LATEST TRENDS in ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT

LATEST TRENDS in ENERGY,
ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Environmental and
Geological Science and Engineering (EG '14)
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Urban Planning and
Transportation (UPT '14)
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Energy Systems,
Environment, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (ICESEEI '14)
Salerno, Italy
June 3-5, 2014
Scientific Sponsors:
University of
Salerno, Italy
Kingston University
London, UK
Parco Nazionale del
International Black
Cilento Vallo di Diano e
Sea University,
Alburni- Geopark, Italy
Tbilisi, Georgia
Energy, Environmental and Structural Engineering Series | 25
ISSN: 2227-4359
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
LATEST TRENDS in ENERGY,
ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Environmental and
Geological Science and Engineering (EG '14)
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Urban Planning and
Transportation (UPT '14)
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Energy Systems,
Environment, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (ICESEEI '14)
Salerno, Italy
June 3-5, 2014
Published by WSEAS Press
www.wseas.org
Copyright © 2014, by WSEAS Press
All the copyright of the present book belongs to the World Scientific and Engineering Academy and
Society Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Editor of World Scientific and Engineering Academy
and Society Press.
All papers of the present volume were peer reviewed by no less that two independent reviewers.
Acceptance was granted when both reviewers' recommendations were positive.
ISSN: 2227-4359
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
LATEST TRENDS in ENERGY,
ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Environmental and
Geological Science and Engineering (EG '14)
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Urban Planning and
Transportation (UPT '14)
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Energy Systems,
Environment, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (ICESEEI '14)
Salerno, Italy
June 3-5, 2014
Editors:
Prof. Julia Griselda Ceron Breton, Autonomous University of Carmen City, Mexico
Prof. Joseph Quartieri, University of Salerno, Italy
Prof. Michele Guida, University of Salerno, Italy
Prof. Domenico Guida, University of Salerno, Italy
Dr. Claudio Guarnaccia, University of Salerno, Italy
Committee Members-Reviewers:
Vitale Cardone
Leonardo Cascini
Domenico Guida
Joseph Quartieri
Stefano Riemma
Gianfranco Rizzo
Mario Vento
Yong Ding
Manijeh Razeghi
Igor Sevostianov
Daolun Chen
Chun-Hway Hsueh
Y. Baudoin
M. Dasenakis
G. E. Froudakis
R.S.R. Gorla
A. Kurbatskiy
S. Linderoth
P. Lunghi
C. Makris
S. Ozdogan
I. Poulios
Fotios Rigas
S. Sohrab
A. I. Zouboulis
Z. A. Vale
M. Heiermann
C. Helmis
I. Kazachkov
A. M.A. Kazim
G. Kiriakidis
Yoshihiro Tomita
A. Stamou
Luigi Nicolais
Peter Chang
Rui Vilar
Yuanhua Lin
Jing Zhang
Mohd Sapuan Salit
Jun Zhang
Cheng-Xian (Charlie) Lin
Kumar Tamma
Pradip Majumdar
M. Affan Badar
Olga Martin
Anastasios Lyrintzis
Cho W. Solomon To
Harris Catrakis
Gongnan Xie
Seung-Bok Choi
Jianqiao Ye
Jan Awrejcewicz
Yury A. Rossikhin
Jia-Jang Wu
Giuseppe Carbone
Kim Choon Ng
Marina Shitikova
Ahmet Selim Dalkilic
Bruno Capaccioni
Milivoje M. Kostic
Levent Yilmaz
Ernst D. Schmitter
Corina Carranca
Hing-Ho Tsang
Paolo Budetta
Rui Pedro Juliao
S. V. Dinesh
Efthimios Karymbalis
Hyung Hee Cho
Jiin-Yuh Jang
Robert Reuben
Ali K. El Wahed
Mihaela Banu
Pierre-Yves Manach
Ramanarayanan Balachandran
Sorinel Adrian Oprisan
J. Quartieri
Marcin Kaminski
ZhuangJian Liu
Abdullatif Ben-Nakhi
Ottavia Corbi
Xianwen Kong
Essam Eldin Khalil
Jose Alberto Duarte Moller
Junwu Wang
Moran Wang
Gilbert-Rainer Gillich
Thomas Panagopoulos
Jon Bryan Burley
Cyril Fleaurant
Biagio Guccione
Jose Beltrao
Ioannis Ispikoudis
Giuseppe Genon
Inga Straupe
Jose Luis Miralles
Carlos Guerrero
Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli
Francesco Ferrini
Sarma Cakula
P. Pardalos
Eduardo Mario Dias
Germano Lambert-Torres
Zhuo Li
Shuliang Li
Frangiskos V. Topalis
Vincenzo Niola
Myriam Lazard
Jiri Klima
Goricanec Darko
Ze Santos
Ehab Bayoumi
Luis Tavares Rua
Igor Kuzle
Bruce Sharky
Nikolay Djagarov
Darko Goricanec
Maria do Rosario Alves Calado
Gheorghe-Daniel Andreescu
Patricia Jota
Bharat Doshi
Gang Yao
Lu Peng
Pavel Loskot
Aida Bulucea
F. Akgun
D. Kotzias
J. Van Mierlo
F. Rigas
Claudiu Covrig
Claudiu Mereuta
Cledson Akio Sakurai
Grabara Janusz
Ioana Adrian
Jose Manuel Mesa Fernández
K.R.M. Vijaya Chandrakala
Lucija Foglar
Maria Bostenaru Dan
Mojtaba Shivaie
Noori Saady
Nubli Abdul Wahab Nubli Wahab
Rimma Shiptsova
Sunil Kumar
Suzana Yusup
Abdelnaser Omran
Alena Bumbova
Ayca Tokuc
Chandra Sekar
Cornelia Aida Bulucea
Dragos Ilie
Dumitru-Alexandru Bodislav
Farhan Abdul Rauf
Francisc Popescu
Georgios Tsantopoulos
Hugo Rodrigues
Luis Loures
Nelson Duarte
Oprita Razvan
Panida Sampranpiboon
Radulescu Mihai
Rodica Badescu
Roman Mihai Daniel
Rosli Abu Bakar
Rusu Teodor
Saad Bakkali
Santhosh Kumar.B B
Vishnu Pratap Singh Kirar
Athanasios Galanis
Bertrand Tchanche
Catalin Popescu
Lamberto Tronchin
Muntean Mihaela-Carmen
Nikolaos Eliou
Nikos Loukeris
Santoso Wibowo
Tomas Ganiron Jr
Valentina E. Balas
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
Table of Contents
Plenary Lecture 1: Interactive Simulation in the Field of Human–Machine Interaction in
Transport Systems: Tools and Methods for Research, Training and Education
Petr Bouchner
12
Plenary Lecture 2: Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems
Sadko Mandzuka
13
Plenary Lecture 3: Discrete Event Templates for Environment Sustainable Development
Calin I. Ciufudean
14
Plenary Lecture 4: Sustainability According to the Viable Systems Approach. The Relevance of
the Philosophical Values of the Kybernetes
Gandolfo Dominici
15
Plenary Lecture 5: Innovative Energy System, Environmentally Friendly for Thermo-magnetic
Appliance
Carmen Vasile
16
Fuzzy Control of a Biomass-Fired and Solar-Powered Fluidized Bed Prototype as a Residential
Cogeneration System
Michele Miccio, Bartolomeo Cosenza
17
Atmospheric Wet and Dry Deposition of Trace Elements to a Mangrove Forest Site at the
