
Lucchesi, M., Pintucchi, B., Zani, N. (2011) The finite element code MADY for non-linear static and dynamic analysis of masonry
structures. In preparation.
Min.LL.PP (2008). Norme tecniche per le costruzioni - D.M. 14 Gennaio 2008, Supplemento Ordinario n. 30 Gazzetta Ufficiale n.
29 del 4-2-2008.
Pelà, L., Aprile, A., Benedetti, A. (2009). Seismic assessment of masonry arch bridges. Engineering Structures, 31: 1777-1788.
Pintucchi, B., Zani N. (2009). Effects of material and geometric non-linearities on the collapse load of masonry arches, European
Journal of Mechanics A/Solids, 28: 45-61.
Resemini, S., Lagomarsino, S. (2004). Sulla vulnerabilità sismica dei ponti ad arco in muratura. XI Congresso Nazionale
“L’ingegneria Sismica in Italia”, Genova 25-29/1/ 2004.
129
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF MASONRY STRUCTURES RETROFITTED WITH
STEEL TYING ELEMENTS
Mandara Alberto1, Ramundo Felicita2, Spina Gerardo3
1
Second University of Naples, Aversa, Italy, [email protected]; 2Second University of Naples, Aversa, Italy,
[email protected]; 3Second University of Naples, Aversa, Italy, [email protected];
Recent seismic events have emphasized the great vulnerability of the majority of masonry arrangements,
mostly due to the low effectiveness of both walls and floor-to-wall connections. In the past, improving the
safety of these structures has represented a priority need, that often involved the execution of interventions
which proved both ineffective and incompatible with the original structure. On the other hand, the need of
preservation of historical constructions can represent an obstacle for the achievement of a satisfactory safety
level. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods capable of satisfying requirements of both safety and
conservation. For this reason, a correct intervention methodology has to be set out which preserves the
original character of the structure and eliminates, at the same time, the inherent causes of vulnerability by
means of techniques compatible with original materials and architectural characteristics. In order to follow
the principles of both safety and preservation, the design of seismic restoration interventions on masonry
buildings, and in particular on those with historical features, often requires reversibility and full
compatibility with the structure to operate on. Tying systems based on metal elements allow to satisfy both
requirements.
The observation of earthquake induced damage has highlighted that
the out of plane turnover of the masonry wall is the main way of
collapse in old masonry building, especially because of the ineffective
connection with floors. In this case the collapse can be either global,
if the connection is completely ineffective, or local when the lack of
link is localized in some parts of the structure, only (Fig. 1). These
collapse mechanisms are the most dangerous, as they can produce the
destruction of the whole building as a consequence of the loss of
stability. In addition, they are not able to dissipate any input seismic
energy. They can be avoided carrying out interventions that improve
both effectiveness of the walls and floor-to-wall connections, thus
increasing the degree of internal connection of the bulding. If this way
of damage is effectively prevented, the horizontal action is transferred
to masonry walls lying in the same plane of the seismic forces.
Likewise, there are two different types of in-plane collapse of
masonry walls: the first
one
involves
the
combination of bending
Fig. 1 Out-of-plane collapse
and
compressive
mechanism
resistance, the second
shear failure (Fig. 2). In
the first case a local cracking induces the onset of a hinge at the
base of the wall.
The work presented in this paper was aimed at the
development of design methods and criteria for the use of
metal tying systems in the seismic upgrading of masonry
structures. In spite of being extensively used since far ago, in
fact, such systems still lack a general framing and, in
particular, practical design rules. The output of the analysis
represents a further demonstration on the effectiveness of such
Fig. 2 In-plane collapse mechanism
strengthening system. Calculations presented herein, referred to
a typical scheme of wall in a multi-storey masonry building,
clearly show the significant improvement achievable with the
use of steel ties. Also, they highlight the influence of ties arrangement within the wall on the global
structural performance in terms of both strength and ductility. This evidence has been also pointed out
with regard to a real case study, referring to a relevant historical building of southern Italy.
130
SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF TWO MASONRY MEDIEVAL BELL TOWERS
Ferraioli Massimiliano1, Mandara Alberto2, Abruzzese Donato3, Miccoli Lorenzo4
1
Second University of Naples, Aversa, Italy, [email protected]; 2Second University of Naples, Aversa,
Italy, [email protected]; 3University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy, [email protected]; 4BAM
Federal Institute of Material Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany, [email protected]
Vulnerability, risk and protection of cultural heritage from earthquake are noteworthy topics, especially in
seismic areas with high concentration of historic monumental buildings, as they concern with
technological, economic and cultural aspects at the same time. Safeguard of these constructions from
earthquake would mean mainly saving lives from a serious hazard, but even protecting unrepeatable art
and architecture masterpieces from severe damage or even from destruction. In particular, the recent
experience of Italian earthquakes (Umbria-Marche, 1997; Molise-Puglia, 2002; Abruzzo, 2009) provided
wide observational information about typical behavior, damage patterns and intrinsic vulnerability of
monumental buildings. Through the data elaboration, important knowledge about churches in seismic
areas was developed and reliable vulnerability models were set up, calibrated and tested. More reliable
procedures for the evaluation of seismic vulnerability, applicable both at global and local level, have been
validated on the basis of extensive in-situ survey performed on the damaged areas by direct comparison
of the obtained results with the real damage occurred. This is very important as most of national seismic
codifications allow avoiding a rigorous seismic retrofit in case of historical constructions but, of course,
causes these structures to be not adequately protected against severe earthquakes.
As being stated, the assessment of the structural risk of buildings where a rigorous seismic retrofit is not
possible is a very interesting topic. An important number of studies in literature are dedicated to
destructive and non-destructive static and dynamic tests, identification of mechanical parameters and
calibration of reliable structural models. The main objective is a wide knowledge of the structure to avoid
inadequate, unsuitable or dangerous rehabilitation operations, as well as to select non invasive and
reversible techniques for the best exploitation of material and technology features. In this framework, two
bell towers have been selected to be representative of medieval masonry towers in Campania, South of
Italy (Fig. 1). The bell tower of the Aversa Cathedral was built between 1053 and 1080 near the cupola on
an ancient Longobardian church. The tower has potentially dangerous characteristics which may play a
role in its seismic vulnerability. In particular, the deterioration appearing on the tower surface, the cracks
passing through the walls and the asymmetric restraints suggested an investigation to check the safety of
the tower. The bell tower of Capua was built starting in 861 during the Longobardian age. In 990 the
original tower collapsed under an earthquake strong ground motion and was rebuilt in the Norman age. In
the past, laboratory and on-site investigations, such as geometrical survey, survey of the crack patterns,
chemical tests, monotonic compressive tests, flat-jack tests have been carried out. The paper shows a
methodology which can be applied to assess the seismic
vulnerability of regular and tall masonry towers. The
methodology can be synthesized as following:
- Preliminary numerical model of the structure.
- Environmental vibration test and elaboration of the recorded
signal.
- Dynamic identification of the structure and of the basic
dynamic parameters.
- Minimization of the error by means of the weighted mean error
in frequencies.
- Non linear analysis (push-over) on the final identified model.
Fig. 1 One of the bell towers
This approach seems effective in giving reliable results on the
investigated in the paper
ultimate resistance of the masonry structures, since most of the
time the irregularities in the material cannot lead to a single
number (elastic modulus, for example) valid all over the structure. The increasing diffusion of the
dynamic
tests, even performed under environmental vibrations, will give more confidence to the engineer who is
asked to assess the seismic vulnerability of a structure and eventually to define possible reinforcement
solutions.
131
RESEARCHING IN ANCIENT ENGINEERING PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS IN HYDRAULIC ROMAN MORTARS
Guerra García Pablo1, Sanz Arauz David2
1
Graduate Student, Master Restoration and Conservation of Architectural Heritage, ETSAM, UPM, Madrid, Spain,
[email protected]; 2Faculty member, Department of Construction and Architectural Technology, ETSAM,
UPM, Madrid, Spain, [email protected]
Keywords: Roman Mortar, Restoration, Physical And Mechanical Techniques, Limestone
Around ten years ago investigation of technical and material construction in Ancient Roma has advanced
in favour to obtain positive results. This process has been directed to obtaining some dates based in
chemical composition, also action and reaction of materials against meteorological assaults or post
depositional displacements. Plenty of these dates should be interpreted as a result of deterioration and
damage in concrete material made in one landscape with some kind of meteorological characteristics.
Concrete mixture like calcium and gypsum mortars should be analyse in laboratory test programs, and not
only with descriptions based in reference books of Strabo, Pliny the Elder or Vitrubio. We have obtained,
for example, high percentages in silicates and limestone, according with local resources in archaeological
sites. Roman manufacture was determined by climatological condition, landscape, natural resources and
of course, economic situation of the owner. In any case we must research the work in every facts of
construction. On the one hand, thanks to chemical techniques like X-ray diffraction and Optical
microscopy, we could know the granular disposition of mixture. On the other hand if we develop physical
and mechanical techniques like compressive strength, capillary absorption on contact or water behaviour,
we could know the reactions in binder and aggregates against climatological effects. Thanks to results of
hydraulic mortar analysis in Spain, we are capable to interpret relationship between manufacture and
materials, using dolomites instead of “puzzolanic” powder in hydraulic concret.
All these results are directed to improve our knowledge about restoration. Developing new test we will
obtain new guideline in repairing and replacement of historical mortars, with suitable products. Concepts
like “restauro storico” and “restauro stilistico” are being re-evaluated, so we are in favour to achieve one
unified method. This is obtained knowing the material and all aspects of issue. Then we must been
capable to reproduce this concrete respecting some facts: outward appearance with scientific precision;
concrete produced to rigorous critical standards; and use of materials and technologies that resist hostile
weather. All of these results allow us to date the mixture and to understand ancient art of building.
However we must be capable of interpret these results. Last year many analyses developed in
archaeological sites in Spain has contributed to obtain different point of view, so has provide new dates to
manage one method to continue the investigation of roman mortars. If we developed chemical and
physical analysis in roman mortars at the same time, and we are capable to interpret the construction and
the resources used, we achieve to understand the process of construction, the date and also the way of
restoration in future.
132
CHARACTERIZATION OF HISTORICAL GYPSUM MORTARS: THE PARTICULAR
CASE OF THE LATE GOTHIC’S FINE DECORATIVE ELEMENTS OF LUTXENT’S
PALACE IN VALENCIA (SPAIN)
(S) María Isabel Giner García1, José Manuel Climent Simón2, Aurora Rubio Mifsud3
1
Professor of Architectonic Constructions Department, in Technical High School of Building Engineering, Valencia
Polytechnic University, Valencia (Spain) [email protected]; 2Professor of Architectonic Designs Department, in
Technical High School of Architecture, Valencia Polytechnic University, Valencia (Spain) [email protected];
3
Professor of Conservation & Restoration of Cultural Heritage Department, in Faculty of Fine Arts, Valencia
Polytechnic University, Valencia (Spain) [email protected]
Keywords: Characterization, Historical Gypsum Mortars, Fine Decorative Elements
The importance of material’s knowledge comes given by the need of understanding perfectly its behavior
both from the point of view of the own material and its building work (execution technique, function,
etcetera). In this case, the gypsum mortar is a very particular material in reference to the constructive
aspect and its mineralogical and structural aspects. This material is used to make the type of architectonic
elements which are aim of study. That is, the Late Gothic ornamental garnish in the doorways of
Llutxent’s Palace in Valencia (Spain).
Given that the scarce sources of information and the doubts about the execution techniques used, it is
suggested to deal with a deep “Preliminary Study”. As well, it is completed with a suitable material
characterization through analysis techniques both qualitative and quantitative. Therefore the particular
characteristics of this gypsum mortar are obtained with both methods.
The preliminary study, made by a restorer, is directed to carry out sampling at a macroscopic level made
in situ of all those critical points which could contribute with details about the execution techniques’
uncertainty. Different phases and the execution technique are identified throughout of these samples.
Different analytical methods have been used: optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy with the
energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (CG-MS), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). A
wide range of information is obtained through these analyses such as morphology, chemical
characterization, texture, stratigraphy, or punctual distribution of elements like lime, grain, or impurity.
The objective also is: to find out if the composition is different from external to internal side; if there is or
not inorganic and organic additions; or even to discover superficial applications which protect the surface
like oil.
This characterization has helped to give answers to questions like the precise identification of the
materials through its mineralogical composition, or even the physical and chemical properties. Every one
of these characteristics is process conditions. As well it has contributed to establish relations between the
used material and the process followed to execute these particular architectonic elements. Consequently it
could be possible to undertake its restoration with the maximum rigor.
133
CHARACTERİZATİON OF THE MORTARS AND PLASTERS OF AYASOFYA OF
ENEZ (AİNOS)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gulec Ahmet1
1
Istanbul University, Faculty of Letter, Dept. Of Restoration and Conservation of Artifacts Turkish
[email protected]
Keywords: Restoration And Conservation, Saint Sophia Of Aions, Enez Fatih Camii, Mortars And Plasters,
Monuments
1. SUMMARY
The conservation and restoration steps of monuments and artifacts are;
1)
Documentation,
2)
Diagnosis,
3)
Remedies (as cleaning; fixing, fillings and completion; chemical consolidation and
preservation),
4)
Maintenance.
To evaluate the type and the properties of the materials as well as the problems at the diagnosis step, is
necessary to prepare the restoration and conservation projects. Especially the properties of the original
materials as stone, brick, mortar, plaster and others used at the construction of the historical buildings as
mosque, church, palace, madresseh, etc, will help to choose and to produce the repair materials. Having
this information, the restoration materials will be chemically, physically and mechanically compatible
with the original ones. Otherwise the restoration project may be incorrect or insufficient, and, new
materials would have mechanical stresses to the originals. In this case, the original materials, which are
the weaker ones, will deteriorate. As a result of this condition, the cultural heritage will again need
restoration and conservation remedies in a short time.
In this project, the characterization of the mortars and plasters of Fatih Mosque (Saint Sophia Church),
which was ruined by an earthquake in 1965, were studied. The Saint Sophia (Ayasofya) Church was
converted to the mosque and named as Fatih Mosque, after the conquest of the Enez (Ainos) by the
Ottoman Empire. For the project 9 mortar samples, 12 plaster samples and 4 stone samples were taken
from the walls of the mosque and the following chemical analyses were carried out.
1)
Analyses of soluble salts, proteins and oils,
2)
Reaction with acid,
3)
Size distribution and stereo microscope properties of acid insoluble aggregates,
4)
Ignition Loss,
5)
Texture and mineralogical (Petrographic) analyses,
6)
Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis.
The results of these analyses indicated that;
a)
The Byzantium mortars have 25-30% of slaked non-hydraulic lime binder, and, their fillers are
quartz and volcanic aggregates up to 4 mm size,
b)
The Byzantium plasters have 35-40% of slaked non-hydraulic lime binder. Most of the plaster
have broken brick pieces, quartz, feldspar and volcanic aggregates up to 6 mm size, while the
lesser number ones have no brick pieces,
c)
The Ottoman plasters have 30-35% of slaked non-hydraulic lime binder. Most of the aggregates
are lime stone pieces, while Ca 20% of them are quartz, feldspar and volcanic aggregates up to 2
mm size. They also have 0.1-0.5% of short cut fiber (linen) additives.
Regarding to these results, The Byzantium mortars (a) and plasters (b) compositions should be used for
the restoration of the walls and those present wall paintings. The other surfaces of walls should be
covered by using the Ottoman plasters composition.
By using these restoration materials for their original places, the construction and the material technology
of Fatih Mosque will not change. In addition, the physical and mechanical stresses of the new material
will be prevented, or at least diminished on original ones.
134
CHARACTERISATION OF ROMAN HYDRAULIC MORTARS FROM THE ROMAN
HOUSE “MITHRAEUM” (MÉRIDA, SPAIN)
Robador Mª Dolores1, Arroyo Fátima2, Alcalde Manuel3
1
Department of Architectonic Constructions II (University of Seville), Seville, Spain, [email protected]; 2School of
Engineering (University of Seville), Seville, Spain, [email protected]; 3School of Engineering (University of
Seville), Seville, Spain, [email protected]
Keywords: Lime-Based Mortar, Hydraulic Coating, Roman
The rehabilitation of historical buildings is very important in terms of the history and culture of cities, and inadequate
intervention in historical buildings can cause more damage than benefit. Therefore, firstly, a historic-scientific study
of the original material needs to be carried out before any intervention in historical buildings, and, secondly, the data
obtained must be used either to produce a similar material or to formulate a restoration mortar from modern materials
without significant negative interactions with the pre-existing materials.
In the present work roman hydraulic mortars from the Mithraeum house (Mérida, Spain) are investigated in order to
characterise their nature as well as to study the technological aspects involved in the manufacturing processes of
Roman mortars. Five samples of hydraulic Roman mortars were studied: two of the impluvium in the open tetrastyle
atrium, one of the impluvium in the peristylum and two samples (concrete and mortar) used for sealing the water
channel of the viridarium (Figure 1).
Apart from the traditional archaeological approach consisting in a macroscopic study of the mortars, it appeared
important also to
study
the
composition of these
mortars in order to
facilitate
the
identification of the
different
masonry
structures.
The apparent bulk
density,
porosity,
pH, particle size of
aggregates,
X-ray
diffraction analysis
of finely pulverized
samples
were
performed.
The
composition and lost
on ignition (LOI) in
mortars
were
conducted according
to standardized tests.
The hydraulic and
Fig. 1 Section of the water channel viridarium
the
cementation
indexes were calculated as a measurement of the waterproofing of the mortars. Thin sections were examined using
optical microscopy with transmitted and polarized light (Nikon brand). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with
energy dispersive analyses (EDX) technique was used to examine the morphology, microstructure, and the texture of
the mortars. IR spectra were recorded.
After the analyses of the Roman mortars with modern scientific systems, it can be concluded that they used a very
good technique, especially in hydraulic coatings. A great portion of these ceramic pieces mixed with mortar were
found in walls of the ponds, canals and, tanks. Durability of these coating mortars gives an idea of the knowledge
Roman technicians had in manufacturing and applying mortars. They use high purity lime, and aggregate siliceous
sand, marble dust and crushed ceramic. The quality of the mortars is based on the correct selection of the raw
materials, perfect dosing, thorough mixing, and excellent execution. The raw materials were selected according on
one hand, to the functional role and on the other hand to the local materials.
This information can be very suitable for both intervention and restorations of archaeological remains and to
incorporate them into new buildings and existing buildings.
135
WHITE MARBLES IN SOUTHERN APULIA (ITALY)
Del Pietro Luisa1, Arias Claudio1, Oddone Massimo2
1
Università di Pisa - Dipartimento di Scienze Archeologiche, Pisa, Italy, [email protected] [email protected]; 2Università di Pavia - Dipartimento di Chimica, Pavia, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: White Architectural Marbles, Roman Apulia, Analytical Methods
This paper is a contribution for Roman archaeology of Salento, district of southern Apulia (Italy), and for
the history of marbles distribution in the Mediterranean basin in the past.
The research presents the results of the archaeological and
archaeometric study of fifty architectural elements in white and
greyish marble, discovered over the years by chance along the last
stretch of the Appian Way: Taranto, Oria, Brindisi. Today these
artefacts are scattered in the historical centres of these towns in
open-air spaces. Their chronology is between the end of the first
century B.C. and the third century A.D. They include very
different typological groups of artefacts: capitals, column-shafts,
cornices, column-bases, architraves and other kinds of
architectural elements. Several of these pieces were unpublished
and went unnoticed or assigned differently by macroscopically
observations in the years.
The archaeometric study was carried out to identify the white
Fig. 1. Map of southern Apulia.
marbles and determine their provenance. The study of a great
number of architectural elements offered the opportunity to consider the utilization of different marble
qualities in southern Apulia in the Roman time. Thanks to all needed authorizations by the
“Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Puglia”, small samples of marble were taken from each
architectural element. The samples were subjected to five
different analytical methods: X-ray diffraction (XRD) and
observations of thin sections by transmitted light optical
microscopy (OM) were made at IBAM-CNR of Lecce;
geochemical analyses to determine the stable isotopes of carbon
and oxygen (SIA) using a mass spectrometer were carried out at
IGAG-CNR of Rome; petrochemical analyses using neutron
activation analysis (NAA) was realized at University of Pavia;
LIBS spectroscopy was made at IPCF-CNR of Pisa. The data
obtained from all analyses were processed separately and then
put together to establish the origin of the marbles. It was defined
by analytical techniques for almost all the marbles examined in
Fig. 2. Asiatic Corinthian capital, Brindisi.
this survey, but some technical limits emerged. Roman
architectural elements here examined show a large variety of white and greyish marbles of different
provenances, but it was possible to identify most of all Proconnesus, even if some elements are in Greek
and Carrara marbles.
136
INTERCONNECTED MARBLE EPISTYLES UNDER TENSION: A NUMERICAL
STUDY
Stavros K. Kourkoulis1, Ermioni D. Pasiou1
1
National Technical University of Athens, Laboratory of Testing and Materials, Athens, Greece,
[email protected], [email protected]
The Parthenon Temple was built as a dry stone construction consisting of marble blocks [1]. ‘I’ shaped iron connectors and
dowels were placed in grooves filled with molten lead in order to connect the blocks of each layer and of sequential
layers, respectively [2]. Corrosion and intense mechanical loading led to the destruction of the joins and thus to the need
of replacing old connectors with new ones [1]. The behaviour of two epistyles joined together by two (for symmetry) ‘I”
shaped connectors under tension was studied experimentally (Fig.1a) and
numerically by Zambas [2]. It was indicated that quite a few parameters (both
geometric and material in nature) seriously influence the response of the
connection.
In this direction, a detailed analysis is carried out to quantify the influence of these
parameters. A numerical model was designed (Fig.1b) simulating the specimens
used in the above tests. It consists of two marble blocks 26x19.3x12 cm with a
(
groove of depth equal to 7 cm and two ‘I” shaped connectors of length 29 cm.
All three interfaces (connector-mortar, mortar-marble and marble-marble)
were taken into account and the interaction between them was considered as
simple contact with friction. Steel and lead were simulated by multi-linear
stress-strain models while marble was considered as linear elastic isotropic
material. The size of the mesh elements was decided after a suitable convergence procedure. The model was calibrated using data from ref.[2], Fig.2. All
(
degrees of freedom of the lower base were restricted and 1 mm displacement
Fig. 1: (a) Typical specimen
was imposed on the nodes of the upper base. The parameters studied include
during tension. (b) The
the length and the depth of the groove and the anchoring length.
The distribution of the von Mises stress is shown in Fig.3a for the half model due to symmetry. The connector
appears to be the most stressed constituent; its equivalent stress reaches 235 MPa exceeding the yield limit. The same is
true for lead. The maximum equivalent stress developed is about 12 MPa (slightly exceeding its yield limit, Fig.3b).
Finally, in Fig.3c the distribution of the equivalent stress in the marble block is shown. Since marble was considered
linear elastic, Mohr- Coulomb’s criterion was used to detect failed elements (white in Fig.3d).
Their number corresponds to only about 2.3% of the marble elements indicating localized failure in the most strained
areas of marble’s volume instead of failure of the block as a whole. The analysis leads to an accurate description of
the stress distribution in all three materials and therefore it becomes a valuable tool for decision making about the
optimum intervention based on an accurate prediction of marble’s damage.
[1]
M. Korres & H. Bouras (1983), Study for the Restoration of the Parthenon, Ministry of Culture and
Science, Committee for the Preservation of the Acropolis Monuments, Athens, Greece.
K. Zambas (1994), Study for the Restoration of the Parthenon, Vol. 3b, Ministry of Culture, Committee for
the Preservation of the Acropolis Monuments, Athens, Greece.
[2]
120
90
F [kN]
Test 2
30
Numerical
model
F [kN]
Test 1
60
.
.
100
marble
lead
50
(c)
0
0
0.25
0.5 0.75
δl [mm]
1
(b)
0
0
5
10 δl [mm] 15
20
25
(a)
steel
Fig. 3: The von Mises stress in (a) half model,
(b) lead and (c) marble. (d) Marble elements failed.
Fig. 2: Calibration of the numerical model.
137
(d)
STUDY OF NEW CONSERVATION PRODUCTS FOR THE MARBLE ARTEFACTS
OF BALIK PAZAR – IASOS-CARIA (TURKEY)
Camaiti Mara1, Canol Halit 2
1
CNR–ICVBC, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, e-mail: [email protected]; 2 Course of Second Cycle Degree “Science
for Conservation-Restoration of Cultural Heritage” – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, e-mail:
[email protected]
Since 1995 in the Balik Pazar, the most stately roman funerary building in Iasos (Milas, Muğla – Turkey), numerous
marble artefacts from the archaeological site are exhibited. The marble, mainly of local provenance, suffers of
superficial decohesion and foliation that causes, as first consequence, the loss of the shape and the inscriptions carved
on stone. The degradation of the stone, although the items are exposed outdoor in sheltered position, may be due to
concomitant causes:
i)
abrupt daily changes of stone temperature which may give repeated and frequent water
condensation/evaporation phenomena;
ii)
presence of soluble salts, and
iii)
previous treatments.
In order to understand the decay mechanism of this marble and find a suitable solution for preventing the loss of the
superficial layer of the artefacts, as well as for reducing the degradation phenomena, some perfluorinated elastomers
with different average molecular weights have been tested as aggregating and protective agents. The tests have been
carried out on marble samples coming from two different quarries: Carrara (Italy) and Yatağan-Muğla (Turkey). The
quarry specimens have been artificially aged, before the treatment, in a climatic chamber where temperature and
relative humidity changes have been performed for simulating the natural decay. The efficacy of the treatment has
been evaluated by testing the water capillary absorption, the abrasion resistance and the chromatic behaviour of the
treated samples, while the durability has been tested by submitting the specimens to UV irradiation and to the same
artificial ageing used for the quarry samples. Acrylic polymers (Paraloid B72 and Paraloid B67) and a natural
polymer (animal glue) have been also tested and used as reference materials.
The results show that the fluoroelastomers having relatively low average molecular weight may be proposed as
aggregating agents for the marbles artefacts of the Iasos Antiquarium because their performances (aggregating and
chromatic properties, protective efficacy) do not change after ageing.
BIODETERIORATION OF OUTDOOR EXPOSED MARBLES BY ROCKINHABITING BLACK FUNGI
1
De Leo F., 2Pangallo D., 1Urzì C.
1
Dept. of Life Sciences, Univ. Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, [email protected],
[email protected]; 2Institute of Molecular Biology, SAV, Dubravska cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia,
[email protected]
In the last years more evidences have been gained that epi- and endolithic rock-inhabiting fungi commonly growing
on natural rocks cause the biodeterioration of sun-exposed rocks and monuments surfaces located in Mediterranean as
well as in dry and cold climates. Their occurrence on the stones is reported to be combined not only with aesthetical
spoiling of the monuments, described as black spots and patinas, but also to crater-shaped lesions, chipping and
exfoliation of the rock surfaces combined with the loss of material.
Thus, due to the fact very little is still known about these fungi and to their harmful effect on the monuments surfaces
and, in consideration of conservative actions to be carried out on such valuable and unique surfaces, we carried out
different studies aiming to the ecological and taxonomic characterization of strains isolated in correspondence of
specific alteration patterns, we critically evaluated different treatments commonly carried out during cleaning
procedures.
Because black fungi seem to be resistant to most of biocides, innovative treatments that should control their growth
and slow down the recolonization were also considered.
138
PERFORMANCE OF NANOCOMPOSITES AS CONSOLIDANTS FOR ARTISTIC
MARBLES
Persia Franca1, Caneve Luisa2, D’Amato Rosaria2, Tatì Angelo1,
Cristina Giancristofaro3, Giulia Ricci3
1
ENEA-UTTMAT, S. Maria di Galeria (Rome), Italy, [email protected]; 2ENEA-UTAPRAD Frascati (Rome),
Italy, [email protected]; 3 ENEA Student
Keywords: Marble, Nanoparticle, Aging
In the last few years, nanomaterials have been frequently applied for restoration and conservation of
artworks. In fact, it has been demonstrated that inorganic oxides nanoparticles, such as silica and titania,
improve the performance of materials used in conservation field.
In this work, properties of consolidant and protective materials modified with nanoparticles have been
studied after application on marble. To this purpose different solutions of acrylic polymer and siliconbased resins with silica and titania nanoparticles were prepared. Different Carrara marbles as substrates
were used: a few from cave, some aged in climatic chamber or at open air and others very old from the
deposit of an ancient roman art museum.
SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles were produced by CO2 laser pyrolysis by using tetraethoxysilane and
titanium tetraisopropoxide as precursors, respectively. The nanoparticles dimensions are about 15 nm,
with low polydispersity. Nanoparticles and consolidants were mixed together in the solvent in different
percentages and spread on marble surfaces by brushing.
Treated marble samples were submitted to aging processes in climatic chamber, taking into account
temperature and relative humidity, and in solar box, for considering solar light irradiation, in view of
simulating a natural open air exposition.
In order to investigate the effect of nano modified consolidant, the materials were characterized by non
destructive techniques and the obtained results before and after the accelerated aging were analysed.
Colorimetric measurements were carried out to verify the color modification of the protective film due to
the solar exposition; ultrasonic velocity were measured to estimate the structural modification; laser
induced fluorescence were performed to investigate the molecular characteristics changing due to the
atmospheric parameters.
The results have demonstrated that the addition of nanoparticles has enhanced the efficiency of the
consolidant and protective in term of preservation of mechanical proprieties detected by of ultrasonic test
and of stability of chromatic coordinates measured in the CIElab color space.
Regarding LIF measurements the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles has not been revealed in the adopted
experimental conditions, while the LIF contribution of SiO2 nanoparticles is well defined and the changes
of intensity and shape of the emission peaks have been detected.
139
THE USE OF NATURAL HYDRAULIC LIME IN THE ANASTYLOSIS AND
RESTORATION PROJECT OF THE FIRST ORDER OF THE SEVERIAN MARBLE
SCAENAEFRONS IN THE THEATER OF HIERAPOLIS OF PHRYGIA.
Paolo Mighetto1
1
Architect. Italian Archaeological Mission at Hierapolis of Phrygia.
Keywords: Conservation, Sustainability, Static İmproving
The aim of the project of anastylosis of the Severian scaenaefrons first order of the theater of Hierapolis
is the preservation of ancient material –how it has survived through the historical process, from the
ancient theater to its former condition of archaeological monument- and relationships between the
architectural and decorative parts of the building and between the building and its architectural and
natural environment.
The project is based on the principles established by the Charter of Restoration
 anastylosis as possibility of recomposition of the original elements now dismembered (Carta di
Atene, chapt. IV e Carta di Venezia, art. 15);
 use of new materials always recognizable (Carta di Atene, idem);
 judicious use of all resources of modern technology (Carta di Atene, chapt. V) and, however, of
all the most modern methods of structure and conservation, whose efficiency has been
demonstrated by scientific data, is guaranteed by the real needs and appropriate to conservation
needs (Carta di Venezia, art. 10; Carta di Cracovia, chapt. 10);
 opportunities to integrate the elements of sculpture and decoration of the monument had been
separated as a result of archaeological excavation (paraphrase of the Carta di Venezia, art. 8);
 respect for original material and authentic documents (Carta di Venezia, art. 9); any intervention
of completion, recognized as essential to aesthetic and technical reasons, must bear a mark of
contemporaneity (ibid.) and implemented in a fully contemporary language (Carta di Cracovia,
chapt. 4);
 integrations in harmony with all, but, however, distinguished from the original to avoid fakes and
protect both the historical case and the aesthetic (Carta di Venezia, art. 12, art. 15);
 the intervention should ensure compatibility with the materials, structures and architectural
values (Carta di Cracovia, chapt. 10).
The principle, that was followed in making the consolidation project, is based on the concept of
"improvement" as defined by Italian law and, in particular, from the Ministerial Decree 24.01.1986,
“Technical
standards
relating
to
earthquake-resistant
buildings”,
which
at
the
art. C.9.1.2. identifies it as the execution of one or more works on the individual structural elements of the
building in order to achieve a greater degree of safety without substantially changing the global behavior,
in essence, therefore, with the objective of maintaining the material integrity of the historical artifact
aiming to consolidate the homogenization of the masses.
Use of materials for restoration, consolidation and reintegration, privileged natural materials, with
particular regard to the mortar and consolidation, excluding the materials based on synthetic resin and
cement. This choice was guided by attention, today essential and unescapable, for environmental
sustainability; it is made possible by the availability of natural materials and now, these materials, are
widely experienced in major international sites featuring the performance of the restoration and suitable
for all physical, chemical, mechanical and endurance features. Natural materials are also more compatible
with old ones.
The choice, for the material of the reinforcing ties of Fiber Glass Reinforced Polyester (GFRP Glass Fibre
Reinforced Polymer) -used only in the spiral-shaped bars as a substitute for more traditional stainlesssteel bars- is motivated by the strength of the material in presence of high temperature, its good quality
anti corrosive, as well as excellent cost-performance ratio. The use of such material in the form of
spiraled bars also helps to ensure a tight fit to the natural anchoring mortars.
In conclusion: using only structural grout of natural hydraulic lime for bedding and consolidation
represents a significant breakthrough in the international outline of conservation and a steady choice in
terms of environmental compatibility and sustainability.
We applied the principles of environmental sustainability in the field of restoration in a complex
project involving one of the most important monuments of Turkey.
140
CHARACTERISTICS OF BRICKS USED IN THE DOMES OF SOME OTTOMAN
BATH BUILDINGS
Uğurlu Sağın Elif1, Böke Hasan2
Department of Architectural Restoration, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla/İzmir/Turkey, [email protected];
[email protected]
2
Keywords: Historic Brick, Characterization, Ottoman Bath
In this study, raw materials and production technologies of bricks used in the domes of some Ottoman
bath buildings dated to 15th century in İzmir were determined in order to identify characteristics of repair
bricks that will be used in restorations of these buildings. For this purpose, basic physical properties,
mineralogical compositions, firing temperatures and micro structural properties of Ottoman bricks were
determined by standard test methods, XRD, XRF, SEM-EDS and TGA analysis.
Density and porosity values of bricks are between 1.7-1.8 g/cm³ and 33-37%, by volume, respectively.
These values were almost in the same ranges with other bricks used in some historic buildings in
Anatolia.
XRD analysis indicated that bricks are mainly composed of quartz (SiO2), albite (Na(AlSi3O8)),
potassium feldspar (KAl2Si2O5(OH)4) and muscovite. In the SEM analysis of the bricks matrices glassy
phases are not observed. This indicates that the bricks were heated at low temperatures. Heating bricks at
high temperatures (> 900 °C) results in damage in their amorphous structures and leads to formation of
high temperature products such as mullite, crystoballite. In XRD patterns, the absence of mullite and
crystoballite peaks shows the temperature did not exceed 900 ºC.
XRF analysis results indicate that bricks are composed of high amount of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and low
amount of Na2O, K2O, MgO and CaO. The presence of low amounts of Ca in their composition shows
that calcium poor clay was used in the manufacturing of the bricks. Pozzolanic activity values of bricks
showed that they have low amounts of pozzolanic materials. This may indicate that clay minerals used in
the production of bricks were not enough to produce high amounts of pozzolanic amorphous substances.
Thermal analysis (TGA) was carried out in order to evaluate whether the firing of bricks was carried out
until the clay minerals dehydroxylated and the bricks contain calcium carbonate. The negligible amounts
of weight losses are observed in the ranges of 100-600 C and 600-900 °C in TGA graph. This indicates
that raw materials of bricks were dehydroxylated during firing and they contain low amounts of calcite in
their compositions.
These results indicate that bricks are low dense and high porous. They were produced from calcium-poor
clays and fired at low temperatures. New bricks that will be used in restorations of these baths should be
compatible with the existing bricks. Therefore, new bricks must be produced by using Ca-poor clays,
traditional production techniques and heating at low temperatures (~ 850ºC).
141
STRENGTHENING THREE-LEAF MASONRY PANEL WITH BASALT FIBRE
ROPES. FIRST EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Quagliarini Enrico1, Monni Francesco1, Stefano Lenci1
1
Polytechnic University of Marche, Dept. of Architecture, Constructions and Structures, Ancona, Italy,
[email protected]
Keywords: Basalt Fibre, Three-Leaf Masonry, Strengthening Techniques
Consolidation and strengthening of bearing panels is one of the most important operation to improve
seismic performance of existing masonry building, especially when these are damaged or made in bad
way, far from practical laws of “rules-of-art”. A masonry typology often found in Italian historical
building heritage is the “three-leaf wall”, where an inner core of rubble material is included between two
outer brick or stone shell. If three-leaf masonry presents poor or absent connection between the external
leaves (lack of elements so long to crossing wall section), it could result very weak under eccentric and
horizontal loads. In fact, it could meet problems of buckling of the external shell due to its slenderness
and of weak resistance to action that could involve out-of-plane mechanisms due to a global behavior
nearest to two thin panels than a monolithic one. Several techniques could be used for strengthening this
kind of masonry: some traditional (and usually most invading), like grout injection or the introduction of
artificial connectors, some other innovative, like the use of composite strips, but none can be applied
when it is wanted to maintain the original aspect of “faccia-a-vista” brickwork. A possibility could be
represented by the repointing of joints, that consists in replacing the damaged mortar on the wall surfaces
with a good quality mortar, inserting in mortar bed joints steel rods as reinforcement. In order to avoid
corrosion problems, FRP products can be used. Recently, innovative kinds of fibres, like basalt ones, are
emerging in construction field. Basalt fibre continuous filaments can be processed with classic textile
transformation and allow to obtain also ropes, unlike other kinds of fibres. The proposed technique is
based on the reinforcement and connection of external masonry shell through insertion of basalt fibre
ropes in the mortar joints previously partially grooved and refilled with tixotropic epoxy resin. This
operation allow to connect the outer leaves to have a monolithic behavior and to improve mechanical
features of bearing panels using a material exempt from oxidation problems. Moreover, it is in line with
minimal intervention principle (that should be at the bottom of every intervention on buildings with
historic and cultural value and it is also sign of economic advantages, therefore), and able to maintain
masonry original aspect. Thus, six three-leaf masonry sample have been made in laboratory and, after
curing, two of them have been subjected to compressive monotonic test in integer condition while two of
remaining have been tested in damaged condition and the last two, damaged too, have been strengthened
with the proposed technique and so tested. In this work are presented the first experimental results on
three-leaf masonry sample subjected to compressive load in the integer, damaged and strengthened
condition and a discussion of the obtained data, and on the efficiency of the intervention. Finally are
proposed further developments to better be aware of technique efficiency, its execution phases
optimization, and also to introduce improvement to aim to a reversibility of the intervention.
142
ANALYTICAL AND GRAPHIC METHODS IN STRUCTURAL BRICK MASONRY
CONSTRUCTIONS
Muñoz Soria Gemma1
1
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, UPC, Spain
The aim of this paper is to disseminate analytical and graphic theories on the calculation of masonry
structures, with a view to increasing our knowledge of these old buildings. This will involve the
application of real examples constructed in Catalonia, Spain, in the 1950s and 1960s, the last time this
type of construction was common in the country.
In rehabilitation work in Spain, masonry constitutes a fundamental part of our buildings. Knowledge of
construction systems and structural functioning is vital to understanding, appreciating and evaluating our
built heritage.
A debate is currently taking place as to the best way of addressing a study of these structures. The
analysis is not based on real structures but on a “model” that must represent the essential characteristics in
mechanical terms.
In countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany, the USA and Italy, where brick masonry continues to
be used as a structural material, a great deal of research has been carried out on the most suitable form of
calculation for this type of structure. However, there is no point in analysing these methods without also
analysing the construction. In terms of structural behaviour, it is important to review the types of bonds,
ties, dimensions, openings and many other characteristics, on the basis of which we can decide which is
the most suitable method. It is also important to stress the particular importance of the link between
execution and structure.
As regards to methods, there are specialists who prefer to verify masonry structures by means of an
analytical approach. These methods, which emerged in the early 20th century, are based on the different
construction parameters of the walls. This project aims to review the main methods dating from the early
20th century, such as those of Schindler and Bergós; from mid-century, such as those of Cassinello and
Truñó; and, finally, newer ones such as those of Heyman and Haller, which have also been a point of
reference in this country.
With the emergence of computer programs, graphic methods have also become of importance. The
building is entered into these programs in three dimension, showing which parts of the structure are
subject to most tension, compression and traction. In this way, we are able to see the overall behaviour of
the building, taking into account the ties, slenderness, buckling, and very importantly, the creation of
openings in the structural walls.
It is the researcher’s opinion that the best option is a combination of the two methods, i.e. analytical and
graphic, since such an approach produces the most reliable results. Each method has its advantages and
disadvantages, and this paper highlights some of these. It is for this reason that the comparison of these
methods will involve real examples, where, using diagrams, graphs, drawings and results, a series of
conclusions will be listed that will help in the rehabilitation of dwellings that use this traditional
technique: constructions of structural brick masonry, which are so established in Catalonia and are the
Mediterranean essence of our constructions.
143
PETROFACIES MAPPING OF ANCIENT QUARRIES: EFFICIENT APPROACH TO
THE RESTORATION OF HISTORICAL MONUMENTS
Hamid El Azhari1 & Iz-Eddine El Amrani El Hassani2
1
Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Faculté de Sciences, Département des Sciences de la Terre, Avenue Ibn Batouta
BP. 1014. Rabat-Agdal. e-mail: [email protected]; 2Université Mohammed V- Agdal, Institut Scientifique,
Département des Sciences de la Terre, Avenue Ibn Batouta, BP. 703, Rabat Agdal (Maroc). e-mail :
[email protected]
Keywords: Petrofacies, Building Stone, Historical Monument, Quarry, Restoration, Rabat
Archiving problem.
The restoration of historical monuments is based, in a first order, on archives which provide guidance on
architectural plans, construction techniques and the nature and origin of materials used. In the case of loss
of these technical archives, restore operations become difficult and require indirect approaches.
Nature and origin of building stones.
The local stones used in the construction of historical monuments of Rabat city, Morocco's capital, taken
here as examples in this study, are of two petrographic types: 1/ Calcarenite of wind-marine origin and
Plioquaternaire age (Stone of Salé) and 2 / Limestone, massive and dolomitized of Devonian age (Marble
of Akrech). These two rocks outcroping around Rabat show a wide range of petrographic facies
(petrofacies). Indeed, there are several facies of calarénites, fine to coarse, more or less consolidated and
having a variable amount of bioclasts. Limestone facies present different colors (white, gray, pink ...) and
variable structures (marbled, veined, beaded ...).
Anterior restorations.
If determination of petrographical type of stones used in the monument is an easy exercise for restorer,
recognition of the petrofacies and their exact origin location needs a good geological study. Without this
study, the results of the restoration are often unsatisfactory. This is the case of previous restorations made
on some Rabat monuments (Chellah Portal, Hassan Tower...) where we note clear differences of
petrofacies between the original stone and that of substitution.
Methodology approach.
To overcome the archiving problem and contribute to improve the quality of restoration of Rabat
monuments, we propose a geological approach achievable in two steps.
First step:
Work on the site, which consists to make an exhaustive inventory and a detailed petro-mineralogical
description of all the local stones used in the main historical monuments of Rabat city.
Second step:
fieldwork, which aims to identify ancient quarries, generally abandoned, located within a radius of 20-30
km around the historical sites, and to conduct a detailed mapping of their petrofacies.
Conclusion.
The comparative analysis, assisted by specialized software, will help to know the origin location, on the
field, of each petrofacies stones used in the historical building. This will guide the restorer to recognize
the career and the level of the most suitable sampling for each case of restoration.
144
THE MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTERNAL TRADITIONAL
CONTINUOUS RENDERINGS OF VALENCIA’S HISTORIC CENTRE (SPAIN)
La Spina Vincenzina1, Mileto Camilla2, Vegas Fernando3
1
School of Architecture and Civil Engineering of Cartagena Polytechnic University, Cartagena, Spain,
[email protected]; 2School of Architecture and Heritage Restoration Institute of Valencia Polytechnic
University, Valencia, Spain, [email protected]; 3School of Architecture and Heritage Restoration Institute of
Valencia Polytechnic University, Valencia, Spain, [email protected]
Keywords: Renderings, Mortars, Gypsum
The great majority of the existing residential buildings of
Valencia’s historic centre, mostly dating back the end of the
18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, are built
of brick masonry walls protected by external traditional
continuous renderings. The use of external renderings in order
to protect brick masonry walls had a long tradition as it was
cheaper than stone masonry and allowed to decorate the
façades. Therefore, they are a distinctive and singular feature
of Valencia’s constructive culture and built architectural
heritage.
The main objective of the current research is to know their
material characterization in order to implement proper and
respectful methods of conservation works, and to avoid the
use of inadequate materials.
The research carried out is a theoretic-experimental study.
The following analyses have been conducted on direct sources
(50 different samples from at least 30 archeological rests and
buildings built from Roman times to the start of the 1930s):
 Optical observation under microphotography
 Determination of mineral composition through X ray
diffraction
 Description of the mineralogy and petrography of the
samples
 Determination of the organic components through gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry
The study has been possible thanks to the support of the
projects “Constructive characters of Valencia’s historic
centre. Analysis, characterization and conservation” (ref.
GVPRE/2008/240) financed by the Government of
Generalitat Valenciana (Spain) and “Coatings and renders of
the façades of Valencia’s historic centre. Study,
characterization and georeference by means of SIG” (PAID05-10, 2658) of Valencia Polytechnic (Spain), both directed
by Prof. Camilla Mileto.
According to the study, Valencia’s external renderings are
principally and amazingly made of gypsum. This fact has
been possible thanks the existence of large gypsum deposits in
the East of Spain and, more specifically, near Valencia at an
only 20 km distance, so that a gypsum manufacturing industry
already existed in the 16th century in Valencia. However, the
analytical data shows that there are also renderings, called
“trabadillos”, made of gypsum and lime, where the two
materials are mixed on purpose in order to get more
properties. In addition, traditional additives have been
detected in the composition such as hair, vegetal fibres or
other impurities that improve their performance and qualities.
145
Fig.1: Façade of a historic building in
Valencia’s city centre with historic
rendering. V. La Spina.
Macau (1962).
Fig. 2: Map of gypsum deposits in
Spain, adapted by D. Sanz, from the
original map of Riba and Macau
(1962).
Fig. 3: Percentage of raw materials in
Valencia’s historic renderings. Gypsum
60% (blue), Gypsum and lime 37%
(orange) and lime 3% (red).
It is also necessary to highlight that in the composition of renderings sometimes gypsum is mixed with
sand, so they become gypsum mortars or mixed mortars. But in other cases, they are only pastes because
they have only a great percentage of gypsum, over 90%, without sand.
Fig. 4: Microphotographies (x10) of finish coat. Left: gypsum paste (without sand). Center: gypsum mortar. Right: gypsumlime mortar.
In conclusion, the existence of gypsum in the composition warns against the use of repair mortars with
aluminates such as cement, because they may cause the appearance of ettringite that produces the
disaggregation of the renderings and contributes to their failure. In addition, the specific characteristic of
external traditional continuous renderings invites us to rethink about the possible external employment of
gypsum and to reflect about the need of preserving and protecting these examples of material and
traditional constructive techniques and, at the same time, to learn from them in order to implement them
in contemporary architecture.
OBSIDIAN PROVENANCE STUDIES OF ROMANIA’S NEOLITHIC TOOLS USING
PIXE, MICRO-PIXE AND XRF
Constantinescu Bogdan1
1
National Institute of Nuclear Physics and Engineering, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected]
The sources of the prehistoric tools in Transylvania and Banat - the North-Western and South-Western
parts of Romania - are supposed to be in the Tokaj Mountains, the Greek islands, in Armenia and
Turkish-Asia Minor. Eighteen archaeological samples i.e. Neolithic obsidian tools were obtained from
“Tara Crişurilor” Museum and Transylvania’s History National Museum: five from Oradea region
(Seleuş, Beiuş, Salca, Taşad), ten from Cluj area (Iclod, Ţaga, Cheile Turzii, Bucin) and three from Banat
(Silagiu – Buziaş) – and analysed in Bucharest. Some archaeological samples coming from Oradea region
sites were also analysed by micro-PIXE at ATOMKI Debrecen. As significant for provenance
determination, considering the experience of previous provenance studies and the LA-ICP-MS
determined composition of our standards, we chose the following seven elements: Ti, Mn, Rb, Y, Zr, Ba,
Ce, especially because their value often strongly differ from one source to another. For all the analysed by
PIXE, XRF and micro-PIXE samples, two-dimensional scatter plots of Ti/Mn versus Rb/Zr and Ba/Ce
versus Y/Zr were considered as source indicators. On the basis of these classifications, the majority of the
Transylvania's obsidian prehistoric tools – both from Cluj and Oradea areas - were determined as coming
from either Hungarian or Slovakian Tokaj Mountains – see attached figure. In conclusion, our findings
suggest that long-distance (for Neolithic time) trade networks could existed between Central and EastEurope by the late 5th millennium BC (the climax of Neolithic period in Transylvania). Combined
external Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) measurements, consisting of Proton Induced X-ray Emission – Proton
Induced Gamma-ray Emission (PIXE - PIGE) have been performed on several obsidian fragments with
archaeological significance and a comparison was made with the results previously obtained on the same
obsidian samples using Laser Ablation – Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP–MS).
As an example, the source attribution of an archaeological obsidian fragment from Transylvania to Tokay
Mountains/Slovakian range flow is discussed. Our results demonstrated the potential of nuclear – atomic
elemental analysis methods in obsidian sources classification and, in particular, identified Tokay
Mountains as main source for North-West Transylvanian Neolithic tools.
146
DETERIORATION PROBLEMS OF EXCAVATED STONES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SITES
Kaplan Çağlayan Deniz 1, İpekoğlu Başak 2, Böke Hasan 3
Department of Architectural Restoration, Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey, [email protected];
2
Keywords: Andesite, Deterioration, Excavated Monuments
Archaeological sites, which are the integral parts of cultural heritage, have to be conserved as a
whole to have a better knowledge of our past. In this study, deterioration mechanism and conservation
problems of excavated andesite monuments in archaeological sites were investigated for the purpose of
conservation. The studied monument is Bouleuterion (Senate Hall Building) in Aigai archaeological site
which have recently excavated.
Aigai is an ancient inland site at the north-western part of Turkey, in Manisa central district. It
was one of the twelve settlements which were constructed by Aeolians who emigrated from Greece in the
1100s B.C. Excavation works in Bouleuterion was begun in 2004 and completed in 2008. Characteristics
and location of the findings show that the building was constructed between the late 2nd and early 1st
century B.C., in late Hellenistic period. In course of time, it was abundant and buried for hundreds of
years till 2004 when the excavation works were started. The building has been exposed to atmospheric
conditions for three years.
The studied building was first documented by drawings and photographs in order to compare
visual deterioration forms observed right after the excavation and after a certain period of time. Following
documentation phase, several laboratory studies were carried out on the stone samples collected from the
excavated sections of the Bouleuterion. The deterioration problems of freshly excavated samples from
their surface to the inner parts were investigated by determination their density and porosity values,
mineralogical and chemical compositions and microstructural characteristics by XRD, SEM-EDX, TGA
and FT-IR analysis.
The surface pores of the stone samples from their exterior to the inner parts in approximately 2.4
cm are filled with silt or clay that were mainly composed of quartz, illite, halloysite, kaolinite,
montmorrillonite and saponite. The clay minerals were also indicated some inner part of the stones which
originated from the chemical weathering of the feldspars under the soils. The presence of clay minerals in
the pores of the stones can promote the formation of biological growths such as algae, bacteria and fungi
and increase surface porosity of the stones.
White efflorescence observed on stone surfaces is determined as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) by
the XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. Formation of CaCO3 is defined as the chemical deterioration of
calcium plagioclase feldspars (andesine, anorthite and labradorite) in the stone structure with the effect of
H2O and CO2 during burial.
Comparison of old and current photographs, results of the experimental studies, and visual
analysis at the site indicated that the archaeological excavations without conservation considerations
cause higher deterioration rate of stones. This result shows the necessity of investigation of stone
weathering and conservation strategies problems before archaeological excavations.
147
STANDOFF LIBS ANALYSIS OF THE MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF THE CATHEDRAL OF MALAGA
Gaona Inmaculada1, Lucena Patricia2, Fortes Francisco3, Moros Javier4, Serrano Jorge5, Guirado
Salvador6, Laserna Javier7
1
University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain, [email protected]; 2University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain, [email protected];
5
7
University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain, [email protected]
3
The cultural identity of a society can be transmitted through a number of indicators both social and
cultural heritage. Nowadays, architecture remains the most fundamental indicator for cultural
differentiation, in which one can clearly observe the distinction in technological advancements and
architectural capabilities of the period. In this sense, the chemical characterization of historical buildings
requires the use of portable techniques that allow in situ analysis in real time.
In this work, the capability of stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the insitu analysis of the façade of the cathedral of Malaga has been demonstrated. The task required the use of
a LIBS sensor which allowed real-time spectral acquisitions at distances higher than 30 meters in the
field. The stand-off LIBS analyzer (Figure 1) was based on a high power double pulse Nd:YAG laser
system operating at 1064 nm. The main purpose of this work was to discriminate between the main
components employed in the construction of this class of
monument (limestone, sandstone and marble). LIBS
spectrum were achieved in the spectral range 370-440
nm. Differences among materials were noticeable. Also,
based on the Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca intensity LIBS ratios was
possible to qualitatively discriminate between the
different types of marble employed in the façade. In
order to investigate the extent of contamination at the
monument and its state of preservation, LIBS emission
of Ca, Fe and Ti has been evaluated. For this purpose,
Fig. 1 Stand-off LIBS sensor during the field trials
depth profiling analysis at several locations (presenting a
in the Cathedral of Malaga.
high contamination degree) in the façade were also
achieved.
148
THE DETERIORATION PROBLEMS OF ANDESITE USED IN AIGAI AGORA
Murtezaoğlu Fulya1, Böke Hasan2
Department
of
Architectural
Restoration,
İzmir
1
Institute
of
Technology,
Urla/İzmir/Turkey,
Keywords: Aigai Agora, Andesite, Deterioration
The archaeological sites should be conserved as being the documents of ancient civilizations as a
part of the built cultural heritage. In this study, the deterioration problems of stone used in the
construction of the agora building (Fig. 1) in the archaeological site of Aigai (Manisa/Turkey) was
investigated for the aim of its conservation. For this purpose, the building was documented by
photographs and drawings. The stone deteriorations were documented on the drawings and samples were
collected from the deteriorated and sound parts of stones. Basic physical properties, mineralogical,
chemical and microstructural characteristics of the stone samples were determined to define the causes of
deteriorations. X-Ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, polarized microscope, infrared
spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyzer were used in the analysis.
Aigai is an archaeological site located on Gün Mountain which is at 360 m above from sea level.
It is one of the twelve settlements which were constructed by Aiolians who emigrated from Greece in the
1000s B.C. There are some traces from Roman and Byzantine period in the site. Agora, built of andesite
in the Hellenistic period, is a three storied building on a sloped site. It has been exposed to atmospheric
conditions for nearly 2300 years.
Discoloration, detachment and loss of stone material are three main deterioration problems
observed on andesites. They arise from combined action of physical, chemical and biological processes.
Andesite is mainly composed of andesine, albite high, anorthite, kyanite, labradorite, muscovite,
microline, mullite, orthoclase, orthoferrosilite, quartz, sanidine and tridymite minerals. The density and
porosity values of sound andesite are 2.4 g/cm3 and 8 % by volume respectively. On the weathered parts
of the stone, the porosity increases with degree of weathering. The depth of the weathered zone from the
surface to the inner parts which was determined by SEM analysis is about 3.0 cm. On the weathered parts
of stone, clay minerals and iron oxides were determined as weathering products of andesite. The existence
of clays on the exterior and the interior parts of the andesite accelerates weathering by their swelling–
shrinkage properties and provide suitable conditions for the biological growth.
Fig. 1 General View of Aigai Agora
149
ELECTROKINETIC DESALINATION OF SANDSTONES – INFLUENCE OF STONE
POROSITY ON THE PROCESS
Ottosen, Lisbeth M.1, Skibsted, Gry1, Paz-Garcia, Juan M. 1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Building 118, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, email: [email protected]
Keywords: Salt Decay, Electrokinetic, Desalination
The crystallization of salts is widely recognized as one of the primary causes of irreversible damage to
many cultural objects such as sculptures and historic buildings1. While the removal of water-soluble salts
sounds easy, it can prove difficult in practice, particularly in the case of objects of monumental scale1.
Use of poultice materials to reduce the salt content in infected monuments is an established technique in
conservation. However, due to the complex nature of salt problems, the result can be variable and
unpredictable2. Thus there is a need for more reliable methods. The present work aims at developing such
a method for stone desalination based on electrochemical principles.
During poulticing the major transport mechanisms for the salt out from the stone into the poultice are
diffusion and advection. A more controlled and efficient transport may be obtained by applying an
electric potential. The ions of the salts will move by electromigration (in accordance to their charge)
towards the electrodes, which are placed in the poultice. The principle is shown in figure 1 as a laboratory
setup. The transport direction of ions is determined by the placement of the electrodes. When the
desalination is completed, the ions from the salts are concentrated in the poultice and can be removed
with it.
Previously, the method has shown successful in laboratory scale for the removal of NaCl from baked clay
bricks3. The present work focuses on removal of NaCl from four different sandstone types. The
sandstones all had a lower porosity than the brick used in 3. The open porosity of the sandstones varied
from 11.8 to 22.4%. For the stone with the lowest porosity, removal of NaCl and Na2SO4 was compared.
NaCl was removed from all the four sandstones to low and acceptable
concentrations. The porosity did not influence the transport numbers
significantly (the amount of current carried by target ions), but the
electric resistance was highest with the lowest porosity.
In the comparison between NaCl and Na2SO4, the chloride ion was
removed faster than the sulphate ion from the stone closest to the
anode. This was probably linked to precipitation of CaSO4. However,
when a higher current was applied, this effect was minimized.
Fig 1. Principle of electrokinetic
desalination. The ions move into an
external poultice during application
1.
2.
3.
The major conclusion is that the electrokinetic method can be used
even for desalination of sandstones with a low porosity and it can be
used for removal of both chlorides and sulphates.
Pel, L.; Sawdy, A., Voronia, V. (2010) Physical principles and efficiency of salt extraction by poulticing. J. Cultural
Heritage, 11, 59–67
Sawdy, A.; Heritage, A.; Pel, L. (2008) A review of salt transport in porous media, assessment methods and salt
reduction treatments. Proceedings from Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculptures, October, 2008, Copenhagen,
Denmark, 1-27
Ottosen, L.M., Rörig-Dalgård, I. (2009) Desalination of a brick by application of an electric DC field. Materials and
Structures 42(7), 961-971
150
A MULTI ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO STUDY ANCIENT MANIFACTURED
STONES
Santo Alba P.1, Benvenuti Marco1, Pecchioni Elena1, Colombini Maria Perla2, Lucejko Jeannette
J.2, Moroni Adriana3
1
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, via La Pira, 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy – [email protected];
Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento, 35, 56126 Pisa, Ital;
3
Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali “G.Sarfatti”, Università di Siena, via T.Pendola, 62, 53100 Siena, Italy
2
Keywords: Manufactured Sandstones, Instrumental Analysis, Organic Substances.
To shed light on the “mysterious” use of some manufactured rocky blocks found in the archaeological site
of Pietralba (Pieve S.Stefano, AR, Italy), a multi-analytical investigation was performed.
The site is located on the right slope of the deeply incised valley of the Tignana Creek, a tributary of the
Tiber River. Along this slope several blocks of sandstone occur as the product of ancient rockfalls. Some
of these blocks are carved and despite they are highly weathered, the chisel signs are still visible. The
blocks, clearly worked “in situ”, display different shapes resembling, for instance, a tub, the letter L, a
throne, a pyramid; even though the wide diffusion of similar manufactured rocks, their use and their age
are still unclear though several hypotheses have been put forward. The most credited ones concern uses
as water places, as plant-mills or for tanning.
In this work we report the first results obtained on the tub block
(Fig. 1); this manufactured rock displays a depth of few
decimetres and is characterised by an open side downslope;
possibly, only small volumes of unknown substances were
temporarily stored in the tub. Furthermore, the absence of any
source of water at a suitable distance suggests that any treatment
would be possible with few or no water solution.
Rock samples collected in the tub were analysed in order to
obtain the sandstone mineralogical (XRD analyses) and
chemical inorganic composition
(XRF analyses). Successively, Fourier Transform
Fig. 1: The tub
Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used with the aim of identifying
the presence of organic components.
Very interestingly, oily organic substances have been found and, in particular, vegetable lipids, both
diterpenic and triterpenic molecules; these latter are often contained in the bark of plants. Was the tub
used for maceration or beaten of cortex or berries, acorns and/or leaves of oak or chestnut? In order to
answer to this important question it could be necessary to comprehend the importance of both the
topographic position, the morphology and the vegetable cover and to understand the characteristics of the
manufactured rocks, i.e. resistant water tight tanks, located in a dry place, and capable of withstanding the
weight of such a type of working.
This work presents the preliminary results obtained on different rock samples belonging to the tub, the
letter L, the throne, the pyramid.
151
EVALUATING THE RATE OF ROCK ART DETERIORATION IN WADI MAGHARA
AND WADI MUKATTAB IN SINAI, EGYPT
Hemeda Sayed1, Walid Alghareb2
1
Lecturer, Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Egypt.,
[email protected]; 2 Supreme Council of Antiquities, Egypt.
Keywords: Rock Deterioration, SEM Analyses, Wadi Maghara
One of the key reasons for the Wadi Maghara and Wadi
Mukattab’s status as a World Heritage Sites due is the abundance
of rock art there. Unfortunately, through time, much of the rock art
heritage in the two archaeological sites is being lost through
natural rock weathering processes, static and dynamic actions, and
the latter lack of preservation and through the actions of people.
The fragile art heritage is non-renewable and, therefore, requires
specialized management.
Several rock faces in Wadi Maghara have relief inscriptions of
early rulers of Egypt which document their expeditions to mine the
precious minerals, primarily turquoise and copper, found in the
area. Wadi Mukattab (just south of Wadi Maghara): the valley of
inscriptions: over a 3 km distance along this valley inscriptions can
be found on the mountain rocks that have mostly been made by
Nabateans (2nd and 3rd C) but also by others, pelgrims-soldiersFig. 1 Wadi Maghara inscription
traders, throughout the centuries.
In a case study, specific inscriptions from study areas were analyzed using SEM, polarizing
microscope, XRD, XRF, DTA-TGA, Grain Size
Distribution, Pore Media Characterization and digital
photographs with Geographic Information Systems
software. Older images were compared with more recent
ones and this was utilized to classify and quantify the
amount of deterioration that has taken place overtime.
Various methodologies were applied to classifying the
images, and it was found that manual digitising provided
the best means for quantifying the amount of
deterioration. Results showed that the damage to the
figure is predominantly through rock structures
instability because of extensive jointing and rock fall
gravity, dynamic actions and through the granular
disaggregation of the rock surface.
The methodology utilised in this study can be
utilised to evaluate the rate of decay of rock art and is,
Fig. 2 Wadi Mukattab inscription, present state
therefore a useful tool for determining priorities with
regard to the conservation of Wadi Maghara and Wadi
Mukattab inspections. In addition, the rate of deterioration
is useful for evaluating and quantifying the contribution of
rock weathering to landscape evolution.
152
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NANOPARTICLE CONSOLIDANTS APPLIED ON
LECCE STONE
Weththimuni Maduka1, Licchelli Maurizio 1,2, Malagodi Marco3, Zanchi Chiara 1
1
Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy, e-mail: [email protected];
Centro Interdipartimentale di Studi e Ricerche per la Conservazione dei Beni Culturali (CISRiC), Università di
Pavia, via A. Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy; 3Laboratorio Arvedi, Università di Pavia, via A. Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia,
Italy
2
