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lrodrig8/pdf documents/Italian Program by Cengage Learning
Licensed to: iChapters User Licensed to: iChapters User CIAO! Seventh Edition Carla L. Riga Editor in Chief: PJ Boardman Publisher: Beth Kramer Executive Editor: Lara Semones Senior Content Project Manager: Esther Marshall © 2011, 2007, 2003 Heinle, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Assistant Editor: Katie Latour Editorial Assistant: Maria Colina Marketing Manager: Mary Jo Prinaris Marketing Coordinator: Janine Enos Senior Marketing Communications Manager: Stacey Purviance For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Academic Resource Center, 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to [email protected] Media Editor: Morgen Murphy Senior Print Buyer: Elizabeth Donaghey Library of Congress Control Number: 2009935088 Senior Art Director: Linda Jurras Student Edition: Text Designer: Jerilyn Bockorick ISBN-13: 978-1-4282-8837-9 Photo Researcher Coordinator: Pre-PressPMG ISBN-10: 1-4282-8837-6 Cover Designer: Harold Burch Production Service and Compositor: Pre-Press PMG Cover image: Aurora photos; Prow of a gondola, Venice Italy, RM Heinle, Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit academic.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Licensed to: iChapters User Capitolo preliminare Venezia. Piazza San Marco. Sullo sfondo: una nave da crociera La pronuncia italiana Vocali Dittonghi Consonanti Consonanti doppie Sillabazione Accento tonico Intonazione Parole affini per origine Nouns Adjectives Verbs Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Licensed to: iChapters User 2 Capitolo preliminare La pronuncia italiana To access the audio recordings, visit www.cengage.com/italian/ciao. CD 1, Track 2 There are 21 letters in the Italian alphabet. The written forms and names are: a b c d e f a bi ci di e effe g h i l m n gi acca i elle emme enne o p q r s t o pi qu erre esse ti u v z u vu (or vi) zeta Five additional letters appear in words of foreign origin: j k i lunga cappa w x doppia vu ics y ipsilon (or i greca) The following sections deal primarily with spelling–sound correspondences in Italian and their English equivalents. Listen carefully to your instructor, and then repeat the examples. Practice the pronunciation exercises recorded on the CD that correspond to the Capitolo preliminare; they have been devised to help you acquire good pronunciation. In describing Italian sounds, we will make use of the international phonetic symbols (shown between slash marks). You will notice that pronunciation in Italian corresponds very closely to spelling. This is particularly true of vowel sounds. 1. Vocali (Vowels) CD 1, Track 3 The five basic vowel sounds in Italian correspond to the five letters a, e, i, o, u. The pronunciation of e and o may vary slightly (closed or open sound).* Unlike English vowels, each Italian vowel represents only one sound. Vowels are never slurred or glided; when pronouncing them, the lips, jaw, and tongue must be kept in the same tense position to avoid offglide. The vowels will be presented according to their point of articulation, i being the first of the front vowels and u the last of the back vowels, as illustrated in the following diagram: i/i/ u/u/ e/e/ o/o/ o/ɔ/ e/ε/ a/a/ i e e a o o u /i/ /e/ /ε/ /a/ /ɔ/ /o/ /u/ is like i in marine. is like a (without glide) in late. is like e in let. is like a in father. is like o in soft. is like o in oh. is like u in rule. i vini di Ri.mini se Ebe vede te ecco sette fratelli la mia cara mamma oggi no nome e cognome una mu.sica pura *Closed and open pronunciation of e and o are illustrated by the following words: e (and), è (is); o (or), ho (I have). The pronunciation of these two vowels often varies regionally. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Licensed to: iChapters User La pronuncia italiana 2. Dittonghi (Diphthongs) CD 1, Track 4 When i and u are unstressed and precede or follow another vowel, they form with this vowel a diphthong and acquire the semivowel sounds /j/ and /w/. i u /j/ /w/ is like y in yet. is like the w in wet. più piano lei e lui un uomo buono When two semivowels combine with a vowel, they form a triphthong (miei, tuoi, guai). The vowels that form a diphthong or a triphthong are pronounced with just one emission of voice and correspond to just one syllable. 