Southeast of Mexico
J. R. Carrillo, C. G. Carballo, R. M. Cerón, J. G. Cerón, E. Guevara, J. C. Zavala, A. Alderete, R.
Brito, A. Ortinez, A. Cordova
27
Preliminary Consideration on GPS Signal Reconstruction in Real Driving Cycle Analysis
Livia Della Ragione, Giovanni Meccariello
35
Geostatistical Analyst Using the Junction Risk Factor to Analyse and Prevent Urban Traffic
Accidents
Ismail Bulent Gundogdu
42
Assessing Radon in the Karst Spring Waters: The Case-Study of the Capodifiume Spring Mixed
Waters, National Park of the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni-European Geopark (Southern
Italy)
Domenico Guida, Michele Guida, Biagio Capacchione, Albina Cuomo, Kay Knöller, Michael
Schubert, Vincenzo Siervo, Aniello Aloia
50
Throughfall Deposition of N and S to Mangrove Ecosystems in the Southeast of Mexico
R. C. Escoffie, R. M. Cerón, J. G. Ceron, E. C. Guevara, C. G. Carballo, J. A. Benitez, J. C. Zavala, F.
Anguebes, M. Ramirez
59
Local Emergency Works for Coastal Risk Defense
Michele Greco, Giovanni Martino
66
Aspects of Modeling and Simulation of the Traffic Management Quality Sustainable in an
Urban Intersection
Amelia Bucur, Liliana Georgeta Popescu, Mihai-Victor Zerbeş
74
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
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Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
Industrial Settlements Acoustic Noise Impact Study by Predictive Software and Computational
Approach
Claudio Guarnaccia, Joseph Quartieri, Alessandro Ruggiero, Tony L. Lenza
80
Gamma Distribution Function as a Tool for Monthly Precipitation Generation in the
Bashkortostan Republic, Russian Federation
Tcvetana Volkova, Antonia Longobardi, Nataliya Krasnogorskaya
88
Chemical Streamflow Analysis as a Support for Hydrograph Filtering in Small Size
Watersheds: The Ciciriello Experimental Catchment (Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni
European and Global Geopark)
Antonia Longobardi, Domenico Guida, Albina Cuomo, Paolo Villani
96
Indirect Growth Rates of the Information Model for the Traffic at the Service of Sustainable
Development of Maritime Tourism in Croatia from 2012 to 2018
Vinko Vidučić, Snježana Pivac, Jelena Žanić Mikuličić
103
Atmospheric Radon in the Surface Layer: A Box Model Constrained with Meteorological Data
Natalia De Luca, Eleonora Coppari, Piero Di Carlo, Giovanni Pitari
109
Neural Network Prediction of the Electricity Consumption of Trolleybus and Tram Transport
in Sofia City
Silviya Popova, Svetoslav Iliev, Milen Trifonov
116
Classification of the Cilento, Vallo Diano and Alburni National Park-European Geopark
Coastland
Domenico Guida, Aniello Aloia, Alessio Valente
121
Additional In-Car Warning System for Safer Grade Crossings
Petr Bouchner, Martin Leso, Arnošt Matlafus, Dmitry Rozhdestvenskiy, Stanislav Novotný, Dušan
Kamenický, Jana Kadlecova, Josef Mík
127
Levels of BTEX and Criteria Pollutants in Ambient Air of San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo
Leon, Mexico during Summer 2013
Carballo-Pat C. G., Cerón-Bretón J.G., Cerón-Bretón R. M., Ramírez-Lara E., Aguilar-Ucán C. A.,
Montalvo-Romero C., Guevara-Carrió E., Córdova-Quiroz A. V., Gamboa-Fernández J. M., Uc-Chi
M. P.
132
Assessment of Rating Curve through Entropy-Based Manning’s Equation
Domenica Mirauda, Michele Greco
141
Driver’s Aggressive Behavior – Experiments on the Driving Simulator
Petr Bouchner, Stanislav Novotný, Dmitry Rozhdestvenskiy, Jana Kadlecová, Anna Čechová, Jan
Suchánek, Jan Florián
148
154
Assessment of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs) in Soils from the Kuçova
Oilfield, Albania
Gerti Xhixha, Marica Baldoncini, Giampietro Bezzon, Giampaolo Buso, Ivan Callegari, Tommaso
Colonna, Giovanni Fiorentini, Gazmira Gjeta, Mariola Goga, Enrico Guastaldi, Fadil Hasani, Fabio
Mantovani, Liliana Mou, Carlos Rossi Alvarez, Virginia Strati, Merita Xhixha Kaçeli, Alessandro
Zanon
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
8
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
The Right to a Healthy Environment, Fundamental Human Right, Constitutionally Enshrined
Florin Fainisi
161
Monitoring and GPS Controls, over Time, of the Active Fault in Castrovillari
Vincenzo Barrile, Giuseppe M. Meduri, Giuliana Bilotta
169
A Hybrid Framework for Modelling and Simulation for Deshopping Behaviour and How
Companies Respond
Shawkat Salim Rahman, Shuliang Li
176
Landscape Planning and Biodiversity Conservation of River Habitats Require Vegetation
Analysis and Mapping: The Case of Cilento National Park (Italy)
Maria Rita Lapenna, Leonardo Rosati, Giovanni Salerno, Mariacristina Villani, Simonetta Fascetti,
Leonardo Filesi
182
Multifactor Productivity, Financial Performance and Economic Value Added of Agriculture in
the Czech Republic after the Economic Crisis
Ondřej Machek, Jindřich Špička
191
Evolutionary Kinematics and Geological Features of the Large Pisciotta Rock Slide (Cilento
Geopark, Campania, Southern Italy)
De Vita Pantaleone, La Barbera Giovanni, Carratú Maria Teresa
197
Land Cover Change Analysis Using CORINE Land Cover Data: A Case Study of the
Peripannonian Region in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Tatjana Popov, Marko Ivanisevic, Neda Zivak, Goran Trbic, Dejan Djordjevic
205
NORM Assessment at Gas and Oil Fields in Ukraine
Т. Pavlenko, М. Aksyonov, O. German, М. Friziuk, Е. Fedorenko, А. Mikhajlenko
213
217
Levels of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere of one Urban Site Located at the
Northeast of Mexico during Winter 2013
Ramírez-Lara E., Fernández-Delgadillo S., Cerón-Bretón J. G., Cerón-Bretón R. M., Guevara-Carrió
E., Alderete-Chávez A., Carballo-Pat C. G., Anguebes-Franseschi F., Peva-Pamplona Inry, OrtínezÁlvarez J. A., López-Chuken U.
The Importance of Education and Economic Growth - Comparative Analysis Romania-Japan
Daniela Neamt, Carmen Nastase, Ana-Maria Cozgarea, Calin Ciufudean
226
Using Radon as a Naturally Occurring Tracer in the Bussento River Karst Systems (National
Park of the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni - European and Global Geopark, Southern
Italy)
Domenico Guida, Albina Cuomo, Michele Guida
233
Petrology & Geochemistry of Precambrian Metagranites and Their Enclaves from Core Series
of Menderes Massif, in Buldan (Denizli, West Turkey) Area
Kerim Kocak, Huseyin Şenol, Celalettin Uyanik
240
244
Norm and Tenorm Management and Decontamination Procedures
Giacomo Zambelli, Davide Di Pietrantonio, Carlo Oppici, Alberto Ciarmatori, Francesco Carnaccini
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
9
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
Driver Vigilance Monitoring – Impact of the Long Tunnels
Akshaya Jayakumar, Mirko Novak, Josef Faber, Petr Bouchner
251
Natural Radioactivity in Dust Storm Samples from Al-Najaf, Iraq
Ali Abid Abojassim Al-Hamidawi
257
Levels of Carbonyls, CO, O3, NO, NO2, NOx and SO2 in Ambient air of Monterrey, Mexico
during Winter 2013
Cerón-Bretón J. G., Cerón-Bretón R. M., Ramírez-Lara E., Aguilar-Ucán C. A., Zavala-Loría J. C.,
López-Chuken U., Montalvo-Romero C., Anguebes-Franseschi F., Carballo-Pat C. G., Durán-Díaz
M., López-Gil L.
