docna wi li pirveli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis istoria da
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na wi li pirveli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis istoria da
sakiTxavi masala studentisaTvis avtorebi: g r ie r b u r o u s i za za r u x a Z e marine kvaWaZe lel a g a f r in d a S v il i levan izoria saarCevno sistemebis saerTaSoriso fondis warmomadgenloba saqarTveloSi International Foundation for Electoral Systems 2011 This сourse reader was developed in the framework of the four-year civic education initiative Increased Trust in the Electoral Process (ITEP), implemented by the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES). The reader is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, USAID or the United States Government. sakiTxavi masala SemuSavebulia saarCevno sistemebis saerTaSoriso fondis mier proeqtis `ndobis gazrda saarCevno procesebisadmi~ (ITEP) farglebSi. am sakiTxavi masalis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis mxardaWeriT `amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos~, USAID-is meSveobiT. gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi ekuTvniT mxolod avtorebs da SesaZloa, ar gamoxatavdes saarCevno sistemebis saerTaSoriso fondis, USAID-is an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis Sexedulebebs. redaqtori: zviad miminoSvili, ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa doqtori dizaineri da damkabadonebeli: TinaTin berberaSvili koreqtori: naTia osanaZe © 2011 International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES). All rights reserved. © 2011 IFES. yvela ufleba daculia. ISBN 978-9941-0-3667-5 3 s ar C e vi Sesavali ............................................................................................................................6 warsulis gakveTilebi .............................................................................................7 demokratiis principebi .........................................................................................12 demokratiuli moqalaqeoba ..................................................................................21 daskvna ..........................................................................................................................29 kari pirveli saxelmwifo marTvis sistema nawili pirveli. adamiani da sazogadoeba ....................................................31 Tavi 1.1. adamiani da sazogadoeba ........................................................................32 Tavi 1.2. bunebiTi mdgomareoba da samarTali .................................................38 Tavi 1.3. xelisuflebis saWiroeba .......................................................................39 Tavi 1.4. sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba ...........................................................42 nawili meore. xelisufleba ..................................................................................44 Tavi 2.1. ra aris xelisufleba? ............................................................................45 Tavi 2.2. ra aris xelisuflebis mizani? .............................................................46 Tavi 2.3. xelisuflebis mizani da mmarTvelobis formebi ...........................47 Tavi 2.4. konstituciuri mmarTveloba: xelisuflebis danawileba ..........50 Tavi 2.5. xelisufleba, moqalaqe da demokratiuli Rirebulebebi ..........51 nawili mesame. konstitucia ..................................................................................55 Tavi 3.1. konstituciis arsi da mokle istoria ...............................................56 Tavi 3.2. konstituciis Tvisebebi ........................................................................57 Tavi 3.3. konstituciis ZiriTadi principebi ..................................................63 Tavi 3.4. konstituciis saxeebi .............................................................................64 Tavi 3.5. konstitucionalizmis tradiciebi saqarTveloSi ........................66 Tavi 3.6. konstituciis funqciebi .......................................................................68 Tavi 3.7. saqarTvelos moqmedi 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstitucia .........69 nawili meoTxe. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebi ..............................72 Tavi 4.1. saxelmwifos forma – cneba da Sinaarsi ............................................73 Tavi 4.2. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma .......................................................73 Tavi 4.3. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis teritoriuli mowyoba (saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyoba) ................................................................81 Tavi 4.4. saqarTvelos, rogorc erTiani saxelmwifos, konstituciur-samarTlebrivi statusi ...........................................................83 Tavi 4.5. saxelmwifos kompetenciebis kategorizacia ..................................86 Tavi 4.6. suvereniteti ............................................................................................87 Tavi 4.7. saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis sxva formebi ..................................89 Tavi 4.8. politikuri reJimi ..................................................................................95 4 kari meore adamianis uflebebi nawili pirveli. adamianis uflebaTa arsi da buneba .............................103 Tavi 1.1. ra aris adamianis uflebebi? .................................................................104 nawili meore. adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTareba ..........................117 Tavi 2.1. adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTareba – antikuri epoqa ............119 Tavi 2.2. adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTareba – Sua saukuneebi .............121 Tavi 2.3. burJuaziuli revoluciebis roli adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTarebaSi ..................................................................................................123 Tavi 2.4. adamianis uflebaTa ganviTareba saqarTveloSi ............................124 Tavi 2.5. pirveli xelSekrulebebi adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ..............127 Tavi 2.6. adamianis uflebaTa klasifikacia ......................................................136 Tavi 2.7. adamianis uflebaTa `pirveli Taoba~ – samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi ............................................................................................140 Tavi 2.8. politikuri uflebebi ...........................................................................158 Tavi 2.9. socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebi ....................163 nawili mesame. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebi ........................169 Tavi 3.1. ra meqanizmebi icavs adamianis uflebebs erovnul doneze? ......170 Tavi 3.2. rogor xdeba adamianis uflebaTa dacva saerTaSoriso doneze? ........................................................................................................................177 Tavi 3.3. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis gaeros, anu universaluri, sistema ..........................................................................................................................178 Tavi 3.4. rogor aris daculi adamianis uflebebi regionalur doneze? ........................................................................................................................182 Tavi 3.5. saqarTvelo da evropis sabWo ..............................................................183 nawili meoTxe. calkeuli jgufebis uflebaTa dacva ..........................190 Tavi 4.1. SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa uflebebi ...................191 Tavi 4.2. erovnuli da eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebi ..........................194 Tavi 4.3. devnilTa uflebebi ................................................................................200 Tavi 4.4. bavSvis uflebebi ......................................................................................202 Tavi 4.5. genderuli Tanasworoba ........................................................................214 kari mesame samoqalaqo sazogadoeba nawili pirveli. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis istoria da arsi ............................................................................................................219 nawili meore. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da demokratia .......................233 nawili mesame. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da arCevnebi .........................239 nawili meoTxe. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi: warsuli gamocdileba da samomavlo gamowvevebi ...................................255 5 kari meoTxe demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba nawili pirveli. moqalaqis monawileoba sazogadoebrivi amocanebis gadawyvetaSi ..........................................................................................275 Tavi 1.1. moqalaqis sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgebloba ..................................276 Tavi 1.2. samoqalaqo aqtiuroba saqarTveloSi ...............................................277 Tavi 1.3. axali Taoba da samoqalaqo aqtiuroba ..............................................278 nawili meore. Tanamedrove demokratiis ganviTarebis tendenciebi .....................................................................................................................280 Tavi 2.1. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia .........................................................281 Tavi 2.2. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis gamowvevebi ...............................282 Tavi 2.3. `kargi mmarTvelobis~ principi. cnebis warmoSoba da misi Sinaarsi ........................................................................................................................284 Tavi 2.4. cnebis arsebiTi elementebi ..................................................................285 Tavi 2.5. cnebis praqtikuli daniSnuleba .........................................................286 Tavi 2.6. sajaro administraciis gamowvevebi. momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba ..............................................................................................................287 Tavi 2.7. decentralizacia ....................................................................................289 Tavi 2.8. moqalaqisa da sazogadoebrivi jgufebis gaaqtiureba ................290 Tavi 2.9. pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebis principi ...........................................292 nawili mesame. moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis saxeebi Tanamedrove demokratiul qveynebSi .............................................................294 Tavi 3.1. moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvebi da Sekrebebi ..............................................295 Tavi 3.2. momsaxurebis garantiebi .......................................................................297 Tavi 3.3. sazogadoebaze orientirebuli policia .........................................299 Tavi 3.3. erToblivi biujeti .................................................................................303 nawili meoTxe. moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi .................................................................................................................305 Tavi 4.1. sajaro administraciis reforma ........................................................306 Tavi 4.2. samoqalaqo monawileoba da momsaxurebis saagentoebi ...............307 Tavi 4.3. municipaluri servisebis gaumjobeseba ...........................................311 Tavi 4.4. moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis gaaqtiureba ....................................312 Tavi 4.5. studentebis Tanamonawileoba ............................................................314 daskvna ...............................................................................................................................316 sasargeblo bmulebi ..................................................................................................317 terminTa pirobiTi Semokleba ...........................................................................319 gamoyenebuli literatura ....................................................................................320 internet-bmulebi .......................................................................................................323 6 Sesavali Sesavali `adamians demokratiuli azrovnebis unari bunebiTad rodi mosdgams. masSi mometebulia egocentrizmi da eTnocentrizmi, rasac, rogorc sunTqvas, aranairi daostateba ar sWirdeba. demokratia ki, Tavis mxriv, imgvar Cvevebsa da momzadebas gulisxmobs, wvrTnas rom saWiroebs, radgan uamisod isini verc fexs moikideben da verc ganviTardebian~.1 rogori Cvevebi da ra kompetencia moeTxovebaT demokratiuli sazogadoebis moqalaqeebs? aris Tu ara sagrZnobi gansxvaveba demokratiul moqalaqeobasa da sxva saxis moqalaqeobas Soris? Tu moqalaqeni bunebrivad ar eltvian demokratiul principebs, rogorRa ganviTardnen ise, rom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi TviTdamkvidreba SeZlon?! aq wamoWrilia iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebmac winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos mimarTuleba gansazRvres. raki qarTuli sazogadoeba demokratiisken svlas ganagrZobs, moqalaqeebsac axleburi codniT aRWurva, axali unar-Cvevebisa da damokidebulebebis gamomuSaveba dasWirdebaT. am saxelmZRvanelosa da misi Tanmxlebi saswavlo kursis mizania, daexmaros universitetis studentebs, moemzadon demokratiuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeobisaTvis, raTa maT xeli Seuwyon qarTul sazogadoebaSi demokratiuli principebis ganxorcielebasa Tu danergvas, sazogadoebisa Tu pirovnebis sakeTildReod isargeblon yvela im sikeTiT, romelic Tan axlavs amgvar sistemas. swavlulebi, zogadad Tanxmdebian, rom jansaRi demokratiis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi arsebiTi roli moqalaqeebs ekisrebaT. marTalia, saxelisuflebo sistemis `ragvaroba~ qveynis xelisuflebis struqturiTa da qmedebiT ganisazRvreba, magram moqalaqeebmac mniSvnelovani roli unda Seasrulon am struqturis dakanonebaSi. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi moqalaqeebs gadawyvetilebis misaRebad mouwodeben – iseTi RonisZiebebis gasatareblad, sazogadoebisa Tu pirovnebis dacvasa da winsvlas rom emsaxureba. 1 Parker, W. (1996) Educating the Democratic Mind, p. 3. 7 demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis umetesoba, ase vTqvaT, respublikebs warmoagens. es gaxlavT arapirdapiri demokratiis sistema, sadac saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi xalxi missave warmomadgenlebs demokratiulad irCevs, raTa maT xalxis saxeliT marTon da iRvawon. am sistemis farglebSi saxelmwifos yoveldRiur mmarTvelobaSi xalxi uSualod ar aris CarTuli, Tumca sadave xelisuflebis Zalauflebisa mainc maT xelSia. aqedan gamomdinare, moqalaqeebi arsebiT rols TamaSoben, romlis Sesasrulebladac isini saTanadod unda aRiWurvon. amis efeqtianad gansaxorcieleblad moqalaqeebma garkveuli demokratiuli principebi unda aiTvison, saTanado unar-Cvevebi da demokratiis mxardasaWerad keTilganwyoba gamoimuSavon. saxelmZRvanelo gaTvaliswinebulia studentTaTvis safuZvliani codnis misawodeblad, raTa isini ukeT gaerkvnen saqarTveloSi sul ufro da ufro gamyarebul demokratiul sistemaSi; aseve, imis gasaazreblad, Tu ra rolis Sesruleba xelewifebaT da evalebaT moqalaqeebs da, imavdroulad, ra uflebamosilebani eniWebaT maT. zogierTebisTvis es axal ideebTan ziarebaa, zogs ki aRniSnuli informacia saSualebas miscems, misTvis ukve nacnob sakiTxebs xelaxla gadaxedos, imisda miuxedavad, Tu rogor aqvs gaazrebuli demokratiuli moqalaqeobis principebi dResdReobiT; es gaxlavT xangrZlivi da saimedo procesi, radgan demokratia didi Tavisuflebis Sanssac gvaZlevs da didi pasuxismgeblobis tvirTsac gvargunebs. warsulis gakveTilebi istorias bevri ram uswavlebia CvenTvis, Tu gavixsenebT mmarTvelobis sakiTxisadmi sxvadasxvagvar midgomas an imas, Tu rogori gansxvavebuli niSniT warimarTeboda demokratiuli idealebis ganviTareba Tu SezRudva. qvemoT movitanT warsulidan amoqeqil ramdenime ambavs – iseve, rogorc ufro gviandel istoriul faqtebs. TiToeuli ambis wakiTxvisas SeCerdiT da dafiqrdiT wamoWril kiTxvebze; gaiazreT, ra gakveTilis gamotana SegiZliaT demokratiis ganviTarebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. gaxsovdeT, zogjer Secdomebidanac imdensaves vswavlobT, ramdensac im saqmidan, romlisTvisac Tavi warmatebiT gagvirTmevia. 8 Sesavali ambavi I axlad aRmoCenili miwebisaken, axalSenebSi xalxi jguf-jgufad miemarTeba, Sordeba sazogadoebas, romlis rigebSic aqamde ucxovria. Cveul yofas mowyvetili, mSobliuri adgilebidan Sors, Tavs bevrad ufro laRad grZnobs da Tavis yoveldRiur yofas Tavad gankargavs. adamianebi qonebis mosaxveWad axali miwebisaken miiswrafian. oqros maZiebelTa ambavs maT yuramdec miuRwevia. gamdidrebis wyurviliT Sepyrobili uqonelni, mcire sagzliT, Soreul gzas dasdgomian. metwilad, `jentlmenTa~ wridan arian da, sxvisi Sromis xarjze cxovrebas miCveulni, mZime fizikur datvirTvas ver eguebian. maTi erTaderTi sazrunavi simdidris moxveWaa. daniSnulebis adgilas Casulni TavSesafars eZeben da wyalTan axlos saxldebian, egaa, rom garSemo sul Waobiani adgilebia; Tanac, irgvliv daavadebis gadamdebi uamravi koRo ireva! im aremareSi mkvidri mosaxleobac cxovrobs. rogor fiqrobT, riT sazrdooben isini? warmoidgineT, ramdeni gaWirvebisa da siZnelis pirispir aRmoCndebian! ra unda iRonon Tavis gasatanad? xom warmogidgeniaT, ra dabrkolebebis gadalaxva mouwevdaT moaxalSeneebs! isini, faqtiurad, verafers xdebodnen. oqros ZiebaSi imden dros xarjavdnen fuWad, rom saR azrs arafrad dagidevdnen: aRarc Tavis gatanaze fiqrobdnen, aRarc saxlis aSenebasa da aRarc sarCos momaragebaze, moaxloebuli civi zamTris TveebSi Tavi rom ramenairad gamoekvebaT. bevri maTgani dauZlurda da daavadmyofda, bevric, sakvebis simwiris gamo, SimSiliT daixoca! TiTqmis naxevari gawyda moaxalSeneobis pirvelive wlebSi. mkvidr mosaxleobasTan daZabuli urTierToba drodadro konfliqtSi gadaizrdeboda xolme, rac maT mSvidobian cxovrebas safrTxes uqadda. SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara am yvelafris Tavidan acileba? zemoT aRwerili ambebi 1607 wels xdeboda, rodesac as oTxma ingliselma axalmosaxlem jeimsTaunis kolonia daaarsa, sadac amJamad virjiniis Stati mdebareobs. dResdReobiT SeerTebuli Statebi 300 milionze meti adamianis samSobloa da 200 weliwadze metia, respublikur mmarTvelobaze dgas; da mainc, Tavdapirvelma britanulma koloniam TiTqmis ver gaamarTla. erT-erTi upirveles mizezTagani, rac avis momaswavebeli iyo britaneli axalmoSeneebisaTvis, marTvis uunaroba gaxldaT. amas garda, piradi interesebiT xelmZRvanelobam da piradulis saerTo saqmeze maRla dayenebam axalmoSeenebs safrTxe Seuqmna. 