3. Consonanti (Consonants) CD 1, Track 5 Many single consonants are pronounced in Italian as they are in English. The sounds of the consonants b, f, m, n, and v present no difference in the two languages. Several consonant sounds, however, need special attention because of the manner in which they are pronounced or the way they are spelled. In general, Italian consonants are clear-cut and without aspiration. h is always silent: ha hanno ahi! oh! hotel d /d/ and t /t/ are similar to English but more dentalized: due tre denti Ti.voli vado alto grande tempo modo molto p /p/ is as in English but less plosive: papà Pa. dova dopo piano parola q /kw/ is always followed by the letter u and is pronounced like qu in quest: qui quando Pa.squa quale quaderno l /l/ is produced more forward in the mouth than in English: la lira lei libro li. ngua r /r/ is trilled. It is pronounced by pointing the tip of the tongue toward the gum of the upper front teeth: Roma caro treno amore vero s /z/ is pronounced as in rose when it is between vowels or when it begins a word in combination with the voiced consonants b, d, g, l, m, n, r, and v: rosa paese esame snob sviluppo s is voiceless /s/ as in sell in all other cases: sto stu.dio destino rosso sera Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 3 Licensed to: iChapters User 4 Capitolo preliminare z is sometimes voiced /dz/ as in beds, sometimes voiceless /ts/ as in bets: /dz/ zero zeta /ts/ romanzo mezzo marzo pizza Vene.zia gra.zie c and g before i or e are soft /č/,/ǧ/ as in chill and gentle: cento gesto baci gentile ciao giorno Ce.sare via.ggio ci.nema pa.gina c and g in all other cases are hard /k/,/g/ as in call and go: poco pago caffè guida caro lungo amico guerra cura gusto classe grosso scri.vere dogma ch and gh (found only before e or i) are also hard /k/,/g/: che aghi chi righe pochi laghi perché ghetto cuochi paghiamo gli /ʎ/ sounds approximately like lli in million: gli fo.glio fi.glio fami.glia vo.glio gn /ɲ/ sounds approximately like ni in onion: ogni signora lavagna cognome insegnare sc before i or e has a soft sound /š/ as in shell: sciare pesce scienza scena scemo sch before i or e sounds hard /sk/ as in skill: schiavo schema dischi mosche maschio 4. Consonanti doppie (Double Consonants) Double consonants are a characteristic of Italian. The sound of a double consonant is longer than the sound of a single consonant. To pronounce it correctly, it is necessary to shorten the sound of the preceding vowel and hold the sound of the double consonant twice as long. (A similar phenomenon may also be observed in English when pronouncing pairs of words, such as miss school; met Tim.) The reverse happens when pronouncing a single consonant. In this case, one should keep the sound of the preceding vowel longer, especially if the vowel is stressed. Compare: sono / sonno casa / cassa rosa / rossa speso / spesso sera / serra sano / sanno camino / cammino lego / leggo Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Licensed to: iChapters User La pronuncia italiana 5. Sillabazione (Syllabication) CD 1, Track 6 Phonetically, the tendency in Italian is, whenever possible, to begin the syllable with a consonant sound and to end it with a vowel sound. Grammatically, the separation of a word into syllables follows these rules: a. A single consonant between two vowels belongs with the following vowel or diphthong: a-ma-re no-me i-ta-lia-no be-ne le-zio-ne b. Double consonants are always divided: bel-lo mez-zo sil-la-ba mam-ma ra-gaz-za c. A combination of two different consonants belongs with the following vowel, unless the first consonant is l, m, n, or r. In this case, the two consonants are divided: pre-sto so-pra si-gno-ra ba-sta li-bro but: pron-to gior-no El-vi-ra par-to dor-mi lam-po d. In a combination of three consonants, the first belongs with the preceding