Keywords: Nanoparticles, Consolidation Treatments, Lecce Stone
Nanotechnology provides new concepts and materials for the conservation of cultural heritage items. In
particular, innovative products based on nanometric particles of different compounds have been proposed
in recent years for the conservation of stone materials.
In the present study, the consolidation effectiveness of some inorganic nanoparticles dispersions (silica,
calcium hydroxide and strontium hydroxide) is evaluated when applied on a very porous stone substrate,
i.e. Lecce Stone. The strengthening effect of the nanoparticle-based treatments is compared to that
exhibited by the well-known consolidant tetraethoxysilane (TEOS).
SiO2 nanoparticles and TEOS are commercially available products and have been studied as a water
dispersion and as a white spirit solution, respectively.
Ca(OH)2 and Sr(OH)2 nanoparticles [1, 2] have been prepared in laboratory and characterized by
transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR) and micro-raman spectroscopy. The kinetic stability of dispersions of both Ca(OH)2
and Sr(OH)2 nanoparticles in water, in propan-2-ol as well as water/propan-2-ol mixtures has also been
determined by UV-vis spectrophotometry [3]. In propan-2-ol the nanoparticles dispersion are much more
stable than in the other considered solvents. The relative kinetic stability parameter for alcohol dispersion
is 80% after 8 hours, while in pure water it drops to 7% after only one hour. Owing to their lower stability
in aqueous solvents Ca(OH)2 and Sr(OH)2 nanoparticles have been prepared and applied as propan-2-ol
dispersions.
Moreover, a study of the nanolime carbonatation process has been carried out by using FTIR and microraman spectroscopy. It showed nanolime completed carbonatation within 12 days in the laboratory
conditions.
Dispersions of the considered nanoparticles have been applied to standard specimens of Lecce Stone, a
highly porous biocalcarenite. Other specimens of the same stone have been treated by tetraethoxysilane
(white spirit solution), used as a reference.
The effects of treatments on the stone surface have been studied by water capillary absorption and
permeability to water vapour tests as well as by colorimetric measurements and optical microscopy
observations.
Distribution of the applied product into the stone has been examined by porosimetry measurements,
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX).
The chemical weathering effect of salt crystallization of the treated specimens has been evaluated by
performing the dry weight loss (DWL) test [4].
All the results obtained after application of the considered nanoparticles are discussed and their
performance as consolidants compared to that of tetraethoxysilane.
References:
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
B. Salvadori, and L. Dei, Langmuir, 17, 2001, 2371-2374.
E. Ciliberto, G. G. Condorelli, S. La Delfa, and E. Viscuso, Appl. Phys. A, 92, 2008, 137-141.
R. Giorgi, L. Dei, and P. Baglioni, Studies in Conservation, 45, 2000, 154-161.
V. Zedef, K. Kocak, A. Doyen, H. Ozsen, and B. Kekec, Building and Environment, 42, 2007, 1453-1457.
153
A DEEP KNOWLEDGE OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF MULTI-COMPONENT
PRODUCTS FOR STONE PROTECTION BY AN INTEGRATED ANALYSIS
APPROACH
Calia Angela1, Colangiuli Donato1, Lettieri Mariateresa1, Matera Loredana1
1
C.N.R.-I.B.A.M. (Istituto per i Beni Archeologici e Monumentali), Lecce, Italy, [email protected];
Keywords: Stone Protection, Penetration Depth, Chemical and Physical Characteristics
154
Calcite
Siloxane
Siloxane
Siloxane
Calcite
Calcite
Calcite
Calcite
Methacrylate
Methacrylate (C=O)
Calcite
Siloxane
The application of hydrophobic polymers to stone materials is even more becoming an important
treatment to protect cultural heritage from decay and to preserve stone artefacts. In order to increase the
characteristics and performance of water-repellent treatments, multi-component formulations, containing
various monomers and copolymerizing directly on stone, received great attention. These formulations
have to satisfy two fundamental requirements for stone treatment: the waterproof capability and the
colourless. Polymeric materials are often quite different, in terms of chemical and physical characteristics,
polymerization rate, and rheological properties, when obtained on inert rather than real substrates. This is
due not only to the variegate chemical composition of the stones but, even more, to their micro-structural
characteristics (such as structure, roughness and porosity) which can influence the copolymerization and,
subsequently, change the characteristics of the water-repellent. Therefore it is crucial to have the right
tools to investigate how the substrate affects the monomers’ distribution, and consequently their real
stoichiometric ratio, other than the copolymerization reaction. To this aim we used an integrated analysis
approach based on data collected by different instruments, which allows a deeper knowledge of the
behaviour of potential innovative water-repellents also considering the interaction with the stone support.
The methodology is based on static contact angle
measurements, to assess sample hydrophobicity before and
after the treatment, and colorimetric measurements to evaluate
colour changes due to the application of the protective product.
Moreover, data obtained by FT-IR analysis (allowing
recognition of the functional groups of the monomers present in
the mixture), together with ESEM observations and EDS
microanalysis (allowing traceability of suitable atoms), make it
possible to study the penetration depth of the treatments, as
well as to evaluate the distribution uniformity of the mixture
EDS analysis at various depths
and of each monomer in the treated material.
This combined approach was used to evaluate the behaviour of
an acrylic/vinyl-polysiloxane multi-component water-repellent applied on two calcareous stones having
different micro-structural characteristics: a compact limestone with total porosity of about 2% and a soft
calcarenite with medium/high total porosity (about 25%).
By monitoring the waterproofness and the colour changes caused by the treatment, it was clear that the
characteristics of the material obtained by in situ polymerization were strongly substrate-dependent.
Furthermore, the analysis by FT-IR and ESEM-EDS, performed on both treated sample surfaces and
cross sections, displayed significant differences
Cross section > 3.5 mm
Surface
Cross section 0‐3.5 mm
between the two studied stones. In particular it was
found that the new formulation was inappropriate for
compact limestones and that the various monomers
penetrated differently into the porous stone
producing a change in the mixture composition at
microscopic level. This evidence suggested suitable
changes to the composition of the protective
formulation to improve its performance.The results
FT-IR analysis at various depths
obtained by this integrated analysis approach show
that the knowledge of the behaviour of multicomponent mixtures with reference to the substrates allows evaluating the efficacy of new waterrepellents as well as identifying critical issues related to the support nature, providing useful information
for the product optimization.
FLUORINATED POLYURETHANE-MONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITES
FOR THE PROTECTION OF LECCE STONE
Zanchi Chiara1, Capsoni Doretta1, Licchelli Maurizio1,2, Mustarelli Piercarlo1, Tomasi Corrado3,
Weththimuni Maduka1
1
Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, e-mail: [email protected]; 2Centro Interdipartimentale
di Studi e Ricerche per la Conservazione dei Beni Culturali (CISRiC), Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 3 IENI-CNR,
Pavia, Italy
Keywords: Stone Protection, MMT Composites, Waterborne Polyurethane
In the field of cultural heritage, polymer matrix based nanocomposite systems, formulated with different
classes of synthetic organic polymeric compounds as well as with different nanoparticles, represent
innovative solutions as protective agents for different stone substrates.
Because of their nanometer-size dispersion, these materials exhibit improved properties when compared
with the pure polymers or with conventional filled polymers. There is evidence from scientific
community [1, 2] that nano-scale dispersions of low amount of nano-materials into polymeric matrices
enhance the protective action performed by the original polymeric material, including impermeability to
liquid water, chemical and photochemical stability, oil repellence, good optical properties and inertness
towards the stone substrate.
Among different stone substrates, Lecce Stone represents a very challenging stone to protect, due to its
characteristics, most of all its porosity and pore size distribution. Different products have been proposed
as suitable to protect this substrate, acting as efficient hydrophobic barrier, thus preventing condensed
water uptake by capillary absorption, which represents one of the main causes of degradation of the stone
material.
In the present work a fluorinated polyurethane [3], commercially available as a water dispersion
(Fluorolink® P56), has been added with different amounts (1%, 3% and 5% w/w with respect to
polyurethane) of two different types of commercial montmorillonite, namely Dellite® HPS and Dellite®
43B (organically modified). The suspensions, obtained by ultrasonication, have been applied as
hydrophobic agents to standard specimens of Lecce Stone by brush. The objective was to investigate the
effectiveness of the treatments and to correlate their hydrophobic performance with the presence of nanofiller inside the polymer matrix.
Composite films as well as Dellite samples have been characterized by means of ATR-FTIR.
X-Ray diffraction measurements (XRD) have been performed to evaluate the nano-dispersion level of the
montmorillonites into the polymer matrix. Thermal behavior of nanocomposite films has been analyzed
by DSC and thermogravimetric analysis.
Viscosity of the suspensions has been also assessed before application.
The performance of each treatment has been evaluated through physical as well as morphological
investigations performed on untreated and treated Lecce Stone specimens. In particular water capillary
absorption and permeability to water vapour tests were performed in addition to microscopic observations
and colorimetric measurements. Contact angle determinations have been also performed on treated
samples in order to assess both water and oil repellency.
Properties of the treated stone surface (e.g. water repellence and resistance to solvents) are related to
some features of the fluorinated polymer nanocomposites, such as type of dispersed montmorillonite,
nanofiller amount in the polymer matrix and experimental conditions used in the preparation of
suspensions.
References:
[1] L.D'Arienzo, P. Scarfato, L. Incarnato, Journal of Cultural Heritage 9 (2008) 253-260
[2] P.N. Manoudis, A. Tsakalof, I. Karapanagiotis, I. Zuburtikudis, C. Panayiotou, Surface & Coatings Technology 203 (2009)
1322–1328
[3] M. Licchelli, S. J. Marzolla, A. Poggi, C. Zanchi, Journal of Cultural Heritage 12 (2011) 34–43
155
156
SELF-CLEANING MATERIALS FOR ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE:
APPLICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TIO2-BASED COATINGS ON
STONE SURFACES
Munafò Placido1, Bondioli Federica2, Quagliarini Enrico1, Goffredo Giovanni B.1, Licciulli
Antonio3, Diso Daniela3, Franza Sergio3
1
Department of Architecture, Constructions and Structures, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche,
60131, Ancona, Italy, [email protected]; 2Department of Materials and Environmental Engineering, University
of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Vignolese 905, 41100, Modena, Italy, [email protected]; 3Salentec srl,
via dell’Esercito, 8, 73020, Cavallino (LE), Italy, [email protected];
Keywords: Architectural Heritage, Titanium Dioxide, Self-Cleaning Surfaces
The development and application of self-cleaning treatments on historical and architectural stone surfaces
could bring a significant improvement in conservation, protection and maintenance of Cultural Heritage.
The aim of this investigation is the application of titanium dioxide based coating on historical and
architectural surfaces to evaluate its possible use as a self-cleaning treatment.
Titanium dioxide based coating was obtained by sol-gel and hydrothermal (134 °C) processes and then
the TiO2 sol was applied on travertine (a limestone largely used in historical buildings of Mediterranean
area) by spray coating in two different ways, obtaining a single-layer and a three-layer coating.
In order to verify the potential use of TiO2 based coating in the field of Architectural Heritage, the
maintenance of appearance properties of treated surfaces was monitored by colour and gloss analyses.
Static contact angle and wettability were monitored to assess possible changes in surface properties of
treated stones and to evaluate photo-induced hydrophilicity. Static contact angle analysis, water
adsorption, de-pollution and soiling removal tests were carried out under UV-light exposure to evaluate
photo-induced effects and self-cleaning efficiency.
Obtained results show that analyzed TiO2 based treatments modify the aestethic aspect of the treated
surfaces in a negligible way, while without UV-light exposure there are no evident changes in static
contact angle, capillary rise and wettability of treated surfaces. The trasparency of the coatings and the
absence of significant changes in the morphology of the limestones seem to allow the use of these
coatings on historical and architectural surfaces made up by travertine.
Photo-induced effects (hydrophilicity, nitrogen oxide and soiling degradation) are very evident. Treated
surfaces show hydrophilic behaviour during UV-light exposure, but this increase in wettability does not
seem to lead to higher values of water adsorption, since water creates a film on solid surface without
being adsorbed. The analyzed TiO2 coatings are able to effectively photo-degrade NO under UV-light
exposure and to accelerate the degradation process of deposited dye. The combination of these properties
may lead to an actual self-cleaning effect.
The deposited amount of TiO2 through spray coating does not seem to increase photo-induced properties,
since just outer layer is in contact with UV-light and external materials to be degraded, like NO (as well
as other polluting substances) and deposited soiling.
157
THE CHURCH OF SAINT MARTIN (TRUJILLO, SPAIN): STUDY OF THE STONE
DEGRADATION
Arroyo Fátima1, Alcalde Moreno2, Villegas-Sánchez Rosario3
1
School of Engineering (University of Seville), Seville, Spain, [email protected]; 2School of Engineering (University
of Seville), Seville, Spain, [email protected]; 3School of Engineering (University of Seville), Seville, Spain [email protected]
Keywords: Stone, Conservation, Cultural Heritage
The Church of Saint Martin (fig. 1) is located in Trujillo (Caceres, Spain) and it was built in the 15th century. The
sub-soil is of granitic type. The climate of this area is Mediterranean type and the air pollution is scarce and of little
relevance in terms of stone degradation. The predominant stone
in the monument is of granitic type originated from local
quarries.
After a careful sampling of the building, a mineralogicalpetrographical analysis was performed applying the following
analytical techniques: X-Ray Diffraction and Polarized Optical
Microscopy.
Furthermore, a macroscopic investigation on stone alterations
was carried out which allowed detecting that even though the
overall preservation state of the stone was good, ‘powdering’
existed in areas that were affected by dampness and therefore
some sculptural decoration was ruined. Abundant saline
efflorescence also existed. Furthermore a great variety of
Fig. 1 The church of Saint Martin
mortars that has been used during previous restoration works
(www.viajeuniversal.com)
was also detected. The composition of these mortars is based on
lime and crushed stone, Portland cement and arid-containing
plaster that could be the source of the high level of efflorescence.
This study has allowed proposing some actions to protect the monument.
DAMAGE EVALUATION ON STONE MATERIALS OF THE RICHINI COURTYARD
(MILAN, ITALY)
P. Fermo1, A. Piazzalunga1,2, A. Omegna1
1
Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Inorganic, Metallorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Via Venezian
21, 20133 Milano, Italy; 2 University of Milano Bicocca,Department of Environmental Science, Piazza della Scienza
1, 20126 Milano, Italy
It has been recognized that air pollutants interact with carbonate surfaces and cause major damage to architectural
heritage. The focus of the present study is to evaluate the damage on the stone materials that have been used for the
realization of Richini courtyard. The courtyard was designed in the seventeenth century by Francesco Maria Richini
in the complex of Ca 'Granda Hospital, currently home to the University of Milan. Since 1990 has been the subject of
an important conservative intervention. At a distance of twenty years after the restoration, "Richini Project" aims to
make an assessment of the effectiveness and durability of the solutions used. This study lies in the framework of this
project.
At this purpose the quantification of soluble salts within the stone samples, collected on the four sides of the
courtyard, has been performed by ion chromatography. A widespread sulfatation phenomenon has been put in
evidence with differences in intensity among the sides because of different exposition to the atmospheric agents.
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) present on the stone surfaces has been examined. In fact PM is involved in the
formation of the black crusts that sometimes cover the surfaces. A new methodology has been set up for the
quantification of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), which are mainly responsible of the blackening of
those areas. PM major inorganic constituents (cations and anions) have been also quantified and observations by
SEM-EDX have allowed the identification of metals that may act as catalysts in the reactions of degradation.
158
THE CATHEDRAL OF JEREZ DE LA FRONTERA (CÁDIZ, SPAIN): STUDY OF THE
STONE DEGRADATION
Villegas Rosario1, Arroyo Fátima2, Alcalde Manuel3
1
School of Engineering (University of Seville), Seville, Spain, [email protected]; 2School of Engineering (University
of Seville), Seville, Spain, [email protected]; 3School of Engineering (University of Seville), Seville, Spain,
[email protected]
Keywords: Stone, Conservation, Cultural Heritage
In this paper the alteration of the stone of the Cathedral of Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz, Spain) has been
studied. Firstly an environmental study was performed. Secondly a physical and chemical
characterization of building materials, a visual inspection of alterations were carried out and, finally, a
deterioration diagnosis was determined.
After chemical characterization, two
lithotypes has been identified in the
construction of the building: one from
Puerto de Santa María and one from
Jerez de la Frontera, known as
Martelilla. The stone of Puerto de Santa
Maria is a calcarenite bio-esparithic with
a great variability in the silica/calcium
carbonate ratio. It is a very soft and
crumbly rock. Martelilla stone is a
yellow limestone containing grains of
quartz and interstitial granular cement
highly recrystallized.
Regarding the porosimetry, in most
samples from the building the smaller
pore size percentage increases with
respect to the quarry samples.
Visual analysis revealed that the
Fig. 1 Cathedral of Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz, Spain)
alteration indicators more common are:
the grain disgregation caused by cycles
of salt crystallization and dissolution of rising damp mainly from the ground, and biological alteration
such as biofilms formed by algae and mosses and higher plants.
Prior to the intervention phase, several conservation treatments have been applied to samples from the
quarry of Puerto de Santa Maria, which is the most abundant in the building. The results after accelerated
weathering show that the organosilicic products have performed better than acrylic or acrylsiliconic.
Results of this study would allow a better selection of treatments according to the stone material and the
factors affecting the building.
159
MICROSTRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL EFFECTS OF HEATING AS AN
ARTIFICIAL WEATHERING METHOD FOR STONE IN CONSOLIDANTS TESTING
Franzoni Elisa1, Sassoni Enrico2, Scherer George W. 3, Naidu Sonia 4
1
DICAM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, [email protected]; 2 DICAM, University of Bologna,
Bologna, Italy, [email protected]; 3 CEE, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, [email protected]; 4
CBE, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, [email protected]
Keywords: Artificial Weathering; Heating; Consolidants
Weathering of stone causes alterations in the pore system and microstructure (e.g. increase in porosity
and/or pore size, opening of microcracks, grain detachment, etc.), which result in modified physical and
mechanical properties. Consequently, the effectiveness of stone consolidants, which are aimed at reestablishing cohesion between grains and thus enhancing mechanical properties, significantly depends on
the weathering level of the stone specimens on which the treatments are tested. Therefore, as the actual
performance of new consolidating materials should preferably be tested on weathered stone specimens,
the importance of developing methods for artificial weathering of stone, which provide altered specimens
with uniform and reproducible characteristics, is evident. In this paper, the effectiveness of heating stone
specimens to high temperature to induce controllable microstructural, physical and mechanical
alterations, was investigated.
Three lithotypes with different characteristics were used: Globigerina limestone (a highly porous
limestone), Giallo Siena (a highly porous calcareous sandstone) and Pietra Serena (a medium porous
quartzitic sandstone). The lithotypes were characterized in terms of mineralogical composition, carbonate
content, pore size distribution and rate of water sorption. The mechanical properties were assessed by
measuring dynamic elastic modulus, compressive and tensile strength. The lithotypes were then heated
for 1 hour to high temperatures, in different conditions: (i) dry specimens were heated to 100, 200, 300
and 400°C; (ii) water-saturated specimens were heated to 200°C; (iii) water–saturated specimens were
heated to 200°C and, after cooling to room temperature, re-heated to 400°C in dry conditions. For each
condition, the effect of heating was assessed by measuring the variation in dynamic elastic modulus. The
variations in compressive and tensile strength, as well as pore size distribution and sorption rate, were
assessed, for each lithotype, after heating in the condition that brought the biggest change in dynamic
elastic modulus.
The effects of heating vary significantly with stone mineralogical composition and porosity. Indeed,
after heating all the lithotypes exhibited a decrease in elastic modulus and an increase in porosity and
water sorption rate. However, lithotypes with comparable amount of calcite (subjected to anisotropic
deformation during heating and hence responsible for opening microcracks) exhibited different variations
in dynamic elastic modulus as a function of porosity. This was explained by considering that a larger
amount of pores allows some deformation of calcite crystals without causing stress and microcracks
opening. Moreover, one of the lithotypes, in spite of exhibiting a decrease in dynamic elastic modulus,
actually experienced an increase in compressive and tensile strength after heating to high temperature.
This seems to be due to chemical-physical transformations undergone by secondary mineralogical
fractions in the stone (clay minerals, etc.).
All things considered, heating proved to be a fairly effective and reproducible method to cause
artificial weathering of stone. In fact, the increases in porosity and water sorption rate and the decrease in
mechanical properties, as a consequence of heating, suitably resemble the effects of a prolonged exposure
to natural environmental weathering, which is usually responsible of stone microstructural and physical
modifications comparable to those produced by heating. However, depending on the microstructural
characteristics of the lithotypes, the effectiveness of heating may vary significantly, which requires
complementary methods for artificial weathering to be developed.
160
EFFECTIVENESS OF HYDROXYAPATITE AS A CONSOLIDATING TREATMENT
FOR LITHOTYPES WITH VARYING CARBONATE CONTENT AND POROSITY
Sassoni Enrico1, Franzoni Elisa2, Pigino Barbara3, Scherer George W. 4, Naidu Sonia5
1
DICAM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, [email protected]; 2 DICAM, University of Bologna,
Bologna, Italy, [email protected]; 3 DICAM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, [email protected]; 4
CEE, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, [email protected]; 5 CBE, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ,
USA, [email protected]
Keywords: Hydroxyapatite, Teos, Consolidation
A new consolidating treatment for limestone, based on the reaction between diammonium hydrogen
phosphate (DAP) and calcite in the stone to form hydroxyapatite (HAP), has recently been proposed [1].
Thanks to the formation of HAP at grain boundaries, so that grains are more effectively bonded, treated
limestone exhibits a significant increase in dynamic elastic modulus and tensile strength. In this paper the
effectiveness of HAP as a consolidant for lithotypes with varying calcite content and porosity was
investigated and compared with that of a TEOS-based consolidant.
Three lithotypes, widely used in historical and modern architecture, were selected: Globigerina
limestone (a highly porous limestone, typically used in Malta), Giallo Siena (a highly porous calcareous
sandstone, used in Tuscany) and Pietra Serena (a medium porous quartzitic sandstone, typically used in
Florentine architecture). According to previously developed methodologies [1], stone specimens were
preliminary artificially “weathered” by heating to 200°C for 1 hour, after water saturation, and then to
400°C for 1 hour, in dry condition. The microstructure of weathered specimens was characterized in
terms of mineralogical composition and pore size distribution. Physical and mechanical properties of
weathered stones were assessed by determining the rate of water absorption, dynamic elastic modulus and
compressive strength on cubic samples (5 cm side) and tensile strength on cylindrical samples (5 cm
height, 2 cm diameter). For each lithotype, two sets of weathered samples were then treated: (i) with a 1.0
M aqueous solution of DAP; (ii) with a solution of TEOS oligomers, each applied by brushing until
apparent refusal. The specimens treated with DAP were then wrapped with a plastic film for 2 days to
avoid evaporation of DAP solution, then washed by immersion in de-ionized water for 3 days and finally
dried at room temperature using a fan. The specimens treated with TEOS were cured in ambient
conditions for 28 days. For each consolidating treatment, the effects were assessed by comparing physical
and mechanical properties of treated and untreated stones, using the same techniques as above, and by
SEM/EDAX observation.
The results of the study show that HAP-treated specimens experienced an increase in dynamic
elastic modulus and tensile strength substantially similar to those achieved by TEOS-treated ones. In
particular, both the consolidating systems performed better on the calcareous sandstone than on the
siliceous one. While this was expected in the case of HAP treatment, given the higher amount of Ca2+
ions available for reaction in a calcareous stone, in the case of TEOS-based treatment the better
performance on the calcareous sandstone was ascribed to the low penetration depth reached in the
siliceous stone, which, even after artificial damaging, exhibited low water absorption and sorption rate.
HAP treated stones experienced very low variations in porosity and pore size distribution and,
consequently, no substantial variation in the rate of water sorption.
Considering the good performance on both calcareous and siliceous lithotypes, comparable to that of
a commercial TEOS-based treatment, the HAP treatment is confirmed as a promising consolidating
system, which has the advantage of being effective after just two days, not substantially altering the
transport properties of treated stones and not being hazardous for human health, thanks to the aqueous
solvent.
1. Sassoni E., Naidu S., Scherer G.W. (2011) The use of hydroxyapatite as a new inorganic consolidant for damaged carbonate
stones, in press in Journal of Cultural Heritage, DOI:10.1016/j.culher.2011.02.005
161
A PRELIMINARY STUDY FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF SOILS USED IN
KULTEPE’S ADOBE STRUCTURES WITH THE PURPOSE OF PROVIDING DATA
FOR CONSERVATION AND ARCHAEOLOGY
Uğuryol Mehmet1, Kulakoğlu Fikri2
1
Istanbul University, Faculty of Letters (PhD candidate), Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]; 2 Ankara University,
Faculty of Languages, History and Geography, Ankara, Turkey, [email protected]
Keywords: Conservation, Characterization, Adobe
Kultepe the ancient Kanesh, is located 20 km northeast of modern Kayseri and is at the center of the plain
formed at the foot of Erciyes, the highest mountain in the Central Anatolian plateau. Kultepe was a great
center in Anatolia since the Early Bronze Age and was adorned with monumental buildings at the end of
this era. During the Assyrian Trade Colony Period (1950-1700 B.C.), Kultepe became an important trade
and cultural center of the kingdom of Kanesh, as well as of Northern Syria and Mesopotamia. The Lower
City or Karum, located at the surrounding area of the Kultepe mound was inhabited for about 250 years.
This settlement included stone paved main streets and sidewalks with drainage channels for wastewater.
All the buildings discovered so far, like palaces and temples on the mound and private dwellings in
Karum, were made of mud-brick walls on stone foundations. Mostly being destroyed by fierce
conflagration in ancient periods, these adobe ruins and also mudplastered stone fortifications, are under erosion threat today by
the influence of rainwater, as a consequence of the their water
sensitive nature.
After a long period of excavations, the new multi-disciplined
team decided to develop a site preservation plan, having both
preventive and active conservation basis, by means of evaluating
structures considering their particular weathering rates, material
properties, archaeological value and museological aspects. In the
point of active conservation, examination of effectiveness of
traditional, conventional and new intervention techniques and
materials came into question. Thus, characterizing building
Fig. 1 Airview of Kultepe and Karum
materials was put into the agenda primarily, as the starting point
of conservation. The main goals were providing data for developing compatible grouts; imitating soil
blocks, mortars, plasters for repairing and also for ageing tests in order to estimate the performances of
certain consolidants and surface coatings. Besides, revealing knowledge about provenance of the
materials, understanding probable material distinctions between various structures and obtaining data for
experimental archaeology were aimed.
Therefore a preliminary study which is the scope of this paper, was attempted with the intention to
determine a characterization methodology for the raw material of adobe in the future. The study was
realized on the soil samples obtained from remains of eroded walls of a house in Karum. It included,
determination of specific gravity, grain size distribution, liquidplastic-shrinkage limits (Atterberg Limits) by mechanical
analysis to understand the physical character of the soil; XRD
and SEM analysis in order to investigate the clay mineralogy;
stereo and polarized light microscope analysis of sand grains for
providing data for mineralogical and petrographical
investigation; BET analysis to detect specific surface area of
soil with the purpose of obtaining data about grain surface
features like capillarity and adsorption; spot tests and
conductivity measurements to understand soluble salt content
and their role in weathering process and predict their probable
Fig. 2 Samples from an eroded wall
interaction with certain conservation materials; acid treatment
and calcination tests to calculate the approximate amount of calcium carbonate content; loss of ignition
tests to figure out the amount of organic material.
162
EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERISATION OF ROMANESQUE MASONRIES: THE
REUSE OF FRAGMENTS OF ROMAN TILES AND BRICKS AND THE INFLUENCE
OF THE LOCAL COSTRUCTIVE TRADITION
Quagliarini Enrico1, Lenci Stefano1, Piattoni Quintilio1, Bondioli Federica2, Bernabei Irene2,
Lepore Giuseppe3, Zaccaria Mirco3
1
Department of Architecture, Buildings and Structures (DACS) - Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce
Bianche - 60131 Ancona, Italy, [email protected]; 2Department of Material and Environmental Engineering
(DIMA) - University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vignolese 905 - 41100 Modena, Italy,
[email protected]; 3Department of Classical Archaeology, P.zza S. Giovanni in Monte 2 - 40126
Keywords: Romanesque Masonries, Reuse Of Roman Materials, Experimental Analysis
This research concerned the study of the first constructive phase of the Romanesque masonries of the S.
Maria in Portuno’s church (Fig. 1) at Corinaldo (AN, Italy), by a multidisciplinary approach, with two
main objectives: the first one has been that to guide the future restoration of the masonries and the second
one has been the understanding of the influence of a peculiar constructive technique, based on the re-use
of Roman fragments of tiles and bricks, on the mechanical behaviour of the masonries.
To reach these main aims experimental investigations have been carried out
by the analysis of the constructive technique, the chemical-physical analysis
of mortars and fragments of Roman tiles and bricks of the Romanesque
walls and by the mechanical characterization of re-produced walls made by
the same materials and constructive technique of the studied masonries.
The exam of the Romanesque masonries, starting from those parts of the
structures with observable transversal sections, allowed to describe the used
constructive technique with reliability. The constructive technique is based
on the reuse of fragments of Roman tiles and bricks taken from the preexisting Roman structure (may be structures of a productive settlement),
now sited in a lower level than the Romanesque masonries of the church. If
the reuse of Roman materials in the Middle Age was a common practice, the
constructive technique has been considered very interesting due to the
peculiarity of the texture with features of continuity with the local Roman
Fig. 1: The S. Maria in
constructive tradition. In fact the Romanesque masonries are characterised
Portuno’s church.
by the presence of two different layers arranged in alternative mode: the first
one is made by fragments of brick and tile with the edges of larger thickness to the outside; the second
one within the internal space of the first layer, does not have fragments of tile with edges of larger
thickness.
The principal results of the chemical and physical analysis showed the nature of the used materials, the
low lime content in the mortar and they confirmed that the fragment of tiles and bricks, in the
Romanesque masonries, have been carried out in Roman age.
Some data of the chemical-physical analysis have been used also to reproduce a mortar similar to the
actual one, used to build walls similar to the original ones, made also by the same fragments of Roman
tiles and bricks. The monotonic and cyclic compression tests carried out on these wall specimens allowed
to investigate the influence of the constructive technology and technique on their mechanical behaviour.
In conclusion, the results obtained by the chemical-physical analysis will guide the future restoration of
the Romanesque masonries of the church ensuring the compatibility of the new materials used in the
repair with the original ones. The experimental results obtained by mechanical tests let to increment the
actual knowledge on the mechanical behaviour of the historical masonries, to provide input for the
structural analysis on the seismic vulnerability of the investigated masonries and also to answer to
archaeological questions.
163
A MEDITERRANEAN NETWORK FOR INDEXING THE BIODETERIORATION OF
STONE CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE PROJECT FOR VALIDATING AND
SPREADING THE LPBA INDEX
Gazzano Claudia1, Favero-Longo Sergio Enrico1, Matteucci Enrica1 and Piervittori Rosanna1
1
Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: LPBA Index Validation, Lichens, Stonework Conservation
An index of Lichen Potential Biodeteriogenic Activity (LPBA) to measure the impact of lichens on
stonework on the basis of the extent of impact of each species, quantified both on the surface and within
the substratum, has been recently proposed [1]. A research network was invoked at the previous Cultural
Heritage Cairo 2009 Congress to validate this index [2]. Accordingly, a collaboration with Italian and
European colleagues has been established for (a) validating the Index and, also, for (b) spreading the
Index as practical tool (numeric descriptor) for public authorities, managers and professionals to plan and
improve stonework conservation by defining restoration priorities, suiting the restoration work to the
deterioration level, identifying harmless colonizations, thus limiting the biocide release to the
environment, and supporting the conservation of lichens as important elements of terrestrial biodiversity.
This project will make use of (a) meetings/training schools for the sharing of scientific basis and technical
skills between experts and young researchers allowing the collection of new comparable datasets for the
validation process, (b) statistics experts to define the dataset size (n) to allow the statistical validation of
each parameter scale and the Index interpretation scale, (c) the collection of new datasets for the
validation by applying the Index to n case-studies, and by experimentally calibrating the parameter scales,
(d) short term exchanges of young scientists for developing the validation process, (e) dissemination
strategies in order to extend the scientific knowledge shared by scientists to non-scientists, as cultural
heritage managers and professionals, for a wider practical application in the near fututre. A webcommunity will be established as a permanent dissemination channel and maintained by the network’s
partners.
The coordination of the research groups involved in this project, which already work on biodeterioration
of stonework thanks to local, national and private funding, needs an economical support to realize these
goals.
References
[1] Gazzano C., Favero-Longo S.E., Matteucci E., Roccardi A. and Piervittori R. (2009) Index of Potential Biodeteriogenic Activity
(LPBA): A tentative tool to evaluate the lichen impact on stonework. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 63, 836-843.
[2] Piervittori R., Favero-Longo S.E., Gazzano C., Matteucci E., Caneva G., Grillo M., Modenesi P., Nimis P.L., Roccardi A.
(2010) Index of Lichen Potential Biodeteriogenic Activity: call for validation. In Proceedings 4th International Congress on
“Science and Technology for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage in the Mediterranean Basin” Cairo, Egypt 6th-8th December 2009
(Ferrari A. ed.) vol. I, 329-333.
164
DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF PROTECTIVE WINTER COVERS FOR
MARBLE STATUARIES OF THE SCHLOSSBRUECKE BERLIN (GERMANY)
Siegfried Siegesmund1, Joerg Ruedrich1, York Rieffel2, Stephan Pirskawetz3, Holger Alpermann4,
Ute Joksch2, Christoph Gengnagel4, Frank Weise3, Rudolph Plagge5, Jianhua Zhao5
1
Geoscience Centre of the University Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Goettingen, Germany, e-mail:
[email protected], 2Landesdenkmalamt Berlin, Klosterstraße 47, 10179 Berlin, Germany, 3Federal Institute for
Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany, 4Universitaet der Kuenste Berlin,
Hardenbergstraße 33, 10623 Berlin, Germany, 5University of Technology Dresden, Institute of Building Climatology,
Zellescher Weg 17, 01069 Dresden, Germany
The ‘‘Schlossbruecke’’ with its monumental sculptural groups made of Carrara marble, is situated in the
centre of Berlin on the edge of the Museum Island, a UNESCO world cultural heritage site. As a result of
their eventful history and exposure to the elements, these sculptures now show considerable signs of
damage. Winter coverings are part of the conservation procedures for exposed monuments and consist of
highly complex systems. These systems have to be adapted to the climatic conditions, the structural and
technical circumstances and the material properties of the statues as well as being applied in a practical
way. The design demands for the Schlossbruecke winter covers were particularly challenging. The
geometry of the sculptures, the balustrades and the side walls differs from figure to figure, requiring each
winter cover to be customised, respectively.
An innovative winter covering system for marble statuaries would need to fulfil the various requirements
for structural stability, aesthetics, climate and practical use. This applied research represents the first
complex scientific study of the sustainability of a winter covering system. The study is characterised by
the use of complex scientific instruments such as special laboratory analysis and numerical simulation
tools. The interaction between the environment and the artefacts in connection with the innovative winter
covering structures were studied by extensive climatic monitoring.
Fig. 1: Schlossbruecke, Unter den Linden/Berlin: a Marble statuary ensemble on the southern side; b Sculpture group 1 ‘‘Nike
educates the boy in history’’ by Emil Wolff, 1847; c Sculpture group 2 ‘‘Athena teaches the young man how to use a weapon’’ by
Hermann Schievelbein, 1853; d Sculpture group 3 ‘‘Athena arms the warrior’’ by Karl Heinrich Moeller, 1851 and e Sculpture
group 4 ‘‘Nike crowns the hero’’ by Friedrich Drake, 1853
165
CHARACTERISATION OF ROMAN COATINGS FROM THE ROMAN HOUSE OF
“MITHRAEUM” IN MÉRIDA (SPAIN)
Robador Mª Dolores1, Arroyo Fátima2, Alcalde Manuel3
1
Department of Architectonic Constructions II (University of Seville), Seville, Spain, [email protected]; 2School of
Engineering (University of Seville), Seville, Spain, [email protected]; 3School of Engineering (University of
Seville), Seville, Spain, [email protected]
Keywords: Roman, Lime-Based Mortar, Characterisation
This work focused in the study of coating mortars from the Mithraeum house (Mérida, Spain). Ten
samples of lime-based Roman coatings mortars of the house of Mithraeum were analysed.
The rehabilitation of historical buildings is very important in terms of the history and culture of cities, and
inadequate intervention in historical buildings can cause more damage than benefit. Therefore, firstly, a
historic-scientific study of the original material needs to be carried out before any intervention in
historical buildings, and, secondly, the data obtained must be used either to produce a similar material or
to formulate a restoration mortar from modern materials without significant negative interactions with the
pre-existing materials.
Ten samples of coatings were studied: four of peristylum, two samples of subterranean rooms and one of
viridarium, and 3 stuccos of the paintings room (Figure 1). Samples can be divided into four main groups:
plaster mortar, coating mortar, stuccos and intervention mortars.
Fig. 1 Plant of the “Mithraeum” house
The apparent bulk density, porosity, adherence, pH chemical composition and particle size of aggregates
were measured according to the standard rules. The hydraulicity and the cementation indexes were
calculated. X-ray diffraction analysis of finely pulverized samples, optical microscopy with transmitted
and polarized light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive analyses (EDX)
techniques were used to examine the morphology, microstructure, and the texture of the mortars.
The wall covering of Mithreum House was made with thick layers of lime mortar and coloured stuccos.
Plaster mortars compositions were in the range 1/2.5/0.1 and 1/4.1/0.2 (lime/sand/arid), and, as usual in
Roman mortars, do not contain gypsum. In these mortars, a calcareous lime was used (not dolomite). The
sand used in each layer of the columns of viridarium is different.
166
In the microphotographs the great homogeneity achieved in the mixtures are shown. The technique of
mixture of arid and lime was perfect in both kind of mortars.
The columns of the house constitute an example of the technical treatise of Roman columns of false
marble, based in lime mortar. These columns contained a core of granite stone or bricks covered with four
layers: the under coat of lime mortar, a finer particle size plaster layer, and two thin finishing layers of
mortar stucco, white and coloured.
It can be concluded that in the whole Roman Empire a wide knowledge of the mortars and very strict
standards existed. They use high purity lime, and aggregate siliceous sand, marble dust and crushed
ceramic.
The durability of these coating mortars gives an idea of the knowledge Roman technicians had in
manufacturing and applying mortars. It has to be noticed that it is within the limits set in the current
regulations concerning aggregates of mortars that gives information about the quality level of these
Roman mortars.
BIODETERIORATION OF ARTISTIC TILES FROM THE FAÇADE OF THE
GRANDE ALBERGO AUSONIA & HUNGARIA (VENICE, ITALY)
Claudia Sorlini1, Lucia Giacomucci1, Ornella Salvadori2, Renzo Bertoncello3, Ilaria Martini3,
Monica Favaro4, Federica Villa1, Francesca Cappitelli1
1
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria
2, 20133 Milan, Italy, e-mail: [email protected]; 2Soprintendenza speciale per il patrimonio storico, artistico ed
etnoantropologico e per il polo museale della città di Venezia e dei comuni della Gronda lagunare, Laboratorio
Scientifico, Cannaregio 3553, 30131 Venezia, Italy; 3Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di
Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; 4Istituto di Chimica Inorganica e delle Superfici, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
The Grande Albergo Ausonia & Hungaria, located at Venice Lido, Italy, has polychrome tiles on its
façade. Although the hotel, including its façade, was restored in 2007, few years after the conservation
treatment many Art Nouveau tiles showed discolouration putatively attributed to the presence of
microorganisms. The aim of this work was to confirm the microbial deterioration and to characterise the
microbial communities causing the coloured alterations and to investigate their relationships with stone.
To this aim we employed optical and electronic microscope observations and applied PCR-DGGE
analysis, for the first time, for the microbial characterisation of the community in the biodeteriorated
tiles.
Our investigation revealed that the coloured alterations on the tiles were mainly due to the presence of
cryptoendolithic cyanobacteria and that the microflora present on them was influenced by the
environment of the Hungaria hotel. Several microorganisms exhibited preference for alkaline
environment, which is in the range of the tile pH, were aquatic taxa, and could energetically use
pollutants of the Venice lagoon and the acrylic resin Paraloid B72® used during the 2007 treatment.
167
MORTARS AND PLASTERS IN PALACES AND VILLAS IN MODENA BETWEEN
14TH AND 18TH CENTURY: A TOOL FOR DATING PROPOSAL
Laura Balboni1, Paolo Corradini2
1, 2
PhD in Preservation of Architectural Heritage (Politecnico in Milan)
Keywords: Mortar, Plaster, Construction Technique
Behind the precious ornaments that often enrich the surfaces of historical buildings, plasters and mortars
have been considered for a long time as an important "material document" which contain useful
information regarding materials, production processes, construction site, and the context within they were
constructed.
This study - focused on palaces and villas in the Modena territory dated back between 14th and 18th
century, which often result from several transformations and stratifications over the time - aims to
investigate if and how mortars may be an useful instrument which can contribute to the identification of
the different building phases.
The research moves from some widely studied buildings, where investigations showed uses and possible
datings of plasters; in particular, the opportunity to study the Rocca in Spilamberto closely - a fortified
residence which in the 17th century became the palace of the family and which still today encloses the
signs of its historical richness in its material consistence - allowed to investigate a wide range of
applications during the time. In order to identify building materials and construction techniques, mortars
and plasters have been carefully studied through macroscopical surveys. At the end of a wider study
which focused questions and identified critical points, several samplings have been taken and
characterized through laboratory analysis. In some cases, data coming from direct surveys find interesting
comparisons with archival documents, which inform us about materials used in building yards, places of
supplies and hands. Further information comes from treaties: among them, it's useful to underline the
little-known manuals edited next to the considered area by Spinelli and Angelotti between 17th and 18th
century, which give practical information about construction techniques.
At the end of an interdisciplinary research path, it has been possible to identify some changes in the
construction technique during the time; in particular situations, for instance, the materials used for binder,
such as it has been proposed for other Italian areas, has been recognized as a possible parameter for dating
proposal. Other important topic is related to the relationship between materials and the different ways of
use of mortars (setting mortar; plasters for internal or external uses; plaster for vaulted structures, etc.).
Finally, the research is extended and compared to other buildings in the territory and supported by studies
which analysed closed areas, in order to better understand the similarities and differences seen in case
studies. Besides, it can be considered as the beginning of a possible research path directed to the
systematization of comparisons of this construction technology among historical buildings in this context.
Looking towards conservation issues, this study could be useful, for instance, both for guiding diagnostic
analysis and for contributing to investigate any construction and modification passages of the several
feudal residencies in the territory, whose study has often been hindered due to few archival sources.
168
A NEW SEMI-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF BRICK MASONRIES
Sassoni Enrico1, Mazzotti Claudio2
1
DICAM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, [email protected]; 2DICAM, University of Bologna,
Keywords: Brick Masonry, Compressive Strength, Semi-Destructive Methods
In order to define the seismic vulnerability and to design restoration and retrofitting interventions of
ancient brick masonries, the estimation of masonry mechanical properties (e.g. elastic modulus,
compressive strength, shear strength, etc.) is of primary importance. Considering that the sampling of
representative brick-mortar specimens (small portions of wall) directly from the masonry is very
challenging and often too expensive or destructive, many non-destructive or semi-destructive
experimental techniques have been proposed so far for the indirect evaluation of masonry mechanical
properties, primarily compressive strength (e.g. by means of sonic and ultrasonic measurements,
penetrometer tests, sclerometer tests, etc.). Alternatively, mechanical properties of brick-mortar masonries
can be indirectly estimated by measuring brick and mortar compressive strength separately, and, then, by
deriving masonry compressive strength by homogenization techniques or some prediction models
empirically calibrated. In this paper, a new semi-destructive method for evaluating the compressive
strength of brick masonries by means of core-drilled brick-mortar specimens is presented and compared
with alternative methods.
Cylindrical samples (10 cm diameter) were core-drilled from the piers, the arches and the abutment
of a XIX century brick-mortar multi-span arch-bridge in Bologna (Italy), through their thickness. Each
core was then sawn to obtain specimens with 15 cm height. Fifteen cylindrical specimens, having the
mortar joint approximately next to the diameter of the core, one brick beneath and one or two bricks
above the mortar joint, were then selected. In order to evaluate the compressive strength of brick-mortar
cylindrical samples along the same direction as masonry is normally loaded in the original structure (i.e.
by applying load perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of
the specimen), two high-strength mortar horizontal
castings were realized above and beneath the cylindrical
sample (see Figure). In this way, a more uniform stress
distribution is obtained. The specimens were then subject
to compression force and the compression strength was
obtained.
To evaluate the representativeness of the results
obtained following the method described above, the
compressive strength of the masonry was also assessed by
determining the compressive strength of 54 cubic brick
samples and 28 prismatic mortar samples, separately, and
then calculating the resulting compressive strength of the
masonry according to the Italian standard D.M.
14/01/2008. Furthermore, the compressive strength of a
few properly sampled masonry specimens, made at least of
two brick layers and a mortar joint in-between, was
obtained and compared.
Considering the fair correspondence between the results obtained following the methods described
above (the compressive strength assessed following the method proposed in this study being slightly
higher than that calculated from the resistance of bricks and mortar, separately), the methodology
proposed here looks like a promising novel method, which has the advantage of directly determining the
compressive strength of masonry, by making use of relatively easily available core-drilled samples.
169
NEW MATERIALS FOR CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE
TECON@BC PROJECT
Piero Frediani1,2, Luca Rosi1, Marco Frediani1, Barbara Sacchi2, Giulia Giuntoli2, Andrea Pedna2
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Florence – Via della Lastruccia, 13 – 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Italy),
[email protected], 2 ICVBC- CNR –Via Madonna del Piano, 10 – 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Italy).
The TeCon@BC is a project supported by Regione Toscana and European Community to study materials
for conservation of Cultural Heritage. Inside this project new polymeric materials derived from natural
sources has been prepared and tested as protective for stone surfaces exposed to an open air.
Polymers (PLA) were prepared from lactic acid, a renewable resource obtained by fermentation of sugar
materials. Several polymerization processes (scheme 1) were available and products with different
properties have been achieved.
O
HO
O
O
OH
Chain coupling agent
O
Condensation
- H 2O
Low Molecular Weight PLA
O
O
HO
O
HO
O
n
O
- H 2O
OH
O
n
OH
O
Azeotropic Condensation
High Molecular Weight PLA
Lactic acid
- H 2O
O
Condensation
HO
O
O
O
n
O
"Back Biting"
"Ring
Opening
Polimerization"
O
OH
O
O
O
Low Molecular Weight PLA
Lattide
Scheme 1
Polymers having better properties, expecially hydrorepellence, were synthesized by insertion of a
perfluoropolyethers moiety (PLA-FLK-PLA) or a perfluorogroup in the PLA chain (PLA-Rf) (Scheme 2).
The products obtained showed very
interesting properties among which
a high stability to UV ageing and a
protective efficiency very close to
that one of commercial products
obtained from fossil fuels so this
polymers may be considered as a
very interesting alternative to
commercial products, presently
available.
O
O
CF2
O
HO
O
O
O
O
CF2
CF2
p
O
O
CF2
O
CF2
OH
q
x
x
FLK
PLA
PLA
PLA-FLK-PLA Copolymers
CF3
O
HO
O
O
O
Rf
CF2
CF2
CF2
CF2
Rf:
CF3
x
CF2
CF2
PLA-Rf Copolymers
Scheme 2
170
CF2
CF2
CF2
CF2
O
EXAMINATION AND CONSERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL STUCCO WORKS
IN EGYPT (CASE STUDY)
Afifi Hala 1, Mahran Anwer 2, Gad Khaled 3
1
Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology Cairo University, Egypt, [email protected];
Conservation Department, High Institute for Tourism, Hotels and Restoration, Alexandria, Egypt
[email protected]; 3 Conservator in ACC company, Egypt
2
Stuccoworks are well known from the Old Kingdom in Egypt. Moulds, stucco masks, stone walls would
have their irregular surface smoothed with plaster before being carved or shaped and painted, painted and
gilded Roman stucco masks. There are many stuccoworks related to the Islamic periods decorated with
floral, geometrical, and inscription ornaments. Friezes, medallions, stucco decorations in the mihrabs and
emptied stucco windows with colored glass were spread in Bahari Mamluk period.
This paper aimed to analyze, investigate, document and conserve two of emptied stucco windows with
colored glass in the Baybars mosque that belonged to the Bahari Mamluk period. It was built by Al Zaheir
Baybars Al Bunduqdari (667H. – 1269 A.D).
Different techniques were employed using polarizing microscope (PLM), Scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X ray (EDS) ,X-ray diffraction (XRD), Laser Induced Plasma
Spectroscopy (LIPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Differential thermal analysis
(DTA). These techniques were used to characterize the morphology and chemical composition of the
samples.
Data showed that the impeded stucco windows consists mainly of Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O, calcite CaCO3
and quartz SiO2 as traces.
The obtained results showed that the deterioration mechanism and rates vary greatly and the stucco
material became fragile materials due to the deterioration factors. The analytical study provides sufficient
information used for put the strategy for restoration and conservation of the two stucco windows.
Restoration and conservation processes were performed.
EVALUATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DECORATED STUCCO
CEILINGS IN THE PALACE OF PRINCE MOHAMED ALI, CAIRO EGYPT
Atef A. Brania1 1Cairo University, Faculty of Archaeology, Conservation Department, e‐mail: [email protected] Keywords: Stucco Ceiling, XRD, SEM-EDAX, LOM, and FTIR
The palace of Prince Mohamed Ali considers one of the most famous palaces in Cairo, dating back to
Mohmed Ali family period. The palace stucco ceilings were decorated in different ways, which suffering
from severe damage as result of different deterioration factors. The main aim of this paper is to highlight
on the decorated ceilings status and to investigate and analyze the used decorated materials. The analysis
of about 60 samples of wall paintings was carried out using different chemicophysical techniques: X-ray
powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an EDAX microanalysis
detector, light optical microscope (LOM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
171
FRESCOES AND STUCCOES ON THE LOWER SURFACE OF HISTORICAL FLAT
THIN VAULTS: WHICH CONSTRUCTIVE PARAMETERS DO AFFECT THEIR
SAFEGUARD?
Enrico Quagliarini1, Stefano Lenci1, Elena Seri1
1
Department of Architecture, Constructions and Structures, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche,
60131, Ancona, Italy, email: [email protected]
Keywords: Historical Thin Vaults; Cracking Of Frescoes And Stuccoes; Testing And Modelling Historical
Structures
In many historical and monumental Italian buildings, frescoes or stuccoes of artistic and historical value
are present on the lower surface of flat thin vaults, which are suspended by wooden or metallic ties to the
upper wooden bearing structures. These thin vaults were usually made by mats of reeds and plaster nailed
to upper wooden arches. When a bad working of their hangings happens, differential settlements of the
wooden bearing elements often cause a wide pattern of cracks on these precious surfaces. This paper
experimentally and numerically investigates on this issue, pointing out which constructive parameters
mainly influence the cracking behavior of the frescoed or stuccoed lower surface, and thus providing
guide lines for designing compatible conservation and retrofitting interventions which safeguard the
precious lower surface of these vaults.
In particular, this research pointed out that the full lower plaster stiffness (that is, the thickness and the
stiffness of each single layer it is made by) has a primary role in the behavior of the lower frescoed or
stuccoed surface. A high full plaster stiffness seems to reduce the tensile stresses in the lower surface,
preventing frescoes or stuccoes from cracking, when differential settlement take place between the
wooden framework.
The numerical modeling also showed the primary importance of the reeds arrangement. Frescoes and
stuccoes seem to be better safeguarded if the principal direction of the mat of reeds is placed along the
wooden centers and the reeds along the orthogonal direction are enough spaced.
In the post-cracked phase, the full plaster roughly behaves as a hanging load and the structural function is
left to the wooden arches. In this phase the lowerings depend from the wooden arches stiffness and the
tensile stress on the lower surface is low, for this reason the cracks do not spread themselves.
In designing compatible retrofitting interventions these results could have a primary importance from the
conservation point of view, with the aim of safeguarding the high value decorations on the lower surface.
In particular, the following issues should be taken into account to prevent the precious lower surface from
cracking:
- improving the mechanical properties (i.e. stiffness) of the plaster through, for example, compatible
injections;
- do not stiffen the upper surface of the vaults, that is the mat of reeds, especially along the orthogonal
direction to the wooden centers, by using, for example, FRP wraps;
- stiffening, i.e. by FRP wraps, the lower surface, if possible, that is where frescoes or stuccoes are not
present, could be a possible approach.
172
MICRO-CHEMICAL AND MICRO-STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION OF EGYPTIAN
BLUE FROM AYANIS (LAKE VAN, ANATOLIA, TURKEY)
Ingo Gabriel M.1, A. Çilingiroğlu2, Angelini Emma3, De Caro Tilde1, Riccucci Cristina1,
A. Erdem2, A. Batmaz2, Grassini Sabrina3, Faraldi Federica3
1
CNR-ISMN, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy, [email protected]; 2Ege University, Department of
Protohistory-Near Eastern Archaeology, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey; 3Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali ed
Ingegneria Chimica Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
Egyptian blue was the first synthetic pigment produced in ancient times. It appeared in Egypt during the fourth
dynasty in the 3rd millennium ac and then, likely developed in Mesopotamia. The microstructures and chemical
compositions of some Egyptian blue fragments from the Ayanis fortress (Lake Van region, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey)
dated back to 673-645 BC have been studied by means of the combined use of scanning electron microscopy
combined with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis-NIR reflectance
spectroscopy, micro-Raman and optical microscopy (OM) techniques. The main focus being on frit cakes, powder
residues, and frit Comparison of the microstructures of the ancient and replicate samples suggest that frit cakes are
the primary product, and that these were ground to produce the powder, and then moulded to shape and refired to
produce objects such as vessels and beads or more likely pigments. The analysis of the Egyptian blue fragments has
shown the absence of tin compounds thus allowing to exclude the use of bronze scraps in the preparation of the
Egyptian blue and further, that cuprorivaite is the major phase, with the considerable presence of crystals of quartz,
calcite, gypsum and a glassy phase. The ratio and the relationships between cuprorivaite and the other components
have been used to determine the technological competence and skill of the manufacturers being their amount and
physical features related to the accurate preparation of the mixture of the starting materials and to the firing procedure
and atmosphere, further issues of origin and manufacturing method are discussed.
CONSERVATION AND VALUATION OF PLASTER CASTS
Joosten Ineke, Megens Luc, Alberto de Tagle, Beemen van Roosmarijn, Burghout Frederike1,
Dooijes Renske2, Beek van Rene3
1
Cultural
Heritage
Agency
of
the
Netherlands,
Amsterdam,
The
Netherlands,
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; 2National
Antiquites Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands, [email protected]; 3Allard Pieron Museum, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands, [email protected]
Keywords: Plaster Casts, Sculptures, Porous Materials
Plaster casts have received increasing scholarly attention over the last few years. Conservation and restoration of
these casts is challenging because plaster is a vulnerable and very porous material, sensitive to moisture and
mechanical damage, dirt pick up and changes in humidity. Plaster of Paris is not
only used for casts of historical sculptures, but is also used in objects of modern
art, architectural models and ornaments.
Early 2010 a research project on the conservation of plaster objects was started at
the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage (ICN), in close cooperation with the
National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden and the Allard Pierson Museum of the
University of Amsterdam. The project will not only address technical aspects, but
also issues concerning the valuation and future role of plaster cast collections.
Fig. 1: Plaster casts in a storage
room
A meeting was organised with representatives of several European institutions
with extensive plaster collections in Florence. During this meeting various
institutions showed their interest to collaborate in a European project.
173
REALITY-BASED MODELING OF MULTI-SCALE DETAILED CULTURAL
HERITAGE
Manferdini Anna Maria1, Garagnani Simone1, Mingucci Roberto1
1
University of Bologna, Dept. DAPT, Bologna, Italy, am.manferdini; simone.garagnani; [email protected]
Keywords: Reality-Based Modelling, Multi-Scale Complexity, Quality Check
The aim of this contribution is to show the results of investigations held in order to provide a
methodology to ease the 3d digital survey of Cultural Heritage and build reality-based models of artefacts
that present peculiarities that can be detected at different scales of examination.
During the last two decades, despite the improvements to documentation through digital technologies and
their applications in the field of Cultural Heritage, still many Institutions are not encouraged to adopt
these methodologies as a standard practice to document the heritage they are called to preserve and
promote. One of the main reasons for this lack can be singled out in the high costs that are usually
connected to these technologies and to the absence of standard procedures to check the quality of the
acquired data that are often related to wide ranges of artefacts that present different peculiarities that it is
not always possible to recollect to recurrences.
In addition to these aspects, difficulties connected to the management of huge amount of data that need to
be used in different contexts and for different purposes that can change through time represent a further
disincentive to their widespread.
The case studies presented in this paper are both archaeological finds and artworks that belong to the wide
repertoire of mosaics of Ravenna that have been chosen for the multi-scale complexity of their geometry,
for their small scale details and for their peculiar colour and reflectance characteristics that require
particular attention during their reproduction.
One of the main purposes of surveying these kinds of artefacts is to document their degradation
conditions; as a matter of fact, for example, in the past, on many occasions, before restoration
interventions on mosaics, specific survey campaigns allowed to collect 3d data using plaster casts in order
to complete information provided by 2d pictorial representations.
Within our investigations, different technologies have been compared in order to find the most suitable
methodology to build reality-based models of artefacts. In particular, both range-based and image-based
technologies have been tested; they highlighted different advantages and disadvantages in different
contexts and for different purposes.
Within our methodology, particular attention has been paid to the check of the quality of collected data
and of the restored digital replicas in relationship with the main characteristics of artefacts and with
communication aims.
During the whole process, different versions of 3d models of the same artefacts that were acquired using
different technologies have been compared. In addition, in some cases, in order to reduce redundancy of
data, these models have also been compared with others derived from more detailed acquisitions using
simplification procedures.
The definition of the most suitable level of detail of information to be restored accordingly to the peculiar
characteristics of the artefact and to the different uses was one of the main presupposes to our research.
The maintenance of the required geometric complexities and of surface irregularities and meanwhile
allow to manage huge amount of data, was one of the main challenges of our investigations.
Fig. 1 Examples of case studies. From left to right: modern mosaics collection, byzantine mosaic and archaeological find.
174
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF MOSAIC MORTARS OF PERGE ANTIQUE CITY
Tülay Ugur1
1
Istanbul Universitiy, Faculty of Letters, Department of Restoration and Conservation of Artifacts
[email protected]
This study presents information on the characterization, features and construction technologies of the
plasters and mortars such as stone, brick, wood and iron which have important functions in historical
buildings. The study also forms a basis for the suggestion of plaster and mortar mixtures with similar
features to that of the original buildings, which will be used in the conservation and restoration works to
be carried out.
In this study, 33 mosaic mortar samples, which were taken from the Southern Bath, Agora and Southern
Basilica mosaics in the West Necropolis, Perge Antique City, were analyzed to characterize their
properties and determining their problems.
The samples were first subjected to visual analysis and then the features and problems of the samples
were examined by means of simple spot tests, petrographic analysis, ignition loss (calcinations) analyses,
acid loss analyses and visual analysis of the aggregates that do not react with acid, under
stereomicroscope. The physical and mechanical properties as point-load analysis, apparent and real
density were also carried out. The detailed chemical, mineralogical and physical properties were analyzed
by using instrumental analysis techniques as XRD (X Ray Diffraction), ICP (Inductively Coupled
Plasma), SEM-EDX and BET methods.
As a result of the analyses, the mosaic mortars were classified under three groups. The mortars in the first
group were divided into two sub-groups as mortars whose binder is 1 portion (with the ratio of 30-35%)
slaked lime putty and whose filler is 2-2,5 portions aggregate (brick and ceramic crashed and 10-15%
carbonate fraction) and as mortars whose binder is 1 portion (around 40%) slaked lime putty and whose
filler is 1,5 portion aggregate (crashed brick, ceramic particles and 10-15% carbonate fraction).
The mortars in the second groups were also divided into two sub-groups as mortars whose binder is 1
portion (around 35%) slaked lime putty and whose filler is 2 portions aggregate (quartz, tuff and other
volcanic rock particles) and as mortars whose binder is 1 portion (with the ratio of 25-30%) slaked lime
putty and whose filler is 2,5-3 portions aggregate (quartz, tuff and other volcanic rock particles).
The mortars in the third group, too, were divided into two sub-groups as mortars whose binder is
completely 200-250 dosage (kg portland cement/m3 mortar) portland cement and as mortars whose binder
is hybrid lime mortar to which portland cement around 10% is added. It was determined that in both subgroups, quarry sand was used as filler.
By means of determining the features and contents of the mortars, the mosaic mortar production
technology in terms of period was identified and in according to the results, the mortar mixtures with
similar features to that of the original mortars were proposed for use in future conservation and
restoration works.
175
ARCHAEOMETRIC INVESTIGATION ON BLUE AND BLACK MOSAIC
MATERIALS (13TH-15TH CENTURY) RECOVERED IN SIENA CATHEDRAL
(TUSCANY-ITALY).
Fenzi F.1, Peruzzo L.2, Brianese N.1, Cairns W. R. L.3, Mendera M.2, Vigato P.A.1
1
CNR Istituto di Chimica Inorganica e delle Superfici – Padova; 2CNR Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse – Padova;
CNR Istituto per La Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali – Venezia; 4Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle Arti –
Università degli Studi Di Siena
3
Twenty two blue glassy cakes and fourteen black glassy cakes discovered inside Siena Cathedral during
recent excavations, have been studied by physico-chemical and analytical measurements in order to
ascertain the production cycle, from the raw materials to the finished objects.
SEM-EDS and WDS, analyses proved that a half of the blue cakes have a potassic-calcic composition,
while the others have a sodic-calcic composition; differently, in the black cakes also the mixed-alkali
composition is present. XRD confirmed the presence of cassiterite as opacifier in all the examined
samples, with the only exception of a blue glass containing calcium antimonate.
Principal Component Analysis, a useful methods of statistic multivariate analysis (particularly PC1/PC2),
suggest a Na/Cl positive correlation, both the elements being inversely correlated to K and Mn. Other
interesting correlations are suggested by the PC1/PC2 scutterplot (i.e. a dispersion a point ghaphic of the
related principal component). Particularly, a positive Zn, Al, Ti correlation suggests the main Zn-source
in the examined glasses should be the sand. Furthermore, Co seems to be correlated to Ni and Al, while
Fe is correlated to Cu. The Principal Component scatter plots (PC1/PC2, PC1/PC3 and PC2/PC3) show a
quite grouped data set, in which the black samples form a sub-group, as confirmed by the cluster analysis.
Linear regression show a high Na/Cl correlation degree with a R2=0.94 and a very good significance (pvalue=2*10-16); also a high Pb/Sn correlation degree (R2=0.90, p-value=2.2*10-16) was verified.
A more accurate study of traces and ultratrace elements by ICP-OES and ICP-MS is currently in progress
in order to compare the samples each other and with other studied Italian mosaic materials. These
investigation give important information about the employed raw materials (particularly the sands), thus,
an hypothesis about the finds production context may be proposed.
176
THE CONSERVATION OF THE MOSAIC OF THE “HOUSE OF THE IONIC
CAPITALS” IN HIERAPOLIS (PAMUKKALE, TURKEY)
Uguryol Mehmet1
1
Istanbul University (PhD candidate), Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
Keywords: Mosaic, Conservation, Documentation
The ruins of the big peristyled house, so called “House of the Ionic Capitals”, are located on the
road to the theater, and very close to the Temple of Apollo in Hierapolis, which is one of the world
heritage sites. The house, which was decorated with wall paintings, tiles, opus sectile and mosaic
floorings, had been the house of aristocrats until 6th century since it was built in 2nd century A.D.
Afterwards, it had been used as a residence through 9th and 10th
centuries as well. Mainly the earthquakes in 5th and 7th centuries
caused massive damage on both structural and decorative
elements of the building, moreover various requirements in
different periods like repairs, certain functional modifications
have led to particular deterioration.
This paper discusses the conservation and
documentation processes of a figurative and geometrical
patterned 5th century mosaic situated in the House of the Ionic
Capitals, which had a specific state of deterioration related by
both the environmental factors and the materials, techniques