1608 wlis Semodgomaze koloniis mmarTvelTa sabWos prezidentad jon smiTi airCies. smiTma mkacri disciplinis politika gaatara, rac 9 yvelasgan koloniis Camosayalibeblad sasargeblo saqmianobas moiTxovda, – `vinc ar muSaobs – ar Wams~. im adreul xanebSi axalSenis gadarCena smiTis Zlieri mmarTvelobis damsaxurebaa. jeimsTaunis gamocdilebidan miRebuli gakveTilebis gaTvaliswineba yvelas egebis. pirvel rigSi unda davfiqrdeT mmarTvelobis formaze anu xelmZRvanelobaze, sazogadoebaSi pirovnebisaTvis dadgenili wesebis dacvasa da im Sedegebze, rac am wesebis ugulebelyofisas iCens Tavs. filosofos jon lokis (John Locke, 1632-1704) ganmartebiT, sakuTari interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT realobas Tvali unda gavusworoT da mis xarjze `sayovelTao Tanxmobas~ mivaRwioT. sayovelTao Tanxmoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom sazogadoebis wevrebi Tanxmdebian erTmaneTTan, danergon garkveuli wesebi, rac maT, rogorc sazogadoebis wevrebs, sikeTes uqadis. lokis mier SemoTavazebul sasargeblo wesebsa Tu kanonebs miekuTvneba sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba. lokis Teoriebze mmarTvelobasTan dakavSirebul momdevno epizodSi ufro mets SeityobT, gaigebT, rogori zemoqmedeba iqonies maT mmarTvelobis dRevandel formebze. aba, hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs, ratom girCevniaT uerTguloT im sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul kanonebs, romelSic trialebT? albaT damerwmunebiT, rom `sayovelTao Tanxmobas~ (sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas) didi sikeTe moaqvs kacobriobisaTvis; Tumca jeimsTaunis gamocdilebidan miRebuli kidev erTi gakveTili gvidasturebs, rom sayovelTao Tanxmobas garkveuli naklic axasiaTebs. calkeulma pirebma gaacnobieres, rom maT, sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad, pirovnuli survilebis garkveulwilad miCqmalvac mouwevdaT. sayovelTao keTildReobis ganmtkicebis TvalsazrisiT Cven erTmaneTze varT damokidebuli da amitom iZulebuli vxdebiT, xelisuflebis sasargeblod zog-zogierT upiratesobas SevelioT. SesaZloa dagvebados kiTxva, ra upiratesobebi unda daTmon moqalaqeebma nebiT Tu uneburad sayovelTao keTildReobis gansamtkiceblad? vnaxoT, ras gvaswavlis istoria am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. ambavi II warmovidginoT Zveli CineTis epoqa – qristeSobamde 221 weli. ukve 200 weliwadze metia, Cinelebi erTmaneTs ebrZvian, rac qveyanas xleCs da yvelas gulistkivils, tanjvas ayenebs. xelisuflebis saTaveSi eqceva imperatori cin Sixuangi, romelic qveyanas aerTianebs. misi mmarTvelobis wlebSi (Zv.w. 259-210) CineTi aRorZindeba: viTardeba vaWro- 10 Sesavali ba, mkvidrdeba saerTo ena da aigeba CineTis didi kedeli. rogor SeZlo erTma kacma, bolo moeRo saukunovani omisaTvis, gaeerTianebina da aeRorZinebina qveyana?! pasuxi cin Sixuangis mmarTvelobis stilSi unda moviZioT. man sruli wesrigi daamyara imis wyalobiT, rom RalatSi eWvmitanilebs, ganurCevlad yvelas, sikvdiliT sjida. mis samxedro kampaniasa da Tavdasxmebs aTasobiT kacis sicocxle Seewira – inteleqtualebi Tu sxva aTasi juris xalxi tanjvasa da katorRul SromaSi asrulebdnen sicocxles. cin Sixuangim mkacri cenzura daawesa da yvela wigni, romlis dedaarsi xels uSlida damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisis gabatonebas, cecxls misca. urCi swavlulni – cocxlad daamarxvina. imperatori samxedro Zalas iSveliebda mis mier gamocemuli kanonebis xorcSesasxmelad da qveyanaSi sikvdiliT dasjis ulmobeli wes-Cveulebis dasamkvidreblad. rogor fiqrobT, ra grZnobebs aRZravda xalxSi maTi mesveuri? Rirseulad emsaxura Tu ara imperatori cin Sixuangi Cinel xalxs? man xom bolo mouRo samoqalaqo oms da qveyana ganviTarebis gzaze daayena? iyo Tu ara aucilebeli amodena msxverplis gaReba da Rirda Tu ara am fasad winsvla ufro ganviTarebuli sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad? amarTlebs Tu ara saboloo mizani im saSualebebs, imperatorma rom gamoiyena CineTis gaerTianebisa da aRorZinebisaTvis? zogierTebi SesaZloa Segvedavon da amtkicon, rom cin Sixuangis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi aucilebeli iyo qveynis warmatebis uzrunvelsayofad, magram im epoqis xalxi albaT sxvagvarad fiqrobda da grZnobda. didgvarovnebic da glexebic erTnairad itanjebodnen misi uRlis qveS da amitomac aujanydnen. Zveli welTaRricxvis 207 wels, gaimperatorebidan meTxuTmete wlisTavze, cin Sixuangi taxtidan Camoagdes; mis mmarTvelobas bolo moeRo. cinebis uZvelesi dinastiis – iseve, rogorc bevri diqtatoruli reJimis – magaliTidan miRebuli gakveTili is aris, rom, rodesac moqalaqis uflebebs laxaven, SeuZlebelia xalxSi xelisuflebisadmi erTgulebis SenarCuneba. bolos da bolos Cagruli xalxi janydeba. radgan yoveli calkeuli pirovnebisTvis mniSvnelovania mTavarTaTvis xelisuflebis mindoba, moqmed xelisuflebasac, Tavis mxriv, moqalaqis uflebebis dacva da ganmtkiceba moeTxoveba. Tomas jefersonma (1743-1826), amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damoukideblobis deklaraciis avtorma, deklaraciaSi Cawera: `CvenTvis TavisTavad cxadia is udavo WeSmariteba, rom yvela adamiani dabadebulia, rogorc Tanaswori arseba, rom maT RvTis mier miniWebuli aqvT garkveuli xelSeuvali uflebebi, rogoricaa: sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisaken ltolva; 11 rom am uflebaTa gansamtkiceblad iqmnebian mTavrobebi, romlebic TavianT kanonier Zalauflebas Rebuloben maTive TanxmobiT, visac isini ganageben; rom Tu marTvis raime forma odesme am miznis Semlaxavi gaxdeba, xalxs ufleba eZleva Secvalos an gaauqmos igi, da Seqmnas axali xelisufleba, daafuZnos igi iseT principebze da iseTi ZalauflebiT aRWurvos, rogoric, misi azriT, yvelaze xelsayreli iqneba misi usafrTxoebisa da bednierebisaTvis~2. Tomas jefersonis am sityvebis miRma is azri xom ar ikveTeba, rom rodesac xalxi ukmayofiloa Tavisi xelisuflebisa, ufleba aqvs, gadaayenos mTavroba?! rasakvirvelia, ara. frTxilad moekideT am sakiTxs! `umniSvnelo da droebiTi~ siZneleebi arasakmarisi mizezia mTavrobis gadasayeneblad. kerZo uflebebis, survilebisa da saWiroebebis dapirispireba `sayovelTao da zogad keTildReobasTan~ mudmivad Tavs iCens demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. swored amitomaa, rom demokratiuli sistemis pirobebSi gamudmebiT mivmarTavT xelisuflebas, mxari dagviWiros amgvari daZabulobis ganmuxtvis saqmeSi da daawesos qcevis standartebi. Cven Cveulebriv vemorCilebiT amgvari standartebis dawesebas, radgan isini sazogadoebriv wesrigsa da usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofen. sxvaTa da sxvaTa mizezTa gamo Cveni zogierTi upiratesobis xelisuflebisaTvis `daTmobis~ cneba demokratiuli mmarTvelobisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania. radgan Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi metwilad respublikebad gvevlinebian, moqalaqeebi TavianT warmomadgenlebs im gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad irCeven, romlebic eleqtoratis interesebis dacvasa da sazogadoebis zogadi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas Seuwyobs xels. rodesac Cven ar veTanxmebiT kurss, romelsac sazogadoebis winaSe Cveni warmomadgenlebi warmoaCenen, ufleba gvaqvs gamovxatoT Cveni neba da sakuTari interesebis dasacavad sxva vinme avirCioT. amgvarad, Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebs xalxis survilebisa da moTxovnebisadmi gulisxmieri damokidebuleba evalebaT. Tumca, Tanamedrove demokratiuli qveynebis xelisuflebisgan, mxolod amas ar moveliT. arsebobs `demokratiis principebi~3, romlebic demokratiis ganviTarebis pirobebSi myof qveynebs mimarTulebas aZlevs da afasebs, ramdenad warmatebulad viTardeba iq demokratiuli procesebi. qveynebi, romlebic demokratiul refor2 amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damoukideblobis deklaraciidan; demokratiis klasikuri dokumentebi, Tbilisi (1994), gv. 35. 3 “Democracy for All”, Street Law, Inc. Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 12 Sesavali mebs atareben, swored am principebiT xelmZRvaneloben. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTuli demokratiisaTvis mizanSewonili iqneba am principebis mniSvnelovnebis gaTvaliswineba. demokratiis principebi ambavi III 1215 wlis inglisi – Sua saukuneebis xana. gabatonebulia absoluturi monarqiis sistema. ase rom, inglisis mefes sruli Zalaufleba upyria xelT da Tavs axvevs Tavis qveSevrdomebs. mxolod kaTolikuri eklesia ewinaaRmdegeba TviTmpyrobelobas. eklesiis winaSe finansuri davalianebis dasafaravad mefe mZime xarks akisrebs Tavis qveSevrdomT. urC gadamxdelebs umkacres sasjels uweseben. gansakuTrebiT inglisis maRali wodebis warmomadgenlebi – baronebi da didgvarovnebi – SeuSfoTebia mefis amgvar qmedebas, magram ra iRonon?! rogor ggoniaT, ras igrZnobdnen didebulebi, amodena simdidres rom unda Seleodnen mefis saameblad?! viTarebas kidev ufro is amZimebda, rom xarkis gadauxdelobis gamo mefis brZanebiT datusaRebulni sasjelisagan Tavis daRwevas veRar axerxebdnen. amgvar pirobebSi vin ras gaxdeboda, Zlevamosili mefis winaSe?! 1215 wels ramdenime didebulma mefis winaaRmdeg piri Sekra; gaCaRda samoqalaqo omi. didebulebma londoni rom daikaves, mefe maTTan Sexvedrasa da maTi moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebas daTanxmda. rogor ggoniaT, ra sakiTxebi wamoWres didebulebma da ratom unda eRo yurad mefes maTi esa Tu is moTxovna? didebulebma mefe aiZules, xelmoweriT daedasturebina `Tavisuflebis didi qartiis~ (magna karta, laT. Magna Carta Libertatum) saxeliT cnobili dokumentis WeSmariteba. am dokumentis wyalobiT bevri iseTi kanoni gamoikveTa, inglisSi urTierTobebis marTvas rom awesrigebda. dadginda ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi wesi: 1. winaswari samarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebis miuReblad pirovnebis dapatimrebis, gadasaxlebisa da dasjis akrZalva; 2. mefes ekisreboda valdebuleba, parlamentisagan gamoeTxova dabegvris nebarTva da 3. ecno parlamentis uflebamosileba. `Tavisuflebis didi qartiis~ saboloo debulebis Tanaxmad gacxadda, rom mefis mxridan dokumentis pirobebis ugulebelyofis SemTxvevaSi didebulebs mis winaaRmdeg omis warmoebis ufleba eniWebodaT. es 13 debulebebi xels uwyobda pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebis, kanonis uzenaesobis ganmtkicebis da xelisuflebiT borotad sargeblobaze kontrolis dawesebis demokratiuli principebis danergvas. rogorc uinston CerCilma 1956 wels brZana: `arsebobs mefeze zeaRmatebuli – kanoni, romelic man ar unda daarRvios. kanonis uzenaesobis amgvar dadasturebasa da zogadi xasiaTis qartiaSi mis warmoCinebas dasabami misca `Tavisuflebis didi qartiis~ Sesaqmnelad gaweulma Sromam. amiT da mxolod amiT aixsneba xalxis mxridan misdami esoden mokrZalebuli damokidebuleba~. Tanamedrove demokratiul qveynebSi xalxi angariSs sTxovs Tavis xelisuflebas. es, sul mcire, imas niSnavs, rom xelisuflebam unda miiRos gadawyvetilebebi da gamoxatos xalxis neba. kanonis uzenaesobis principi demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi principia. es imas niSnavs, rom aravina dgas kanonze maRla, yvelam unda daicvas igi da kanonze ZaladobisaTvis yvelas Tanabrad moekiTxos pasuxi. dabolos, didebulebma, romlebmac iZulebis wesiT daiTanxmes mefe, daTmobaze wasuliyo, SezRudes misi Zalaufleba da aiZules igi, inglisis parlamentTan eTanamSromla, kerZod ki, moepovebina parlamentis Tanxmoba xelaxal dabegvrasTan dakavSirebiT. rodesac mmarTveli moxele pasuxismgebelia sxva ZalovanTa winaSe, misi Zalaufleba izRudeba da Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobac mcirdeba. marTalia, `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~ Tavdapirvelad mxolod me-13 saukunis inglisel didgvarovanTa uflebebis dacvas uzrunvelyofda, saboloo jamSi igi rigiT adamianebsac miswvda; swored am dokumentis safuZvelze damkvidrda is principebi, romelTac mogvianebiT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsi demokratiuli qveynebis Seqmna ganapirobes. ambavi IV me-20 saukunis meore naxevaria. warmoidgineT, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi mSobliur enaze iRebdiT ganaTlebas da am dros Tqveni xelisufleba gicxadebT, rom yvela mniSvnelovani sagani sxva enaze – xelisuflebis mier `oficialurad~ SemoRebul enaze unda SeiswavloT. gadis ramdenime Tve da Tqven da Tqveni Tanatolebi siZneleebs awydebiT – giWirT axali enis srulyofilad aTviseba da klasidan klasSi gadasvla. ganaTleba Tu ver miiReT, ras giqadiT momavali? valdebulia Tu ara xelisufleba, daakmayofilos Tqveni moTxovnebi, Tundac rom mTavrobaSi ar gyavdeT Tqveni warmomadgenlebi? ras upasuxebT amaze? 14 Sesavali ai, ra daemarTaT 1976 wlis ivnisSi samxreT afrikis dasaxleba – souetoSi (Soweto) mcxovrebT. studentebi aparteidis saxeliT cnobili sistemis garemocvaSi cxovrobdnen. am sistemaSi samxreT afrikis ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri Zalaufleba TeTrkaniani umciresobis xelT iyo. xorcieldeboda Savkaniani da feradkaniani (Sereuli rasis) moqalaqeebis daTrgunvis politika, isini ki mosaxleobis 70 procents warmoadgendnen. irRveoda uamravi adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebi. TeTrkanianTa mmarTvelma xelisuflebam SemoiRo sastiki kanonebi, romelTa wyalobiTac araTeTkanianTa samsaxurSi miReba izRudeboda. kanonmdeblebi maT uxarisxo ganaTlebis sistemas sTavazobdnen da TviTneburad awesebdnen imasac, Tu sad ecxovraT, emogzauraT da emuSavaT Sav da feradkanianebs. axali kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac ganaTlebis miReba mxolod `oficialur~ enaze iyo nebadarTuli, Sav da feradkaniani mosaxleobis Cagvris kidev erTi xerxi gaxldaT. amjerad studentebma usamarTloba veRar aitanes da protestis niSnad quCaSi gamovidnen. am kanons 10 000-ze meti studenti aprotestebda, magram demonstracias didi dRe ar ewera. policiis mier gaxsnil cecxls 23 studentis sicocxle Seewira. marTalia, parlamenti, romelmac amgvari kanonebi SemoiRo, arCeuli iyo, magram Tavad mmarTveloba `demokratiul~ sistemad ver CaiTvleboda, radgan demokratiis araerTi principi fexqveS iTeleboda. umTavresad Sav da feradkanian moqalaqeTa uflebebi iTrguneboda. adamianTa uflebebis dacvaSi adamianis sicocxlisa da Rirsebis dacva da pativiscema igulisxmeba. ilaxeboda samxreTafrikeli xalxis gamoxatvis, monawileobis, TavSeyris, Tanasworobisa da ganaTlebis uflebebi. es magaliTi, imavdroulad, demokratiul qveyanaSi Tanasworobis principis ganxorcielebis aucileblobasac warmoaCens. Tanasworobis amgvari gaazreba imas gulisxmobs, rom yvela calkeuli pirovneba, rogorc sazogadoebis wevri, erTnairad faseulia da yvelas Tanabrad unda SeeZlos xelsayreli SesaZleblobis gamoyeneba Tu marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba. aravis daCagvra ar egebis miuxedavad rasisa, mrwamsisa, eTnikuri warmomavlobisa, sqesisa Tu seqsulauri orientaciisa. kidev erTi principi, romelsac am magaliTis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia CavuRrmavdeT, gaxlavT mosazreba `uflebaTa kanonproeqtis~, rogorc demokratiis principis, Sesaxeb. uflebaTa kanonproeqti moicavs yvela im uflebasa da Tavisuflebas, romliTac qveyanaSi mcxovrebi yoveli calkeuli piri SeiZleba sargeblobdes. araerT demokratiul saxelmwifos aqvs SemuSavebuli uflebaTa kanonproeqti, romelsac saxelmwifo konstituciis nawilad miiCnevs da mTavrobisagan am uflebaTa aRiarebas moiTxovs. samxreT afrikis aparteidul sistemaSi mcxovreb 15 aTasobiT Sav da feradkanians arasodes Rirsebia aseTi saimedo safari; ase rom, maTi uflebebis xelyofa `kanonierad~ miiCneoda amgvari aparteiduli sistemis pirobebSi. sabednierod, 1994 wels aparteidis sistema daiSala nawilobriv imis gamoc, rom samxreT afrikas souetos xocva-Jletis Semdeg saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobam yuradReba miapyro. amJamad Savi da feradkaniani mosaxleoba iseTive uflebebiT sargeblobs, rogoriTac maTi megobari TeTrkaniani moqalaqeebi. ambavi V es ambebi arcTu Soreul warsulSi moxda. axla iq Tanamedrove, industriuli saxelmwifoa. xalxs am saxelmwifoSi maTi uflebebis xelyofisagan, Cveulebriv, kanoni icavs. amgvari midgomis gamomuSavebas garkveuli dro dasWirda, radgan umciresobaTagan Semdgari jgufebi kanoniT ganmtkicebul Tanabaruflebianobas moiTxovdnen. da mainc, jer kidev arsebobs xalxis garkveuli jgufi, romelic misi gonebrivi Tu fizikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, diskriminacias ganicdis. isini unarSezRudul adamianTa kategorias miekuTvnebian da, mniSvnelovanwilad, izolirebuli arian sazogadoebisagan. ganaTlebis miRebisa da dasaqmebis SesaZleblobas moklebul am adamianebs xeli ar miuwvdebaT sazogadoebrivi Tavyrilobis adgilebze da xSirad awydebian sacxovreblis sakiTxTan dakavSirebul siZneleebs. amgvari viTarebidan gamomdinare, es pirebi ver sargebloben TavianTi im uflebebiT, usafrTxoebis RonisZiebebiTa Tu SesaZleblobebiT, romlebiTac imave saxelmwifoSi sxva, qmedunariani moqalaqeebi sargebloben. ra unda iRonon am pirebma TavianTi mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad? SeuZlia Tu ara umciresobas, moiTxovos kanonebis imgvarad Secvla, rom sazogadoebis umravlesobas aranairi ziani ar miadges? unda gaiTvaliswinos Tu ara xelisuflebam maTi moTxovnebi? es xdeboda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. aseTi azri gaxldaT aq gabatonebuli lamis mTeli istoriis manZilze, sanam bevri unarSezRuduli adamiani, maTi megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi gaiazrebdnen am usamarTlobas da imas, rom demokratiul saxelmwifoSi ase aRar unda gagrZelebuliyo. maT undodaT, mTavrobas iseTi kanonebi SemoeRo, rom unarSezRudulTa diskriminacias bolo moReboda. am miznis misaRwevad maT qmediT RonisZiebaTa momxreebis jgufebi Seqmnes, romlebic wlebis manZilze iRvwodnen kanonis Sesacvlelad – atarebdnen da eswrebodnen saprotesto gamosvlebsa da Tavyrilobebs, krefdnen fuls, qmnidnen kanonproeqtebs, saqmis viTarebas sazogadoebas acnobdnen, sakanon- 16 Sesavali mdeblo organoebs warudgendnen faqtebs, kanonmdeblebTan molaparakebebs awarmoebdnen, farulad zemoqmedebdnen xelisuflebis moxeleebze da diskriminaciuli kanonebis gasauqmeblad sarCeli SehqondaT.4 qmediT RonisZiebaTa momxreebi iTvaliswinebdnen imas, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi unarSezRuduli pirebi umciresobas warmoadgendnen; maT isic hqondaT gaazrebuli, rom sazogadoebis mxardaWera uTuod unda moepovebinaT. arsebuli stereotipebisa da miTebis dasamsxvrevad saWiro iyo sazogadoebisa da politikosebis gaTviTcnobiereba imis Taobaze, Tu ras warmoadgendnen unarSezRuduli adamianebi. qmediT RonisZiebaTa momxreebi metwilad im damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisis aRmosafxvrelad iRvwodnen, romlis Tanaxmadac unarSezRuduli adamianebi sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi veranair faseul wvlils ver Seitanen. brZolam unarSezRudul adamianTaTvis Tanabari uflebebis mosapoveblad nayofi gamoiRo – gamoica araerTi kanoni. maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovanTagani gaxldaT 1973 wlis federaluri `reabilitaciis aqti~. igi auqmebda im saagentoebsa da organizaciebs, romlebic kvalificiur pirTa diskriminaciis xarjze da mxolod da mxolod am pirTa unarSezRudulobis safuZvelze iTvisebdnen fulad saxsrebs. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani kanoni iyo 1975 wels gamocemuli `aqti – ganaTleba yvela unarSezRudul bavSvs~, romelic adgenda, rom unarSezRudul bavSvebs ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba hqondaT. marTalia, qmediT RonisZiebaTa momxreebs Zalze axarebdaT es cvlilebebi, isini mainc darwmunebulni iyvnen imaSi, rom meti damcavi meqanizmebis amoqmedeba iyo saWiro da amitom mTavrobisaTvis moTxovnebis wayenebas ganagrZobdnen. maTma mcdelobebma nayofi 1990 wels gamoiRo, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kongresma gamosca da prezidentma jorj h.u. buSma xelis moweriT daadastura kanoni `aqti – SezRuduli unaris mqone amerikelebi~. es umniSvnelovanesi sakanonmdeblo moRvaweoba unarSezRudul pirTa Tanabar pirobebSi Cayenebis sawindari gaxldaT maTi dasaqmebisas (kerZo biznesisa da arakomerciuli saagentoebis CaTvliT), transportiT gadayvanisas, saxelmwifo Tu adgilobrivi samTavrobo saqmianobis warmarTvisas. imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom kanoni kanonobs da unarSezRudul pirTa uflebebi ar irRveva, qmediT RonisZiebaTa momxreebi bevrgan adgilobriv doneze ewevian TavianT saqmianobas. erT-erTi maTgani, qaren demfsi (unarSezRuduli pirovneba) Tavisi regionis mTavrobasTan TanamSromlobda da am mimarTulebiT aSkara progress amCnevs. is amgvar ganmartebas iZleva: Arlene Mayerson, The History of the ADA: A Movement Perspective (1992) ix.: http://law.marquette.edu/s3/site/docs/psconference/history-of-ada.pdf. 4 17 `qalaqic Cven SemogvierTda da ager ukve xuTi welia Zal-Rones ar iSurebs mdgomareobis gvarianad gasaumjobeseblad. amas isic mowmobs, rom igi cdilobs 2005 wels SemuSavebuli gardamavali gegmis – `unarSezRuduli amerikelebis aqti~ (ADA) – danergvas. magram bevri ram kidev gasakeTebelia, magaliTad, daqanebuli trotuarebi, bordiurebze gamokveTili gasasvlelebi (maTTvis, vinc invalidis etls iyenebs) da sxva xelSemwyobi saSualebebi~5. cvlilebebis ganxorcielebasa da unarSezRuduli pirebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas qaren demfsis msgavsma bevrma moqalaqem didi Zalisxmeva Sealia. ras vswavlobT axals maTgan, iseve rogorc am ambebis gaanalizebidan, demokratiis Sesaxeb? aba, davfiqrdeT, axlaxan ganxilul principTagan romel erTs viTvaliswinebT? magaliTad, vicavT Tu ara Tanasworuflebianobis princips?! gasaTvaliswinebeli principebia agreTve moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileoba, politikuri Semwynarebloba da gamWvirvaloba. moqalaqeebma demokratiis asamoqmedeblad aqtiurad unda iRvawon. rakiRa xmis micema, Tavisi arsiT, erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan moqalaqeobriv pasuxismgeblobad miiCneva, swored is aris erTaderTi saSualeba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, romlis meSveobiTac moqalaqeebs saboloo Sedegze zemoqmedeba SeuZliaT. saqmis arsSi CaRrmaveba da sakuTari damokidebulebis daufaravad gacxadeba, saqmianobisaTvs xelis Sewyobis mizniT sxvadasxva gaerTianebebSi gawevrianeba, peticiebze xelis mowera Tu politikosebisTvis werilebis gagzavna, sazogadoebriv mitingebsa Tu Tavyrilobebze daswreba da TviT protestis gamoTqma – es yvelaferi sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gamosaxatavad Tu demokratiul sazogadoebaSi dasamkvidreblad sagulisxmo saSualebebia. swored amgvar qmedebaTa wyalobiT SemoiRes iseTi kanonebi, romlebic unarSezRuduli pirebis sxvebTan Tanasworuflebianobas uzrunvelyofs. am epizodSi xazgasmulia kidev erTi – politikuri Semwynareblobis – principi, romelsac aseve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. es imas niSnavs, rom yvela pirovnebas, Tundac igi umciresobis Tvalsazriss iziarebdes, Tavisi azris gamoxatva da Camoyalibeba Tavisuflad unda SeeZlos. amgvari uflebamosileba uyoymanod unda mieniWoT am jgufebs, rac imis sawindari iqneba, rom maT kanoni daicavs maSinac ki, rodesac isini umravlesobisaTvis miuRebel da mTavrobis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul Sexedulebebs gaiziareben. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi umciresobis xma yurad unda iRon `umravlesobis tiraniis~ Tavidan asacileblad – ti5 Quote in Activists seek more from Americans with Disabilities Act available at http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/archive/x1078554340/Activists-seek-more-from-Americans-with-Disabilities-Act# ixzz1RMz6XKA7. 18 Sesavali raniisa, mxolod umravlesobis Tvalsazrisisa Tu interesebis gamoxatvasa da sazogadoebisaTvis warmoCenas rom gulisxmobs. unarSezRudul pirTa qomagebs rom ver moexerxebinaT TavianiTi Tvalsazrisis gamoxatva da Camoyalibeba, albaT aranairi cvlilebebi ar moxdeboda. bevr amerikels ver gaeTavisebina unarSezRudul pirTa gasaWiri; amdenad, savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo, qmediT RonisZiebaTa momxreebs ver gaerTmiaT Tavi am saqmisaTvis da ver moexerxebinaT am sakiTxisadmi sazogadoebisa da kanonmdebelTa yuradRebis mipyroba. demokratiis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani principia gamWvirvaloba, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom moqalaqeebs xeli unda miuwvdebodeT gadawyvetilebebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiuli informaciis mopovebaze, anu imaze, Tu vin da ratom iRebs gadawyvetilebebs samTavrobo wreebSi. araerT demokratiul saxelmwifoSi zogierTi gadawyvetileba mxolod mas Semdeg miiReba, rac sazogadoeba SemoTavazebuli kanonebis Sesaxeb imsjelebs. amis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sazogadoebriv Tavyrilobebze daswrebisa Tu mTavrobis warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobis damyarebis saSualebiT. xelisuflebisaTvis saqmis arsis gacnobis, msgavs saSualebas unarSezRudul pirTa araerTi qomagi iyenebda, zogi maTgani ki – kongresis winaSec gamodioda. qaren demfsis msgavs gulSematkivrebs mTavrobis qmedebaTa gamWvirvalobisa da sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis progresisaTvis Tvalyuris devneba xelewifebaT. TiToeuli am principis dacva sazogadoebis majiscemis guldasmiT mosmenis SesaZleblobas iZleva. ambavi VI erT mmarTvels prezidentis Tanamdeboba ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ekava. Tavidan igi qveyanas Rirseulad emsaxureboda da qveynis infrastruqturis gaumjobesebisa Tu ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis Zal-Rones ar iSurebda. Tumca, xani rom gamoxda, TandaTanobiT, Sinaurebis – ojaxis wevrebis Tu axloblebis – sul ufro da ufro meti ZalauflebiT aRWurva iwyo. mis da masTan daaxloebuli pirebis xelSi qveynis dovlaTis umetesi wili moeqca. didi biznesidan Semosuli mogebis 50% maT gankargulebaSi gadadioda maSin, rodesac qveynis mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba siRatakeSi cxovrobda da ekonomikuri pirobebis aranair gaumjobesebas ar eloda. prezidenti zedamxedvelobda saxelmwifo mediasac da mTavrobis kritikisaTvis mkacr sanqciebs awesebda. ase rom, arCevnebi ki tardeboda, magram mmarTvelis winaaRmdeg, realurad, verc erTi namdvili opoziciuri kandidati verafers xdeboda. 19 qveynis 80-milioniani mosaxleobis – 50 milioni ocdaaT wlamde axalgazrdebi iyvnen, romlebic samomavlod saimedos arafers elodnen da verc adamianis uflebebis dacvis SesaZleblobas xedavdnen. maT, vinc xmas aimaRlebda mTavrobis winaaRmdeg, atusaRebdnen an, ubralod, aqrobdnen. kidev erTxel unda hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs, ras izamdiT, amgvar viTarebaSi rom aRmoCeniliyaviT? es egvipteSi xdeboda da aqaurma axalgazrdobam, Tavisi momavlisa da adamianis uflebebis dasacavad brZolis wamowyeba gadawyvita. prezident hosni mubaraqis mmarTvelobis dros demokratiis araerTi principi damaxinjda da gaukuRmarTda; maT Sorisaa perioduli, Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebi, mravalpartiuli sistema da ekonomikuri Tavisufleba. periodul arCevnebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom politikurma liderebma angariSvaldebulad igrZnon Tavi im xalxis winaSe, romelsac unda emsaxuron. Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebis kidev erTi komponenti is gaxlavT, rom garkveul sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebma yvela calkeulma pirma Tavisuflad unda dauWiros mxari sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebs, ris wyalobiTac SeZlebs mdidarTa Tu mmarTveli klasis zRvargadasulobas zRvari daudos. demokratiuli idealebis gamosaxatavad, garda arCevnebisa, mravalpartiuli sistemisaTvis esoden damaxasiaTebeli – sapirispiro Sexedulebebis warmoCenac aucilebelia. arCevnebi, romlis wylobiTac mravalgzis gaprezidentebuli hosni mubaraqi 30 wlis manZilze marTavda egviptes, naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, rom marto moCvenebiTi arCevnebis Catareba sulac ar niSnavs am principebis suliskveTebis danergvas. mubaraqis mier dawesebuli kontroli presaze saSualebas ar aZlevda opoziciur kandidatebs, xmamaRla gaekritikebinaT xelisufleba da raime clilebebi ganexorcielebinaT. sxva kanonebic, iseve, rogorc korufcia saxelisuflebo wreebSi, azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas zRudavda, Ria da `samarTliani~ arCevnebis Catarebas SeuZlebels xdida. aqedan gamomdinare, ar arsebobda mravalpartiuli sistemis Camoyalibebis pirobebi. mxolod mravalpartiuli sistemis pirobebSi SeuZlia xalxs moisminos gansxvavebuli azri da airCios sasurveli kandidati. egviptis moqalaqeebi moklebulni iyvnen namdvil ekonomikur Tavisuflebasac. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis principi albaT yvelaze ufro winaaRmdegobrivia, radgan igi imas gulisxmobs, rom demokratiis ganviTarebisTvis aucilebelia Taviseburi ekonomikuri sistema. Cveulebriv, demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi, miaCniaT, rom xelisuflebam kerZo sakuTreba garkveuli formiT unda dauSvas, rac sakuTrebis flobisa 20 Sesavali da biznesis warmoebis uflebas gulisxmobs da imasac, rom adamians Tavisi saqmianobis damoukideblad arCeva unda SeeZlos. Tumca zRvari, romelsac ama Tu im demokratiuli saxelmwifos xelisufleba ekonomikis regulirebis mizniT awesebs, sruliad sxvadasxvagvaria. aqedan gamomdinare, dasavleT evropis araerTi saxelmwifo xelisuflebas saSualebas aZlevs, meti qmediTunarianoba gamoiCinos momsaxurebis Tu saqonelwarmoebis mflobelobisa da gankargva-regulirebis saqmeSi. magaliTisaTvis, iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa SvedeTi, jandacvisa da satransporto sistemis marTvis sadaveebi saxelmwifos xelSia, SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsi saxelmwifoebi ki ufro kerZo sakuTrebisaken ixrebian da ekonomikur saqmianobas Tavisufali bazris karnaxiT warmarTaven. demokratiul qveynebSi xalxis neba-survilzea damokidebuli im ekonomikuri modelis gansazRvra, romelic qveyanaSi arsebul pirobebsa da saWiroebebs ukeT Seesatyviseba. da mainc, umravlesoba albaT dagveTanxmeba, rom egvipteSi gabatonebuli sistema, romelic xelisuflebas fufunebis uflebas aniWebda, moqalaqeebs ki metwilad siRatakisaTvis wiravda, Zalze arademokratiuli gaxldaT, xolo xelisuflebis mier ekonomikis regulirebis rols mTlianad amaxinjebda. bolos da bolos egviptis moqalaqeebi gamovidnen da mubaraqis gadadgoma moiTxoves. demokratiis bolo principi aseve arCevnebis sakiTxs Seexeba, oRond demokratiul sazogadoebaSi xalxmac da politikosebmac demokratiulad Catarebuli arCevnebis Sedegebi yovelgvari vnebaTaRelvis gareSe unda cnon. bolo epizodi, am sakiTxs naTels rom hfens, saTaves dasavleT afrikaSi mdebare qveynidan – spilos Zvlis sanapirodan (axlandeli kot-d'ivuari) iRebs. rodesac 2010 wlis noemberSi yofili prezidenti loran gbagbo (Laurent Gbagbo) alasane ouatarasTan (Alassane Ouattara) saprezidento arCevnebSi damarcxda, man da misma mxardamWerebma Sedegebi ar aRiares da gbagbom prezidentis Tanamdebobis datovebaze uari ganacxada. daiwyo didi vnebaTaRelva, ramac TveobiT gastana da aTasobiT adamianis daSaveba, sikvdili, ekonomikis CamoSla Tu socialuri areuloba gamoiwvia. mRelvareba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier yofili prezidentis – gbagbos damxobiT dasrulda. mTeli am ubedurebis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda, Tu ki demokratiis es bolo principi ar Seilaxeboda. zemoT motanil epizodebSi aRwerilia is pirobebi da principebi, demokratiasTan rom asocirdeba. msoflioSi drodadro ganviTarebuli ambebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia imis gaazreba, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs mmarTvelobis stils demokratiis ganviTarebisa Tu SezRudvis saqmeSi. `demokratiul principebSi~ dasaxul yvela ideals 21 samaradisod arc erTi saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs. kacobrioba axlac swavlobs; Tumca qveyanaSi demokratiis xarisxi Tavad am qveynis moqalaqeebze didad aris damokidebuli. am Tavis momdevno monakveTSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia imaze, Tu ra unda icodnen moqalaqeebma, rogor unda imoqmedon efeqturad, ra gziT miiRon monawileoba demokratiuli idealebis ganxorcielebis procesSi da ragvarad Seitanon TavianTi wvlili sazogadoebis gajansaRebaSi. 1787 wels amerikis pirveli cameti Statis delegatebi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen. maTi mizani TavianTi axlad Camoyalibebuli xelisuflebis reformireba iyo. am sxdomaze daiwera amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia. es swored is dokumentia, romelic dRemde SeerTebuli Statebis yvelanairi saxis mmarTvelobis safuZvelTa safuZvlad gvevlineba. da mainc, SeerTebul StatebSi erT ambavs xSirad ixseneben: sxdomis dasrulebisas damfuZnebel mamaTagan – benjamin franklinisaTvis ukiTxavT, Tu rogori mmarTvelobis formaze SeTanxmdnen sxdomis delegatebi. `respublikur mmarTvelobaze, Tuki SeinarCunebTo~6, – upasuxia franklins. modiT axla imas CavuRrmavdeT, Tu ra moeTxovebaT moqalaqeebs saqarTveloSi jansaRi da mzardi demokratiis `SesanarCuneblad~. demokratiuli moqalaqeoba `privilegirebuli moqalaqeebi, rogorc wesi, CagrulTa interesebis dasacavad da gasaviTareblad ar arian ganwyobili... nawilobriv es imis gamo xdeba, rom maTi privilegirebuli mdgomareoba garkveulwilad sxvaTa mudmiv Cagvrazea damokidebuli~.7 bolo TavSi aRwerili demokratiis principebi mtkicea mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu garkveuli Zalebi aqtiurad iRvwian am principebis SesanarCuneblad. ratom xdeba ase? wina TavSi mocemuli sxvadasxva scenarebi da zemoT mocemuli citata naTlad asaxavs, rom adamiani pirvel rigSi sakuTari interesebis dakmayofilebaze fiqrobs, maSinac ki, ro6 1787 wels franklinis gancxadeba Caiwera konstituciis erT-erTma xelmomwerma jeims makhenrim. 7 iris marion iangi (Iris Marion Young), `mmarTvelobis formebi da jgufuri gansxvavebebi: universaluri moqalaqeobis idealis kritika~, in beineri (In Beiner, R.) (redaqtori) moqalaqeobis Teoretizireba, olbani, niu-iurki: niu-iorkis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995, gv. 189. 22 Sesavali desac es sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis xarjze xdeba. Tu xelisufalni SeuzRudav Zalauflebas floben, maTi korumpirebuloba gardauvalia. mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi moRvawe ingliseli istorikosis da politikosis lord eqtonis (John Dalberg-Acton) xSirad citirebadi fraza `yvelanairi Zalaufleba midrekilia korufciisken, xolo absoluturi Zalaufleba absoluturad korumpirebulia~, iseve aqtualuria dRes, rogorc saukuneebis win. imisaTvis, rom davinaxoT Tu ramdenad sazianoa ukontrolo Zalaufleba, sakmarisia samxreT afrikis aparteidis, imperator cin Sixuangisa da egviptis prezidentis mubaraqis magaliTebis gaxseneba. maS ra meTodebiT SeuZlia sazogadoebas mTavrobis arsebobas, realur saWiroebebs, sakuTari interesebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebs, antikorufciul qmedebebsa da mocemuli Sesavlis pirvel TavSi aRweril demokratiul principebs Soris wonasworoba SeinarCunos? am SekiTxvaze pasuxi xelisuflebis struqturis tipSi da mis mier SesaZlo darRvevebis monitoringSia. mocemul TavSi aRwerilia am procesSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis monawileobis aucilebloba. demokratiis respublikur formaciaSi xalxis interesebi yvelaze ukeT maSin warmoCndeba, rodesac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba sajaro moxeleTa arCevnebsa da maTi saqmianobis monitoringSi, zogadad sajaro politikis formireba aqtiurad monawileobs. rogorc ki sazogadoeba am procesebs CamoSordeba, sistemis gamWvirvalobisa da balansis amosavali werili qreba da sajaro moxeleebi amomrCevelTa mxridan dawesebul SezRudvebs angariSs aRar uweven. aman, Tavis mxriv politikosebis da saxelisuflebo biurokratiis mxridan SesaZloa sazogado interesebis kerZoze Sewirva gamoiwvios da sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis uflebebis darRvevamdec migviyvanos. rogorc winamdebare Tavis dasawyisSi SevniSneT Zalauflebis mqone pirTa interesebSi SesaZloa masis interesebis dacva arc Sediodes, amitomac TviTadvokatireba Tavadve unda SeZlos. am rolis Sesasruleblad moqalaqeebs garkveuli codna, unarebi da midgoma sWirdebaT. informacia demokratiis principebis Sesaxeb garkveulwilad SesavalSive iyo mocemuli, Tumca bevrad metis codnaa saWiro xelisuflebis rolis, saqarTveloSi moqmedi mmarTvelobis sistemis, saqarTvelos konstituciis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis monawileobis sxvadasxva meTodebis, xelisuflebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erToblivi moqmedebis Sesaxebac. am naSromSi yuradReba swored zemoxsenebul sakiTxebs daeTmoba. pirvel karSi – `saxelmwifo marTvis sistema~ – aRwerili filosofiuri TvalTaxedva demokratiuli sazo- 23 gadoebebis ganviTarebaze da mokle istoria, mmarTvelobis sxvadasxvagvari sistemebis mimoxilvasTan erTad. am ZiriTadi informaciis Semdeg ganixileba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis istoria da demokratiis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi, raTa warmodgena Seiqmnas saqarTvelos winaSe arsebuli ganviTarebis unikaluri gamowvevebisa da realobis Sesaxeb, globaluri gamocdilebis fonze. imisaTvis, rom moqalaqem xelisufals angariSvaldebuleba Seaxsenos, is xelisuflebis TiToeuli Stos uflebamosilebaSi da mis SigniT arsebul rolebsa da moqmed struqturebSi kargad unda erkveodes. mTavrobis struqturis praqtikuli codna saWiroa sajaro politikis SemuSavebis procesSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis efeqturi monawileobis uzrunvelyofisTvisac. SeZleben ki moqalaqeebi gavlena moaxdinon politikis Camoyalibebaze, an eqnebaT maT motivacia am mimarTulebiT moqmedebisa, Tu ar ecodinebaT mTavrobis romel struqturebs, departamentebs unda mimarTon konkretul SemTxvevebSi? swored amis gamo, pirvel karSi aRwerilia saqarTvelos mTavrobis da saqarTvelos konstituciis ZiriTadi komponentebi, romelTa codna sasargebloa demokratiis ganviTarebaSi Tqveni wvlilis gazrdisaTvis. rogorc ukve vTqviT, respublikuri wyobis demokratiis mqone qveynis mTavrobas xalxis winaSe specifikuri valdebulebebi gaaCnia, rogoricaa: usafrTxoeba, daculoba da adamianis uflebaTa dacva. ra roli SeiZleba iTamaSon Cveulebrivma moqalaqeebma mTavrobis mxridan mocemuli funqciebis Sesrulebisas? meore, mesame da meoTxe karebSi mocemulia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli umniSvnelovanesi informacia. meore karSi, saTauriT `adamianis uflebebi~ Tqven SeityobT, Tu ra uflebebi aqvs yovel adamians, da aseve am uflebebis warmoSobis, dacvis, ganviTarebis procesis Sesaxeb. TiToeulma maTganma unda icodes sakuTari uflebebi da sxvaTa uflebebi imisaTvis, rom maTi pativiscema da dacva SeZlos. am karSi ganxiluli iqneba iseTi mniSvnelovani Temebi, rogoricaa: saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba da struqturebi, romelTac adamianis uflebebis darRvevisas unda mivmarToT. mesame karis saTauria – `samoqalaqo sazogadoeba~. demokratiuli sazogadoebis wevrebs ufleba aqvT miznebis dasadgenad saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sajaro politikaze zegavlenis mosaxdenad da xelisuflebis mxridan angariSvaldebulebis mosaTxovad organizebulad iTanamSromlon. yovelive es sazogadoebaSi `samoqalaqo sazogadoebad~ cnobili seqtoris meSveobiT xorcieldeba. xelisuflebis angariSvaldebulebis moTxovnasa da cvlilebaTa advokatirebaSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba sakmaod Zlier instruments warmoadgens. am karSi Tqven gaecnobiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istorias, da mis, rogorc mTavrobis sapirwone Zalis mniS- 24 Sesavali vnelobas. aseve miiRebT informacias dRevandel saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis moqmedebebis Sesaxeb. yvela karSi miiRebT informacias adamianis uflebebis da maTi dacvis saSualebebis Sesaxeb. meoTxe karSi saTauriT – `demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba~, Tqven demokratiul sazogadoebaSi samoqalaqo monawileobasTan dakavSirebul uflebebs da pasuxismgeblobebs gaecnobiT. ganxiluli iqneba ukanasknel xanebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare mravali reforma. yuradReba gamaxvildeba reformaTa gavlenasa da am procesebSi moqalaqeTa rolze. visaubrebT sazogadoebis gasaumjobeseblad saWiro RonisZiebebsa da demokratiis idealebis ganviTarebaSi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobasTan Tanamonawileobaze, aseve, im qmedebebze, romelTa ganxorcielebac moqalaqeebs xelisuflebisgan damoukideblad an masTan TanamSromlobiT SeuZliaT. am TavSi ganxiluli magaliTebi dagexmarebaT ukeTesad gaigoT, Tu rogor SegiZliaT ufro metad iaqtiuroT sazogadoebaSi da socialuri mniSvnelobis mqone ZiriTad sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze gavlena iqonioT. aRniSnul oTx karSi warmodgenili informacia mniSvnelovania imisaTvis, rom saqarTveloSi moqmedi demokratiis sistema, saxelmwifo pasuxismgebloba, da moqalaqeTa roli demokratiuli procesebis dacvisa da advokatirebis saqmeSi ukeTesad vicodeT. Tumca, mxolod codnis miReba sakmarisi ar aris. demokratiis sakiTxebze momuSave mecnierebi Tvlian: imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebam namdvilad Seqmnas da SeinarCunos mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forma moqalaqeebs garkveuli unarebi esaWiroebaT, Sesabamisad, upiratesoba `demokratiis kulturas~ unda mieniWos. warmatebuli demokratia mxolod informirebuli da aqtiuri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis CarTulobas iTxovs. amerikeli politologis robert dalis (Robert Dahl) azriT efeqturi demokratiis aucilebeli piroba moqalaqeebis `saganmanaTleblo codniT~8 aRWurvaa. dali gvixsnis, rom saganmanaTleblo codnis misaRebad moqalaqeebs unda SeeZloT informaciis mopoveba da unda hqondeT sakuTari azris gamoxatvis da alternatiuli poziciebis mosmenis unari saboloo gadawyvetilebebis miRebamde. Tumca informaciul epoqaSi, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, informaciaze mxolod swrafi xelmisawvdomoba ar kmara. adamianebs informaciis obieqturobis Sefasebis da SesaZlo damaxinjebis prognozirebis unaric unda gaaCndeT, raTa obieqturi daskvnebis gamotana SeZlon. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac Cven demokratiul sazogadoebaSi moqalaqeTaTvis saWiro unarebze vsaubrobT, vgulis8 robert a. dali, `demokratiis Sesaxeb~, niu heiveni, ielis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998, gv. 37. 25 xmobT maT SesaZleblobas, moiZion informacia sxvadasxva wyaroebidan, awarmoon informaciis kritikuli analizi, ganixilon sakiTxebi sxvebTan komunikaciaSi, mousminon sxvadasxva azrs da miiRon kompromisuli gadawyvetileba (cxrili 1.1.). iseT demokratiul qveynebSi, sadac moqalaqeebs zemoT naxsenebi unarebi ar gaaCniaT, gadawyvetilebebs im garemoSi Rebuloben, romelic asaxavs umravlesobis azrs, magram SesaZloa sazogadoebisTvis mavnebeli iyos. magaliTad, warmoidgineT: erT TemSi mcxovrebi ramdenime fermeri amCnevs, rom maTi naTesebi swrafad avaddeba. mecnierTa jgufi amtkicebs, rom daavadebis gamomwvevia haeriT gavrcelebadi soko. ufro metic, mecnierebi acxadeben, rom soko pesticidebze ar reagirebs, amitom sokovani daavadebis salikvidaciod garSemo perimetrze mdebare mTeli naTesebi unda ganadgurdes. miRebuli rekomendaciebidan da sokos sagangaSo siswrafiT gavrcelebis gamo adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi sTxoven xelisuflebas, swrafad imoqmedos da daavadebuli naTesebi dauyovnebliv gaanadguros. Tumca, ra iqneboda Tuki sakiTxis metad Seswavlis Sedegad aRmoCndeboda, rom `mecnierTa~ am jgufis meTodebi da maT mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi tradiciuli mecnierebis CarCoSi ver jdeba? iqneb arsebobs sxva, safuZvliani samecniero informacia, romelic zemoT aRweril daskvnebs ewinaaRmdegeba da ambobs, rom soko haeriT ar vrceldeba, aramed is gadaaqvs mxolod erTgvar mwers, romlis ganadgurebac advilad SeiZleba pesticidiT. moqalaqeebi, romelTac aqvT sxvadasxva wyaroebidan informaciis moZiebis, misi kritikuli gaanalizebis da sxvebTan TanamSromlobis unari, unda moemzadon racionaluri, informaciaze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. aseTi moqalaqeebi TemisTvis sasikeTo qmedebebs ganaxorcieleben. 