syllable, but s always belongs with the following syllable: al-tro sem-pre en-tra-re im-pres-sio-ne in-gle-se but: fi-ne-stra gio-stra e-sper-to e. Unstressed i and u are not divided from the vowel they combine with: uo-mo pia-no pie-de Gio-van-ni Eu-ro-pa but: mi-o zi-i po-e-si-a pa-u-ra far-ma-ci-a 6. Accento tonico (Stress) CD 1, Track 7 The great majority of Italian words are stressed on the next-to-the-last syllable: signora bambino ragazzo cantare venire Several words are stressed on the last syllable; these words have a written accent on the last vowel. The accent mark can be grave (`) or acute (´). Most words have the grave accent. A few words take the acute accent; the list that follows includes the most common: perché affinché né... né macché benché purché why; because so that neither . . . nor no way although provided that Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 5 Licensed to: iChapters User 6 Capitolo preliminare A few monosyllabic words carry an accent mark to distinguish two words that are spelled the same but have different meanings: e (and) vs. è (is) si (oneself) vs. sì (yes) da (from) vs. dà (gives) se (if) vs. sé (self) te (you) vs. tè (tea) la (the) vs. là (there) Some words have the stress on the third-from-the-last syllable and a few verb forms on the fourth-from-the-last syllable: sabato compito tavola difficile dimenticano NOTE: When the stress does not fall on the next-to-the-last syllable, or when the word ends in a diphthong, the stress is indicated with a dot under the stressed syllable in Capitoli 1–6: fa.cile spia.ggia pra.ticano 7. Intonazione (Intonation) CD 1, Track 8 In general, the Italian sentence follows a homogeneous rhythm. Each syllable is important in determining its tempo. Pronounce the following sentence maintaining smooth, even timing: Sono Marcello Scotti. So - no - Mar - cel - lo - Scot - ti. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The voice normally follows a gently undulating movement, usually dropping toward the end when the meaning is completed. In a question, however, the voice rises on the last syllable: Declarative sentence: I signori Bettini sono di Milano. Interrogative sentence: Sono di Milano i signori Bettini? Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Licensed to: iChapters User Parole affini per origine (cognates) Parole affini per origine (cognates) While studying Italian, you will encounter many cognates. A cognate is an Italian word that looks like an English word and has a similar meaning because the words have a common origin. The following are a few tips that should help you recognize and use cognates. 1. Nouns ending in: -ia in Italian and -y in English. biologia sociologia biology sociology filosofia anatomia philosophy anatomy -ica in Italian and -ic(s) in English. mu.sica repu.bblica music republic poli.tica matema.tica politics mathematics identità università identity university eleganza pazienza elegance patience -tà in Italian and -ty in English. città società city society -za in Italian and -ce in English. importanza violenza importance violence -zione in Italian and -tion in English. nazione educazione nation education attenzione situazione attention situation -ore in Italian and -or in English. attore professore actor professor dottore motore doctor motor -a.rio in Italian and -ary in English. segreta.rio sala.rio secretary salary vocabola.rio funziona.rio vocabulary functionary -ista in Italian and -ist in English. artista pianista artist pianist violinista ottimista violinist optimist Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 7 Licensed to: iChapters User 8 Capitolo preliminare 2. Adjectives ending in: -ale in Italian and -al in English. speciale originale special original personale sentimentale personal sentimental -etto in Italian and -ect in English. perfetto eretto perfect erect corretto diretto correct direct -ico in Italian and -ical in English. ti.pico poli.tico typical political cla.ssico geogra.fico classical geographical -oso in Italian and -ous in English. generoso nervoso generous nervous curioso ambizioso curious ambitious 