262
The Impact of Structural Changes on Tourism Market on Business Specialization of Subjects of 269
Tourist Offer in Destination
Iris Mihajlović
Bioremediation of Ni2+ Polluted Soils by Plant-Associated Bacteria in Heavy Metal
Phytoremediation Process
Corneliu Mihaita Pohontu, Ioan Gontariu
281
Assessing Radon-in-Air from Streamflow, Comparing Two Study Cases: Labso-Laura and
Capodifiume Springs (Campania Region, Southern Italy)
Domenico Guida, Michele Guida, Maria Lettieri, Vincenza Tirri, Biagio Capacchione
287
Geochemical Characteristics of Oceanic Plagiogranite and Basic Dikes at the Sheeted Dike
Complex of Central Anatolian Ophiolites at Bozkır (Ortakoy-Aksaray/TURKEY) Dam
Kerim Kocak, Bernard E. Leake, Riza Sogut
296
Contribution to the Development of the Simulation Model of the Port-Transshipment System
Josko Dvornik, Srđan Dvornik, Vinko Vidučić
300
Simulation of 137CS Radioactive Contamination Due to an Accident in a Biomass Plant for
Energy Production: The Importance of Decision Support System (DSS) in the Emergency
Planning
Andrea Malizia, Claudio Cafarelli, Laura Milanese, Simona Pagannone, Amedeo Pappalardo,
Massimo Pedemonte, Daniele Di Giovanni, Mariachiara Carestia, Orlando Cenciarelli, Fabrizio
D’amico, Leonardo Palombi, Carlo Bellecci, Pasqualino Gaudio
308
Productivity Benchmarking in Incentive Regulation of Public Utilities: Evidence from Czech
Gas Utilities and Implications for Post-Communist Countries
Ondřej Machek, Jiří Hnilica
315
Variations in Criteria Pollutants and Deposition Fluxes of Trace Elements in Metropolitan Area 321
of Monterrey, Mexico
R. M. Cerón, J. G. Cerón, E. Ramírez, C. A. Aguilar, C. Montalvo, U. López, C. G. Carballo, J. A.
Benítez, J. R. Carrillo
Spatial Interpolation of Average Long-Term Annual Precipitation in the Republic of
Bashkortostan, Russian Federation
Ivan Afanasev, Tcvetana Volkova, Alexey Elizaryev, Antonia Longobardi
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
10
329
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
"Intelligent Cities" - Interdependent Time Series Graphically Analyzed. Strategies in Traffic
Control and Street Lighting
Claudiu Silvasan, Ioan Borza
337
Application of 222Rn as Partition Radiotracer in Petroleum Reservoirs
Jaqueline Martins De Paulo, Rubens Martins Moreira
344
Energy Consumption and Economic growth in Iran: Cointegration and Causality Analysis
Soheila Khoshnevis Yazdi, Nikos Mastorakis
348
Laboratory Combustion of Coal with Admixture of Limestone: Effect on Elemental Volatility
Lucie Bartoňová
355
Renewable, CO2 emissions, Trade Openness, and Economic Growth in Iran
Soheila Khoshnevis Yazdi, Nikos Mastorakis
360
Investigating Relative Contributions of Various Precursors’ Ratio in TTHMs Profiling in a
Proto-Type Distribution Rig Using Central Composite Design (CCD)
Sajida Rasheed, Imran Hashmi, Luiza Campos, Qizhi Zhou, Jong K. Kim
371
Groundwater Evaluation by Using Environmental Isotopes in the Northeast Missan
Governorate, South of Iraq
Ali Riza Söğüt, Hussein B. Ghalibal-Hawash
382
Infrared Spectral Measurements in Remotes Sensing and GIS to Asses Factors Controlling
Flora Diseases in Jabal Al Akhdar, Libya
B. M. Suleiman, S. I. Elmehdy, M. Mohamed, S. Hamad, R. Alhendaw
385
An Investigation of VARMA Modeling for the Representation of Feed-In Tariff Revenue of
Wind-Based Microgrids
Guzman Dıaz, Blanca Moreno, Jose Coto, Javier Gomez-Aleixandre
393
Assessing and Modeling the Contribution to Indoor Radon from the Building Materials: The
S.I.R.E.M.© Model
Simona Mancini, Michele Guida, Domenico Guida, Albina Cuomo, Pierfrancesco Fiore, Enrico
Sicignano
398
Authors Index
408
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
11
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
Plenary Lecture 1
Interactive Simulation in the Field of Human–Machine Interaction in Transport Systems:
Tools and Methods for Research, Training and Education
Associate Professor Petr Bouchner
Head of Department of Vehicles at Faculty of Transportation Sciences
Driving Simulation Research Group
Czech Technical University in Prague
Czech Republic
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Problems of reliability and safety of interaction between the human operator (driver) and him/her controlled
artificial system (machine, vehicle) are the crucial research tasks within the scope of safety in transport. Most of the
accidents happened due to the failure of a human factor. It can either happen when controlling (driving) the machine
(vehicle) but also when maintaining it or even sooner when it is manufactured or designed. A failure is often caused
either by a bad design of the system or an insufficient or unsuitable training of the human operators. Since the only
communication between the operator and artificial systems is realized via the interfaces, just the field of interfaces is
the topic of our contemporary research performed in our laboratories.
The lecture introduces problems of the Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) research field as well as problems of user
interfaces in systemic point of view. These will be discussed in general, seamlessly moving towards the field of drivervehicle interaction reliability and safety. The objective approaches and measures to investigate in the reliability of
operator-machine interaction are discussed as well as mathematical modeling tools. Beside those general
approaches, the lecture introduces in more detail our main research focus - ergonomics and human factors in vehicle
control.
The presentation shows and explains main principles of the research tools – the advanced interactive ground vehicle
simulators, which are continuously being developed by the Driving Simulation Research Group at Czech Tech Univ. It
encompasses passenger cars, two-wheelers, trucks and/or rail engines. This field of R&D deals with simulation
technology but also scenario and experiment design and mainly measurement tools and methods, which are fitted for
particular experiment types. Indisputable role in this area is played by measuring devices, especially those which
work with so called psychophysiological measures. The data measured during the experiments are usually hard to be
interpreted in a straightforward way, mainly those which have biological nature - therefore also some advanced
analytical and classification tools are discussed.
At the end of the presentation most recent and/or most valuable results and conclusions, which presents outputs of
almost 15 years research effort in this area, will be shown. The lecture is accompanied with vivid videos.
Brief Biography of the Speaker: Academic career: 2003 - Master Degree at CTU Prague (Faculty of Electroengineering), specialization in computer engineering, 2007 - Doctoral Degree at CTU Prague (Faculty of
Transportation Sciences) “Driving simulators for HIM research”, 2011 degree of associate prof. (doc.) at CTU Prague.