26 Sesavali crili 1.1. demokratiuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis monawileobisaTvis aucilebeli unarebi9 1. kritikulad azrovnebis unari 2. informirebulobasa da pasuxismgeblobaze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis unari 3. informaciis analizis unari 4. informaciis Sefasebis unari 5. sakiTxebis ganxilvis da sxvadasxva mosazrebis gaTvaliswinebis unari 6. mikerZoebis, Tvalsazrisis da konteqstis amocnobis, informaciis wyaros sandoobis Sefasebis unari 7. mimdinare sakiTxebis Seswavlis da moxsenebiT wardgomis unari 8. informaciaze dafuZnebuli SekiTxvebis formulirebis unari 9. informaciis mosaZieblad efeqturi strategiebis gamoyenebis unari 10. informaciis werilobiTi, grafikuli da verbaluri formiT Sejamebis unari 11. sxvebTan TanamSromlobiT miznis miRwevis unari 12. liderisTvis damaxasiaTebeli unarebi 13. problemis gadawyvetis unari 14. efeqturi da racionaluri argumentis moyvanis unari cxrilSi 1.1 CamoTvlili sxva unarebi sazogadoebaSi arsebuli problemebis mosagvareblad moqalaqeTa saerTo miznebis miRwevisTvis TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobas ukavSirdeba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, demokratiis pirobebSi pirovnebebs sxvebTan erTad gaerTianebebis Camoyalibebis SesaZlebloba unda gaaCndeT. aseTi gaerTianebebi moqa9 cxrilSi 1.1-Si CamoTvlili unarebi efuZneba samoqalaqo ganaTlebis a.S.S.-Si aprobirebul saxelmZRvaneloebsa da Sefasebis meTodebs: `samoqalaqo ganaTlebis erovnuli standartebi~; `samoqalaqo ganaTlebis progresis erovnuli Sefaseba~ (NAEP); `socialuri mecnierebis erovnuli sabWos standartebi samoqalaqo ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi~. 27 laqeebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, saerTo miznebis misaRwevad jgufuri resursebi gamoiyenon. Tumca, sxva moqalaqeebTan, organizaciebTan da xelisuflebasTan warmatebuli interaqciisTvis damatebiTi unarebic saWiroa, gansakuTrebiT komunikaciis mxriv. demokratiul moqalaqeobasTan asocirebuli unarebis mniSvnelobis gamo, mocemul naSromSi warmodgenili saswavlo kursi iTxovs Tqvens aqtiur monawileobas. auditoriaSi saqmianobiT, davalebebis SesrulebiT da proeqtebze muSaobiT Tqven bevri mniSvnelovani unaris ganviTareba SegeZlebaT. es procesi naSromis kiTxvisTanave iwyeba. magaliTad, rodesac saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formebis Sesaxeb pirvel TavSi mocemul informacias gaecnobiT, yoveli sistemis dadebiTsa da uaryofiTzec dafiqrdiT. saqarTvelos konstituciis Sesaxeb sakiTxavSi daukvirdiT, demokratiis romel principebs amoicnobT da aris Tu ara iseTi elementebi, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, gaZlierebas moiTxovs. yovel TavSi warmodgenili informaciis kritikulad aRqmis gziT igrZnobT, rom Tqven demokratiuli sazogadoebis partniori xarT da ganiviTarebT iseT gonebriv unarebs, romlebic demokratiul moqalaqeobasTan asocirdeba. gaxsovdeT, rom demokratiuli qveynis Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis pasuxismgeblobaa, xelisuflebas angariSvaldebulebas sTxovdes da sazogadoebis keTildReobis gaumjobesebis procesSi aqtiurad monawileobdes. meoTxe karSi ixilavT magaliTebs, Tu rogor axorcieleben am yvelafers saqarTvelosa da sxva qveynebis moqalaqeebi. Tanmxlebi saswavlo kursis farglebSi miRebuli davalebebis SesrulebiT Tqven aseve SeiZenT aqtiuri samoqalaqo CarTulobis gamocdilebas. mTavari, rac unda gaviazroT, aris is, rom demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis mxolod mmarTvelobis demokratiuli sistemis formireba ar aris sakmarisi. rogorc egvipteSi prezident mubaraqis `arCevnebi~ garCevis dros ganvixileT, demokratia bevrad mets niSnavs, vidre adamianebisaTvis mxolod xmis micemis uflebis qonaa (iseve, rogorc demokratiuli moqalaqeoba bevrad metia, vidre ubralod arCevnebSi xmis micema). meoce saukuneSi moRvawe mecnierebi ambobdnen, rom socialuri, ekonomikuri, an politikuri krizisis dros demokratiuli institutebis CamoSlis safrTxe ufro realuri im qveynebSia, sadac `demokratiis kultura~ Zlierad ar aris ganviTarebuli. demokratiul qveynebs meti Sansi aqvT, gadaurCnen kriziss, Tuki daculi iqneba iseTi demokratiuli idealebi rogoricaa: kanonis uzenaesoba; adamianis uflebaTa dacva; samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs Soris Tanasworoba; uzrunvelyofilia xelisuflebis gamWvirvaloba. 28 Sesavali cxrilSi 1.2 aRwerilia jansaR demokratiasTan asocirebuli ganwyobebi. mocemuli CamonaTvalis gacnobisas, da rac ukve iswavleT imaze dayrdnobiT dausviT Tqvens Tavs kiTxva: marTlac mniSnelovania Tu ara TiToeuli ganwyoba-damokidebuleba demokratiis SenarCunebisaTvis? Semdeg dafiqrdiT, imaze: romeli ganwyoba gaxasiaTebT Tqven amJamad? am Sexedulebebidan zogierTi SesaZloa advilad aiTvisoT, magram zogierTic gamocdilebis da axali codnis SeZenis Sedegad gangiviTardebaT. mocemuli kursis mizania dagexmaroT demokratiuli idealebis, rogorc saqarTveloSi jansaRi demokratiisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtorebis, gamokvlevis da gaTavisebis procesSi. cxrili 1.2. demokratiul moqalaqeobasTan asocirebuli ganwyobebi10 10 1. pirovnebis, rogorc moqalaqis mier pirovnuli, politikuri da ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblobis aRebis saWiroebis aRiareba 2. individualuri Rirebulebebis da adamianis Rirsebis pativiscema 3. xelisuflebisadmi pativiscema da ndoba; kanonis uzenaesobis pativiscema 4. gansxvavebuli azris da cxovrebis wesisadmi tolerantuloba 5. sakuTar sazogadoebaSi cvlilebebis moxdenaze zegavlenis SesaZleblobis mniSnvelobis SegrZneba 6. demokratiuli qveynis jansaRi funqcionirebis sakiTxSi samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis SegrZneba da samoqalaqo aqtivobebSi informirebuli, gaazrebuli da efeqturi monawileoba cxrilSi 1.2 CamoTvlili ganwyobebi efuZneba samoqalaqo ganaTlebis a.S.S.-Si aprobirebul saxelmZRvaneloebsa da Sefasebis meTodebs: `samoqalaqo ganaTlebis erovnuli standartebi~; `samoqalaqo ganaTlebis progresis erovnuli Sefaseba~ (NAEP); `socialuri mecnierebis erovnuli sabWos standartebi samoqalaqo ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi~. 29 daskvna TiTqmis aTi wlis win saqarTvelos moqalaqeebma, samoqalaqo sazogadoebam da politikuri wreebis warmomadgenlebma miiRes Segnebuli gadawyvetileba daecvaT maTi yvelaze fundamenturi demokratiuli uflebebi da qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebis traeqtoria SeecvalaT. axla ki, Tqveni Taobis amocanaa, miiRos es gamowveva da ganaviTaros demokratiuli sazogadoeba, ise, rom is kidev ufro ayvavdes. mocemuli naSromis mizania mogceT is codna, romelic saqarTvelos sazogadoebaSi demokratiuli moqalaqis statusiT efeqturad monawileobisaTvis dagWirdebaT. Tumca, es ar aris pasiuri qmedeba. mogiwevT mTeli Tqveni gonebiT da guliT CaerToT procesSi da gaiazroT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebT saqarTvelos demokratiis xarisxis gaumjobesebasa da SenarCunebaSi. kari pirveli saxelmwifo marTvis sistema am karSi mocemulia zogierTi ZiriTadi cneba da Sexeduleba sazogadoebisa da adamianis Sesaxeb, warmodgenilia socialuri daniSnulebis gaazrebisaTvis saWiro mimarTulebebi, SevexebiT mosazrebebs bunebiTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, mis problemebs da maTi gadawyvetis lokiseul gzas sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ganxilvis fonze. es dagexmarebaT gaizroT, ra gavlena moaxdina am Sexedulebebma Tanamedrove saxelmwifos organizebaSi, ra mTavari Rirebulebebia xelisuflebis da pirovnebis urTierTobaSi, rogor da ris safuZvelze unda xdebodes am urTierTobebis regulireba? karis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT iseT sakvanZo sakiTxebze rogoricaa: adamiani da sazogadoeba; bunebiTi mdgomareoba da samarTali; sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba; xelisufleba da misi saWiroeba; samarTali, zneoba, morali, adaTi; Rirebulebebi – Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, wesrigi. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 31 nawili pirveli adamiani da sazogadoeba pirveli karis pirveli nawili adamians saxelmwifoebrivi da politikuri rakursiT warmoaCens. ganvixilavT Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis sistemas, romelmac adamiani moqalaqed aqcia. Tvals gavadevnebT azrovnebis ganviTarebis im mimarTulebas, romelmac moqalaqe saxelmwifos mSeneblis rangSi aiyvana. gaviazrebT, Tu ra dakarga da ra SeiZina adamianma moqalaqeobiT. vimsjelebT xelisuflebis valdebulebebsa da misiaze, romelic mas Tavad sazogadoebam daakisra. gavaanalizebT xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobas, rogorc Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da wesrigis dambalanseblisas. nawilis dasasruls SeZlebT upasuxoT Semdegi saxis kiTxvebs: • rogoria adamiani, rogorc socialuri arseba? • ra miznebi da interesebi amoZravebs adamians? • rogoria Tanamedrove sazogadoeba da ra Rirebulebebi aqvs mas? • ra moxdeba, Tu adamiani sazogadoebisgan mowonebul Rirebulebebs ganudgeba? • vis da rogor ekisreba pasuxismgebloba adamianebis usafrTxo da mSvidobian Tanaarsebobaze saxelmwifoSi? • rogoria adamianis / moqalaqis da saxelmwifos urTierTmimarTebebi? • ra aris samarTali? • ra normebi aregulirebs sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs? • SeiZleba Tu ara arsebobdes saxelmwifo, xelisuflebisa da kanonebis gareSe? • ras niSnavs `bunebiTi mdgomareoba~? • nacvalgebisa da wonasworobis rogori sistemaa `sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba~? 32 kari pirveli Tavi 1.1 adamiani da sazogadoeba `rogorc ki adamianebi sazogadoebaSi moeqcevian, isini kargaven TavianTi sisustis grZnobas~.1 es sityvebi samarTlis did filosofoss Sarl lui monteskies ekuTvnis. is, samarTlis filosofiis sxva mkvlevarni Tu maTi Semdgomi interpretatorebi karga xani cdilobdnen adamiani warmoeCinaT, rogorc sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos mTavari subieqti da Rirebuleba. monteskies zemoT motanili citata mianiSnebs adamianur bunebaze, razedac dafuZnebulia adamianebis sazogadoebad da saxelmwifod cxovrebis filosofia. adamiani sazogadoebis ganZia. misi samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis safuZvlebi da maTi ganxorcieleba qveynis ZiriTad kanonSi – konstituciaSia garantirebuli. adamianisa da moqalaqis samarTlebrivi statusis konstituciaSi gansazRvra, anu uflebebisa da movaleobebis gamocxadeba misi, rogorc biosocialuri arsebis, saerTo sazogadoebrivi statusis nawilia. sazogadoebaSi adamianis mdgomareoba samarTlebrivis garda, sxva mravali socialuri normiTac ganisazRvreba. adamiani fsiqofiziologiuri arsebacaa, pirovnebac da moqalaqec, ris gamoc igi sazogadoebriv urTierTobebsa Tu politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobs da Sesabamisi uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da movaleobebi gaaCnia. adamianebi, sakuTari miznebisa da interesebis realizaciisTvis individualuri nebis gaerTianebis aucileblobas grZnoben, ris misaRwevadac TanamSromloba gardauvalia. adamianis miznebi, interesebi da amocanebi misi cnobieri mimarTebebia garesamyaros faqtebisa da movlenebisadmi, Sesabamisad, adamians sWirdeba ara mxolod biologiuri, aramed socialuri kvlavwarmoeba (reproduqcia). amitom sociumi da adamianTa sazogadoeba aris `individualur ZalTa SeerTeba TanaarsebobisaTvis sabrZolvelad da saerTo moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad~.2 Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ukiduresad rTuli socialuri movlenaa, rogorc struqturuli, ise Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT. dRevandeli urbanizebuli sazogadoeba sruliad gansxvavebuli fenebisa Tu dain1 2 monteskie, S.-l., kanonTa goni, Tbilisi, 1994, gv. 34. wereTeli, m., eri da kacobrioba, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 39. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 33 teresebuli jgufebisagan Sedgeba, romlebsac Tavadac gansxvavebuli miznebi da amocanebi gaaCniaT. logikuria, rom iq, sadac gansxvavebuli miznebi da amocanebia, adamianebma maTi gadaWris gansxvavebuli xerxebi da meqanizmebi eZion. es garemoeba naTlad miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoeba adamianTa meqanikuri erTobis jami ar aris. sazogadoebis, rogorc socialuri movlenis da misi mdgradobis mTavari maxasiaTebelia saerTo interesebis mqone adamianebis erToba. am erTobaSi individualobis mqone adamianebi erTmaneTTan kavSirs zneobriv kategoriad qceuli sazogadoebrivi SegnebiT amyareben. mixako wereTelma Tavis naSromSi `eri da kacobrioba~ es ase gamoxata: `... Tavis Tavisadmi yofaqceva maSin xdeba saerTo, zneobriv movlenad ... roca individs aqvs garkveuli Segneba Tavisi individualobisa, Tavisi gansxvavebisa da msgavsebisa sxva individebTan, Tavisi movaleobisa Tavis axlo megobrebisa da naTesavebisa, an dawesebulebis winaSe, vinaidan mas mxolod am SedarebiTi analiziT SeuZlia naTlad warmoidginos Tavisi valdebulebamosili zneobrivi `me~ da daayenos igi gansazRvrul damokidebulebaSi sxva `me~-ebTan. es ki gulisxmobs mowesrigebul cxovrebas, sazogadoebas, romelSic adamianebi gansazRvrul wesebs emorCilebian. erTi umniSvnelovanesi nawili am wesTa ki aris TviT saerTo zneobrivi wesi, romelic awesrigebs uzenaesad adamianTa saerTo cxovrebas~.3 sabolood sazogadoeba SesaZlebelia ase ganvmartoT: igi `aris organizmi, anu superorganizmi, Semdgari miznis dasaxvis niWis mqone adamianebisagan, romelTa garegnulad mowesrigebuli saerTo moqmedeba akmayofilebs am organizmis yvela moTxovnilebas im specialur organoTa saSualebiT, romelnic aqvs yovel superorganizms gansazRvrul funqciaTa aRsasruleblad~.4 adamianTa sazogadoebriv erTobas maTi interesebisa da amocanebis Sesasruleblad ganamtkiceben saerTo Rirebulebebi. maTi wyalobiT adamianebi urTierToben da inarCuneben erTobas. Rirebuleba SefasebiTi damokidebulebaa, raime azri kargis, cudis, sasurvelis, arasasurvelis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebaSi Rirebulebebis mTeli sistema moqmedebs da faqtebisa da movlenebisadmi qmnis erTgvar gabatonebul Sexedulebebs. es ukanaskneli da, Sesabamisad, Rirebulebebic yvela adamianisaTvis erTnairad misaRebi ar aris. adamiani, rogorc aseTi, Rrmad individualisti da egoisti arsebaa da sazogadoebas yovelTvis hyavs wevrebi, romlebisTvisac saerTo Rirebulebebi misaRebi ar aris. SeiZ3 4 wereTeli, m., eri da kacobrioba, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 47. ibid.: gv. 64. 34 kari pirveli leba saerTo Rirebulebebis farglebSi moqmedi adamianic ki romelime konkretuli Rirebulebis pirispir an/da winaaRmdeg aRmoCndes. saqmes kidev ufro arTulebs is, rom sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis dros Cven vdgebiT ara mxolod adamianis an adamianTa jgufebis Rirebulebebis pirispir, aramed, zogjer, Tavad sazogadoebaSi dadgenili savaldebulo wesebis pirispirac ki. nino toronjaZe qarTul-amerikuli universitetis kancleri da erT-erTi warmatebuli adamiania. misi wliuri Semosavlis Sesabamisad igi yoveli wlis 1 maisis dRis bolomde avsebs deklaracias, warudgens mas Semosavlebis samsaxurs da ixdis gadasaxads saxelmwifo biujetSi saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad. qalbatoni nino toronjaZe keTilsindisieri gadamxdelia. sur. nino toronjaZe, qau-s kancleri erTi wuTiT warmoidgineT, rom sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba gadasaxadebis gadaxdis valdebulebas ar iTvaliswinebdes. albaT, am SemTxvevaSi aucileblad aRmoCndebodnen adamianebi, romlebic mTeli rigi gadasaxadebis gadaxdaze uars ityodnen. amdenad, swored kanoni ganapirobebs im mdgomareobas, roca saqarTvelos milionobiT moqalaqe gadasaxadebs dadgenili wesiT ixdis. moqalaqeTa am moqmedebas kanonis arseboba uzrunvelyofs. uamisod ver Seivseba saxelmwifo biujeti, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia: socialuri da sxva programebis ganxorcieleba, sazogadoebis mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gansxvavebuli miznebis da interesebis saerTo sazogadoebriv, saxelmwifoebriv interesebad akumulireba. es ki saxelmwifos arsebobas, mis funqcionirebas da dinamiur ganviTarebas ganapirobebs. yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis sadarajod da mis uzrunvelsayofad mowodebulia xelisufleba. sazogadoebrivi wesrigis misaRwevad mis uSualo valdebulebas mmarTvelobiTi saqmianoba wamoadgens (maT Soris yoveldRiuri operatiuli marTvis CaTvliT), Tanac ise, rom adamianebma Tavi Rirseulad da daculad igrZnon. es ukanaskneli Tavad sazogadoebis mier xelisuflebis winaSe dasaxuli umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 35 mizania. amdenad, xelisufleba, anu mmarTvelebi angariSvaldebulni arian amave sazogadoebis winaSe. sazogadoeba, Tavis mxriv, uflebamosilia, mmarTvelebs maT moqmedebaze pasuxi mosTxovos. moTxovnis safuZvels da mis imperatiulobas is garemoeba ganapirobebs, rom sazogadoebis wevrebi saxelmwifosTan da xelisuflebasTan samarTlebriv-politikur urTierTobaSi imyofebian. maT Soris aseTi kanonismieri samarTlebrivi kavSiri moqalaqeobis instituts warmoSobs, rac mocemul saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi srulad uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebebis, Tavisuflebebisa da movaleobebis realizebas. amdenad, adamians, romelic aseT kavSirSi imyofeba saxelmwifosTan, anu moqalaqes, ufleba aqvs xelisuflebas mis qmedebebze pasuxi srulad da imperatiuli formiT mosTxovos. qvemoT ufro detalurad gveqneba saubari xelisuflebis mizansa da daniSnulebaze, aseve moqalaqeobis institutze da sxva. naTeli xdeba, rom xelisufleba valdebulia, Cveni usafrTxo da mSvidobiani TanaarsebobisaTvis, Sesabamisi kanonebi Seqmnas. Tumca mkveTrad unda gavusvaT xazi im garemoebas, rom Tanamedrove adamianisaTvis sruliad ar aris sakmarisi da xelisuflebis mizanic ver iqneba mxolod im kanonebis Seqmna, romlebic oden usafrTxo arsebobazea orientirebuli. maqsimaluri wesrigis damyarebiT aseTi realobis Seqmna xelisuflebas advilad SeuZlia. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mmarTvelis, xelisuflebis, mizania iseTi kanonebis Seqmna, romelic usafrTxoebasTan erTad Cvens Rirsebasa da keTildReobasac uzrunvelyofs. gamodis, rom xelisuflebam wesrigi Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis Rirebulebebs Soris balansis SenarCunebiT unda uzrunvelyos. unda izrunos imgvari kanonmdeblobis Seqmnaze, rac Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da wesrigis SesaZlo realobaTa Soris gonivrul Tanafardobas daicavs. aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom am Rirebulebebs Soris sruli Tanafardobis damyareba Tanamedrove saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis, xelisuflebis, adamianisa da moqalaqis urTierTobis erT-erTi mwvave dilemaa. adamianis, moqalaqisa da xelisuflebis urTierTmimarTebis Sefaseba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli amgvari kanonebis arsebobasa da maT realur Sesrulebaze. dasaxelebul RirebulebaTa Soris Tanafardobis miRwevaSi mTavari roli Tavad adamians, moqalaqes ekuTvnis. rogorc kargi kanonebis miReba, ise xelisuflebis mxridan maTi dacva moqalaqis aqtiurobazea damokidebuli. zogadad, kanoni qcevis is wesia, romelic Sesasruleblad yvelasTvis savaldebuloa imisda miuxedavad, Tu rogori damokidebuleba aqvs ama 36 kari pirveli Tu im individs Tavad am wesis mimarT. wesebis, anu kanonebis erToblioba samarTals qmnis. samarTali – esaa qcevis wesebis erToblioba, romelic sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis samarTlebriv mowesrigebas emsaxureba. samarTlis norma, rogorc socialuri normebis saxesxvaoba `Seicavs debulebas, romelic gansazRvravs piris moqmedebas an moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekavebas an minimum am debulebis nawilebs (magaliTad, sakanonmdeblo definiciebs) an zogadi an individualuri qcevis valdebulebebis warmoSobis an Secvlis pirobebs~.5 samarTali, ise rogorc sxva socialuri normebi, magaliTad – zneoba, morali, adaTi – adamianTa urTierTobebs aregulirebs, magram sxva socialur normaTa Soris samarTali mainc gansxvavebuli socialuri normaa. samarTlis normebs xelisufleba adgens an sanqciad awesebs. vxedavT, rom samarTlis normis warmoSobis ori gza arsebobs: I. dadgena, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom qcevis wesi, norma manamde ar iyo cnobili da sazogadoebaSic ar moqmedebda. igi Seiqmna da dadginda saxelmwifos mier, rogorc garkveuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis maregulirebeli, savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli qcevis wesi – samarTlis norma. II. sanqcionireba samarTlis normis miRebis is gzaa, roca qcevis wesi manamdec iyo cnobili, manamdec moqmedebda sazogadoebaSi (magaliTad moralis an zneobrivi normis saxiT), magram savaldebulo xasiaTi ar hqonda da verc eqneboda. Tu garkveuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebisaTvis kanonmdebeli CaTvlis, rom amgvari normis gamoyeneba sasurveli iqneba, maSin am normas sanqcionirebas miscems, kanonad aqcevs da mis moqmedebas zogadsavaldebulo xasiaTs mianiWebs. dasaxelebul SemTxvevebSi samarTlis normebis, kanonebis wyaro saxelmwifo da xelisuflebaa. es ukanaskneli samarTlis normebis, kanonebis umniSvnelovanesi da yvelaze xSiri wyaroa, magram ara erTaderTi. kanonis wyaro SesaZlebelia iyos TviT xalxic. magaliTad, roca xalxi uSualod, anu referendumis gziT miiRebs ama Tu im kanons. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom aris gamonaklisebic, roca konkretuli qveynis kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs an ar uSvebs kanonis miRebis am gzas. magaliTad, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad dauSvebelia kanonis miReba referendumis gziT. 5 rainhold cipeliusi, iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 47. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 37 samarTlis normebis erToblioba qmnis samarTals, romelic xasiaTdeba normatulobiT, formaluri gansazRvrulobiT, sistemurobiT da maTi Sesruleba saxelmwifoebrivi moqmedebiT uzrunveliyofa. samarTali xasiaTdeba iZulebiT, es niSani samarTlisa unda warmovidginoT, rogorc garantia saxelmwifos mxridan. samarTali adamianis inteleqtualuri aqtivobis Sedegia. samarTlis normis Sesabamisad adamianebi raRac moqmedebis ganxorcielebis an misgan TavSekavebis mniSvnelobas acnobiereben. Tumca Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom SesaZlebelia aRmoCndnen pirebi, romlebic samarTlis normis moTxovnisagan Tavs Seikaveben. swored amitom dgas yoveli samarTlis ukan saxelmwifo, romelic mis Sesrulebas uzrunvelyofs. samarTals aseve axasiaTebs formaluri gansazRvruloba, rac gulisxmobs, rom igi aucileblad werilobiTi formiTaa Camoyalibebuli da winaswar dadgenil formatSi gadmoicema. samarTali rTuli, sistemuri movlenaa, romelic sxvadasxva saklasifikacio niSnis mixedviT erTian erovnul-samarTlebriv sistemas qmnis. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, samarTlis normebi ar aris mxolod erTaderTi saxe normebisa, romlebsac sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis regulireba efuZneba. sxva aseTi normebi SeiZleba iyos moraluri da zneobrivi normebi. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebaSi garkveuli adgili uWiravs adaTobriv normebs. amasTan, arsebobs iseTi wesebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis calkeul sferoebs aregulirebs da maTi moqmedeba damokidebulia ara valdebulebaze, ara sanqciis dawesebaze, aramed, Tundac, sazogadoebriv azrze. aseTi wesebia: moda, Cacmis stili, wveulebebze, sxvadasxva xasiaTis Sexvedrebze moqcevis wesebi da a.S. sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis mowesrigebis, misi dinamiuri da harmoniuli ganviTarebisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc, samarTlebrivi normebia, razec zemoT visaubreT. sazogadoebis samarTliT mowesrigebulobis aucileblobis, sazogadoebaSi im avtoritetis, vinc SesaZlebelia adgendes TamaSis wesebs, xelisuflebis mniSvnelobis da daniSnulebis naTlad warmosadgenad, urigo ar iqneboda gadagvexeda kargad gakvaluli gzisTvis, romelic kacobriobam lokidan moyolebuli, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifos `damfuZnebel mamebamde~ ganvlo. amerikelebma tipurad axali, demokratiuli, Tavisufali saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad Zalze efeqturad gamoiyenes codnis is maragi, romelic lokis da sxva ganmanaTleblebis moRvaweobis wyalobiT Seiqmna. 38 kari pirveli WeSmaritad demokratiuli Rirebulebebis mmarTvelobaSi dasamkvidreblad damfuZnebelma mamebma jon lokis (John Locke, 1632-1704) `bunebiTi samarTlis~ (Natural Law) saxelwodebiT cnobili Teoria gamoiyenes. Tavis droze lokis, mogvianebiT ki damfuZnebeli mamebis winaSe erTi da igive kiTxvebi idga: gvWirdeba Tu ara xelisufleba? rogori xelisufleba gvWirdeba? rogor movawyoT xelisufleba? ra aris xelisuflebis mTavari daniSnuleba? ra aZlevs xelisuflebas imis uflebas, rom sxvebisTvis TamaSis wesebi daadginos, anu marTos? cxadia, rom es maradiuli kiTxvebia. Tvali gadavavloT Tundac Cveni da ara mxolod Cveni saxelmwifos ganviTarebis uaxles istorias da advilad davrwmundebiT – es is kiTxvebia, romlebzec mudam unda fiqrobdes adamini. Tavi 1.2 bunebiTi mdgomareoba da samarTali bunebiTi mdgomareobisa da samarTlis filosofia iseTi saxelmwifos arsebobis warmodgenas emyareba, sadac xelisufleba da xelisuflebis mier Seqmnili kanonebi ar arsebobs. jon lokis mixedviT, kanonebi bunebiT mdgomareobaSic arsebobs, razedac igi ambobda: `bunebiTi mdgomareobis samarTavad arsebobs bunebiTi kanoni, romelic yvelasaTvis savaldebuloa, xolo goneba, romelic igive kanonia, aswavlis yvela adamians, vinc mas yurs aTxovebs, rom raki yoveli kaci Tavisufali da Tanasworia, aravis aqvs ufleba xelyos sxvisi sicocxle, janmrTeloba, Tavisufleba an sakuTreba, radgan yoveli kaci erTi yovlad Zlieri da usasrulod brZeni Semoqmedis Seqmnilia~.6 aq iCens Tavs ramdenime problema, rac damaxasiaTebeli iqneboda bunebiTi mdgomareobisTvis. da mainc, raSi mdgomareobs is? pirvel yovlisa, problema Tavad adamianSia. es ukanaskneli Rrmad individualisti da egoisti arsebaa. am TvisebebiTve CarTuli sociumis cxovrebaSi, is qmnis mTlian sazogadoebas. Tu davuSvebT, rom bunebiT mdgomareobaSi xelisufleba ar arsebobs da adamiani Tavisi bunebiTi uflebebis gamo moqmedebaSi Tavisufalia, maSin Zneli warmosadgeni ar aris, rom `bunebiTi kanonebis~ raobaze SeTanxmebis miRweva sakmaod 6 Sesavali Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi, t. I, i. WavWavaZis sax. un-tis gam-ba, Tb., 2006, gv. 270. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 39 garTuldeba. sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba TiToeulis ufleba? sad gadis adamianis Tavisufali moqmedebis zRvari? umarTav (bunebiTad Tavisufal) garemoSi amgvari kiTxvebi SesaZloa sabedisweroc gamxdariyo. adamians bunebiT mdgomareobaSic aqvs iseTi fundamenturi uflebebi, rogoricaa sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, keTildReobis ufleba, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom igi adamianad daibada da es uflebebi RvTisgan SobisTanave upirobod eboZa. bunebiT mdgomareobaSi am uflebebis dakargvis albaToba Zalze didia. adamianuri bunebidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis gamoCndebian iseTni, vinc iolad gascdebian sakuTari Tavisuflebis farglebs da sxvaTa bunebiTi uflebebis SezRudvas Seecdebian. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, bunebiT mdgomareobaSi xelisufleba da mmarTveloba ar arsebobs. amitom adamianebs sakuTari bunebiTi uflebebis dacva Tavad uwevT. Zneli warmosadgeni ar aris, rom bunebiT mdgomareobaSi adamianTa mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba da maTi universaluri uflebebi didi riskis qveSaa. Tavi 1.3 xelisuflebis saWiroeba mas Semdeg, rac Cven bunebiTi mdgomareobisa da kanonebis problemebs gavecaniT, logikurad ismis sazogadoebaSi iseTi `kanonieri avtoritetis~ aucileblobis sakiTxi, romelic SeZlebs swored bunebiTi mdgomareobis mTavari problemebis mogvarebas. swored aseTi kanonismieri avtoriteti gaxlavT xelisufleba, romelsac Seswevs unari, Seqmnas iseTi kanonebi, romelTa farglebSi sazogadoebaSi da saxelmwifoSi adamianTa mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba, adamianis usafrTxo da Rirseuli cxovreba SesaZlebeli iqneba. modiT nu viCqarebT da vidre xelisuflebis Seqmnisa da arsebobis aucileblobaze daskvnas gavakeTebT, bunebiTi mdgomareobis problema da masSi bunebiTi uflebebis dacvis garantiebis ararseboba kidev erTxel gavixsenoT. udavoa, rom yvela adamians aqvs, magaliTad, sicocxlis fundamenturi ufleba, magram Tu am uflebis realizaciis SesaZleblobebs bunebiT mdgomareobaSi warmovidgenT, maSin igi yovelTvis xelyofis riskis qveS dadgeba. obieqturad es aunazRaurebadi uflebaa da misi warTmeva aravis ar unda xelewifebodes. swored amitom, dRes demokratiulobaze pretenziis mqone saxelmwifoebSi, sikvdiliT dasjis Tu misi akrZalvis sakiTxi konstituciurad ganisazRvreba, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra simZimis das- 40 kari pirveli jadi qmedeba Caidina adamianma. magaliTad, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-15 muxlSi aRniSnulia: 1. sicocxle adamianis xelSeuvali uflebaa da mas icavs kanoni. 2. sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia. bunebiTi mdgomareobis pirobebSi ar iqneboda xelisufleba, Sesabamisad, arc iseTi avtoriteti, vinc SeZlebda iseTi kanonebis dadgenas, romlebic erTi mxriv sicocxlis uflebas, rogorc adamianis fundamentur uflebas aRiarebda, da meore mxriv adamianTa Tavisufali moqmedebis farglebs daadgenda am da sxva uflebebTan mimarTebaSi. xelisuflebis saWiroebis, adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis dacvis, adamianis usafrTxo da Rirseuli arsebobis da xelisuflebis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb ideebi SesaniSnavadaa gamoxatuli amerikis damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi, sadac naTqvamia: `CvenTvis TavisTavad cxadia is WeSmaritebani, rom yvela adamiani Seqmnilia Tanasworad, rom arsTa gamrigem maT uboZa garkveuli xelSeuvali uflebani, rom maT Sorisaa sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisaken swrafva, ...rom am uflebaTa dasacavad adamianebi qmnian xelisuflebas, romelic Tavis marTlzomier uflebamosilebas maTganve iRebs maTive TanxmobiT, rom ukeTu mmarTvelobis romelime forma xelyofs am miznebs, xalxis uflebaa Secvalos an gaauqmos arsebuli mmarTveloba da daamyaros axali xelisufleba...~ aSS damoukideblobis deklaracia zemoT ukve mivuTiTeT, rom sazogadoebis, misi mdgradobis mTavari maxasiaTebeli da ganmapirobebeli adamianTa socialuri erTobis gancdaa. aq albaT upriani iqneboda dagvesva kiTxva: ra aiZulebs adamians, rogorc Rrmad individualist arsebas, ifiqros Tavisi gaTiToebuli nebis sxvebTan gaerTianebaze? am kiTxvazec, pasuxs nawilobriv, bunebiTi mdgomareobisa da samarTlis problemebi iZleva. roca adamiani am problemebs acnobierebs, roca yovel konkretul warmosaxvaSi an realobaSi misi sicocxle, Tavisufleba, sakuTreba da bednierebisaken swrafva safrTxis qveS dgeba, adamiani maT gadasarCenad iwyebs fiqrs. ra SeuZlia am dros adamians, rogorc individs? pasuxi martivia: mxolod gamudmebuli da ugarantio brZola usafrTxo arsebobisaTvis, rac yovelTvis efeqturi SeiZleba ver aRmoCndes. swored aq adamianebi TavianTi gaTiToebuli nebis gaerTianebis aucileblobis da maTi saerTo da individualuri usafrTxoebis sakiTxis gadawyvetis winaSe dgebian. rasakvirvelia, yovelive aRniSnuli naTlad miuTiTebs, rom arc individualuri da arc koleqtiuri brZola am sakiTxis mosagvareblad ar saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 41 gamodgeba. am SemTxvevaSi adamianebi da maTi erTobebi gamudmebul da dausrulebel brZolaSi Caebmebodnen. aseT viTarebaSi ki bednierebisken gamudmebuli swrafvis SesaZlebloba sadRa eqnebodaT? usafrTxo da Rirseuli arsebobac, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda. yovelive aRniSnuls Cveni mTavari kiTxvis – ra saWiroa xelisufleba? – pasuxTanac mivyavarT. roca viciT, rom sazogadoeba rogorc aseTi, rogorc erTi mTliani, misi wevrebis bunebiTi uflebebis dasacavad ar gamodgeba, bunebrivad dgeba sxva tipis instanciis aucileblobis sakiTxi. igi winaswar SeTanxmebuli, winaswar mocemuli uflebis safuZvelze aRiWurveboda ZaliTa da avtoritetiT, romlis farglebSic TamaSis garkveul wesebs daadgenda. es wesebi ki, Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis mdgradobas, mis dinamiur da mSvidobian gavniTarebas uzrunvelyofda. is SeZlebda kerZo da sazogadoebrivi interesebis gonivrul da mizanSewonil urTierTSexamebas. amasTan, amgvar instancias aRniSnuli amocanebis Sesasruleblad kanonismieri Zala da avtoriteti eqneboda, raTa, erTi mxriv, wesebi daedgina, xolo meore mxriv, sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris mxridan am wesebis Sesruleba uzrunveleyo. mivediT iseTi avtoritetis daSvebis aucileblobamde, romelic calkeuli adamianis Tu adamianTa erTobebis gansxvavebul, xSirad radikalurad dapirispirebul interesebs erT sazogadoebriv, saxelmwifoebriv miznad gardaqmnis da harmoniulad warmarTavs erTi mimarTulebiT. aRniSnuli mimarTuleba sazogadoebisa da misi politikuri institutis – saxelmwifos – Senaxvisa da ganviTarebis funqciis realizebaa. amitomac, sazogadoebam sakuTari usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, magaliTad, wesrigis dacva, saxelmwifos miando. am funqciis saxelmwifosTvis gadacema mas xelisuflebis yoveldRiuri operatiuli saqmianobis valdebulebad aqcevs. amisaTvis saxelmwifos specialuri organoebi da samsaxurebi, sxvadasxva saSualebebi da SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia. aRniSnul funqcias saxelmwifo policiis meSveobiT axorcielebs, romlis mTavar saqmes, kanoniT misTvis miniWebuli uflebamosilebebis farglebSi sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva, danaSaulis prevencia da misi arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, efeqturi reagireba warmoadgens. magaliTad, wesrigis iseTi martivi elementi, rogoricaa sagzao moZraobis wesebis dacva. vTqvaT, rom ar yofiliyo sapatrulo policia, rogori iqneboda am wesebis darRvevis statistika Tavisi savalalo Tanmdevi SedegebiT da ramdeni darRvevis faqti darCeboda reagirebis gareSe? xolo Tu TiToeuli darRvevisas sakuTar Tavs warmovidgenT, martivad SevamCnevT, Tu rogori daucveli da safrTxis Semcveli iqneboda CvenTvis yoveli gadaadgileba. sabolood, SesaZlebelia 42 kari pirveli vTqvaT, rom adamianebi obieqturad mividnen daskvnamde: aucilebelia garkveuli Zala da avtoriteti (anu xelisufleba), romelic sazogadoebis marTvas ganaxorcielebs, xolo Tavad adamianebi, maT mierve nebayoflobiT daTmobili uflebebis xarjze marTulebis rolSi aRmoCndebian. uflebebi, romlebsac adamianebi daTmoben maTive interesebis, usafrTxo da mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelsayofad gaRebuli sanacvlo iqneba. am sakiTxis gadawyvetis saukeTeso cda iyo lokis sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba. Tavi 1.4 sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba lokisaTvis bunebiTi mdgomareobis problemebis gadaWris saukeTeso gza sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba gaxldaT. misi arsi SemdgomSia: sakuTari bunebiTi uflebebis dasacavad saWiroa maTi nawilis daTmoba da erTi avtoritetisaTvis gadacema. xelisufleba, daTmobili uflebebis xarjze, Tavad aRiWurveba da adamianis bunebiT uflebebs daicavs. Tavdapirvelad, lokis SexedulebiT, sazogadoeba SeTanxmda, rom SeeqmnaT avtoriteti, anu xelisufleba. Semdeg xelisuflebas piroba wauyenes: mas unda emarTa da maTive usafrTxoeba daecva. SeTanxmeba xelisuflebis legitimacias moiTxovda, raTa mas emarTa, sazogadoebis yvela wevrisaTvis savaldebulo TamaSis wesebi daedgina, es wesebi/kanonebi daecva da aResrulebina. pirobisamebr, adamianebma garkveuli uflebebi nebayoflobiT daTmes, risi wyalobiTac xelisuflebam sazogadoebis marTva SeZlo. xelisufleba xelisuflobs mxolod imitom, rom marTvis uflebamosileba Tavad sazogadoebisagan aqvs gadacemuli. amis safuZvels sazogadoebis mier daTmobili uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi Seadgens. isev axal kiTxvas mivadeqiT: ra aris xelisufleba da ra warmoadgens mis mTavar mizans? sanam am kiTxvas vupasuxebdeT, xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom xalxis, sazogadoebis neba da erTianobis socialuri gancda yvelaze mniSvnelovania. es adamianis socialuri cxovrebis istoriam mravalgzis daadastura. konkretuli magaliTis saxiT gamodgeboda `meiflaueris saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 43 SeTanxmeba~7 (Mayflower Compact, 21.11.1620) – axali inglisis8 moaxalSeneebis mier Sedgenili dokumenti, sadac xelmomwerebi SeTanxmdenen, rom axali koloniebi inglisis kanonebisagan Tavisufali unda yofiliyo. maT TviTon unda SeeqmnaT TavianTi mmarTveloba. arsebiTad, am dokumentma Seuwyo xeli amerikelebis sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas. mravali amerikeli istorikosi, da maTTan erTad aSS-is rigiT me-2 prezidenti jon adamsi (1797-1801), am dokuments ganixilavda, rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis safuZvels. 7 meiflaueri is ialqniani xomaldi iyo, romelmac ingliseli piligrimebi 1620 wels keip-kodSi, plimuTis sanapiroze Caiyvana. meiflaueri aSS-is adreuli evropuli kolonizaciis simboloa. amerikelebis fesvebi meiflauerTa axalSenTan – plimuTis koloniasTan (zogadad ki axal inglisTan) aris dakavSirebuli. 8 axali inglisi – aSS-is Crdilo-aRmosavleTi regioni. qalaqi bostoni. Statebi: koneqtikuti, meini, masaCusetsi, niu-hemfSiri, rod-ailendi, vermonti. 44 kari pirveli nawili meore xelisufleba am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT iseT sakvanZo sakiTxebs, rogoricaa xelisuflebis arsi da daniSnuleba. gaecnobiT, Tu rogor unda marTavdes xelisufleba da risi ufleba aqvT am dros moqalaqeebs, ra aris is mTavari Rirebulebebi, romlebsac xelisuflebisa da adamianis/moqalaqis urTierToba efuZneba. Sesabamisad, nawilis dasasruls SeZlebT imsjeloT iseT sakiTxebze rogoricaa: • ra aris xelisufleba; • rogori unda iyos xelisufleba; • ra aris xelisuflebis mTavari mizani; • xelisufleba, moqalaqe da demokratiuli Rirebulebebi; • konstituciuri mmarTveloba; • xelisuflebis danawileba konstituciur mmarTvelobaSi. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 45 Tavi 2.1 ra aris xelisufleba? saxelmwifo xelisufleba es aris Zalis kanonieri gamoyeneba, Zala/ avtoriteti. mas mravalferovnebaTa harmonizaciis unari Seswevs. es niSnavs, rom sazogadoeba araerTgvarovani da mudmivad ganviTarebadia. is gansxvavebuli miznebisa da interesebis mqone calkeuli sazogadoebebisgan Sedgeba. sakuTari miznebisa da interesebis gansaxorcieleblad TiToeul maTgans gansxvavebuli pirobebi, xerxebi da saSualebebi gaaCnia. saxelmwifos misia swored isaa, rom es gansxvavebebi logikurad gaamTlianos, erTian CarCoSi moaqcios, erT kalapotSi Sekribos, uzrunvelyos sazogadoebis Senaxvisa da SenarCunebis funqcia. xelisufleba socialuri Sinaarsis movlenaa, Tumca Taviseburi socialuri datvirTva gaaCnia. am Taviseburebas Tavad xelisuflebis normatiuli da politikuri xasiaTi qmnis. xelisufleba politikuria imdenad, ramdenadac is saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebis saSualebaa. `am saqmeSi xelisufleba qveynis `gonia~ da igi saxelmwifos arsebobas axangrZlivebs~.9 saxelmwifosa da xelisuflebas xSirad erT konteqstSi moixsenieben, Tumca es cnebebi identuri ar aris. Cveni mizania vaCvenoT xelisuflebis da adamianis, xelisuflebis da sazogadoebis urTierTkavSiri, xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi adamianisa da moqalaqis monawileobis formebi. amitom, sasurveli iqneba `saxelmwifosa~ da `xelisuflebas~ Soris ZiriTadi gamyofi xazis moZebna. am TvalsazrisiT CvenTvis mTavar sakiTxs xelisuflebis organizaciis Tema warmoadgens. aRniSnul gansxvavebaze marTebulad miuTiTebs endriu heivudi, romelic mas konstituciur mmarTvelobas ukavSirebs. ase gamoikveTeba xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo reglamentaciis, misi kanoniTa da adamianis uflebebiT SezRudvis sakiTxi. gamijvnis Sesaxeb heivudi ambobs: `gansxvaveba uSualod ukavSirdeba SezRuduli da konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ideas. mokled, saxelisuflo Zalaufleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi moiTokeba, Tuki arsebuli xelisufleba saxelmwifoSi dausazRvravi da SeuzRudavi mmarTvelobis damyarebas ver SeZlebs~.10 xelisufleba saxelmwifos is Semadgeneli nawilia, romelsac normatiuli da politikuri xasiaTi gaaCnia. `saxelmwifo Teoriulad mainc 9 heivudi, e., politika, saqarTvelos universiteti, saqarTvelos macne, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 130. 10 ibid.: gv. 136. 