3. Verbs ending in: -care in Italian and -cate in English. educare complicare to educate to complicate indicare implicare to indicate to imply, implicate -izzare in Italian and -ize in English. organizzare analizzare to organize to analyze simpatizzare minimizzare to sympathize to minimize abolire stabilire to abolish to establish -ire in Italian and -ish in English. finire punire to finish to punish Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Licensed to: iChapters User Primo incontro Venezia. La basilica di San Marco Punti di vista | Ciao, come stai? Buon giorno, come sta? Studio di parole | Saluti e espressioni di cortesia Informazioni: Saluti In classe I numeri da 0 a 49 I giorni della settimana Vedute d’Italia | The Italian Language and Its Dialects Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Licensed to: iChapters User 10 Primo incontro Punti di vista Studenti universitari s’incontrano il primo giorno di lezioni. Ciao, come stai? CD 1, Track 9 Filippo incontra Marcello. Marcello è con Mary, una ragazza americana. MARCELLO Ciao, Filippo, come va? FILIPPO Bene, gra.zie, e tu come stai? MARCELLO Non c’è male, gra.zie. Ti presento Mary, un’amica. FILIPPO Buon giorno. MARY Buon giorno. FILIPPO Mi chiamo Filippo Pini. (Si danno la mano.) MARY Molto piacere. FILIPPO Piacere mio. Di dove sei, Mary? MARY Sono di New York, e tu? FILIPPO Io sono di Pisa. MARCELLO Mary è studentessa qui a Milano. FILIPPO Anch’io sono studente a Milano. MARCELLO Scusa, Filippo, dobbiamo andare. A domani. Buon giorno, come sta? meets / with Not bad / Let me introduce you to / friend They shake hands. Where are you from I’m from here I also we must go / I’ll see you tomorrow. CD 1, Track 10 Il professor Tempesti incontra il professor Candela e presenta la professoressa Fanti. PROF. TEMPESTI Buon giorno professor Candela, come sta? PROF. CANDELA Bene, gra.zie, e Lei? PROF. TEMPESTI Non c’è male, gra.zie. Conosce la professoressa Fanti? PROF. CANDELA Non ho il piacere... PROF. TEMPESTI Professor Candela, la professoressa Fanti. PROF. FANTI Molto piacere. (Si danno la mano.) PROF. CANDELA Piacere mio. Do you know I have not had the pleasure . . . Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Licensed to: iChapters User Punti di vista Studio di parole Saluti e espressioni di cortesia Brevi incontri e... sorprese. Ciao! Hello! Good-bye! Salve! Hello! (more formal than Ciao!) Buon giorno, signore. Good morning (Good day), Sir. Buona sera, signora. Good evening, Madam. Buona notte, signorina. Good night, Miss. Arrivederci. ArrivederLa. ¶ Good-bye. (formal sing.) A domani. I’ll see you tomorrow. A presto. I’ll see you soon. Come si chiama? (formal sing.) ∂ What is your name? Come ti chiami? (familiar sing.) (Molto) piacere. (Very) nice to meet you. Piacere mio. My pleasure. Per favore. / Per piacere. Please. Gra.zie. Thank you. Gra.zie mille. Thanks a million. Prego. You’re welcome. That’s quite all right. Scusi. (formal sing.) / Scusa. (familiar sing.) Excuse me. Come sta? (formal sing.) / Come stai? (familiar sing.) How are you? Come va? (familiar sing.) How’s it going? Bene, gra.zie, e Lei? (formal sing.) / Bene, gra.zie, e tu? (familiar sing.) Fine, thank you, and you? Molto bene. Very well. Non c’è male. Not bad. Così così. So-so. Mi chiamo Marcello Scotti. My name is Marcello Scotti. Ti presento... (familiar sing.) f Let me introduce . . . to you. (lit., I introduce Vi presento... (familiar pl.) to you . . . ) Di dove sei tu? (familiar sing.) f Where are you from? Di dov’è Lei? (formal sing.) Sono di... I am from . . . NOTE: Tu (You, singular) is the familiar form used by young people, close friends, family members, and with children. Lei (You, singular), the formal form, is used in all other cases. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 11 Licensed to: iChapters User 12 Primo incontro Informazioni Saluti Italians tend to be more formal than Americans when greeting and addressing each other. Among adults, acquaintances are addressed as Signore, Signora, or Signorina or by their titles: Professore(ssa), Dottore, Ingegnere, etc. The greeting Ciao!, which has become so popular abroad, is reserved in Italy only for very close friends, members of the family, relatives, and young people. When meeting either friends or acquaintances, as well as in introductions, Italians customarily shake hands, without distinction between sexes. A. Saluti. In pairs, complete the following dialogue between two students on the first day of class. — Come stai? — _______________, e tu? — _____________________. — Come ti chiami? — _______________, e tu? — ______________________. — Molto piacere. — _________________________. — Di dove sei? — __________________, e tu? — __________________________. — Come si chiama il professore/la professoressa d’italiano? — __________________________. — Gra.zie. — __________________________. — Arrivederci a domani. — __________________________. B. Incontri. In pairs, complete the following dialogue between two new neighbors. — Buon __________, signore/signora/signorina. Come sta? — _____________________, e Lei? — ______________________. — Io mi chiamo __________, e Lei? — ______________________. — Molto piacere. — _______________________. — Lei è di Roma? — No, ___________________, e Lei? — __________________________. — ArrivederLa. — __________________________. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Licensed to: iChapters User Punti di vista C. Brevi scambi. How would you . . . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. greet and introduce yourself to your professor? ask your professor how he/she is? ask another student how he/she is? ask another student what his/her name is? say good-bye to a classmate, adding that you will see him/her soon? D. Presentazioni. Greet and introduce y ourself to a student sitting nearby, indicating where you are from. Ask your classmate about himself/herself, and then introduce him/her to the class. Studio di parole In classe In un’a.ula ci sono (In a classroom there are): una lavagna un poster una carta geografica una finestra una porta una penna uno studente una studentessa un gesso un dizionario un computer un CD-ROM una sedia un foglio un quaderno una matita un tavolo Espressioni utili Il professore: Attenzione! Attention! Tutti insieme! All together! Ancora una volta! Once more! Ascoltate! Listen! Ripetete! Repeat! Che cos’è? What is it? A pa.gina... On page . . . co.mpito per domani (per lunedì) homework for tomorrow (for Monday) Adesso... Now . . . Aprite i libri! Open your books! una professoressa un libro Chiudete i libri! Close your books! Capite? Do you (pl.) understand? Gli studenti: (Sì), capisco. (Yes), I understand. (No), non capisco. (No), I don’t understand. Ripeta, per favore. Repeat, please. Come si dice... in italiano? How do you say . . . in Italian? Come si scrive... ? How do you write (spell) . . . ? Che cosa vuol dire... ? / Che cosa signi. fica... ? What does . . . mean? Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 13 Licensed to: iChapters User 14 Primo incontro A. Che cos’è? Point to various objects in the classroom and ask another student to identify them, following the example. Esempio —Che cos’è? —È una se.dia. B. Situazioni. What would you say in the following situations? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. You want to ask the meaning of the word beni. ssimo. You don’t understand what your instructor has said. You want to ask how to say, “You’re welcome” in Italian. You are not sure how to spell your instructor’s name. You would like your instructor to repeat something. Studio di parole I nu.meri da 0 a 49 0 zero 10 dieci 1 uno 11 u.ndici 2 due 12 do.dici 3 tre 13 tre.dici 4 quattro 14 quatto.rdici 5 cinque 15 qui. ndici 6 sei 16 se.dici 7 sette 17 diciassette 8 otto 18 diciotto 9 nove 19 diciannove 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 venti ventuno ventidue ventitrè ventiquattro venticinque ventisei ventisette ventotto ventinove I nu.meri da 0 a 49 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 trenta trentuno trentadue trentatrè trentaquattro trentacinque trentasei trentasette trentotto trentanove 40 quaranta 41 quarantuno 42 quarantadue 43 quarantatrè 44 quarantaquattro 45 quarantacinque 46 quarantasei 47 quarantasette 48 quarantotto 49 quarantanove 1. Note that the numbers venti, trenta, and quaranta drop the final vowel before adding uno and otto. 2. Tre takes an accent when it is added to venti, trenta, and quaranta. A. Giochiamo con i nu.meri. With a partner, take turns reading aloud each series of numbers and adding the missing number. Esempio 2, 4, 6,... —due, quattro, sei,... —due, quattro, sei, otto,... 