Since 2003 researcher and university teacher, since 2007 Head of Driving Simulation Research Group, since 2008
deputy head of Laboratory of Systems Reliability of FTS,CTU and Institute of Informatics of Academy of Sciences of
Czech Republic, since 2011 head of Department of Transporting Technologies.
Scientific activities: research activities in interactive and driving simulator construction and development, HMI in
vehicles, human factors in transportation, measurements and analysis of complex data, implementation of virtual
reality tools into the experiments, design of experiments and their analysis, member of editorial board of scientific
journal Neural Network World.
Since 2003 wrote several tens of papers, chapters in journals, book chapters, research report with topics on
interactive simulators, human factors in transportation, ergonomics, driver’s attention and fatigue, worked in expert
groups of PIARC and European Committee. Main solver of several national scientific and applied research projects
(grants).
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
12
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
Plenary Lecture 2
Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems
Professor Sadko Mandzuka
Faculty of Traffic Science
Department of Intelligent Transport System
University of Zagreb
Croatia
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Intelligent Transport System (ITS) is an holistic, control and ICT upgrade of classic transportation and
traffic systems which significantly improves system performance, traffic safety, efficiency in transportation of goods
and passengers, increases passenger protection and comfort, reduces pollution, etc. A particularly potent approach
was recognized in the possibility of application of cooperative systems in traffic. The main characteristics of a
cooperative approach are: a) Considers the driver, vehicle, infrastructure and other road users as a unique system, b)
Considers operational and management needs of the entire system, c) Integrated approach to safety of traffic and all
participants, d) Applies technology in a coherent manner in order to support overall integration of system parts.
Currently we recognize next systems onto which the cooperative approach can be successfully applied: navigation
systems and travel information systems, warning systems, emergency services’ vehicle management, priority
management in urban public transport, intelligent systems for speed management, support systems for endangered
transport users and others. In the narrow sense of the cooperation definition, the following communications were
recognized: V2V – vehicle to vehicle, V2I – vehicle to infrastructure, V2P – vehicle to pedestrian, I2P – infrastructure
to pedestrian etc.
Brief Biography of the Speaker: Prof. Sadko Mandzuka is currently Head of Transportation Telematics Chair at the
Department of Intelligent Transportation System, Faculty of Traffic Science, University of Zagreb. He has wide
experience in the area of floating vessels control theory, Intelligent Transport System, artificial intelligence, traffic
incident management system etc. He had the opportunity to work both in academic and industrial environments
including Brodarski Institute, Consulting in the Innovation Area for SME’s, etc. He is currently setting up a spin-off
company providing consulting services for Intelligent Transport System (Incident Management System and other)
while at the same time advancing his academic career. He is a founding member of Croatian Robotic Association,
President of ITS-Croatia, and Collaborating member of Croatian Academy of Engineering. He is a member of
Technical Committee on Marine Systems (Coordinating Committee on Transportation and Vehicle Systems - IFAC
(International Federation of Automatic Control ). Finally he has served in the program committees and as reviewer at
several international Congress and Conferences. He is author of more than 100 internationally reviewed publications.
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
13
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
Plenary Lecture 3
Discrete Event Templates for Environment Sustainable Development
Associate Professor Calin I. Ciufudean
“Stefan Cel Mare” Universtity of Suceava
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Department of Automatics and Computers
ROMANIA
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Discrete Event Templates for Environment Sustainable Development expounds upon an important chapter
of artificial intelligence; respectively, discrete event systems applied for modeling and simulation of control, logistic
supply, chart positioning, conservation and protection of natural resources in order to have a clean and healthy
environment capable to ensure a sustainable development of modern global society.
All these factors allow for a new design of artificial social systems dotted with intelligence, autonomous decisionmaking capabilities, and self-diagnosing properties.
Artificial social systems were defined by Y. Moses and M. Tennenholtz in their work ”Artificial Social Systems,”
www.home.cs.utwente.nl: ”An artificial social system is a set of restrictions on agents’ behaviors in a multi-agent
environment. Its role is to allow agents to coexist in a shared environment and pursue their respective goals in the
presence of other agents.”
Heuristics techniques, data mining planning activities, scheduling algorithms, automatic data identification,
processing, and control represent as many trumps for these new systems’ analyzing formalism.
This lecture aims to provide relevant theoretical frameworks and the latest empirical research findings. Social
simulations grounded on solid conceptual models from the social sciences, such as discrete event social simulations,
provide a fully traceable implementation of these concepts that readily accommodate the varying timescales in
gaining a better understanding of the complex, adaptive system that is society.
The tutorial introduces real, e.g. implemented by the author, approaches and frameworks for modeling and simulation
process, kinematic constraints of the trophic closed loop chains as well as modern issues for automatic control of
diverse pollution systems.
We challenge the reader to reveal the development stage of social networks appliance upon environmental issues
and to anticipate their future evolution in respect to technological and climatic changes.
Brief Biography of the Speaker:
• Academic Positions: Assoc. Professor Ph.D. Eng., Dept. of Automatics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, “Stefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, Romania.
• Fields of Scientific Activities: Discrete Event Systems, Complex Measurement Systems, Reliability and Diagnosis of
Control Systems, Environmental Management.
• He published 11 books, 14 patents and over 170 scientific papers in conference proceedings and journals.
• Honor Member of the Romanian Society of Electrical & Control Engineering - Member of the Romanian Technical
Experts Corp.
• Technical Expert of the Romanian Ministry of Justice.
• President of the Romanian Society of Electrical & Control Engineering, Suceava Branch.
• He is a member of the editorial boards of several international scientific journals and conferences of control systems
and electric engineering science. He was designated chairmen at 27 international conferences.
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
14
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
Plenary Lecture 4
Sustainability According to the Viable Systems Approach. The Relevance of the
Philosophical Values of the Kybernetes
Professor Gandolfo Dominici
Vice President and Scientific Director
Business Systems Laboratory (Italy)
Tenured Assis. Professor of Business Management
Dep. SEAS – University of Palermo
Italy
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: An organization is viable if it survives, remains united and is complete; it is homeostatically balanced both
internally and externally and furthermore has mechanisms that allow it to grow, learn, develop, and adapt, and thus
become increasingly more effective in its environment. The more the organization is able to preserve and regenerate,
the more possibilities it has to maintain viability in the long term.
Therefore viability assumes the relevance of "time" as an important factor in decision-making and action. If we
consider the organization to be a dissipative system, then in order to counterbalance the consumption of relevant
resources, it is necessary to think ahead to a time horizon that extends beyond the mere achievement of functioning
resources in the short to middle term.
Therefore, we can consider sustainability as systemic viability in the long term. This broader time horizon entails that
the role of the "kybernetes" not be limited to the quest for functioning resources within a limited timeframe but rather
must be developed in a more general way as a philosophy guiding the kybernetes in every decision and action.
This implies that it is essential to involve "values" in the decision-making and action-taking processes. For these
reasons, the kybernetes’ role, values and education are of extreme importance to the sustainability –and thus the
long-term viability – of human organizations.
Brief Biography of the Speaker: Gandolfo Dominici is a Ph.D. in Business Management at “Sapienza” University of
Rome in 2004. In 2003 he was visiting researcher at the Faculty of Economics of Nagasaki University, Japan
developing a research about the cultural roots of Japanese Toyota Production Systems.
Since 2005 he is Assistant Professor of Business Management at the University of Palermo (Italy), where from 2006
he holds the Chair of Marketing and from 2008 of Systems and Organizational Processes. He got his tenure at
University of Palermo in 2008.