used in its production. These in-situ conservation practices
included pre-cleaning, fixing detached tesserae by means of
Fig. 2 Photomosaic documentation
reinforcing the setting
bed with lime mortars,
certain interventions with the purpose of establishing better
visual perception such as integrating disintegrated tesserae and
filling the small lacunae in the framework of ethical principals,
methods of final cleaning, utilization of permeable geo-textile for
reburial process in order to protect against environmental agents
of deterioration, and herbicide application to prevent plant
intrusion respectively. The aforementioned activities were carried
out during excavation seasons in 2008 and 2009, after 15 years
from the mosaic’s discovery. The originality of the mentioned Fig. 2 A view from the consolidation process
reinforcement intervention was the use of lime mortars with a
specific application procedure without disturbing the completely
detached zones of tesserae.
177
APPLICATION OF AUTOMATIC IMAGE SEGMENTATION TECHNIQUES TO
REMOTE SENSING SURVEYS OF CULTURL HERITAGE
Cristiana Corsi1, Anna Maria Manferdini1, Valentina Baroncini1
1
University of Bologna, Dept. DAPT, Bologna, Italy, cristiana.corsi3; am.manferdini; [email protected]
Keywords: Automatic Image Segmentation, Decay Regions, Level Set Techniques.
In the field of Cultural Heritage, image analysis represents an indispensable practice for restorers and
Institutions called to plan restoration interventions. Quantification of the extension of degraded areas is
usually performed by manually tracing the decay zones. This procedure is cumbersome and time
consuming; in addition it is subjective and requires expertise. Moreover, the recent development and
widespread of technologies able to exploit different characteristics of light (i.e. infrared and x-ray
spectroscopy) and therefore provide images of phenomena that are invisible to the naked eyes suggest
applications that could be improved by automatic analysis in different fields of investigations.
In addition to these aspects, as remote sensing technologies nowadays allow to provide reality-based
models of artefacts, the possibility to automatically extract and easily manage information derived from
2d images in a 3d environment could enrich documentation about their state of preservation.
The purpose of this contribution is to show the results of investigations held in order to provide a
methodology for the automatic detection of decay areas within architectures and artefacts using colour
images as a field of examination.
Within our investigations, we selected images representing recurrent decays, as, for example,
detachments, cracks and chromatic alterations and run them both to manual and to automatic recognition
and selection tests, in order to subsequently compare the results obtained using the two approaches and
evaluate the reliability of the automatic one. In particular, automatic detection was based on the analysis
of the histograms of the three components of rgb images from which automatic selection of thresholding
values were computed and morphological operators were applied. Following this analysis, a
regularization step based on level set techniques was applied to optimize the detection of decays areas.
Results comparison included computational and user time, quantification of the decay area error between
manual and automatically detected zones in both percentage and overlapping terms as well as the
Hausdorff distance between the detected contours. Additional parameters characterizing the type of decay
(i.e. crack length, mean crack width, type of detachment) were also computed for each case study.
Automatic analysis in all case studies resulted faster than the manual analysis (mean time: 19 sec vs 9
min). Mean area difference between the manual and automatic analysis was 0,66%; non overlapping area
resulted in a mean value of 0,42. Mean Hausdorff distance was 1,8 cm. An example of the qualitative
comparison of detected missing bricks is shown in figure 1 together with the segmentation of the 3d
model using the automatic detection on 2d image as a source of selection of polygonal faces. Figure 2
shows the results obtained with automatic segmentation and decay completion of a frescoed wall.
Comparison between the automatic and the manual procedure showed that the automatic detection is
faster and reliable in all our selected case studies.
In addition, our methodology showed evident improvements in the segmentation of reality-based models
derived from remote sensing, with important consequences in the evaluation of the entity and extension of
decay areas on 3d geometry.
Fig. 1 Example of segmentation of a wall
showing loss of matter. (a) overlapping of
manual (green) and automatic (yellow)
recognition; (b) segmentation of the 3d model
using the automatic detection on 2d image as a
source of selection of polygonal faces; (c) detail
of the selected areas.
178
Fig. 2 Example of segmentation of a frescoed wall showing
chromatic alteration. (a) image of its state of conservation;
(b) automatic selection of shapes using chromatic
thresholding values; (c) completion and regularization of
selection applying morphological operators and curvature
based motion; (d) selection of lacks and (e) simulation of
fillings using dash technique.
IDENTIFICATION OF CONSOLIDANTS IN FRESCOS BY REMOTE LIF
F. Colao1, R. Fantoni1, L. Caneve1, P. Ortiz2, M. A. Vázquez3, M. A. Gómez4
1
Laser Applications Section, ENEA, Via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy; 2Departamento de Sistemas Físicos,
Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; 3Departamento
de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, S/N, 41012
Sevilla, Spain; 4Inst. Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico, Avenida de los Descubrimientos S/N, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
Remote analyses have been carried out on “La Glorificacion de la Virgen” from Domingo Martinez, by using Laser
Induced Fluorescence. Data reduction and analysis on acquired spectra was done by means of false-color images
reconstruction, principal component analysis (PCA) and spectral angle mapping (SAM). Comparison of the LIF
measurements with a spectral database of reference materials allowed the identification and the localization of the
chemicals used during the restoration phases of the frescoes.
LIF MEASUREMENTS ON MEDIEVAL FRESCOS OF GIUSTO DE’ MENABUOI AT
THE PADUA BAPTISTERY
Fantoni Roberta1, Caneve Luisa1, Colao Francesco1, Fiorani Luca1, Palucci Antonio1
1
ENEA Technical Unit for the development of applications of radiations, V. E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati
(RM) Italy; [email protected]
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a powerful remote analysis tool that has been successfully applied for the realtime diagnosis of historical artworks, allowing the observation of features invisible to the naked eye, such as pigment
composition, biological attack and previous restoration interventions.
In a typical LIF instrument, an ultraviolet (UV) laser beam irradiates a sample and an optical system measures the
fluorescence spectrum that contains information on the target composition. LIF is fast, remote, non-invasive,
sensitive and specific. These advantages have encouraged its application in the real-time monitoring of historical
frescos, mosaics, paintings and stones. These studies showed its high potential as a diagnostic tool for cultural
heritage.
The Technical Unit for the development of applications of radiations, part of the Italian National Agency for New
Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) has worked in this field since 2003 and has
developed various prototypes. The system presented here (LidArt) is a lidar fluorosensor (optical radar based on LIF)
and its first version was patented in 20071. At present, it is even more compact (contained in a cylinder of radius 29
cm and height 18 cm), hyperspectral and time resolved (the fluorescence spectrum is measured with a wavelength
resolution of few nm and a time resolution of few ns). Moreover, it is light, robust, transportable, user-friendly and
cost-effective. Finally, its scanning (the artwork surface is probed by remotely aiming the laser beam) is based on an
innovative approach2 that reduces the acquisition time from hours to minutes.
Thanks to sophisticated data processing techniques, such as false-color imaging, principal component analysis (PCA)
of spectra and spectral angle mapping (SAM) of images, LidArt has detected characteristics invisible to the naked
eye, such as pigment composition(e.g. titanium white vs. zinc white), pigment diffusion(lime and casein), biological
attack(algae and fungi), consolidants (usually resins), deterioration, depigmentation, retouching and varnishes.
This paper reports results on the application of LIF to medieval frescos created by Giusto de’ Menabuoi in the
Cathedral Baptistery, Padua, during a field campaign conducted from the 7th to the 11th of June 2010 (). The data
collected by LidArt allowed the detection of PARALOID B72 and MOWILITH/PRIMAL AC33, previously applied
by restorers and provided valuable data for their future conservation requirements.
References
1 - F. Colao, R. Fantoni, L. Fiorani, A. Palucci “Fluorescence-based portable device based for the spatial scan of surfaces, in
particular in the area of Cultural Heritage” Italian patent RM2007A000278 submitted on 21.05.2007.
2 - L. Caneve, F. Colao, L. Fiorani, A. Palucci “Portable laser radar system for remote surface diagnostics” Italian patent
RM2010A000606 submitted on 17.11.2010.
179
FIRST STUDY BY MULTISPECTRAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE RESTORATION
OF MURAL PAINTINGS OF ROMAN VILLA DEL CASALE IN PIAZZA ARMERINA
(ITALY)
Guido Meli1, Fernanda Prestileo2, Salvatore Schiavone3, Maria Francesca Alberghina4, Lorella
Pellegrino5
1
Direttore dei Lavori di restauro- Alto Commissario per la Villa Romana del Casale di Piazza Armerina C/o
Soprintendenza BCA di Enna via Orfanotrofio, 15 – 94100 Enna, Italy - Parco Archeologico della Villa Romana del
Casale e delle aree archeologiche di Piazza Armerina e dei Comuni limitrofi, Piazza Garibaldi, 5 – 94015 Piazza
Armerina (Enna), Italy, [email protected]; 2ICCROM, Via di San Michele, 13 – 00153 Roma, Italy,
[email protected]; 3Dipartimento Di.S.T.eM., Università degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 26, 90123 Palermo, Italy,
[email protected]; 4Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 18,
90128 Palermo, Italy, [email protected]; 5Direttore Operativo per il restauro delle superfici decorate –
Gruppo della Direzione dei Lavori – Alto Commissario per la Villa Romana del Casale di Piazza Armerina C/o
Soprintendenza BCA di Enna via Orfanotrofio, 15 – 94100 Enna, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Mural Paintings, Multispectral Investigations, Restoration
By the end of 2011 the restoration regarding the Roman Villa del Casale will be completed. The
conservation project of the Villa, signed by Guido Meli - who led the working group of the Regional
Center for Planning and Restoration - and financed by resources POR Sicilia 2000/2006 - Measure 2.01 Action B, does not involve only its environmental context, its covering structures and its walls but also,
and above all, its decorative elements. With regard to the restoration of these last mentioned decorations,
that is mural paintings and floor mosaics, the C.R.P.R. has made up a plan with the active cooperation of
some external researchers, coming from various research institutes and universities, so that a protocol of
intervention has been worked out, which regards cleaning, consolidation and integration procedures, to be
properly carried out.
In the present paper, we are going to report, at the end of the restoration works, the outcomes of the
analyses carried out by multispectral investigations (Ultraviolet Fluorescence, RGB images, and Infrared
Reflectography), starting from 2006, on mural paintings using a portable acquisition system in order to
enable restorers to accomplish the planned cleaning and consolidation interventions.
Seven rooms have been investigated in the Villa (Rooms: 3, 29, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40b), were inside twelve
areas have been identified in which the multispectral analysis were conducted previously the intervention
or when tests were already performed. These investigations have been executed in order to map the state
of degradation of mural paintings, due to the action of many influential environmental factors, to their
inappropriate maintenance and to previous interventions of restoration, and furthermore, to monitor their
surfaces during all the stages of the cleaning and consolidation interventions supplying restorers with all
information related to the effectiveness of materials and methods being employed, which the direction of
Museum have to refer to for any further diagnostic investigations, planned by the conservation program
of the Villa.
180
DIAGNOSTICS AND PROTECTION OF HAGIA SOPHIA MOSAICS
A. Moropoulou1, A. Bakolas1, M. Karoglou1, E.T. Delegou1, K. Labropoulos1, N. K. Katsiotis1
1
National Technical University of Athens, School of Chemical Engineering, Section of Materials Science and
Engineering, Zografou Campus, Athens, 15780, Greece
In this is proposed an integrated methodology for the diagnosis and the protection of Hagia Sophia
mosaics. Hagia Sophia mosaics consist a masterpiece of world cultural heritage. The sustainable
protection of these works of art requires a conservation approach based on both on new concepts, new
technologies, innovative materials and techniques and an integrated methodology of preventive
conservation including both active and passive measures.
First stage of an integrated preventive protection strategy is the diagnostic study. For the research on the
state of conservation and deterioration a combined methodology is proposed, including non destructive
investigation in site and analytical study of mortars and glass tesserae in labarotary. The non destructive
techniques used are the following fiber optics microscopy, infrared thermography, ultrasound techniques,
georadar, microwave analyzer. Moreover the use of ndt techniques in site permits the scanning of
building walls and determination of areas where underlying mosaics exist.
The results of the diagnostic study allow the design of specific strategies for the protection of mosaics.
More specifically the identification of type and products of decay allow the specification of the main
environmental parameters and risks to be taken account, in order to eliminate the effect of these factors,
so well as to reduce the decay rate of materials. Though passive measures are proposed as to control
natural lighting of glass frames using specific filters, continuous monitoring of the most relevant
parameters effecting indoor microclimatic environment such temperature, relative humidity, air
pollutants etc.
Beyond passive preventive conservation an active approach concerning the conservation materials and
techniques should be adopted. Based on the results on ageing tests concerning the consolidation materials
that already use for the conservation of dome’s mosaic, showing unsatisfactory performance at ageing
tests, new materials such as nano-lime should be applied and evaluated in both laboratory and monument
scale as well.
The various steps of the proposed methodology can be summarized as follows:
-An integrated diagnostic study
-Evaluation of the current state of deterioration of mosaics
-Evaluation of the existing systems for protection of museum of Hagia Sophia and other systems applied
at monuments of such importance and scale worldwide (Saint Marcos in Venice could be an example)
-Definition of specific multidisciplinary strategies-open dialogue along all related people and
organizations
-Preliminary design and simulation of a protective system-pilot scale-Monitoring, design corrections
-Final design and protection system application- continuous monitoring, sustainable improvement for
future purposes.
181
UNILATERAL NMR, MICROCLIMATE MONITORING AND SEM –EDS ANALYSIS
FOR MONITORING THE STATE OF CONSERVATION OF AN ANCIENT
DETERIORATED WALL PAINTING IN HYPOGEOUS ENVIRONMENT
Noemi Proietti1, Valeria Di Tullio1,2, Elisabetta Giani3, Domenico Poggi4, Donatella Capitani1
1
Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica “Annalaura Segre”, Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, CNR, Area della Ricerca
di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo (Roma), Italy, [email protected]; 2Centro di Ricerca
per le Scienze Applicate alla Protezione dell’Ambiente e dei Beni Culturali c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza
Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 000185, Roma, Italy ; 3Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il
Restauro, Via di San Michele 22, 00153 Roma, Italy, 4ArtLab srl, Via Federico Nansen 102, 00154 Roma, Italy
Keywords: Unilateral NMR; Moisture Distribution Maps; SEM-EDS
Water is one of the major causes of decay to masonry materials, and particularly to building masonry
belonging to Cultural Heritage. The decay of porous stones, the detachment of wall paintings, salts
deposition are all phenomena due to the action of water. An accurate diagnosis of the causes and extent of
the moisture is a fundamental step in the conservation work. This is particularly true for wall paintings,
where a number of special factors must be taken into account, such as the vulnerability with respect to
the extremely thin painted surface, which is itself the interface between the support, i.e. the plaster, and
the surrounding environment, the difficulty in controlling potential agents of deterioration such as
moisture and pollution, the proximity of crowded areas to the wall painting. Unilateral NMR, a recent
developed fully portable technology, can be successfully applied for mapping and evaluating the
moisture distribution in walls particularly when other traditional techniques cannot be applied. This is
particularly true in hypogeous environment, where the critical microclimate impairs the use of IRT. In
this work the unilateral NMR was used to quantitatively map, in a fully non-invasive way, the moisture
distribution in an ancient deteriorated wall painting before and after an intervention to reduce the capillary
rise of water through the wall. Maps obtained at a depth of 0.5 cm in the wall clearly showed the path of
the capillary rise and indicated that, after the intervention, the moisture level was reduced. Maps obtained
measuring the first layers of the wall painting were affected by the peculiar environmental condition of
the second hypogeous level of the St. Clement Basilica, Rome, and by the presence of salt efflorescences
and encrustations on the surface of the wall painting. The morphology and the elemental composition of
salts was investigated by SEM-EDS analysis which indicated that efflorescences and encrustations
mostly consisted of gypsum and calcium carbonate. The presence of these salts is explained with the
presence of high concentration of carbon dioxide and sulphur rich particles due to pollution which, along
with the high moisture level and the extremely feeble air circulation, cause recarbonation and sulphation
processes on the plaster surface.
Figure 1a. gypsum desert-rose like
aggregate, reach in calcium and sulphur
(atomic ratio 1:1)
1b. Moisture distribution map obtained
by unilateral NMR at depth of 0.5 cm.
182
DIAGNOSIS AND INVESTIGATION STRATEGIES IN THE COPTIC MURAL
PAINTINGS IN UPPER EGYPT
M. Fouad 1, A. Sallam 2
1
Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeolog, , Cairo University, Egypt; 2Conservation Department, Faculty of
Archaeology, south vaelly University, E-mail:[email protected]
The Monasteries in Upper Egypt suffer from many manifestations of the damage which associated with
the complex mechanisms of weathering. Many of natural and anthropological causes which face Mural
painting which exposed to the Indoor Weathering arising from the physical weathering (fluctuation in
temperature, humidity, light and winds ), which Cause Dimensional Fluctuation (the installation of
minerals composition and rock characteristics and layers of plaster ,pigments and medium, which arises
from the heterogeneous composition of the mural painting. Given the most important mechanisms of
damaged Coptic monasteries and churches, we find that the human damage is one of the most important
mechanisms of damage to those monasteries also find that the artist Coptic fee graphics precedent known
as wall painting multi-layered (Over Painting), through layers prepare new layers of old The Coptic Artist
varied in the use of preparatory plaster and many of plasters levels which what is known as Over
Painting. It was a common phenomenon in Coptic wall painting.
Diagnosis and investigation strategies PhaseI: Studies Status:This phase includes studies of the impact of
the current situation, including the work of registration and documentation and architectural survey and
environmental studies.PhaseII:laboratorytestsofmaterials Include technical testing and laboratory and
field, designed to shape the way morphologic and structural and thermal behavior for materilas by
SEM,PL,XRD,XRF,EDX,FTIR and Raman.
PhaseIII:the restoration project: restoration plan to reach the best results through the restoration workshop
to reach sound decisions and to avoid quick decisions that may affect negatively on the work itself, and in
this way be reduced to unforeseen events, which increase the risk and cost.
The study proved that the technique performed duties in Coptic wall painting is Semi Fresco During in
the Coptic Technique and is not common to all Coptic wall painting executing in Fresco but Semi
Fresco, through analysis by infrared IR & FTIR been identified one medium which is Arabic gum that
was used by Coptic artist with pigments.
Figure 1. A view of multiple flakes for pigment of red analysis by Rman ,
Photo 1. the phenomenon of Vandalism in the monastery of the Dome of the al-Hawa in Aswan.
183
A NON INVASIVE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND MULTIANALYTICAL STUDY FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CONSTITUTIVE
MATERIALS AND THE STATE OF CONSERVATION OF NUBIAN MURAL
PAINTINGS
Donatella Capitani 1, Valeria Di Tullio1,2, Noemi Proietti 1, Federica Presciutti3, Annamaria
Marinelli 4, Barbara Provinciali 4, Loredana Sist 5, Maurizio Necci 5
1
Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica “Annalaura Segre”, Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, CNR, Area della Ricerca
di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo (Roma), Italy; 2Centro di Ricerca per le Scienze Applicate
alla Protezione dell’Ambiente e dei Beni Culturali c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma,
Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 000185, Roma, Italy; 3 Centro di Eccellenza SMAART e INSTM c/o Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università di Perugia Via Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.; 4 ISCR - Mibac, Via di San Michele 22,
00153 Rome, Italy.; 5 Museo del Vicino Oriente, Sapienza Università Roma – Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome,
Italy
Keywords: Unilateral NMR; SEM-EDS; Raman Spectroscopy
A portable non invasive unilateral NMR has been employed in the non-destructive characterization of the
layer structure of ancient mural paintings from Nubia.. These mural paintings were recovered during the
Archeological Mission of the University of Rome in Nubia in late sisties and they are now part of an
Egyptian collection belonging to the Museo del Vicino Oriente of Sapienza University of Rome.
In this first step of the research the aim of the study was the characterization of the constitutive materials
of the artwork and their state of conservation.
The study was performed applying unilateral NMR, a non invasive technique, and successively, few
micro-samples were investigated by complementary techniques such as SEM-EDS, Infrared and Raman
spectroscopy and GC-MS to identify the pigments, the preparation and the binders used for the realization
of the artworks.
Figure 2: NMR depth profile collected from a painted
point of the mural painting.
Figure 1: detached mural painting from
Sonqi Tino, Nubia (Egypt).
184
LASER CLEANING AS A CHEMICAL CLEANING ALTERNATIVE FOR EGYPTIAN
WALL PAINTING, AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Atef A. Brania1, H. Imam2, khaled El Sayed3, Remah Elrashdy2
1
Faculty of Archaeology, Conservation Dept., Cairo University.; 2National Institute of laser Enhanced Sciences,
Cairo University. ; 3Faculty of Sciences, Physics Dept., Cairo University.
Keywords: Wall Painting, Laser, Cleaning.
The wall painting surfaces represent the main challenge for the laser cleaning techniques. In this work the
feasibility of laser cleaning for the removal of different dirties from the wall painting surfaces using
Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm and 532 nm is presented. The Analytical investigations of the wall painting
from irradiated surfaces of the fragments were carried out in order to characterize the original and the
deterioration aspects using LIBS technique. The effectiveness of the cleaning process was monitored by
following the disappearance from the LIBS spectra of the deterioration aspects elements during
successive laser shots. The aim of this work focus on the definition of the experimental boundary
conditions in which laser cleaning can be safely applied in cleaning of the deteriorated wall paintings.
OPTIMIZATION OF COMPATIBLE RESTORATION MORTARS FOR THE
EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION OF HAGIA SOPHIA
Moropoulou Antonia1, Bakolas Asterios1, Moundoulas Petros1, Aggelakopoulou Eleni1,
Anagnostopoulou Sophia1
1
National Technical University of Athens, Department of Chemical Engineering, Section of Materials
Science and Engineering, 9, Iroon Polytechniou St., 15773 Zografou, Athens, Greece.
In the present work optimization of restoration mortars was performed on the basis of reverse engineering
approach. The examination and selection of raw materials and the production of a number of mixtures
with different ratios of binder / additives / aggregates and gradations were carried out. The selection of
these materials was based on the examination of the historic mortars of the monument. In order to
evaluate mortar mixes during setting and hardening, thermal analysis (DTA-TG), mercury porosimetry
analysis and mechanical tests (compressive, flexural) were performed. The results indicate that mortars
with hydraulic lime as binding material being admixed with crushed brick, present better behaviour than
those with aerial lime, or lime-cement, or lime-pozzolanic additives. The results are in accordance with
the acceptability limits defined by the investigation of the historic ones. The results obtained from twophase production permitted the selection of proper mortar mixtures and their pilot application on a
historic masonry of Hagia Sophia, which is going to be evaluated on time as far as compatibility and
mortars good performance on the masonry are concerned.
185
THE DOMUS AUREA IN ROME: MICROCLIMATE AND MICROBIOLOGICAL
ASPECTS IN PRESERVATION OF ROMAN MURAL PAINTINGS
Elisabetta Giani 1, Livia Gordini 2, Maria Pia Nugari 3
1
Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione e il Restauro, Via di S. Michele 23, Roma, Italy,
[email protected], 2Free lance restorer, Bologna, Italy, [email protected]; 3Istituto per la
Conservazione e il Restauro, Via di S. Michele, Rome, Italy, [email protected]
Introduction
The Domus Aurea in Rome was the imperial house of Nero and now it is a large archaeological hypogeum. It is
constituted by halls, corridors, rooms etc., some of them decorated with mural paintings and stuccoes. Part of the
monument is already allowed to visitors. Two rooms, with very precious mural paintings, were closed to the public
and since the late 80’s were isolated by air tight doors. The mural paintings, in these stable environmental conditions,
have been well preserved till nowadays.
Description of condition
To evaluate the possibility to include in the visit tour these two rooms with particularly well preserved frescos due to
the system of air tight doors, an environmental study was carried out.
It is well known that high levels of air relative humidity and of masonry moisture content, in presence of thermal
fluctuations and/or air movements, cause evaporative and condensation phenomena on surfaces. These conditions
favor bio-deterioration of paintings and in particular, in presence of residual organic soil matter, heterotrophic
microorganisms may grow.
Monitoring and analysis
To understand the environmental behavior of the hypogeum a study consisting in seasonal microclimate monitoring,
aerobiological monitoring and microbiological analyses on surfaces was performed.
To determine the climatic and microclimatic conditions of the painted rooms and of the immediate surrounding areas,
a seasonal microclimatic monitoring was carried out. Air temperature, relative humidity and surface temperature have
been recorded. To evaluate the condensation processes and the presence of thermal gradients, the surface temperature
has been recorded at different heights of the mural paintings.
In the occasion of the restoration of the mural paintings, when some conservators worked in the room, the people
effect on microclimate and on the airborne microorganisms levels was also analysed. Moreover the interrelation
between microbiological attack on paintings, occurred during the restoration works, were
investigated related to the different microclimate behaviors due to the people presence.
Results The microclimate monitoring has shown different levels of risk linked to the seasonal periods; periods with
maxima and minima difference between
temperatures of different adjacent rooms, were
highlighted. This information will be taken into
account to set up the visiting program. The
isolated rooms will be opened when, to
determine the minima perturbation on the
microclimate of the painted rooms, the adjacent
rooms will present similar microclimate values.
From a microclimate point of view the more
harmless period to allow the visit is the summer
period, when indoor-outdoor air exchange are
reduced and the relative humidity of the all
rooms of the hypogeum is nearly 100%.
Bacteria (Steptomycetes) and fungi colonization on surfaces have been detected in relation
with thermal increase; the attacks were localized in the higher level of the wall, in
accordance with the microclimate results. The thermal gradient is possibly linked to the
poor insulation of the ceiling covering that separates the room from the upper garden of
the Domus Aurea. . Moreover microbe colonization on surfaces has been related with the
daily temperature increase (2°C), due to the presence of restorers.
The results of aerobiological monitoring have shown an harmful raise of microbial
diffusion in the air in relation to presence of people (CFU/m3 13.414); micro-fungi greatly
prevail over bacteria. After the restoration intervention, the values of microbial charge in
the air are reduced. Some isolated fungi have been identified as dangerous for mural
paintings.
186
Conclusion
The study has highlighted that the temperature increase due to the seasonal behavior of the room and the daily
fluctuation due to the presence of people cause environmental conditions favorable to bacteria and fungi colonization.
The study has pointed out that to include these two rooms in the visit tour of the Domus Aurea, a rigorous ambient
control by an active air treatment system must be provided. The air filtration and the control of relative humidity
resulted absolutely necessary in order to maintain the mural painting stability.
187
LONG-TERM MONITORING OF HYGROSCOPIC WORKS OF ART: A TOOL FOR
PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION
Allegretti Ottaviano1, De Vincenzi Matteo2, Dionisi-Vici Paolo3
1
IVALSA-CNR, S. Michele all'Adige, Italy, [email protected]; 2IBIMET-CNR, Sassari, Italy,
[email protected]; 3The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA, [email protected]
Museums all over the world are engaged in lively discussions regarding the long-term conservation of
works of art created from hygroscopic materials, which are sensitive to microclimate fluctuations.
The present approach generally adopted is based on a compromise between the technical limitations of
the museum’s physical plant and the presumed needs of the objects, as determined by conservators and
conservation scientists. The primary goal is to keep the climate as stable as possible around standard
values, with strict fluctuation ranges usually defined as 20ºC +/-2 and 50% RH +/-5.
There is considerable pressure to widen the allowable ranges, based on the need for a lighter carbon
footprint as well as to facilitate the loan of artifacts between institutions.
Although we have long-term evidence of the effects of a microclimate within the standard range of
allowable fluctuations, we lack experimental data regarding the effects under broader ranges.
Wooden works of art are useful in representing the complexity of possible reactions. Because of the
behaviors caused by thermo-hygrometric conditions, the monitoring of Wooden Cultural Heritage Objects
(WCHOs) in their exhibition and storage environments is important in order to protect them from
potential physical/mechanical degradation.
Due to the specificity of each artwork, both from its structural point of view and from its previous
microclimatic history (for the most part totally unknown), the analysis of an artifact’s response to shortand long-term variations can supply useful information about its “individual” sensitivity to the exhibition
microclimate, suggesting that conservation staff adopt more or less rigid interventions.
Case studies monitoring wooden objects have been conducted for many years. In some studies the
monitoring was limited, for longer or shorter periods, to air Temperature and Relative Humidity logging,
which can verify if extreme values and types of variation occur. In other other cases mechanical
monitoring was combined with microclimatic logging, which provides quantitative information directly
related to the microclimate; these data are useful to validate mathematical models that eventually may
predict the long-term behavior of the objects.
Although the quality of the information obtainable by combined mechanical-hygrothermal monitoring is
of higher magnitude, using simply logged microclimatic data it is possible to formulate a statistical
analysis aimed at defining microclimate variance, obtaining a very efficient schematization of the greater
or lesser stability of the climate according to the presumed higher or lower sensitivity of the artifact under
consideration.
The aim of our work is to demonstrate how the widening of allowable ranges must be based on careful
analysis of the long-term response of the objects.
188
NANOPARTICLES FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION: CALCIUM
AND BARIUM HYDROXIDE NANOPARTICLES FOR WALL PAINTINGS
CONSOLIDATION
Baglioni Piero1, Giorgi Rodorico2, Ambrosi Moira3, Toccafondi Nicola4
1
CSGI and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
mail: [email protected]; 2 CSGI and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3,
50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; mail: [email protected]; 3 CSGI and Department of Chemistry, University of
Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; mail: [email protected]; 4 CSGI and Department
of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; mail:
[email protected]
Nanotechnology provides new materials with the ideal characteristics for the consolidation and protection
of wall paintings. In particular, calcium and barium hydroxide nanoparticles offer versatile and highly
efficient tools to invert the degradation processes altering wall paintings. Clear example of the efficacy
and potentiality of nanotechnology is represented by the rescue, in situ, of Maya wall paintings in the
archaeological area in Calakmul (Mexico).
The paint layer is at the interface between the wall and the surrounding environment and it is
strongly susceptible to degradation due to the mechanical and chemical stresses following salt
crystallization.
The effects of this process are usually strongly amplified if some protective coatings, applied in previous
restoration treatments, are present. Polymers, mainly acrylic and vinyl resins, have been widely used to
consolidate wall paintings and to confer to the painted layer protection and hydrorepellency [1].
Inorganic consolidants are highly chemically stable and preserve the wall painting porosity ensuring longlasting consolidation effects without the side effects produced by polymer coating.
Calcium hydroxide nanoparticles ensure the highest physico-chemical compatibility with the work of art
and it should be preferred when degradation results from loss of calcium carbonate [2,3]. The presence of
sulfate salts as a contaminant can inhibit the consolidation effects. Innovative formulations based on
calcium and barium hydroxide nanoparticles overcome these limitations thank to their synergistic action,
which confers to the paintings a stable consolidation.
This contribution reports on the results of calcium and barium hydroxide nanoparticles application to wall
paintings.
Note: This work has been partly supported by TemArt, Programma Operativo Regionale - Regione
Toscana, co-financed by Fondo Europeo di Sviluppo Regionale (POR CreO FESR 2007-2013), and by
the EU project Nanoforart.
[1] R. Giorgi, M. Baglioni, D. Berti, P. Baglioni, Accounts of Chemical Research, 2010, 43, 695–704.
[2] M. Ambrosi, L. Dei, R. Giorgi, C. Neto, P. Baglioni, Langmuir, 2001, 17, 4251–4255.
[3] Baglioni, P., Giorgi, R., Soft Matter, 2006, 2, 293-303.
189
NEW METHOD FOR CLEANING AND REMOVAL OF STAINS FROM OIL
PAINTINGS SURFACES USING ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES SOLUTION
El-Feky Osama1, Hassan Mohammad 2
1
Restoration and Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, e-mail:
[email protected]; 2Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
group, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. e-mail: [email protected].
New method for cleaning and removal of stains from oil painting surfaces using laboratory prepared zinc oxide
nanoparticles suspended in distilled water at 0.5 % concentration (weight percent) was investigated. The
nanoparticles suspension can be used for removal of soot, grease, wax, fly specks from ancient colored oil painting by
covering the stains with the suspension using a dropper or a syringe according to the area of the stain then subjecting
to UV rays at wave length 254 nm then the stains can be removed easily using a clean and dry cotton piece.
Fig. 2 Removing the stains easily
using a clean and dry cotton piece.
Fig. 1 Covering the stains with the
suspension
of
zinc
oxide
nanoparticles solution using a
dropper.
CHARACTERIZATION, TREATMENT, AND RESTORATION OF AN OILPAINTING "PAUL III AND RANUNZIO FARNESE" BY PARMESAN ARTIST, 16TH
CENTURY
Helmi Fatma1, El-Feky Osama2, Alam Eldin Yasmeen3
1
Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, e-mail:
[email protected]; 2Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, email: [email protected]; 3Conservator.
Keywords: Paintings, Wooden Panels, Pigments
The oil painting "Paul III and Ranunzio Farnese" is one of oil paintings group belong to Gezira museum in the
Egyptian Opera house, Cairo, Egypt. It has a registration number 259. It is referred to the famous artist Parmesan
16th Century, Renaissance period (1400-1600 A.C.). It was applied on a wooden panel has dimensions 191×133cm
and thickness 2.8cm. It was suffered from several deterioration aspects in the wooden panel: Insect infection,
warping, cracks, darkening and loss parts in the ground layer. Presence of fine cracks, wrinkling and separation in the
paint layer. Darkening, cracks, streamline in the varnish layer, partings in its frame. Characterization of the oil
painting was accomplished by examination and analyzing its components to identify its structure and aspects of
deterioration. Stereo microscope, light and scanning electron microscope attached with Edx unit, X-Ray Diffraction
and infrared spectroscopy were used. The data declared that the wooden panel was made of poplar wood. The
painting ground layer consists of gypsum and animal glue. The paint layer constitutes of the blue pigment:
cuprorivaite, green pigment: cuprorivaite and Massicot, white pigment: hydrocerussite & cerussite, yellow pigment:
massicot and litharge, black Pigment: carbon and cupric oxide. This in addition to linseed oil as a medium. Treatment
and restoration methods of the oil painting include fumigation, treatment of splits, cracks, and loss parts in the
wooden panel. Removing of the bad varnish layer, filling loss parts in the painting ground layer and the paint layer
applying retouching, placing on a new varnish layer. Finally, treatment and restoration of its frame.
190
MALDI-TOF-MS ANALYSIS PROTOCOL FOR IDENTIFCATION OF PAINT
BINDERS
Inez Dorothé van der Werf
Sabbatini1,3
1
, Cosima Damiana Calvano1, Francesco Palmisano1,2, Luigia
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy, [email protected]; 2Centro
Interdipartimentale S.M.A.R.T., University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy; 3Centro Interdipartimentale
“Laboratorio di ricerca per la diagnostica dei Beni Culturali”, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
Keywords: MALDI, Paint Binders, Lipids, Proteins
Only recently, matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and
electrospray (ESI) MS-based techniques, traditionally used in proteomics, have been adapted for protein
identification in paintings and archaeological finds providing encouraging data. However, up to date only
few studies have been dedicated to MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of other organic materials present in paint
samples such as glycerolipids and phospholipids, colourants and terpenoid resins.
This study presents a new methodology based on MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of both the protein and the
lipid fractions of paint samples. This approach allows to obtain information on the presence of both
classes of substances frequently used in mixtures or in subsequent layers. Our method was shown to be
particularly efficient for investigation of paintings where egg compounds (yolk or whole egg) have been
used.
Optimisation of appropriate extraction conditions was performed in order to obtain two separate fractions:
a protein fraction and a lipid fraction, containing both triacylglycerols (TAGs) and phospholipids (PLs).
Then, ageing of test specimens under various conditions, including the presence of different pigments,
was investigated; specific ions produced by oxidative cleavage of PLs and/or TAGs, useful as markers for
egg and drying oil based binders, were identified. Analysis of the tryptic digest of the protein fraction
allowed the attribution of numerous peptides from egg proteins (yolk and/or white) so as to complete the
information obtained from the analysis of the lipid fraction. The methodology was successfully applied
for the recognition of the binder used in the Polyptic “Madonna with Child and St. Bernard, St. Nicholas,
St. Vito, and St. John the Baptist” (1490) by Bartolomeo Vivarini (Santa Maria Assunta - Polignano a
Mare - Italy).
Fig. 1 Polyptic “Madonna with Child and St. Bernard, St. Nicholas, St. Vito, and St. John
the Baptist” (1490) by Bartolomeo Vivarini (Santa Maria Assunta - Polignano a Mare
(Italy))
191
NON-INVASIVE MULTITECHNIQUE METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO THE STUDY
OF PAINTINGS: AN INSIGHT TO THE TECHNIQUE AND MATERIALS USED IN
TWO XIV-CENTURY CANVAS BY LORENZO VENEZIANO
Rebollo Elena1,2, Ratti Filippo3, Poletto Luca3, Nodari Luca1 , Bertoncello Renzo1,2, Russo
Umberto1 , Scardellato Chiara4, Romano Florindo4
1
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy, [email protected];
Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Firenze, Italy; 3National
Research Council of Italy – Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Padua, Italy,
[email protected]; 4Soprintendenza per i beni storici, artistici ed etnoantropologici per le province di Verona,
Rovigo e Vicenza, Verona, Italy, [email protected]
2
Lorenzo Veneziano is considered as one of the most important painters in the Venetian area during the
second half of the XIV century. As a part of his vast oeuvre, there are some canvases representing The
Virgin Mary, that are thought to be among the first paintings executed with this technique in the North of
Italy. The use of such kind of support in this early period demonstrate the capability of this master to
experience with materials and techniques. Two canvases that have been attributed to this painter, La
Madonna delle Stelle of the Santa Corona church of Vicenza (Italy) and the Madonna dell’Umiltà e
donatrice of the Santa Maria Maggiore church of Trieste (Italy) have been object of an interdisciplinary
and multi-technique study. In the present work, the non-invasive investigations performed on these
paintings are presented. In particular, the paintings have been studied in situ through X-ray fluorescence
(XRF) and Imaging Spectroscopy (IS). The XRF
investigations were performed on selected points of
different regions of interest on both paintings using a
portable XRF spectrometer. In the operated conditions,
the instrument analyses an area of about one square
millimetre. The acquired spectra allow the
identification of most elements present in the paint
layer or layers studied. On the other hand, IS analysis
has been performed with a portable system specially
developed, which is able to collect reflectance spectra
in the visible and near-IR range (400-900 nm) on largesized
surfaces, studying entire 2D areas. The
information collected with this technique allow the
characterization, mapping and monitoring of the studied
Fig. 1 IS analysis performed in situ on the
painting surfaces. The integration of the IS and XRF
Madonna delle Stelle painting
data allow an insight into the execution technique
operated and the materials used by Lorenzo Veneziano to elaborate these paintings. The analysis allow
the characterization of the master palette through the identification of some pigments as malachite
Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 or cinnabar HgS for example. The systematic presence of calcium and strontium suggests
the use of gypsum CaSO4•2H2O that indicates the use of ground (gypsum and animal glue) in the
preparation layers. The detection in some red and yellow areas of the Madonna dell’Umiltà e donatrice of
cadmium and selenium indicate a precedent restoration process. The study of the information collected
has permitted to understand more of the painter technique and of the history of these artworks. Moreover,
the adopted interdisciplinary multi-technique approach has permitted to verify the authorship of the
canvas to Lorenzo Veneziano. The materials and technique used to elaborate both artworks are in good
correspondence. The results will demonstrate the validity of the non-invasive portable methodology that
integrates IS and XRF to study paintings.
192
MONITORING AND MODELLING DEFORMATION OF THE “MONA LISA”
Uzielli Luca1, Gril Joseph2, Cocchi Linda3, Colmars Julien4, Dionisi Vici Paolo5, Dureisseix David6,
Goli Giacomo7, Jullien Delphine8, Marcon Bertrand9, Mazzanti Paola10, Rémond Romain11
1
DEISTAF– University of Florence, Florence, Italy, [email protected]; 2LMGC, Université Montpellier 2,
Montpellier, France, [email protected]; 3DEISTAF– University of Florence, Florence, Italy,
[email protected]; 4LMGC, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France, [email protected] ;
5
DEISTAF– University of Florence, Florence, Italy, [email protected] ; 6 LAMCOS, INSA, Lyon, France,
[email protected] ; 7DEISTAF– University of Florence, Florence, Italy, [email protected]; 8LMGC,
Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France, [email protected] ; 9LMGC, Université
Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France, [email protected] ; 10DEISTAF – University of Florence, Florence,
Italy, [email protected] ; 11LERMAB, UMR1093, INRA, ENGREF, Nancy, France, [email protected]
The “Mona Lisa” (Louvre Museum, Paris) has been painted during the period 1503-1514 by Leonardo da
Vinci on a panel of Poplar (Populus alba L.) ~79 x 53 cm, ~ 13 mm thick.
The panel, which features a complex double curvature, is affected by a ~11 cm-long crack, possibly
dating not long after the painting was made, running through the whole thickness, tightly connected with
the pattern of permanent curvature. The panel is inserted in an Oak frame (“châssis-cadre”), and is
slightly forced against it by means of four cross-beams, which hold it flatter than it would be if
unconstrained.
Since the “Mona Lisa” was going to be moved in a new display case in the “Salle des États”, in 2004 the
Curators of the Louvre Museum asked us the main following questions:
- evaluate climatic specifications for the new display case
- assess the risk of crack propagation
- suggest possible modifications to the frame (“châssis-cadre”)
- improve the monitoring procedure (the display case gets opened yearly, to check the conditions of the
painting).
Our group studied the panel’s geometry, the anatomical and physical properties of the panel’s wood, and
evaluated the constraint conditions produced by the frame. We also designed and implemented, among
others, techniques and equipment:
- for manual measurements, to be performed on the panel, on the occasion of the yearly opening (weight,
shape, forces exerted by the cross-beams).
- for automatic monitoring deformations and forces exerted by the cross-beams, during the normal stay of
the panel in the display case, where the climate is tightly controlled, but however some slight variations
of T and RH inevitably occur and produce some very small distortions.
In 2006 a Book was published, summarizing the results of the several researches carried out on the
“Mona Lisa” in that period.
Among several other results, the following were obtained and described in such book.
The observed trend for deflection of the Panel could be well predicted by a heat & mass transfer +
hygromechanical computer model.
The risk of crack propagation has also been assessed, on the basis of the computer model and by means of
Griffith theory.
This study keeps ongoing, every year we are present at the opening of the display case.
Data obtained so far provides valuable information on this Panel’s behaviour; data analysis and
mechanical modeling provide promising results also for Panel Paintings in general – work is still in
progress.
193
THREE PANEL PAINTINGS BY BEATO ANGELICO MONITORED IN MUSEUM: A
COMPARISON BETWEEN THEIR DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR
Cocchi Linda1, Mazzanti Paola2, Dionisi Vici Paolo3, Fioravanti Marco4, Goli Giacomo5, Uzielli
Luca6
1
DEISTAF - University of Florence, Florence, Italy, [email protected]; 2DEISTAF - University of Florence,
Florence, Italy, [email protected]; 3DEISTAF - University of Florence, Florence, Italy, [email protected]; 4
DEISTAF - University of Florence, Florence, Italy, [email protected]; 5DEISTAF - University of Florence,
Florence, Italy, [email protected]; 6DEISTAF - University of Florence, Florence, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Painted Panels, Poplar Wood, Deformometric Monitoring
A painted panel is a complex artwork made of a wooden support and several painted layers (the ground
layers, the painted layers and the varnish that are called painted layers for the sake of brevity); the
wooden support structural features (such as thickness and dimensions of the boards, various crossbeams)
mostly depend on the historical period and they affect a well conservation. Many damages could occur to
the painted panels: biological decay, deformation and stress due to the construction features and the
climatic conditions variations. The latter factor can cause damages on the painted layers (craquelure,
buckling..) and on the wooden support (cupping deformations, cracks); therefore it is necessary to control
the climate in the exhibition places (as museums, churches, ancient palaces...) for their preservation.
At DEISTAF (University of Florence) we have developed an apparatus able to measure the wooden
support response to the environmental conditions, known as Deformometric Kit (DK).
The DK is a monitoring system that measures the in-plane and out-ofplane unsteady state deformations due to the thermo-hygrometric
variations. It is based on simple geometric principles and it is equipped by
two linear potentiometric transducers and a data-logger. It is a low impact
technique that provides quantitative information, such as the cupping
angle and the painted wooden surface elongation.
This paper is centred on the study of three different paintings made by the
Renaissance Florentine author Beato Angelico, painted during two
different periods of his artistic production: Trittico di San Pietro Martire
(1425-1429), Pala del Bosco ai Frati (after 1450) and Armadio degli
Argenti (1451-1453). All the painted panels are made by Poplar wood
(Populus alba L.) largely used to produce the wooden supports in
Tuscany during the Renaissance period.
Fig. 1 The Deformometric Kit
Nowadays these three paintings are exposed in San Marco Museum in
mounted on a panel painting in a
Florence where they are monitored by the DKs without altering the
museum in Florence
visitors experience. They are in the same exhibition room, so they are
subjected to the same environmental conditions.
This work started on June 2008 and it is still on going. The objectives of
this work are to know the behaviour of each painted panel and to compare their different response to the
same climatic variations. This investigation allows to have information about the specific artwork, of
course, but also to enlarge the knowledge on Poplar wood behaviour towards the environmental
conditions. These data will be possibly used to validate a mathematical model that aims to better
understand the effects of thermo-hygrometric variations on panel paintings conservation.
194
PROTECTION OF POLYCHROMED PICTORIAL SURFACES BY USING
LABDANOID VARNISHES CONTAINING BIOCIDES
Romero-Noguera Julio1, López María del Mar2, Martín Inés3, Bolívar Fernando4
1
Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Seville, Spain, e-mail: [email protected]; 2Faculty of Science, University of
Granada, Spain, e-mail: [email protected]; 3Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Spain, e-mail:
[email protected]; 4Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Granada, Spain, e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: Biodeterioration, Biocides, Labdanoid Varnishes
Objectives
The processes of microbiological biodeterioration can seriously affect the appearance and integrity of
works of art, especially in presence of high humidity levels or bad conservation conditions. The present
work is aimed to expand the knowledge about the possibility of employing natural varnishes, used as final
protective layer, associated to biocides to protect polychromed surfaces against microbiological
biodeterioration.
Methods
The studied biocides were benzalkonium chloride, orthophenyl phenol, and tributyltin naphthenate,
representative of the main chemical groups employed in the field of conservation of cultural heritage.
They were applied (mixed/extended) in test specimens prepared with diterpenic labdanoid varnishes
(sandarac and Manila copal). These products have been widely used throughout history for artistic
purposes as protective varnishes, gilding techniques, additives to modulate the rigidity of pictorial layers
and fixatives for artistic drawing. Subsequently, the test specimens were inoculated with fungi and
bacteria selected after reviewing the literature on biodeterioration of wall and easel painting. The study
also includes microorganisms isolated from the surface of oil on canvas paintings of the Fine Arts
Museum of Granada (Spain).
Samples were analyzed by optical microscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to
determine the effectiveness of the studied biocides and the possible adverse effects on the varnishes.
The obtained results suggest that using biocides associated to labdanoid protective varnishes can be an
efficient procedure to protect works of art with limited side effects for their chemical composition, visual
appearance and conservation.
195
HIGH RESOLUTION-MAGIC ANGLE SPINNING (HR-MAS) NMR ANALYSIS OF
SOLID PAINT VARNISHES
Kartsonaki Eypraxia1, Spinella Alberto2, Knuutinen Ulla3, Caponetti Eugenio2, Anglos Demetrios1,4
and Spyros Apostolos1
1
Chemistry Department, University of Crete, Heraklion Crete, Greece, [email protected]; 2Centro Grandi
Apparecchiature, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, [email protected]; 3Helsinki Metropolia University of
Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland, [email protected]; 4Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser,
FORTH, Heraklion Crete, Greece
Keywords: Varnishes, NMR Spectroscopy, Solid State
Objectives. The word “varnish” - sometimes the word “lacquer”- is used to describe any type of surface
coating. Varnishes are made of resins which contain mainly terpenes. Resins are produced by plants or
they can have fossilized origin. Historically, there are three distinct types of historic varnishes: spirit,
essential oil, and fixed-oil varnishes based on their use and application. Varnishes are important in
cultural heritage materials research because of their role in protecting the outer surface of paintings and
other artifacts [1]. The identification and compositional analysis of varnishes can assist the restoration
process during conservation treatments and provide information about the state of a painting [2], and
previous restoration attempts. In this study we examine the potential of HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy for
the direct identification and analysis of natural terpenoid resins in model paint varnishes directly in the
solid state and without any sample treatment.
Experimental. Resin samples (copal, dammar, colophony, mastic, sandarac) were used to prepare model
aged varnishes as follows: resins were dissolved in acetone, mixed with linseed oil in 50-50 ratio per
weight, cast on glass plates and aged in the laboratory under ambient conditions for two years. HR-MAS
1D and 2D NMR spectra were obtained with a Bruker Avance II 400 MHz spectrometer.
Results. The 1H HR-MAS NMR spectra of solid model varnishes were found to be dominated by their
linseed oil component, and thus to appear practically
identical. However, it was found that the 2D HR-MAS
NMR correlation spectra (either 1H-1H gCOSY or 1H13
C gHSQC) of all varnishes contain cross peaks that can
be used to identify the presence of a specific resin in the
varnish. These peaks were assigned by comparison with
2D NMR spectra of pure resins in solution. As an
example, Fig. 1 depicts the 2D proton correlation NMR
spectrum of aged solid copal varnish. The two peaks
indicated by arrows were assigned to the side chain of
copalic acid, a constituent of natural copal. Using either
gCOSY or gHSQC HR-MAS 2D spectra, it was possible
to successfully identify all five resins in aged model
varnishes prepared with linseed oil.
Conclusions. The examination of several model
varnishes based on drying oil via HR-MAS NMR
spectroscopy shows that 2D NMR spectra can be used
for the identification of the natural resin used in the
Fig. 1 HR-MAS 1H-1H gCOSY NMR spectrum of a
varnish, even in the case that the varnish has been
solid copal varnish containing linseed oil that was
considerably aged. Further studies using varnishes
aged for two years. Arrows denote peaks originating
sampled from works of art are in progress.
from copalic acid, a copal component.
References.
1. JS Mills, R. White, The organic chemistry of museum objects, 2nd edn., Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, 1994.
2. A. Spyros and D. Anglos, Study of Aging in Oil Paintings by 1D and 2D NMR Spectroscopy, Analytical
Chemistry, 76 (2004), 4929-4936.
196
INNOVATION IN EUROPE FOR THE STUDY AND CONSERVATION OF
ARTWORKS: THE MOLAB APPROACH
B.G. Brunetti1, C. Miliani1, A. Sgamellotti1
1
Centro di Eccellenza SMAArt, Istituto CNR-ISTM, Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita’ di Perugia
CHARISMA (Cultural Heritage Advanced Research Infrastructures: Synergy for a Multidisciplinary
Approach to Conservation/Restoration-7th FP GA n.228330) consists of a consortium of 21 European
institutions, whose multifaceted activities have been designed to provide the best opportunities for
developing advanced research in conservation/restoration (http://www.charismaproject.eu). The
consortium combines research laboratories with leading technology institutes on cultural heritage, aimed
at coupling cutting-edge research with better interactions among scientific experts, conservators and
curators
Within CHARISMA, which is the evolution and growth of the previous EU-ARTECH project (Access,
Research and Technology for the conservation of the European Cultural Heritage - 6th FP,
http://www.eu-artech.org), three different types of activities are jointly carried out: networking, scientific
research, and transnational access.
Within the program of transnational access, opportunities are offered to European scientists,
conservator/restorers and curators in order to let them carry out at best their research/studies in the
various phases of development. The opportunities include:
(a) the consultation of the data archives of prestigious institutions, as The National Gallery of London;
OPD, Firenze; The British Museum, London; CNRS-LC2RMF, Paris; Museo Nacional del Prado,
Madrid; ICN, Amsterdam;
(b) the exploitation of instrumentations and competences of small (MOLAB), medium (AGLAE, Paris,
FR, and ATOMKI, Debrecen, HU), and large scale facilities (Synchrotron SOLEIL and Budapest
Neutron Centre).
Among these access facilities, the mobile laboratory MOLAB offer European researchers a unique set of
mobile instrumentations to carry out in-situ multi-technique measurements with no sampling and no
contact with the artwork, to develop diagnostics or to monitor materials and cleaning techniques before or
during restoration.
Integrated MOLAB portable techniques include multispectral high-resolution imaging (CNR-INOA), Xray diffraction (CNRS-LC2RMF), X-ray fluorescence, near- and mid-FT-IR, micro-Raman, UV-Vis
absorption and emission, and NMR depth-profiling (UNIPG).
In recent years, studies have been carried out by MOLAB on sculptures (Michelangelo, Bernini,..), on
easel and mural paintings (Giotto, Raphael, Bronzino, Memling, Cezanne, Renoir, Mondrian, …), and on
other heritage objects. Examples will be given of MOLAB in-situ applications which demonstrate how it
is possible today to achieve excellent characterization of execution techniques, to identify material
alterations, to test innovative restoration methods, or even to find new cases of scientific interest to be put
under the focus of laboratory research.
197
IN SITU NONINVASIVE STUDY OF ARTWORKS: THE MOLAB
MULTITECHNIQUE APPROACH
Sgamellotti Antonio1,2, Brunetti Giovanni Brunetto1,2, Cartechini Laura2,1, Rosi Francesca2,1,
Miliani Costanza2,1
1
Centro di Eccellenza SMAArt, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy, e-mail: [email protected] 2Istituto CNR di
Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy, e-mail:
[email protected]
Driven by the need to study precious and irreplaceable artworks without compromising their integrity,
researchers have under-taken numerous efforts to develop non invasive analytical tools and
methodologies that can provide a chemical description of cultural heritage materials without any contact
with the object. The challenge is that artworks are made of complex mixtures, often with heterogeneous
and unknown layered materials. Their components must be identified over a range of size scales, from the
molecular identification of constituent compounds to the mapping of alteration phases.
In this paper, we report on recent developments in optimizing instruments and methods of a mobile
laboratory (MOLAB) made of an integrated suite of several spectroscopic techniques ranging from X-ray
to near-infrared.
MOLAB offers European conservators/restores curators and scientists a unique set of mobile
instrumentations to carry out in-situ multi-technique measurements with no-sampling and no-contact with
the artwork, to develop diagnostics or to monitor materials and cleaning techniques before or during
restoration.
In recent years, studies have been carried out by MOLAB on sculptures (Michelangelo, Bernini, …), on
ancient easel and mural paintings (Giotto, Leonardo, Raphael, Bronzino, Perugino, Memling, Van Eyck,
Caravaggio, …) on modern and contemporary paintings (Renoir, Cezanne, Mondrian, Rothko, Munch,
Picasso, Burri, …) and on other heritage objects. Examples will be given of MOLAB in-situ applications
which demonstrate how it is possible today to achieve excellence characterization of execution
techniques, to identify material alterations, to test innovative restoration methods, or even to find new
cases of scientific interest to be put under the focus of laboratory research.
Support from European Commission in 6th (Eu-ARTECH) and 7th (CHARISMA) Framework Programme
is acknowledged.
198
HIGH RESOLUTION LASER REMOTE IMAGING INNOVATIVE TOOLS FOR THE
CONSERVATION OF PAINTED SURFACES
Fantoni Roberta1, Ferri De Collibus Mario1, Fornetti Giorgio1, Guarneri Massimiliano1, Ricci
Roberto1, Caneve Luisa1, Colao Francesco1, Fiorani Luca1, Palucci Antonio1, Ortiz-Calderon
Maria Pilar2
1
ENEA Technical Unit for the development of applications of radiations, V. E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (RM) Italy;
name.surname [email protected]; 2Dpto Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide
Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; [email protected]
Active remote sensing systems, generally known as lidars (laser radars), have recently found application
in high resolution scanning devices for mapping the actual preservation state of cultural heritage surfaces.
Conservators are interested both in structural damages (surface cracks and/or delaminations) and surface
deterioration from either physical or chemical agents, the latter due to surface reaction induced by
inorganic and organic pollution. Whatever is the damage, its precise location on the surface is a valuable
piece of information suitable to be visually conveyed by means of images, especially upon rendering with
real or false colors.
Laser scanning prototypes, formerly developed in remote vision and in metrology devices based on the
amplitude modulation technique, have been specialized for multispectral applications suitable
for
characterizing the large surfaces that are commonly found in cultural heritage monuments.
A three color imaging topologic radar (RGB-ITR, ENEA patent1), specifically developed for 3D imaging
of frescos, has successfully been utilized in chapels of churches dating back to the Renaissance period.
The high resolution (sub millimetric) 3D models reconstructed, allowed for hyper-realistic rendering of
colored features on frescos and for identification of surface irregularities - in terms of either in the color
layers or on the thickness of the underlying plaster - possibly related to otherwise undetectable damages
(scratches and detachments). Some preliminary yet promising results of tristimulus remote colorimetry
have also been obtained by means of the system.
An innovative LIF (laser induced fluorescence) line scanning system, capable of fast 2D monochromatic
image acquisition on up to 90 different spectral channels in the visible/UV range (ENEA patent2) has
been developed to investigate the presence and the deterioration of consolidants, as well as the
occurrence of biodeterioration both on frescos and painted wood surfaces.
A further step towards the technological development of this system has been made by attempting to
integrate the two prototypes and test them in laboratory and field experiments,. The aim was to precisely
position surface damages identified by the LIF system, onto the corresponding RGB-ITR 3D highresolution model.
Examples of data collected during recent field trials on frescos, carried out by means of the RGB-ITR
(The Universal Judgment in Oratorio di S. Pietro Martire Rieti, “Amore and Pyche Lodge” in Rome) and
LIF scanning systems (S. Ana and S. Telmo in Sevilla; S. Jeronimo Granada, Marquena Dome), will be
reported and discussed, by assessing the significance of the results obtained for the conservation of
painted surfaces.
References
1 - G. Fornetti, L. Bartolini, M. Ferri de Collibus “Three dimensional Radar optical method and device based on three modulated
RGB diode lasers for metrological and art work applications” Italian patent RM2006A000651 submitted on 6.12.2006
2 - L. Caneve, F. Colao, L. Fiorani, A. Palucci “Portable laser radar system for remote surface diagnostics” Italian patent
RM2010A000606 submitted on 17.11.2010.
199
MULTISPECTRAL AND 3D METHODS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND
CULTURAL HERITAGE
S. Legnaioli1, G. Lorenzetti1, L. Pardini1, V. Palleschi1, R. Manganelli Del Fà2, P. Tiano2, L.
Marras3 and F. Ceccaroni4
1
Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds of CNR, Research Area of CNR – Via G. Moruzzi, 1 - 56124
Pisa (ITALY), [email protected]; 2Institute for Conservation and valorization of Cultural Heritage of CNR
- Research Area of CNR – Via Madonna del Piano, 10 - 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (ITALY); 3Art-test sas, Via del
Martello, 14 - 56100 Pisa (ITALY); 4Menci Software Srl. Via Fratelli Lumiere, 19 - 52100 Arezzo (ITALY)
The SUMUS (MUltispectral SUrfaces) is a project funded by the Tuscany Region in the framework of the
ROP initiatives / ERDF 2007-2013. The project involves two small Italian enterprises, Menci Software
and Art-Test, with the participation of two institutes of CNR (ICVBC and ICCOM).
The focus of the project is the development of an innovative system for acquiring three-dimensional and
multi-spectral images with high spatial resolution. In particular, the activities are aimed to
Archaeological and Cultural Heritage applications. The system allows for real-time information on the
composition of materials - typically pigments and binders - of interest for the study and preservation of
Cultural Heritage, reconstructing the geometric profile of the
surface and at depth, non-invasively, without sampling and
without pre-treatment of the work under analysis.
The potential of the SUMUS prototype in the field of Cultural
Heritage will be presented through the illustration of some case
studies: The frescoes of the Monumental Cemetery of Pisa, the
Etruscan "Tomb of the Monkey" of Chiusi, the "Annunciation"
by Benozzo Gozzoli in Narni, the "Altarpiece of Saint Catherine
of Alexandria" by Simone Martini at the National Museum of
San Matteo in Pisa and the "Deposition from the Cross" by Fra
Angelico at the National Museum of San Marco in Florence.
The SUMUS Multispectral 3D system
200
ENHANCEMENT OF HIDDEN PATTERNS IN PAINTINGS USING STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
Stefano Legnaioli1, Giulia Lorenzetti1, Lorenzo Pardini1, Vincenzo Palleschi1, Emanuele Salerno2,
Anna Tonazzini2
1
National Research Council of Italy, ICCOM-CNR, Pisa, Italy, [email protected]; 2National Research
Council of Italy, ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy, [email protected]
Multispectral acquisitions of paintings in the non-visible range, such as the ultraviolet or the near infrared,
constitute nowadays a standard practice to complement the information contained in the visible part of the
spectrum. Indeed, the various pigments employed generally show different spectral signatures, so that
they may reflect only at specific wavelengths and tend to fade over different ones. In particular, infrared
inspection can often reveal patterns that are hidden to the naked eye, such as author signatures or dates, or
even preliminary drawings made by the artist to design the painting. Revealing the whole contents of a
painting is thus an important aid for dating it or establishing its origin and author. However, the detected
patterns are usually very faint and overlapped to the other painting contents, so that their interpretation is
not easy. Although empirical strategies can sometimes be found to enhance the interesting pattern, these
are usually laborious and specific for the case study at hand.
In this paper, we approach the problem in a methodological, model-based manner, relying on the spectral
diversity of the different patterns overlapped in the painting and on their spatial statistical independence.
More in detail, we model the available painting observations as linear mixtures, with unknown
coefficients, of a number of different patterns. The point of view is then that revealing hidden features,
extracting pattern of interest, or removing unwanted interferences, can be seen as the problem of
separating the mixed patterns. This is the typical formulation of a linear Blind Source Separation (BSS)
problem, which can be solved through statistical analysis. Indeed, assuming that the source patterns are
spectrally different and mutually independent, fast and fully unsupervised separation techniques, based on
independent component analysis or channel decorrelation, can be effectively applied.
This approach have been first proposed with some success for the restoration and the analysis of
multispectral images of historical manuscripts, characterized by the presence of
several layers of information, e.g. overlapped texts. In that case the aim was
mainly to improve the manuscript legibility, by removing the interfering text.
Our intent here is to extend the approach to the analysis of paintings as well,
with the main aim at enhancing hidden patterns it might contain. From a
theoretical point of view, an interference-free image of the pattern of interest
could also be obtained.
From our experimentation on a number of paintings where the inspection is
some bands has revealed the presence of a hidden pattern, we derived a
practical procedure for the optimal application of the method. Rather than
feeding the statistical analysis technique with all the available channels, we
The test case analysed
found sufficient to apply it to two only maps, one containing the pattern,
in this work (hidden
usually the infrared map, the other chosen among those channels where the
text in the mirror)
pattern is not present. In this way, the already very low computational costs can
also be further reduced.
201
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ITALIAN LAMINATED SHIELD:
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS ON A MOCK-UP REPLICA OF CARAVAGGIO’S
“MEDUSA”
Mazzanti Paola1, Cardinali Elisa2, Cocchi Linda3, Dionisi Vici Paolo4, Goli Giacomo5, Uzielli Luca6
1
DEISTAF – University of Florence, Florence, Italy, [email protected]; 2Free-lance Restorer, Florence, Italy,
[email protected]; 3DEISTAF– University of Florence, Florence, Italy, [email protected];
4
DEISTAF– University of Florence, Florence, Italy, [email protected]; 5DEISTAF– University of Florence, Florence,
Italy, [email protected]; 6DEISTAF– University of Florence, Florence, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Laminated Shield, Wooden Shield, Poplar Wood, Mechanical Characterisation, Hygrothermal
Deformations
During 15th-17th centuries round wooden shields were widely used also as display objects for tournaments and
parades.
Nowadays, their structural features are quite clear while the manufacturing techniques are not described by literature.
We know that the shields are usually made by two layers of bent wooden strips glued together by hide/animal glue,
while we have no information about the constructive techniques from literature or still
living traditions. Often such shields are painted on both faces and the painting
technique is very similar to the one used for painted panels (ground layers, canvas,
painted layers and varnish); in other cases the shields are covered by sheet or
sheepskin or leather, making them very complex objects.
One of the most famous of such shields is the Medusa (Fig. 1) painted by Caravaggio
(Michelangelo Merisi, 1571-1610) in 1598 and exhibited at the Uffizi Gallery in
Florence (Italy). During its last restoration, a deep investigation of the artwork was
performed and many questions arose about its conservation and its constructive
technique. The Medusa shield shows features typical of painted panels; the wooden
support is approximately round and approximately spherically shaped made by two
layers of Poplar (Populus alba L.) wood strips, as previously mentioned (Fig. 2). We
Fig. 1 The well known
assume that at time of manufacture the wooden support was perfectly spherical, but at
Medusa
painted
by
the present time it is distorted
Caravaggio in 1598 and
looking similar to a tortoise shell.
exhibited at the Uffizi
Damages such as buckling, micro
Gallery in Florence.
craquelure
or
geometry
deformations of the image itself can
be observed on the paint layer. A more accurate knowledge of the
shield’s wooden support’s mechanical behaviour is necessary.
So the multiple aims of this research are:

to investigate the constructive techniques;

to study the hygroscopic deformational behaviour of the
shield’s wooden support;

to acquire a deeper knowledge of the mechanical
Fig. 2 The shield structure reconstructed by CT
properties and behaviour of the shield’s wooden support;
scan (the growth rings shown are purely

to work out and validate a mathematical model able to
fictitious)
interpret the complex deformation behaviour of the
shield.
Therefore we have manufactured a mock-up replica of the wooden support of the Medusa shield, based on a CT scan
of the original artwork, on a realistic evaluation of the technological means available at that time and on the
knowledge of wood technology at present time. Also we have designed and made an apparatus to measure the
deformation of the mock-up as a consequence of environmental conditions variations and/or applied mechanical
stresses.
The work investigates several aspects and here we present:

the constructive techniques we used to make the mock-up model;

the apparatus to measure the wooden support’s deformations;

the results for short and long term loading tests.
202
MODEL OF CLEANING FOR AGED VARNISHES BY TERPENOID-BASED
AQUEOUS EMULSIONS
Pérez-Villares N.1, Romero J.1, Jurado E.2, Bailón R. 2, Bolívar F.1
1
Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Granada, Spain, e-mail: [email protected]; 2Faculty of Science, University
of Granada, Spain.
Keywords: Aqueous, Cleaning, Polichromy.
Objectives
In the field of the restoration of our cultural heritage cleaning aged varnish and surface dirt is usually
carried out by using organic solvents that can alter the appearance and composition of the original
materials and have high toxicity that has a consequent risk to the health of the restorer. The study of
changes produced by these products over time and the risks associated with their use have given way to a
growing structuralist view of the cleaning treatment and the development of new techniques, closely
related to the study of physical chemical materials that constitute the different layers of polychrome.
Nevertheless, in practice it is becoming increasingly necessary to use more specific formulas and be safe
for work and humans. This work describes a study about the implementation of various aspects of lowtoxicity aqueous formulas for cleaning terpenic natural varnish and dirt on polychrome surfaces in order
to study their effects from the point of view of effectiveness and the risks that it may pose to the integrity
of the paint layer.
Methods
Test samples were prepared reproducing the following layers of oil on canvas painting: preparation of
animal glue and calcium carbonate, white oil paint and layer protection of mastic resin dissolved in
turpentine. These samples have been subjected to accelerated aging in a climatic chamber. For the
elimination of artificially aged varnish and grime various aqueous formulas containing a non-ionic
ethoxylated fatty alcohol type compound and a cyclic terpenoid have been used, which are biodegradable
and have low toxicity. The mixtures were applied using the normal method of cleaning water with
surfactants. The efficacy of the treatment was assessed by light UV photography.
Results
With the implementation of these formulas in the test samples described above, surface dirt and oxidized
terpenic varnish was successfully removed without observing any unwanted side effects presently.
Conclusions
The formulas used are at least as effective as traditional organic solvents used for cleaning of polychrome
surfaces natural varnish, without affecting the underlying layers and without exposing the restorer the risk
from inhalation of toxic solvents. However, the study should continue to observe its effect on the original
materials and demonstrate their results in the medium and long term.
203
GEOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF THE RING SEALS FROM SOME ANATOLIAN GEMS
Hatipoglu Murat1, Guney Hilmi2
1
Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, [email protected]; 2Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey,
[email protected]
Keywords: Gemstone Ring Seals, Izmir Archaeological Museum, Turkey
Over 50 parts of the cut, engraved, and polished ancient ring seals regarding with especially Anatolia (or
Asia Minor), belonging to
the
Greco-Persian,
Roman, and elder periods
are currently deposited in
the Izmir Archaeological
Museum of Turkey, and a
few of them are exhibited
for the exhibitors. Many of
these seals are the loose
gemstone parts, the others
are mainly mounted a ring
or assembled into various
jewellery parts, such as,
pendants,
necklaces,
earrings, and bracelets. Moreover, as popular life powerful or healing items, these gemstones have
assumed decorative meanings beyond their use in jewellery. In the case of material origin, the gem seal
objects are majority the artefacts made of glass, ceramic and related artificial materials. Minor are natural
mineral origin. However, in this paper, those of only natural mineral origin are investigated, and their
possible geological deposit in the Anatolian land were showed (Fig. 1). As seen from the artefacts, all
were cut and engraved as seals and cameos, which they are mainly
the chalcedonic silica varieties, such
as reddish-brown jasper, blue
chalcedony with and/or without
banding (Fig. 2), reddish carnelian
(Fig. 3), agates with multi colored
banding, onix with only black,
Fig. 3. An cut and engraved
white, and browning banding, sardonix
ancient seal (Greco-Persian
with only red, yellow and brownish
Period) of the carnelian, from the
banding (Fig. 4), and the crystalline
Cubuk-Ankara region.
silica varieties, such as colorless rock
crystal, amethyst, and smoky quartz, and the opalline silica varieties,
Fig. 2. An cut and engraved
such as multi colored opals, and finally amorphous natural classes, such
ancient seal (Roman Period) of
as blackish obsidians. In the case of geological origin, western Anatolia
the blue chalcedony without
region comprises many gemstone deposits (Fig. 1), therefore nearly all
banding, from the Aliaga-Izmir
ancient gem objects conserved in the İzmir Archaeological Museum are
the most probably mined from this land. The investigated and
identified ancient gemstone seals (Figs. 2, 3 and 4) in this Museum
were firstly mined as rough materials, such as the jaspers were
extracted from the Izmir region, the chrysoprases from the
Çanakkale region, blue chalcedonies from the Eskişehir, Afyon and
Izmir regions, the agates from the Ankara, Eskişehir, Afyon, and
Izmir regions, onixs, sardonixs from the Manisa region. Finally,
these provenances are still modern gemstone mine deposits in
Turkey now.
Fig. 1. Location map showing the gemstone deposits in Turkey.
Fig. 4. An cut and engraved ancient seal
(Roman Period) of the sardonix, from the
Gordes-Manisa region.
204
UNIQUE TURKISH GEMS OF THE ANATOLIAN GEOLOGICAL HERITAGE
Hatipoglu, Murat1
1
Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, [email protected]
Keywords: Diaspore-Kammererite-Jade, Anatolian Geological Heritage, JEMIRKO.
The gem-quality specimens of diaspore (zultanite), kammererite (chromian clinochlore) and purple jade
(mainly jade) are only found in Turkey in the world. It is purposed that this study is medium in order to
be contributed to the World
Heritage List of UNESCO.
Macroscopically diaspores
and kammererites are found
in
single
crystalline
structures, whereas jades as
massive
polycrystalline
bodies. It is the good
evidence that the specimens
of these have been already
preserved in worldwide
museums
and
private
Fig. 1. Locations of three gem elements of Anatolian geological heritage.
collections. On the other hand,
since also the origins of all
these exhibited specimens are acknowledged as Turkey, there would be no erratum when these samples
are called the “Anatolian diaspore”, “Anatolian kammererite” and “Anatolian jade”, specifically. Thus,
they can be a natural mission for advertisement of the Anatolian land. The
locations of these samples, in the
meaning of singularity in the
world, signify geological geosites
(Fig. 1). Therefore, they should be
considered and announced as the
important three elements of the
geological heritage of Turkey, and
accordingly they should be
preserved. However this protection
should be made differently from
the
preservation
of
the
Fig. 3. Gem-quality specimen of
archaeological sites. Diaspore is a
kammererite (chromian clinochlore)
crystals.
singular mineral which the
properties of 40 % of the crystals have a transparent- translucent
appearance, generally olive-green color, vitreous vascular outer surface, perfect cleavage and typical Vshaped twinning. The most typical location place is the diasporic bauxite deposit in the Kucuk Camlık
Hill (Mugla-Milas) (Fig. 2). Kammererite is a mineral belonging to the clinochlore group including
chromium. The crystals have a transparent-translucent appearance, generally magenta (purple-reddish
purple) color and perfect cleavage. The most typical location is the
chromite deposit between Kesis (Ercincan-Cayırlı) and Kop
(Erzurum) Mountains (Fig. 3). Jade is a giant metagranitoid stock. It
consists of mainly jadeite (clinopyroxen subgroup), orthoclase
(feldspar group), quartz, piemontite (epidote group), and
clinozoisite (epidote group) minerals. Even though the mineral
jadeite is the main constitutive element having over 60% of total of
this mass, it has not been formulized like pure jadeite mineral. The
unique purple color of the mass is produced as a result of the
mixing of essence colors of these component minerals, such as dark
Fig. 4. Gem-quality polished plate of
green color of jadeite, magenta-reddish color of piemontite, and
purple jade mass.
whitish color of quartz and orthoclase. The most typical location is
the Kanlipinar area (Bursa-Harmancık) (Fig. 4). Finally, the existence of these three materials is limited
Fig. 2. Gem-quality specimen
of diaspore (zultanite) crystal.
205
to only one deposit thus constituting a geosite. Therefore, this geosite has already been inscribed in the
list of the geological frameworks of Turkey with an initiative done by the Turkish Association for the
Conservation of the Geological Heritage (JEMİRKO). Nevertheless, the Turkish authorities do not yet
implement an effective protection of this geosite. The peculiar recommendation is that these materials
should be extracted by the professional gemstone miners, and the inventory of every extracted piece
should be documented. Also, after the special management plan was made, these regions should be
utilized as the geo-tourism purpose, together with the many geosites in Turkey.
ANALYTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AMBER
G. I. Truica1, N. Ditaranto2, M. C. Caggiani 2, A. Mangone2,4, S. C. Litescu3, E. D. Teodor3,
L. Sabbatini2,4, G. L. Radu1
1
Politehnica" University of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, 1-7 Polizu, 011061,
Bucharest, Romania, [email protected], [email protected]; 2Dipartimento di Chimica, Università
degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy, [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; 3National Institute for Biological
Sciences, Centre of Bioanalysis, 296 Spl. Independentei, 060031, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected],
[email protected]; 4Laboratorio di Ricerca per la Diagnostica dei Beni Culturali, Dipartimento di Chimica,
Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
Keywords: non-destructive technique, Baltic amber, Romanite amber, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, microRaman spectroscopy, FTIR-VAR spectroscopy
Amber is a precious gemstone generated by fossilization of plant resin after millions of years and has a
honey-yellow or wax-yellow (Baltic ambers) or reddish-brown (fresh Romanite) colour. In the present
work, we tried to establish several definite criteria which will differentiate various types of amber in order
to certify the Romanite or Baltic origin of the materials found in archaeological sites on the Romanian
territory. Three non-destructive techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), micro-Raman
spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared-variable angle reflectance mode (FTIR-VAR) spectroscopy
were used for analytical characterization of amber samples both of controlled (geological) and unknown
(archaeological) origin.
Small fragments were investigated by XPS in order to determine their surface elemental composition,
obtain evidence of the presence and content of sulphur species and to evaluate possible differences among
the geological and archaeological amber types. The results of the XPS experiments indicate that amber
samples from the Baltic region are similar in C, H, and O contents and differ in S concentrations from the
Romanite samples. The latter type of amber contains a rather wide range of trace elements, Al, K, Ca, Fe,
which are less abundant or absent on the Baltic amber surfaces.
The complementary techniques micro-Raman spectroscopy and FTIR-VAR spectroscopy were used to
characterize amber from the molecular point of view. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra provide a
rapid and suitable method for identifying fossil resins, and constitute the best known and most widely
used method for identification of archaeological and paleontological amber. Micro-Raman spectroscopy
was applied with the aim of accurately identifying the origin of the investigated archaeological material.
The combination of these methods diminishes the degree of incertitude of single FTIR-VAR or Raman
spectroscopy analysis induced by the great similarities between Baltic amber (succinite) and Romanian
amber.
206
GEMSTONES FROM CARIA OF THE ANATOLIA; IN THE CASE OF MATERIAL
AND POSSIBLE GEOLOGICAL ORIGIN
Çoban Evrim 1 , Helvacı Cahit 2
1
Muğla Üniversity, Muğla, Turkey, [email protected];
cahit.helvacı@deu.edu.tr
2
Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey,
Keywords: Gemstone Rings,Milas Museum And Bodrum Museum Of Underwater Archaeology ,Turkey
Ancient Gemstones that engraved and polished from Anatolia belonging to the Caria, deposited in Milas
Museum and Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology of Turkey, and just a few of them are
exhibited for the exhibitors. Many of these gemstones mainly mounted in a ring or necklaces, earrings,
and bracelets. Moreover, as popular life powerful or healing items, these gemstones have assumed
decorative meanings beyond their use in jewellery. In the case of material origin, the gem objects are
mainly the artefacts made of glass, ceramic and related artificial materials whereas minor are natural
mineral in origin. However, in this paper,only mineral variety gems and
their possible origin were stated.Many of these gem minerals were cut
and engraved as ring or necklaces, earrings, and bracelets, which they
are dominantly chalcedonic silica mineral varieties(Fig.1), such as
reddish-brown jasper, dark brownish chert, agates with multi colored
banding onix,only black, white, and browning banding sardonix with
red, yellow,brownish banding and blue white banding, minor
crystalline silica mineral varieties, such as colorless rock crystal, and
smoky quartz, and also minor amorphous natural silica varieties, such
as multi colored opals and blackish obsidians. In the case of geological
Fig.1.Carnelyen ring.
origin, western Anatolia region consist of many gemstone
deposits(Fig2), Therefore nearly all ancient gem objects conserved in
the Milas Museum and the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology of Turkey are most probably
mined from this region before they were cut and polished as various gemstone objects.The investigated
and identified ancient gemstones in
this Museum were firstly mined as
rough materials during the ancient
times in Anatolia such as, reddishbrown jaspers and dark brownish
cherts were extracted from the
Izmir region; agates with multi
colored banding from the Ankara,
Eskisehir, Afyon and Izmir regions;
onixs with only black, white, and
browning banding, sardonixs with
only red, yellow,brownish banding
and blue white banding from the
Manisa region. As a result,these
provenances are ancient gemstone
Fig. 2.Mineral map of Caria.
quarries in modern Turkey.
207
ISLAMIC GILDED AND ENAMELLED GLASSES FROM MELFI (SOUTHERN
ITALY): AN ARCHAEOMETRIC STUDY
Mangone Annarosa1, Caggiani Maria Cristina2, Giannossa Lorena Carla2, Laviano Rocco3,
Mutino Sabrina4, Sabbatini Luigia1
1”
Laboratorio di Ricerca per la Diagnostica dei Beni Culturali”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di
Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy, [email protected], [email protected];
2
Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari, Italy,
[email protected], [email protected]; 3”Laboratorio di Ricerca per la Diagnostica dei Beni
Culturali”, Dipartimento Geomineralogico, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona, 4, 70126, Bari,
Italy, [email protected]; 4Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Basilicata, Palazzo Loffredo,
via Andrea Serrao, 11, 85100 Potenza, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Glass, Enamels, Production Technology.
A set of gilded and enamelled glasses dating back to the first half of the 13th century AD and coming
from the Melfi castle, a Frederick II of Hohenstaufen fortress in the South of Italy, was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, optical (OM) and electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive
spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) in order to inquire the technological processes intervened during their
production. The obtained results, concerning the nature of the glass body and the production technology
of gilding and enamels, are presented. The body of the objects proved to be made of silica-soda-lime
glass, while the enamels of lead glass and colored by lapis lazuli (blue), hematite (red), a mixture of lead
stannate and cobalt (green), manganese oxide (black) and calcium phosphate (white). Furthermore, the
gilding was found to be applied on a hematite red basis and the presence of carbon suggested the use of
an organic medium for its application. These materials and technological procedures are consistent with
the Islamic origin of the glasses, confirmed also by the Kufic inscriptions, that mean sacred invocations
to the Sultan, which could be due to the presence of Islamic artisans at the court of Frederick II. Finally,
the peculiarity of these glass furnishings betrays a “special commission” by the Swabian emperor,
perhaps in honour of an important event which took place just in the Melfi’s Castle.
A PROVENANCE STUDY ON DIFFERENT RENAISSANCE CERAMIC
PRODUCTIONS BASED ON XRD AND FT-IR SPECTROSCOPY
P. Fermo1
1
Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica e Analitica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21,
20133 Milano, Italy; G. Padeletti, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati – CNR. cp 10. 00016
Monterotondo Staz., Roma, Italy
Keywords: Ceramics, Provenance, Chemometric Techniques
The attribution problem related to different ceramic productions represents a topic of great interest and
generally an archaeometric approach is commonly used. In the framework of a more comprehensive
study on lustred majolicas from Italian Renaissance [1,2], we looked at the possibility to distinguish two
different kind of Italian productions in central Italy (Gubbio and Deruta, Umbria), on the base of the
chemical and the mineralogical composition of the ceramic body [3]. A study was carried out on "second
firing" shards characteristic of the two different production sites, in order to identify different features
useful for a possible and unambiguous attribution.
Chemometric techniques have been applied to XRD patterns and FT-IR spectra to exploit the potential of
these methods in the provenance attribution.
Furthermore, through a comparison with local clays, subjected to cooking, the production technology
used by ancient potters was investigated. Differences in the use of the raw materials as well as in the
firing temperature have been disclosed.
[1] G. Padeletti, P. Fermo, Appl. Phys. A 76 (2003) 515
[2] G. Padeletti, P. Fermo, Applied Phys. A 77 (2003) 125
[3] G. Padeletti, P. Fermo, Applied Phys. A 100 (2010) 771
208
NON-INVASIVE APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF STAINED GLASS WINDOWS
Rebollo Elena1,2, Ratti Filippo3, Poletto Luca3, Bertoncello Renzo1,2
1
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy, [email protected];
Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Firenze, Italy; 3National
Research Council of Italy – Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), Padua, Italy,
[email protected]
2
Stained glass windows are heterogeneous and not well-known artworks that have been extensively used,
especially from medieval times onwards. The study, restoration and conservation of these cultural
heritage objects are particularly delicate due to their complexity but also to their collocation in buildings
and to their usual large-sized dimension. This work focus on the non-invasive approach to the analysis of
stained glass windows, in particular to those of the Scrovegni Chapel of Padua (Italy). This building
dedicated to Saint Mary of the Charity is famous for the fresco paintings elaborated by Giotto between
1303 and 1305 that decorate the whole surface of its walls and ceiling. The conservation state of this
masterpiece of the Western Art is seriously affected by the integrity of the stained glass windows present
in the chapel. In order to prevent damages to the precious paintings, these objects have been restored.
This process was an excellent opportunity to study thoroughly the stained glass windows, in order to have
a deeper knowledge about their conservation state, history and production technique. In fact, there is little
information concerning these windows, they are thought to date from the XIX century and the production
could be local, from Padua or maybe Venice. In particular, the
imaging spectroscopy (IS) has demonstrated to be an extremely
useful and powerful technique to study the glass chromophores of
the numerous vitreous tesserae that form the panels of the
windows. IS analysis extends the measurement of one-dimensional
UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy to two-dimensional domain providing
material characterization and localization. Its features
(transportable, non-invasive technique) are really appealing for the
cultural heritage field. In fact, it is gaining importance for the
study of paintings. However, the analysis of vitreous art objects
such as stained glass windows through this methodology is an
innovative application of this technique. For this purpose, an IS
measurement system has been developed and built: it consists of a
visible range imaging spectrograph, mounted on a rotation stage,
Fig. 1 Some of the stained glass
which captures monochromatic images of the sample within
windows of the chapel
wavelengths from 420 nm to 850 nm. Two measurement
methodologies have been performed: transmission and double-transmission modes. The developed device
collects a large amount of information in relatively short times. Through the acquired spectra it has been
possible to characterize and to map the chromophores of the vitreous tesserae of these artworks in a noninvasive way. The acquired data have allowed the clear identification of Cr(III), Co(II) or Cu(II) as
instance. Moreover, the integration of IS with other non-invasive techniques in particular with a portable
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrophotometer consents to thoroughly characterize the colourants
employed to elaborate the glass panes. Thanks to the study of the vitreous matrix chromophores, the
acquired information has been helpful in order to have a better understanding about the execution
technique and to define the production period of these artworks. The results show that the adopted
approach could represent a reliable analytical method when dealing with the study of stained glass
windows.
209
NON-INVASIVE ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT POTTERIES FROM SICILY (SOUTHERN
ITALY) USING NEUTRONS TECHNIQUES
Barone Germana1, Crupi Vincenza2, Longo Francesca2, Majolino Domenico2, Mazzoleni Paolo1 and
Venuti Valentina2
1
Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy; 2Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di
Messina, Messina, Italy, [email protected];
Pottery is a precious testimony of the ancient world, maybe the richest provider of data and information.
Pottery is of fundamental importance in archaeology because of its typological variety, abundance, spread
and virtual indestructibility, together with the possibility of also obtaining information from fragments.
For these reasons pottery is one of the most important historical sources, and it represents a dating
instrument that cannot be easily superseded. In this context, the physical–chemical characterization of the
composition of ceramic items, from microscopic to mesoscopic domain, is aimed basically at classifying
them in the correct historical–geographical framework, and hence acquiring valuable knowledge about
the technological and cultural evolution of the civilization that created them and the political and
commercial relationships between populations.
During recent years neutron scattering has started to play a more and more important role in
archaeometry. Even if the neutron source fluxes and the scattering coefficients are low (compared to
synchrotron radiation sources), the high penetration power of neutrons makes them an ideal probe for the
investigation of the bulk of extended specimens. This fact, together with the availability of wide beams,
provides properly averaged information about composition. In archaeometric research, then, the potential
of neutron methods is clearly expressed by the possibility that they offer of investigating pottery artefacts
non-invasively, i.e. without causing any damaging by the removal of material.
On microscopic scale, neutron diffraction (ND) applied to archaeological ceramics gives access to the
distribution of the mineral phases, and their relative weight in the phase mixture. At mesoscopic level,
small angle neutron scattering (SANS) gives information about the size and surface characteristics of the
aggregates of minerals. The extracted information are crucial to reconstruct the provenance of the artefact
and to elucidate the techniques used to manufacture the pottery.
I will report here recent results of a TOF-ND and SANS analysis aimed at the physical-chemical
characterization of the ceramic bulk of a variety of fragments belonging to a wide chronological range
(VI-II century b.C.), excavated in various sites in Sicily (Southern Italy).
210
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATIONS AND PROBLEMS TO SOLVE FOR USING
GEOPOLYMERIC MATERIALS IN THE CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL
HERITAGE
Bruno Fabbri1, Sabrina Gualtieri1
1
CNR-Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, Faenza, Italy
Keywords: Geopolymer Recipes, Production Aspects, Conservation
The interest for the use of geopolymeric materials in the conservation of artworks is continuously
increasing. Several interventions have been already done in different situations and different countries.
These interventions have been based on the experiences previously carried out for applications in
different fields. What is lacking is a systematic study about the specific problems connected with the use
for cultural heritage. The first objective of this paper is to start to reduce this lacuna.
This paper deals with the practical questions that arise when geopolymers are produced in laboratory. The
main questions regard: the optimum calcination conditions of the kaolin, the viscosity of the mixture of
raw materials, the formulation of the geopolymeric composition, the sedimentation of the mixture and the
subsequent differentiation of the final product, the cracking due to excessive shrinkage.
More than forty recipes were taken into consideration for the realization of about two hundreds of
specimens. For each recipe, the behaviour of the material during hardening was recorded: sedimentation
and differentiation, hardening time, shrinkage, appearance of cracking. Then the finished products were
characterized especially in terms of pore size distribution (Hg-intrusion porosimeter), microstructure
(SEM/EDS), water solubility (in distilled water). The most suitable measures adopted in order to avoid as
more as possible practical problems and to reach the best characteristics are illustrated.
The conclusion is that the user should have a good idea of the specific needs of its intervention and then
decide the best formulation. The user should know that the amount of water is a very important parameter
to be taken into account, because it influences the viscosity of the raw mixture.
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL BY LASER
SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
Khedr Amal1, Abdel-Kareem Omar2, Abdel Harith Mohamed1
1
National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]; 2Faculty of
Archaeology, Conservation Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; 1National Institute of Laser Enhanced
Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, [email protected];
Keywords: Ceramics, LIBS, Laser Cleaning
In the present work, the combination between laser spectroscopic and traditional techniques has been
applied for the analysis of old and Islamic Egyptian ceramic samples. The analysis of pottery samples
has been performed to identify their chemical compositions by laser spectroscopic techniques such as
LIBS technique. The analytical composition obtained by LIBS compared with the results obtained by
traditional analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy linked with energy dispersive Xray analysis (SEM/EDX) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) to obtain verification of chemical results. LIBS has
been used for depth profiling, so it is proved its superiority for on-line diagnostic technique, providing
information necessary for accomplishing the efficient laser cleaning of artifacts. In addition The
morphological surfaces before and after cleaning has been done for the contaminated ceramics by Optical
Microscopy (OM).
211
NANOSYSTEMS BASED ON HYDROXYAPATITE FOR OLD BOOK RESTORATION
Ion Rodica-Mariana1,2, Doncea Sanda-Maria1,2, Ion Mihaela-Lucia3
1
ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: [email protected]; 2Valahia University, Targoviste, Materials
Engineering Department, Romania, e-mail: [email protected]; 3Valahia University, Targoviste, History
Department, Targoviste, Romania, e-mail: [email protected];
For many centuries, paper was the main material for recording cultural achievements all over the world.
Art restoration is a partnership between art and chemistry, chemical analysis acting to minimize risks
when restoring a work of art. Today, modern chemicals, as nanocompounds, are essential to preserve the
world’s artistic and cultural heritage. Tasks belonging to nanoparticles chemistry (type of nanoparticles,
structure, and analysis) are discussed in this paper for the conservation and restoration of paper
documents and an old book, especially.
A new method of old book restoration, based on a special suspension of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles,
have been presented and discussed in this paper. This new method is based on the nanoparticles properties
to penetrate into the network of the cellulose fibbers, to adhere to them, covering the damaged area and
consolidating the paper without covering the ink. The scientists’ contribution to conservation of cultural
heritage has grown to a great extent in the last decade. They can greatly contribute to the preservation of
artefacts because they can provide useful and reliable predictions of the degradation of Cultural Heritage
materials and delay, as far as possible, the complete degradation of the artefacts themselves.
In order to obtain good results in restoration, some physico-chemical investigations (obeying the artefact
integrity), could be used: infrared spectroscopy Fourier-transformed (FTIR), Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermal analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS),
energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and induced coupled plasma-atomic emission
spectroscopy (ICP-AES), in order to complete the elemental composition of the sample.
This work deals with a new method of paper consolidation, in the field of Cultural Heritage conservation;
it requires a very accurate characterization of paper. A new method of old book restoration, based on a
special suspension of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, have been presented and discussed in this paper. This
new method is based on the nanoparticles properties to penetrate into the network of the cellulose fibbers,
to adhere to them, covering the damaged area and consolidating the paper without covering the ink. The
particles size and theirs size distribution have been measured by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
technique.
All these techniques have been tested on some small pieces of paper prelevated from a Romanian Gospel
from 1740 (delivered from private collections). The final restoration results are shown, too.
212
EDITING METADATA TO SUPPORT THE ACQUISITION, CONTENT ANALYSIS,
STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF ANCIENT DOCUMENTS*
Debole Franca1, Salerno Emanuele1, Savino Pasquale1, Tonazzini Anna1
1
National Research Council of Italy, ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Ancient Document Preservation And Accessibility, Metadata Schema For Multispectral Images,
Metadata Editor Tool
Preservation, accessibility, readability improvement and content analysis of ancient documents are
nowadays urgent needs, to prevent loosing much of our past memory. Indeed, the damages that they have
suffered over time still cause a progressive decay, and the fragility of rare and important historical
documents prevents their direct access by scholars and historians. On the other hand, low contrast and
possible artifacts, make their reading difficult. Finally, interesting features are often barely detectable in
the original documents, whereas they could represent the most important information from a historical
and cultural point of view.
Multispectral and multisensory imaging and digital image processing techniques can be used to enhance
readability and seek out new information. Digital processing may require many different techniques to be
applied. The results of these elaborations may then be subjected to other processes for document
interpretation, such as OCR. Elaborations of this kind are, or could become, standard practice in libraries
and archives, thus concurring to enrich the documentation and improve the access and usability of
cultural heritage objects. A major challenge is thus the creation of structured digital libraries, where, for
each stored document, the plurality of its representations is suitably managed. These include all the
acquisition channels available and all the subsequent processed versions, along with the corresponding
parameters. This rich description of acquisitions and image processing results should support the archival
and the retrieval based on the features of the images and on the processing they have undergone. At the
same time, the availability of traditional descriptive metadata should support content based search, such
as those usually done in a Digital Library.
In this paper, we propose a metadata schema model to support such a combination of classical and new
ways of describing a document and its analysis process, and we illustrate a Metadata Editor (ME) that
supports the creation and editing of the metadata. This enables the results achieved to be better evaluated,
and an expert knowledge database to be created, to extract cross-document observations and conclusions
about the artifact formation, its ageing, etc. This is important information for art historians and art
restorers as well. The proposed metadata schema satisfies three broad requirements. On the one hand, it
enables the representation and description of a cultural heritage object (an ancient document in this
specific case), to support its retrieval and access. On the other hand, it supports the description of the
complete acquisition process, and of all the processing performed on the digital representation of the
object. Finally, it is fully compliant to existing standard metadata schemata, so that interoperability of
existing archives and reuse of existing resources is guaranteed. The metadata schema is composed of
different interrelated entities describing the physical object – i.e. the actual physical work of art – its
digital representation – i.e. how the object is represented in digital form – and its digital elaboration – i.e.
all processing activities performed on the digital elaboration in order to improve its quality and
readability. All these entities can be linked to entities describing the authors of the cultural objects and the
organizations which are responsible for their preservation.
The paper also describes a metadata editor, a tool providing an easy way to create and edit the metadata
records. The metadata editor allows users to create, search and edit metadata records. It also supports the
use of controlled vocabularies for the different metadata elements.
*
This work is partially supported by European funds, through the Calabria Region program PIA 2007-2013, project no. 1220000119 AMMIRA Multispectral acquisition, enhancement, indexing and retrieval of artworks.
213
RESTORATION OF HISTORICAL RGB MANUSCRIPTS VIA CORRELATED
COMPONENT ANALYSIS*
Bedini Luigi1, Tonazzini Anna1
1
National Research Council of Italy, ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy, [email protected]
One of the most common degradations affecting historical documents which are written or printed on
both sides of the page is see-through, that is an undesired pattern in the background, caused by the text in
the reverse side of the page. Such distortion can significantly degrade the readability of the document or
make difficult the automatic analysis of its content.
Several approaches for see-through reduction have been investigated, mainly for greyscale documents,
and exploiting the availability of scans of both sides (recto and verso). Recently, the interest in applying
Blind Source Separation (BSS) algorithms for solving this problem has increased noticeably. The
appearance of the degraded recto and verso scans is first modelled as a parametric superimposition of the
uncorrupted recto and verso images, and then a separation algorithm is used to estimate both the mixing
parameters and the ideal front and back side images (sources). The assumption of a linear mixing model
has led to BSS algorithms such as Independent Component Analysis (ICA) or Non-negative Matrix
Factorization (NMF). Some works have also addressed more realistic non-linear and/or convolutional
mixing models, and separation algorithms based on adaptive filtering, wavelet transforms, or image
regularization techniques.
In spite of the assumption of a linear mixing model, ICA has proven to be very cost-effective and
versatile for application to different typologies of data and several instances of document restoration and
analysis. For example, it can be easily extended to the analysis of multispectral scans of a single-sided
document containing multiple information layers, or when the data are the RGB recto and verso scans of
a colour document. This latter case is particularly interesting if the aim is to produce a restored visible
document that, while cleansed of the unwanted interferences, maintains its useful features, e.g. the
original colour, as much as possible. Nevertheless, ICA assumes independence or at least uncorrelation of
the individual sources, that is, it forces an unrealistic uncorrelation between the recto and verso ideal
images.
In this paper, we consider the problem of removing interferences from pairs of recto-verso RGB
documents, and show that the use of recently proposed Correlated Component Analysis techniques, based
on second order statistics, allows to remove the uncorrelation assumption. Our method, working in the
Fourier domain, is based on the joint estimation of the mixing parameters and the source spectra and
cross-spectra. This estimation is performed by alternating minimization, with respect to the mixing
parameters and the spectra, of a suitable cost function. Once the estimates are available, the individual
sources can be recovered, at each Fourier mode, either by simply inverting the mixing matrix, or, when
noise is present, by Wiener filtering, since the estimated spectra can be effectively exploited. The method
is very fast, and can be easily extended to account for blur kernels on the sources. Indeed, blur usually
affects the interfering patterns, for effect of light or ink spreading through the support. The experimental
results performed show that this method significantly outperforms ICA, by permitting separation to be
achieved also when the individual sources are largely correlated. This is especially true when the patterns
that interfere from a side to the other of the page are sensibly blurred.
*
This work is partially supported by European funds, through the Calabria Region program PIA 2007-2013, project no. 1220000119
AMMIRA - Multispectral acquisition, enhancement, indexing and retrieval of artworks.
214
NATIONAL CULTURAL HERITAGE MANUSCRIPTS: RESEARCH
Maria Geba1, Ana Maria Vlad1, Cristina Marta Ursescu1, Doina Veronica Manea1, Theodor
Malutan2
1
Research and Restoration - Conservation Centre for Cultural Heritage, “Moldova” National Complex of Museums,
Iasi, Romania, [email protected]; 2”Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University, Iasi, Romania,
[email protected]
Keywords: XRF, Pigment, Ink
Introduction
The museums, libraries and religious cult institutions of Romania detains a valuable patrimony of
documents and old books from 15th -18th centuries, many of them written with different kinds of ink and
some exhibiting polychrome ornamentation.
Project Research strategies concerning the assessment of the state of conservation and the
implementation of new materials and techniques in the restoration and conservation process of ancient
books and documents ensuring the cultural heritage perenniality at communitarian level give us the
opportunity of analyzing the writing and decoration materials used in Romanian old manuscripts of the
15th -18th centuries.
Experimental
The studies performed on the medieval manuscripts aimed at a non-invasive analysis of writing and
decorations materials. The research was based on optical microscopy and non destructive X-ray
fluorescence.
A great majority of these books and documents needed an extensive restoration conservation treatments,
performed in the Research and Restoration – Conservation Centre from ”Moldova” National Complex of
Museums of Iasi, in order to regain their original state.
The analytical method adopted for this research was x–ray fluorescence spectroscopy- XRF, as a nondestructive analytical tool, allowing an in situ investigation of writing and decoration materials.
The analytical equipment was a portable Innov-X Systems Alpha Series spectrophotometer, with a SiPIN
diode detector and a W anode, operating at 35 kV, 20μA, using Soil Mode analysis soft.
Results
The text of old manuscripts is written with black and red ink and golden letters. The old manuscripts of
the 15th -18th centuries contains a rich colored miniature with green, blue, red, yellow pigments.
We identified Cinnabar for red ink, gold for golden letters and ferro gallic ink for black ink. Pigments are
identified in the old books: Cinnabar for red, Malachite for green, Orpiment for yellow and Azurite for
blue and other pigments.
Conclusions
The results of present research complete the present-day knowledge about the materials for writing and
decoration of the old manuscripts from Romanian collections.
X-ray fluorescence has proven useful in identifying non-destructive testing of materials for decoration
and writing books of great value to the national cultural heritage.
Acknowledgements
This work has been made in the framework of CNMP project supported by Romanian Ministry of
Education and Research through PN II PARTENERIAT.
References
1.M. Bicchieri et al, “Non-destructive analysis of the Bibbia Amiatina by XRF, PIXE-α, and Raman.” Quinio:
international journal on the history and conservation of the book no. 3 (2001) pp 169-179.
215
HYDROXIDE NANOPARTICLES FOR DEACIDIFICATION AND CONCOMITANT
INHIBITION OF IRON-GALL INK CORROSION OF PAPER
Giorgi Rodorico1, Poggi Giovanna2, Toccafondi Nicola3, Baglioni Piero4
1
CSGI and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
mail: [email protected]; 2 CSGI and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3,
50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; mail: [email protected]; 3 CSGI and Department of Chemistry, University of
Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; mail: [email protected]; 4 CSGI and
Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; mail:
[email protected];
Historically valuable paper objects are rapidly deteriorating and their long-term conservation requires a
full understanding of the chemical degradation mechanisms to conceive appropriate methodologies for
conservation. The main cellulose degradation pathways are the acid hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds and
oxidation. Low pH values can lead to cellulose depolymerization even at room temperature [1]. Ancient
manuscripts were usually executed by using iron-gall-inks. These were obtained by reaction of iron (II)
sulfate (i.e. vitriol, as reported in old recipes) with tannins extracted from gall-nuts, to give a pyrogallate
complex of iron (III) and sulfuric acid [2]. However, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose is not the only
paper degradation pathway due to the presence of iron-gall ink. In fact, transition metal ions usually
catalyze cellulose oxidation through a free radical mechanism, which produces hydrogen peroxide in situ
[3].
This paper reports an investigation on the use of magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles dispersed in
alcohols to inhibit two different and synergistic degradation processes usually affecting historically
valuable manuscripts and common paper documents. We show that the preservation of paper from acid
hydrolysis and oxidative ink corrosion can be achieved by stabilizing the final pH of deacidified paper
around 6.5-7.5. PH control may allow to reduce the catalytic action of metals and minimize radical
production. The inhibiting action of magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles are compared to magnesium
oxide particles present in one of the best mass deacidification method (Bookkeeper) [4].
Note: This work has been partly supported by TemArt, Programma Operativo Regionale - Regione Toscana, cofinanced by Fondo Europeo di Sviluppo Regionale (POR CreO FESR 2007-2013), and by the EU project Nanoforart.
[1] D. Fengel, G. Wegener, Wood. Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. Walter de Gruyter: Berlin, 1984.
[2] J.G. Neevel, C.T.J. Mensch, In ICOM- CC Lyon 12th Triennal Meeting; Bridgland, J., Ed., James and James, London: 1999,
528-533.
[3] J.G. Neevel, The development of a new conservation treatment for ink corrosion, based on the natural anti-oxidant phytate.
http://cool.conservation-us.org/iada/ta95_093.pdf (25.02.2010)
[4] G. Poggi, R. Giorgi, N. Toccafondi, V. Katzur, P. Baglioni, Langmuir, 2010, 26, 19084–19090
216
DEACIDIFICATION OF PAPER MANUSCRIPTS WITH ALKALI ANTIOXIDANT
Abdel Monem H. , Zidan Y. , Atia A.
The researchers searched for getting the material and the manner in which verification and comply with
the above-mentioned results, which have the following properties:
- Safe to use.
- Anti-oxidantion that is the basis of damage to organic compounds.
- Water use that the water ways have the advantages of paper relaxation and not change to
yellowing.
- Leaving a trace remains as salt work a buffer to the Organization of pH. - Leaving a trace remains
as an alkaline in paper.
- Characterized by equation for the lack of influence on the organic dyes. - Penetrating inside the
fibers so as not to be treated only surface layer of salt or alkali which does not benefit in the
treatment and also affect the external appearance of the paper and inks.
- Working in the morophous regions so as not to affect the crystal structure.
Then applied experimentally and subjected to examinations and analyses showing the propriety or
mistake in preparation for use in the application of this research and adopt this method to deal with the
acidity in the paper in two phases, the first acidic to attract the material being treated (alkaline), which
will be used in the second phase into the paper. The choice fell on the use of a weak effect acid , at the
same time an anti-oxidant, which is equated and other acids in the paper and to obtaining a salt as
regulator to pH inside the paper and fibers and not just on the surface as happens in most methods used in
deacidificationt . With diligence in the selection of this acid in terms of its impact and where it originated
in the same time an anti-oxidant which is clear from the previous studies that it is the first step of the
damage (oxidation) and especially that the deposited salt work as a regulator of pH of the materials used
also for antioxidants. Then the most important step, scientific assessment of these laboratory experiments
through the examination and analysis which were included in this chapter of the research, which focused
on the examination and analysis of cellulose paper through the examination of fiber with microscopes and
then analyzing the samples thermal analysis TGA, DTA, DTG to test the thermal decomposition of
samples and its response to the heat oxidation before and after treatment and after the accelerated aging,
and analysis of infrared FTIR to test the vulnerability of the functional groups in the treatment and aging
cellulose and then analysis XRD to test the crystallinity of paper cellulose as evidence of the persistenc of
chemical post-treatment and aging.
217
PHOTOYELLOWING/PHOTOBLEACHING OF ROMANIAN OLD BOOK PAPER
Ion Rodica-Mariana1,2, Doncea Sanda-Maria1,2, Ion Mihaela-Lucia3
1
ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: [email protected]; 2Valahia University, Targoviste, Materials
Engineering Department, Romania, e-mail: [email protected]; 3Valahia University, Targoviste, History
Department, Targoviste, Romania, e-mail: [email protected]
The historical papers constitute important objects in libraries and archives (documents, manuscripts,
maps, books, herbarium), and many times are used for recording cultural achievements all over the world.
Its damage is a result of different environmental factors (humidity and temperature), yield to the paper
composition alteration, sometimes induced by added materials (ink, pigments or dyes). Cellulose
degradation of historic paper is an undesired process for paper historical artefacts. The different types of
deterioration of the paper are reflected in wear and tear, shrinkage, cracks, brittleness, warping,
bioinfestation, discoloration, abrasion, hole, dust and dirt accumulation etc. Whether natural light or
artificial light, paper gets deteriorated when it is exposed to light. Especially sun light has a serious
damaging effect on written or printed paper materials. The ultraviolet radiation of light are mainly
responsible for photochemical degradation of paper which takes place rapidly when paper is exposed to
sun light in presence of air (oxygen). The photoyellowing was observed in the wavelength range between
290-390 nm and photobleaching when samples were irradiated in the range 420-470nm. Sometimes, it
was also observed both effects; the transition from photoyellowing to photobleaching occurred at some
wavelength between 340 and 400 nm. Fading of ink and dye of the coloured paper and yellowing of white
paper also takes place due to the formation of oxycellulose, and the ong cellulose chains are broken and
the paper becomes weak and brittle. This indicates that some guaiacyl structure from cellulose structure
was destroyed without a corresponding destruction of the total aromatic ring structure, possibly due to
demethoxylation or condensation reactions. Presumably the bleaching process makes the guaiacyl
structure less stable to irradiation. The short wavelength 270 nm light produces the greatest destruction of
aromatic and guaiacyl structures. Photoyellowing also becomes more severe as the wavelength decreases.
However the amount of damage by light depends on intensity of light (as the intensity of light increases
the rate of deterioration of the paper also increases), duration of exposure (the duration of exposure of
paper to light is directly proportional to its deterioration), distance from the source of light (more the
distance, less the damage). Light must be kept to less than 50 lux (5-10 foot candles) for no more than
five hours a day. Works such as oil paintings, watercolours most photographs, ivory, wood and lacquer
objects and sculptures containing organic materials such as resins, waxes, paints, need not more than 150
lux or up to 15 foot candles.
For photoyellowing and photobleaching evidence, the most used technique is FTIR spectroscopy.
Usually, the degradation mechanism of the cellulose is caused by the iron-gall-ink. The so called
“fingerprint region” (1000 cm-1 - 1400 cm-1) is characteristic to the cellulose, which is the main substance
from the paper. In this area the CH2-OH strong absorbance is attributed to the aromatic rings belonging to
lignin, which is present with cellulose in the paper samples. The peak at 1723 cm-1 indicates the oxidation
of the cellulose and the shoulder near the water absorption at 1648 cm-1, belong to the C = O band, due to
the hydrolysis and oxidation of cellulose. Also, the bands from 1450-1350 cm-1 and 1610-1550 cm-1 have
been attributed both to carboxylic salts and to C=O representing a possible way to put into evidence the
carboxylic components, responsible for cellulose degradation products. SO2 asymmetric stretching from
670-640 cm-1 and 1690-1620 cm-1 are proofs for the presence of sulfates in the samples.
The obtained results from this paper, offered by FTIR have been correlated with other different analytical
methods: UV-Vis, ICP-AES, EDXRF, RAMAN, SEM, AFM, DLS, analysis for determining the
photoyellowing and photobleaching products and their influence on old book quality.
218
METHODS OF CHEMICAL BLEACHING FOR MODERN PAPERS
CONSERVATION
Alice Baldin1
1
University of Udine, Department of History and Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Udine, Italy,
[email protected]
Keywords: Paper Conservation, Sodium Percarbonate, Sodium Chlorite
Our recent studies on chemical bleaching of brownish and acid paper materials underlined that sodium
percarbonate (2Na2CO3·3H2O2) in aqueous solution can be a valid substitute of traditional conservation
techniques that utilize alkaline hydrogen peroxide (H2O2/NH3, H2O2/Ca(OH)2, etc.) or reducing agents
(for example borane tert-butylamine complex).
Sodium percarbonate is a commercial powder of sodium carbonate-hydrogen peroxide complex and it is
applied not only to a great variety of industrial processes, such as textiles and paper bleaching, but also
for the production of sanitizing or cleansing agents. The main advantages of sodium percarbonate in
paper conservation are its easy working procedure and environmental compatibility, as it does not require
the careful control of the pH of the bleaching baths and it decomposes into harmless oxygen and
carbonate.
In this work we present the first experimental results of bleaching studies performed on different raw
wood pulps, ancient acid books naturally aged from the XX Century and some modern artistic papers
from Fabriano paper mills, all selected on the basis of their chemical composition as determined by FTIRATR analyses, pH and colorimetric measurements.
The bleaching agent was effective in all the examined specimens. However, like all conservation
treatments, chemical bleaching with sodium percarbonate is not devoid of risks for paper materials. The
main drawbacks of this method are the alkalinity of the solutions, that may cause the -alkoxy scission of
oxidised spots of cellulose chains, and the presence of sodium ions, that are known to degrade cellulose
paper during the subsequent long-term storage. The former drawback is unavoidable, while sodium ions
can be easily removed by adding some CaCl2 before rinsing the paper leafs at the end of bleaching
process. This treatment bypasses the difficulty of a subsequent deacidification step, as calcium ions react
with the carbonate residue of sodium percarbonate, leaving the desired alkaline reserve as solid calcium
carbonate, while sodium ions and soluble residues of percarbonate are washed away. On the other hand,
we have also found that blistering and splitting phenomena sometimes can occur on strong oxidized
materials, on papers heavily coated with clay or strongly sized.
These structural damages do not occur with another bleaching agent suitable for modern paper samples.
We have found that acidified sodium chlorite gives equally effective bleaching solutions and that the
examined specimens do not suffer any structural damages, such as blistering, splitting and solubilisation
of coatings and printing inks.
The proposed bleaching methods appear suitable and valid techniques for the reduction of discolouration
of naturally aged modern papers. Further studies are in progress in order to evaluate the long-term
chemical stability of bleached samples by artificial ageing technique (ISO 5630/3).
219
EARLY DETECTION OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS ON PAPER: ON SITE TEST BASED
ON BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASE ACTIVITY
Federica Troiano1,3, Francesca Agresta1,2, Piero Colaizzi1, Corrado Fanelli2, Massimo Reverberi2
and Flavia Pinzari1
1
ICRCPAL-MiBAC- Laboratorio di Biologia. Rome, Italy, [email protected], 2Dipartimento di Biologia
Ambientale, Università “ Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; 3DiSTAM, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
The presence of micro-organisms in library materials can lead to the irreversible degradation of the paper
if viable cells are not detected quickly. Some enzymatic activities can be utilised as indicators of fungal or
bacterial presence, thus bypassing the need for time-consuming isolation procedures. N-acetyl-β-Dglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) (NAGase) is one of the three chitinases (N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase,
chitobiosidase and endochitinase) that degrade chitin: it catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-β-Dglucosamine residues from the terminal non-reducing ends of chitooligosaccharides using an acid–base
reaction mechanism with glutamate 540 as the catalytic
acid. NAGase is an extracellular enzyme that in fungi is
involved in hyphal extension and branching, septa
formation and germ tube growth. Fluorogenic artificial
substrates derived from N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine and
containing
fluorogenic
derivatives
of
4methylumbelliferyl (4-MUF) are available for
quantifying NAGase activity. 4-methylumbelliferil-Nacethyl-β-D-glucosaminide (4-MUF-NAG) (Sigma
Aldrich M2133) has been used by Reeslev et al. (2003)
Fig. 1 External device of the spectrometer
for quantifying chitinase activity in fungal mycelium.
N-acethyl-β-D-glucosaminidase
activity
appeared