46 kari pirveli sazogadoebis mudmiv interesebs gamoxatavs: anu saerTo, sayovelTao nebas~,11 xolo xelisufleba, rogorc politikuri Sinaarsis movlena da saxelmwifos Semadgeneli nawili – `imaT momxreTa simpaTiebs, vinc amJamad imyofeba qveynis saTaveSi~.12 aRniSnuli kidev ufro mkafiod usvams xazs xelisuflebis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb sakiTxs. TvalsaCino xdeba adamianisa da xelisuflebis urTierTobis sakiTxebi, xelisuflebis kanoniT da adamianis uflebebiT SezRudvis aucileblobis sakiTxi, rac, pirvel yovlisa, konstituciur doneze formdeba da konstituciuri mmarTvelobis saxes Rebulobs. am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia pirdapir acxadebs xelisuflebis SezRudulobas adamianis uflebebiT. kerZod, saqarTvelos konstituciis zogadi debulebebis me-7 muxlSi aRniSnulia: `saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs, xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas xalxi da saxelmwifo SezRudulni arian am uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, rogorc uSualod moqmedi samarTliT~.13 konstituciur mmarTvelobaze ufro konkretulad qvemoT visaubrebT. Tavi 2.2 ra aris xelisuflebis mizani? roca amerikis konstituciis Semqmnelebi konstitucias SeimuSavebdnen, maT srulad gaiziares bunebiTi uflebebis filosofosTa Sexedulebebi imis Taobaze, rom xelisuflebis mTavari daniSnuleba adamianis bunebiTi uflebebis dacvaa. vfiqrobT, am WeSmaritebis aRiareba `damfuZnebelma mamebma~ SesaniSnavad gamoxates kidec aSS konstituciis preambulaSi, sadac naTqvamia: `Cven, SeerTebuli Statebis xalxi, im mizniT, rom SevqmnaT ufro srulyofili kavSiri, davamkvidroT marTlmsajuleba, davamyaroT saSinao mSvidoba, uzrunvelvyoT saerTo Tavdacva, xeli SevuwyoT sayovelTao keTildReobas da SevunarCunoT Cvens Tavsa da Cvens STamomavlobas mad11 heivudi, e., politika, saqarTvelos universiteti, saqarTvelos macne, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 16. 12 ibid.: gv.18. 13 saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tb., 2010, gv. 19. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 47 li Tavisuflebisa, vadgenT da vafuZnebT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis winamdebare konstitucias~.14 saqarTvelos moqmedi konstituciis preambulaSi gamokveTilia is miznebi da amocanebi, risTvisac qarTvelma xalxma konstitucia miiRo. masSi gamocxadebuli swored es miznebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo xelisuflebisaTvis savaldebulo saxelmZRvanelos warmoadgens: `saqarTvelos moqalaqeni, romelTa uryevi nebaa daamkvidron demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, socialuri samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, uzrunvelyon adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebani da Tavisuflebani, ganamtkicon saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da sxva xalxebTan mSvidobiani urTierToba ... saqveynod acxadeben am konstitucias.~ Cven ukve viciT xelisuflebis arsi da misi daniSnuleba, Tumca mTavari dilema jerac ar gadagviwyvetia. ZiriTadi problema ara xelisuflebis saWiroebis gaazreba, aramed imis gadawyvetaa, Tu rogori xelisufleba gvWirdeba da rogor avagoT iseTi xelisufleba, rogoric gvWirdeba. Tavi 2.3 xelisuflebis mizani da mmarTvelobis formebi qairoSi tahriris moedanze Sekrebili xalxi didi sixaruliT Sexvda informacias egviptis prezidentis hosni mubaraqis gadadgomis Taobaze. egviptis prezidenti Zlieri antisaxelisuflo saprotesto aqciebis Sedegad 2011 wlis 11 Tebervals gadadga da Zalaufleba armias gadasca. egvipteSi da saerTod arabul samyaroSi ganviTarebuli politikuri, samTavrobo krizisebi, vfiqrobT, naTlad miuTiTeben imaze, rom xelisuflebis mizani ucvleli rCeba mmarTvelobis nebismieri formis dros. sanam Zalauflebis wyaro xalxia, xelisuflebis pasuxisgebis sakiTxis dasma missave qmedebebze, sazogadoebis xelSeuval uflebad rCeba. rogori represiuli da arademokratiulic ar unda iyos mmarTveloba, moqalaqes da sazogadoebas am xelSeuval 14 amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia, mTargmnelebi: kobalaZe, a., baramiZe, s., redaqtori: ugrexeliZe, m., Tb., 1993, gv. 9. 48 kari pirveli uflebas veravin ver wahgvris. sazogadoebas ufleba aqvs Seaxsenos xelisuflebas, Tundac revoluciis gziT, misi zemoT naxsenebi uflebis xelSeuvaloba. zogjer mTavaria ara mmarTvelobis forma, aramed mis SigniT xelisuflebis imdagvari organizeba, rom adamianis/moqalaqis mimarT misi TviTneboba gamoiricxos. arada xelisufleba swored aqeTkenaa midrekili: `mTeli istoriis manZilze, xelisufleba umeteswilad arTmevda xalxs maT uflebebs, vidre icavda~.15 aseTi nebisa da SesaZleblobebis arsebobisas igi amas Seecdeba mmarTvelobis nebismieri formis dros. gavixsenoT safrangeTis mefis lui XIV (1644-1715) mmarTveloba. man Zalauflebis maqsimaluri koncentracia moaxerxa. swored misi mmarTvelobis dros imdroindeli safrangeTis Zlieri fenebis gaerTianebam – generalurma Statebma – arseboba Sewyvita, ramac mefe erTpirovnul da SeuzRudav mmarTvelad aqcia. lui XIV-s miaweren gamoTqmas: `saxelmwifo – es me var~. Cveni mizania mxolod zogadad vupasuxoT problemas, rac iseTi xelisuflebis organizebis Ziebas gulisxmobs, romelsac yvelaze ukeT SeuZlia Tavisi ZiriTadi miznis – adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacva. am rTuli amocanis gadawyvetisas, mniSvnelovania mmarTvelobis Sesabamisi efeqturi formis moZebna. swored amitom `damfuZnebeli mamebi~ bunebiT uflebebTan erTad istoriiTac dainteresdnen da yuradReba respublikuri romis mmarTvelobis epoqaze SeaCeres. amerikelebi dainteresdnen romis respublikis mmarTvelobiT, roca xelisuflebis mizani saerTo keTildReobisaTvis xelis Sewyoba da misi dacva iyo. xelisuflebis am mizans da romis saxelmwifos zeobas samoqalaqo Rirsebis mqone romaelebi ganapirobebdnen. Sesabamisad, `damfuZnebelma mamebma~ brZanes, rom: `amerikelTa umravlesoba imave Rirsebisaa, rogoric iyvnen romis moqalaqeebi. maTi azriT, aseTi Rirseba amerikelTa ideur-qristianuli memkvidreobiT aixsneba. moqalaqeebi, romlebsac sayovelTao keTildReobis gulwrfeli interesi hqondaT, unda moqceuliyvnen ise, rogorc es karg respublikel moqalaqes SeSvenis~.16 aRniSnuli midgomebiT amerikelebma saukeTesod upasuxes kiTxvas – `rogor xelisuflebas SeuZlia yvelaze ukeT daicvas adamianis uflebebi?~ amerikelebisaTvis aseTi xelisuflebis da mmarTvelobis forma respulikuri mmarTveloba aRmoCnda. 15 16 aSS konstitucia anu kompromisis xelovneba, `jisiai~, Tbilisi, 2001, gv.11. ibid.: gv. 16. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 49 rogorc Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis da sazogadoebebis konstituciur-samarTlebrivi praqtika aCvenebs, erTi SexedviT mmarTvelobis iseT demokratiul formaSic, rogoricaa respublikuri mmarTveloba, SesaZlebelia xelisufleba borotad iqnes gamoyenebuli da pirvel rigSi sakuTari moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg. amas kargad aCvenebs erayis magaliTi. maSin roca erayi respublikas warmoadgens da mainc aqvs adgili xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebas, sakuTar moqalaqeebze TviTnebobas. swored amis gamo iyo, rom erayelebma, bolos da bolos, is ufleba gamoiyenes, romelic amerikelebma damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi savsebiT samarTlianad asaxes: `…ukeTu mmarTvelobis romelime forma xelyofs am miznebs, xalxis uflebaa Secvalos an gaauqmos arsebuli mmarTveloba da daamyaros axali xelisufleba...~.17 aseT SemTxvevaSi xalxs revoluciis ufleba aqvs. meore mxriv, respublikuri mmarTvelobis paralelurad, rac saxelmwifoTa udidesma umravlesobam airCia sakuTari saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis samarTavad, arsebobs mmarTvelobis sxva formebi, magaliTad, monarqia. magram Tanamedrove monarqiebis xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis xerxebisa da meTodebis Sedareba mubaraqis egviptis msgavs respublikasTan, rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebelicaa da gaumarTlebelic. rogorc zemoT aRniSnulidan Cans, yoveli sazogadoebis mTavari sazrunavia sakuTari mmarTvelobis misaRebi forma Tavad airCios, da rac mTavaria, am formis farglebSi xelisuflebis iseTi organizeba ganaxorcielos, xelisuflebis iseTi SezRudva moaxerxos, rom adamianebis mimarT misi TviTneboba yovelnairad alagmos. ara aqvs mniSvneloba konstituciuri monarqiaa Tu saprezidento respublika, ara aqvs mniSvneloba mmarTveloba erTpirovnulia Tu koleqtiuri; mTavaria, rom igi kanons emorCilebodes da misi moqmedeba kanoniT iyos reglamentirebuli. amasTan, marTvis ganxorcielebisas, xelisufleba mkacrad unda icavdes kanoniT SezRudvis princips. kanoniT SezRuduli Zalauflebis kargi magaliTia inglisuri demokratiis istoriidan `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~ (magna karta, laT. Magna Carta Libertatum). 1215 wels am dokumentiT mefis xelisufleba qvemoT CamoTvlili reglamentaciis pirobebSi aRmoCnda, kerZod: 1. eklesia ganTavisuflda mefis kontrolisagan; 2. sasamarTloebs mieniWaT damoukidebloba; 3. aRiares miwis mesakuTreTa ufleba, romlis mixedviTac miwa memkvidreobiT ufros vaJs gadaecema; 17 aSS damoukideblobis deklaracia, Tb., 2001, gv. 9. 50 kari pirveli 4. gamocxadda gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba; 5. aikrZala sanqciis gareSe sakuTari saxlebis Cxreka. am pirobebis sakanonmdeblo gaformeba iyo reaqcia 1215 wels mefe jon (ioane) umiwawylos mcdelobaze, gaeuqmebina zogierTi is uflebamosileba, romliTac manamde Tavadaznauroba sargeblobda. istoriam aCvena im safrTxis realoba, romelic cnobilma amerikelma saxelmwifo moRvawem, aSS konstituciis Tanaavtorma da xelmomwerma aleqsandre hamiltonma (Alexander Hamilton, 1757-1804) ase gamoxata: `gadaeciT mTeli Zalaufleba umravlesobas da isini daCagraven umciresobas, mieciT mTeli Zalaufleba umciresobas da isini daCagraven umravlesobas~.18 am riskis minimumamde dayvanis gzaa konstituciuri mmarTveloba. konstituciuri mmarTveloba gulisxmobs qveynis ZiriTadi politikuri da samarTlebrivi dokumentis, konstituciis, mixedviT xelisuflebis imgvar organizebas, roca xelisufleba SezRudulia konstituciiT da dadgenili wesebiT, moqmedebs `TamaSis~ mxolod im wesebiT, razedac sazogadoeba ukve SeTanxmda da risTvisac konstitucia gamoacxada. Tavi 2.4 konstituciuri mmarTveloba: xelisuflebis danawileba amerikelebma TavianTi konstituciis Seqmnisas xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebis safrTxis aRsakveTad Zalze efeqturi meqanizmi moifiqres, romelic, Tavis droze, Jan bodenis (Jean Bodin, 1530-1596) da Semdeg Sarl lui monteskies (Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, 1689-1755) SemoqmedebaSi SemuSavda da dRes Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmis umTavres principad iqca. esaa xelisuflebis ganawilebisa da kontrolis gawonasworebis meqanizmi. am sistemaSi xelisuflebis organizeba gulisxmobs xelisuflebis sam saxelisuflo ganStoebas Soris gadanawilebas. konstituciebi aRiareben xelisuf18 hamiltoni, a., federalisturi werilebi, federalisti #69, niu-iurkis Statis xalxs, 1788 weli 14 marti. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 51 lebis samwverovani danawilebis princips, sadac funqciebi sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaTa Sorisaa gayofili. xelisuflebis organizebis imave princips aRiarebs saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia, sadac xelisuflebaTa Stoebs calke, Sesabamisi Tavebi aqvs daTmobili, romlebSic gansazRvrulia TiToeulis uflebamosilebani. xelisuflebis danawilebis principiT, TiToeuli ganStoebis mier Tavisi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis procesSi urTierTkontrolisa da Sekavebis meqanizmi moqmedebs. am ukanasknelis mixedviT, arc erT saxelisuflo ganStoebas sxva xelisuflebis funqciebis miTvisebis ufleba da SesaZlebloba ara aqvs. `aravis ara aqvs ufleba miiTvisos an ukanonod moipovos xelisufleba. saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisuflebis danawilebis principze dayrdnobiT~. saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 5 amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelmwifo xelisufleba erTiania da TiToeuli saxelisuflo ganStoeba, rogorc erTiani saxelmwifo meqanizmis Semadgeneli nawilebi, mWidrod TanamSromloben da urTierTzemoqmedeben. Tavi 2.5 xelisufleba, moqalaqe da demokratiuli Rirebulebebi saxelmZRvanelos am TavSi warmodgenilia xelisuflebisa da adamianis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebi. xazgasmulia piris samarTlebrivi statusis mniSvneloba, raSic uflebebis, Tavisuflebebisa da movaleobebis sruli moculoba igulisxmeba. es garemoeba, adamiansa da xelisuflebas Soris urTierTsanacvlo pasuxismgeblobas zrdis. Tqven gaecnobiT moqalaqeobis instituts, rogorc mocemul saxelmwifosTan piris politikur-samarTlebrivi kavSiris saSualebas, SexvdebiT Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da wesrigis Rirebulebebs da imsjelebT maT Soris Tanafardobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. 52 kari pirveli adamianis samarTlebrivi statusis realoba srulebiTac ar amoiwureba misi uflebebis, Tavisuflebebisa da movaleobebis sakanonmdeblo reglamentaciiT. am statusis, anu misi mdgomareobis realoba damokidebulia Tavad adamianis, rogorc aqtiuri pirovnebisa da moqalaqis poziciaze, izrunos deklarirebuli uflebebisa da demokratiuli faseulobebis cxovrebaSi realurad ganxorcielebisaTvis. igi gamudmebiT unda fxizlobdes xelisuflebis mier misi ZiriTadi miznis Sesrulebisas. ukve aRvniSneT, rom xelisuflebis umTavresi daniSnuleba adamianis sicocxlis da sakuTrebis dacvaa. Tumca, unda davsZinoT, rom xelisuflebis es mizani mis Tanamedrove daniSnulebas veRar gansazRvravs. aRniSnuli mizani xelisuflebis warmoSobis, misi Tavdapirveli daniSnulebisa da Taobisaa. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis adamianisaTvis sruliad ar aris sakmarisi misi ubralod arsebobis uzrunvelyofa, Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove xelisuflebis sazrunavia adamianis ara ubralod arsebobis, aramed pirobebis Seqmna misi Rirseuli arsebobisaTvis. zemoxsenebuli miznis realizaciisTvis mniSvnelovania xelisuflebis mier im Rirebulebebis sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia, romlebic sazogadoebis Tu saxelmwifos marTvis dros, saboloo jamSi, xelisuflebis samoqmedo xerxebisa da meTodebis saxes Rebulobs. Tanamedrove xelisuflebisaTvis, demokratiulobis TvalsazrisiT, mTavar dilemebs swored faseulobebis aRiareba, maTi sakanonmdeblo gaformeba da praqtikuli realizeba warmoSobs. aqve ikveTeba dilema, romlebic xelisuflebisa da adamianis, xelisuflebisa da moqalaqis urTierTobisas iCens Tavs. `kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze xelisufleba or mTavar mizans emsaxureboda – wesrigis dacvas (sicocxlis SenarCuneba da qonebis dacva) da sazogadoebrivi sikeTis dacvas. mogvianebiT zogierTma xelisuflebam daamata mesame mizanic – Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa~.19 xelisuflebis mTavar dilemas TiToeul am faseulobaTa Soris balansi qmnis. swored es ukanasknelia mniSvnelovani sazomi xelisuflebis demokratiulobisa. dilema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sajaro politikis ganxorcielebis procesSi am faseulobaTa Soris konfliqti arsebobs. es konfliqti yovel konkretul istoriul momentSi ise gamoiyureba, rogor arCevansac akeTebs xelisufleba, anu is, Tu romeli faseuloba romel faseulobaze dominirebs: `...rodesac saWiro xdeba 19 qeneT jenda, jefri m. beri, jeri goldmeni, amerikuli demokratia – aSS xelisufleba da politikuri procesi, `jisiai~, Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 2. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 53 arCevanis gakeTeba Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobas Soris, amerikelebi upiratesobas Tavisuflebas Tanasworobis xarjze ufro xSirad aniWeben, vidre sxva qveynis mcxovrebni. amis sapirispirod, TanasworobisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba TavisuflebasTan SedarebiT gansakuTrebiT Zlier iyo gamoxatuli yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, romelic tradiciulad uzrunvelyofda Tavis moqalaqeebs samedicino momsaxurebiT, iafi sacxovrebliTa da sxva sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebiT~.20 am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven mivaniSneT, rom samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis sisrule damokidebulia moqalaqeobaze. moqalaqis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba (misi uflebebis, Tavisuflebebis da movaleobebis erToblioba), ufro sruladaa mocemuli saxelmwifos konstituciaSi, vidre aramoqalaqeebisa, ucxoeli moqalaqeebisa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebisa. es garemoeba pirovnebasa da saxelmwifos Soris kavSiris formidan da Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs. moqalaqeobis SemTxvevaSi es kavSiri srulia da saxelmwifosTan piris samarTlebriv da politikur kavSirs gulisxmobs. saqarTvelos 1993 wlis 25 martis moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb organuli kanonis Sesabamisad: `moqalaqeoba niSnavs piris politikur-samarTlebriv kavSirs saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTan, rac gamoixateba urTierTsanacvlo ufleba-movaleobaTa erTianobiT, emyareba adamianis Rirsebis pativiscemas, misi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis aRiarebas~.21 aRniSvnis Rirsia is, rom moqalaqeobis miRebis sakiTxSi saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. saqarTvelos konstitucia awesebs moqalaqeobis miRebis rogorc dabadebis, ise naturalizaciis princips. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-10 muxlis mixedviT: `saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis mopoveba xdeba: a) dabadebiT; b) saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miRebiT (naturalizaciiT); g) saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiTa da am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva SemTxvevebiT~.22 konstitucia aRiarebs rogorc `sisxlis princips~, ise `niadagis princips~. `sisxlis principi~ gulisxmobs, roca bavSvis moqalaqeoba 20 qeneT jenda, jefri m. beri, jeri goldmeni, amerikuli demokratia – aSS xelisufleba da politikuri procesi, `jisiai~, Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 13. 21 1993 wlis 25 martis saqarTvelos organuli kanoni saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, http://www.parliament.ge. 22 ibid. 54 kari pirveli ganisazRvreba dabadebis adgilis miuxedavad. am SemTxvevaSi bavSvis moqalaqeobis sakiTxi dakavSirebulia mSoblebis moqalaqeobasTan. `niadagis principi~ – piriqiT, ar aris dakavSirebuli mSoblebis moqalaqeobasTan da gulisxmobs moqalaqeobis miRebas dabadebis adgilis mixedviT. saqarTvelos prezidentis gadawyvetilebiT, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba SesaZlebelia mieniWos ucxo saxelmwifos moqalaqesac Tu mas saqarTvelosa da kacobriobis winaSe aqvs gansakuTrebuli damsaxureba Tavisi samecniero, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobiT, an aqvs profesia da kvalifikacia, romliTac dainteresebulia saqarTvelo, an Tu misi moqalaqed miReba gamomdinareobs saxelmwifo interesebidan. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa sakanonmdeblo reglamentaciis is debulebebi, romlebic xazs usvams saxelmwifosa da piris kavSiris SenarCunebas piris adgilsamyofelis miuxedavad. konstituciis mixedviT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo kisrulobs valdebulebas gauwios mfarveloba Tavis moqalaqeebs miuxedavad maTi adgilsamyofelisa. dauSvebelia saqarTvelos moqalaqis saqarTvelodan gaZeveba an ucxo saxelmwifosaTvis gadacema. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis mopovebis da Sewyvetis sakiTxebi detaluradaa regulirebuli saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb organuli kanoniT. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 55 nawili mesame konstitucia saxelmZRvanelos es nawili iZleva codnas Cveni saxelmwifos uzenaesi, ZiriTadi kanonis – konstituciis Sesaxeb. aq aris mcdeloba gaviazroT daniSnuleba, misi funqciebi, adgili erovnul-samarTlebriv sistemaSi. am nawilis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT: • konstituciis arsisa da misi istoriis Sesaxeb; • konstituciis iseT Tvisebebze, rogoricaa: uzenaesoba, fuZemdebluri buneba; legitimuroba, pirdapiri moqmedeba; stabiluroba; • konstituciis iuridiul, politikur, socialur, ideologiur funqciebze; • konstituciis iseT sakiTxebze, Tu ra aris: dawerili da dauwereli konstitucia, moqnili da myari konstitucia; mudmivi da droebiTi, monarqiuli da respublikuri konstituciebi. • SeZlebT ikamaToT konstitucionalizmis tradiciebze da istoriaze saqarTveloSi; • SeZlebT saqarTvelos moqmedi, 1995 wlis konstituciis zogad daxasiaTebas. 56 kari pirveli Tavi 3.1 konstituciis arsi da mokle istoria konstitucia umniSvnelovanesi samarTlebrivi da politikuri xasiaTis dokumentia, romelic saxelmwifoSi socialuri da politikuri SeTanxmebis umTavres normatiul aqts warmoadgens. swored konstituciuri reglamentacia da Tanxmoba ganapirobebs faseulobaTa iseT balanss, sadac SesaZlebelia adamianisa da moqalaqis usafrTxo da Rirseuli arseboba, adamianis ufleba-TavisuflebaTa uzrunvelyofa. Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da wesrigis demokratiuli konstituciuri Tanafardoba qmnis iseT mmarTvelobas, sadac uzrunvelyofilia adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, am ukanaskneliT xelisufleba SezRudulia, rac pirovnebasTan mimarTebaSi xelisuflebis TviTnebobas gamoricxavs. swored amitom konstitucia qveynis uzenaesi kanonia, romelic ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelos warmoadgens rogorc adamianis/ moqalaqisaTvis, ise nebismieri demokratiuli xelisuflebisaTvis. cneba konstitucia laTinuridan – `konstitucio~ (constitutio) momdinareobs da dawesebas, dadgenas, agebulebas niSnavs. Tavad termins Rrma istoriuli warmomavloba aqvs, Tumca Tanamedrove mniSvneloba man mxolod meCvidmete saukuneSi SeiZina, roca `bunebiTi skolis~ warmomadgenelma Tomas hobsma (Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679) igi `saxelmwifos ZiriTad kanonad moixsenia~. ufro adre konstituciad iwodeboda magaliTad, romis imperatorebis mier gamocemuli aqtebis calkeuli saxeoba. aseve aqti feodalTa privilegiebis Sesaxeb Sua saukuneebSi. konstitucias, rogorc Tanamedrove demokratiis umniSvnelovanes instituts, win uZRoda konstituciuri mniSvnelobis aqtebi, rogoric iyo 1628 wels inglisSi miRebuli `peticia uflebaTa Sesaxeb~,23 aseve inglisSi 1647 wels Seqmnili `saxalxo Tanxmobis proeqti~. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavidan konstituciuri mniSvnelobis aqtebi evropaSi iqna SemuSavebuli, Tanamedrove mniSvnelobis pirveli klasikuri konstitucia mainc okeanis gaRma, 1787 wels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi miiRes. mas Semdeg konstitucionalizmis talRa kvlav evropas daubrunda da imave saukunis bolos, 1791 wels, konstituciebi miRebul iqna poloneTSi (3 maisi) da safrangeTSi (3 seqtemberi). Semdeg evropis yvela saxelmwifom sakuTari konstitucia SeimuSava. 23 Petition of Right, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petition_of_Right. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 57 sazogadoebebisa da erovnuli saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad konstituciis, rogorc iuridiuli da politikuri dokumentis, saxe da Sinaarsi, misi roli da daniSnuleba TandaTanobiT ixveweboda. Tavi 3.2 konstituciis Tvisebebi konstitucia, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi, qveynis normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi pirvel adgilze mdgomi aqti, xasiaTdeba rigi TaviseburebebiT. es Taviseburebebi gansazRvraven misi, rogorc qveynis ZiriTadi kanonis Taviseburebebs da xazs usvamen konstituciis, rogorc mniSvnelovani samarTlebriv-politikuri xasiaTis dokumentis mniSvnelobas sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosaTvis, TiToeuli moqalaqisa Tu maTi gaerTianebebisaTvis. am TavSi konstituciis zogierT arsebiT Tvisebas gamovyofT, romlebic erovnul-samarTlebriv sistemaSi mis rols warmoaCens. konstituciis fuZemdebluri buneba konstituciis fuZemdebluri buneba gulisxmobs im garemoebas, rom konstitucia, rogorc wesi, xalxis mier an xalxis saxeliT miiReba. Sesabamisad, konstituciis fuZemdeblurobas uzrunvelyofs Tanamedrove konstituciebSi saxalxo da saxelmwifo suverenitetis erTmniSvnelovani buneba. konstituciis fuZemdeblur bunebas uzrunvelyofs misi Seqmnisa da miRebis uflebis mqone subieqtebis gansakuTrebuloba da pirveladoba, ris gamoc sxva samarTlebrivi aqtebi Tu debulebebi ar SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes konstitucias. da bolos, konstituciis fuZemdebluri xasiaTi pirdapir kavSirSia axali saxelmwifos warmoSobasTan, mis mier arCeuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri wyobis iuridiul gaformebasTan. Sesabamisad, axali saxelmwifos warmoSobis an saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebrivi wyobis Zireuli cvlilebebi pirvel rigSi konstituciaSi aisaxeba. swored konstituciaa is samarTlebrivi dokumenti, sadac umniSvnelovanesi sazogadoebriv-politikuri urTierTobebi da SeTanxmebebi airekleba, romlebic, saboloo jamSi, mocemuli sazogadoebis realur yofas ganasaxiereben. 58 kari pirveli konstituciis uzenaesoba 2008 weli. saqarTvelos parlamentis win Sekrebili xalxi inauguraciis ceremoniis dawyebas elodeba. mas Semdeg, rac specialurad mowyobil scenaze axlad arCeuli prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili saprezidento ficis dasadebad gamovida, gaisma deklamatoris xma: `saqarTvelos konstitucia~, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarem giorgi papuaSvilma tribunaze saqarTvelos konstitucia dado da masze xelis dadebiT prezidenti saprezidento fics warmoTqvams. prezidentis fici konstituciis Semadgeneli nawilia. erovnul-samarTlebriv sivrceSi, swored, konstituciaa is uzenaesi dokumenti, romelzedac xelis dadebiT saxelmwifos prezidentma erisa da sazogadoebis winaSe erTgulebis fici dado. konstituciaa dokumenti, romelic qveyanaSi xelisuflebis organizaciis sakiTxs gansazRvravs. Sesabamisad, yvela saxelisuflo rgolis: prezidentis, parlamentis, mTavrobis, sasamarTlos uflebamosileba da valdebulebebi konstituciaSia reglamentirebuli. erovnulsamarTlebriv sistemaSi konstituciis mniSvnelobas gansakuTrebulad usvams xazs misi uzenaesoba. konstituciis uzenaesobaSi igulisxmeba, misi, rogorc ZiriTadi kanonis umaRlesi iuridiuli Zala erovnul-samarTlebrivi sistemis yvela normatiul aqtTan SedarebiT. erTi mxriv, es gulisxmobs, rom konstitucia aris samarTlebrivi wyaro samoqalaqo, sisxlis, administraciuli da sxva nebismieri kanonmdeblobisaTvis. meore mxriv, es uzenaesoba gamoixateba imaSi, rom kanonebis miRebis uflebamosileba mxolod konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebul saxelmwifo organoebs gaaCniaT. konstitucia awesebs movaleobas, romliTac saxelmwifo organoebi, Tanamdebobis pirebi, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi moqmedeben. zogjer konstituciebi mis uzenaesobaze pirdapir miuTiTeben. konstituciis uzenaesobis uzrunvelyofas da misi dacvis funqcias emsaxureba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, romelic axorcielebs saqarTvelos konstituciis uzenaesobis, konstituciuri kanonierebis da adamianis konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas.24 Sinagan saqmeTa saministros struqturuli qvedanayofis, konstituciuri usafrTxoebis departamentis ZiriTadi amocanaa: saxelmwifos dasustebis mizniT, saxelmwifo an sxva dawesebulebaTa normalu24 saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 83. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 59 ri funqcionirebisaTvis xelis SemSleli garemoebebis, ucxoeTis specsamsaxurebis interesebis gamovlena-aRkveTa da neitralizeba, qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri safrTxis prognozireba, am mizniT informaciis mopoveba da analitikuri damuSaveba, specsamsaxurebis saqmianobis formebiTa da meTodebiT, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT saxelmwifos konstituciuri sistemisa da xelisuflebis arakonstituciuri, Zaladobrivi gziT Secvlisagan dacvis uzrunvelyofa; saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis, maT Soris samoxeleo, korufciuli da eqstremizmis niSnebis matarebel danaSaulTa gamovlena da aRkveTa; mis kompetencias mikuTvnebul saqmeebze, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT da am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul farglebSi winaswari gamoZieba da sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna; departamenti agreTve axorcielebs saxelmwifo usafrTxoebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone dawesebulebebSi daniSnuli uSiSroebis sakiTxTa oficrebis saqmianobis koordinaciasa da kontrols, maT mier mowodebuli informaciis analitikur damuSavebas. konstituciis stabiluroba konstituciis stabiluroba misi umniSvnelovanesi Tvisebaa, rac ganapirobebs mis adgils erovnul-samarTlebriv sistemaSi. konstituciis stabiluroba uzrunvelyofilia Tavad konstituciaSi reglamentirebuli normebis realuri socialuri safuZvlebiT da maTi ZiebiT, konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setanis gansakuTrebuli wesis arsebobiT. konstituciis stabiluroba Tavis TavSi moicavs konstituciuri principebisa da debulebebis iseTi sistemis arsebobas, romlis ZaliTac, politikuri socializaciis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi mosul axal politikur Zalas ara aqvs SesaZlebloba arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos am sistemaze da, Sesabamisad, Secvalos konstitucia Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xelisuflebam ki ar unda moirgos konstitucia, Tavad xelisufleba unda moergos konstitucias. xelisufleba valdebulia, Seeguos da daemorCilos konstituciiT ganmtkicebul pirobebs. es sulac ar niSnavs upirobo stabilurobas, ramdenadac yoveli samarTlebrivi norma da maT Soris konstituciuri normac socialuri 60 kari pirveli normis saxesxvaobas warmoadgens. maT safuZvels, bunebrivia, realuri socialuri sayrdeni unda gaaCndes. amitom, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis pirobebis cvalebadoba TavisTavad moiTxovs konstituciuri normebis SesabamisobaSi moyvanas, rac aucilebelia maTi realizaciisaTvis. konstituciaSi cvlilebebis da damatebebis Setana Tavad konstituciiTve regulirdeba da masSivea reglamentirebuli. es meqanizmi ki konstituciis stabilurobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani pirobaa. konstituciebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian. Teoriulad ganasxvaveben `moqnil~ da `myar~ konstituciebs. `moqnilia~ konstitucia, romelic iTvaliswinebs cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis martiv meqanizms. magaliTad, gfr-is ZiriTadi kanoni, sadac cvlilebebisa da damatebebis iseTive wesia gaTvaliswinebuli, rogoric mimdinare kanonebisaTvis. `myari~ konstituciebi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis ufro rTul meqanizmebs iTvaliswineben. sirTule yoveli konkretuli qveynis kanonmdebelzea damokidebuli. magaliTad, `myar~ konstituciaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia. saqarTvelos konstituciis gadasinjvis proceduras iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos konstituciis 102-e muxli. am muxlis mixedviT saqarTvelos konstituciis zogadi an nawilobrivi gadasinjvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqti waredgineba saqarTvelos parlaments. amasTan, parlamentSi kanonproeqtis Setana avtomaturad ar niSnavs parlamentis mier mis ganxilvas. kanonproeqtis ganxilvis SesaZlebloba parlaments mxolod mas Semdeg miecema, roca igi wardgenil kanonproeqts sayovelTao-saxalxo ganxilvisaTvis gamoitans. kanonproeqtis gamoqveynebidan mxolod erTi Tvis Semdeg eniWeba parlaments misi ganxilvis dawyebis ufleba. 2010 wels saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebi ganxorcielda, romlebic konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis sakiTxsac Seexo. Secvlili konstitucia 2013 wlis oqtomberSi, morigi saprezidento arCevnebis Semdeg, axlad arCeuli prezidentis mier ficis dadebis momentidan, amoqmeddeba. kerZod, konstituciis 102-e muxlis me-3 punqtSi Caiwera: `konstituciis gadasinjvis proeqti miRebulad CaiTvleba, Tu mas saqarTvelos parlamentis or Tanmimdevrul sesiaze, sul cota, sami Tvis intervaliT, mxars dauWers saqarTvelos parlamentis sruli Semadgenlobis aranakleb ori mesamedisa~. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 61 rogorc am muxlis amonarididan Cans, konstituciis gadasinjvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtis miRebisaTvis parlamentis wevrTa xmebis sakmaod didi raodenobaa saWiro. garda amisa, konstitucia iTvaliswinebs misi gadasinjvis inicirebas xalxis mier. 102-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Sesabamisad konstituciis zogadi an nawilobrivi gadasinjvis kanonproeqtis Setanis ufleba, sxva subieqtebis garda, aqvs aranakleb 200 000 amomrCevels, maSin roca Cveulebriv kanonebTan mimarTebiT aseTive ufleba 30 000 amomrCevelsac aqcs. konstituciis legitimuroba konstituciis legitimuroba gulisxmobs konstituciis SemuSavebas da miRebas kanonis srul moTxovnaTa dacviT. es moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi, Tavad konstituciaSivea reglamentirebuli. konstitucia, romelic miRebulia Zaladobis raime formiT, kanonis moTxovnaTa sawinaaRmdegod an darRveviT, bunebrivia, legitimurad ver CaiTvleba. konstituciis legitimurobis arsebiTi ganmsazRvrelia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis neba. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos konstituciis preambulaSi aRniSnulia: `Cven, saqarTvelos moqalaqeni, romelTa uryevi nebaa davamkvidroT sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, socialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo... RvTisa da qveynis winaSe vacxadebT am konstitucias~. konstituciis pirdapiri moqmedeba konstitucia, rogorc qveynis ZiriTadi kanoni, qveynis moqmedi kanonmdeblobis safuZvels warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, xSirad dgeba konstituciis da moqmedi sakanonmdeblo normebis dabalansebis, konstituciuri normebis sakanonmdeblo normebze ukugavlenis sakiTxebi. aseT viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba konstituciis, rogorc uSualo moqmedebis aqtis sakiTxs. konstitucis uSualo moqmedebis sakiTxi `Zalze specifikuri konstituciuri normebis, specifikuri moqmedebis sakiTxs moicavs. ZiriTadad es aris saerTo normebi, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organizaciis safuZvlebis regulireba. Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, pirdapiri moqmedeba metwilad SemzRudav konstituci- 62 kari pirveli ur normebze vrceldeba. amitom mTavari is aris, rom swored konstituciasTan SesabamisobiT miRebulma kanonmdeblobam uzrunvelyos rogorc konstituciuri, ise konkretuli samarTlebrivi normebis realuri moqmedeba~.25 zogierTi qveynis konstitucia araTu calkeul specifikur konstituciur normebs, mTlianad konstitucias aRiarebs pirdapiri moqmedebis aqtad. magaliTad, Cveni erT-erTi uaxloesi mezobeli saxelmwifos, somxeTis respublikis, konstituciis me-6 muxlis pirvel nawilSi aRniSnulia: `respublikis konstitucias aqvs umaRlesi iuridiuli Zala da misi normebi uSualod moqmedebs~. arsebobs konstituciuri normebi, romelTa amoqmedeba Sesamabisi samarTlebrivi aqtis arsebobas ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-4 muxlis me-4 punqtis amoqmedebisaTvis aucilebelia saqarTvelos organuli kanonis gamocema, radgan konstituciis aRniSnuli norma ambobs, rom: `palatebis Semadgenlobas, uflebamosilebasa da arCevis wess gansazRvravs organuli kanoni~. arseboben konstituciuri normebi, romelTa moqmedeba, socialuri daTqmis gareSec, pirdapiri moqmedebisaa. saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxlis pirveli nawili ambobs: `sakuTreba da memkvidreobis ufleba aRiarebuli da uzrunvelyofilia. dauSvebelia sakuTrebis, misi SeZenis, gasxvisebis an memkvidreobiT miRebis sayovelTao uflebis gauqmeba~. konstituciis pirdapiri (uSualo) moqmedebis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorcielebis dros, radgan sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, rogorc erT-erTi instituciuri garantia, konstituciis dacvas uzrunvelyofs. igi `iRebs gadawyvetilebebs konstituciasTan konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, kanonis, prezidentis, mTavrobis, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa normatiuli aqtebis Sesabamisobis sakiTxze~. 25 melqaZe, o., konstitucionalizmi, Teoriis sakiTxebi, baTumis un-tis gam-ba da st., 2003, gv. 81. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 63 Tavi 3.3 konstituciis ZiriTadi principebi konstituciis moqmedeba, konstituciur sferos mikuTvnebuli sazogadoebis umniSvnelovanesi urTierTobebis regulireba, damokidebulia im fundamentur principebze, romlebic ganzogadebuli saxiT mocemulia konstituciaSi. konstituciis umniSvnelovanesi fundamenturi principia demokratiulobis principi. konstituciis demokratiuloba niSnavs, rom igi aRiarebs da amkvidrebs garkveul Rirebulebebs, romelTa safuZvelzec xelisufleba funqcionirebs. `es Rirebulebebia: Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da miukerZoebeli kanonieri marTlmsajuleba. konstituciuri demokratia unda akmayofilebdes sam konkretul, xSirad konfliqtur moTxovnas. pirveli isaa, rom raki demokratiulia, igi mgrZnobiare unda iyos xalxis mimarT. meore – raki igi imarTeba gansazRvruli wesebisa da procedurebis Sesabamisad, SezRudulia dasaxuli miznebis ganxorcielebasa da im gzebis gamoyenebaSi, romlebiTac am miznebis ganxorcielebas eswrafvian. bolos, rogorc yvela mTavroba, konstituciuri demokratia ar SeiZleba xangrZlivi iyos an didxans SemorCes sazogadoebas, Tu efeqtianad ver uzrunvelyofs kanonsa da wesrigs, kompleqsuri araa ekonomikis marTvasa da gare safrTxeTagan dacvaSi (aq igulisxmeba ara marto ucxo qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semoseva an SemoWra, aramed organizebuli danaSauli, bunebrivi katastrofebi da terorizmi)~.26 xelisuflebis danawileba xelisuflebis danawileba konstituciis umniSvnelovanesi principia, radgan mis generalur xazs swored xelisuflebis organizeba warmoadgens. xelisuflebis demokratiuli instituciebisTvis am principis konstituciur reglamentirebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. aRniSnul princips saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia zogadi debulebebis me-5 muxlSi aRiarebs. es niSnavs: xelisufleba ise unda aigos, rom misma erTma Stom sxva ganStoebis gadafarva ar gamoiwvios, misi uflebebi ar miiTvisos. xelisuflebis organizebis am principis 26 magStadti, Tomas m., gavigoT politika: ideebi, institutebi da problemebi, Targmani: arCil abaSiZe, giorgi gvalia, elene nodia; red.: gia nodia, daviT afrasiZe, ilias saxelmw. un-tis gam-ba, Tbilisi, 2010. gv. 69. 64 kari pirveli konstituciuri reglamentacia erTi-erTi safrTxisgan Tavis aridebis garantad warmogvidgeba. misi meoxebiT aRikveTeba xelisuflebis TviTneboba adamianis/moqalaqis mimarT. Tavi 3.4 konstituciis saxeebi konstituciur-samarTlebrivi praqtika da sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis konstituciebis SedarebiToba gviCvenebs, rom ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi sxvadasxva istoriul sinamdvileSi moqmedi konstituciebi mravali niSniT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. ise rogorc nebismieri klasifikacia, konstituciebis klasifikaciac pirobiTia. es pirobiToba gulisxmobs imasac, rom msgavsi an gansxvavebuli klasifikacia SesaZloa Tqvenc uamravi SegxvdeT. dawerili da dauwereli konstitucia erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da gavrcelebuli saklasifikacio niSania konstituciaTa dayofa gamoxatvis formis mixedviT. am niSnis Sesabamisad ganasxvaveben `daweril~ da `dauwerel~ konstituciebs. `dawerili~ konstitucia gulisxmobs erTian, sistematizirebul normatiul aqts, romelic miRebulia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRlesi organos mier an referendumis gziT. `dauwereli~ konstitucia gulisxmobs arasistematizirebul konstitucias, anu Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi regulirdeba sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT, konstituciuri CveulebebiT da precedentebiT. am normebis erTianoba ar aris sistematizirebuli da aRiarebuli erTian sakanonmdeblo aqtad. aseTi konstituciiT sargeblobs inglisi, axali zelandia, israeli. mudmivi da droebiTi konstituciebi moqmedebis vadis mixedviT ganasxvaveben `mudmiv~ da `droebiT~ konstituciebs. konstituciis mudmivoba srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom misi Secvla an masSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setana ar SeiZleba. konstitucia samarTlebrivi normebis erTobliobaa, samarTlebrivi norma ki – socialuri normis saxesxvaoba. Sesabamisad, konstitucia is saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 65 samarTlebrivi dokumentia, romelic realur socialur-politikur viTarebas asaxavs, efuZneba da aregulirebs. amitomac, am viTarebis cvlilebebi adekvaturad aisaxeba konstituciaze. konstituciis mudmivoba am saklasifikacio niSnis mixedviT gulisxobs, rom masSi ar aris miTiTebuli raime TariRi, faqti an movlena, romelTa dadgoma konstituciis Secvlas an misi moqmedebis SeCerebas an Sewyvetas gamoiwvevda. konstituciis droebiToba ki, piriqiT, masSi aseT gansazRvrebebs gulisxmobs. droebiTi konstituciis miReba sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv da politikur garemoebebzea damokidebuli. konstituciis, rogorc qveynis ZiriTadi kanonis miReba, rTuli da xangrZlivi procesia. Tu qveyanaSi sazogadoebriv-politikuri movlenebi Seicvala, ramac, Tavis mxriv, dRis wesrigSi axali konstituciis miRebis sakiTxi daayena, maSin garkveuli vadebis gansazRvra gardauvalia. amasTan, qveyanaSi konstituciuri vakuumis arseboba dauSvebelia. saxelmwifoSi konstituciur regulirebas daqvemdebarebuli sakiTxebis TviTdinebaze datoveba savalalo Sedegebs iwvevs. aseT viTarebaSi droebiTi konstituciis miRebaa rekomendebuli. mmarTvelobis formis Sesabamisad, ganasxvaveben `monarqiul~ da `respublikur~ konstituciebs. `monarqiulia~ konstitucia, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifos meTauria monarqi (mefe an dedofali), da saxelmwifo xelisufleba misi saxeliT xorcieldeba. `am gziT xelisufleba gaerTianebul samefoSi dReisaTvis ekuTvnis parlaments da mTavrobas, xolo dedofali rCeba saxelmwifos meTaurad~.27 monarqiulisagan gansxvavebiT, `respublikuri~ konstitucia saxelmwifos meTaurad garkveuli vadiT arCeul prezidents aRiarebs. xolo erTiani xelisufleba misi danawilebis princips efuZneba. sazogadoebriv urTierTobebTan Sesabamisobis mixedviT gamoyofen `iuridiul~ da `faqtobriv~ konstituciebs; miRebis wesis mixedviT: parlamentis mier, referendumis gziT miRebul an oqtroirebul28 konstituciebs da ase Semdeg. referendumis gziTaa miRebuli konstiChris Taylor, Constitutional and Administrative Law, 2008, pg. 4. oqtroirebuli konstitucia (frang.: “octroyer” Cuqeba) – konstitucia, romelsac gamoscems saxelmwifos meTauri warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis (parlamenti da sxv.) monawileobis gareSe. 