He is co-founder, Vice President and Scientific Director of the scientific nonprofit association Business Systems
Laboratory (B.S.Lab - www.bslaboratory.net), board member of the World Organisation of Systems and Cybernetice
(WOSC- http://wosc.co/) and the Consorzio Universitario di Economia Industriale e Manageriale (CUEIM www.cueim.com). He is author of about 50 published articles and books and member of the editorial board of 14
international peer reviewed journals.
His main research interests are: Systems Thinking, Managerial Cybernetics, Marketing, Consumer ethnography,
SCM and Innovation Management.
For further information: www.unipa.it/gandolfodominici/
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
15
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
Plenary Lecture 5
Innovative Energy System, Environmentally Friendly for Thermo-magnetic Appliance
Associate Professor Carmen Vasile
LGECO - Design Engineering Laboratory
INSA - National Institute of Applied Sciences
Strasbourg, France
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Our aim and the goal of this innovative thermo-magnetic technology is to improve the energy efficiency of
our equipments and to preserve our quality of life, by having access to all refrigeration and heating technologies,
without damaging the planet.
This innovative energy system is based on the concept of the thermo-magneto effect which will be presented. The
description of the prototypes design and the results for temperature span between negative -20°C up to +60°C, will
be presented as well.
Energy conversion and thermal exchanges are in the heart of our daily life through the household appliances as
fridges, freezers; at home: the air conditioner; in shops: the refrigerated show cases, beverage dispensers, cold
room; in the food-processing industry: storage of foodstuffs, cold chain; in companies: industrial process; in motor
cars: 90 % of new vehicles integrate an air conditioning system, etc…
For all these applications it is possible to completely eliminate the refrigerant gas system and to use instead the
thermo-magnetic system, which is already in the pre-industrialization phase.
The presentation will show that the thermo-magnetic technology meets all the needs for versatile next-generation
equipment for cooling and heating, because it is environmentally friendly; because it emits no greenhouse gasses
and no toxic fluids (using a water/glycol mix for cooling circuits); because is energy efficient: 40% to 60% less energy
consumption compared to classical systems; and also for economical reasons: initial costs are similar to existing
systems, maintenance costs are lower.
We are convinced the energy is clearly one of the critical global challenges facing humankind, and we must put in
work all our forces in order to find efficient sustainable solutions.
Brief Biography of the Speaker: Carmen VASILE MULLER is Associate Professor at INSA (Graduate School of
Science and Technology) the Department of Energy, Heating & Air Conditioning and researcher at LGeCo (Design
Engineering Laboratory) in Strasbourg, France.
She has a PhD in Energy Engineering (expertise in Systems and Heat & Mass Transfer).
She performs since 1990 research activities and academic teaching in the field of heat and mass transfer, fluid
dynamics, energy efficiency, magnetic cooling, renewable energies.
Her research work is visible in an important number of international scientific journals and in national and international
conferences all over the world. She is member of different scientific societies and she leads the subgroup of
machines inside the Standardisation Group for Magnetic Refrigeration Working Party of the International Institute of
Refrigeration (IIF-IIR).
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
16
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
Authors Index
Afanasev, I.
Aguilar, C. A.
Aguilar-Ucán, C. A.
Aksyonov, M.
Alderete, A.
Alderete-Chávez, A.
Al-Hamidawi, A. A. A.
Alhendaw, R.
Aloia, A.
Anguebes, F.
Anguebes-Franseschi, F.
Baldoncini, M.
Barrile, V.
Bartoňová, L.
Bellecci, C.
Benitez, J. A.
Bezzon, G.
Bilotta, G.
Borza, I.
Bouchner, P.
Brito, R.
Bucur, A.
Buso, G.
Cafarelli, C.
Callegari, I.
Campos, L.
Capacchione, B.
Carballo, C. G.
Carballo-Pat, C. G.
Carestia, M.
Carnaccini, F.
Carratú, Maria Teresa
Carrillo, J. R.
Čechová, A.
Cenciarelli, O.
Ceron, J. G.
Cerón, R. M.
Cerón-Bretón, J. G.
Cerón-Bretón, R. M.
Ciarmatori, A.
Ciufudean, C.
Colonna, T.
Coppari, E.
Cordova, A.
Córdova-Quiroz, A. V.
329
321
132,
213
27
217
257
385
50,
59
217,
154
169
355
308
59,
154
169
337
127,
27
74
154
308
154
371
50,
27,
132,
308
244
197
27,
148
308
27,
27,
132,
132,
244
226
154
109
27
132
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
262
121
262
321
148, 251
287
59, 321
217, 262
321
59,
59,
217,
217,
321
321
262
262
Cosenza, B.
Coto, J.
Cozgarea, A.-M.
Cuomo, A.
Cuomo, A.
D’Amico, F.
De Luca, N.
De Paulo, J. M.
Della Ragione, L.
Di Carlo, P.
Di Giovanni, D.
Di Pietrantonio, D.
Dıaz, G.
Djordjevic, D.
Durán-Díaz, M.
Dvornik, J.
Dvornik, S.
Elizaryev, A.
Elmehdy, S. I.
Escoffie, R. C.
Faber, J.
Fainisi, F.
Fascetti, S.
Fedorenko, E.
Fernández-Delgadillo, S.
Filesi, L.
Fiore, P.
Fiorentini, G.
Florián, J.
Friziuk, M.
Gamboa-Fernández, J. M.
Gaudio, P.
German, O.
Ghalibal-Hawash, H. B.
Gjeta, G.
Goga, M.
Gomez-Aleixandre, J.
Gontariu, I.
Greco, M.
Guarnaccia, C.
Guastaldi, E.
Guevara, E.
Guevara-Carrió, E.
Guida, D.
Guida, D.
408
17
393
226
50,
233,
308
109
344
35
109
308
244
393
205
262
300
300
329
385
59
251
161
182
213
217
182
398
154
148
213
132
308
213
382
154
154
393
281
66,
80
154
27,
132,
50,
233,
Guida, M.
Guida, M.
Gundogdu, I. B.
96
Hamad, S.
398
Hasani, F.
Hashmi, I.
Hnilica, J.
Iliev, S.
Ivanisevic, M.
Jayakumar, A.
Kaçeli, M. X.
Kadlecova, J.
Kamenický, D.
Kim, J. K.
Knöller, K.
Kocak, K.
Krasnogorskaya, N.
La Barbera, G
Lapenna, M. R.
Leake, B. E.
Lenza, T. L.
Leso, M.
Lettieri, M.
Li, S.
Longobardi, A.
López, U.
López-Chuken, U.
López-Gil, L.
Machek, O.
Malizia, A.
Mancini, S.
Mantovani, F.
Martino, G.
Mastorakis, N.
Matlafus, A.
Meccariello, G.
Meduri, G. M.
Miccio, M.
141
Mihajlović, I.
Mík, J.
Mikhajlenko, A.
59
Milanese, L.
217
Mirauda, D.
96, 121 Mohamed, M.
287, 398 Montalvo, C.
50,
287,
42
385
154
371
315
116
205
251
154
127,
127
371
50
240,
88
197
182
296
80
127
287
176
88,
321
217,
262
191,
308
398
154
66
348,
127
35
169
17
269
127
213
308
141
385
321
233
398
148
296
96, 329
262
315
360
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
Montalvo-Romero, C.
Moreira, R. M.
Moreno, B.
Mou, L.
Nastase, C.
Neamt, D.
Novak, M.
Novotný, S.
Oppici, C.
Ortinez, A.
Ortínez-Álvarez, J. A.
Pagannone, S.
Palombi, L.
Pantaleone, D. V.
Pappalardo, A.