positively and quantitatively correlated with ergosterol
content in environmental samples. Konkol et al. (2010) proposed a method based on fluorogenic
estimation of fungal activity for use on cultural heritage materials. In the present study N-acetyl-β-Dglucosaminidase activity was tested as possible spot-test directly on paper for the evaluation of fungal
presence in books and documents by means of a
non destructive external fluorometric device
(Fig.1). Three paper grades inoculated with
spores from three fungal species were used to
simulate
contaminated
cultural
heritage
materials. Fungal attack was induced in vitro by
inoculating the paper samples with fungal species
known to be paper spoiler. Fluorescence derived
from liberated 4-MUF was determined with an
LS50 luminescence spectrometer equipped with
an
external
device
(Perkin-Elmer,
Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) at 448-nm
emission
and
365-nm
excitation.
4methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-beta-Dglucosaminide (4-MUF-NAG) was used at a
Fig. 2. The peaks at 448 nm of the 4-MUF obtained with the
concentration of 5 mM, prepared in aqueous
external device of the spectrometer
solution. Two buffers (carbonate and glycine)
and different reaction times were tested to
evaluate the best conditions and the variability of results. Both living fungal mycelia and water vapour
killed fungi were evaluated. Variability of results according to paper grade was observed, mainly due to
fluorescence of cellulose fibres and paper additives that in some cases masked the fluorogenic response of
the test. Within each paper grade the spot test successfully discriminated control paper, from paper
supporting a living fungal infection (Fig 2).
220
INVESTIGATION PAPER ECCLESIAL HERITAGE
Nicoleta Vornicu1, Cristina Bibire1, Corneliu Oniscu1, Theodor Malutan1
1
Metropolitan Center of Research T.A.B.O.R, The Metropolitanate of Moldavia and Bukovina, Iasi, Romania,
[email protected]; 2”Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University, Iasi, Romania, [email protected]
Keywords: SEM, XRF, Pigment, Ink
Introduction
Elucidating the mechanism of degradation of various organic and mineral materials in the structure of
objects of national heritage, explaining phenomena that occur over time between the systems involved in
the processes of destruction and elimination or reduction of their activity is a fundamental problem of
conservation and restoration.
Experimental
Using fluorescence spectroscopy as a nondestructive technique the X-ray (XRF), SEM allows a quick and
simple determination of elementary composition of a material. The paper refers to analysis by XRF and
SEM of the pigments used in decoration of an old manuscript of the eighteenth century.
Results
This paper presents the results of XRF and SEM-EDAX investigations conducted to identify some
pigments and inks used to write ancient documents that were reviewed during the project PapREST
92077, highlighting specific materials.
Case study - the identification of pigments and inks used to write ancient documents, manuscript 1725,
Psalter.
Elements identified by XRF analysis of the fields of decoration are (Au, Fe, Hg, and Cu). This helped to
identify the type of pigments used in ornaments and writing (black - Ferro gallic ink, red - cinnabar , blue
- Azurite etc.).
Using electronic microscopy stationer support in the analysis showed the use of paper from rags. The text
of old manuscripts is written with black and red ink and golden letters.
Conclusions
Scientific study of works of art is a rapidly expanding field and many new research groups are becoming
interested in this. Results of XRF and SEM-EDAX analysis performed on the manuscript from 1725
allowed the completion of existing analytical documents. Full study is to use two methods to the
investigation of 130 manuscripts and books from the collection of the Metropolitan Library in Iasi.
Acknowledgements
This work has been made in the framework of UEFISCDI, 92077 project supported by Romanian
Ministry of Education and research through PN II PARTENERIAT.
References
R. Alberti, C. Florini, C. Guazzoni, T. Klatka , A. Longoni 2007 Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 580 1004,(2007)
M. Thoury, M.Elias, JM. Frigerio, C. Barthou, Appl. Spectr. 61 12. Processes in Isotopes and Molecules IOP Publishing Journal of
Physics: Conference Series 182 (2009) 012044 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/182/1/0120444, (2007)
N .Vornicu., C.Bibire, Metode de investigare [tiintifica a operelor de arta, Trinitas Publishing,(2004)
221
ANALYSIS OF MANUSCRIPTS WITH DEVELOPED LA-GF-ICP/MS TECHNIQUE
AND TRADITIONAL SEM-EDX
Sistach M. Carme1, García José Francisco2, Marín Eva3, Padró Antoni4
1
Archive of the Crown of Aragon, Barcelona, Spain, e-mail: [email protected];
Barcelona, Spain, e-mail: [email protected]
2,3,4,
University of Barcelona,
The aim of this work is to assess the application of Laser Ablation –great format- system with Inductively
Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-gf-ICP/MS) to analyze manuscripts. Aqueous treatment is a
usual process applied in restoration of manuscripts. A systematic study about the changes produced on the
quality of paper and ink in manuscripts after using the water bath or 20% alcohol-water mixture bath
treatment is performed. Scanning Electron Microscopy with microanalysis (SEM-EDX) is the second
complementary technique, that also permits state elemental distribution of inorganic components in
several spots of the manuscript: a) into the ink writing, b) in the ink migration zone, and c) in a far away
paper zone without ink.
Methodology
In order to get information about the changes produced in the manuscripts by aqueous treatment it is
necessary to use a non destructive analytical technique with high spatial
resolution and good detection limit. These are the characteristics of the
new technique developed LA-gf-ICP/MS because its application does
not require previous sampling, produces a small crater of 100 microns
diameter and allows identification of minor and trace components
(Fig1). In addition, application of successive laser pulses to the same
point of the manuscript allows getting stratigraphical information about
elements distribution. By using this system it is possible to get map
distribution of key elements related to ink composition (Fe or Cu).
Manuscript study has been performed analyzing a net of points
Fig-1. Laser System
distributed in five parallel lines perpendicular to ink writing line (width
≈1mm) including 9 points each, distributed at both sides of ink line. Size
of deterioration produced by laser beam is barely visible by naked eye (Fig2).
The second technique (SEM-EDX) is useful to corroborate migration of ions from solution of
components by capillarity migration of ions through the paper fibres.
Samples
We used two different types of samples: a) Laboratory samples were made with
application of several ink lines in a non written paper from XVI century non
valuable manuscript, and with stated laboratory ink composition, and b)
samples from an original written piece from the same non valuable manuscript.
We divided both type of samples in three pieces: 1) RP (reference paper) RI
(reference ink), 2) after water bath: WP (water paper) and WI (water Ink), and
3) after alcohol-water bath: 4) WAP (water-alcohol paper) and 5) WAI
(alcohol-water ink).
Results and discussion
LA-gf-ICP/MS results show reduction of signals for the iron isotopes selected
Fig. 2 ink line with holes
(Fe56 and Fe57) in writing ink trace after the bathing treatments. Interpretation
in paper
of results demands initial calibration of signal for the referential samples
which includes normalization of matrix of the samples in order to get valuable
distribution information.
The EDX-SEM results corroborate reduction of iron in ink line after washing treatment.
Conclusions:
1: Elements distribution on manuscripts changes as consequence of the aqueous treatments applied.
2. LA-gf-ICP/MS is an analytical technique capable of establishing high resolution elemental distribution
maps to monitor the influence of these treatments on manuscripts.
Acknowledgments :Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for funding (HAR-2008-03849
222
AMMIRA: AN EASY AND EFFECTIVE SYSTEM TO MANAGE DIGITAL IMAGES
OF ARTWORKS*
Salerno Emanuele1, Tonazzini Anna1, Savino Pasquale1, Martinelli Francesca1, Debole Franca1,
Bruno Fabio2, Bianco Gianfranco2, Console Elena3
1
National Research Council of Italy, ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy, [email protected]; 2University of Calabria,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cosenza, Italy, [email protected]; 3TEA-SaS, Catanzaro, Italy,
[email protected]
AMMIRA is a hardware-software system to manage digital images of cultural heritage objects. Currently
under development, its final version will integrate the functionalities of three subsystems, a computercontrolled scientific camera for multispectral image capture, an easy-to-use package for image
manipulation and annotation, and a metadata editor that enables nonspecialist users to include semantics
into the processed data, so that they can be stored and searched by content in large databases. Such a tool
is very important to extract and manage all the information related to valuable objects that must be
studied, maintained, and also accessed by many types of users. The data acquisition is based on a DTA
Chroma refrigerated camera, equipped with its standard control software, a custom-made motorized
autofocus system, and a real-time viewfinder for rapid framing and focusing in all the channels available.
A filter wheel allows three visible and two infrared channels to be captured. The illumination is provided
by white-light lamps for RGB and IR reflection images, and Wood lamps for ultraviolet fluorescence
images. Moreover, a structured-light projector can be used to reconstruct the 3D shape of the object under
acquisition. Having 3D information available can be useful to many purposes. This is obvious for 3D
objects, but is also true for paintings or documents, whose virtual restoration can include a flattening of
the surface to reduce the effect of material deformation. The multichannel image data available help both
virtual restoration and feature extraction. Most methods to perform these tasks need the channel maps to
be precisely coregistered. Our raw data, however, do not meet this requirement. Indeed, each channel
image is acquired separately, and the different filters used can produce displacements and differences in
focusing from channel to channel. Additional distortions can arise from accidental causes during the
capture procedure. This is why the first image manipulation module is devoted to coregister multiple
images, corrected, where needed, for 2D or 3D geometric distortions. The other image manipulation
modules are used for virtual restoration or extraction of spectrally-distinguishable features from the
object’s appearance. In particular, a group of algorithms are based on linear image models, and are able to
both reduce degradations in documents (such as stains, blurred areas, etc.) and extract even barely visible
features, such as erased text, watermarks, and stamps, which can then be classified and annotated. Other
algorithms are based on nonlinear models, and are able to remove the characteristic back-to-front
interference that often affects document images. A specially designed metadata editor allows the user to
record the procedures applied to any piece of data and its relationships to other stored material, including
all the administrative and descriptive information needed. The metadata files produced enable contentbased searches in large databases. The effectiveness of all the procedures implemented has been evaluated
quantitatively on simulated data, and tested successfully on real images of heavily degraded documents.
The three AMMIRA subsystems are now operational, and a first software release is being tested by the
project partners and by some selected user institution.
*
This work is partially supported by European funds, through the Calabria Region program PIA 2007-2013, project no. 1220000119 AMMIRA Multispectral acquisition, enhancement, indexing and retrieval of artworks.
223
SELECTIVE DEGRADATION OF SUBSTRATES IN HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAFIC
MATERIALS: A VARIABLE PRESSURE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
CASE STUDY
M. C. Sclocchi1, D. Matè1, P. Colaizzi1, E. Damiano1, C. Fanelli2 and F. Pinzari1
1
Istituto Centrale per la Conservazione ed il Restauro del Patrimonio Archivistico e Librario, Via Milano, 76, 00184
Rome. Italy. 2 Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università “ Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) that can tolerate specimen chamber pressures in the range 1–20
Torr (0.13–2.7 kPa) while maintaining the electron gun and column at high vacuum (< 10–6 Torr, 0.13
mPa) represented a revolution in many fields of the research applied to cultural heritage. The presence of
a gas in the specimen chamber allows for imaging of uncoated specimens at high beam energies and, in
instruments that can tolerate chamber pressures in excess of approximately 4 Torr (0.5 kPa), wet and
liquid samples (1). Variable pressure SEM technique can be successfully applied to the study of
photographic materials which, according to their dimensions and the width of the sample chamber, can be
introduced as they are in the SEM, making the technique absolutely not invasive or destructive. Several
applications in the field of photographic materials archaeology and conservation are possible: the study of
manufacturing materials and processes, the analysis of degradation phenomena, the evaluation of
restoration practices or the description of microscopic effects of chemical treatments.
Microbial deterioration is a common problem in photographic collections and is considered a major cause
of deterioration. Nevertheless only a few studies have been dedicated to the evaluation of biological
damage in these materials. There is the need for a better understanding of the interactions occurring
between microorganisms, the environment, and the organic and inorganic substances composing
photographic material. The aim of this work was the study of the damage caused by naturally occurring
fungal infections on the gelatin silver emulsion
of positive and negative 20th century
photographic materials. The study was
conducted by observing photographic prints
and films with different spots and damaged
areas with a variable pressure scanning
electron microscopy (VP-SEM) combined with
electronic dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). The
SEM allowed the observation of entire,
unaltered samples without metallization thus
with a not invasive approach. Morphological
information could be obtained by means of a
secondary electrons (SE) detector and chemical
characteristics of surfaces were visualised by
means of a backscattered electrons detector
Fig. 1 Observation of a photographic positive by SEM. Fungal
(BSE). Moreover, compositional data were
hyphae produced tunnels in the gelatine emulsion trough a selective
obtained by collecting characteristic X-ray for
degradation of substrates.
each object visualised in SEM micrographs,
with a topographic elemental analysis. SEM technique allowed visualizing several interesting aspects of
fungal damage. The effects of the intimate interaction between the fungal hyphae and the organic and
inorganic components of the substrates were described. In particular, the ability of some fungi to alter the
distribution of silver crystals in the gelatin emulsion, and the selective degradation of some substances
were documented (Fig.1).
224
NON-DESTRUCTIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETERIC ANALYSIS FOR COMPOUNDS
PRESENT IN ARCHEOLOGICAL TEXTILE SAMPLES
Tera Ferial1, Abdel-Salam Abla2, Elnagar Khaled3
1
National Institute for Standards, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]; 2Mohamed Aly Museum, Elmanial, Cairo,
Egypt, [email protected].; 3National Institute for Standards, Giza, Egypt, [email protected].
Keywords: Textiles, Art Samples, Metallic Alloys
Since archeological samples are of great importance national and international values, hence,
non-destructive spectrophotometery provides ideal tool for their analysis through consolidation and conservation
processes. Thus, x-ray diffraction was applied to determine the types of metallic, nonmetallic compounds and
impurities in very small quantities present in the colored fibers that were spread around the artifacts. Also,
identifying the types of mordants used through dyeing. Also, the types of metallic alloys in the attached sequences to
the artifacts were identified. Moreover, atomic absorption was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of these
accompanied sequences. In addition, Infrared spectral analysis was used to identify the types of the natural dyes preused with these examined artifacts. The applied identification techniques were proved to be successful nondestructive
tools for such analysis.
Fig. 2 Taut Ankh Amen –Apparel in tapestry design
Fig. 1 Taut Ankh Amon
EVALUATING THE USE OF ENZYMES IN REMOVING OF RESISTANCE OLD
ADHESIVES ON HISTORICAL EGYPTIAN TEXTILES
Harby E. Ahmed1, Omar Abdel-kareem1
1
Conservation Dept.
[email protected]
Faculty
of
Archeology,
Cairo
University,
Egypt,
[email protected];
Keywords: Adhesives, Removing, Enzymes, Textiles, SEM, FTIR.
Some of Islamic textiles objects in museum of Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University are containing different types of adhesives from pervious restoration processes. These adhesives often it is present in shrunk, cracked, rigid and brittle form due to the aged condition, and does not provide enough adhesion for effective support. By this way it causes more damage for the historical textiles. In the context of removing the adhesives by various methods, it may be causes more damage in the textiles, therefore the biotechnological application of enzymes seems to be a very promising approach in the restoration of historical objects. The results show that enzymes removing are the most effective method among all tested methods in the removing of
resistance old adhesives. The tested enzymes removing technique has solved the problems caused by other traditional
removing techniques that are commonly used in removing of resistance old adhesives on museum textiles. Also the
effect of the enzyme on the mechanical parameters of fibers (Tensile strength, Elongation, Crystallinity index) was
studied by FTIR, XRD and ASTM method. Furthermore, the effect of enzyme on the morphology of the surface of
the untreated and enzymatically treated dyed fabric was investigated using SEM and Stereoscope. The effect of
enzyme as a function of enzyme concentration and time of treatment on the fabrics color parameters was extensively
studied
225
CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL DYESTUFFS AND THEIR MORDANT IN
ARCHAEOLOGICAL TEXTILES
Marouf Mohamed1
1
Associate professor, Conservation Dept. Faculty of Arts, Sohag University, Tel: +2 0106869465, Fax: +2 93
4601179, e mail: [email protected]
Keywords: Natural Dye, Dyestuffs, Mordant, Silk, Extraction, Cochineal Insect, Madder Roots
The natural dyes are considered one of the most important organic colorants used in ancient textiles.
Especially most dyestuffs were extracted from plant and animal sources. Much information have been
obtained relating identification and characterization of natural dyestuffs, kind of the organic origin
(whether vegetable or animal origin) and the determination of the kind of mordant used with dyestuffs
were investigated by using Energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (EDX) connecting with scanning
electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer
(FT-IR). Natural dyes of plant origin madder and turmeric and of insect origin cochineal dyestuff were
determined. Also, alum and copper sulfate as mordant were identified on ancient wool textile samples.
b
a
c
Madder roots
Madder plant
Without Alum
mordant
Tin
Copper
Chromium
Ferrous
sulfate
Fig. 1 dying of Silk fibers by using madder roots with different mineral salts used as mordant
a
b
c
Without
mordant
Alum
Copper
sulfate
Tin
Fig. 2 dying of Silk fibers by using turmeric roots with different mineral salts used as mordant
226
Chromium
Ferrous
sulfate
DYESTUFF AND METAL ANALYSIS OF SOME 16TH CENTURY OTTOMAN SILK
BROCADES BY RP-HPLC-DAD AND FESEM-EDAX
Karadag Recep1,2, Deveoglu Ozan3,4 and Taskopru Turan5
1
Laboratory of Natural Dyes, Faculty of Fine Arts, Marmara University, 34718, Acıbadem, Kadıkoy, Istanbul,
Turkey,[email protected]; 2Turkish Cultural Foundation, Research and Development Laboratory for Natural
Dyes, Istanbul, Turkey; 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Marmara University, 34722,
Goztepe, Kadıkoy, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]; 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,
CankırıKaratekin University, Cankırı, Turkey; 5Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University,
Eskisehir, Turkey, [email protected]
Keywords: FESEM-EDAX, RP-HPLC-DAD, Metal Analysis.
The 16th Ottoman silk brocades samples were provided from Topkapi Palace Museum collection in
Istanbul. In this study, an analytical method based on a reversed-phase high performance liquid
chromatography (RP-HPLC) is developed for the identification of dyestuffs in the historical art objects.
The extraction of dyestuffs from the silk brocades was carried out with hydrochloric acid / methanol /
water (2:1:1, v/v/v) solution. The most important dyestuffs detected were natural dyes apigenin, indigotin,
carminic acid, ellagic acid, etc. dyes which are found in historical silk brocades. Analyses of historical
samples were compared with analyses of different unmordanted silk, different mordanted silk, biological
sources (dye plant, dye insect, etc.), silk dyed according to historical recipes and pure standard dyestuffs.
The surface morphology and chemical composition historical silk brocades were investigated by field
emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with energy dispersion spectroscopy
(EDAX). The investigation showed that the metal threads were damaged most probably due to the
uncontrolled environmental conditions. The detected metals as a result of EDAX analysis of the metal
threads from the historical silk brocades are presented in Table 1.
Table 1.The detected metals in the historical brocade samples.
Inventory number
13/401
13/1891
13/1962
13/532
13/1635-long piece
13/1635-short piece
Detected metals
Ag-Ni-Mg
Ag-Au-Mg
Ag-Al-Mg-Cu
Ag-Cu
Ag-Au
Ag-Au
Acknowledgement:The support by Turkish Cultural Foundation is gratefully acknowledged
(www.turkishculturalfoundantion.org).
227
CLEANING OF TEXTILE COPTIC TUNIC BY USING LIPASE ENZYMES
Ibrahim Hamed Elkholy1,Yassen Elsayed Zidan1 ,Nabel Saber1
1
Abo-Qir Conservation institute, Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
This paper discusses the cleaning of an ancient textile Coptic textile Coptic tunic by using lipase enzyme.
The tunic found under the number 1379 in the museum of faculty of Arts, Alexandria University, Egypt,
and dates back to 6 century A.D. It was made of thin linen fabric with parallel bands of silk dyed with
indigo dye, woven in tapestry manner and decorated with floral decorations.
The tunic suffered laceration in different places and dark color fatty dirts were concentrated in some areas
of the tunic.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to determine the type of fibers. Infrared (IR) analysis was
used to determine the type of dye, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to determine the type of
mordant, and the Infrared reflection was used to determine the type of dirt content.
The ancient tunic was placed between two plastic nets so as not to be harmed during the first wash by
distilled water which performed to get rid of water-soluble dirt; this was followed by preparing the bufferenzyme solution. The enzyme was applied in the form of a cotton poultice to the textile tunic, after that
the tunic was washed in five pools of distilled water to get rid of the loose dirt and to ensure the final
elimination of the enzyme; the tunic was dried at room temperature.
Finally, the tunic was prepared to museum display as follows:
As the tunic is three dimensional object, a three dimensional display was made through designing a three
dimensional stand from Plexiglas sheet (with the same dimensions of tunic) covered with modern linen
cloth. then initial and final stitching were made by using different stitches by fine silk strings in the same
color of the antique tunic, after that, the tunic was put into the stage of museum display.
CONSERVATION OF TAPESTRY TEXTILE OBJECTS IN THE MUSEUM OF
FACULTY OF ARCHAEOLOGY, CAIRO UNIVERSITY
Omar Abdel-Kareem1, Aya Abdel-Rahman1
1
Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Egypt E-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: Tapestry Textiles, SEM-EDAX, HPLC, LIFS, Conservation Processes, Cleaning Process, Reinforcement,
Pressure Mounting System
This study aims to establish and design some effective methods to conserve some selected tapestry textile
objects selected from the Museum of Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University and also to develop
pressure mounting system for display small tapestry textiles that can improve the physical and
environmental conditions for these objects that can enhance their long-term chances of survival. These
conservation processes that were used in conservation of the selected textile objects can be used a guide
for conservators to conserve the others of such museum's tapestry textile objects. Investigations and
analysis were carried out for identifying the fibers, dyes and the extent of deterioration by using
noninvasive methods. Transmitted light microscope (TLM) and scanning Electron microscope associated
with EDAX (SEM–EDAX) were used for identifying the fibers and the various deteriorated aspects.
HPLC and LIFS were used to identify the dyes. The results showed that the studied tapestry textile
objects were very dirty, wrinkles and creases, and too damage. All previous damages may due to the
improper displayed method in the museum, or due to the incompatible environmental conditions
surrounded the textile objects during exhibition such as: light, temperature, relative humidity, pollutants
and microorganisms attacks. For these reasons, the selected tapestry textile objects were cleaned using
suction table technique that considers good and safety method for these types of textiles. Then the
selected tapestry textile objects were supported and reinforced by stitching into backing fabric stretched
on wooden frames to preserve the objects on their places. Finally new approach for display of flat textiles
using the pressure mounting system was developed to display the selected textile objects
228
PROJECT OF RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION OF SULTAN COSTUMES IN
TOPKAPI PALACE MUSEUM
ARCA Sibel 1, TORGAN Emine 2, DAGCI Koray 2, KARADAG Recep 2,3
1
Topkapı Palace Museum, Sultanahmet-Istanbul-Turkey, [email protected]; 2Turkish Cultural Foundation,
Natural Dyes Research and Development Laboratory, Yukarı Dudullu-Umraniye-Turkey, [email protected],;
[email protected]; 3Laboratory for Natural Dyes, Faculty of Fine Arts, Marmara University, 34718
Acıbadem-Kadiköy-Istanbul, Turkey. [email protected]
In this project, dye analysis, technical analysis, metal analysis and colour measurements were done for
restoration and conservation of Sultan Costumes in Topkapi Palace Museum collection. An analytical
method based on reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (RPHPLC-DAD) was utilized for the identification of dyestuffs in historical textile objects. Colour data for
historical textiles were measured with CIEL*a*b* spectrophotometer/colorimeter. Metal rates were
determined in the golden strip and silver strip (klabdan) by means of SEM-EDX.
Table1. Dyestuff analysis of the historical art object.
Inventory
No.
13/1635
Sample
silk
Sample
colour
red
green
Detected compound
Biological source
Laccain acid
Kerria lacca Kerr
Luteolin
Apigenin
Reseda luteola
Weld.
Indigofera tinctoria
or
Isatis tinctoria
Indigofera tinctoria
or
Isatis tinctoria
Indigotin
blue
Indigotin
Acknowledgment: This project was supported by Turkish Cultural Foundation.
(http://www.turkishculturalfoundation.org ).
229
MICROBIAL SURVEY OF THE CARDINAL PETER PAZMANY CLOTHES FROM
THE TOMB DISCLOSED INSIDE THE CRYPT OF THE ST. MARTIN’S
CATHEDRAL IN BRATISLAVA (SLOVAKIA)
Kraková Lucia1, Chovanová Katarína1, Šimonovičová Alexandra2, Puškárová Andrea1, Pangallo
Domenico1; 3
1
Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; 2Department of Soil Science,
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Commenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; 3Caravella, s.r.o., Bratislava, Slovakia Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]
During the archaeological study of the crypt inside the St. Martin Cathedral in Bratislava (Slovakia), in
the beginning of year 2010, the tomb of the cardinal Peter Pazmany was disclosed. Peter Pazmany was an
important personality in the Austrian Monarchy during the XVII century. He was the soul of the Catholic
Counter-Reformation in Hungary, in a period when the Hungarian Kingdom was occupied by the
Ottoman Empire; in fact the capital was moved from Budapest to Bratislava (at that time Poszony), and
when the protestant reformation gave origin to several insurrections against the Habsburg Monarchy. Our
group was also involved in this complex study of the Pazmany tomb and our research was focused on the
analysis of the microflora present on the funeral hat and tunic of the cardinal. The samples (three from hat
and six from the tunic) were recovered by swabs and by the adhesive tape method. The swabs were
treated in two different ways: i) direct inoculation on casein and cellulose agar plates; ii) were brought to
the laboratory suspended in physiological solution, decimal diluted and plated in specific plates for the
growth bacteria and fungi. The adhesive tapes, in laboratory, were cut and spread on specific agar plates.
The microorganisms, after growing and prior identification, were selected by two different PCR-based
methods the f-ITS and the f-CBH, for bacteria and fungi respectively. The f-ITS is based on the
amplification of the internal transcribed sequence between the bacterial 16S and 23S rDNA. In this study
the f-CBH was applied for the first time on fungal microflora isolated from textile materials and it is
oriented to the fungal cellobiohydrolase gene. Both PCR selection methods produced typical profiles
which consented to clusterize the isolates in order to reduce them for the consequent sequencing
identification. The ITS fragment was utilized for the identification of fungi, while the 16S rDNA for
bacteria. The cellulolytic and proteolytic abilities were screened through the use of two plate assays, the
Ostazin Brilliant Red H-3B (OBR-HEC) and the gelatin agar respectively. Bacteria of the genus
Brachybacterium sp., Bacillus muralis, Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus
pasteuri, Variovorax sp., and Arthrobacter displayed a strong proteolytic activity, only one Acinetobacter
sp. resulted positive to the cellulolytic test. Proteolytic activity was showed by the members belonging to
these fungal groups: Aspergillus puniceus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus sydowii, Penicillium
roseopurpureum, Penicillium crustosum, Penicillium crocicola, Penicillium brevicompactum,
Myriodontium keratinophilum and Beauveria bassiana. Several members of the previous groups with
isolates belonging to Phialosimplex chlamydosporus, Penicillium commune, Penicillium expansum
evidenced also their cellulolytic ability. This study can be considered as one of the first attempts to
investigate the isolated microflora from textile materials conserved in a particular environment such as a
tomb disclosed after 400 years.
Acknowledgements
This work was mainly financed by the VEGA Agency: 2/0179/11 ‘‘Biodeterioration of natural and
synthetic polymers in historical and contemporary art collections’’. We are grateful to company Caravella
s.r.o. for its support necessary for the finalization of this work.
230
PROVENANCE STUDIES FOR ROMANIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL GOLD USING
MICRO-PIXE AND MICRO-SR-XRF
Cristea-Stan Daniela1, Constantinescu Bogdan1, Vasilescu Angela1, Radtke Martin2, Reinholz Uwe2
and Ceccato Daniele3
1
National Institute of Nuclear Physics and Engineering, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected]; 2Federal Institute for
Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany; 3 INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Italy
Romania was one of Europe’s main gold-producing areas since the antiquity, especially through the ore
deposits in the “Golden Quadrilateral” of the Apuseni Mountains. A geochemical investigation of this
gold by using micro-SR-XRF and micro-PIXE is in progress to verify if Transylvanian gold was used to
manufacture Romanian archaeological objects, using information related to trace elements: Sb, Te, Pb –
recognized fingerprints for Carpathian Mountains mines and Sn characteristic for the panned river-bed
(alluvial) gold. To solve these issues, point spectra for 22 natural gold samples from Transylvania and 18
very small (less than 300 microns diameter) samples from Dacian “Koson” – type gold staters were
acquired at 34 keV excitation SR energy, using a spatially resolved SR-XRF set-up at the hard X-ray
beam line – BAM-line at BESSY Synchrotron, Berlin. A summary for the characterization of
Transylvanian native gold is the following: high (8 - 30%) Ag and low (0.05 – 0.5%) Cu amounts; placer
deposits (Valea Oltului, Stanija, Valea Pianului) contain Sn 150-300ppm – most probably from cassiterite
or stanite; primary deposits present Te 200-2000ppm, Sb 150-300ppm; the samples are very
inhomogeneous; primary deposit Sacaramb: Te 0,25%, Sb 500ppm, Sn 200ppm; primary deposit Fizesti:
Pb 1%, Sb 350ppm, Te and Sn traces. The micro-PIXE experiment was performed using 2 MeV protons
at the AN2000 accelerator of Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro - point and map spectra. Two Rosia
Montana and Musariu gold polished samples were studied. For Rosia Montana the Au/Ag ratio is very
different from a point to another: 53.58/16.30, 34.60/10.78, 13.83/3.75, 34.60/10.53. On the maps a weak
presence of Cu in the gold region in comparison with Ag may be observed. Au and Ag are strongly
mixed. On the outlying gold grains there are Sb, Te, Zn and also Ag-rich areas. For Musariu sample the
Au/Ag/Cu ratio is strongly variable from 3.24/0.42/0.0027, 6.05/1.32/0.0217 to 19.13/4.19/0.0078; Ag
and Cu are evidently mixed; a strong presence of Cu is observed. A big amount of Si (quartz) was
observed surrounding the gold grains. On the distribution map, Zn-rich areas are observed, beside Au, Sb,
and less Ag. There are some metallic Cu-points, Fe-points (pyrite), Pb-points (galena), Mn-points
(alabandite) and native As-rich points. As concerning the "Koson" Dacian coins, the type "with
monogram" is made from refined (more than 97%) gold with no Sb, Te or Sn traces (re-melted gold) and
the type "without monogram" is clearly made from alluvial gold, partially combined with primary
Transylvanian gold (Sn and Sb traces detected). The Greek "Pseudolysimachus" type staters
(contemporary with "Kosons") are made from refined re-melted gold (no Sn, Sb, Te presence).
231
HIGH TIN AND TINNED COPPER-BASED ARTEFACTS FROM ANCIENT
ABRUZZO (CENTRAL ITALY, VIII-V CEN. BC)
Ingo Gabriel M.1, Riccucci Cristina1, Albini Monica1, Angelini Emma2, Grassini Sabrina2, Faraldi
Federica2, Faustoferri Amalia3, Lapenna Alessandra3, Pierigè Isabella3
1
CNR-ISMN, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy, [email protected], 2Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali ed
Ingegneria Chimica Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; 3 Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell’Abruzzo, Via
dei Tintori 1, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Selected groups of copper-based artefacts found during archaeological excavations of different sites of
Abruzzo (central Italy) were investigated in order to determine the chemical composition and
metallurgical features of the alloys and the micro-chemical and micro-structural nature of the corrosion
products grown during the long-term burial. The investigated Cu-based artefacts were ornamental objects
such as rivets, buckles, belts and small rings. The analytical characterisation was performed by using
different surface and bulk techniques, such as optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy
coupled with energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The
results have evidenced that the bronze artefacts were produced by casting unusual high-tin bronze alloys
in a ceramic bivalve mould or by using a low tin bronze alloy coated with a thin layer of tin for producing
a silver-like appearance. The main alloying elements were corroded to form different stratified structures
of different chemical species, such as tin oxides (romarkite and cassiterite), cuprous oxide and copper
carbonates (azurite and malachite), dangerous chlorine-based compounds (nantokite and atacamite
polymorphs). This evidenced the strict interaction with the soil components and pH variation, as well as
the occurrence of post-burial degradation phenomena. These results confirm that SEM-EDS, XRD and
OM can be successfully used for studying the corrosion products of archaeological copper-based artefacts
in order to identify the corrosion agents and mechanisms and, thereafter, to propose the best reliable
tailored strategies for the conservation of these ancient artworks.
PHOTODEGRADATION OF SAUDI KINGDOM’S FLAG PRODUCED BY
PREVAILING WEATHERING CONDITIONS IN JEDDAH
Prof. Dr. Ferial M. Tera1 and E. Alamoudy2
1
National Institute for standards, tersa St. Alharam, Giza, Egypt, Code No. 12211. Email : [email protected];
Faculty of Home Economic, Abdelaziz University,Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
2
Samples of the fabric used in Saudi Kingdom’s Flag were exposed monthhly for one year to the
weathering condition in Jedda city. The change in the physical and mechanical properties were assessed
in relation to the Insident Solar Energy (ISE) and the monthly average maximum temperature and relative
humidity and amount of the sunny hours/day. Also, spectrophotometeric measurements were applied to
follow the change of color parameters as color strength besides the light fastness (LF). It was concluded
that, the prevailing weathering condition had affected considerably all the examined properties especially
the UV radiation was found of predominant effect. Summer months were more damaginging than the
other months of the year.
Flag of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
232
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MICROSTRUCTURE, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
AND STATE OF CONSERVATION OF COINS OF THE “ALBERONE TREASURE”
Monticelli Cecilia1, Soffritti Chiara2 , Balbo Andrea3, Pepi Salvatore4, Gulinelli Maria Teresa5,
Vaccaro Carmela6
1
Centro di Studi sulla Corrosione e Metallurgia “A. Daccò” , Università di Ferrara, Italia, e-mail: [email protected];
Centro di Studi sulla Corrosione e Metallurgia “A. Daccò”, Università di Ferrara, Italia, e-mail:
[email protected]; 3Centro di Studi sulla Corrosione e Metallurgia “A. Daccò”, Università di Ferrara, Italia, email: [email protected]; 4Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Italia; 5Musei Civici di Arte
Antica - Ferrara, Italia, e-mail: [email protected]; 6Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di
Ferrara, Italia, e-mail: [email protected]
2
The trove of Alberone di Ro Ferrarese consists of about a thousand coins of different alloys, issued by
Italian and foreign mints and dating from the XV and XVI centuries. The discovery of the treasure was
made in December 1923, while plowing a field on the right bank of the Po river.
A buried ceramic pot containig 27 gold coins, 276 silver coins and 800 billon (a copper-silver alloy) coins
was found. The gold and silver coins are in an excellent conservation state and are currently exposed in a
museum. The billon coins which have suffered a heavier degradation process have been recently cleaned
to eliminate encrustations and poorly adherent corrosion products. However, in many cases wear,
corrosion and the persistence of adherent corrosion products hinder the readability of the engravings
(Figure 1).
Some coins minted in Ferrara in the XV century, belonging respectively to the authorities of Niccolò
d'Este (1393-1441), Leonello d'Este (1441-1450), Borso d'Este (1450-1471) and Ercole I d'Este (14711505), have been studied to characterize the microstructure, chemical composition and extent of the
corrosion attack.
Investigations have been carried out by optical microscope
observations and SEM–EDS analyses and have always
detected inclusion-rich dendritic structures, often
plastically deformed due to the minting operations. The
alloy chemical composition has also been checked by XRay fluorescence.
In view of the development and application of suitable
treatments for conservation and restoration, SEM-EDS
surface analyses have also been used to evaluate the
Figure 1 The obverse (left) and the reverse (right) of
the quattrino struck on 1449 and issued by Leonello
degradation state of the coins.
d’Este.
A non uniform silver enrichment is detected which
indicates selective dissolution of copper in some regions,
where the surface is porous and irregular (Figure 2). Elsewhere, green and reddish corrosion products
have been found, the nature of which has been assessed by X-Ray diffraction. They consist in cuprite
(Figure 3) and malachite, respectively. Other minor compounds have also been detected.
Figure 2 Non uniform dealloying process connected to
selective copper dissolution in the quattrino shown in Figure
1.
Figure 3. Cuprite crystals in reddish regions of the quattrino
shown in Figure 1.
233
ARCHAEOMETRIC INVESTIGATION ON MINTING DIES BELONGING TO THE
SCHIFANOIA COLLECTION IN FERRARA
Monticelli Cecilia1, Garagnani Gian Luca2, Gulinelli Maria Teresa3, Vaccaro Carmela4, Zucchi
Fabrizio 5
1
Centro di Studi sulla Corrosione e Metallurgia “A. Daccò”, Università di Ferrara, Italia, e-mail: [email protected];
Centro di Studi sulla Corrosione e Metallurgia “A. Daccò” , Università di Ferrara, Italia, e-mail: [email protected];
3
Musei Civici di Arte Antica - Ferrara, Italia, e-mail: [email protected] ; 4Dipartimento di Scienze della
Terra, Università di Ferrara, Italia, e-mail: [email protected] ; 5Centro di Studi sulla Corrosione e Metallurgia
“A. Daccò” , Università di Ferrara, Italia, e-mail: [email protected]
2
In the Civic Museum of Palazzo Schifanoia in Ferrara a collection of 1104 coin striking tools is stored.
Among these, five steel dies representative of the activity of the Ferrara Mint from the 2nd decade of the
1600 to half of the 1700 (during the papal government) have been chosen and studied. Figures 1and 2
respectively show one minting die and the (reversed) engraving types on the five dies.
Figure 2 – Macroscopic aspect of a minting die and
locations where microstructural and micro-hardness
investigations have been carried out.
Figure 2 – Engraving types on the five studied minting dies.
This research cast some light on the metallurgy of the coinage tools which, to the authors’ knowledge,
have never been investigated before. It must be emphasized that collections of punches and dies are
extremely rare, in relation with the collections of coins, mainly for two reasons: first, only a pair of dies
(one for the obverse and one for the reverse of the nominal) is required to produce hundreds or thousands
of coins and then, till recent times, they have not been considered in the light of their historical value, but
merely as workshop tools.
The metallic alloys used for the dies have been characterized by metallographic, petrochemical and
microhardness analyses. They suggest that the minting dies have been produced by a smithing technique
consisting in hammer hot forging, followed by punching and chiseling operations necessary to produce
the coinage type, in negative form. A subsequent heat treatment applied to these tools affords them the
spatial distribution of the microstructures necessary to ensure good performances and long service life. In
particular, in the coinage head the dies show martensitic microstructures, able to supply the high hardness
value (from 918 to 1009 HV0.3) required to the minting activity, while at the opposite side, subjected to
hammer strokes, the dies exhibit ferritic/pearlitic microstructures, which confer high toughness to the
alloys. The only exception is represented by the oldest die: its overall very low hardness, that presumably
has negatively affected the minting operation.
These results suggest that, although the historical period during which the analyzed minting dies have
been manufactured does not correspond to a period of flourishing industrial development in Italy and in
Ferrara in particular, the metallurgical techniques were rather well developed, at least from the half of the
`600 on. Surely the coins production was active on a small scale, but from the high number of dies found
we can deduce that it was a good quality production, which lasted till the half of ‘700, when the gates of
the Mint were definitively shut.
234
INVESTIGATION OF 12TH CENTURY DENARII BY DIFFERENT ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES
I. Calliari1, F. Grazzi2 , C. Monticelli3 , D. Ferro4
1
Dep.of Chemical Engineering processes, University of Padova, Italy; 2Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto
Sistemi Complessi, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; 3Study Centre on Corrosion and Metallurgy "A. Daccò"- University
of Ferrara, Italy; 4ISMN-CNR, Rome , Italy
Keywords: coins, Metallurgy, TOF
In the present paper the application of different techniques for silver coins metallurgical and analytical
examination is presented. The investigations have been performed: on cross sections with SEM-EDS and,
in a totally non–destructive way, using XRF and Time of Flight Neutron Diffraction (TOF-ND). The
study is aimed to determine the coin chemical composition, in order to compare the Ag content in the
emissions of different doges , to investigate the depth and morphology of Ag surface layer and to
compare the capabilities of different techniques in examining bulk and surface of the coins. The XRF data
are critically discussed and compared with SEM-EDS, they give useful qualitative information on the
bulk and surface composition. The SEM-EDS investigation confirms that the coins have an Ag surface
enrichment, with different depths (10-100 microns), and a bulk composition in the range 20-27 % wt of
Ag., The Neutron diffraction analysis allows determining the bulk average quantitative phase composition
of alpha and beta phases the relative concentration of Ag and Cu, both in the alpha and beta phases and
the detection of corrosion products. By this technique, an accurate composition determination of the two
phases, as well as the overall composition, can be determined in a totally non-invasive way.
DESALINATION TREATMENT BY PURE HYDROGEN PLASMA OF EGYPTIAN
COIN FRAGMENTS FROM TELL BASTA, EVALUATED BY SCANNING
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
M. Moatamed Megahed1, S. Ahmed Saleh1, E. Filippaki2
1
Conservation department, Faculty of Archaeology, Fayoum University; 2 Plasma Physics Lab., IMS, NCSR
“Demokritos”, 15310, Ag. Paraskevi Attiki; Author corresponding :- [email protected] [email protected]
Coins collection made of billon that was revealed from sandy soil with a high amount of salts
during the 2004 season by the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mission. By means of low pressure and
low temperature hydrogen plasma was used as a desalination treatment. Scanning electron microscope
with energy dispersive spectrometry has been carried out in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the
dechlorination methods by hydrogen plasma. This paper contains a summary of what happens to the
corrosion compounds during the reduction treatment by hydrogen plasma. The results demonstrate that
chloride ions are effectively removed by low temperature hydrogen plasma. This work was carried out at
Plasma Physics Lab., IMS, NCSR “Democritus in Athens.
235
LASER INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY: A VALUABLE TOOL FOR THE
ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL METAL ALLOYS
Gaudiuso Rosalba1, De Giacomo Alessandro1,2, De Pascale Olga1, Loperfido Sabrina2, Mangone
Annarosa2,3, Luigia Sabbatini2,3
1
IMIP-CNR U.O.S. Bari, via Amendola 122/, 70126, Bari, Italy, [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected]; 2Department of Chemistry, University of Bari,
via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected];
3
Centro Interdipartimentale “Laboratorio di Ricerca per la Diagnostica dei Beni Culturali”, University of Bari, via
Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
Keywords: LIBS, Metal Alloys, Micro-Raman
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a versatile and comparatively inexpensive technique
that has been emerging in the last decade as a valuable tool for the elemental analysis of a huge variety of
samples. It consists in the optical emission spectroscopy of Laser Induced Plasmas (LIP), which can be
formed by focusing a short and intense laser pulse on the target, with virtually no limitations on its
chemical nature or state of aggregation. Several attractive features have rendered LIBS one of the most
popular emergent techniques for the analysis of cultural heritage objects, the first being the extremely
flexible experimental setup that is comprised essentially of one pulsed laser source and one spectroscopic
system for the analysis of the plasma-emitted radiation. Only optical access to the sample is required and
no sampling or sample pretreatment is needed prior to the analysis itself, thus LIBS can be also employed
in stand-off and in situ configurations. The analysis is virtually non-destructive, as the damage induced on
the sample by the focused laser beam has diameter in the order of tens of microns, corresponding to an
ablated mass on the order of tens to hundreds of nanograms. At the same time, the technique has a good
sensitivity (~ppm). In the specific case of applications to the analysis of ancient artefacts, problems
deriving from the presence of corrosion layers or sediments can be easily avoided by cleaning the surface
to be analyzed with some additional laser shots, in order to make sure that the bulk object is being
ablated.
In the present work LIBS was employed for the elemental analysis of a series of copper-based brooches
from the archaeological sites of Egnatia (Apulia, Southern Italy) dating from VII century b.C. to VII a. D.
, with the aim of outlining their technological features. Two analytical approaches were tested, one of
them being a self-calibrated technique based on the Boltzmann distribution of excited species in the
plasma phase and enabling quantitative determination of elements without the use of calibration
standards. The results allowed the identification of the different alloys used in the manufacturing of the
brooches. Moreover, the same finds were examined with other complementary techniques, namely
Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive
Spectroscopy (EDS) to study the microstructures of the samples, and micro-Raman spectroscopy to
identify the corrosion products grown on the surface. The obtained information provided detailed
diagnostic information, useful to better understand some technological-productive aspects of ancient
metals, to put up interesting archaeometric and archaeological results and to evaluate the conservation
state of the brooches.
236
ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDY OF A NEW NON-TOXIC INHIBITOR
FORMULATION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL BRONZE
Dermaj A.1, Chebabe D.1, Bettach N. 1, Hajjaji N. 1, Srhiri A.1, Casaletto M. P.2, Ingo G.M.3,
Riccucci C.3, De Caro T.3
1
Laboratoire d’ Electrochimie, Matériaux et Environnement, University Ibn Tofail, Faculté des Sciences, Kenitra,
Maroc, [email protected]; 2Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
(ISMN-CNR), Via U. La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italy, [email protected]; 3Istituto per lo Studio dei
Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29,300, Monterotondo Scalo (RM),
Italy
Bronze artefacts are often stored or displayed in uncontrolled conditions, suffering from corrosion process
leading to the formation of corrosion products [1-3]. A protection treatment could be used to insulate
them from this corrosion environment. A growing need of Mediterranean Conservation Institutions and
Museums is to develop and use alternatives, safe and reliable long-term conservation methods and
strategies for bronze archaeological artefacts that could replace the presently used hazardous materials
and processes. Conservation materials and process should be used following standardized, reliable and
reproducible procedures for removing soil traces, for stabilising the bronze archaeological artefact and for
avoiding further degradation during exhibition or storage.
Reference Cu-based alloys with chemical composition, metallurgical features and micro-chemical
structure similar to that of the ancient alloys were produced at the ISMN-CNR laboratories in order be
successfully employed and used for testing corrosion inhibitors and validating cleaning and conservation
techniques [4].
In this work a formulation (FPTS) of a new organic compound (2-phenyl-1.2.4-triazole-5-thione) was
tested as a corrosion inhibitor on a pure reference bronze alloy (CNR A) support. This formulation has the
advantage to be environmentally friendly, cheap, easy to use and reversible.
The chemical and physical characterization of the bronze surface was performed by X-ray Photoemission
Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with chemical analysis (SEM and EDAX).
The experimental results confirmed the good protective effect of the FPTS formulation.
The electrochemical behaviour was investigated in a 3%NaCl solution, both in presence and absence of
the inhibitor formulation. The corrosion protection performance was investigated by means of DC
polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). From polarization curves and
electrochemical impedance evidences, the inhibiting efficiency of FPTS was found to be around 98 % at
2.5 mM of inhibitor concentration. The obtained results confirmed that this formulation is a good
corrosion inhibitor that can reduce both the anodic and cathodic reaction rates.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the International Bilateral Agreement of Scientific and
Technological Cooperation CNR/CNRST Morocco 2010/2011.
References
[1]: K. Rahmouni, S. Joiret, L. Robbiola, A. Srhiri, H. Takenouti, V. Vivier, Proceedings of the International Workshop "Advanced
Techniques for Energy Sources Investigation and Testing"4 – 9 Sept. 2004, Sofia, Bulgaria.
[2]: L. Robbiola, J.-M. Blengino, C. Fiaud, Corros. Sci. 40 (1998) 2083.
[3]:A. Dermaj, N. Hajjaji, S. Joiret, K. Rahmouni, A. Srhiri, H.Takenouti et V.Vivier, Electrochimica Acta 52 (2007), p 4654–4662.
[4] M.P. Casaletto, T. de Caro, G.M. Ingo, C. Riccucci, Appl. Phys. A 83 (2006) 617-622
237
ELECTROCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF CORROSION INHIBITORS AND
PROTECTIVE COATINGS USED ON BRONZE ARTIFACTS
Mahrouse Y.1, Ismail B.2, Rifai M.3
1
conservation department, faculty Archaeology, South valley university. [email protected]
conservation department, faculty Archaeology, South valley university.
3
conservation department, faculty Archaeology, Cairo university.
2
Keywords: Corrosion, Inhibitors, Bronze
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of some common corrosion inhibitors
and protective coatings used in conservation of bronze artifacts by electrochemical measurements and
weight loss. The corrosion inhibitors used in this work were Benzotriazole (BTA) (C6H5N3), 2mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), while the protective Coatings used were Paraloid B72 and Paraloid B66.
The electrochemical test was carried out using apparatus [potential potentiostas Galvanic ( model 273 A)
EG and G] with this conditions: initial potential = 0.1, final potential = 0.1 V, Sample area = 2 CM2 , Scan
rate = 5 MVS-1, The capacity of Solution = 50 ml ( mix. /HCl), with three-electrode cell. A platinum was
used as counter. electrode, Silver Silver chloride [Ag/AgCl] as eference electrode , and bronze coupons as
a working electrode and all experiments were performed at room temperature. Electrochemical
measurements were carried out in the following corrosive mediums (0,2 g/L-1 Na2SO4 + 0.2 g/L-1
NaHCO3+ 0,2 g/L-1 NaCl ) acidified to pH 5 by addition of dilute HCl and (0.5M HCl ) on binary copper
alloy (bronze) coupons with the composition Cu 93 Sn 6 that it determined by EDXRF.
In both corrosive mediums, electrochemical techniques showed that Benzotriazole and 2mercaptobenzothiazole were efficient as corrosion inhibitors for bronze and Paraloid B-66 showed better
results than Paraloid- B72. The corrosion inhibitor effectiveness of the selected compounds was rated
BTA > MBT for the inhibitors and B 66 > B 72 for the protective coatings.
Weight loss tests were performed on the coupons using Cupric chloride The corrosion inhibitor
effectiveness of the selected compounds after two and four weeks was rated BTA > MBT and B- 66 > B72.
form of coupons
the apparatus used in the measurement
of the electrochemical corrosion inhibitors
SEM of treated coupon by BTA
in tow mediums
-2
4
-3
-4
3
1
-5
5
-2
Log i, mA.Cm
6
2
PM of treated coupon
by BTA in The first
medium
-6
-7
SEM of treated coupon by
Paraloid B- 72 in tow
-8
-9
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
E, mV(Ag/AgCl)
PM of treated coupon by
BTA in The second medium
polarization curves of treated and Untreated
coupons with corrosion inhibitors in: (0.5M
238
A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF AN ASSEMBLAGE OF
PREHISTORIC BRONZES FROM THE FUCINO AREA, IN ABRUZZO
Maria Laura Mascelloni1, Giorgio Cerichelli1, Stefano Ridolfi2
1
Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of Aquila, Coppito (AQ), Italy 2
[email protected]@univaq.it;
Ars
Mensurae,
Roma,
Italy
[email protected]
Keywords: Bronzes, Prehistory, Fucino
Objectives
The project aims to characterize an assemblage of sporadic finds known as 'Fucino bronzes'. The bronzes
are 306: 195 of the Pigorini Museum of Rome and 111 of the Archaeological Museum of Perugia. The
research explores dynamics related to production, use and management of objects, alongside relationships
between production centres, local workshops, and technological changes from bronze to iron.
Moreover, the study includes the analysis of 49 contextual bronzes from the prehistoric settlement of
Celano Paludi, one of the most representative site of the Fucino area. Bronzes are owned by the
Prehistoric Museum of Celano.
Methods
Discussion points are:

Technological and traceological analysis of materials by stereo Optical Microscope (80x)

Quantification of finds and statistical treatment of data

Chemical characterization of selections of objects by a portable ED-XRF. The bronzes are
selected on the basis of their typological, technological and territorial relevance:

27 sporadic bronze discs:

20 sporadic bronzes:

5 aes rudae

7 beads and 1 spiral

8 bronzes reporting provenience Celano

49 contextual bronzes

Results
Comparison of chemistry of different classes of objects show that samples are copper-based finds with Cu
percentages ranging from 100% of one of the aes rudae to 65.3% of one of the beads. The aes rudae
composition is nearly pure copper, except one. All the other samples are ternary bronze alloys (copper, tin
and lead). Compositions are variable but consistent among functional classes of objects.
Bronze discs were used for centuries across all the italic cultures, in particular those belonging to the
‘medio-Adriatic’ horizon which also included the Fucino area. The discs have been interpreted as
components of armour, but currently they are more widely linked to the expression of social and cultural
belongings and associated with both the genders.
About 25% of discs have been repaired in antiquity. Particular attention is given to chemical
compositions and technologies of the various constituent elements or parts of reparation, in order to
compare data both inside the same object and among those showing similar interventions.
The Celano bronzes are studied as both separate groups and complex. Dynamics related to the use and
consumption of metals on the site and degree of homogeneity in composition and technology of bronzes
are also discussed.
Conclusions
Tecno-traceological and chemical aspects of bronzes suggest local workshops operated in the area with
own strategies. The analysis of Celano bronzes indicates a large use of recycling for the metal supply. At
the same time, technology and chemistry of discs show production was performed by highly specialized
workshops, undocumented at the state of knowledge in prehistoric Abruzzo. Composition groups of discs
are also recognisable.
239
"TREATMENT AND CONSERVATION OF THE HOLLOW BRONZE STATUES IN
ANCIENT EGYPT"
Mahrouse Y.1, Ismail B.2, Rifai M.3
1
conservation department, faculty Archaeology, South valley university. [email protected]
conservation department, faculty Archaeology, South valley university.
3
conservation department, faculty Archaeology, Cairo university.
2
Keywords: Statues, Malachite, Ultra Sonic Probe
The main objective of this study was Treatment and Conservation Two objects were chosen from the
hollow bronze statues from the applied arts faculty museum in Cairo :
The first object: an old Egyptian statue of a lady made from hollow bronze and undated.
The second object: an old Egyptian statue in the royal figure from the hollow bronze and undated. The
applied study has four stages as follow:
First – documentation and recording :
this stage documents and records the archaeological objects by artistic Description and archaeological
Description with showing to methods we can use in dating the bronze statues using artistic features as:
dating by wigs, dating by ear and dating by eye . These methods were useful in dating the first statue that
is probably belongs to the middle kingdom with identifying three similar periods in the artistic features.
The royal statue has the artistic features which follows the realism school represented by the twelfth
dynasty and it’s similarity with king senusert III through comparing with some of his statues.
Second- Examination and Analysis of metal core:
1- Elemental analysis of objects: the samples from the metal core were exposed to EDXRF to know
elements and alloy of the archaeological object, The first object was of tin bronze alloy which consists of
Cu, 92.5% and Sn, 5.5% in addition to some other impurities, the second object was of lead bronze alloy
which consists of Cu, 90.9%, Sn, 4.4%, Pb 4.6% .
2- Metallographic Examination of object alloy:, the examination by (PM) after Etching by solution of
ferric chloride showed (α phase of the Cu-Sn alloys) and insoluble lead with white color, Also Scanning
Electron Microscope use with these samples which showed insoluble lead and cracks in object alloy.
Metallographic Examination by (SEM) to sample of the metal core of the first object showed many of the
gas babbles and thus produce spongy product.
Third- Examination and analysis of the corrosion products:
1- analysis of corrosion products: The analysis by x-rays diffraction to corrosion products showed that
more corrosion products in tow statues were Copper Oxides Corrosion Products like Cuprite and Tenorite
and Tin Oxides like Cassiteritte, in addition to Atacamite, Also in The royal object has been identified on
other products like: Covellite, Brochantite, Malachite.
2- examination of corrosion products: Metallographic Examination by metallographic microscope
showed various colors of corrosion products like the green color to Malachite and reddish brown to
Cuprite, Also it showed penetration to corrosion products in the alloy core. Also examination by (SEM)
showed corrosion patina in form uniform corrosion.
Fourth – treatment and conservation of the archaeological objects:
Treatment and conservation of tow objects includes three stages:
1- Mechanical cleaning of corrosion products: using fiber glass brushes, dental drilling Machine and ultra
sonic probe apparatus .
2- Isolation using corrosion inhibitors: using Benzotriazole with the concentration of 3% with ethanol.
3- Museum display: a glass box was made to put the object inside with seleca Gell .
240
the first statue
the second statue
The second statue from the
Coupons of elemental analysis
Disease bronze
THE CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF BRONZE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARTEFACTS
FROM THARROS (SARDINIA, ITALY)
Ingo Gabriel M.1, De Caro Tilde1, Riccucci Cristina1, Angelini Emma2, Grassini Sabrina2, Faraldi
Federica2
1
CNR-ISMN, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy, [email protected]; 2Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali ed
Ingegneria Chimica Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
Cuprite
During the excavation stratigraphically related to the Phoenician-Punic period (VI-III century BC) a large
amount of small bronze common use objects, coins and nails were found at the archaeological site of
Tharros (western-Sardinia, Italy). By means of the combined use of scanning electron microscopy +
energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM+EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical microscopy (OM),
their chemical composition, metallurgical features and corrosion products, i.e. the patina, have been
studied. In particular, the effort has been aimed to gain further insight into the micro-chemical structure
and nature of the corrosion products to be used to identify corrosion agents and mechanisms as well as to
select the cleaning and conservation methods. The results show the wide variation of the chemical
composition of the alloys that include all kind of ancient Cu-based alloys such as low tin and high tin also
leaded bronzes. The examination of the alloy matrix shows largely different metallurgical features thus
indicating the use of different manufacturing techniques for producing the artefacts. The results of the
micro-chemical investigation of the patina show the structures and the chemical composition of the
stratified corrosion layers where copper or tin depletion phenomenon is commonly observed with a
remarkably surface enrichment of some soil elements such as P, S, Ca, Si, Fe, Al and Cl. This information
indicates the strict interaction between soil components and corrosion reactions and products. In
particular, the ubiquitous and nearly constant presence of chlorine in the corrosion layers is observed in
the patina of the archaeological Cu-based artefacts. This latter occurrence is considered dangerous
because could induce a cyclic corrosion reaction of copper that could disfigure the artefact. The microchemical and micro-structural results show also that another source of degradation of the bronze
archaeological artefacts are their intrinsic metallurgical features whose formation is induced during the
manufacturing of the objects carried out in ancient times by repeated cycles of cold or hot mechanical
work and thermal treatments. These combined treatments induce crystallisation and segregation
phenomena of the impurities along the grain boundaries and could cause mechanical weakness and
increase the extent of the inter-granular corrosion phenomena.
241
X-RAY TECHNIQUES FOR 3-D RECONSTRUCTION APPLIED TO ANCIENT
METALLIC HANDWORKS
Simioni Emanuele1, Ratti Filippo1, Calliari Irene2, Luca Poletto1
1
National Council for Research of Italy - Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Padova, Italy, e-mail:
[email protected]; 2Department of Chemical Engineering Processes, University of Padova, Padova, Italy, e-mail:
[email protected]
Keywords: X-Ray Diagnostics, 3D Modelling, Shape-From-Silhouette
X-ray tomography refers to the cross-sectional 3D imaging of an object from many projections taken at
different angles all around the object. When an object is found completely covered by clay or corrosion
products, the tomography can be used to provide its 3D modeling. In the case of a structured object, the
tomography provides also its internal morphology.
Here we present the application of a technique that is alternative to tomography for the 3D modeling of
the external shape of an object, the shape-from-silhouette, in which the silhouettes projected by the object
on the image are used as sources of shape information. The acquisition technique consists in taking a set
of images of the object from different locations around it. The silhouettes are then extracted from each of
these images and are used to define the 3D volume which bounds the object.
We present the application of the shape-from-silhouette technique on X-ray images to reconstruct the 3D
profile of handworks that are not accessible with conventional optical techniques. The acquisition
technique is similar to tomography, since several X-ray
transmission images are taken all around the object
while it is rotated. Some reference points, used for
calibration and registration, are placed on a light
structure that is co-rotating with the object. The shapefrom-silhouette algorithm gives finally the 3D
modeling.
Two are the main advantages of this technique
compared to tomography. 1) It is much less timeconsuming both in terms of acquisition procedure and
data reduction, since a definitely smaller number of
images is taken compared to what is required for a
complete tomography. 2) Low-energy and low-power
a)
b)
X-rays can be used to illuminate the object, since it is
Fig. 1. a) the object as found; b) X-ray radiography of the
not required that the radiation is transmitted through
object
the object, but
only its “X-ray shadow” has to be acquired. This gives
advantages in terms of safety procedures and ease of access to
existing facilities.
On the other side, there are some drawbacks: 1) not all the
concavities of the target object can be solved; 2) the spatial
resolution is lower than tomography; 3) no information on the
internal morphology of the object is provided (although this is not
required in case of monolithic objects). Nevertheless, the
simplicity of the method, the short acquisition time and the lower
complexity of the X-ray set-up make the shape-from-silhouette
very attractive when a preliminary 3D appearance of the object is
required before starting the restoration.
We discuss the technique and present the validation tests. We
present the analysis of a bronze pendant of VI-VII century B.C.
(Venetic area) completely hidden by clay and corrosion products,
Fig. 2. The 3D model obtained by
as shown in Fig. 1. The radiography and the related 3D
shape-from-silhouette
reconstruction show surprisingly that the pendant is a very
elaborated piece, with two embraced figures that were completely
invisible and unpredictable at the excavation (see Fig. 2).
242
ARCHAEOMETALLURGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TUYERES AND
FURNACE WALLS FOUND AT THARROS (SARDINIA, ITALY)
Ingo Gabriel M.1, Del Moro Stefano2, Renzulli Alberto2, Santi Patrizia2, De Caro Tilde1, Riccucci
Cristina1, Faraldi Federica3
1
CNR-ISMN, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy, [email protected]; 2DiSTeVA, University of Urbino “Carlo
Bo”, Italy ; 3Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
A large amount of smelting slags, tuyeres and refractory materials used during pyrometallurgical
activities were found at the archaeological site of Tharros (western-Sardinia, Italy; Ingo et al., 1997)
during an excavation stratigraphically related to the Phoenician-Punic period (VI-III century BC).
Microstructures and chemistry of minerals and glass of both the refractory materials and the fragments of
the smelting furnaces were studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray induced
Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysisthermogravimetry (DTA-TG), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM+EDS) and optical micoscopy
(OM). Microchemical analyses of tuyeres and
fragments of the furnaces indicate that these
materials can be associated with ore smelting to
extract metals such as iron (mainly) and gave us a
fundamental information about the smelting
techniques, highlighting the deep knowledge on
pyrometallurgy of the Tharros population during
Phoenician-Punic period.
These artifacts, characterized by the presence of
high-T low-P minerals, glass and partially melted
(restitic) refractory phases (Fig.1), resemble
natural pyrometamorphic rocks known as buchites
(Del Moro et al., 2011). Glass compositional
variation and mineral zoning were found in the Fig.1: SEM-BSE image of vitrified portion in which
investigated materials with respect to the inner part restitic phases and high-T minerals coexist. Qz = quartz;
of the furnace as well as different voids Kf = K-feldspar; Px = pyroxene; Ca/Na-Pl =
distribution and morphology (Fig.2). With respect calcium/sodium plagioclase; Ol = olivine; Ox = oxide;
Gl = glass.
to natural buchites, tuyeres and fragments of the
smelting furnaces show however, contamination of
various metals induced by mixing/diffusion from
the smelted ores. Furthermore, phosphorous and
calcium contaminations were identified, as the
result of adding of bones in order to allow the
melting of the ores at lower temperature during the
pyrometallurgical processes.
The presence of restitic minerals mainly in the
unvitrified portions indicates the use of mature
sands mixed with clays in order to increase the
refractory properties of the furnaces and tuyeres.
The highest temperatures reached through the
smelting process and its duration was mainly
obtained through the stability field (T-fO2) of the
minerals formed during the pyrometamorphic
reactions. A comparison of depth of vitrification of Fig. 2: SEM-BSE image of the irregular (top) and regular
sub-rounded (bottom) voids in the unvitrified and
tuyeres and furnace fragments with thermal vitrified portions respectively. Mineral abbreviations as
treatments experiments under reducing atmosphere in Fig.1.
performed on pieces of clay taken from unvitrified
samples was also carried out.
References:
Del Moro et al. (2011). Jour. Petrol. 52, 541-564.
Ingo et al. (1997). Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 462, 149-154.
243
MINIUCCHI’S WEATHERING STEEL SCULPTURE: IN SITU
CHARACTERIZATION BY ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Angelini Emma1, Grassini Sabrina1, Parvis Marco2, Zucchi Fabrizio3
1
Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy, e-mail:
2
Department of Electronics, Politecnico di Torino, Torino,
Italy, e-mail:
[email protected],
[email protected], 3Corrosion Study Center “A. Daccò”, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, e-mail:
[email protected]
Keywords: Metallic Cultural Heritage, In Situ Monitoring, Corrosion
Reditus ad origines is a large sculpture in weathering steel, masterpiece of the Italian artist Agapito
Miniucchi, who produced it in 1983. The artefact is exposed to the outdoor atmosphere in the Scientific
and Technological Pole of the University of Ferrara, and is an interesting example of architectural
recovery of an industrial area. The sculpture illustrates the initiatory path of man: it is composed of two
blocks in COR-TEN steel, respectively, 11 x 5.7 x 5.2 m and 2.5 x 6 x 6 m, and plays on the basic
geometric shapes, square, rectangle, triangle, semicircle, evoking symbols of our common heritage, from
the plane tuning fork to the impending beam, to the dangerous spear, as shown in Fig. 1.
Weathering steel, best-known under the trademark COR-TEN, is a group of steels developed to eliminate
the need for painting, due to the spontaneous formation of a stable
rust-like appearance as a consequence of the exposure to the weather
for several years. The corrosion-retarding effect of the protective
layer is due to the particular distribution and concentration of the
alloying elements: the rust develops and regenerates continuously
when subjected to the influence of the weather. COR-TEN is
extensively used in outdoor sculptures and as exterior facades, for its
rustic antique appearance. However the use of this material presents
several challenges: weathering steel is not rustproof in itself, so if
water is allowed to accumulate in interstices, those areas will
experience higher corrosion rates, so provision for drainage must be
made. Moreover ensuring that weld-points weather at the same rate
as the other not welded areas, may require special welding techniques
or materials.
The Miniucchi’s sculpture shows areas with different colours of the
rust layer depending on the orientation of the metal plates and also
has localized corrosion attacks on some weldments. In order to
correlate the colour of the rust layer with its chemical composition
and its protective effectiveness, a monitoring campaign is now
Fig. 1 – Reditus ad origines of
running, based on: (i) microchemical, micromorphological and
Agapito Miniucchi (1983)
microstructural characterizations performed by means of FESEMEDS, XRD and XPS on fragments of the rust layer, (ii) in situ
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements.
The impedance measurements have been carried out by means of a specifically designed portable
equipment, which employs polymeric electrodes instead of the conventional electrochemical cells and
allows to perform, in a user-friendly way, a mapping of the surface properties. The lower the impedance,
the higher the ease of the current to flow and of the corrosion processes to go on; roughly, the value of
the-impedance modulus, at low frequency values, may be used as an index of the corrosion rate.
Outdoor corrosion phenomena on iron artifacts have been widely investigated in literature, however, most
of the studies have been performed on reference coupons artificially corroded in laboratory for short
periods. The possibility to perform in situ measurements could help to understand the corrosion
mechanisms that really affect the artifacts exposed for long time to environments with different
microclimate and aggressive agents and, in particular in the Cultural Heritage field, to develop tailored
and long-lasting conservation strategies.
244
LIBS AND XRF ANALYSIS OF THE "MAGNIFICENT CRATER" OF TREBENISTE
G. Lorenzetti*, S. Legnaioli*, L. Pardini*, V. Palleschi*, Marina Angelini**, Olimpia Colacicchi
Alessandri**, Marco Ferretti***, Astrik Gorghinian****
*Applied Laser Spectroscopy Laboratory Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds of CNR Research
Area of CNR – Via G. Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa (ITALY); **Laboratori di restauro della Soprintendenza Archeologica
di Roma; *** Istituto per le Tecnologie Applicate ai Beni Culturali Area della Ricerca del CNR di Montelibretti
(Roma, ITALY); ****Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati
The 'Magnificent Crater' is a large bronze vase found in 1931 in Trebeniste (Macedonia). It was realized in a Greek
workshop around VI century BC.
Together with the Crater of Vix, discovered and conserved in
France, the Magnificent Crater is one of the few examples of
bronze table vessels which arrived almost intact at our times.
The unique characteristic of the Trebeniste crater is the presence
of a tripod decorated with animal and mythological figures.
In this communication, we present the results of an extensive insitu analysis performed during the restoration of the crater using
the mobile double-pulse LIBS instrument MODI' [1] together
with the XRF instrument realized at ITABC-CNR [2]. The
analysis allowed the precise quantitative determination of the
composition of the bronze alloy of the crater.
Fig. 1 – LIBS analysis of the Magnificent
Crater
[1] Bertolini, A., Carelli G., Francesconi F., Francesconi M., Marchesini
L., Marsili P., Sorrentino F., Cristoforetti G., Legnaioli S., Palleschi V., et al., Modi: a new mobile instrument for in situ
double-pulse LIBS analysis, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 385 (2006) 240-247
[2] M. Ferretti and P. Moioli The use of portable XRF systems for preliminary compositional surveys on large bronze objects. A
critical review after some years' experience in Proceedings of the International Conference Metal 98, Draguignan 27-29 May
1998, Eds. W. Mourey and L. Robiola (1998) 39-44.
AN IN SITU RESEARCH PROJECT IS PROPOSED FOCUSING ON FURTHER
CORROSION PREVENTION OF METALLIC PARTS OF (HISTORICAL) WRECKS
IN THE AEGEAN SEA
1
Peter Nicolaides1, Saleh Mohamed Saleh2
Oceanographer, Offshore & Coastal Engineer Hyperbaric Physiologist-Pharmacologist, Aegean Institute, Aegean
Diving College, Greece; 2Conservation department, Faculty of Archaeology, Fayoum University [email protected]
Specifically, the Paros -Naxos channel is chosen as it harbours several wrecks containing metals or metallic
remains of varying periods, (random jetsam) ranging from 1980 back to the 1700’s.
Cathodic protection measurements will be taken by a silver-silver chloride half-cell instrument to determine the
rate of electrons loss underwater. Sacrificial anodes and impressed current systems will be then deployed and
monitored four times a year for a period of 3 years.
Physico-chemical parameters of the area will be collected during the research period every two months (salinity,
dissolved oxygen, currents, temperature, and pH etc) so the corrosion monitoring will be seen in environmental
context. The areas selected are within official NATURA 2000 zones (EU Directive 92/48) and the Municipalities of
Paros and Naxos islands have already submitted proposals under NATURE European programs, so that these areas
will eventually receive actual ratified protection and become Marine Protected Areas.
Within these areas there are extensive Posidonia oceanica meadows, wrecks of historical and archaeological
importance, cables, pipelines and sensitive ecosystems.
These same areas can be turned into “underwater/marine museums” so that diving tourism can be promoted.
The frequent presence of teams of diving researchers will also ensure that these areas are de facto protected long
before the eventual de jure protection. The selected sites will be monitored in “real time” by underwater cameras and
the majority of parameters monitored will be affected through telemetry. Thermometers, salinometers and other
instrumentation can be also deployed telemetrically as the sites chosen are very close to rock outcrops so that topside
stations will relay the data to the research base on Paros Island.
245
WOOD-DESTROYING INSECTS IN WOODEN CULTURAL HERITAGE – CASE
STUDIES IN CHURCHES AND OPEN AIR MUSEUMS OF GERMANY, AUSTRIA,
LATVIA, ESTONIA, AND SWEDEN
Uwe Noldt1
1
Institute of Wood Technology and Wood Biology (HTB); Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute (vTI) / Federal
Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries; Leuschnerstrasse 91d, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
Keywords: Wood-Destroying Insects, Wooden Cultural Heritage, Open Air Museums, Churches
During the last 12 years the author has headed or taken part in several national and EC-funded projects on the
occurrence of wood-destroying insects in cultural heritage buildings. Starting out with intensive monitoring measures
in the German open air museums of Detmold and Tittling, many other museums in Germany and other countries were
inspected in later years and the damages thoroughly surveyed either in single seasons or in periods of up to a decade.
In Aachen Cathedral and several other churches again in many other countries similar studies were initiated and
conducted in various intensities. Extensive inspections of Latvian (n = 120 objects) and Estonian and Swedish
wooden heritage (as on-going studies) are also included. The main wood-boring insects are described, most of them
belonging to the coleopteran families Anobiidae and Cerambycidae. Additionally, the role of the antagonistic species
of the beetle family Cleridae is outlined. The applied monitoring techniques (e.g., sampling, paper covers, and sticky,
light and pheromone traps) and their results in field tests are illustrated. Furthermore, the accompaniment and success
control of curative measures like heat treatments and fumigations of the respective buildings, both the constructions
and the contained objects, is shown. All the above is demonstrated for selected case studies of both churches and
open air museums displaying similarities and/or diversities of the different geographic regions.
ARCHAEOMETRIC INVESTIGATIONS ON IRON-AGE INGOTS RECOVERED IN S.
GIORGIO DI VALPOLICELLA (VERONA - ITALY)
Fenzi F.1, Peruzzo L.2, Cairns W. R. L. 3, Casellato U. 1, Salzani L. 4, Vigato P. A1.
1
CNR Istituto di Chimica Inorganica e delle Superfici – Padova; 2CNR Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse – Padova;
CNR Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali – Venezia; 4Soprintendenza Archeologica per il Veneto
3
An archaeometric investigation on ten iron-age ingots (VI-V century BC), found in S. Giorgio di Valpolicella (NorthWest of Verona, Italy) was performed in order to understand their relationship with Etruscan ingots recovered in the
northern part of the Po valley (Italy) and to suggest a possible provenance for the copper source.
S. Giorgio di Valpolicella is a small centre located in a strategic position (300-350 m above the sea level) at the
Northern margin of the Po Plain and near the access to the Adige river valley. In this area, some iron mines are
present (limonite and pyrolusite), while copper mines are absent. Thus, the copper provenance may be related to hills
close to Vicenza (50 Km East from S. Giorgio), to the Adige river valley, or to the wider commercial route interesting
the Po Plain. Owing to the absence of local copper source, the recycling copper alloys objects and scrups was very
important in S. Giorgio.
Nine of the examined ingots come from the Iron-Age production site named “Località Casaletti”, in S. Giorgio
centre. Here, the remelting of bronze scrups is attested by the presence of many finds of different typology. The last
ingot come from an Iron-Age house in Gargagnago place, 1 km far from S. Giorgio centre. The examined ingots
show morphological, compositional and microstructural properties comparable to those of aes signatum ingots, found
to the North or South of the Po river belonging to the Etruscan economical-productive cycle. They are made with a
copper-iron alloy, analogously to the most part of the “dead branch” Etruscan ingots, recovered in many place of
central and northern Italy. Thus, S. Giorgio di Valpolicella was involved in wide commercial route interesting also
the Po Plain, owing to its particular geographic position.
As for Oppeano site (X-IV century), located in the southern part of Verona city, also in S. Giorgio “Località
Casaletti” site the considerable presence of finds proves a local production, where a high amount of scrups was
remelted. Thus, this work is a first contribution to a wider study on S. Giorgio bronze production technology during
the Iron-Age, in which the main question is certainly the provenance of the copper source.
246
CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES COLONIZING ROCKCUT SETTLEMENTS
Billeci N.1, Mancuso F. P.1, Palla F.1
1
University of Palermo, Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale e Biodiversità, Via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
[email protected]
Keywords: Biocenosis, Biotechnologies, Hypogeal
This work focused the attention on the identification of biological systems colonizing hypogeal
environments and rupestrian caves with relevant artistic meaning. The spreading of stable and
synergistic consortia of macro-microorganisms induced important transformations over the artistic
surfaces, led by the trigger of metabolic processes. Furthermore, the investigated sites showed a similarity
in the nature of the lithic substrate, characterized by soft, crumbly and porous rocks, such as limestone or
sandstone. This allowed the deep colonization of the layers, and thus, sometimes, mechanical damages
over the artistic surfaces. Moreover, the growth of a specific biodiversity inside hypogeal and caves
environments, is made easier due to the combination of favourable
conditions such as abundance of nutrients, high values of relative humidity
and the variable range of temperature during the day and the year.
Biological diversity has been identified by optical microscope observations
(plants, insects) and by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) that
allow us to reveal microalgae and cyanobacteria colonies Fig.1. Molecular
analysis was performed through genomic DNA extractions that was utilized
as template in PCR amplification of microbial
DNA target sequences, using 16S rRNA
primers specific for cyanobacteria, Fig.2. After
Fig. 1 C.L.S. micrograph
sequencing PCR products the similarity
showing
autofluorescent
searches were done by using the software
microbial colonies.
BLAST. Particularly for microorganisms, the
results showed a widespread presence of
Cyanobium sp, Oscillatoria sp. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic and
diazotrophic microorganisms, able to secrete exo-polymeric substances
(biofilm) holding the products of metabolism, that with micro-algae
Fig. 2 PCR products
resolved by 2% agarose gel
represent the pioneer organisms in hypogeal and caves. The results showed
electrophoresis.
that molecular biology techniques are essential for a complete
characterization of biocenosis in semi-confined environments. This in order
to control microbial development under the point of view of both
restoration project and sustainable fruition.
247
PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION OF GRAPHIC COLLECTIONS: AN INTEGRATED
SYSTEM OF BIOLOGICAL AND MICROCLIMATIC MONITORING
Pasquarella Cesira1, Pasquariello Giovanna2, Balocco Carla3, Tarsitani Gianfranco4, Moroni
Catia5, Maggi Oriana6, Albertini Roberto7
1
Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy, [email protected]; 2Istituto
Nazionale per la Grafica, Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Roma, Italy,
[email protected]; 3Dipartimento di Energetica “Sergio Stecco”, Università di Firenze, Italy,
[email protected]; 4Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Università Sapienza, Roma, Italy,
[email protected]; 5Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Università Sapienza, Roma, Italy,
[email protected]; 6Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università Sapienza, Roma, Italy,
[email protected], 7Laboratorio di Aerobiologia e Controllo di Qualità Ambientale, Dipartimento di Scienze
della Prevenzione, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy, [email protected];
Keywords: Cultural Heritage, Environment, Biological Monitoring
Objectives
The graphic collections (prints, drawings, watercolours, books, codices, photographs, papers, etc.)
preserved in museums, libraries and archives, are subject to aggression by specific groups of biological
agents. The interdisciplinary research project we present proposes an integrated system to monitor
biological contaminants in ambient air and on the surfaces of cultural artifacts, as well as microclimatic
conditions. Such an approach represents a useful tool to define predictive models of biological risk and to
assess the causes of degradation, helping to identify patterns of preventive conservation strategies for
graphic patrimony and to safeguard the health of operators and visitors.
Methods
Monitoring of biological pollutants will be carried out analyzing: 1. bioaerosols, through active (colony
forming units/m3) and passive (IMA, Index of Microbial Air contamination) methods; 2. airborne
particles (concentration of biological and non-biological particles of distinct sizes) with a laser particle
counter; 3. spores, both viable and non viable, with a spore trap (Hirst type) for the direct detection of
microbial spores at the microscope and for the evaluation of their temporal distribution; 4. surfaces of
cultural artifacts, cabinets and furnishings, trough non-destructive and non-invasive methods based on
nitrocellulose membrane filters (determination of MB, Microbial Buildup, and HMF, Hourly Microbial
Fallout); 5. surface and airborne allergens, through immunoenzymatic assay. Microbiological
contaminants will be identified by means of direct culture and molecular biology techniques. In order to
know the indoor microclimatic conditions associated with the conservation of cultural heritage and to
evaluate the risk of contamination by biological agents, the key physical parameters in indoor
environments (temperature and relative humidity of air and surfaces, light, speed and direction of air
movements) will be evaluated. A multi-physics approach, based on Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) for transient simulations, integrated with experimental data and applied to three dimensional
models of the studied environments, will be used to assess the conditions of graphic and textual records.
CFD plays an important role in the prediction of damage and risk, as it helps evaluate the efficiency,
adequacy and reliability of ventilation and lighting systems, as well as maintenance criteria, thus
providing critical indications for air quality control and energy saving. The use of numerical simulation
methods is increasingly important in the analysis, conservation and restoration of cultural objects. This is
especially beneficial when the primary goal is the preservation and planned maintenance of graphic
collections.
Conclusions
The application and validation of this integrated system will allow researchers and operators to define
biological and microclimatic standards for the preventive conservation of cultural heritage and the
protection of the health of operators and visitors.
248
STUDY OF MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN A HYPOGEAL TOMB AS A TOOL FOR
NEW CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION APPROACH
Barbabietola Nicoletta1, Grimaldi Michela1, Tasso Flavia1, Alisi Chiara1, Marconi Paola1 and
Sprocati Anna Rosa1
1
UTPRA GEOC, ENEA-Casaccia, Rome, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Microbial Biotechnology, Biorestoration.
Hypogeal environments represent to some extent an unicum, also because of their peculiar ecological
conditions. The knowledge of the microorganisms that are able to colonise these environments during the
course of time, allows both to take measures to prevent the biodeterioration and to exploit their metabolic
potential for the development of new restoration technology. Aim of this work is a microbiological survey
of the Etruscan Mercareccia Tomb (Tarquinia, Italy) and the selection of strains for biotechnological
applications Unlike the other Tarquinia tombs, which show mostly a simple rectangular shape, the
Mercareccia Tomb has an outer chamber (dromos) with a timber roof sloping to a central opening which
reproduces the atrium of a house of the time as described by Vitruvius, now in a rather poor state of
preservation.
Heterotrophic culturable bacteria and fungi were isolated from the walls of the two chambers and
identified by 16S/18S rDNA sequencing. The presence of unculturable microorganisms was highlighted
by means of t-RFLP analysis. A screening for the selection of strains with metabolic traits exploitable for
different biorestoration applications was carried out by BiologTM system. Selected strains were employed
for proper biorestoration trials at lab scale and on real specimens.
Using the culturable approach, 142 different heterotrophic colony morphotypes were isolated, 16% of
which results not yet described in relation to artistic heritage. A different distribution of the genera in the
dromos and in the inner chamber is observed: Bacillales are predominant in the dromos, while
Actinomycetales, well–known to be the first colonisers of hypogeal environments, are predominant in the
inner chamber. The fungi are more homogeneously distributed and belong to four taxa. T-RFLP analysis
highlighted a higher biodiversity due to the large portion of unculturable strains.
Microbial strains were then selected for some metabolic traits: calcite deposition to be employed for
bioconsolidation of calcareous stone; calcite solubilisation for the removal of unwanted patinas and
crusts; degradation of natural and synthetic resins for biocleaning of different surfaces; degradation of
animal glues for paper restoration. About seventy bacterial strains were able to precipitate calcite in
different forms, sizes and colours. The five most efficient strains were tested on calcareous stone samples.
The best performing strain was TSND13 Rhodoccoccus erythropolis, studied for the first time as a
potential agent for bioconsolidation. The ability to solubilise carbonates is a metabolic function poorly
represented, only four strains proved to be able to do it.
Biolog system allowed a rapid screening of a large number of strains for the capacity to metabolise
different resins: shellac (a protective of mural paintings), wax/resin used for canvas lining, zapon (a
coating for calcographic plates,) and animal glue on historical papers. The best performing strains were
tested on original specimens. Promising results were obtained for zapon and animal glue removal.
249
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF AN AEROMYCOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN
HISTORICAL MUSEUM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA
Anna Maria Picco1, Marinella Rodolfi1, Ilaria Menegola1, Antonella Berzero2, Carla Garbarino2,
Paolo Mazzarello2
1
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Mycology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy,
[email protected]; 2Sistema Museale di Ateneo dell’Università di Pavia, Italy, e-mail
[email protected];
The Museum for the History of the University, opened in 1936, houses a variety of collections which
have emerged from, and reflect the long history of, the practice of scientific teaching and research at the
University. The pieces, themselves stored in historical cabinets, include scientific instruments, historical
volumes, manuscripts and other documents and anatomical and biological samples and models.
The heterogeneous nature of these materials and the co-presence of different types of exhibits within the
museum necessitates that careful attention is paid to the monitoring of the preservation state of the
exhibits and especially to the particular dangers associated with the microfungal infestation of paper
documents and biological samples.
Given the fact that fungi, among the groups of microorganisms, are one of the most principle causes of
the biodegradation of organic and inorganic materials, the study of the fungal infestation of museum
pieces and the related microbial flora context is extremely useful and contributes to our understanding of
the preservation state of works and pieces stored in museums.
Our evaluation of the presence and number of airborne microfungi in the museum has been conducted by
means of different sampling strategies (Petri dishes with active samples) and growth media (generic for
airborne microfungi and selective for xerophilic microfungi). Air samples were taken, on a seasonal basis,
from three different categories of sampling sites: the rooms of the Museum, the cabinets used for the
storing of exhibits and, as a control site, the entrance rooms and the outside door. The individuated fungal
examples were isolated and transferred to culture media suitable for their classification. The identification
was made on the basis of morphological characteristics following the standardised procedures for the
various genera of fungi.
Preliminary results revealed that there was a limited microfungal
aerodiffusion in the cabinets in only some areas. Aspergillus niger and
Rhizopus stolonifer were the only species detected. The microfungal
presence was higher, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in the rooms of
the Museum where Penicillium spp., Chaetomium globosum, Alternaria
alternata and yeasts were the most commonly isolated taxa. Results from in
the control sampling sites indicated that the indoor air of the Museum was
somewhat different from the external atmosphere which was for the most
part
colonised
by
Cladosporium
cladosporioides and Fusarium spp.
Fig. 1 Microfungi detected by a
These preliminary findings have allowed us to
Petri dish exposed in a room of
the Museum
state that the exhibited works and the
employees and visitors are not at risk. Further
testing of the detailed characterisation of airborne fungi in the Museum will
be made on a regular basis.
Fig. 2 A Petri dish exposed in a
cabinet of the Museum with a
single fungal colony
250
THE CHESTNUT TIMBER STRUCTURE OF THE ROOF IN SANTA MARIA
NUOVA (VITERBO, ITALY): ON-SITE INSPECTION, DATING, ASSESSMENT AND
RESTORATION CRITERIA
Manuela Romagnoli1, Marco Togni2, Alberto Cavalli2, Stefano Spina1, Valentina Capoccioni1
1
Department of sciences and technologies of Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy (DAFNE) – University of
Tuscia, Viterbo; 2Department of Agricultural and Forest Economics, Engineering, Sciences and Technologies
(DEISTAF) – University of Florence
The Church of Santa Maria Nuova in Viterbo, is very dear to the people of the town, also because is one
of the very few building survived the 1944 bombing, and that keeps the roof intact.
The first church building dates back to 1080, however the historical information on the roof dates back to
the XV century; the church contains a very important Lombard cloister and a pulpit where San Tommaso
d’Aquino preached. Inside the church it was stored up the very famous triptych of Santissimo Salvatore
(XIII cen.). The church consists of a nave and two aisles. The roof of the nave is formed by 9 traditional
timber trusses (king post trusses) made up of chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.).
The timber beams are square edged, or wane edged. Crosses and other signs was engraved on structural
wooden elements probably as assembly marks.
The roof is particularly interesting because it is one of the few painted roof on chestnut wood. The
decoration is on elements which have a structural function like purlins and joists so as on small planks
and the frame which encloses the fired clay tiles.
Many signals are element of huge to discuss possible reuses of some ancient building timber members.
The whole roof structures was under restoration. Many points of discussion rose during restoration
works, in order to accurately assess the different damages (insect attacks and/or loads history), and the
decay by woodrotting fungi . Restoration criteria were pointed out in order to lead the choice towards
more reversible and compatible operations which are also more respectful of original wood. The work
consists in a wide study to define the correct approach for achieving the assessment of the full timber
structure: from the structural components (painted or not) to the non structural painted planks. The
different analysis have been carried out in order to assess the residual timber strength and the actual
bearing cross section, to evaluate the possible restoration/strengthening systems, to date wood.
Dendrochronological analysis, according to UNI 11141 has allowed to develop a chronology 114 (years
long, built using beams from trusses, decorated joists and purlines. Ring width trend may be used to
identify the timber elements coming, while dating of wood elements has been made by means of wiggle
matching and radiocarbon. The Italian Standard UNI 11119 for the diagnosis of ancient timber members
has been applied. The standard shows procedures, aims and requirements to conduct the technological
on-site survey necessary to evaluate the conservation conditions and to assign a strength grade to each
wooden structural element.
Fig. 1 detail of the painted roof
Fig. 2. Example of the graphic representation of chestnut trusses
Project financed by University of Tusci, University of Florence, Fondazione Carivit, Arch. Melappioni and Giovanni Profili firm.
251
HISTORICAL WOODEN CHURCHES FROM BANAT REGION, ROMANIA.
DAMAGES. MODERN CONSOLIDATION SOLUTIONS.
1
Politehnica University of Timisoara, 2 Traian Lalescu Street, Timisoara, Romania, e-mail:
1
[email protected] ; 2 [email protected]
Historical wooden churches, are spread in several countries in the Balkans. Over the years, some have
disappeared, others have been moved and some have remained present in the same location. Depending
on external factors that acted on them, they have recorded various failures. Among the most important
factors we can mention: fire, floods, landslides, earthquakes, biological attacks. In the western part of
Romania, Banat region, there are many historical wooden churches. They were built between 1650-1850.
Their historical value is given by paintings made directly on the wooden walls. The article presents the
main damages on these churches and reversible strengthening solutions according with Charta of Venice.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE MICROBIAL COMPONENTS OF THE BIOFILMS
GROWING ON POMPEI FRESCOES
Ciniglia Claudia1, Marzano Chiara2, Cennamo Paola3, Guglielmi Chiara2, Ciarallo Annamaria4,
Taddei Roberto2, Pinto Gabriele2, Pollio Antonino2
1
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
[email protected]; 2Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche- Sez. di Biologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi
Federico II, Via Foria 223, 80139 Napoli, Italy [email protected]; 3Università degli Studi Suor Orsola
Benincasa, Via Suor Orsola 10. 80135 Napoli, Italy [email protected]; 4Laboratorio di Ricerche Applicate –
Sovrintendenza Archeologica di Napoli e Pompei, Pompei, Italy
Keywords: Pompei Frescoes, Biofilms, 18S Rrna
Microbial biofilms cause the formation of a compact coating on the surfaces of mural paintings of
numerous houses of the archeological site of Pompei, Italy. These coatings can present a strong pigment
development, whose color ranges from blue- green or olive green, to brown or reddish. In the course of
a preliminary field campaign, different biofilm samples were collected from some frescoes of three
Pompei houses: Marco Lucrezio, Hypogeum of Criptoportico and Paquio Proculo. In this first approach,
were sampled only biofilms showing blue-green or dark green color. Only the superficial microbial film
was collected, using the non-invasive method of adhesive tape strips. Each sample was analyzed with the
aim of molecular and microscopic techniques. Environmental PCR were carried out, using the 16S
rRNA. as a phylogenetic marker to identify bacteria and cyanobacteria, and 18S rRNA nuclear gene for
the algal components of the biofilms. In order to understand and determine the complex functions and
interactions of microbial communities in natural environments was also applied the DGGE technique,
that gave indications about the influence of climatic condition on the microbial communities. Among the
bacterial components of biofilm, were identified strains belonging to the genera Stenotrophomonas,
Sphingomonas, Cellulosimicrobium and Paenibacillus, whereas the most diffused phototrophic
components belong to Pleurocapsa and Pseudolyngbia for Cyanobacteria, and to Stichococcus, Chlorella,
and Scenedesmus for green algae. In one sample was also found the red unicellular alga Cyanidium. To
control the invasive proliferation of biofilm on Pompei frescoes, a combined approach should be chosen,
with the inclusion of specific biocide treatments, intervention to reduce humidity and exposure to
selected wavelength lights.
252
THE DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS FOR THE STUDY AND RESTORATION OF THE
WOODEN MODEL OF THE CHURCH OF S. MARIA DELLA CONSOLAZIONE IN
TODI (ITALY)
Lo Monaco Angela1, Mattei Elisabetta2, Pelosi Claudia3, Santancini Marco3
1
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l’Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura a l’Energia (DAFNE) Tuscia
University, e-mail [email protected]; 2Centro per l’Innovazione Tecnologica e lo Sviluppo del Territorio
(CINTEST), Tuscia University; 3Dipartimento di Scienze dei Beni Culturali (DISBEC) Tuscia University, email
[email protected]
The wooden polychrome Model of the Church of S. Maria della Consolazione in Todi is an handmade
article whose author and historical events are not completely known except a wide reference to the
construction period of the church (1508-1607).
During the restoration, carried out in the first half of the year 2007,
some diagnostic analyses were performed in order to study and
characterize the materials, the techniques and the conservation state
of the model and so to provide a valid help to the restoration itself.
The pigments, binders, restoration materials and the different
wooden parts were examined. The samples were taken off during
the disassembly of the model and they were analyzed by means of a
polarizing microscope. The chemical analyses were carried out by
means of micro-Raman spectrometer and by means of FTIR and
micro-FTIR spectrophotometry. The cross, radial and tangential
thin sections of the wooden samples were examined under an
optical microscope.
The microstratigraphic analysis showed that the painting layer was
applied directly on the wood surface of the model without any
priming or setting. In one of the examined samples traces of a red
lake have been detected (probably a subsequent painting applied on
the original grey layer that covers the model), and a transparent layer characterized by an intense yellow
fluorescence under UV radiation. This material has been supposed to be constituted by a wax, probably a
residue of a previous cleaning intervention.
Some area of the model surface were characterized by the presence of green spots. The micro-Raman
analysis of this green material revealed the presence of a mixture of Prussian blue and chromium yellow.
The mixture of these two pigments was widely employed from 19th century to obtain the green colour.
In regarding to wood species, the microscope observation of the thin sections allowed to characterize the
presence of poplar (Populus spp.) that constitutes almost all the model and of some pieces realized with
Pinus spp. wood. In some cases xylophagous insects belonging to Anobidae family dwelled the wood
elements of the model.
253
THE BOAT OF MARTANA ISLE (BOLSENA LAKE – ITALY). SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION ON WOOD TO PLAN IN SITU PROTECTION
Galotta Giulia1, Romagnoli Manuela2, Spina Stefano2, Petriaggi Roberto1, Davidde Barbara1,
Saveri Egidio34, Sciancalepore Antonella4, Tagliatela Chiara2
1
Restauration Centre Istitute, Roma, Italy; 2DAFNE – University of Tuscia, Viterbo. [email protected]
Sovrintendence of archaeological heitage for southern Etruria, Rome Italy; 4. Scuola Sub Bolsena Lake
3
A boat has been found submerged in 2009, very close to the Isola Martana in Bolsena Lake at a depth of
about 17 meters. It lies on a muddy layer and it can be considered as one of the most ancient type of boat
traditionally used in the lake of Bolsena. It is of triangular shape, 6.12 meter long and 1.74 meter wide. It
dates back to the beginning of the XX century and it is worked with a typical technique of shipwright,
nowadays disappeared.
An interdisciplinary study on this boat has been carrying out to obtain information about the artefact, the
ecological environment in the lake, wood species identification and characteristics.
The analysis on wood characteristics were carried out in order to have information about the wood
species used to build the boat and in order to assess the decay state according to UNI standard 11205
“Cultural Heritage; Archaeological and archaeo-botanic wood - Guide lines to the characterization” The
results aim to predispose a correct system of in situ protection, already realized to some extent.
Wood Sampling has been performed on the bow, on the stern, on the planking, on the bottom of the boat,
and on one wood remnant close the boat which seems to have been part of one oar.
Anatomical, physical and chemical analysis on wood were performed.
It has been showed the wood in the bow, stern and the bottom of the boat is Quercus cf subgen. robur.
Prunus cf. avium is the wood found in the planking, Carpinus betulus and Olea wood were found in the
bottom of the boat under the contrast. The wood remnant supposed to be an oar is Castanea sativa.
The microscopic analysis by polarized light microscope showed cellulose bi-rifrangence linked to a
different state of wood degradation. This qualitative analysis fits partially with the quantitative one which
has been carried out measuring wood physic characteristics, as maximum water content (MWC), basic
density (BD), basic residual density (RDB), porosity (POR), ash content.
Both qualitative-microscopic analysis and the quantitative-physic on, showed as the durability of the
original wood species plays an important role to determine wood conservation state in water. In fact by
one hand the most degraded wood is Carpinus, i.e. the less durable species identified in the boat, on the
other the most sound wood is chestnut, well known species for its durability.
Wood location in the submerged boat cannot be neglected thus, even oak is a durable wood, the sample
taken from the very exposed boat stem is very decayed by the environment. The samples buried by mud,
are instead less decayed. The results must be explained taking into account possible substitution too in
the boat, at least in some part of the boat which are very susceptible by breakage and decay.
Fig. 1 Image of the boat
Fig. 2 The model, and sampling representation
Many thanks to Dr. Patrizia Petitti, Soprintendence of archaeological heritage of Southern Etruria.
254
MULTIPLE APPROACHES TO IDENTIFY BACTERIA INTO ARCHAEOLOGICAL
WATERLOGGED WOOD
Palla F.1, Mancuso F. P.1, Billeci N.1
1
University of Palermo, Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale e Biodiversità, Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, Via Archirafi 28,
90123 Palermo, Italy. [email protected]
Keywords: Waterlogged Wood, Biodeterioration, Molecular Techniques
Archaeological wood findings once recovered require special devices, in relationship with the new environmental
(conservation/exhibiting) conditions. This work concern the application of biotechnologies in order to reveal and
identify bacteria related to the biodeterioration of waterlogged wood findings. Samples were collected from a wooden
rostrum (Pinus sp.), related to the Hellenic-age, rescued in Acqualadroni (Messina, Italy). Due to the particular
conditions of finding (salinity, water temperature, low oxygen concentration), waterlogged wood can be colonized by
cellulolytic or ligninolytic bacteria, able to destroy the structural compounds of wood
(cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin).
Contemporary (in absence of oxygen) the growth of
sulfur-bacteria allow an increase of acidity, that lead the
hydrolysis of cellulose molecules. Bacterial alteration and
colonization of
wooden structure was identified
combining different technological protocols based on
Scanning Electron Microscopy (Fig 1), in vitro culture and
molecular techniques. The molecular approach had been
Scale bar =
Fig. 2 Bacterial
performed by in vitro amplification (Polymerase Chain
Fig.
1
S.E.M.
colonies isolated on
Reaction)
of
microbial
DNA
target
sequences
(molecular
micrograph showing
Nutrient Agar.
marker),
followed
by
sequence
analysis.
Microbial
DNA
the altered wooden
was extracted directly from the wood samples or from isolated bacteria colonies (Fig
structure.
2). The molecular marker utilized for the PCR reactions were specifically designed
to amplify a portion of 16S rDNA gene or the ITS ( 16S-23S) rDNA regions. Sequence analysis of PCR products
allowed us to identify different bacterial species, as Cellulomonas sp., Sphingomonas sp., Xanthomonas sp.,
Marinobacter sp., Desulforudis sp. The results of this study underlined the importance of a multiple approach to
define conservative strategies in order to block/reduce biodeterioration processes.
CONTROL OF BIOFILM GROWING ON POMPEI FRESCOES: IN VITRO EFFECTS
OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TREATMENTS ON DIFFERENT MICROBIAL
ISOLATES
Ciniglia Claudia1, Cennamo Paola2, Marzano Chiara3, Cioppa Diana3, Ciarallo Annamaria4, Pinto
Gabriele3, Pollio Antonino3
1
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy [email protected];
Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa, Via Suor Orsola 10. 80135 Napoli, Italy [email protected]; 3Dipartimento di
Scienze Biologiche- Sez. di Biologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi Federico II, Via Foria 223, 80139 Napoli, Italy
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ; 4Laboratorio di Ricerche Applicate – Sovrintendenza
Archeologica di Napoli e Pompei, Pompei, Italy
2
Keywords: Pompei Frescoes, Biocides, Influence Of Light
Biofilms growing on Pompei frescoes alter their original appearance and can cause direct and indirect damage to
paintings. Previuos analyses have showed that the biofilms growing on painted walls of Pompei houses are composed
by different microorganisms, mainly bacteria, cyanobacteria, and algae. Usually, the control of these biodeteriogens
is achieved by treating the frescos with biocides, which frequently are made by mixtures of benzimidazolederivatives, or methylisothiazolinones. These products are effective for a limited time, and cannot be considered as
environmental-friendly, due to their toxicity. In search of alternative strategies of control, preliminary in vitro
experiments have been carried out after the isolation of the single components of biofilms: Cyanobaceria and
microalgae isolates have been studied for their growth and photosynthetic activity at different light intensities, and for
their tolerance to monochromatic wavelenght generated by led lights. In the same time, autotrophic and heterotrophic
components of the biofilms have been treated with different natural extracts obtained from either higher plants or
microalgae. The results have been compared with those obtained with the most common biocides. None of the single
treatments prevented the growth of all microorganisms, suggesting the necessity of developing a combined approach,
which should include preventive physical and chemical treatments.
255
A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF IRON RUST ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL WOOD
APPLIED ON THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL GUN NO. 7 / 14 AT THE MUSEUM OF
APPLIED ARTS, HELWAN UNIVERSITY
Wael Abdel Baset Abdel Samad1, Yassin Zidane2, Nesrin Mohammed elhadidi3
1
Assistant lecturer at the High Institute of Tourism, Hotel Management and Restoration - AbouKir - Alexandria.;
Professor of Monuments Restoration, Faculty of Archaeology - Cairo University.; 3Assistant Professor, Faculty of
Archaeology - Cairo University.
2
Because wood monuments of different types and in all environments associated with substance Historical
another important have a great impact later on the nature of the wood not a unit of mineral associated with
a timber which appear in many forms and multiple nested in the timber industry archaeological sites, so
we can not overlook the role Effective implementation of this important element in influencing the
properties of archaeological wood, especially if these units were damaged metal in the phenomenon of
severe rust.
Therefore, this research is to study and documentation of one of the cases it is unclear how this overlap
and this damage is Venice Archaeological Museum, College of Applied Arts, as well as to establish it and
date based on the components and forms of their parts, and in order to develop an appropriate plan for
their restoration and maintenance.
Stages of treatment and restoration of Venice has been divided into three stages, the first is the prerestoration and processing, where it was at this stage, recording and documenting the piece entirely
visually, photographically, architectural and archaeological, followed by examination and analysis of
some samples obtained from the object archaeological sites, and to identify the components, especially
metal, standing flour if damaged and to identify the materials used in renovations earlier, have been used
with some devices such as SEM provider unit of elemental analysis "E.D.X", light microscope, atomic
absorption, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis, while the second stage are the steps the
actual process of restoration and maintenance of Venice, which included the removal and cleaning every
part of the components alone, the mechanical cleaning of each part to remove the remnants of the
materials used in renovations earlier, followed by chemical cleaning for all parts of wood of the gun, and
after completion of the cleaning and restoration of all the parts have been strengthening and filling and
filling gaps and cracks in insulation and then compile and install the pieces back correctly.
256
THE ALTAR MACHINE IN THE CHURCH MOTHER OF GANGI (PALERMO,
ITALY): MATERIALS, USAGE, PRESERVATION ENVIRONMENT.
Lo Monaco Angela1, Marabelli Maurizio2, Pelosi Claudia2, Salvo Michele2
1
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l’Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura a l’Energia (DAFNE) Tuscia
University, e-mail [email protected]; 2Dipartimento di Scienze dei Beni Culturali (DISBEC) Tuscia University,
email [email protected]
The aim of this work has been to study the correlation between delicate poli material artefacts, like
painted wooden sculptures, and their microclimate. In particular the Altar Machine in the Church Mother
of Gangi, a little town near Palermo (Italy), has been investigated.
The Altar Machine dates back to the second half of the 18th century
and it is constituted by carved and painted wood and a complex
system of winch and pulleys allows to move various statues and parts
of the Machine in accordance with the baroque scenographic
machineries. The observation of the mechanisms and their survey
allowed to formulate hypothesis on a more ancient mode of operation
of the altar Machine. The Machine is a particularly delicate system
made of several materials: wood, pigments, binders, gilding, so the
study and characterization of the constitutive materials has been
required.
Identification of wood species has been carried out according UNI
11118 standard. Samples from the painted layers have been analyzed
through polarizing microscope Zeiss Axioskop equipped with a Zeiss
AxioCam and by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy
using a Nicolet Avatar 360 instrument operating in diffuse reflectance
modality.
Stratigraphic and chemical analysis revealed the presence of many
superimposed layers constituted by several different materials (protein binders, siccative oils, natural
terpenic resins, shellac, calcium carbonate, gypsum, zinc white, iron oxides). For these kinds of artefacts
is usual to find many superimposed painted layers due to a continuous usage of the object that has got a
demo ethno anthropological significance.
The microclimate campaign has been carried out during the most critical period for the artefact. In fact
summer sultriness is particularly high during August. Moreover in August the Machine is moved on the
occasion of religious festivities and many people crowd into the church influencing the microclimate.
Temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) values have been recorded through a digital data logger
Testo 177-H1 model. The obtained values were discussed in reference to the standards for museum
environments. In particular, the Italian standard sets the so called tolerance intervals that for wood and
painted wooden sculptures are fixed between 19 and 24 °C as regards temperature and between 45 and
60% as regards relative humidity (RH%).
In general it is possible to assess that most of the data fall outside the tolerance intervals and only 5,30%
is within the range. It is interesting to note that most of the data (65,7%) fall within the area where RH
values are acceptable whereas T values are too high. High values of temperature can favour the
microbiological attack (fungi and xylophagous insects). Moreover, graphs of T and RH as function of
time (data not show) showed that T values were in general high (out of the tolerance range) but they
appeared quite constant; on the other hand RH values fell almost always inside the tolerance area but they
often exhibited dangerous variations.
257
BIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC TO SUPPORT THE CONSERVATION AND
RESTORATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Piervittori Rosanna1, Favero-Longo Sergio Enrico1, Gazzano Claudia1, Fusconi Anna1, Girlanda
Mariangela1, Giovagnoli Annamaria2
1
Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]; 2Centro per
la
Conservazione
e
il
Restauro
“La
Venaria
Reale”,
Venaria
Reale,
Torino,
Italy,
[email protected]
Keywords: Biodeterioration, Biology Investigations, Artefacts
By the 1980s the scientific research has been applied to the preservation of artefacts, joining the human
disciplines classically devoted to the management of cultural heritage. The conservation of historical and
artistic heritage indeed requires a multidisciplinary approach combining different diagnostic techniques
derived from the physical, chemical, minero-petrographic and biological research fields. The Research
Unit of Lichenology of the University of Torino is certified to UNI EN ISO 9001:2008 standards for
research, design and development in the field of plant and fungal biology for Cultural Heritage
Applications. Biological examinations involve the application and development of predominantly noninvasive or micro-invasive analytical techniques, to extract information that may be integrated to
chemical and physical data. These investigations represent a preliminary stage for restoration activities
and are functional to understand the origins, dynamics and characteristics of the biodeterioration
phenomena on the organic and inorganic materials, to better assess the appropriate intervention methods
for preventing, controlling and, if necessary, eliminate biodeteriogens.
In the framework of the agreement between the University of Torino and the Conservation and
Restoration Center (CCR) La Venaria Reale, which operates with restoration works on different areas
(paintings, stone materials, wooden furniture and objects, textiles, glass, ceramics and metals)
(http://conservazionerestauro.campusnet.unito.it/do/home.pl), the Laboratory of Lichenology has recently
applied its protocols for microbial diagnostics and biocide efficacy tests to a wide set of textiles, wood
furnishings and stone artefacts, variously colonized by lichenized and non-lichenized fungi, algae,
cyanobateria and bacteria. Different challenges faced at the different steps of the investigations, including
(a) preliminary survey, (b) establishment of the suitable investigation protocol, (c) sampling approach, (d)
visualization of microorganisms by using advanced microscopy and staining techniques, (e) microbial
identification through morphology-based and molecular methods, (f) qualitative and quantitative analysis
of biodeterioration, (g) microbial viability before and after biocide assays, are discussed at the light of the
heterogeneous case-studies. Compatibility between the research and restoration timetables is finally
critically analyzed.
258
SESSION C - Biological Diversity and Performing Arts
FRACTURE PATTERNS IN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN POPULATIONS FROM OLD
KINGDOM AND GRECO-ROMAN PERIODS
Zaki Moushira1 , Sarry El-Din Azza1, Basha Walaa1, Mahmoud Neveen1
1
Biological Anthropology Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Egypt.
Keywords: Fractures, Ancient Egyptian Populations, Cemetery Site, Accidents
Background
Humans are constantly at risk of bone fractures which they one of the more commonly observed skeletal
lesions in archaeological collections and their presence provides a unique opportunity to compare living
and cultural conditions. The evidence for fractures in a population may reflect many factors about the life
style of individuals, their material culture, economy, living environment and type of occupation.
Objectives
The goal of this work is to detect types of long bone fractures and their prevalence with sex, age at death,
cemetery site and to determine if there is a significant difference in frequencies and patterns of long bone
fracture trauma observed between the two ancient Egyptian populations from different sites, periods and
with different activity bases.
Methods
This study analyzed long bone fracture patterns of ancient Egyptians from Giza and Bahriyah Oasis
cemeteries. The long bones of 204 Giza individuals, Old Kingdom period (114 high officials and 90
workers) and 1037 commingled long bones from Bahriyah Oasis, Greco-Roman period were examined
for fractures and evaluated radiographically.
Results
The fracture frequency by bone element was significantly increased in Giza population (1.97%) compared
to Bahriyah Oasis population (.77%). Giza population was characterized by forearm fractures, while
Bahriyah population was predisposed to diverse fracture locations. Oblique type was the most frequent
type followed by the depressed one in both populations. Most fractures were healed, well aligned, and
without substantial deformity.
Conclusions
The study suggests that the high fracture frequency of Giza population, particularly workers who were
involved in building the pyramids may be related to work accidents and interpersonal violence, while
Bahriyah Oasis population was exposed to a low risk of trauma, probably due to the nature of their labor,
where the main occupation activities in the Greco-Roman period were textile and wine production.
259
METHODOLOGY APPROACHES FOR THE CONSERVATION, INVESTIGATION
AND USE AS A VEHICLE FOR INFORMATION OF HUMAN REMAINS: THE
EXAMPLE OF “MYRTIS”
Panagiaris Georgios1, Malea Ekaterini1, Chaitas Charalampos2, Kalou Anastasia3,
Synodinos N. Filippos4, Papagrigorakis J. Manolis4
1
Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Dept. Conservation of Antiquities & Works of Art, Athens, Greece,
[email protected]; 1 Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Dept. Conservation of Antiquities & Works of
Art, Athens, Greece, [email protected]; 2Freelancer Architect – Museologist, Athens, Greece, [email protected];
3
Freelancer Exhibition Designer, Access Consultant, Athens, Greece, [email protected]; 4University of
Athens, Research Laboratory of Paleopathology, Athens, Greece, [email protected], 4University of Athens,
Research Laboratory of Paleopathology, Athens, Greece, [email protected]
Keywords: Paleopathology, Human Remains, Conservation
Organic findings from archaeological excavations are characterized by a great sensitivity to
environmental factors, diversified as to their state of preservation. Among them, human remains bear
another, unique “quality”: they are the subject of human activity of the past, and, therefore, the vehicle of
a vast intagible cultural asset.
Indeed, this duality of the substance of human remains (tangible and intagible) identifies the planning and
carrying out of their conservation, which should aim at securing their material and structural as well as
their historical integrity.
In this framework, conservation of the archaeological skeletal material of the METRO excavations in the
area of Kerameikos, to which belonged the skull of “Myrtis”, was carried out.
The principle of the minimum intervention was followed throughout all the stages of the conservation
works (diagnosis of the pathology, cleaning, consolidation, restoration and storage) and non-treated
samples were kept for future analysis.
Myrtis’ skull was found in a common grave in Kerameikos, together with other 150 skeletons. The DNA
examination of ancient dental pulp from these skeletons resulted at the identification of the factor
responsible for the “Plague of Athens” of 430 B.C. -which was found to be typhoid fever. The analysis
was followed by reconstruction of Myrtis’ face that was completed in Sweden.
Museologists were called to answer some fundamentals questions: how this unique finding with its
intangible content could be interpreted by the public and how an interdisciplinary research outcome could
be presented in way that the visitors of “Myrtis” exhibition would have a better comprehension of the
whole project.
This unique depiction of the face of a child from the antiquity is the answer. The whole project is based
on a holistic research methodological approach of archaeological human remains that enhance
interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity.
260
BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATION OF A SELJUK MUMMY: ARAB BABA
İşcan, M. Yaşar1, Mergen, A. Bahar2, Çakan, Hüseyin3
1
Forensic Sciences of Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]; 2Forensic Sciences of Istanbul
University, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]; 3 Forensic Sciences of Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey,
[email protected]
Keywords: Mummy, Anthropology, Turkey
Objectives
Mummies are human remains composed of bony and nonbony tissues. The soft tissues including skin and
internal structures such as muscles, fasciae, and ligaments are collectively called a mummy. They are
seen in many parts of the world and most studied ones are in Egypt and Peru. Turkey has been one of the
least known areas where such remains are found. Traditionally some individuals, e.g., kings,
administrators, military leaders and heroes, with high social ranks mummified and displayed in tomb
(Türbe) in Seljuk (1075-1308) and Ottoman (1299-1923) dynasties. Such tombs are commonly seen in the
provinces of Amasya, Elazığ and Kayseri. The purpose of this study is to analyze a mummy known as
Arab Baba to discuss its skeletal biology and preservation.
Methods
Arab Baba tomb is located in Harput, 5 km north of Elazığ, Turkey (Fig 1). It was built in 1279 A.D. for
the Seljuk soldier and later an Evliya (Saint) Arab Baba. In the study, the cause of death, degree of
decomposition, biology of mummy was examined. Environmental effects and climate of the shrine were
observed with a barometer. Plaques were used for fungi, mold and bacteria collection. Skeletal age was
estimated from dentition and cranial characteristics. Body composition
was determined from bone morphology.
Results
The mummy was laid in extended position in a glass case (Fig 2). He did
not seem to be infected by a microorganism. Their amount in one m² per
minute was high in the tomb and therefore the environment inside was
contaminated. However, there were not any flies, insects and their larvae
on the body and environment. The skin was desiccated and dorsal surface
was partially torn. Although not autopsied to protect the integrity of the
Fig. 1 The türbe of Arab Baba
remains, the postcranial skeleton was intact without any visible fracture or
pathology. Major internal organs were preserved. The skull was isolated
from the vertebral column. The scalp was decomposed prior to the
analysis. There were bony breakages on the parietal, and occipital bones probably caused by a soft
instrument such as wood stick. The atlas and axis were missing to diagnose better. Stature was 171 cm
estimated from the fibula.
Conclusions
Mummies have important values as a source of archaeological,
anthropological and biological evidence. Therefore careful
preservation of both in situ and laboratory or museum conditions is
of essence for a reliable scientific work. There was no clear-cut
indication as to how the skull was dismembered from the torso and
how the man died. Arab Baba has been a legend because it presents
an evidence for Seljuk cultural makeup
Fig. 2 Mummy of Arab Baba
261
ANCIENT DNA AND NEOLITHIC TRANSITION IN SOUTHERN ITALY
Roberta Lelli1, Cristina Martínez-Labarga1, Cecilia Conati Barbaro2, Alessandra Manfredini2,
Olga Rickards1
1
Centro di Antropologia Molecolare per lo studio del DNA antico, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma
“Tor Vergata”, Roma, Italia, e-mail: [email protected].; [email protected]; [email protected]; 2Facoltà di
Scienze Umanistiche, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia, e-mail: [email protected];
[email protected]
Keywords: Neolithic Transition, Ancient DNA Analysis, Demic Diffusion
In the previous Congress on Cultural Heritage held in Cairo, we faced the question of Neolithic transition
in south-eastern Italy performing stable isotope analyses on human and faunal remains excavated from
Early Neolithic sites of Apulia and Basilicata and pre-agricultural sites of Calabria and Sicily. This
approach revealed useful to shed light on dietary habits and mobility of early farmers from this area and
economic change associated with the arrival of agriculture. With the present study a more complete
survey of farming diffusion through a further biomolecular investigation based on ancient DNA analysis
was performed with the aim to assess the degree of genetic change, if any, associated with the arrival of
agriculture and the genetic contribution of early farmers to extant Italian gene pool. Samples showing the
highest collagen yields were selected for ancient DNA analysis since the preservation of other
biomolecules, such collagen, could be an indicator of a good sample conservation and consequently of a
more likely DNA survival. Genetic characterization of Neolithic individuals from south-eastern Italy and
subsequent inter-populations analyses revealed a major genetic affinity of early farmers with extant
populations rather than Palaeolithic individuals. This could give support for a demic model of farming
diffusion, i.e. a movement of people already devoted to farming and breeding practices from the Near
East which could have caused a genetic change extended until nowadays.