1. 3, 6, 9,... 2. 1, 3, 5,... 3. 12, 14, 16,... 4. 5, 10, 15,... 5. 10, 8, 6,... 6. 42, 44, 46,... 7. 41, 40, 39,... Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Licensed to: iChapters User Capitolo preliminare and is supported by a series of pronunciation exercises. The remaining chapters include instructions and cues for the following types of recorded activities: • a variety of listening comprehension activities; • exercise sequences that reinforce the Punti grammaticali; • a dictation, or dettato, followed by questions; • a concluding section, Vedute d’Italia, which offers cultural information, is preceded by a Prima di leggere, and is followed by questions. Whenever students are expected to respond orally, the correct response is given by the speaker for immediate reinforcement and repetition. Responses to listening discrimination exercises appear in the Answer Key. Student Activities Manual Audio CDs (ISBN: 1-4390-8361-4) These audio CDs contain the audio files on which the listening activities in the Student Activities Manual are based. Heinle iLrn TM Learning Center Printed Access Card (ISBN: 1-4390-8443-2) The new all-in-one diagnostic, tutorial, assessment, assignment, and course management system includes an audio-enhanced eBook with integrated activities; companion videos; an interactive voiceboard; an online workbook with audio; an online lab manual with audio; interactive enrichment activities; and diagnostic activities that generate a personalized study plan for each student. Personal Tutor Printed Access Card (ISBN: 0-495-89857-0) Students have online access to experienced tutors with degrees in this subject area and can receive one-on-one tutoring and on-demand help with assignments. Ciao! Video Program on DVD (ISBN: 1-4390-8362-2) The Ciao! Video Program, based on the scope and sequence of Ciao!, enables students to see lively, engaging episodes in which Italian speakers carry out everyday functions also presented in the textbook, such as ordering a meal, shopping, and making travel arrangements. The Ciao! Premium Website Printed Access Card (ISBN: 1-4390-8541-2) This is an integrated, mulitmedia site that complements the Student Text. The Premium Website includes audio and video segments from the Student Text and Student Activities Manual in MP3 format. The Ciao! Companion Website (www.cengage.com/italian/ciao) This website features integrated, chapter-specific Web-exploration activities, self-grading quizzes, flashcards, a glossary, links to the Heinle iRadio audio tutorials, an iTunes® playlist for the Intermezzo music sections, as well as password-protected instructor resources. To the Instructor Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. AIE-15 Licensed to: iChapters User 16 Primo incontro Vedute d’Italia The Italian language and its dialects The Italian language stems directly from Latin. As the authority of ancient Rome fragmented, its language, Latin, also broke apart and formed several national European idioms. In the same way, numerous linguistic varieties, or dialects, took form within the Italian peninsula. They were the expressions of different centers of civilization within the larger Italian world. The dialect of Tuscany was assured linguistic supremacy by the political importance and geographic position of its principal city, Florence, and above all by the authority of the thirteenth-century Tuscan writers Dante, Petrarca, and Boccaccio. Each of these men wrote works of major literary significance in their native Tuscan dialect. Eventually, the Tuscan dialect became recognized as the official Italian language. For many centuries, however, the Italian language remained an