Pavlenko, T.
Pedemonte, M.
Peva-Pamplona, I.
Pitari, G.
Pivac, S.
Pohontu, C. M.
Popescu, L. G.
132, 262
344
393
154
226
226
251
127, 148
244
27
217
308
308
197
308
213
308
217
109
103
281
74
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
Popov, T.
Popova, S.
Quartieri, J.
Rahman, S. S.
Ramírez, E.
Ramirez, M.
Ramírez-Lara, E.
Rasheed, S.
Rosati, L.
Rossi Alvarez, C.
Rozhdestvenskiy, D.
Ruggiero, A.
Salerno, G.
Schubert, M.
Şenol, H.
Sicignano, E.
Siervo, V.
Silvasan, C.
Söğüt, A. R.
Sogut, R.
Špička, J.
Strati, V.
409
205
Suchánek, J.
116
Suleiman, B. M.
80
Tirri, V.
176
Trbic, G.
321
Trifonov, M.
59
Uc-Chi, M. P.
132, 217, 262 Uyanik, C.
371
Valente, A.
182
Vidučić, V.
154
Villani, M.
127, 148
Villani, P.
80
Volkova, T.
182
Xhixha, G.
50
Yazdi, S. K.
240
Zambelli, G.
398
Žanić Mikuličić, J.
50
Zanon, A.
337
Zavala, J. C.
382
Zavala-Loría, J. C.
296
Zerbeş, M.-V.
191
Zhou, Q.
154
Zivak, N.
148
385
287
205
116
132
240
121
103,
182
96
88,
154
348,
244
103
154
27,
262
74
371
205
300
329
360
59
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
Assessment of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs) in
soils from the Kuçova oilfield, Albania
GERTI XHIXHA1, MARICA BALDONCINI2, GIAMPIETRO BEZZON1, GIAMPAOLO BUSO1 ,
IVAN CALLEGARI 1, TOMMASO COLONNA3, GIOVANNI FIORENTINI1, GAZMIRA GJETA4,
MARIOLA GOGA4 , ENRICO GUASTALDI3, FADIL HASANI5 , FABIO MANTOVANI2,
LILIANA MOU1 , CARLOS ROSSI ALVAREZ6 , VIRGINIA STRATI2, MERITA XHIXHA
KAÇELI2 , ALESSANDRO ZANON1
1
Legnaro National Laboratory
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
Via dell’Università, 2 - 35020 Legnaro, Padova, ITALY
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
2
Department of Physics and Earth Sciences
University of Ferrara
Via Saragat, 1 - 44100 Ferrara, ITALY
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
3
Center for GeoTechnologies
University of Siena
Via Vetri Vecchi, 34 - 52027 San Giovanni Valdarno, Arezzo, ITALY
[email protected]; [email protected]
4
5
Faculty of Mathematical Engineering & Physical Engineering
Polytechnic University of Tirana
Square Nënë Tereza, 4 Tirana, ALBANIA
[email protected]; [email protected]
Kosovo Agency for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (KARPNS)
Office of the Prime Minister
Ish-Gërmia - 10000 Prishtinë, KOSOVO
[email protected]
6
Padova Section
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
Via Marzolo 8 - 35131 Padova, ITALY
[email protected]
Abstract: - Oil and gas exploration activities belong to the industrial sectors involving the production of
NORMs because of the enhancement in radium isotopes concentrations recorded in industrial residues.
According to the European recommendations of the new Basic Safety Standards for radioprotection, each
member state shall identify NORM industries and estimate their environmental and human impact. In this
framework, the concentrations of uranium and thorium decay series, as well as of 40K were measured in soil,
sludge and oil sand samples collected in the Kuçova oilfield (Albania) by using a high resolution gamma-ray
spectrometer (HPGe). The levels of radioactivity in soil samples were found to be comparable with the world
mean activity concentrations. Oil sand samples showed the highest 40K and 226Ra activity concentrations,
indicating the presence of shale traps, which are generally rich in natural radionuclides. No strong evidences on
disequilibrium were observed from the ratio of 228Th and 228Ra activity concentrations. The concentration of
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
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Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
radionuclides in produced water and crude oil were found to be minimum detectable activities. From the
radiological point of view, the excess of annual effective dose rate from industrial residues was estimated to be
much lower than the recommended limits for population and workers.
Key-Words: -NORM; Natural radioactivity; Oil and gas extraction; Gamma-ray spectrometry, Radium isotopes;
Kuçova oilfield; Albania
1 Introduction
consequently co-precipitate as radium sulfates or
radium carbonates: this can lead to the subsequent
formation of scales, depending on the concentration
of ionic species in the produced water [3, 4]. 226Ra
and 228Ra concentrations in scale can reach values as
high as 1500 × 104 Bq/kg and 280 × 104 Bq/kg
respectively, as reported by IAEA [5], but typically
highly variable concentrations are observed [6].
The petroleum exploration and production in
Albania began in early XX century with the
construction in the Kuçova area of the oldest and the
second biggest oilfield of the country. The primary
oil extraction technique in Albania uses beam
pumps, which allow for exploiting the pressure of
the gas in the reservoir to force oil out and into the
well. Since statistically 25 to 95% of the original oil
has not been extracted after the well consumed the
reservoir’s natural drives, water and steam-drive
improved recovery generally follows, in order to
raise fluid level and pressure in the wellbores and
reduce oil viscosity. Recently, several secondary
recovery techniques, such as water and steam
injection, have been employed in pilot wells in the
Kuçova oilfield in order to increase the oil
production rate. Several environmental studies have
shown that the release of produced water in oil well
surroundings, in decantation plants and in oil
spillage sites can result in serious soil, water and air
contamination due to BTEX compounds or crude oil
[7, 8, 9]. However, there is a leak of data on the
possible soils contamination and pollution with
NORMs associated to the extraction processes of oil
and gas in Albania.
This study is the first attempt to investigate the
radioactivity concentration in soils of the Kuçova
oilfield surroundings and in the oil industry byproducts, such as oil-sands and produced water. The
Kuçova oilfield is located in the South Central
region of Albania, approximately 30 kilometers
northeast of the Patos Marinza field. The field was
discovered in 1928 and had over 1,700 wells drilled
(with a typical maximum depth of approximately
1500 m), resulting in a cumulative production of
23.2 million barrels of heavy oil (13-16° API
gravity) by the end of 2006. The actual oil
extraction process may produce a weak
Naturally
Occurring
Radioactive
Materials
(NORMs) are residues enriched with radionuclides
of natural origin as a consequence of industrial
processes [1]. The main sources of natural
radioactivity are 238U, 232Th and their progenies and
40
K radionuclide which are present in the Earth’s
crust, in soils and in waters at varying abundances.
The concentrations in soil and water can be
enhanced by industrial processes, such as oil and
gas extraction, production of phosphate fertilizers,
coal mining and combustion, cement production,
which are listed in [2] as industrial sectors involving
NORMs. Therefore, the identification and
monitoring of industrial processes involving
NORMs should be carried out by countries for
assessing the exposure of workers or members of
the public.
During the last years, particular interest has been
devoted to unconventional methods of shale gas
extraction known as “fracking”, which causes
NORMs to be brought to the surface as part of the
flowback and production brine. In oil and gas
industry, specific attention has been dedicated to the
contamination of oil equipment and oilfield
environment with NORMs (e.g. scale, sludge and
produced water). In particular, these residues are
enriched in radium isotopes originating from
uranium and thorium present in reservoir rocks.