PREAMPLIFICATION PROCEDURE IN ANCIENT DNA SAMPLES
Stefania Del Gaudio1, Alessandra Cirillo1, Giovanni Di Bernardo1, Umberto Galderisi1, Theodoros
Pitsios2, Marilena Cipollaro1
1
Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology "A. Cascino", Second
University of Naples, Naples, Italy; 2 Museum of Anthropology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece - e-mail:
[email protected]
Keywords: Ancient DNA, Preamplification, Real-Time PCR
We extracted DNA from some Greek skeletons collected in the Museum of Anthropology of the
University of Athens. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to estimate mitochondrial (mtDNA) and
nuclear DNA content. While mtNA was detected and quantified in all samples, amplification of nuclear
targets, as amelogenin (AMG) and polymorphism M470V of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance
regulator (CFTR) gene, yielded positive results in one case only.
In order to enhance amplification sensitivity we applied, for the first time in ancient DNA analysis, a
preamplification strategy based on TaqManPreAmp Master Mix (PreAmp). This procedure utilizes a
pool of primers targeting genes of interest and is followed by real-time PCR specific for each target. Our
results showed a significant improvement of amplification sensitivity allowing sex determination and
M470V typing for most samples. We used as control DNA extracted from some of the skeletons collected
in Pompeii archaeological site, that already gave positive results when analysed with a standard PCR
amplification for mtDNA and AMG gene. In Pompeian samples preamplification technique confirmed
results obtained in non preamplified extracts.
This strategy will be also applicable to other fields requiring quantitative DNA testing by real-time PCR.
262
EVIDENCE OF COSMETIC OPTION IN EYE REPLACEMENT AND DIGITAL 3D
FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION OF A THIRD MILLENNIUM FEMALE SKULL FROM
GRAVE N. 6705 OF SHAHR-I SOKHTA (SISTAN, IRAN)
Lorenzo Costantini1, Mansour Sajjadi2, Fabio Cavalli3, Mansoor Fatehi4, Gino Fornaciari5,
Loredana Costantini Biasini1
1
Bioarchaeological Research Center, National Museum of Oriental Art “Giuseppe Tucci” and Italian Institute for
Africa and Orient (ISIAO), Via Merulana 248, 00185 Roma, Italy - e-mail: [email protected]; 2Iranian Center for
Archaeological Research, ICHHTO, Tehran, Iran - e-mail: [email protected]; 3Research Unit of
Palaeoradiology and Allied Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Trieste, Italy - e-mail: [email protected];
4
Noor Medical Imaging Center, Tehran, Iran - e-mail: [email protected]; 5Division of Paleopathology,
History of Medicine and Bioethics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126 Pisa, Italy - e-mail:
[email protected]
Shahr-i Sokhta is located in the eastern Iranian region of Sistan, on a Plio-Pleistocene terrace placed along
the branch of the Rud-i Biyaban delta, a third millennium course of the Hilmand river. The site, covering
an area of about 150 hectares, is one of the most important Bronze Age urban settlements with a large
graveyard in which a human community settled for about one thousand years, from the end of the 4th to
the beginnings of the 2nd millennium BC. Excavations, carried out by a joint Iranian-Italian
archaeological mission from 2001 onward, provided detailed information about the past local human
societies, their economy, resources, agriculture, daily life and on the evolution of the environment as well.
Grave 6705, dated around 2900-2800 BC, contained a well-preserved skeleton of a young woman, 25-30
years aged, with associated burial furniture, including 25 ceramic vessels, one bronze mirror, one leather
bag, remains of a basket and a number of textile fragments, remains of the fabric placed to protect the
body. Around the neck beads of lapis and turquoise were also found. The body was placed in a natural
sleeping position on N-S axis, facing east, lying on the right side, head to south. The skull
(hyperdolicocephal) was partially damaged on the right side by post depositional natural events and had
an artifact inserted in the left eye socket, between the zygomatic bone and the supraorbital margin.
The artifact is a half sphere, with a completely flat inner (contact) surface, that has a diameter of 2.96 cm,
decorated with a geometric drawing carved on its surface. The motif is composed by a small central circle
from which eight lines move to the limit (outline/perimeter) of the artifact, dividing the space in eight
sectors of about 45 degrees. Four of the eight lines, alternatively, present three oblique lines on each side,
before their connection with the outline. A network of thin and irregular lines (distinct crack lines) is also
presents as result of surface shrinks caused by natural desiccation or heating process. Some crack lines
retained small fragments of thin layer of gold the presence of which has been interpreted as remnants of a
gilded decoration. It was made of a lightweight material not yet identified. On either side two small and
oblique holes were drilled, through which a fine thread had held the artifact in place. Evidences of longterm contact with the skin on the inner surface indicate the woman wore the artifact during her life as
ocular prosthesis. The shape of the artifact, a solid half sphere with a flat surface, suggests the eye socket
was probably empty or the ocular globe was reduced by an ocular pathology or disease or traumatic
event.
The artifact has been investigated by Digital Image Analysis (DIA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) have been applied to identify some surface
components. Being the artifact a very complex and unique one and because the non-destructive
SEM/EDX analysis are restricted to the upper surface layers, a MultiSlice Computed Tomography
(MSCT) has been performed to produce a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the structure of
artifact. The same non-destructive method of investigation (MSCT) has been applied to investigate the
human bones with particular attention to the skull, to determine possible pathologies/diseases or traumatic
event caused the loss of the left eye. From the acquired three-dimensional digital database of the anatomy
and structure of the skull, a digital 3D facial reconstruction and visualization of a third millennium
inhabitant of Sistan has been performed.
263
LIBS ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HUMAN TISSUES USING FORENSIC
SCIENCE TECHNIQUES: THE STRANGE CASE OF THE VAMPIRE LADY
L. Garofano1, M. Borrini1, L. Marchesini1, G. Carelli2, R. Grassi2, F. Sorrentino2, F. Francesconi2,
M. Francesconi2, P. Marsili2, S. Legnaioli3, G. Lorenzetti3, L. Pardini3, V. Palleschi3
1
Italian Academy of Forensic Sciences, Viale Montegrappa, 29/C 42121 Reggio Emilia (ITALY); 2Marwan
Technology s.r.l. – Via del Borghetto 34, Pisa (ITALY), 3Applied Laser Spectroscopy Laboratory, Institute of
Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds of CNR - Research Area of CNR – Via G. Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa (ITALY)
In this work, realized in collaboration with the recently instituted Italian Academy of Forensic Sciences
[1], we present a case study on the use of LIBS technique for the analysis of archaeological human
tissues. During the excavation of a mass plague grave in Venice, the Forensic Team of the University of
Florence discovered a skull with a piece of brick inserted in the mouth, keeping it wide open. The
forensic examination of the remains demonstrated that the brick was inserted in the mouth post-mortem.
This was a ritual procedure done against a type of vampire called nachtzerer (shroud eater) which was
believed to survive in the grave eating its funeral shroud. Most of the legends about vampires are related
to the ignorance on the decomposition processes which lead to the interpretation of taphonomic changes
(bloating abdomen, skin slippage, no rigor…) as evidence of vampirism. Forensic analysis revealed in
fact that the skull belonged to a woman of the age of about 60 years. The elemental analysis of her bones
indicates a dominant vegetarian diet, integrated by small fishes. This could be an indication of a low
social status, confirmed by the presence of arthritic deformation of the left shoulder, probably caused by a
fatiguing work.
The LIBS technique has already been applied to the analysis of bones and other human tissues (hair, nails,
teeth). Bone analysis, in particular, can be extremely useful in forensic applications such as quick
identification of individuals found in mass graves. The LIBS analysis of bones evidences the importance
of in-depth analysis for avoiding the surface enrichment of elements coming from the environment (Al,
Si, Fe).
The availability of mobile and portable LIBS instrumentation [2] suggests the possibility of extending the
laboratory study to actual archaeological excavations. LIBS is the ideal technique for the forensic analysis
of human tissues, because of its minimal destructivity (the evidence is preserved for further examination),
its intrinsic speed and the capability of obtaining precise quantitative information in very short time. The
use of Calibration-Free technique allows the analysis of tissues with different composition without being
affected by matrix effects. In-depth analysis is also easily achieved using the Modì instrument realized by
the Applied Laser Spectroscopy Laboratory in collaboration with Marwan Technology s.r.l. in Pisa.
[1] http://acisf.org/
[2] Bertolini, A., Carelli G., Francesconi F., Francesconi M., Marchesini L., Marsili P., Sorrentino F., Cristoforetti G., Legnaioli
S., Palleschi V., et al., Modi: a new mobile instrument for in situ double-pulse LIBS analysis, Analytical and Bioanalytical
Chemistry, 385 (2006) 240-247
264
THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE OF
DANUBE DELTA: ANALYSIS OF THE FISHERMEN COMMUNITY OF SFANTU
GHEORGHE (ROMANIA)
Stoica Georgeta1, Papa Cristina2, Sandro Piermattei3
1
Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy, [email protected]; 2Università degli Studi di Perugia,
Perugia, Italy, [email protected]; 3Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy, [email protected]
Preservation of biodiversity is a global concern and its protection is one of the challenging tasks facing
mankind today. On this purpose, an environmental consciousness has to be developed for preservation of
biodiversity. This would include not just awareness about problems related to environmental degradation
but includes development and promotion of attitudes, necessary for the analysis, protection and
conservation of biodiversity.
The aim of the present paper are those of showing, in a critical prospective, the practices of a Danube
Delta village, Sfantu Gheorghe (Romania), that develop as part of a broader process of transformation
that affects the whole area, focusing on the use of natural resources and the loss of biodiversity. We stress
that the Danube Delta is home to 12 types of habitats, over 1.600 flora species, and over 3.400 fauna
species. The Danube Delta has been recognized internationally for its valuable and unique characteristics
being designated a Ramsar wetland of international importance (1990), added to the UNESCO heritage
list (1991) and recognized as a Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme
(1990).
The village of Sfantu Gheorghe has seen rapid transformations of the rules governing the use of the
environment and had to face with the arrival of new subjects (businessmen, traders) armed with economic
and cultural capitals that they use to their advantage. Once a fishing village, Sfantu Gheorghe witnesses
today a substantial decline of the biodiversity especially connected to the fishing activity, mainly due to
the ban of sturgeon fishing for a ten year period, motivated by reasons of species protection. The fish
population of the Danube Delta is affected both by the decline of biodiversity and by unprecedented
decrease in numbers. The situation is caused by the destruction of water ecosystems through human
activities (dyking, channeling), pollution and electric poaching. Given the circumstances, the negative
impact of the fishing out of control practiced within the biosphere reserve, disregarding the real fish strain
and the ecosystem’s capacity for regeneration, is a profound one.
The practices and policies of environmental protection are an integral part of various projects of social
and economical development of the area and are being realized and acted by different actors, using the
gap of knowledge and power within local populations and between them and the outside world. If the
administration of protected areas is to work effectively with local communities it is necessary that
scientific studies be used as guides in the use of reserve resources.
It is then compulsory to become aware of the need to use natural resources in a sustainable way and
reduce pressure on protected areas where biodiversity of coastal, marine and freshwater ecosystems are
being preserved.
Fishermen from Sfantu Gheorghe, Danube
Delta (Romania)
Fishermen boat-house, Ciotica,
Danube Delta
265
THE HERITAGE OF CULTIVATED PLANT VARIETIES AT ROMAN MASADA,
ISRAEL
Mordechai E. Kislev1, Orit Simchoni1 and Yonit Tabak1
1
Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel - E-mail: [email protected]
Thousands of various well-preserved domesticated plant remains were found at Masada, Israel. The major findings
were dated to the years of the rule of King Herod the great (40–4 BCE) and of the first Jewish-Roman War (66–73
CE). They were generally preserved in a desiccated state due to the dry climate prevailing in the Dead Sea valley, but
sometimes as charred material. Until now, the efforts to retrieve DNA from this plant material had failed.
Morphological identification of archaeobotanic material to the level of variety is quite rare. However, in Masada we
were able to identify some traditional varieties of wheat (Juljuli, Nursi and Horani), olive (Nabali, Souri, Mallisi,
Shami and Toffahi), peach (Baladi Amiqam, Baladi Sede Boqer), European plum (Barkuk, Jaranek Ahmedi, Choch),
apricot (Klabi), and walnut (brittle, hard). The existence of multiple varieties bears witness to the use of grafting,
which was an agricultural innovation of the Roman Period and an indication that novel agrotechnologies were
adopted by local farmers. This advance enabled growers to choose varieties that were suitable for various uses.
For conservation of the different varieties of a variable species, one requires either self-pollination or grafting and
other forms of vegetative propagation. Wheat and barley, as well as walnut propagate primarily through selfpollination. Olive trees can live for hundreds or even thousands of years, and they are propagated through planting
shoots or by grafting; peach, plum and apricot propagate through self-pollination or grafting.
The archaeobotanic findings at Masada indicate a well developed and thriving agriculture, whose effects have come
down from Roman times to our own.
BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE HUMAN NATURAL MUMMIES OF
BORGO CERRETO, UMBRIA (CENTRAL ITALY)
Agata Lunardini1, Lorenzo Costantini2, Loredana Costantini Biasini2, Gino Fornaciari1
1
Division of Paleopathology, History of Medicine and Bioethics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
[email protected], [email protected]; 2Bioarchaeological Research Center, National Museum of
Oriental Art “Giuseppe Tucci”, Via Merulana 248, 00185 Roma, Italy. [email protected]
Keywords: Natural Mummies, Bioarchaeology, Mortal Gunshot, Calculosis, Syphilis, Tuberculosis, Anatomical
Activity, Trepanation
A group of mummified bodies were found in 1969, in the northern crypt of the church of “The Saints Jesus and
Mary” of Borgo Cerreto (Perugia, Central Italy). Twelve individuals were found in anthropoid coffins, while eleven
bodies were pilled in the middle of the crypt. All the bodies were still dressed with original or funerary clothes; the
study of these elements made possible to date the burials between the first half of the 17th century and the middle of
the 19th century. The preservation of the human remains was not uniform: eight bodies were mummified, seven
partially mummified and eight completely skeletonized. The mummification was the natural result of the
microclimate of the burial chamber. The crypt was the vault of the physician and surgeon, Baronio Vincenzi, who
lived and worked in Borgo Cerreto between the end of the XVI century and the middle of XVII century. Initial
researches have been carried out to obtain information about life-style and medical activity of Baronio Vincenzi.
Since 2001 an interdisciplinary study was performed including funerary archaeology, anthropology and
paleopathology; a database, indeed, was arranged and annually updated.
Results of the study of 3 bodies evidenced a case of mortal gunshot wound of the inferior half of the right thigh in an
adult male aged between 25 and 35 years; a case of giant bladder stone, in a mature adult female, and a case of
venereal congenital syphilis and tubercolosis in a young female aged 15-18 years. Evidences of surgical activity,
trepanation and anatomical studies carried out by Baronio Vincenzi were also found.
266
SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE NEOLITHIC AGE TREE REMAINS
FROM THE YENIKAPI EXCAVATION SITE IN ISTANBUL
Yilgor Nural1, Dogu Dilek2
1
Istanbul University Forestry Faculty , Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]; 2Istanbul University Forestry
Faculty , Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected]
Keywords: Neolithic Woods, Extractives, Ash Content
A great number of trees that belong to the Neolithic period were unearthed during the excavations at the
Yenikapi excavation site throughout the Marmaray Rail Tube Tunnel Project in Istanbul, Turkey. The aim
of this study is to examine some of the chemical properties of the trees and compare them to their
counterpart which is obtained from nearby forest. It was observed that most of the trees were in standing
position under 8.5 m depth of soil from the sea level. Since the trees were covered with wet soil, the mud
penetrated into the cells during the long duration. Trees were completely wet and soft enough to be cut
into pieces by hand. Their colors were changing from brown to yellow (Fig. 1). Firstly, the wood samples
were examined anatomically to identify the species and after that two wood samples were chosen among
the identified trees for the determination of chemical properties. Since the trees were buried for many
thousand years in muddy soil, the cells were completely full of mud, preparations of the samples for the
analyses were difficult and took a long time. Wood samples were kept in water to prevent any possible
deteriorations until preparing them for chemical analyses. When the samples were removed from the
water and allowed to dry in order to be ready for grinding in the mill, they shrank and collapsed and
became very fragile. This is an interesting indication to demonstrate how the woods or wood materials
will remain intact as long as a wet environment without deterioration. The ash content and ethanolcyclohexan, ethanol, hot water and dilute alkali solubilities of
the wood samples were determined according to Tappi
standards. As expected, the ash contents of the samples were
higher than their counterpart from the forest. Unexpectedly, half
of the wood sample was determined as ash. Preliminary
analyses showed that sulphur was the main compound in ash
and it was followed by iron while the other elements were not
been observed even in traces. The other interesting result was
still having organic extractives after thousands of years in the
ancient samples. To understand the structure of preserved
ancient woods and the degradation mechanism of wood decay
are only possible by examining of these woods anatomically
Fig. 1 Wet ancient wood
and chemically. In the light of this kind of knowledge it can be
improved new methods for protection and conservation of wood materials for a long time.
267
A RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE NEOLITHIC TREE REMAINS UNEARTHED
FROM THE YENIKAPI EXCAVATION SITE IN ISTANBUL, TURKEY
Dogu Dilek1, Kose Coskun 1, Hizal Tirak Kamile 1, Yilgor Nural 1, Kiziltan Zeynep 2
1
Forestry Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected]; 2 Archeological Museums of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey,
[email protected]
Keywords: Archaeological Wood; Neolithic Age, Ultrastructural Wood Anatomy
During the excavations of the Marmaray Rail Tube Tunnel Project in Yenikapi, Istanbul, Turkey,
countless the Byzantine and Ottoman period archaeological remains, an ancient Byzantine Port, Istanbul’s
oldest city wall, a Byzantine Church, a large number of sunken ships and thousands of findings were
unearthed during excavations at the Yenikapi site. With the progress of the archeological excavations,
important findings that will shed light on the history of Istanbul were encountered. A great number of
Neolithic period tree remains that took place upright position and connected to the soil with their roots
were also found from 8.5 m below the sea level during the excavations of the bog realized for the first
time in Turkey (Fig. 1). A research project has been recently started to identify the wood species and
evaluate in detail some properties and wood structure of tree remains. This paper will give a brief
introduction of the project on the wood samples from Neolithic period. In the project, macroscopic
properties, water content, and density in volume were determined in the wood samples. Nearly twenty
wood species were identified as Fraxinus spp. Detailed examinations are in progress to evaluate the
anatomical, chemical and microbiological properties of the wood samples. In the project, anatomical
wood properties will be determined for identification of the tree species. Microscopic investigations on
stained and unstained sections to detect cellulose and
lignin, solubility analyses to determine extractives content,
ash content and elemental analysis with SEM-EDX will be
also carried out to determine chemical properties. The
identification of wood remains can provide information
about wood species grown in that area, life conditions of
the people lived during that period, purpose of the using of
trees, as well as the prevalent climate conditions in the
region. Microbiological and chemical investigations by
microscopic methods are expected to give valuable
information on the type and degree of microbial
degradation occurred likely in the wood specimens
Fig. 1 Neolithic tree remains
unearthed. The results of the project will shed important
light on the science of archaeology, history, wood anatomy, mycology, wood chemistry, wood
conservation and climatology.
268
ARCHAEOBOTANY FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE PICAR ROJECT AND
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE RECONSTRUCTIONS IN CIRCUM-MEDITERRANEAN
COUNTRIES
Anna Maria Mercuri1, Laura Sadori2, Antonella Miola3, Carmine Colacino4
1
Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dip. Museo di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio
Emilia – Italy; 2Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Sapienza Università di Roma – Italy: 3Dipartimento di Biologia,
Università di Padova – Italy; 4Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agroforestali, Università della
Basilicata, Potenza – Italy
The PICAR project (2010-2012) aims to study the cultural landscape genesis and develpment in
Mediterranean countries. The acronym means Cultural landscaPe and human Impact in Circummediterranean countries: multidisciplinary Archaeobotanical research for environmental,
phylogeographic, climatic and virtual Reconstructions (Paesaggio culturale e Impatto antropico in paesi
Circum-mediterranei: ricerca multidisciplinare con analisi di resti Archeobotanici per la Ricostruzione
ambientale, climatica, filogeografica e virtuale). The project aims at the reconstruction of the cultural
landscape as it was shaped through time by the interaction of climatic-environmental conditions. The area
of investigation covers three circum-Mediterranean countries (Italy: Veneto, Emilia Romagna, Latium
and Lucania; Turkey, and Libya). Several archaeological sites are studied through the most effective
archaeobotanical tools for this kind of research, i.e. pollen and plant macroremains, integrating them
systematically with non pollen palynomorphs (NPP), isotopic analyses, and ancient DNA (aDNA)
extraction from sub-fossil plant materials.
A parallel study on the genetic variability of living plants, aiming at furthering out our knowledge of wild
or cultivated species of remarkable human interest, such as vine, olive and wild cereals, is planned. A few
plant elements are particularly important (e.g., Olea europaea and Pinus halepensis, the former for its
cultural/cultivation value, the latter for its importance as a landscape element) and it appears worth to
focus on one of them at least. The use of archaeobotanical analyses ‘sensu lato', i.e., the study of plant
remains from a site through the simultaneous measurements of the biological parameters above
mentioned, is still underexploited. PICAR wants, in this way, to explore the new cognitive potentialities
of the archaeobotanical method which, by definition, ‘investigates the relationship man-plant' through the
analysis of the plant remains recovered from archaeological layers or, anyway, from layers coeval to the
human occupation of a territory.
The integrated research has already given impressive results from a number of sites, and is visible in the
web site of the project (www.picar.org).
269
BETWEEN QUALITY 'AND TRADITION: THE CARROT AND POTATO FUCINO
Jessica Angelini1 – Ezio Burri2
Collaborator of University of L’Aquila (Italy), [email protected], 2Department of Environmental Sciences –
University of L’Aquila (Italy), [email protected]
Keywords: Fucino; Traditional Food
The tradition and evolution in the Fucino district, have led some of its agricultural products to represent
as a whole, enhancing not only in manufacturing but also in qualitative terms. This fits the same
agricultural plain in a changing economic environment and while the same in reality based on a tradition
that optimizes and improves its products since ancient times. All agricultural products entering the market
have an origin and spread within a specific geographical context, which is as it were the "cradle" of the
area. For several years in the food world talking about "traceability" of food, i.e. the ability to trace its
origin and all the intermediate steps that led it to the bench or shelf on which we have taken it.
Traceability therefore speaks of the "birthplace" of a food, and possibly, in some cases, the journey that it
has done. However, data alone do not give us full traceability of the "profile" of a product because it tells
us nothing about its social background and cultural context in which it was born and grown. So it would
be very interesting not only to know the name of the place where it has its origin, but also its
contextualization enhancing its geographic characteristics and the territoriality, obtaining a classification
of the product in a well-defined cultural park. Any food, in fact, has a "inside" and "behind" story.
Through the excavation and cultural background information, we can train ourselves to listen and imagine
these stories. It 's the case of potatoes and carrots, two agricultural products, which for years have
accompanied the evolution of plain Fucino obtaining first prize for their traditional features and
characteristics.
The Fucino Plain and carrots cultivation
270
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON RED PALM WEEVIL AS POTENTIAL RISK FOR
PALM TREES IN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN
Barbara Manachini1, F. Paolo Mancuso1, Noemi Billeci1, Filippo Castiglia 2, Franco Palla1
1
Dipartimento di Biologia ambientale e biodiversità, via Archirafi, 38. 90123 Palermo. E-mail:
[email protected]; 2Dipartimento Regionale Azienda Regionale Foreste Demaniali Servizio 3° Servizio gestione
delle aree protette (UOB n. 1) Via Libertà, 97 Palermo. Italy.
The impacts of insect invasive species on human health and on agricutlture have attracted worldwide
attention. However, researchers and policymakers rarely directly address the connection between invasive
species and loss in natual and cultural heritages. Various attempts have been made to address the plants
that are affected by invasive species but the links between these and loss in naturla biodiversity and
heritage in botanical and historical gardens are largely lacking in the literature.
We report a study on the Red Palm Weevil (RPW),
Rhynchophorous ferrugineus (Oliv.) (Fig. 1) (Coleoptera,
Curculionidae) which is the most important pest of the palm date
trees in many countries. RPW is a large polyphagous insect native
to southern Asia and Melanesia and one of the most important pests
of several palm species. It reached Italy in 2004 and now is wide
spread in Sicily but also in almost all Mediterranean, through
Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis (Fig. 2).
In Europe for the first time was established the RPW-P. canariensis
interaction. As a result of RPW attack, the palm is destroyed and
Fig. 1 Larvae, pupa and adults of R.
the tree collapses and dies.
ferrugineus
A high density of RPW, developed
in P. canariensis, is now present
despite to the control measures, in Sicily. Palm trees represent in
Mediterranean area an important part of cultural heritage in cities,
botanical and historical gardens, which conserve many different palm
species. In addition Mediterranean flora is also characterized by the
presence of the native palm specie Chamerops humilis. In order to
understand if the C. humilis is a suitable host of RPW, we investigate the
natural infestation of RPW on this native palm. Moreover we analysed
the morphological and molecular characters of RPW populations
collected from C. humilis and P. canariensis. The study highlights the
necessity to correlate the degree of genetic differences in the population
of invasive species, as RPW, to predict the impact on natural flora and
Fig. 2 P. canariensis infested
on other hosts.
by RPW
271
PLANTS AND TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN THE ROMAN COLONY OF MUTINA:
ARCHAEOBOTANY AND ETHNOBOTANY
Giovanna Bosi1, Rossella Rinaldi1, Marta Bandini Mazzanti1
1
Laboratory of Palinology and Palaeobotany – Department of Biology – University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,
Italy
From an Imperial Age site in the city centre of Modena (Emilia Romagna - Northern Italy) several
carpological remains of flax and weld are found. Analysis on the flax remains suggests the presence of
Linum usitatissimum/bienne. The amount of these remains along with the co-presence of seeds of Reseda
luteola, an important dye plant, leads to the hypothesis of the cultivation of both flax and weld for textile
manufacturing and dyeing purposes, which are attested as important in the economy of the Roman period.
Among the various cultivations nowadays almost completely disappearing from the Italian agrarian
landscape, flax is one of the most tradition-rich. There are traces of flax dating back to the Neolithic, but
it was during the Roman Period that its cultivation and processing expanded throughout the Empire. In
the Emilia Romagna region for a very long period the traditional fibre crops were flax and hemp.
Weld cultivation and trade was relevant in Italy during the Renaissance, when the Po plain was a very
important centre of production of this and others dye plants. In fact, R. luteola is considered the classical
plant to obtain the colour yellow and in the Italian ethnobotanical traditions it is indicated as a dye plant;
even its species denomination derives from the word luteus = yellow. In Classical times it was treasured
and the Romans used the seeds together with the stalk to dye nuptial and vestal garments; the pigment is
particularly suited to colour fibres like wool, linen and silk.
The Roman colony of Mutina (founded in 183 BC) was a centre of great importance for its solid
economy. The strongest elements in Mutina’s economy were sheep farming and textile manufacturing.
Many sources reports the supremacy of Mutina in sheep husbandry: Strabo recalls that the surroundings
of Modena supply “a soft wool and the most beautiful of all” (Geographia, V, 1, 12 - C 218) and
Columella evokes the worth of the sheep “item quae circa Parmam et Mutinam Macris stabulantur
campis” (Res rustica, VII, 2,3), a place nearby the city where the annual fair took place hosting an animal
market that was celebrated in the entire peninsula (Strabo - Geographia, V, 1, 11 - C 217). In the Roman
period the central part of Emilia was a district specialized in textile industry. Lanarii (wool-workers),
vestiarii (clothing-makers) and purpurarii (purple-dyers) were even attested on funerary stelae from
Modena, proving the diffusion of these activities in the territory.
In others roman site of city of Modena carpological records used in textile processing are found: in
addition to flax and weld, hemp (Cannabis sativa – well recognised textile plant), safflower (Carthamus
cf. tinctorius – give a bright yellow), common madder (Rubia tinctorum – excellent for colours from pink
to red) and cut-leaved teasel (Dispacus laciniatus - employed for to tase the wool).
272
THE ETNA GARDEN OF VILLA MANGANELLI BISCARI: KNOWLEDGE,
CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION
Cristaudo Antonia1, Catara Stefania1, Allevato Emilia2 and Di Pasquale Gaetano2
1
Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali - Sez. di Biologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di
Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy; 2Museo delle Scienze Agrarie (MUSA) - Università Federico II di
Napoli - Reggia di Portici - Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (Na), Italy - [email protected], [email protected],
Keywords: Historical Garden, Tree Heritage, Open-Air Museum
The historical gardens are special multi-material elements of our cultural heritage and because of the
mutability of the plant component that distinguishes them, require the same qualified commitment, like
any other work of art. As significant testimony to the past, but at the same time living monuments related
to the inexorable process of biological metamorphosis, they represent
a singular type of cultural and environmental heritage: the mutability
of nature is a feature unfound in other human artefacts. The
‘historical garden’ theme - which made a comeback in 1981 at the
presentation of the Florence Charter at the VI ICOMOS-IFLA
meeting - has given rise to lively debate which has brought about
guide lines for the preservation of historical gardens in Italy which,
notwithstanding the laws protecting them, are at risk of being
irreparably wiped out. Located in the foothills of Mount Etna in
Viagrande, Villa Manganelli Biscari is a tangible example (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 Villa Manganelli Biscari
The Villa, built in the late 18th century as a summer residence of an
aristocratic family from Catania, it is a remarkable historical, artistic and environmental resource for the
area and the community. Nowadays, the garden is part of the urban tissue of Viagrande, which lies to the
North of Catania (Sicily), but it was originally located within much larger agricultural land. Despite the
physical division of the property, the abandonment of the house during WWII and a subsequent
hereditary sub-division, the actual garden has remained true to its 18th century character. The informative
investigation has considered various methodological steps which may be summed up in the identification,
botanical surveying and description of the garden, thus defining its genius loci. Identifying the Villa
Manganelli Biscari, within Etna’s hilly landscape, has brought to light a widespread system of villas
which have been studied in terms of botanical components. The garden, about a hectare, spreads out on
various levels connected by straight paths and smaller curving ones with bi-chromatic cobblestones. The
botanical survey has highlighted the garden’s plant diversity (119 genera and 68 families) and revealed an
outstanding ancient tree heritage (Araucaria bidwillii, A. columnaris, A. heterophylla, Cedrus deodara, C.
libani) which is particularly important as regards the restoration strategy (Fig. 2). Furthermore, these
monumental trees, given they are material evidence of man’s influence on the landscape and examples of
majesty and longevity, need to be catalogued alongside the monumental plants of Sicily Register (D.D.G.
n. 7358 - 29 September 2005). The acquired data has helped outline the characteristics which connote the
Manganelli Biscari garden, thus defining its ornamental quality and
leading to a hypothesis for its restoration which assures the conservation
of its historic-cultural essence. Given the garden’s age, size, floristic
wealth and considerable archaeological and ethnographic collection, it
really qualifies as an ‘open-air museum’ with a harmonious blend of art
and plants and as such represents a significant cultural and environmental
patrimony for the whole of Sicily. For these reasons and in agreement
with the current validity of the Florence Charter which sanctions the
concept of the inseparability of the garden from its host building and its
urban and rural landscape context, such a garden, constitutes a resource to
protect and hand on to future generations, even as an element of
sustainability in Mediterranean cities.
Fig. 2 Botanical component
273
18TH CENTURY ROOF GARDENS IN THE OLD TOWN CENTRE OF CATANIA
(SICILY)
Catara Stefania1 and Cristaudo Antonia1
1
Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123, Catania, Italy [email protected], [email protected]
Keywords: Roof Garden, Garden Design, Botanic Survey
Lying at the foot of Mount Etna, Europe’s highest volcano, Catania has a history of re-inventing itself
given the number of earthquakes its experienced - 1693 was unforgettable - and the smoking lava rivers
which have for centuries radically changed the urban landscape. After a catastrophic seismic event,
Catania blooms with a new topography, architectural style and utilitarian and aesthetic concept for its
gardens. In an urban landscape loaded with historical layers and significant archeological finds, we find
two roof gardens which have survived to the present day: the Asmundo Francica Nava Mansion garden
and the Manganelli Mansion garden. In annexes of 18th century
noble mansions, these two gardens built in the same style are of
significant botanical and artistic interest within a very important
cultural context: they are absolutely unique at the heart of the city
centre. The Asmundo Francica Nava Mansion which lies on what
was once known as Montevergine Hill, is located in an area of
particular historical and archaeological interest. The elegant
patrician townhouse is in the centre of Roman Catania: witness the
2nd century Roman Theatre. At the height of the noble floor and
inaccessible to the public, there is a roof garden (Fig. 1) of about
670 m2 built in the 18th century. It sits upon a high bastion hidden
Fig. 1 View of the Asmundo Francica
Nava garden
from sight almost like a plant treasure in a casket: only the foliage
of some ancient tree [Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco,
Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H. Wendl., Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl.] reveals
this green island. The garden is marked by flowerbeds lined with volcanic rock, bi-coloured cobbled
pathways, exotic ornamental plants and the shell-shaped marble fountain. The Manganelli Mansion,
initiated in the early 18th century, lies in the old centre of Catania on an embankment between the 16th
century walls of Charles V. At the beginning of the 18th century, Antonio Paternò Sigona, the baron of
Manganelli, started designing a purely ornamental garden and a vegetable
garden. The roof garden which is one of the largest in Sicily at about 1300
m2, was built at the height of the noble floor (Fig. 2) as a sign of the power
of the Paternò family, decorated with Manganelli noble predicate, with
reference to their silk manufacture where the silk was mangle with special
“manganelli”. It was designed as a place dedicated to ornamental plants and
coolness in summer, a great luxury in a city rebuilding itself from the ruins
of the 1693 earthquake. Today, the garden is made up of differently shaped
geometric flowerbeds lined with kerbs of shell-shaped white calcareous
rock, hedgerows and ornamental plants [Portulacaria afra (L.) Jacq.,
Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br. ex Mart., Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.)
Glassman, Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H. Wendl., Phoenix
dactylifera L., Aponogeton distachyos L. f.]; the pathways have the bicoloured cobbles typical of Catania gardens. The acquired botanical data
Fig. 2 View of Manganelli
has helped determine the main floristic characteristics of the two gardens
garden
and their identification as reservoirs of plant diversity, fragments of vegetal
history to safeguard, conserve and evaluate even regarding cultural tourism.
274
UNDERSTANDING HISTORICAL GARDENS THROUGH BOTANY AND
DENDROCHRONOLOGY: THE SECRET GARDEN OF VILLA ZIRILLI (MILAZZO EASTERN SICILY)
Catara Stefania1, Cristaudo Antonia1, Allevato Emilia2 and Di Pasquale Gaetano2
1
Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy; 2Museo delle Scienze Agrarie (MUSA) - Università Federico II di
Napoli - Reggia di Portici - Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (Na), Italy - [email protected], [email protected],
Keywords: Secret Garden, Camellia Collection, Dendrocronology
Historical gardens hold an extraordinary wealth of botanical and artistic interest as environmental and
cultural reservoirs. They are living dynamic tesserae in the landscape mosaic they are part of,
contributing to a record of the history and reminiscences of place and impressing territorial identity.
Sicily, the Mediterranean island with two firsts, its size and centrality, is an environment where
fascinating geography, historical adventure, tradition, sectionalism and
experimentation hybridize, overlap and reveal themselves even through
gardens. Their cognizance, as for any unique work of art, perishable and
unrepeatable, must be guided by an accurate investigative method aimed at
understanding the specific peculiarities of the garden. Plants play a
fundamentally important role in our awareness of historical gardens: a
botanical approach is the basis for studying plant wealth given it highlights
floristic and physionomic characteristics. To reconstruct the original
design and study the garden’s changes over time we need to apply
dendrochronology which can be used to estimate the age of the garden’s
oldest trees. Their presence testifies to their ability to acclimatize to the
local ecological conditions as well as representing the stylistic culture of
the period when the gardens were made. Bearing this in mind, research
was carried out on several historical gardens in Eastern Sicily and in
particular ‘The Secret Mulberry Garden’ of Villa Zirilli (Fig. 1), located on
Fig. 1 The secret garden of
Villa Zirilli
the Milazzo Plain. With two main paths which intersect ortogonally, the
Mulberry Garden has four sectors, two of which contain a generous
camellia collection (132 individuals) of incomparable ornamental value. In
addition, there are hundred year old camphor and cypress trees and other
exotic ornamental plants (Cycas revoluta Thunb., Lagerstroemia indica L.,
Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R. Forst. & G.Forst., Alstroemeria psittacina
Lehm.). The garden still has a certain utilitarian aspect with a quadrant
dedicated to fruit trees and an ancient white mulberry (Morus alba L.),
cultivated for the traditional breeding of silkworms. Overall, the botanical
investigation allowed us to appreciate the biodiversity expressed by 59
families and about 100 specific taxa. To date the old trees, 3 cm thick disks
(Fig. 2) were taken from the felled trunks of camellias (7 samples) and
Fig. 2 Disk of camellia text
cypress (one sample). Microscope study of the ring number revealed about
95 rings for both Camellia japonica L. and Cupressus sempervirens L.,
documenting the temporal stratification of the garden’s tree tissue. The camellia collection is a valuable
heritage: because of their size, shape, age and historical location, at least 50 of the trees are to all intents
and purposes real ‘living monuments’. The investigation has provided a cognitive picture of the main
characteristics of the Villa Zirilli garden, a priority in the complex operation of maintenance and
restoration as well as for its conservation and protection.
275
TEKNEHUB - AREA 4 - TOOLS FOR THE RECOVERY AND PRESERVATION OF
THE PALEONTOLOGY AND ARCHEOLOGICAL HERITAGE
Ursula Thun Hohenstein1
1
Dipartimento di Biologia ed Evoluzione, sezione di Paleobiologia, Preistoria e Antropologia, mail: [email protected]
In technologies for recovery and preservation of archaeological and paleontological heritage, the Area 4
carries out its research from field activities to laboratory analysis of materials. The activities have a strong
interdisciplinary and see the integration of different skills and laboratories: topography, paleoanthropology,
technology and usewere applied to stone tools and bones, paleobotany, paleontology, archaeozoology, taphonomy,
GIS, etc..
The main services offered by Area 4 are: analysis of archaeological risk, geophysical investigations, laboratory
analysis (archeometry and characterization of raw materials), stratigraphic excavation and documentation, restoration
antropic and paleontological remains (animals, human remains, stone tools, plants), characterization of deterioration
processes, measuring of physical characteristics of materials, characterization ob biological deterioration made by
plants and animals, study lithic materials (usewere and technology), study of paleontological remains
(archaeozoology, paleontology and archaeo-anthropology) , study of plant remains (pollen, palynomorphs and
macroremains), interpretation of archaeological evidences, dissemination.
APPLICATION OF SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL METHOD TO EVALUATE
MONUMENTAL TANGIBLE HERITAGE IN ITALY
Crescimbene Massimo1, Di Ciano Diomira2, Sirugo Enza3
1
INGV, Rome, Italy, [email protected]; 2 CNR, Rome, Italy, [email protected]; 3 CNR, IMC,
Rome, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: social identity, semantic differential, monuments
This research applies the Semantic Differential Method to describe monumental tangible heritage in Italy. The
semantic differential rating scale, designed to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events, and concepts is
extensively used to derive the attitude towards the given object, event or concept (Osgood et al., 1957). A useful
rating scale, based on the semantic differential method, has been built and implemented to describe monumental
tangible heritage and its characteristics.
This research carried out a comparison among different Italian Regions in order to identify elements on diversity and
similarity on the symbolical and real value (Lacan, 1953) ascribed to tangible heritage. The Italian Regions
considered are Lazio, Lombardia and Campania. In particular this work describes the perception of monuments
related to the city of Rome, Milan and Naples. The monuments chosen respectively for each city are the Coliseum,
the Duomo Cathedral and Maschio Angioino Castle.
Monumental perception has been rated by measuring dimensions related to architectural perception (as shape and
colour), symbolic strength and notoriety corresponding respectively to the Evaluation, Potency and Activity Factors.
The semantic differential rating scale has been applied to a sample of about 300 students (age ranging from 12 to 18)
which are homogeneously distributed for all these cities. The perception of monumental tangible heritage is analysed
by the description given by the students to the monuments of each city and by observing similarities and differences
among them. In this kind of studies monumental tangible heritage is considered central within structural elements,
processes and motivations which lead to the construction process of social identity. The output data of monumental
profiles, obtained through the semantic differential method could be related to the construction process of social
identity and compared with the intranational social identity on a regional level. The purpose of a future study stage is
to extend the research field to different ethnic groups and cultures of other countries.
References
Allport, G. W. (1924), Social Psychology, Boston, Houghton Mifflin
Breakwell, G.M. (1986), Coping with threatened identities. New York, Methuen & Co.
Lacan, J. (1953), Le symbolique, l’imaginaire et le réel. Communication inédite à la Société française de Psychanalyse
Osgood C.E., G.J. Suci, P.H. Tannenbaum, (1957), The measurement of meaning, Urbana, University of Illinois Press
Tai Fen Hung, Chi-h Kao Nieh, Application of Semantic Differential Technique to Evaluate Kansei Image in Architectural Design
(2009), Dep. Architecture and Interior Design, Cheng Shiu University of Science and Technology and National Yunlin University
of Science and Technology, Taiwan
Shigeko Thkahashi, (1995), Aesthetic Properties of Pictorial Perception, Psycological Review, Vol. 102, n. 4, 671-683
Osgood C.E., G.J. Suci, P.H. Tannenbaum, The measurement of meaning, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1957
276
THE FARM OF GARIBALDI: BOTANIC RESTORATION AND REHABILITATION IN
THE MUSEUM AREA OF GARIBALDI IN CAPRERA ISLAND (SARDINIA)
Camarda I.1, Brunu A.1, Carta L.1, Vacca G.1
1
Department od Botany, Ecology and Geology - University of Sassari, Via Piandanna, 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy. [email protected]
The recovery of historic parks and gardens is highly regarded by botanists and architects; less attention
however is reserved to farms, which have a considerable significance for the history of agriculture.
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) has been one of the protagonists of nineteenth century Italian history,
giving a significant contribution to the unification of Italy - of which this year marks the 150th
anniversary. During the last decades of his life, from 1860, Garibaldi retired on the island of Caprera
(Sardinia) where he built a state-of-the-art farm for the period. The farm, including buildings and land,
has become a national monument in 1907, the agricultural aspects, however, have been given a lesser
degree of attention compared to the historical ones. From the agricultural journals of Garibaldi and the
testimonies of various authors it was possible to reconstruct the history of the introduction of several
species of which remain currently a number of woody plants.
Garibaldi’s interest for plants was not merely economic; his library displays many titles that clearly show
his passion for science and his attention to both cultivated and wild plants. It is no coincidence that the
botanist Gennari (1870), while studying the flora of Caprera, was his guest. Canevazzi (1866), Aventi
(1869), Falconi (1902) and later Curatulo (1926) were the first to provide a thorough description of the
corporate structure and a list of the vegetables and fruit most commonly grown (pear, apple, citrus tree,
quince, screw), along with some rare species for the times in Sardinia, such as black sorghum, Ipomoea
batatas, the date palm, pistachio and ash manna. Garibaldi introduced even several species of ornamental
and forestry interest such as Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) Nielsen, Acacia farnesiana L.,
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn., Pinus pinea L., P. halepensis L., Populus nigra L., Cupressus
sempervirens L., Quercus robur L.
The farm represents still a significant source of data from which is possible to reconstruct its original
layout and deserves to be valued in accordance with the purposes indicated below:
1) to increase the value of the natural, scenic and cultural area;
2) to encourage use of the area by visitors, tourists and schoolchildren who are constantly visiting the
Compendium, qualified in terms of cultural history;
3) to highlight the role of Garibaldi in the transformation of the natural landscape of the island into an
agricultural landscape, the types of crops grown and the functionality of the farm;
4) to highlight the importance of the role played by Garibaldi in the exploitation of the natural resources
of the island of Caprera;
5) to reconstruct as accurately as possible the original structure of the farm;
6) to protect the monumental trees planted by Garibaldi for their historical and cultural significance.
References
Aventi F., 1969 – Intorno all’agricoltura nell’arcipelago. Il Positivo Giornale popolare di cognizioni utili sull’economia, etc, ,
Cagliari.
Canevazzi E., 1866 – Garibaldi a Caprera. Giornale d’Agricoltura del Regno d’Italia, Bologna.
Curatolo G.E., !926 – Garibaldi agricoltore. Scritti e figure del Risorgimento italiano. F. Bocca Ed., Torino.
Gennari P., 1870 - Florula di Caprera.. Estratto da: N. Gior. Bot. Ital., vol. II, 1870.
Falconi A., 1902 - Come e quando Garibaldi scelse per sua dimora Caprera. Garibaldi poeta, Cagliari, tip. Unione sarda. - 16¡, pp.
46. Estratto da: Unione sarda, nn. 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148.
277
ACORN BREAD: A TRADITIONAL FOOD IN SARDINIA
Claudia Pinna1
1
Department of Botany, Ecology and Geology, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna, 4 – 07100, Sassari, Italy [email protected]
The oaks, evergreen or deciduous plants belonging to the Fagaceae family, produce a fruit rich in starch
and, according to the ancient writers, they have represented an important source of food for human
beings. This is confirmed by the frequent recovery of preserved acorns in primordial vases and by the
specific epithet: ilex, probably from eligo, attributed to Quercus ilex L., pointing out that it has been the
glandiferous tree selected by the ancients from which to take primitive nourishment. Nowadays, the
acorns of Quercus ballotta Samp., are still sold in north African. It is also known that, in Italy, the acorns
were consumed in famine periods or as a coffee substitute.
Acorn bread, called in Sardinia generically: Pan'Ispeli, is mentioned by numerous authors, beginning
from Pliny the Elder and, more recently, CETTI (1774), MADAO (1792), MORIS (1837), ANGIUS (1834),
DE CORTES (1900), USAI (1969), ANEDDA (1999), MAZZELLA (2005) wrote about this kind of bread.
Nowdays is proposed, exclusively for local feasts, directly from the wise hands of the old women. Acorn
bread is a food made with acorns of Quercus ilex L. or Quercus pubescens Willd. collected only from
certain plants, and clay coming from some areas well-known to the elderly, with the addition, in some
countries, of sieved ash of Vitis vinifera L. or Quercus pubescens to reduce the long cooking time.The
preparation followed a sequence of detailed phases: the acorns were dried, deprived of integuments and
then cooked for a long time, about nine hours, in water enriched of mineral elements released by clay.
The long cooking was useful to neutralize the sour and bitter taste of tannins contained in the acorns,
polyphenolic substances that, at high concentrations, would have been extremely toxic to the human
body. The final products were: Su lande cottu or Cunfettu and Su lande ‘e fitta or Gheladina that mean
respectively Cooked acorn and Gelatine of acorns. The first, little refined, was destined to men heavy
working and gave to relatives and neighbours, the second, soft and black, was almost considered like a
sweet and so offered to the elderly, children and sick people, added often to the serum of ricotta..
Shiny and black bread, with an intense aroma and a light earthy aftertaste, was also considered a useful
remedy for anaemia, abdominal swelling and stomach-ache. Very little is known about the nutritional
value of this unusual food and the analyses, conducted on the bread and on the ingredients used in its
preparation, are scarce and incomplete.
Further studies are currently underway to examinate in detail the nutritional properties, to preserve and to
hand down this ancient custom, important element to the knowledge of a typical product of the
Mediterranean tradition.
References
ANGIUS V., 1834 - Dizionario geografico-storico-statistico-commerciale degli Stati di S. M. il re di Sardegna. Vol. II. Ed. G.
Maspero, Torino. P. 183.
ANEDDA G. L., 1999 - Pane di ghiande. In: Sardegna antica: culture mediterranee: rivista semestrale di archeologia, etnologia,
storia. N° 16, vol.8 pp. 21-24
CETTI F., 1774 - I quadrupedi di Sardegna. Illisso. Nuoro
DE CORTES A., 1900 - Di una strana varietà di pane che si mangia in Sardegna. In: “Rivista d’igiene e sanità pubblica. Torino”
MAZZELLA M.T., 2005 - Pane di ghiande: un’intervista di venti anni fa. In: PANI. Tradizione e prospettive della panificazione in
Sardegna, pag. 236 – 238. Ilisso Edizioni, Nuoro
MADAO P. M., 1792 - Dissertazioni storiche, apologetiche e critiche sulle sarde antichità. Cagliari, P. 95
MORIS J. H., 1858-1859 - Flora sardoa sen istoria plantarum in Sardinia et adjacentibus insulsi. III Arnaldo Forni Editore
PLINIO G.S., 1984 - Storia naturale III. Botanica. Libro XVI. Giulio Einaudi editore. Torino
USAI A., 1969 - Il pane di ghiande e la geofagia in Sardegna. Ed. Fossataro, Cagliari
278
IMMIGRATION AND “LINGUISTIC ISLANDS” IN SICILY
Vinci Rita Loredana1, Lanzafame Iolanda Laura2
1
University of Catania, Italy, [email protected]; 2 University of Catania, Italy, [email protected] ;
Keywords: Population, Immigration, Linguistic Islands
This paper will examine immigration in Sicily and some examples of traditional and emerging “linguistic
islands” in the Sicilian territory.
Since ancient times Sicily has always been a landing place because of its geographical location and the
contamination of its culture. From here we have to start to understand the penetration of the various
foreign communities in the territory and investigate the processes that lead to this phenomenon.
Foreign communities in the Sicilian area are numerous and they tend not to isolate themselves from the
local socio-economic context despite the fact that they often preserve their native language.
According to the report by Caritas and Fondazione Migrantes, the resident foreign population in the
island up to 1st January 2010 stood at 127,310 units, with an increase of 11.1% over the previous year and
a total impact on the residents of 2.5%.
Analyzing the situation by province, Palermo is the one with the largest number of foreigners. In fact, the
Sicilian capital hosts 25,517 immigrants, followed by Catania with 23,411 and Messina with 21,054. The
last is the province of Enna with 2,565 foreign residents. The largest communities come from Africa
(Tunisia, Morocco and Mauritius), Asia (Sri Lanka, Philippines, China and Bangladesh) and East Europe
(Albania, Romania and Poland). The first three communities are the Romanians (26.9%), the Tunisians
(12.5%) and the Moroccans (9%).
The phenomenon of the concentration of some foreign communities at the local level is reinforced by the
action of "chain migration": family reunification and attraction of a particular community towards the
country of origin.
International migration issues are currently a relevant subject of research in the field of linguistic studies,
as of one the main phenomena that lead to contact among different languages.
Immigrant languages become “dominated languages”, because immigrants are socially disadvantaged,
they speak a different language and they try to familiarize with a relatively homogeneous linguistic
community.
Sicily is very rich in linguistic minorities: one of its “linguistic islands” is the Albanian community of
Palermo (Piana degli Albanesi, Santa Cristina Gela and Contessa Entellina); the Albanians have defended
and treasured their own culture for five centuries and they have kept their native language alive. Another
linguistic community is the Gallo-Italic one, that belongs to the provinces of Enna (Piazza Armerina,
Nicosia, Aidone and Sperlinga) and Messina (San Fratello and Novara di Sicilia). The Gallo-Italic
linguistic island originated during the Norman and Swabian domination in Sicily, after the migration of
settlers from the north of Italy.
Most recently, as a consequence of new immigration processes, one of the most prominent linguistic
island, after the Romanian one, is the Tunisian community, that has been living mainly in Mazara del
Vallo (Trapani). The city of Mazara can be considered as an object of research because of its old tradition
regarding migration flows and its interesting social and cultural trends. It should be seen as an example of
an integration model to achieve with the aim of better understanding how to embrace a multicultural
perspective.
279
MOVIE MAP AND MOVIE TOUR IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN
Zignale Maurizio1, Marletta Giulia2
1
Università di Catania - Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere, Italia, [email protected], 2Università di Catania Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere, Italia, [email protected]
Today, Movie-induced tourism represents an important resource, creating economic and social benefits,
and, more often, many regional Governments are looking towards this specific kind of tourism to limit the
economic decline they are experiencing. Two of many tools available of this sector are Movie Map and
Movie Tour. They represent the first and immediate approach for tourists who would like to visit a movie
location and an easy way for local Governments to promote their territories. Movie Map – Movie Tour –
Tourism.
ARCHAEOBOTANY AND ETHNOBOTANY TO EXPLORE PAST AND PRESENT
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PLANTS AND PEOPLE IN THE SAHARA DESERT
Isabella Massamba N'siala1, Assunta Florenzano1, Anna Maria Mercuri1
1
Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dip. Museo di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio
Emilia - Italy
Plant records from archaeological sites provide information on the past relationships between human
populations and environment. Today, old people preserve the so-called traditional knowledge, transmitted
from generation to generation and constantly recreated and developed by communities and groups in
response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history. This is an “Intangible
Cultural Heritage” whose roots can be investigated through ethno- and archaeobotany. It provides people
with a sense of identity and continuity. This field of integrated research promotes the respect for cultural
diversity and human creativity.
Within the multidisciplinary studies carried out in different sites of the Sahara desert, in Libya and Niger
(Mercuri, 2008; Mercuri et al., in press), pollen and seeds/fruits helped to reconstruct past biodiversity
giving details on the flora and vegetation cover that characterised the area during the early and middle
Holocene. Plant records are known to be effective tools to reconstruct plant landscape evolution, as they
permit to study diachronically environmental changes. However, a number of data put also on evidence
the use of plants for food, medicine, votive offerings and to make basketry and huts. Data from burials,
rockshelters and caves enhance our knowledge of ancient customs and traditions, which can
often correlate with the current uses of selected plants. Ethnobotanical observations on Tuareg today use
of plants, especially for food and medicinal plants, are a key reference to interpret archaeobotanical data.
Mercuri A.M., 2008. Plant exploitation and ethnopalynological evidence from the Wadi Teshuinat area
(Tadrart Acacus, Libyan Sahara). Journal of Archaeological Science, 35 (6): 1619-1642
Mercuri A.M., Massamba N’siala I., Florenzano A., in press. Environmental and ethnobotanical data
inferred from pollen of Gobero and the dried lakebeds in the surrounding area. In: Garcea (Ed.) Gobero:
the No-Return Frontier Archaeology and Landscape at the Saharo-Sahelian Borderland. Journal of
African Archaeology
280
STATISTICAL CHOREOGRAPHY MODELING FOR FOLK DANCES
Ofli F.1, Erzin E.2, Yemez Y.2, Tekalp A.M.2
1
University of California, Berkeley, USA, [email protected];
eerzin/yyemez/[email protected]
2
Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey,
Folk dancing is performed often collectively for the emotional release of the individual. Folk dances
belong to tradition, to custom, to the popular ceremonial of villagers. They tend to perish in towns, but
they have succeeded in surviving in the country. Digitization of folk dance choreographies is expected to
play a crucial role in the preservation of folk dance heritage, as well as it will avail new innovative
interaction tools for the dissemination of folk dance culture.
Choreography is the art of arranging dance movements for performance. Choreographers tailor sequences
of body movements to music in order to embody or express ideas and emotions in the form of a dance
performance. Therefore, dance is closely bound to music in its structural course, artistic expression, and
interpretation. Specifically, the rhythm and expression of body movements in a dance performance are in
synchrony with those of the music, and hence, the metric orders in the course of music and dance
structure coincide. In order to successfully establish the contextual bond as well as the structural
synchrony between dance motion and the accompanying music, choreographers tend to thoughtfully
design dance motion sequences for a given piece of music by utilizing a repertoire of choreographies.
Based on this common practice of
choreographers, our goal in this study is
the digitization of folk dance
choreographies by building a framework
for automatic creation of dance
performances in synchrony with the
accompanying music; as if they were
arranged by a choreographer, through
learning
many-to-many
statistical
mappings from music to dance. We
obtain
music-to-dance
mappings
through use of four statistical models: i)
Fig. 1 Folk dance screenshots
Musical measure models, representing a many-to-one
relation, each of which associates different melody
patterns to a given dance figure, ii) exchangeable figures
model, which captures the diversity in a dance
performance through a one-to-many relation by offering
various possibilities in the choice of dance figures, iii)
choreography model, an n-gram defined by figure-tofigure transition probabilities, capturing the intrinsic
dependencies of dance figure sequences, iv) dance figure
models, capturing the variations in the way particular
dance figures are performed, by modeling the motion
trajectory of each dance figure. Based on these statistical
Fig. 2 Music driven choreography animation screenshots
mappings, we synthesize alternative dance figure
sequences. The generated dance figure sequences are
animated synchronously with the musical audio using a
3D character model. Objective and subjective evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed framework
is able to produce compelling music-driven choreographies.
281
A PROTOCOL FOR THE PRESERVATION OF SPEECH DOCUMENTS ARCHIVES:
TOWARDS THE DIGITAL CURATION OF THE “ITALIAN DIALECTS MAP”
Canazza Sergio1, Silvia Calamai2, Pier Marco Bertinetto3, De Dominicis Amedeo4
1
University of Padova, Dept. of Information Engineering, Padova, Italy - [email protected]; 2University of Siena,
Siena, Italy - [email protected]; 3Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy - [email protected]; 4University of Tuscia, Italy
- [email protected]
Keywords: Speech Audio Archives, Linguistic Analysis, Dialectology, Preservation Audio Documents.
Despite the youthfulness of the audio recording technologies, the preservation of audio documents is
already becoming an urgent issue to prevent the loss of precious cultural heritage recordings. These
documents have a shorter life span compared to other cultural heritage materials and their preservation
introduce novel problems requiring original approaches. In particular, the speech audio documents are in
danger of disappearing, because of the poor quality of the material on which they were recorded and the
rapid evolution of the recording formats. Moreover, the audio speech recordings were often made with
non-professional systems or in fieldwork circumstances (i.e. with a low quality), and in particular cases
even risk being forgotten, due to widespread lack of well-established archiving procedures. This has not
been the destiny of music repertoires of wide interest (classical music, rock). In these cases, the recording
companies have re-recorded most of the audio documents, particularly those of high commercial value.
The same has not happened to speech audio documents, often the only testimonial of disappeared oral
cultures. Their preservation requires procedures, detailed for every type of carrier, able to preserve the
recorded audio at quality level suitable for linguistic analysis. In the past, lack of philological and
engineering accuracy and care to source consistency has already produced several dramatic mistakes in
the A/D transfer of speech audio archives, producing yet more sources featuring disfiguring transmission
errors.
In several international audio archives projects, the present authors defined and put it into practice a
quality control for the task of audio documents active preservation. In particular, they are applying it in
the project, partially supported by Regione Toscana, focussed on Carta dei Dialetti Italiani. The Carta
dei Dialetti Italiani archive is a neglected open reels speech archive containing both answers to phonetic
and morphological questionnaires and the oral performance of the Parable of the Loss Child. It has been
collected in a relevant number of Italian villages by linguists and dialectologists. This important
fieldwork, offering a unique database of Italian dialects from the Sixties and Seventies, sank into oblivion
because of the death of the founder, Oronzo Parlangèli, and subsequent financial and organizational
difficulties. While we are still tracing back the reels of other Italian regions, we succeeded in finding
almost all the reels referring to Tuscan fieldwork, together with all the related reports and notes written by
the équipe of linguists co-ordinated by Gabriella Giacomelli.
In order i) to choose the optimum re-recording system, ii) to verify the correctness of the preservative
copies and iii) to validate the de-noise processing in the access copies – an experiment was performed: a
speaker recognition system, developed by some of the present authors, is used to observe the deterioration
of the speaker’s features as the re-recording process changes. The results that will be presented confirm
the goodness of our protocol and the effectiveness of the audio restoration system used.
282
PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION OF ETHNIC MUSIC AUDIO ARCHIVES
Canazza Sergio1, Rodà Antonio1, Salvati Daniele2
1
University of Padova, Dept. of Information Engineering, Padova, Italy - [email protected]; 2University of Udine,
Dept. of Mathematics and Informatics, Italy - [email protected]
Keywords: Music Audio Archives, Ethnic Music, Audio Restoration, Historical Audio Documents.
In the sound archive field, a long-term maintenance of the collective human memory in its original form
is not sustainable. All physical carriers are subject to degradation and the information stored on such
carriers is bound to vanish. Thus, only the preservation of the carrier and the restoration of the audio
signal are crucial to avoid the permanent loss of the musical heritage, which is already heavily corrupted.
The presentation will be describe: the protocols defined, the processes undertaken, the results ascertained
from several audio documents preservation/restoration projects carried out in the ethnic music field, and
the techniques used. In particular: (i) a number of recommendations for the re-recording process, and (ii)
an audio restoration environment (constituted by three audio restoration tools), developed using the VST
plug-in architecture (so can be used as an added module to the most commonly used audio editors) and
optimized for different audio carriers (cylinders, shellac discs, tapes) will be detailed.
The denoise environment – that will be detailed during the presentation – included different algorithms,
able to cover all the audio restoration categories:
– CREAK (Canazza REstoration Audio-extended Kalman filter): A de-noise and de-click system based
on Extended Kalman Filter, dedicated to the restoration of audio signal re-recorded from shellac discs:
low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), clicks, pops, crackle.
– CMSR (Canazza-Mian Suppression Rule): A de-noise algorithm based on STSA (Short Time Spectral
Attenuation), dedicated to the restoration of audio signal re-recorded from wax and amberol cylinders and
shellac discs: low SNR.
– PAR (Perceptual Audio Restoration): A de-hiss based on perceptual algorithm for reel-to-reel tapes and
cassettes: high SNR.
We conducted a series of experiments with real usage data from different international audio archives.
During the presantetion, we will show our experimental results of applying the above techniques related
to audio restoration: our tool outperforms standard approaches to restoration.
To validate the system, a listening test was carried out, that confirms practical usefulness of the proposed
solution. Restoration of the noisy stimuli was performed by CREAK in de-click mode, then using
CREAK, CMSR and PAR as well as through a number of commercial products. The statistical analysis
method described in the MUSHRA specification was used to process the test data. Considering the three
tools CREAK, CMSR and PAR as a single restoration environment (CARE: CAnazza REstoration), our
system is rated with the best score from the users.
This work summarizes a number of experiences in several research/applied project on ethnic music audio
archives, carried out by the authors, including: “Electronic Storage and Preservation of Artistic and
Documentary Audio Heritage” funded by the National Research Council of Italy (CNR); “Preservation
and Online Fruition of the Audio Documents from the European Archives of Ethnic Music” funded by the
EU Program Culture2000; “Preservation and Access of the Fugazzotto Archive: the songs of Italian
immigrants”; “Archives of popular tradition: preservative re-recording and cataloguing of popular music
collection” in “V. Joppi” Civic Library of Udine.
283
A QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY FOR AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF PLACE.
PHOTOGRAPHS, MEMORIES AND A NARRATIVE ANALYSIS OF LANDSCAPE
CHANGE IN PARCO NAZIONALE DEI MONTI SIBILLINI, ITALY
Papa Cristina1, Piermattei Sandro2, Stoica Georgeta3
Sezione Antropologica - Dipartimento Uomo & Territorio - Università degli Studi di Perugia. Perugia, Italy,
1
[email protected]; [email protected]; 3 [email protected]
Keywords: Landscape, Depopulation, Narrative Analysis.
During the second half of the twentieth century, in Italy massive social and cultural changes have affected
the countryside as well mountain areas resulting in deruralization and depopulation processes. In
particular, in the south-western slope of Sibillini Mountains, extensive researches about traditional rural
activities and productions has revealed how the abandonment of territory provoked the erosion of the
traditional agrarian landscape. In fact, according to agriculture census data, in this area of the Central
Apennines a remarkable increase in neglected landscapes has been registered. For instance, the evolution
of the overall impact of the agricultural landscape on the entire territory has moved from an average of
89% in the Seventies of last century to the 57% of 2000.
This situation helps to explain perceptions by local farmers of a countryside “growing wild again”, while
for park managers a positive trend in nature recovering is in progress. However, these very different
views about the environment are not functional to the development of a participatory approach for the
management and conservation of nature and cultural and social struggles remain between protected areas
managers and local populations. Nevertheless, the environmental abandonment and the erosion of
traditional landscapes resulted in so severe hydrogeological risks that national and European regulations
about nature protection, accordingly to concepts as community-based conservation and sustainable
development, tend to enhance the ecological role of local communities and their traditional environmental
knowledge.
Hence, discussing Gilles Clément notion of third landscape and exploring local narratives about the
impact of depopulation on the agricultural activities and the environment, a qualitative methodology was
developed in order to document and describe agrarian landscape and productive cycles changes during the
last decades and to contribute to a renegotiation between new and traditional practices and strategies to
use and manage land.
The aim of this methodology, based upon a comparative approach of local narratives and a broad visual
documentation which spans over decades of social and environmental change, is to provide a qualitative
assessment of landscape transformations. Thus, going far beyond the logic of a commercial use of images
and memories as stereotyped representations of a nostalgic rural past, landscape could be included in
history and interpreted as the result of concrete practices and specific forms of labour social organization.
284
THE POPULAR THEATRE OF “SEGA LA VECCHIA” IN THE UMBRIAN REGION
(ITALY). TECHNIQUES OF CONSERVATION AND VALORIZATION OF AN
INTANGIBLE HERITAGE: DIALECTS, SOUNDS, PERFORMANCES
Papa Cristina1, Baronti Giancarlo2, Palombini Giancarlo3, Parbuono Daniele4, Piermattei Sandro5
1
Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy, [email protected]; 2Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy,
[email protected]; 3Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy, [email protected]; 4Università degli Studi
di Perugia, Perugia, Italy, [email protected]; 5Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy,
[email protected]
In Umbria, the “Sega la vecchia” is a form of popular theater with itinerant begging, played during the
mid-Lent.