exclusively literary mode of expression, used only by learned people. The different dialects continued to be spoken, a situation favored by the historical and political fragmentation of Italy, which remained divided into many separate city-states until the second half of the nineteenth century. The local dialect was often the official language of the court of that particular city-state. This was the case in Venice, a republic renowned for the skill of its diplomats. The eighteenth-century playwright Carlo Goldoni, who has been called by critics the Italian Molière, wrote many of his plays in Venetian. For example, in his dialect we find the word schiao, meaning your servant, which is derived from the Latin word for “slave,” esclavum. This is the origin of the international greeting ciao. Dante is considered the father of the Italian language and one of the greatest poets of the Western world. His major work is La Divina Commedia. Today Italy has achieved political as well as linguistic unity, and with few exceptions, everyone speaks Italian. The dialects, however, remain very much alive. Indeed, most Italians may be considered bilingual because, in addition to speaking Italian, they also speak or at least understand the dialect of their own region or city. The Italian language has a much more limited vocabulary than the English language. For example, the word signore is translated as sir, mister, gentleman, and lord. Similarly, the word signora corresponds to lady, madam, and Mrs. The word bello means beautiful and handsome; casa is both house and home. The Italian language itself continues to evolve, reflecting Italians’ interchange with the world on a global basis and in particular with North America. Many words from English or derived from English have found their way into the everyday language. For example, the following words are common: shopping, fastfood, quiz, and hamburger. And you will immediately recognize new computer-related terms, such as the following: mouse, cliccare, and formattare. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Licensed to: iChapters User Photo/Realia Credits 461 Photo/Realia Credits 1 Courtesy of the Author, photo by Roberta Riga; 9 PixAchi 2008 / Used under license from Shutterstock.com; 10 Courtesy of University of Trento; 16 Ken Welsh / Alamy; 17 Courtesy of APT del Milanese; 18 Courtesy of the Author; 20 Courtesy of the Author; 23 Sandro Vannini/CORBIS; 23 Ted Spiegel/CORBIS; 25 Courtesy of the Author; 27 Courtesy of the Author; 30 Chuck Pefley / Alamy; 31 Copyright 2009 Belle Momenti Photography / Used under license from Shutterstock.com; 32 Courtesy of the Author, photo by Liliana Riga; 34 Courtesy of APT del Milanese; 35 Courtesy of Pagine Giovani--Comune di Milano; 37 Courtesy of the Author; 38 Courtesy of Università di Trento; 41 Courtesy of the Author; 45 Courtesy of the Author; 46 Image copyright Mikhail Nekrasov 2009/Used under license from Shutterstock.com; 50 Heinle Image Resource Bank/Cengage Learning; 52 top left Marc Brasz/Corbis, top center HUBERT BOES/dpa/Landov; top right Frank Trapper/ Corbis; 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May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 462 Text Credits Grandadam / Stone / Getty Images; 254 Courtesy of Oggi Magazine; 255 top right Heinle Image Resource Bank/Cengage Learning; bottom left Courtesy of the Author; photo by Jane & Charles McGary; 257 Courtesy of the Author, photo by Liliana Riga; 258 Courtesy of the Author; 260 Courtesy of the Author; photo by Roberta Riga; 261 Courtesy of the Author; 262 Image copyright Gina Sanders 2009/Used under license from Shutterstock.com; 265 Courtesy of the Author; photo by Kathy Katz; 266 Courtesy of the Author; 269 Courtesy of the Author; photo by Lilly Kennedy; 270 Courtesy of the Author; photo by Janet & Charles McGary; 271 All Images Courtesy of the Author; 273 Courtesy of the Author; 274 Courtesy of Magazine PANORAMA; 275 All Images Courtesy of the Author, photos by Kathy Katz; 276 Courtesy of the Author; 278 All Images Cengage Learning; 279 Pascal Rossignol/Reuters/Corbis; 280 Courtesy of the