Indeed, while both uranium and thorium present in
hydrocarbon reservoir rocks are essentially
insoluble under reducing conditions, their progenies
226/228
Ra concentrate in formation waters. For this
reason, 226/228Ra are unsupported by the long-lived
uranium and thorium parent radionuclides and, due
to their half-lives of 1600 yr and 5.75 yr
respectively, they tend to accumulate in formation
water. The produced water (i.e. water brought in
surface) may contain in solution various cations like
barium, calcium, and strontium, as well as sulfate
and carbonate anions, whose concentrations depend
on the solubility of the original salts, which in turn
is influenced by cation/anion ratio, pH, temperature
and pressure. Since radium is chemically similar to
Ba, Ca and Sr, as produced water is brought in
surface and temperature tends to drop, it can
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
155
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
enhancement of natural radioactivity, since
moderate temperature variations and low amounts of
produced water are involved. Considering that
secondary recovery techniques may result in
relatively high enhancement of natural radioactivity
in residues, these data will provide precious baseline
information concerning the presence of natural
radioelements in the investigated areas. This will
allow also for an estimate of the environmental and
human impact of oil industrial activities on the
Kuçova area. Moreover, these results will open the
way to possible implementations in the Albanian
legislative
framework
of
the
European
recommendation regarding the Basic Safety
Standards for protection against the dangers arising
from exposure to ionizing radiation [2].
oil was accumulated mainly in stratigraphic traps of
the PAD clastic deposits, which comprise a
considerable number of sandy-clayey megasequences. In some cases these megasequences
become
more
complete,
beginning
with
conglomerates and clastic limestones and ending on
the top with clays, shale, coal or gypsum. The
thickness of the molasses increases from southeast
to northwest, reaching a maximum of 5000 m [10].
2 Material and methods
2.1 Geological setting of the study area
The onshore petroleum exploration in Albania is
mainly located in the Ionian Unit (ION) and in the
Durrës basin, also called the Peri-Adriatic
Depression (PAD) (Fig. 1). Their hydrocarbon
potential is mainly related to the Neogenic molasse
deposits located in the peripheral southeastern part
of the PAD. These deposits are characterized by the
presence of transgressive sequences on the top of
underlying Mesozoic and Paleogene limestones. The
oil currently explored in the Neogenic reservoirs
results from a secondary migration from underlying
limestone reservoirs (ION). In fact, the generation in
situ of hydrocarbons was precluded in the molasse
deposits. As a result of the lithological changes, the
Fig. 1. a) Simplified geological map of Albania,
modified from Havancsák et al [11]. Geological
units labels are as follows: AAL: Albanian Alps
unit; ATT: Albanian-Thessalian trough; GAS: Gashi
unit; ION: Ionian unit; KOZ: Korabi unit; KRA:
Krasta unit; KRU: Kruja unit; MIR: Mirdita unit;
PAD: Periadriatic depression; SAZ: Sazani unit;
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
VER: Vermoshi unit. The red rectangle highlights
the location of the Kuçova oilfield. b) The cross
section III modified from Silo et al [10] is obtained
by a seismic line located in the Kuçova region. PAD
and ION are in yellow and green, consistently with
panel a).
156
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
concentration was determined by analyzing the two
main gamma emissions of radon progenies 214Pb (at
352 keV) and 214Bi (at 609 keV) and calculating the
weighted average. 228Ra was determined through its
direct progeny 228Ac gamma emissions (at 338 keV
and 911 keV). The 228Th activity concentration was
determined by analyzing the two main gamma
emissions of radon progenies 212Pb (at 239 keV) and
208
Tl (at 583 keV). The activity concentration of 40K
and 137Cs were determined from their respective
gamma emissions at 1460 keV and 662 keV. The
acquisition time was set to 4 hours for soil, oil sand
and sludge samples and 24 hours for produced water
and crude oil samples.
2.2 Sample collection and preparation
A total of 21 soil samples were collected at 0-10 cm
depth in the surroundings of oil wells in the Kuçova
oilfield (Fig. 2). Furthermore, 10 samples of oil
sands and 3 samples of sludge (mixture of crude oil,
oil sand and soil) were collected during the
periodical pipe cleaning process. Samples were
homogenized to a grain size of less than 2 mm and
dried for at least 24 h at a temperature of 105°C till
reaching constant weight. Produced water and crude
oil were collected in polyethylene bottles directly
from the decantation plants.
2.3.1 Quality control
Certified
reference
material
containing
contaminated bulk soil from Syrian oilfield (IAEA448) [12] was used for quality control. In general
226
Ra, 228Ac, 212Pb, 208Tl and 40K activity
concentrations agreed within 3-10% with the
reference values.
3 Results and discussion
Fig. 2. Approximate locations of soil samples
collected in the study area.
3.1 Activity concentrations
The results on 226Ra and228Ra activity concentrations
with ±1σ standard deviation (in Bq/kg) in soil, oil
sand and sludge samples are shown in Table 1. The
activity concentrations of 226Ra are generally higher
at ±1σ standard deviation for oil sand samples
respect to soil samples. On the other hand, the
activity concentrations of 228Ra in oil sands are
typically comparable within ±1σ standard deviation
with concentrations in soil samples. However,
regarding the environmental legacy issue, only 226Ra
has long-term concern, since after 25 year only
approximately 5% of 228Ra still remains.
Several studies on activity concentrations in soil
samples from oilfields show a great variability for
226
Ra and 228Ra, respectively up to 9 Bq/kg and 11
Bq/kg in Tunisia [13], 42 Bq/kg and 28 Bq/kg in
Kuwait [14], 52 Bq/kg and 34 Bq/kg in Nigeria
[15], 248 Bq/kg and 29 Bq/kg in Nigeria [16],
10×103 Bq/kg and 260 Bq/kg in Canada [17], and
438×103 Bq/kg and 987×103 Bq/kg in Egypt [18].
The highest values of activity concentration in soil
samples were reported in cases of study where
higher concentration of 226Ra and 228Ra in scale was
present. In cases of study similar to the Kuçova
oilfield or when lower concentration of 226Ra and
Samples were then transferred in cylindrical
polycarbonate boxes of 180cm3 volume and sealed
hermetically. Samples were left undisturbed for at
least four weeks prior to be measured with the
HPGe gamma spectrometer, in order to establish
radioactive equilibrium in the 226Ra decay chain
segment.
2.3 Gamma-ray spectrometry measurements
Samples were measured at the Laboratory of
Nuclear Technologies Applied to the Environment
at the University of Ferrara (Italy), using the
MCA_Rad system described in Xhixha et al [6].
The fully automated spectrometer consists of two 60
% relative efficiency coaxial p-type HPGe gammaray detectors, with an energy resolution of ~1.9 keV
at 1332.5 keV (60Co). The absolute full energy peak
efficiency of the MCA_Rad is calibrated using
certified standard point sources (152Eu and 56Co).
The overall uncertainty in the efficiency calibration
is estimated to be less than 5%.
The radionuclides studied in this work are 226Ra,
228
Ra, 228Th and 40K. The presence of 137Cs in soils
was also investigated. The 226Ra activity
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
157
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
228
Ra in scale was involved, the concentrations of
Ra and 228Ra in soil samples are comparable to
our measurements.
concentration is expected in top soil (0-10 cm). The
non-presence of 137Cs in oil sands can be used as a
tracer for discriminating oil sand from soil samples.