Companies – composed of fifteen to twenty young male peasants – move house to house, repeating their
show until dawn for getting eggs and wine in return. In the most common regional variants, the plot of the
representation is centered on the scene where the two woodsmen, “knock down” and then try to saw the
old woman which, sometimes, is at the same time an oak tree. The old husband
arrives looking for the spouse, and then he despairs of seeing her wounded and
“sawed” at death’s door. At this point, often after the intervention of the police and
the identification of responsibilities, therapeutic operators (that are the pharmacist,
the doctor, and nurses) riding the donkey, take the stage to cure the dying old
woman which, however, in some cases recovered only after the extreme unction of
the priest, whereas in other cases she literally goes in the arms of “Maravalle”, the
devil.
Because of the changing in economic, social and working conditions of the past 50
years, this form of popular representation has changed, for the least part, in favor
of a turn into a folkloristic show, but for the most part, it has ceased to exist. The
aim of our work is to preserve, protect and document forms that are dying and also
Photo of 1958
think about the new conditions of representation. For this purpose we are using a
methodology dense, multiple, that result from the meeting of different scientific
research experiences. Meanwhile, we have recovered all scripts, books, dissertations, research reports
produced in the last 50 years, in order to have specific information on the whole territory. We have also
begun a specific ethnographic fieldwork to fill any gaps of information. The available data are then
processed through computer support and appropriately filed:
language transcriptions (for which we have created specific criteria),
musical transcriptions, comparative analysis of historical
photographs and videos, contemporary photographs and videos. All
scientific material will be included into a computerized cataloging
system that, taking into account the standards of cataloging ICCD –
BDI (demoethnoanthropological intangible heritage) and BDM
(demoethnoanthropological tangible heritage) – and ICCU – MAG
(Metadata administrative and management) – will link the textual
Fieldwork, Ponte Valleceppi, Perugia,
level, the musical level and the bibliographical level with audio and
2010
video recordings and photographs.
In the general framework of this operation, it is particularly
important the issue of the restitution of research data to the protagonists of the representations, to the
interviewees, to their families, to their communities. During the research we have already organized
several meetings with the ex-companies of “Sega la vecchia” of the ‘50s and ‘70s. In these occasions the
companies had viewed their photos and audio-video recordings. Moreover, in several areas of Umbria,
some exhibitions and numerous public presentations of the book are planned. The book will contain the
results of this research aimed at the protection and the promotion of what we might consider an intangible
cultural heritage: the popular and itinerant representation of “Sega la vecchia” in Umbria.
285
THE "MICRO SEMANTICS" FOR INTELLIGENT BROWSING
Picchi Eugenio1, Sassolini Eva1
1
Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale “Antonio Zampolli” (ILC-CNR), Pisa, Italy,
{picchi|eva.sassolini}@ilc.cnr.it; 1 Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale “Antonio Zampolli” (ILC-CNR), Pisa,
Italy, {picchi|eva.sassolini}@ilc.cnr.it
Keywords: Computational Linguistics, Semantic Analysis, Information Retrieval
Objectives
The SmartCity project (project POR Creo's Tuscany region, funded by the European Community on
FESR) is aimed at designing and developing multimedia content (audio guides for the next-generation
media and interactive off-line and on-line) for the customized use of tourist-cultural paths, both physical
(in the context of museums and cities), and virtual. The purpose is to allow a quantum leap in terms of
productivity, versatility and adaptability of digital content, both textual and multimedia, through the use
of knowledge engineering techniques. Research activities will be preparatory to the prototyping of
innovative solutions for:
• the creation and delivery of interactive audio guide for new systems;
• implementation of a prototype of "authoring system" for the production of guides and tourist-cultural
paths, even virtual.
Methods
Methodologies, originally created for the more classical disciplines such as philology, lexicography,
literature, and linguistic and statistical approaches for the extraction and analysis of information, were
combined. The technology "TextPower", developed by our research group, aims to enrich the text with
semantic annotations (micro-semantics) identified. This enrichment process allows the identification of
relationships between concepts (proper names, geographical locations, acronyms, works of art,
monuments, institutions, etc..), even potentially unknown, and then to provide the author/editor of the
guide/path tourist-cultural with a complete picture of available information.
Results
In our approach, the creation of linguistic resources is functional to the development of navigation and
information retrieval in a position to exploit them, or tools that capture the information, organizing,
classifying and distributing it according to the desired objectives. Rarely can the information be classified
only with hierarchical criteria, in open systems, as in the case of Cultural Heritage. It is a more effective
to use an approach based on principles of "semantic similarity" that allow you to link information
crosswise, apparently belonging to different categories, but that lead back to the same informative need.
One important role played within the project by ILC has been the development of a system capable of
suggesting to the user /author, keys to refine your search and bring out more content that meet his need
for information.
Conclusions
The key feature of this "intelligent" system is the ability to develop strategies for the classification and
terminology recognition (named entities, terms, etc.), as important prerequisites for a more effective text
analysis. The ability to enrich the text with explicit forms of knowledge, contributes to the improvement
of every Information Retrieval system.
286
ANCIENT INSCRIPTIONS AS CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE CASE OF THE LYCOS
VALLEY (DENIZLI AREA, TURKEY)
F. Guizzi1
1
University of Rome 'La Sapienza'
The Greek and Latin inscriptions preserved in the Museum of Denizli-Pamukkale (with the exception of
those found in Hierapolis) have been published in 2008 in the volume edited by Tullia Ritti, with the
cooperation of H. Huseyin Baysal: Museo archeologico di Denizli-Hierapolis. Catalogo delle iscrizioni
greche e latine, a cura di Tullia Ritti, con la collaborazione di H. Hu seyin Baysal. Testi di Elena
Miranda e Francesco Guizzi. Traduzione di Nalan Fırat (Denizli-Hierapoli Arkeoloji Müzesi. Yunanca Ve
Latince Yazılı Eserlerin Katalo u, Yayına hazırlayan Tullia Ritti. H. Hu seyin Baysal'ın katkılarıyla.
Metinler Elena Miranda ve Francesco Guizzi. Çeviri Nalan Fırat), Napoli 2008. The collection and exam
of this corpus of inscriptions, which lasted from 2000 to 2008, have been sponsored by the ‘Federico II’,
University of Naples, in cooperation with the Museum of Denizli-Pamukkale. Following excavations at
Hierapolis (under the supervision of F. D’Andria) and other places (especially Laodikeia, under the
supervision of Celal Simsek of the University of Pamukkale, Denizli) have allowed us to discover a larger
number of inscriptions. This paper aims to demonstrate that a close analysis of these inscriptions may
shed light on significant cultural aspects of the region, at the same time contributing to the preservation of
its heritage. Viewed from an historical perspective, in conjunction with archeological and topographical
data, these texts provide us with a lot of information about political institutions and social and economic
factors in the region. Most importantly, these inscriptions help us to reconstruct the form of the ancient
landscapes. From the display of the inscriptions at the Museum of Hierapolis (Pamukkale), which
occupies the site of the ancient thermal baths, visitors may improve their knowledge of one of the peculiar
aspects of the ancient towns, that is to say the widespread presence of both public and private writing;
furthermore, the Epigraphic Guide to Hierapolis by Tullia Ritti enables us to better appreciate the daily
practises of the inhabitants of the region. To sum up, Hierapolis and the Lykos Valley offer good chances
to re-evaluate the cultural background of the region, giving a much needed boost to tourism as well.
WITH OR WITHOUT YOU? INDIVIDUAL DETERMINANTS OF PARTICIPATION
IN ART, MUSIC AND EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Ercolano Salvatore 1, Gaeta Giuseppe Lucio 2
1
Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy, [email protected];
Naples, Italy, [email protected]
2
University of Naples L’Orientale,
Keywords: Cultural Organization, Music,Arts, Collective Action
Starting from the seminal book by Mancur Olson (1965), a large body of literature has analyzed issues
regarding the formation and organization of interest groups. As is well known, the contribution by Olson
is based on the idea that free and rational people have no reason to join interest groups and actively
participate to their activities; given that the benefit offered by interest groups is generally a public or
collective good, people have an high incentive to free ride. As rational individuals carefully evaluate costs
and benefits arising from their actions, active membership in a group may be convenient only when
members may gain selective benefits given by financial, social , psychological or moral incentives.
In this paper we analyze individual participation in cultural organizations. While organizations promoting
education, arts or music are able to provide selective incentives to their members, these incentives may
result attractive only for some people, i.e. the more educated ones. Using data from the World Values
Suvey (WVS) database and an ordered probit approach, we test few hypotheses about the individual
determinants of active/inactive membership in this kind of organizations.
287
PANORAMA AND ITALIAN RURAL CULTURAL HERITAGE IMAGE IN
HISTORICAL CINEMA
Ferrari Angelo1, Pingue Gianni2, Tardiola Stefano3
1
National Research Council – Institute of Chemical Methodologies – Dept. of Cultural Heritage, [email protected], 2PhD
in "History, Theory and Technique of the theater and performing arts," [email protected]; 3National Research
Council – Institute of Chemical Methodologies – Dept. of Cultural Heritage, [email protected]
Keywords: Cinema, Rural Architecture, Italy
The study investigates the Italian landscape employment of villages and small cities in cinema history.
Sometimes Italian landscape tells the history of our country, as in the film Nothing left to do but cry (Non
ci resta che piangere, Italy 1985), or it changes signification and becomes other than the self as with
Matera’s rocks in “The Passion” of Gibson (The Passion, USA 2004).
This study inquires into the uses and reuses of Italian rural landscape which are not new throughout
cinema history, such as in the Brancaleone saga (L'armata Brancaleone, Italy 1966, known in Englishspeaking countries as For Love and Gold or The Incredible Army of Brancaleone; Brancaleone alle
crociate, Italy 1970 known as Brancaleone at the Crusades) or in The profession of Arms (Il mestiere
delle armi, Italia 2001) or in The year one thousand (L’anno mille, Italia 2008).
So use of the landscape that goes beyond its role within scenography as it becomes a real actor on the
scene: a place that carries symbols and history.
Even when it is used as an instrument, shown as something different from itself, it is still contaminated
with essential references related to historical and cultural Italian reality: a landscape is never neutral, but
always combined with culturally relevant elements.
These rural architectures scattered throughout the territory inevitably tell about their history and the
history of the place. Even where the landscape is rebuilt ad hoc, in its architecture, it still refers to the real
one.
Italian landscape is non described by a tautological or didactic perspective but rather we suggest its idea
and atmosphere. An image that runs through the centuries, through the layers of history and stories in a
way not dissimilar to the landscape artist painting approach, in which cultural heritage in some ways
becomes the central catalyst of the eye and of attention.
In this sense, the proposed work shows how cinema can be a vehicle to increase awareness on rural and
architectural landscape as a patrimony to safeguard and as a historical and cultural artefact to valorise.
288
THEATER PERFORMANCES IN ITALY IN THE PERIOD 1931-1944. AN
“INTEGRATED DATA BASE” CASE
Ottai Antonella1, Ferrara Patrizia2, Ricci Carla Maria3, Pingue Gianni4
1
University of Rome "La Sapienza", Department of History of Art and Entertainment, [email protected]; 2Directorate
General for Archives; 3Researcher, Graduate in Letters, [email protected]; 4PhD in "History, Theory and Technique of
the theater and performing arts," [email protected]
Keywords: Archive, Theatre, Iconography
"The database of theatre plays in the period 1931-1944" was created by the development and
implementation of two existing databases elaborated from the Central State Archive (ACS) and the
Department of Performing Arts and Sciences, University "Sapienza" Rome (today known as the
Department of History of Art and Performances).
The first database - on the scripts submitted to the clearance for representation and radio transmission,
belonging to the Office Theatre Censorship (kept in the ACS) - provides information related to: names of
authors and works, directors, reducers, translators, musicians; destination1; theater companies, year and
place of representation. The second one, implemented with data coming from the journals "The Drama"
and "Radiocorriere" and from the newspaper "Il Messaggero", contains information on: names of the
authors and published works, names and biographies of its actors, names of reviews of authors and titles
of the works, critical essays, analysis of dramatic plays and story plot, dates and times of broadcasts on
local and national radio stations and
representation in Roman theatres.
Primary purpose of the project was to
produce a single database, enriched
with the elements of the two databases,
to integrate information and multiply its
efficiency.
The database provides a detailed
reconstruction of the cultural and
historical context of the period subject
of study seen as an “archaelogy of
everyday life”. To reconstruct the
theatre history and the 1931-1944
Italian society the database has been
implemented with: the iconography relating to the authors, the plays, and the actors present in the various
magazines of that time, and not only theatrical; the article abstracts of all the specialized journals, in order
to convey the subjects of debate and theater news2;
the actors’ portraits, not only by iconography, but
also through the critical essays of that period3;
anecdotes of authors and actors4 and biographies of
the authors, drawn from comparison of different
publications.
Play or radio broadcasting.
2
From "Scenario" and "The Drama".
3
Full article in image format.
4
Extracted by “Termocauterio”, published in "The Drama".
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SESSION D - Museums Projects & Benefits
THE RE-DEFINING OF ETHNO-ANTHROPOLOGICAL MUSEUM’S CONCEPT IN
ITALY AND FRANCE: THE THEORETICAL DEBATE AND THE POLITICAL
STRATEGY
Caradonna Marta1
1
CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), Rome, Italy, Direzione Generale-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
(CNR) - Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7 - 00185 Roma - Tel: +39 06 4993 3876 [email protected]
Keywords: Museum, Anthropology, Ethnography, Italy, France
In these last years, in all Europe, a transformation of Anthropology and Ethnography Museums is in progress.
Considering a theoretical perspective, this changing process is influenced by the institution’s past history and by the
specific scientific field they referred to.
On the other hand considering a practical perspective the process has been influenced by political and economic
interests.
Using a comparative approach I have analyzed the ongoing ethno-anthropological transformation of the museums
both in Italy (Rome) and in France (Paris and Marseille).
In Rome the study focused specifically on the “Museo Nazionale di Arti e Tradizioni Popolari” and on the “Museo
Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico Luigi Pigorini”; in Paris on the “Musée National des Arts et Traditions Populaire”
and in Marseille on the “Musée des Civilisations de l’Europe et de la Méditerranée”.
These museums well reflect the history of the anthropological studies from the mid 1800 to nowadays.
Their activities have been important for the political frame in which they were born and for the particular way they
represent the history of anthropological thought.
Today the museums of Anthropology and Ethnography (or so called museums of Civilizations), are living a role and
definition crisis.
The goal is to understand which is today the meaning and the idea of “Museum” in Anthropology.
Since the 80’s this crisis of status has caused the designing of renewal projects aimed at erasing the colonial roots of
their heritage through a process of evolution of the anthropological debate on Museums; this implies a change of the
museographic patterns, an evolution of their political and economical strategy and a redefining of the roles of
museums themselves.
Studying in parallel the history of anthropological museums in France and in Italy is possible to understand the
different ways to manage and resolve this crisis and the future of the demo-etno-anthropological disciplines.
THE GREEN MUSEUM - A ROADSHOW ON SUSTAINABILITY AND ENERGY
EFFICIENCY IN MUSEUMS, ARCHIVES AND HISTORIC BUILDINGS
Johanna Leissner1, Bernhard Klier2
1
German Research Alliance Cultural Heritage and Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, Brussels Office, Belgium
[email protected]; 2Deutsche Kongress GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany [email protected]
Our society has to tackle grand challenges - to feed a growing population while
solving the impact of climate change, energy scarcity and finite natural resources.
The concept of sustainability is the masterplan for tomorrow to solve our huge
problems. Museums, archives and historic buildings houses contribute substantially
to the identity of people and to the attractivity of our environment. Nevertheless,
green or sustainable museums are a relatively new phenomena, although they need
energy and resources to maintain their collections. This paper will report on a
roadshow performed in 2010 and 2011 in Germany, Austria and Switzerland to
inform museums directors, curators and conservators how innovation and
sustainability can be implemented in order to be ready for the 21st century.
Fig. 1 Flyer of the green museum
290
SPANISH OLIVE OIL MUSEUMS: DISSEMINATION OF ITS CULTURAL
HERITAGE
Rojas Sola José Ignacio1, Castro García Miguel1, Carranza Cañadas María del Pilar2
1
University of Jaen, Jaén, Spain, [email protected]; 1University of Jaen, Jaén, Spain, [email protected]; 2University
of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain, [email protected]
Keywords: Olive Oil Museum, Engineering Graphics, Cultural Heritage.
In Spain, museums of olive oil have been and remain under study by researchers due to they harbour
numerous examples of material culture from the oil industry. They are one of agricultural industries with
the highest incidence socio-economic in the development of a people, not only for its importance in
obtaining the coveted 'green gold' indispensable element in human nutrition, but also because the history
of the oil industries is the history of technological and progress human beings development of society in
general.
Some of research results showed in this communication have been developed within a research project of
Research, Development and Innovation of the Spanish National Plan from Ministry of Science and
Innovation, entitled "Infographic techniques and industrial engineering as support of the history of
technology to convert in a tool for museum and interpretation Centres of olive oil" funded by European
Regional Development Fund. It discusses the technological evolution of the oil mills along the whole its
history, it conducts a historical, technological and graphic research, which includes not only traditional
mills and presses used over the centuries, but also innovations presented in the form of privileges or
patents (1826-1966), available in the Historical Archive of the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office.
This novel research project is applied to any Interpretation Centre or Museum of the culture of the Olive
and Olive Oil of the many that exist in Spain (although poorly documented) as a generator of museum
content. Its importance is that not only allow present to the public by the way most convenient and
accessible for historical and technological information, but it could provide virtual recreations of mills
and presses classics with its plans. Many of them recreated by means of some pieces that still exist in
some olive states. It is a clear example of worship rural architecture as a result of this research.
For this purpose, it has been established a methodology that is based on two phases: firstly, engineering
graphics phase that includes fieldwork through the creations and annotations of technical drawings of
those morphologies found at the Museums, 3D graphic reconstructions of the examples mills and presses
used over the centuries and the virtual recreations, showing its operation with CAD techniques; secondly,
a mapping and technology phase that evaluating the productive performance thereof and the
improvements have been introduced in the historical evolution of the technology.
291
ON SITE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUMS: TYPES OF PROTECTION
Lanza Volpe Annalisa1
1
Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy, [email protected]
Keywords: Archaeological Sites, Conservation, Musealization
The decision to preserve, in their original context, even the most fragile artefacts, such as floor and wall
coverings and to exhibit the delicate stratigraphic or clay manufactures, has favoured the spread of
archaeological museums in situ, by interventions aimed at the preservation of archaeological remains.
Archaeological museums represent a particular typology capable of relating history through its ruins.
Therefore, it is not a museum having typological and functional
characteristics that answer to codified museum-graphical and
display rules .
The arrangement and the public opening of the archaeological sites in
recent years have been the object of discussions, debates and
interdisciplinary collaborations. Making an archaeological site a
museum means ensuring its preservation, valorizing it in its context,
protecting it and, at the same time, creating the best conditions for its
use by the community.
Today it’s possible to distinguish different approaches in different
countries dictated by different environmental and climatic conditions
Fig. 1 Archaeological Site of
Badenweiler, Germany
and by the specific characteristics of each site. The approach differs
even for its historical period and the different local interpretation of the
remains of that period. This study aims to develop a classification of the types of protection for
archaeological sites. In particular, such classification will distinguish the various types of protection
according to: its form (complete and partial closure of the site), structure, techniques, materials used, and
the degree of control of climatic conditions. It is this last point which will result to be the most complex.
The aim of the study is that of understanding the more or less
effectiveness of the solution in some emblematic interventions
concerning conditions of comfort as in concern to the protection of
the finds from weather (sun, rain, etc...). In this sense, an example is
represented by the archaeological site of Villa del Casale in Piazza
Armerina in Sicily (Fig. 2): its cover in translucent material, built in
1950, has caused a greenhouse effect and phenomena of
Fig. 2 Villa del Casale in Piazza
condensation, with consequent damages to the mosaics present in it.
Armerina, Sicily
292
THE USE OF ENCLOSURES INDOOR TO PROTECT MOVABLE CULTURAL
HERITAGE
Grøntoft Terje1, Michal Obarzananowski2
1
Norwegian Institute for Air Research - NILU, Kjeller, Norway, [email protected]; 2 National Museum in Krakow, al. 3
Maja 1, 30-062 Krakow, Poland, [email protected]
Keywords: Movable Cultural Heritage, Microclimate Enclosures, Climate Control
In the years to come it is expected that more emphasis will put on “passive buildings” and energy saving
in buildings with the aim to cut energy costs and to mitigate climate change caused by anthropogenic
emissions of green house gases. To support this aim protective enclosures for movable cultural assets,
such as e.g. showcases, could be more used indoor in cultutral heritage buidings, to replace energy
demanding HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning) systems that are now often used to
control climate and air quality in larger volumes of indoor air.
To assure the long term preservation of indoor movable cultural heritage
assets the climate, temperature and humidity, levels and fluctuations should
be within certain limits. Light levels should be low and objects should be
protected against exposure to air pollutants. The needed protection can be
obtained by climatization and filtration of the rooms, e.g. storage rooms and
exhibition galleries, where the objects are kept. Such conditioning of large
air volumes is however energy demanding and expensive. A simpler and less
expensive alternative is to protect the objects inside protective enclosurs,
such as showcases, microclimate frames, storage boxes and transport cases.
The enclosurs significantly stabilize the internal climate, and they protect
against external light sources and air pollutants. The use of microclimate
enclosues can offer additional protection for the objects and at the same time
reduce the energy consumption needed for preventive air conditioning in
cultural heritage buildings.
To assure the best possible protection by the use of protective enclosures, it
Fig.1 Microclimate
is
necessary to avoid the introduction of new damaging factors. The emission
enclosure with painting
of organic pollutant gases from materials in the enclosures and from the
objects can give high concentrations of such gases, e.g. acetic and formic
scid, inside the enclosures. The long term effect of these gases on the objects
are not well know. To get the full benifit from the use of enclosures, in terms of reduced energi
consumption and improved protection of
the objects, it is important to design the
enclosurs to reduce as much as possible
the internal emissions and exposure of the
obejcts to gaseous pollutants.
This presentation shows the good
protective effect of enclosures against
external climate fluctuations, light and
pollutants, and illustrates the energy and
cost savings that can be obtained by using
protective enclosures.
The potential
effect of mitigation measures to reduce
the risk from internal emissions inside the
enclosures are presented. The prsentation
is based on work performed in the EU
research projects PROPAINT (SSPIFig. 2 Modelled impact flux (NO2 + O3 equivalents, µg m-2 d-1) of
044254) and MEMORI (Grant agreement
pollutant fluxes to the painting in the microclimate frame in Fig. 1,
no. 265132).
compared to the room situation and the recommended level
293
THE LIGHT IN MUSEUM EXHIBITIONS AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR
COMMUNICATING THE MEANING OF ANCIENT REMAINS
Di Salvo Santina1, Ruggieri Tricoli Maria Clara2, Vacirca Maria Désirée3
Dipartimento di Architettura, Università
2
[email protected] , [email protected]
di
Palermo,
Italy,
1
[email protected],
Keywords: Lighting, Communication, Archaeology
In this paper, based on research made by the Authors in the Mediterranean area, it’s highlighted how the
use of light in museums can effectively contribute to a better knowledge of the past, giving citizens the
opportunity to rediscover their identity and tourists to understand local history and archaeology.
In general, through proper design of lighting, all museum visitors have the possibility of enjoying more
deeply the historical and archaeological heritage, not only for the aesthetic values that light normally has,
but also and most importantly for its educational potential. In fact, it has been discovered, through a
multidisciplinary methodological approach, that light can be used as a “parameter of spatial definition”,
which modifies the perception of space through optical and perceptual phenomena. In this sense, light has
the same characteristics of a real building material.
A paradigmatic example is the hall that houses The Charioteer in the Archaeological Museum of Delphi.
This hall was specially designed by the architect Alexandros N. Tombazis to exhibit this famous ancient
bronze sculpture. Particular attention is given to visual comfort, achieved by the combined use of natural
and artificial light.
In recent years, a careful use of light has become very common: light is
an effective tool for its light consistency, for its lack of invasiveness, for
its extraordinary effectiveness in creating a fascinating background and
in communicating many different parameters of interpretation.
Today, LED technology is widely found in lighting design for the
enhancement of archaeological remains because of its satisfactory colour
rendering, its elevated performance in saving energy and in reducing
pollution, in full compliance with the standards set for the conservation
of ruins.
Moreover, ensuring visual comfort, light can be used to trace a path to
Archaeological Museum of
knowledge of heritage. Indeed, starting from an archaeological
Delphi: The Charioteer.
fragment, through the use of light it’s possible to recall times, historical
layers, locations and functions sedimented in the collective imagination. In London’s Roman
Amphitheatre the ruins of the structure have been preserved and exhibited in situ and light projections
reconstruct the environment of the arena.
If it is true that we should know and practice all kinds of possibilities
offered by the contemporary lighting market with a precise knowledge
of their performance and results, we are aware that not only is it
important to make light in a more or less artistic way, but it is also
very important to communicate history, making our heritage
accessible to all.
For example, in the so-called archaeological crypts, light is often
coloured and manipulated in many different ways, also through
interactive consoles, and has become an essential tool to communicate
the meaning of past evidence. In the Crypt of Plaça del Rei in
Barcelona, architect Josep Llinas mediates the understanding of the Light in the London’s Roman
archaeological ruins through manipulation of brightness, contrast and Amphitheatre.
colour variations.
Actually, we should conceive museum for a wide range of visitors, seeking an innovative use of lighting
and trying to find a common language that may lead to an effective understanding of past remains.
294
MUSEO GALILEO
Paolo Galluzzi
Museo “Galileo” Firenze
The Florentine Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza (Institute and Museum for the History of Science),
inaugurated in 1930, was closed for over two years to undergo a complete restructuring and layout
redesign. On June 10, 2010, it reopened under the new name of Museo Galileo (MG). The event
coincided with the 400th anniversary of the publication of Galileo Galilei’s Sidereus Nuncius (“The
Starry Messenger”). The new layout reflects innovative museological and technological planning that
combines historical and scientific rigor with conservation, design, and communication strategies.
THE MG COLLECTIONS AND ITS PREMISES
Museum is known worldwide as home to the outstanding collection of scientific instruments gathered in
the course of some three centuries by the Medici and Lorraine dynasties. Over 1,000 scientific objects and
experimental apparatuses are on view. Among the most exceptional are instruments that belonged to
Galileo, including the only two surviving telescopes of the many that he built.
The exhibition spaces occupy two floors of the eleventh-century Palazzo Castellani located in the heart of
Florence between the Uffizi and Palazzo Vecchio. The nine rooms on each level illustrate the most
significant episodes in the history of the Tuscan court as a driver of modern science. They range from the
cosmographic monuments of the first Medici Grand Dukes (in Palazzo Vecchio, the Uffizi, and Santa
Maria Novella) to the unique and dramatic Galilean experience (which produced crucial inventions for
the development of modern civilization such as the telescope, the microscope, the barometer, and the
thermometer), and to the advanced research in chemistry, electricity, and physics conducted at the Museo
di Fisica e Storia Naturale (Museum of Physics and Natural History), founded by Peter Leopold of
Lorraine in 1775.
THE NEW EXHIBITION SPACE
The objects are exhibited in passive-conditioning cases fitted with air- and dust-control systems, as well
as special compartments for microclimate stabilization devices. The exhibition cases were custom-made
by Laboratorio Museotecnico Goppion, internationally renowned manufacturer of the case for the Mona
Lisa at the Louvre. The units’ sober design and construction feature large glass surfaces and ultra-slender
metal frames, whose opening is controlled by state-of-the-art mechanical and manual systems.
Monitors effectively illustrate through 3D dynamic models the structure and performances of the main
scientific instruments and experimental apparatus displayed in each room. Incisive introductory texts and
individual captions provide the basic information needed to understand the objects on view.
INNOVATIVE TOOLS AVAILABLE TO VISITORS
To offer visitors an effective and detailed information medium, and to help to understand the functioning
and historical importance of the objects on display, the Museum has implemented a portable audiovisual
system custom-produced by the Italian firm MIT: the TrackMan. This world-class innovation is a
videoguide of the size of a satellite navigator fitted with a touch screen whose many functions can be
freely selected by the user. The TrackMan currently offers three tour programs (in Italian and English), to
be implemented in the coming months: a) the complete tour, which gives access to audio and video
information on all objects displayed; b) a “highlights” tour, which automatically selects the eighty “mustsee” instruments; and c) a tour designed for younger visitors. Thanks to RFID (Radio Frequency
Identification) technology, the device recognizes individual objects when the visitor approaches them and
will automatically displays the relevant information. For each item, the TrackMan offers the public texts,
images, and audio comments, as well as high-definition films for fuller information and interactive
educational applications. The TrackMan can be configured for users with disabilities (the hearing or
visually impaired, persons with hand or arm muscle disabilities) and persons unfamiliar with
technological devices.
Lastly, TrackMan is also a highly valuable resource for museum marketing. Visitors will be able to
“save” any content of interest to them by downloading it to a USB stick when returning the TrackMan,
allowing close monitoring of their behavior.
The MIT TrackMan Multimedia Guide System, patented in Italy and internationally, relies on lowfrequency radio technology that poses no health hazard. The system complies with recognized standards
295
and safety requirements for the use of portable devices: EC norms, immunity to radio interference, and
child safety.
THE MG MULTIMEDIA LABORATORY AND ITS WEB-SITE
The video-guide content and navigation structure were developed entirely by the Museo Galileo’s
Multimedia Laboratory. The unit has also built and manages the extremely rich website
(http://www.museogalileo.it/), on which users can take a complete, detailed tour of the Museum, and
download sections of the illustrated catalogue. In addition to the Virtual Museum
(http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/index.html), the site gives access to the library’s extensive database,
which comprises over 260,000 records including books, manuscripts, photographs, exhibitions, videos,
and other digital resources.
Some educational and interactive applications are dedicated to the most important instruments of the
collection. Others, such as the catalogue of inventions entitled Furor Mechanicus, invite active
participation from external users, in keeping with the latest Web 2.0 trend. The Galileo Portal offers a
rapid, practical way of consulting the Galilean resources, ranging from informative entries addressed to
all who want to learn more about the subject, to research materials designed for scholars and experts in
the field. The Museum website, entirely accessible in English as well as Italian, records many tens of
millions of hits per year, and is visited from around the world.
Outside the Museum, a WiFi system allows smartphone users to access selected web pages describing the
exhibition rooms and the operation of the monumental sundial that welcomes visitors in front of the main
entrance.
RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION ACTIVITY
The MG is not only an exceptional museum. It is also an institute for advanced research and
documentation, offering scholars from across the world (including online) the resources of its library of
over 170,000 volumes. MG Library has a large collection of digitized books that can be accessed through
its website. It also cooperates with Europeana. MG publishes specialized monographs and two journals—
Nuncius and Galilæana—that enjoy international circulation. For major, innovative research projects,
MG routinely partners with such prestigious international institutions as the Royal Academy of Science of
Sweden, the Nobel Foundation, Max-Planck Society institutes, and Harvard University’s Department of
History and Philosophy, to name a few.
296
PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION MEASURES AS A STUDY CASE IN THE MUSEUM
OF FACULTY OF ARCHAEOLOGY, CAIRO UNIVERSITY
Omar Abdel-Kareem*, Khalid El-Nagar**, Dalia Esa**
*Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Egypt 12613 Orman, Giza, Egypt, E-mail:
[email protected]; **Chemical Metrology Department, National Institute for Standards, Egypt
Keywords: Museum Textiles, Improper Environmental Condition, Air Pollutions, Light, Heat, Relative Humidity,
Prevention Methods
In recent year there has been increasing interest on preventive conservation all over the world. Unfortunately there is
a lack of studies on this subject in Egypt. This study is carried out as a case study to monitor the factors that can
enhance deteriorating of historical textile objects in the Museum of Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University and to
introduce approaches for preservation of these textile objects against these deterioration factors. The existing
problems in the environmental variables including temperature, relative humidity, light and air particulates pollutants
have been monitored in the Museum of Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University. This study can be used as a
measure tool for preventive conservation of these textile objects. This paper focuses especially on the problem of air
pollution on textiles in the Museum of Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University. Some examples of characterization
features of the deterioration of museum textile objects by air pollutions in Egypt was recorded in this work. The
concentration of the gaseous air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ammonia in the Museum of
Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University was measured. The results show that air pollution is one of the most serious
deterioration factors that jeopardize the long survival of textiles in the Museum of Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo
University. Textiles are subject to physical abrasion and damage by dust and gritty particles. These particles in
combination with air pollutants may accelerate the rate of chemical reactions then accelerate its deterioration. Finally
this study established a strategy and introduced some guidelines for controlling and prevention of the deterioration
problems on textile objects in the Museum of Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University.
VIRTUAL REALITY AND STORYTELLING ARCHAEOLOGY: THE VIRTUAL
MUSEUM OF IRAQ PROJECT
Massimo Cultraro1
1
Senior Researcher, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per i Beni Archeologici e Monumentali
Via Biblioteca 2 (ex palazzo Ingrassia) - 95124 Catania, Italy - [email protected]
In the last decades the National Research Council (CNR) in Italy has been successfully promoting research and
activity in the field of the Virtual Cultural Heritage. An excellent result of this multivaried activity is the Virtual
Museum of Iraq, a scientific and cultural on-line multimedia project, promoted by CNR and the Italian Ministry of
Foreign Affairs. The network portal (www.virtualmuseumiraq.cnr.it) aims at being a concrete contribution to the
knowledge of the important Historical and Archaeological Heritage of ancient Mesopotamia, after the destruction and
looting in April 2003.
This paper focuses on the interdisciplinary nature of the project as reflection of the transversal and strategic
synergism between research on Humanities (Archaeology and Ancient History) and the technological innovation. The
application of Digital Technologies in this field is of relevant importance and utility. In the specific case of Iraq, this
approach suggests to communicate as far the ancient Cultural Heritage of the Lands between two Rivers, while a
large number of Museums and archaeological sites are not yet available. More in detail, the experimental activity in
constructing an innovative website mostly focused on archaeological subjects (and the apparently limited to an
audience of specialists) has as result a new way of visual communication. The latest advances in Computer Vision
and 3D Modelling, are closely integrated with hyper-textual links and short videos. The Virtual Museum of Iraq
project is an innovative system for visual communication and for the rapid and effective reconstruction, visualization
and exploitation of the domains of Knowledge and Communication, such as in the field of the animated and
performing action of the Virtual Reality.
297
TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT FOR MUSEUM
Prof. Dr. Fethiye Erbay1
1
İstanbul University,Head
of Museum Management Department - Head of Museology Department
Keywords: Technology Management, Museum Management
Museums, as service providing institutions have a certain degree of technology and thus, various
technical equipment and facilities. The land of museum, buildings, facilities, fixed assets, collection,
materials are corporeal production items. There has to be a certain level of technology in order to provide
the efficient and effective performance of the human production factors such as labour force. The
construction of an effective link between movable and fixed assets and labour foce determines the
technological development level of the museum. Technical equipments and methods constitute the
technical power of the museum.
The museum technology management is to provide the cooperation between people and the right
orientation (activities) of them towards the right purposes. In recent years, the effects of the difficulties
source from the acceleration of the corporate profile and the major alternations in general directly affects
the management. The basic item of the technology management is to use the power of each and every
person’s cooperation in case of not being able to succeed the task on their own. It must have develop a
new attitude which takes the staff and the work area of them and the harmony and balance between two of
them.
Technology management is the sum of activities and efforts through building up the cooperation between
technological structure and the staff and right orientation of them towards a purpose.
Today, museums and institutions about history have to deal with the technology management. Young
specialists, large visitor masses, insufficient government resources, traditionally managed museums are
extemporaneous about technology management.
As a result, the rapid changes seen in every level of technology is at an incredible speed. About this
amazing development, museums have some problems to deal with. Not being able to catch up the speed
of studies about technological management, and focusing on management side in case of museums,
caught our museums’ staff without any warning. But, new opportunities brought about this new
technology cannot be disregarded.
Museums are the cooperation systems which bring the people more than one together with the means and
machines. When it is reevaluated, technology management is not boring or frightening branch of science,
but a branch of art focused on human. It is the most essential factor in the life-circle of the rapidly
changing museums for standing and constant development. New technologies are important in terms of
offering new opportunities to museums, they are not threats.
Resources
-Patrick BOYLAN; Museums 2000 Politics, People, Professionel and Profit, Museum Association London, 1992
-Fethiye ERBAY; Museum Management Institutionalize Effort( 1984 - 2009 ); Institute for Architecture Foundation Press; ( 2009)
-Fethiye ERBAY Reflection of the Changes in Museum Technology to Cultural Tourism, Technology Impact on Cultural Tourism
International Conference, Boğaziçi Üniversity Tourism Dept. and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, 27-29 Mayıs, ss: 271 –276, İstanbul ( 2000)
-G.D. LORD ve Barry Lord.: The Manuel of Museum Planning, Museum of Science and Industry Manchester, HMSO, London, (
1991)
-Renee MARCOUSE, Museums and Monumant , Changing Museums in a Changing World,Reınwardt Cahıers; The Management
Needs of Museums Personnel, Reinward Akademi, (1984)
298
BREAKING THE DUALITY: THE HISTORICAL PENINSULA OF ISTANBUL AS AN
OPEN-AIR MUSEUM
Durhan Sıla1, Özgüven Yekta2
1
Doğuş University, Istanbul, Turkey, [email protected];
[email protected]
2
Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey,
Keywords: The Historical Peninsula, Istanbul, Open-Air Museum, Urban Space.
The Historical Peninsula, the oldest settlement area and the city centre of the Byzantine and Ottoman
period in Istanbul, includes diverse historical, architectural, cultural and social assets, such as many street
fountains, mosques, inns, bazaars etc. It has a large potential of national and international visitors as a
well-known historical and touristic area.
The peninsula has two decomposed districts which have different urban characteristics. The small district
of the peninsula around the Sultanahmet Square is a matter of common knowledge including Topkapı
Palace, Ayasofya, Sultanahmet Mosque, Yerebatan Cistern. Most of the historical buildings are given
new functions as museums, such as Topkapı Palace Museum, Ayasofya Museum, Istanbul Archeological
Museum etc. which are surrounded by lots of boutique hotels, restaurants, cafes and souvenir shops. The
district is mostly like an artificial urban space which is arranged only for visitors. It has caused the area to
be a touristic space and have a limited activity.
However, the rest of the peninsula is mostly like to be dedicated to the urban daily life. With the bazaar,
residential and religious areas, this district is alive with and in the urban space. The tangible potential of
this larger district such as bazaars, inns, street fountains, mosques, houses etc. and the intangible such as
traditional life, trade customs, arts and crafts etc. are not taken into consideration, and the district is
mostly left to citizens. It has caused the area to sustain its organic urban character.
In this context, entirely the peninsula has a great potential to be the experimentation, production, creation
and a meeting point of Istanbul considering as an open-air museum. Including architectural and historical
heritages, it is a dialogue space and an interaction area between the visitors, the public and the city.
Recently, the administrative system of the peninsula is re-organized, and it is given under the
responsibility of one local authority. Although new development plans, which are only focused on the
touristic district around the Sultanahmet, are constituted to increase the potential and the sustainability,
nevertheless the main point of the plan is to make the district a pedestrian zone which will make it more
artificial and limited.
So this paper mainly discusses a comprehensive plan which is focused on the public participation and
public life. It means that sustaining the museum function in the urban space for the purpose of education,
communication, archiving and displaying etc. It is mainly based on creating various dynamics, discussion
arenas, the public awareness and experiencing on its own space.
The plan should support the contribution of temporary and permanent visitors and also serve to various
groups for enjoying, cultural and social activities. A new route that highlights the vernacular life styles
and objects, and the opening and closing hours of the buildings should be re-determined. Consequently,
some interventions on the urban space should be planned to increase the diversity, activities, attraction
and performance of the area which is entirely considered as an open-air museum.
299
A LANDSCAPE MUSEUM IN THE HISTORIC AREA OF AGRIGENTO
Vecchio Grazia¹, Sauro Irene²
¹University of Catania, Italy, e-mail: [email protected]; ²University of Catania, Italy, e-mail:
[email protected]
Keywords: Agrigento, Landscape Museum, Cultural Tourism
A high concentration of cultural assets like the one in the Mediterranean basin is a potential that properly
developed through an innovative reorganization of cultural tourism policies, can make it able to play a
leading role in the economic, cultural and social strengthening of the territorial context the heritage
belongs to.
Currently the emergence of a concept of landscape that provides a way of inhabiting the space where the
harmonization of the natural and urban elements are traced back to an indissoluble identity of places,
ensures that a landscape museum is fit to become the unifying factor of the heritage of archaeological
sites, museums and historical centers, besides those of natural and intangible assets.
In Sicily there has been a dual attitude towards the cultural heritage as, besides the achievement of the
target for the conservation and use of the archaeological heritage, we have seen a slower development in
museums, accompanied by the deterioration and abandonment of the diffused heritage of some historical
centers.
In this work we want to propose the case study of a city located in a coastal area a few kilometres away
from the Mediterranean Sea, Agrigento, which consists of two parts: the modern city, whose historic
center of medieval origin and Arab structure is situated on a hill and has several museums, and the ancient
city of Greek origin, located downstream and included in the Archaeological and Landscape Park of the
Valley of the Temples, a World Heritage site within which there is also a Regional Archaeological
Museum. Of the high influx of visitors to the Park, however, the modern city has failed to benefit so that it
has witnessed an increasing degradation, culminating in the recent collapse of several buildings in the
historic center, caused by the hydrogeological instability that affects the hill, hypogea and Cathedral,
owing to the chaotic urbanization following the 1960s.
Therefore, with this paper we aim at investigating the way to harmonize the Valley of the Temples with
the center to create an urban and economic unicum and an integrated system of museums which promote
the attractiveness of the territory leading to improvement in landscape-environment and quality of life – a
reversal of the previous abandonment trend. To this end, starting from an historical-geographic and swot
analysis that highlights the strengths, we want to reconstruct the action plan made by the institutions that
have, besides a specific regional legislation, made use of various project and planning tools involving
European, national and regional fund raising. This paper, therefore, intends to propose suggestions and
ideas for a new integrated tourism planning which, starting from the potential of the Archaeological Park
and from the use of technologically advanced tools for reuse of the historic center, create networks and
synergies among the different cultural containers to establish itself as a landscape museum that acts as a
driving force for the development of the whole territory.
300
THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE BUILDING OF THE AYASOFIA ALMS HOUSE
INTO MUSEUM
Dr. Nuri Özer Erbay1
1
Boğaziçi University- Fıne Arts Department - İstanbul University, Museum Management Department
Keywords: Ayasofia Alms House, Historical Heritage, Museum Of Carpet
At the beginning, with the recognition of Istanbul as “capital of culture” in 2010, some of cultural and
historical heritage has been restored by T.C. General Directorate of Foundations. Establishing the new
museums has been come into question in those days.By these projects, General Directorate of
Foundations has given more attention to protection of cultural and historical heritage. Moreover, General
Directorate of Foundations has attempted to prepare this cultural and historical heritage to capital of
culture seemly. These attempts, started in 2003, have accelerated in 2006 thanks to “Foundation
Civilization Year ”.In 2007, General Directorate of Foundations having one of the most wealthy
collections in the world have planned to open Museum of Carpet and Museum of Kilim adapting with
system of modern museums.Recently, exhibition and collocation have been started so as to open Ayasofia
Alms House in which restoration had finished in the beginning of 2007, to visit as Carpet Museum.
Serious projects have been come into agenda to convert this heritage which is located between
Soğukçeşme Street and Ayasofia in the middle of Sultanahmet Square to an assertive and prestigious
Foundation carpet museum by its historical identity and appearance. Furthermore, in recent times these
projects have put into practice.
Ayasofia Alms House, get clear of whose poor and destroyed appearance thanks to restoration has
become a salient place by its architectural and constructional feature. Ayasofia Alms House is the one of
the most attractive places by its feature such that it’s historical and local position. This alms house
resembles to Fountain of Sultan 3rd Ahmed. Moreover, due to architectural and constructional feature,
magnificent ceremonial gate opening front atrium reflects the Baroque style.In addition, the project of
conversion of Ayasofia Alms House to a museum is going to be introduced in detail. History of Ayasofia
Alms House and architectural features of the building are going to be presented respectively.
As a conclusion, there have been projects in detail as; heating, lightening, voice, security, air conditioning
in order to verify the physical design for Ayasofia Alms House. The projects have been done
economically and feasibly to make them flexible and practicable.The heritage is designed like as
Foundastion Carpet Museum and this museum is an impressive effect on its visitors because of its
technical equipment and its dynamic substructure. Either the restoration of bulding or that of worthy
carpets is a significant event contributing to the future cultural wealth. Both the restorations of carpets and
Ayasofia Alms House are going to deserve its real value by means of the museum opening soon. Thanks
for volunteers that participate in the project.
Resources
- Fethiye ERBAY; Museum Management Institutionalize Effort( 1984 - 2009 ); Institute for Architecture Foundation Press; (
2009)
- Fethiye ERBAY; Project:The Transformation of the Building of The Ayasofia Alms House into Museum, T.C. Meeting of
Prime Minister's Istanbul Regional Directorate of Foundations; Presentation;İstanbul, (16 April 2007).
301
THE PROJECT OF TRANSFORMING YENIKAPI MEVLEVÎHANE TO THE
MUSEUM & CULTURE CENTER
Dr. Nuri Özer Erbay1
1
Boğaziçi University- Fıne Arts Department - İstanbul University, Museum Management Department
Keywords: Yenikapi Mevlevîhane Mevlevî Culture, Dervish, Semahanes
Following the celebration of 2007 as 'Mevlânâ Year' by UNESCO, intellectual activities on Mevlevî
culture are ascended both in Turkiye and all over the World. It is decided in 2005 that Yenikapi
Mevlevihane, one of the cardinals of Mevlevi culture, shoul turn into a living museum & culture center. It
is planned to open Mevlevihane in Sept.30, 2007 as a birth gift to Mevlana by integrating the opereations
of Regional Directorate of Foundations (Vakiflar Genel Mudürlüğü)
Yenikapi Mevlevihane is the biggest center of mevlevi order of dervishesin Istanbul, the capital of Old
Ottoman Empire. The tekkes with victuals house, çilehanes, guest houses, cemetery and semahanes were
called 'asithane'. Asitane is the fully completed building union of these houses. Following the foundation
of Yenikapi Mevlevihane, it was protected by and provided from Selchuk's and Ottoman's sultans due to
their political and social power. The Sultans, who provided the restorations of mevlevihane, were claimed
themselves as lucky
It is important for restoration that the highest wooden dome construction of semahane in Turkiye is to be
done by Regional Directorate of Foundations (Vakiflar Genel Mudürlüğü) Architecturers, restorer and the
museum curators are the keys of informing the next generations about these historic constructions. While
restoring, project working groups began to preapare it as a museum. Historial artifacts from Regional
Directorate of Foundations (Vakiflar Genel Mudürlüğü) about mevlevi, a part of Anatolian Culture, are
going to be exhibited in this museum.The projet of transforming mevlevihane to museum to perpetuate
the mevlevi culture is lodged by me in Jun. 14th, 2006. While functioning this structure union as a
museum, I bewared not to be away from its own identity. The repor that I lodged in 51 pages had
functioned all the buildings by professor Fethiye Erbay, made a relation among them, surrounding atrium.
Consequently, restoring historic building is not only a collar work but also a risky work. For
instance, restoring incorrectly may cost so much money and inevtable marks on artifacts. While restoring,
being sticky to its origins is the fundamental of this process. This buildings are our cultural inherits and
after transforming them into museum and culture center, it is important how it is administered and which
foundation administers. Best wishes of restoring Mevlevihane in the year of Mevlana get the position that
is merited,
Resources
- Fethiye ERBAY; Museum Management Institutionalize Effort( 1984 - 2009 ); Institute for Architecture Foundation Press; (
2009)
- Fethiye ERBAY; The Project Of Transforming Yenikapı Mevlevîhane To The Museum & Culture Center, T.C. Meeting of
Prime Minister's Istanbul Regional Directorate of Foundations; Presentation; İstanbul, (15 July 2006).
302
AN ENERGY MUSEUM AND ENERGY-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES IN SICILY
Famoso Nunzio 1, Reina Giuseppe 2
1
University of Catania, Italy, [email protected] ; 2 University of Catania, Italy, [email protected] ;
Keywords: Empowerment, Development Education, Local Ecosystems
In the age of fossil fuels modern cities and urbanization are very different from the past, when economic,
social and cultural systems were strictly connected to local resources.
Efficiency is the concept on which all “renewable cities” are based and energy conservation is the guiding
principle of every citizenship. It is essential for countries and institutions to realize how the environment
is changing and to manage possible actions to be carried out to find the most suitable solutions. An
authentic urban strategy to convert a city to renewable energies implies a deep involvement in a cultural
“conversion”. A real effective change in the life of the city will be carried out with a great success, if the
whole psychological, environmental, economical and cultural resources are put into effect.
In recent years the concept of sustainability science has been discussed by the scientific community. Its
objective is to favour a transition process towards sustainability thanks to a better relationship between
man and nature with the aim of ensuring the possibility of environmental systems to evolve, adapt,
express biodiversity and collect the right resources to guarantee a good quality of life. Sustainability
science could be a good means to move forward to a sustainable world, with the support of the most
consolidated scientific research. It could also give birth to a new concept of life with different priorities,
hierarchies and relationships.
Museum networks should become a medium to reach the objectives of sustainability science because they
can rely on all communication and technological tools.
A radical rethinking of museum systems and their objectives implies deep transformations not only as far
as contents are concerned, but also contexts, languages, ways of expression, activities, relationship with
visitors. The whole strategy, management and life of traditional museums is to be changed.
In recent years, a number of new science centres have been opened and each of them has its own concept
and theme; they don’t host historical collections, but they offer a variety of science-related shows and
investigations. They have broadened the range of subject matter and introduced many interactive exhibits
with the aim of raising public awareness, engagement and support for science and innovation.
The realization of the “Energy Museum” in Catania aims at increasing public confidence and interest in
science, technology and environmental issues. It will also encourage “environmentally friendly” habits in
the urban context of Catania, that is now at the bottom of the list of Italian sustainable cities. It will be
planned as an important science centre, following the model of the most prominent European energy
museums. It will actively involve and educate visitors about sustainability through the support of
exhibitions on contemporary topics, simulations and models.
Short films, videogames and multimedia systems, conversation with exhibitors and “explainers” and the
presence of “scientific laboratories” will help participants with interaction and encourage their access to
authentic scientific experiences.
303
“ROW ART” IN THE COLLECTIONS OF MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND
ETHNOGRAPHY OF UNIVERSITY OF TURIN
Rabino Massa E.1, Minaldi D. 2, Boano R. 3
1
Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of University of Turin, Turin, Italy [email protected]; 2Museum of
Anthropology and Ethnography of University of Turin, Turin, Italy, [email protected]; 3Museum of
Anthropology and Ethnography of University of Turin, Turin, Italy, [email protected].
Keywords: Museum’s Collections, “Art Brut” (Row Art), Artistic Creation
The creation of the great collections has been an important development for anthropological research.
Indeed, the museum collections are irreplaceable reference systems for the biological reconstruction of
past populations. They also assume the important role of true biological archives and, in a global
description of man, permit the integration of historical data with those from bioanthropological research.
Thanks to the creation of these collections, it is possible today to provide answers to the questions of
historians, epidemiologists and human ecologists; they have opened the way to new fields of study and
have offered perspectives of interdisciplinary research that were once unthinkable.
The “Art Brut”(Row Art) collection of Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of University of
Turin, consists of ca. 200 objects of various types in an excellent state of preservation created by inmates
of the Collegno Psychiatric Hospital (Turin, Italy) between the end of the 1800s and the beginning of the
1900s. The objects, collected personally by Prof. Marro, the founder of Museum, according to rigorously
scientific criteria, consist of wood and bone sculptures, watercolours, embroideries and weavings. The
importance of this material is the theme of the representations: nature and man are dominant, created in a
stylized or more or less realistic manner. There are many references to magic and the world of fables.
Some of the specimens suggest the artist’s desire to create a new reality, with more evolved and perfect
human figures linked to the world of nature and to the animal kingdom. There is always something
primitive and instinctive in these works, and the faces are often stylized, flat, resembling grotesque masks
or caricatures. The use of bone as a means of expression had the meaning of death, his death and that of
everyone. Prof. Marro compared the bone sculptures to primitive representations. This is the art that
Dubuffet calls “Art Brut” (Raw Art), the “uncultural” art, i.e. not learned, coarse and savage, which
instinctively and immediately expresses the inner feelings. This art is the spontaneous and immediate
expression of the intimate.
In conclusion, this collection is important because performs the double function expected of it: to furnish
anthropological reference material and to provide support to museology in its scientific function.
304
OPEN SOURCING MUSEUM INFRASTRUCTURE: THE CASE STUDY OF AN OPEN
SOURCE WIRELESS DATA LOGGER BASED ON ARDUINO ELECTRONICS
PROTOTYPING PLATFORM
Maniatis Nikolaos1, Kanellopoulos Panagiotis2, Drosos Christos3
1
MuseoTechniki (trade as), Athens, Greece, [email protected]; 2Diatechno (trade as), Kalamata, Greece,
[email protected]; 3Technological Educational Institute (T.E.I.) of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece,
[email protected];
The latest advances in digital and communication technology as well as the continuous decrease of
production cost, have led to an emerging trend of innovation development, production and distribution
model. Crowd innovation and open sourced development have jeopardise the traditional innovation
management that based on protection of intellectual property rights and secretive research and
development model by democratising almost all stages of innovation and by allowing users to become
developers and innovators. End users gain access and ownership rights to the core data and technology of
the tools they use, having the power to make the appropriate alterations to their original functions in order
to be sure that the final product complies with their needs.
Present paper investigates the practical problems and benefits of the open source innovation model and
discusses the possible ways that the community of museum professionals would boost innovation by
using such research and development model. A case study of an open source wireless data logger for use
in museums, developed based on the Arduino electronics prototyping platform, is used as a proof of
concept and evaluation platform of open innovation scenario.
APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) IN THE
MUSEUM BUILDINGS: A CASE STUDY OF ISTANBUL BEYLERBEYI PALACE
MUSEUM
Dr.Alpaslan Hamdi KUZUCUOĞLU1
Istanbul University - Social Sciences Institute- Department Of Conservation and Restoration of Artifacts,
Conservation, Renovation and Restoration subdepartment - Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality- Department of
Earthquake Risk Management and Urban Development, [email protected]
Keywords: Geographic Information System (GIS), Cultural Heritage, Passive Conservation, Monitoring of Museum
Collections.
Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed initially in Canada in the 1960s on the purpose of
natural resource inventory and analysis. Beginning in the
1980s, many developed and developing countries have been
widely used in the GIS. It is currently being used by
different disciplines through technological improvements,
provides all data stored, processed and analyzed. It is a
system created by hardware and software required for this
process and users. GIS is in use more than 100 the number
of fields at the world’s university level. If GIS applications
are examined at the world scale, it appears that GIS mostly
being used in archaeological sites. Satellite images, historical maps, geological maps, topographic maps,
maps of biodiversity and many other data related to archaeological sites can be integrated into the system.
In museum applications are utilized by GIS, where museum is located in the city and where museum
layout areas. (information about museums and collections, the location of the collections etc.)
The paper emphasizes importance of using GIS in museums as an important tool for curators and
conservators in respect to preventive conservation, its dissemination will make a significant contribution
to the protection of cultural heritage.
305
CHANGES ON EXHIBITION TECHNIQUES IN MUSEUMS IN TERMS OF
SEMIOLOGY
Ass. Prof. Dr. Mutlu ERBAY1
1
Bogazici University, Head of Fine Arts Dept. [email protected]
Keywords: Exhibition Design, Museums And Technology, Museum Display
Today the contemporary museology concept takes the advantage of technological tools as well as the
traditional methods for more effective-exhibition of collections, which enables impressive presentations
for the visitors. In parallel with display systems, the classification and exhibition techniques are
disciplined by museum managers, museum planners and museum experts in consideration of time and
location.
Museums prefer either simple or complicated exposition methods to illustrate the stories of their
collections to the visitors and utilize various styles.
Museums, while presenting the details, may practise stable or dynamic exhibition techniques.
In general museums utilize traditional in-window displays. Wall panels, stands, models, diaroma
chambers, models (dummies and waxwork), copies, slide shows (datashow), figures, data boards and
photos are stable exhibition techniques.
Whereas dynamic exhibition techniques require tailormade assemblies, most of which may be realized by
technical tools. Such assemblies, namely, dynamic showrooms, audio guidance, film, video and diashows, animated models, live commentators, computer assisted presentations, simulators, interactive
displays, video disks and dramas are designated as dynamic exhibition techniques.
By the developments in technology, kiosks, conveyer platforms, simulators, cinema screens, robots are
being employed within the museums. Today many museums and ruin sites offer conveyor vehicles for
long distance walks, service- and passenger lifts, telphers, escalators, and sliding platforms. Stable and
dynamic exhibition and display techniques are being employed in numerous ways in museums.
The conventional image of the museums, recalling treasury rooms, is altering. Museums must meet the
requirements of the visitors, entertain and enlighten them and present the artwork in the most efficient
way. Museums have to transform their semiologic exhibition techniques in pursuance of contemporary
museology studies.
Sources
- BONET, Llorenc; Exhibition Design, Spain Rockport Publication, Barcelona, 2006.
- BURTON, David., Exhibiting Student Art, the Essential Guide for Teachers, Teachers College Columbia University, New
York, 2006.
- DEAN, David., Museum Exhibition, Theory and Practice, Routhledge, 2004.
- DERNİE, David., Exhibition Design, Norton and Company, London, 2006.
- ERBAY, Mutlu., Changes in Foreign Museums Display Technology,IV.Museology Seminar, Military Museum, page 18,
Istanbul, 1998.
- ERBAY, Mutlu., New Developments in Techniques Views Museums,Arredamento Architecture Magazine, issue 06,
Istanbul,1999.
- ERBAY, Mutlu., Changing the Face of Emerging Technology in Museums Position, no 6, 6th Museology Seminar, Military
Museum Announcement Book, page 40, Istanbul, 2002.
- ERBAY, Mutlu., Museums and Technology,Museum Technologies Lecture, University of Istanbul, 26th of May, Istanbul, 2010.
- ERBAY, Fethiye., The Importance of Museum and Art Galleries, Art Education,Turkey’s Art and Plastic Arts Magazine, 02,
issue 48, Istanbul, 2001.
- ERBAY, Fethiye ., Art Management Dimensions, (İKÜ) İstanbul Kültür Üniversity, Issue, 2009.
- LORENC, Jan ve SKOLNICK, Lee .,What is Exhibition Design? Essential Design Handbooks, Rotovision, Switzerland, 2007.
- KARP, I. ve Lavine S., Exhibiting Cultures, The Poetics of Museum Display, DC. Smithsonian Instution Press, Washington,
1991.
- ROLSHOVEN, Martin., Exhibition Design, Rockport Publishers, 2006.
- TELLER, Alan., Assessing Excellence in Exhibitions: Three Approaches, Exhibitionist Journal, Fall ss.69-75, Chicago, 2007.
- VELARD, Giles., Designing Exhibitions Museums, Heritage, Trade and World Fairs, Ashgate, UK, 2001.
- VRANCKX, Bridget., Exhibit Design High Impact Solutions, Collins Design, New York, 2006.
306
HERITAGE PLACES: A GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH
Belluso Rossella1
1
University of Roma1, Roma, Italy, [email protected];
«The cultural heritage in the contemporary society is taking on a new centrality in the regional policies and, because
of this, comes as a privileged and referential sign of the riterritorializzazione process that marks the post-industrial
society …….. any cultural event or product of human ingenuity with an outstanding peculiarity or artistic value is
considered a cultural asset, as well as any evidence of spiritual, material or social human development, any object or
natural phenomenon having a scientific interest or touching our souls» (Dallari, 1996, p. 89). It’s very difficult to
quantify the extent of our cultural and historical heritage; in fact no complete catalogue of this treasure has been
issued yet. A clear idea of the extent of the historical and artistic heritage is the primary input to any project which
considers the exploitation of the cultural assets as a development strategy, aimed at the functional enhancement and
renewal of the territory, at a macro and micro scale. «To know and to preserve memories of the territory forms,
means to preserve the specificity of that place. For this reason, the conservation and protection of territorial signs
related to historical territory and cultural heritage turns out to be a strategic project, where the cultural assets assume
a role of strategic spatial relations and communications, as well as of innovation and creativity. In this sense,
geography can reveal as a planner, thanks to its ability to describe new orders and contribute to the establishment of
micro-territorial systems» (Dallari, 1996, p. 91). Landscapes cannot be kept into a museum or restored; their
complexity is that of every geo-system with an additional degree of complication: the time. The landscape represents
the geographical-historical context where any objects acquire a historical but not universal meaning. The protection
of a monumental or architectural asset does not automatically translate into protection of the landscape where it is
contained. We should also be aware that the «reading» of the geographic landscape doesn’t map into research
methodologies for cultural assets and, therefore, the geography cannot be credited as a privileged interlocutor in this
field. No cultural asset has the same degree of complexity of the landscape; any cultural asset can be preserved,
restored or reused without losing its meaning and its value. The landscape instead is a morphogenetic process in
constant evolution and change that can be retained in its trans-formation but not preserved. The purpose of the
following contribution is just to give the definition of heritage places in the context of the geographical literature.
MUSEUMS’ NETWORKS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AREA
Scrofani Luigi1, Ruggiero Luca2, Creaco Salvo3
1
Department of Economics and Quantitative Methods – University of Catania, Catania, Italy, [email protected] ;
Department of Sociology and Social Science Methods – University of Catania, Catania, Italy; 3Department of
Economics and Quantitative Methods – University of Catania, Catania, Italy
2
In recent decades the initiatives aimed at disseminating innovative, international networks have proliferated, resulting
in new forms of collaboration between businesses, individuals and places, different for their activities and functions.
Within local development policies participation in global networks has become a necessary complement in order to
seize all the extralocal opportunities. For instance, museum networking is getting effective results with respect to the
protection and promotion of the immense cultural heritage from which it draws.
The aim of this paper is to highlight the new opportunities for collaboration and competition created in Mediterranean
cities by the progress of telematics, with particular attention to the cultural sector and the role of museums in the
development of touristic attraction. Museums’ networks in the Mediterranean area have, in recent decades,
multiplied. This paper will highlight the progress made so far in creating these new virtual networks and the
possibilities that they open in different, not always explored, fields. Emblematic examples to which we will refer in
the paper will be the networks of contemporary art museums. These, among others, take advantage of the visibility
and image that the new eclectic and iconic structures of post-modern architecture can project internationally. Some
museums have, in fact, become famous more as containers than for their content, as if to emphasize the role that
architecture plays in the formation of the modern landscape of the most open and integrated into international
netwo

Science and Technology for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage

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