Author; 281 Nancy Richmond / The Image Works; 282 top left bociek666/Used under license from Shutterstock.com, top center Simone van den Berg 2009/Used under license from Shutterstock.com, top right Courtesy of the Author; 284 Jetta Productions/Getty Images; 288 Chris Warde-Jones/The New York Times/Redux; 293 Marcin Balcerzak 2008 / Used under license from Shutterstock.com; 296 Provided by the Author, Courtesy of Donna Moderna N.43, 2008; 297 Chris Warde-Jones/The New York Times/Redux; 299 Courtesy of the Author, photo by Alessandro Casagrande; 300 Jack Affleck/Index Stock Imagery/jupiterimages; 301 Photodisc/Digital Vision/Getty Images; 302 Courtesy of the Author, photo by Janet and Charles Mcgary; 303 age fotostock / SuperStock; 304 center left Courtesy of the Author; photo by Janet & Charles McGary, center right Courtesy of the Authors; photo by Janet & Charles McGary; 307 Sheila Terry/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Images; 309 Gavin Hellier/Robert Harding/Getty Images; 311 Courtesy of the Author, photo by Adrian Bubb; 313 Courtesy of the Author, photo by Liliana Riga; 314 Image copyright Dmitry Sokolov 2009/Used under license from Shutterstock.com; 318 Courtesy of the Author; photo by Christian Cugnetti; 320 All Images Cengage Learning; 321 Marcos Delgado/epa/Corbis; 322 Courtesy of Azienda per il Turismo della Val di Sole; 323 Christopher Halloran 2009/ Used under license from Shutterstock.com; 326 Reproduced by permission of Valerio Scarpa Pubblicita Travelsport; 327 Jbor 2009/Used under license from Shutterstock.com; 329 Courtesy of the Author; 330 Courtesy of the Author; 333 center right Ritschel Ritschel/Mauritius/ Photolibrary , bottom left Roca 2009/ Used under license from Shutterstock.com; 336 Courtesy by Author; photo by Gianni Pais Becker; 339 center left Sandro Donda 2009 / Used under license from Shutterstock.com, center right NizamD 2009/Used under license from Shutterstock.com; 340 All images Heinle Image Resource Bank/Cengage Learning; 342 Joerg Mueller / Visum / The Image Works; 343 Courtesy of the Author; 349 Courtesy of the Author; photo by Adrian Bubb; 350 Courtesy of the Author; photo by Janet & Charles McGary; 351 Markus Dlouhy / Peter Arnold Inc.; 354 Courtesy of the Author; 359 Provided by the Author; Courtesy of Dr. Francesco Laurenzi; 362 All Images Cengage Learning; 363 Luca Bruno/ AP Photos; 364 Courtesy of the Author, photo by Liliana Riga; 365 Courtesy of Donna Moderna; 366 All Images Courtesy of the Author, photos by Liliana Riga; 368 WWF International / WWF Italia www.panda.org www.wwf.it; 371 Courtesy of the Author; 372 Courtesy of the Author; 373 Courtesy Provincia di Milano; 376 Courtesy of the Author, photo by Liliana Riga; 380 Provided by the Author, Courtesy of Podere Cogno; 381 Provided by the Author, Courtesy of Podere Cogno; 383 Courtesy of the Author, photo by Roberta Riga; 384 Courtesy of the Author, photo by Liliana Riga; 388 Courtesy of the Author; photo by Janet & Charles McGary; 390 Courtesy of the Author; photo by Cathy Katz; 391 Courtesy of the Author; photo by Francesca Benevento; 392 Micheline Pelletier/Corbis; 393 Courtesy of the Author; photo by Janet & Charles McGary; 395 Roger-Viollet / The Image Works; 397 center right Scala / Art Resource NY / ARS NY, center left Erich Lessing / Art Resource NY; 398 top center Terry Why/IndexStock Imagery/Photolibrary, bottom center Courtesy of the Author; top right Bryan Busovicki 2009/ Used under license from Shutterstock.com; bottom left Courtesy of the Author; photo by Janet & Charles McGary; bottom right Courtesy of the Author; photo by Francesca Benevento; 399 Courtesy of the Author, photo by Liliana Riga; 402 All Images Cengage Learning; 403 Elisabetta Villa/Getty Images Text Credits Capitolo 3 76–77: Interview with Professor Mario Diani from Università di Trento, by Professor James Kennedy, University of Edinburgh, December 2008. Capitolo 16 359–360: Interview with Dr. Francesco Laurenzi from Ospedale San Camillo in Roma, with Dr. Liliana Riga from the University of Edinburgh, January 2009. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.