On the other hand, oil sand samples show a higher
activity concentration of 40K and 226Ra with respect
to soil samples. These concentrations are reasonable
considering that oil traps in the Kuçova oilfield are
commonly shales, which are known to have
abundances of uranium and thorium. Furthermore, it
is known that shales contain high abundances of
ilmenite and K-feldspar, and therefore high
abundances of K.
226
Table 1. Concentration expressed in Bq/kg at ±1σ
of 226Ra and 228Ra in soil, oil sand and sludge
samples.
226
Ra
Bq/kg
ID
228
Ra
Bq/kg
ID
Soil
226
Ra
Bq/kg
228
Ra
Bq/kg
Soil
S1
18.5 ±0.8
22.2 ±2.8
S17
13.5 ±0.7
15.5 ±1.1
S2
22.8 ±1.0
35.5 ±1.9
S20
18.3 ±0.9
19.7 ±1.8
S4
17.4 ±0.6
22.2 ±3.5
S21
11.9 ±0.9
11.1 ±1.0
S6
16.8 ±0.6
17.2 ±1.4
S7
16.5 ±1.3
20.7 ±2.2
OS22-1
22.2 ±0.6
22.4 ±1.8
Sample
type
N°
40
K
Bq/kg
226
Ra
Bq/kg
228
Ra
Bq/kg
228
Th
Bq/kg
137
Cs
Bq/kg
S8
15.0 ±0.6
15.7 ±1.3
OS22-2
23.5 ±1.4
25.2 ±3.2
Soil
21
297 ±48
206÷384
17 ±2
12÷23
19 ±5
11÷36
20 ±5
11÷35
6 ±4
1÷13
S9
13.7 ±1.8
14.7 ±1.3
OS22-3
24.6 ±1.3
25.0 ±1.5
Oil sand
10
549 ±12
532÷562
23 ±2
20÷25
23 ±2
19÷26
24 ±3
21÷29
n.d.
S10
16.6 ±0.6
18.0 ±2.7
OS22-4
24.4 ±0.7
25.3 ±1.6
Sludge
3
348 ±115
220÷443
19 ±4
15÷23
22 ±4
17÷26
23 ±6
17÷28
7 ±6
2÷14
Table 2. Average activity concentrations (±1σ) and
ranges for 40K, 226Ra, 228Ra, 228Th and 137Cs in soil,
oil sand and sludge samples.
Oil sand
S11-1
17.3 ±0.8
20.1 ±1.7
OS22-5
25.0 ±1.1
26.0 ±1.4
S11-2
16.8 ±0.6
16.6 ±2.1
OS23-1
20.6 ±0.6
19.3 ±2.0
S11-3
19.2 ±0.6
23.1 ±2.5
OS23-2
20.4 ±0.7
20.4 ±1.4
S11-4
16.1 ±0.9
18.3 ±1.2
OS23-3
22.4 ±1.8
22.9 ±1.5
S11-5
16.5 ±0.8
16.0 ±3.0
OS23-4
21.7 ±1.0
23.3 ±1.4
S12
17.5 ±0.6
19.7 ±2.2
OS23-5
20.7 ±0.7
21.6 ±1.4
S13
18.7 ±0.6
23.5 ±1.3
S14
17.3 ±0.6
17.4 ±1.3
SL3
17.8 ±0.7
25.6 ±1.7
S15
18.2 ±0.6
19.7 ±1.3
SL5
22.8 ±0.8
22.9 ±3.6
S16
18.1 ±0.6
17.7 ±1.2
SL19
15.4 ±1.2
17.2 ±1.4
n.d. states for “not detected”
Sludge
In Table 2 the average activity concentrations
±1σ standard deviation and the range are
summarized for all studied radionuclides. Produced
water and crude oil are not reported since all
radionuclides
measurements
correspond
to
minimum detectable activities (MDA), equal to 0.4,
1.1, 0.4, 1.4, and 0.2 Bq/kg respectively for 26Ra,
228
Ra, 228Th, 40K and 137Cs. The results for soil
samples are found to be lower or comparable to the
world median activity concentrations of 40K, 238U
and 232Th, which are respectively 400 Bq/kg, 35
Bq/kg and 30 Bq/kg [19]. 137Cs was detected only in
soil and sludge samples, showing high variable
concentrations. Indeed, for undisturbed soils with
high presence of minerals, 137Cs vertical migration is
rather slow and the greater fraction of activity
ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
Fig. 3. 228Th/228Ra activity concentration ratios for
oil sand samples. The equilibrium condition,
corresponding to the case in which both
radionuclides have the same activity, is shown with
the green line and the maximum ratio assuming
transient equilibrium with the red line.
However, radium isotopes are generally
unsupported in formation water and, since during oil
extraction a fraction of them can precipitate in oil
sands, an enhancement of concentration, as well as
disequilibrium in the decay chain can occur.
Disequilibrium in 228Ra decay segment was studied
in terms of the ratio between activity concentrations
of 228Th and 228Ra (Fig. 3). We observe ratio values
systematically greater than unity: however this is
158
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
not a strong evidence of disequilibrium within the
standard uncertainties.
the population (1 mSv/y) and for workers (6-20
mSv/y).
3.2 Radiological assessment
Table 3. The average (±1σ) and the range of
absorbed dose rates (D) and annual effective dose
rate (AEDR) for soil, sludge and oil sand samples.
The absorbed dose rate (D) in air from external
gamma radiation at 1 m above ground level due to
the presence of uniformly distributed natural
radionuclides in measured soils is calculated
according to UNSCEAR [19]:
D (nGy/h) = 0.0417AK + 0.462AU + 0.604ATh
D
nGy/h
AEDR
mSv/yr
Soil
21
32 ±5
21÷46
0.04 ±0.01
0.03÷0.06
Sludge
3
36 ±8
27÷42
0.04 ±0.01
0.03÷0.05
Oil sand
10
47 ±2
45÷50
0.06 ±0.01
0.05÷0.06
4 Conclusion
The results of this study are the first ever attempt on
identifying industrial processes in Albania that may
involve the enrichment of NORMs. In this
framework, the Kuçova oilfield is chosen as study
pilot area, where recently secondary recovery
techniques of oil extraction have been introduced.
The results will reveal the baseline information for
local environmental legacy policies. The activity
concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, 228Ra, 228Th and 137Cs
in soil samples collected in the Kuçova oilfield are
297 ± 48 Bq/kg, 17 ± 2 Bq/kg, 19 ± 5 Bq/kg, 20 ± 5
Bq/kg and 6 ± 4 Bq/kg, respectively. The 40K and
226
Ra activity concentrations in oil sand samples are
approximately 85% and 35% higher with respect to
values measured in soil samples. These anomalies
may be related to the presence of shale traps which
are the oil reservoir. However the excess of dose
due to eventual systematic dispersion of oil sand
residues in this area, assuming uniform distribution,
would lead to a negligible increase of annual
effective dose rate of population and workers. From
a radiological point of view, nowadays, processes of
oil extraction do present risks neither for worker nor
for the environment.
(2)
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[1] International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
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[2] Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom of 5 Dec.
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In Table 3 the results concerning the radiological
assessment are summarized. The obtained annual
outdoor effective dose rate of 0.04 ±0.01 mSv/y in
soils is lower than the worldwide annual effective
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ISBN: 978-960-474-375-9
N°
(1)
where AK, AU, ATh are the activity concentrations (in
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rate was performed adopting an outdoor time
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biological effectiveness in causing damage to
human tissue.
AEDR (mSv/yr) = D × 10-6 (mGy/h)
× 8760 (h/yr) × 0.7 (Sv/Gy) × 0.2
Sample type
159
Latest Trends in Energy, Environment and Development
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