27 28 66 kari pirveli tucia, romelsac xalxi uSualo demokratiis formiT, sayovelTao-saxalxo kenWisyriT miiRebs. oqtroireba niSnavs konstituciis boZebas. ganasxvaveben ori saxis oqtroirebas: `saSinaos~ da `sagareos~. saSinao oqtroirebis dros monarqi konstitucias erTpirovnulad SeimuSavebs, Rebulobs da mas sakuTar xalxs sTavazobs. aseTi saxis iyo magaliTad, napoleonis damxobis Semdeg miRebuli safrangeTis 1814 wlis konstitucia. sagareo oqtroireba konstituciis boZebis iseTi saxea, roca yofil kolonias konstitucias yofili metropolia sTavazobs. indoeTis konstitucia am gziT orjer iqna SemuSavebuli da miRebuli. orive SeTavazeba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gaaqtiurebas daemTxva (1919 da 1935 wlebi). orive SemoTavazebuli konstitucia inglisis parlamentma daamtkica da monarqma beWedi dausva. Tavi 3.5 konstitucionalizmis tradiciebi saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos konstitucionalizmis tradiciebze saubrisas amosavali saqarTvelos istoriaa. esaa saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisa da dacvisTvis brZolis istoria. swored am istoriuli bedukuRmarTobis gamoa, rom iseTi maRali samarTlebrivi kulturis qveyanaSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, konstitucionalizmis Tavfurclad mxolod meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris, konkretulad 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis, saqarTvelos respublikis konstitucia iTvleba. msoflio konstitucionalizmis istoriaze msjelobisas mxolod im konstituciur aqtebs ki ar vgulisxmobT, romlebic mxolod dRevandeli gagebiT gamoxataven konstituciis arss, aramed mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ufro adreuli aqtebic, romlebic zemoT ukve vaxseneT. metic, aristoteles Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoSi arsebobs ZiriTadi da araZiriTadi kanonebi, samarTlis istorikosebma konstituciur Sexedulebad gaiges da warmogvidgines. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 67 amave konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT saqarTvelos konstitucionalizmis istoriac. radgan obieqturi realobaa, rom qarTuli konstitucionalizmis Tavfurceli 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstituciaa, erTmaneTisagan unda gavmijnoT saqarTvelos konstitucionalizmis istoria da qarTuli konstituciuri azrovnebis istoria. 1921 wlis konstitucia qarTuli konstituciuri azrovnebisa da kulturis istorias namdvilad ar asaxavs. qarTuli konstituciuri azrovnebis istoria gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnidan iwyeba. am periodidan saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobis amsaxveli samarTlebrivi dokumentebi ukve gvaqvs. am periodamde saxelmwifoebrivi weswyobilebis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebs, marTalia arasamarTlebrivi, magram ufro adrindeli dokumentebi Seicavs: saero da saeklesio xelisuflebis mier gamocemuli sigel-gujrebi, boZebis sigelebi da sxva. erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos warmoSobis Semdeg miRebuli konstituciuri mniSvnelobis klasikuri aqtia `xelmwifis karis garigeba~. mis konstituciur mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom: igi naTlad gamoxatavda mefis Zlieri xelisuflebis ideologias, masSi mocemuli iyo centraluri xelisuflebis daxasiaTeba, sasaxlis karis etiketi da a. S. Cvenamde moRweuli am dokumentis teqsti XIV saukunes ganekuTvneba. istorikosma eqvTime TayaiSvilma aRniSnuli aqti giorgi brwyinvalis mefobis (1314-1346) periods miakuTvna. `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ Taobaze cnobili mecnieri iv. surgulaZe aRniSnavda: `is faqti, rom saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis sakiTxze amgvari xasiaTis naSromebi iwereboda, TavisTavad... maCvenebelia, rom iuridiuli azrovneba maSindel saqarTveloSi maRal doneze mdgara~.29 konstitucionalizmis TvalsazrisiT aseve Zalze sayuradRebo iyo `wesi da gangebai mefeTa kurTxevisa~, radgan masSi gansazRvruli iyo samefo xelisuflebis, misi aparatis, samefo darbazis funqcionirebis wesi. qarTuli konstitucionalizmis daxasiaTebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs yuTlu-arslanis dass. igi, saqarTveloSi parlamentarizmis ideis warmoSobas ukavSirdeba. Tumca unda aRvniSnoT, rom am ukanasknelis Sesaxeb qarTul istoriul mecnierebaSi erTiani azri ar aris. qarTuli konstitucionalizmis istoriis TvalsazrisiT arsebiTad gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, roca vaxtang VI-m `dasturlamali~ miiRo. am aqtis dasaxasiaTeblad mxolod iv. 29 surgulaZe, iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis wyaroebi, Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 69. 68 kari pirveli javaxiSvilis sityvebs moviSveliebT: `dasturlamali~-s SeqmniT vaxtang meeqvsem marTlmsajuleba da marTva-gamgeoba kvlav erTmaneTisagan gansazRvra da saxelmwifo samarTalsac mtkice safuZveli daudo: amieriTgan saxelmwifo marTva-gamgeobis garkveuli wesi iyo damyarebuli da misi ryeva da darRveva ase ioli aRar iqneboda~.30 qarTuli konstitucionalizmis dasaxasiaTeblad, aseve, mniSvnelovania 1832 wlis SeTqmulTa Sexedulebebi, 60-ianelTa samarTlebrivpolitikuri warmodgenebi da yvela is ideebi, romelic ruseTis imperiis dampyrobluri politikis viTarebaSi aRmocendeboda qarTuli saxelmwifos gadasarCenad. Tavi 3.6 konstituciis funqciebi konstitucia, qveynis sazogadoebrivi weswyobilebisa da politikis sferoSi aRmocenebuli urTierTobebis regulirebis TaviseburebebiT da mravalmxrivi funqciuri daniSnulebiT gamoirCeva. konstituciasTan, rogorc ZiriTad kanonTan, mimarTebaSi upiratesad gamoyofen mis iuridiul funqcias. konstituciis iuridiul funqciaSi Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis reglamentireba, am urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi regulireba igulisxmeba. dRes ukve xSirad saubroben imaze, rom konstitucia marto normatiuli dokumenti ar aris. igi samarTlianadaa aRiarebuli, rogorc saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi politikuri dokumenti. amdenad, SesaZlebelia konstituciis politikuri funqciac gamovyoT. qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri Zalebis Tanafardobis konstituciuri asaxva, mocemul instituciaTa Soris Tanafardobis dadgena, maT Soris politikuri TamaSis wesebze SeTanxmeba da misi samarTlebrivi gaformeba am funqciis Sesabamisad xdeba. arsebuli politikuri Zalebis Tavisufali funqcionireba da politikuri socializaciis procesSi Tanaswori monawileobis SesaZlebloba garantirebulia konstituciuri normebiT, xolo detalurad saarCevno kanonmdeblobaSi aris gawerili. konstitucia saxelmwifoSi ideologiur funqciasac asrulebs. es, moqalaqeebisa da adamianTa gaerTianebebis mier, konstituciis avtori30 javaxiSvili, iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria; http://lib.ge/body–text.php?6708. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 69 tetis aRiarebas uzrunvelyofs. konstituciis ideologiuri funqcia samarTlebriv-politikur kulturasac ukavSirdeba da mis daxvewa-ganviTarebas uwyobs xels, sxvadasxva demokratiuli Rirebulebebisadmi adamianis liberalur damokidebulebas aZlierebs. misi saSualebiT konstitucia zogadsakacobrio da erovnuli kulturis nawilad warmoCindeba. Tavi 3.7 saqarTvelos moqmedi 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstitucia saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia Sedgeba 1995 wels miRebuli teqstisagan, masSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiTa da damatebebiT, e.w. mierTebuli nawilisagan – 2004 wlis 1 ivlisis saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanoni `aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb~. saqarTvelos konstitucia Tavisi iuridiuli bunebiT umaRlesi iuridiuli Zalis aqtia. saxelmwifoSi moqmedi yvela sxva samarTlebrivi aqti konstitucias unda Seesabamebodes an misgan gamomdinareobdes. konstituciis uzenaesoba Tavad konstituciaSivea aRiarebuli: saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba konstituciiT dadgenil farglebSi~. saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 5.1 `saqarTvelos konstitucia saxelmwifos uzenaesi kanonia. yvela sxva samarTlebrivi aqti unda Seesabamebodes konstitucias~. saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 6.1 `konstituciis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg moqmedebs mxolod is samarTlebrivi aqti an aqtis nawili, romelic konstitucias ar ewinaaRmdegeba~. saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 106.1 moqmedi konstituciis uzenaesobis uzrunvelsayofad konstitucia uflebebTan erTad, yvela fizikuri da iuridiuli pirisaTvis, garkveul valdebulebebs awesebs. es moTxovnebi vrceldeba rogorc saqarTvelos, ise ucxoel moqalaqeebzec: `saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yoveli piri valdebulia asrulebdes saqarTvelos konstituciisa da kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebs~. saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 54.1 70 kari pirveli saxelmwifo moxeleebs da Tanamdebobis pirebs konstituciis dacvis valdebuleba akisriaT. konstituciis darRveva saqarTvelos prezidentis, mTavrobis wevrebis, uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris, generaluri prokuroris, kontrolis palatis Tavmjdomaris da erovnuli bankis sabWos wevrebis pasuxismgeblobis, impiCmentis wesiT sakiTxis dasmis erT-erTi safuZvelia. konstitucia, rogorc mniSvnelovani politikuri dokumenti saqarTvelos moqmedi konstituciis politikuri buneba imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi aRiarebs politikur pluralizms, awesebs da uzrunvelyofs politikuri saqmianobis Tavisuflebas, adgens CarCoebs aseTi saqmianobisaTvis, aRiarebs konstituciis uzenaesobas. konstitucia politikuri socializaciis procesSi yvela politikur Zalas Tanabar SesaZleblobas aniWebs. amasTan, moqmedi konstituciiT akrZalulia iseTi politikuri gaerTianebis Seqmna da saqmianoba, romlis mizania: • saqarTvelos konstituciuri wyobis damxoba; • Zaladobis gziT qveynis damoukideblobis xelyofa; • teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva; • omis an Zaladobis propaganda; • erovnuli, kuTxuri, religiuri an socialuri SuRlis gaRviveba. saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia politikur pluralizms da Tavisuflebas uzrunvelyofs, Tumca, imavdroulad, mas kanonismieri gonivruli farglebiT zRudavs. magaliTad, saqarTvelos konstituciis 26-e muxlis me-2 punqtis mixedviT `saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT organuli kanonis Sesabamisad Seqmnan politikuri partia, sxva gaerTianeba da monawileoba miiRon mis saqmianobaSi~. Tumca zemoT ukve naxsenebi safuZvlebis arsebobisas, SesaZlebelia, moqalaqeebs uari eTqvaT am uflebis gamoyenebaze. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis bolo oci wlis manZilze politikuri gaerTianebis registraciaze uaryofiTi gadawyvetilebis ori SemTxveva fiqsirdeba. 2001 wels registraciaze uari eTqva organizacia `mxedrions~ (`patriotTa kavSiri~), romelic jer kidev 1989 wels samxedro organizaciad dafuZnda. `mxedrionma~ saqarTvelos 1992 wlis saxelmwifo gadatria- saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 71 lebaSi mTavari roli iTamaSa. Semdegac, damxobili xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa devna-Seviwroebasa da momxreTa saprotesto moZraobis CaxSobaSi aqtiurad monawileobda. 1995 wels misi saqmianoba aikrZala. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom organizacia Tavdapirvelad patriotuli miznebiT Seiqmna da masSi demokratiuli idealebisaTvis mebrZolma bevrma adamianma moiyara Tavi. saqarTveloSi vizitis dros misi sapatio wevri aSS saxelmwifo mdivani jeims beikeric ki gaxda. saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia pasuxs scems mTavar kiTxvas, Tu vis ekuTvnis saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo xelisufleba. konstituciis mixedviT, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wyaroa xalxi da Sesabamisad xelisuflebac mas ekuTnis. `saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wyaroa xalxi. saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba konstituciiT dadgenil farglebSi~. saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 5.1 politikuri xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi xalxis monawileobis formebs konstitucia awesebs, maT Soris pirdapiri demokratiis CaTvliT, roca moqalaqeebi ara gaSualebulad, parlamentis mier, aramed uSualod, Tavadve wyveten mniSvnelovan politikur, saxelmwifoebriv da sazogadoebriv sakiTxebs. uSualo demokratiis formebad unda davasaxeloT arCevnebi da referendumi. 72 kari pirveli nawili meoTxe saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebi meoTxe nawilSi ganvixilavT mmarTvelobis ZiriTad formebs, aseve mmarTvelobis calkeul formebs. vimsjelebT saxelmwifoTa kavSirebis Tanamedrove formebze. warmovadgenT saqarTvelos, rogorc erTiani saxelmwifos, zogadsamarTlebriv daxasiaTebas. gavecnobiT informacias mmarTvelobis xerxebisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb. davaxasiaTebT saqarTvelos konstituciur-samarTlebriv statuss. warmovaCenT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis arssa da Taviseburebebs. ganvixilavT demokratias, rogorc politikuri reJimis safuZvels. am nawilis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: • ra aris saxelmwifos cneba da Sinaarsi; • ras niSnavs monarqiuli mmarTveloba da rogoria misi saxeebi; • ra Tavisebureba da saxeebi gaaCnia respublikur mmarTvelobas; • ra aris xelisuflebis teritoriuli mowyoba; • rogoria federaciuli saxelmwifo; • ras niSnavs unitaruli saxelmwifo; • ra Sereuli formebi gvxvdeba respublikuri mmarTvelobis dros; • ratom iqmnebian saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobebi: konfederacia, evrokavSiri, dsT da ra formiT urTierToben isini; • ras warmoadgens politikuri reJimi da misi romeli kategoriebi SeiZleba arsebobdes; • ratomaa aqtualuri mmarTvelobis formis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba Cveni qveynisaTvis. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 73 Tavi 4.1 saxelmwifos forma – cneba da Sinaarsi konstituciur-samarTlebriv Teoriasa da praqtikaSi saxelmwifos formis sakiTxi erT-erTi startegiuli mniSvnelobisaa. saxelmwifos formis kvleva saTaves Soreuli warsulidan iRebs. masze jer kidev platoni da aristotele msjelobdnen, antikuri periodis iuristebi kamaTobdnen. saxelmwifos formis sakiTxebs dResac didi mondomebiT ikvleven. Tavisi SinaarsiT saxelmwifos forma, esaa saxelmwifos im Sinagani niSnebis erToblioba, romelic aCvenebs, Tu rogoraa mocemul saxelmwifoSi xelisufleba mowyobili, vis ekuTvnis igi. rogor, romeli organoebis da ra meTodebis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba saxelmwifo xelisufleba. es sakiTxi Cveni saxelmwifosaTvisac sagulisxmoa. ar iqneba gadaWarbebuli Tu vityviT, rom CvenSi xelisuflebis mowyobis sakiTxs saxelmwifosTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs. amas gvidasturebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa da afxazeTis separatistuli reJimis konfliqti, saqarTvelos moqmed konstituciaSi saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyobis Riad darCenili sakiTxi. problemaTa mogvarebis erT-erT pirobad saxelmwifos mowyobis sakiTxi miiCneoda. dRes gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT saxelmwifo formis cneba sami urTierTdakavSirebuli movlenis sinTezss moicavs, esenia: 1. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma; 2. xelisuflebis teritoriuli organizaciis forma; 3. politikuri reJimi.31 Tavi 4.2 saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma mmarTvelobis forma saxelmwifos umaRlesi xelisuflebis formirebis wessa da mis struqturas gulisxmobs. istoriulad, mmarTvelobis formas sazogadoebis Sesabamisi socialuri da politikuri Zalebis 31 ruxaZe, z., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, baTumi, 1999 74 kari pirveli urTierTdamokidebuleba da urTierTdapirispireba gansazRvravda. aqedan gamomdinare, mocemuli sakiTxis praqtikul-politikuri mniSvneloba zogadad, da Cveni sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosaTvis konkretulad, friad aqtualuria. Sinaarsobrivad, mmarTvelobis forma, esaa saxelmwifos im Sinagani niSnebis erToblioba, romlebic aCvenebs, Tu rogoraa mocemul saxelmwifoSi xelisufleba mowyobili; vis ekuTvnis igi; rogor, romeli organoebiT da ra meTodebis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba. mmarTvelobis formis, anu xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebis formirebis da maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxi pasuxobs kiTxvebze: • ramdenad eyrdnoba xelisuflebis mowyoba, zemoT ukve mravalgzis xsenebul, xelisuflebis ganawilebis princips? • rogoria xelisuflebisa da mosaxleobis urTierTmimarTeba? • mosaxleobis mier xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis ra da ra formebi arsebobs? • rogoria xelisuflebis organoebis Seqmnis wesi, maTi uflebamosilebis xangrZlivoba? saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis mixedviT ZiriTadad ganasxvaveben monarqiasa da respublikas. monarqiuli mmarTveloba monarqiulia mmarTvelobis iseTi forma, sadac umaRlesi saxelmwifo xelisufleba erT pirs, monarqs, ekuTvnis, romelic Tavisi nebis Sesabamisad warmarTavs xelisuflebas.32 monarqis neba saxelmwifoSi uzenaesia. unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelmwifo meqanizmSi monarqis rolisa da misi saxelmwifosadmi damokidebulebis konstruqciebi sxvadasxva epoqaSi gansxvavebulad gamoiyureba. monarqis istoriuli statusi Tanamedrove monarqebis mdgomareobisgan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. monarqis pozicia dRevandel saxelmwifo meqanizmSi sxvagvaria. amis mTavari mizezi Tanamedrove monarqiuli xelisuflebis wyaro, misi uflebamosilebebis arsenali da saxelmwifo meqanizmSi monarqis roli da adgilia. monarqiaTa arsebuli modelebis farglebSi sxvadasxva epoqebSi misi nairgvari saxe Camoyalibda: 32 Civil enciklopediuri leqsikoni, monarqia; http://www.nplg.gov.ge. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 75 1. absoluturi, anu SeuzRudavi monarqia; 2. arCeviTi da memkvidreobiTi monarqia; 3. SezRuduli (konstituciuri) monarqia. absoluturi monarqia absoluturi monarqiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mTeli xelisuflebis Tavmoyra erTi piris – monarqis xelSi. monarqi TviTon gamoscems kanonebs, uflebamosilia ganaxorcielos es kanonebi, anu uSualod aRasrulos administraciuli mmarTveloba, daniSnos mTavroba. monarqi aris umaRlesi msajuli. aRniSnuli uflebamosilebebiT monarqi upirobod sargeblobs. misi xelisufleba aravisgan da arafriT ar aris SezRuduli. absolutur monarqiaSi mis xelisuflebas zogjer is garemoebac aZlierebs, rom igi, imavdroulad, umaRlesi sasuliero piricaa. mmarTvelobis am formas saxelmwifoTa Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze vxvdebiT. aseve, man farTod moikida fexi Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoTa xelisuflebis mowyobaSic. am tipis monarqiis klasikuri magaliTi, lui XIV da safrangeTSi misi zeobis periodi, zemoT vaxseneT. aseTi monarqia iSviaTad, magram mainc dResac arsebobs (magaliTad, saudis arabeTsa da omanSi). arCeviTi da memkvidreobiTi monarqia monarqia SeiZleba iyos memkvidreobiTi da arCeviTi. memkvidreobiTi monarqiis dros monarqs, taxtis memkvidreobis konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT, gansazRvruli samefo ojaxidan an dinastiidan iwveven. arCeviT monarqias ki maSin aqvs adgili, roca taxtis gadacema erTi pirisagan meoreze arCevnebis, rogorc gansazRvruli iuridiuli aqtis, safuZvelze xdeba. Tanamedrove arCeviTi monarqiis magaliTad gamodgeba malaizia, sadac monarqis saxelisuflo vada 5 wlis vadiT ganisazRvreba. monarqs federaciis wevri monarqiuli Statebis warmomadgenlebi irCeven. SezRuduli monarqia SezRuduli monarqia mmarTvelobis iseTi formaa, romelSic monarqis xelisufleba iseTi arCeviTi organoebis mieraa SezRuduli, ro- 76 kari pirveli melTa azrsa da interesebsac man angariSi unda gauwios. SezRuduli monarqia, Tavis mxriv, ramdenime saxed iyofa: wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTad da konstituciurad. wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqia wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis dros monarqis xelisufleba privilegirebuli wodebis an am wodebis warmomadgenelTa mier izRudeba. konstituciuri monarqia konstituciuri monarqiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia monarqis uflebebis kanonmdeblobiT SezRudva rogorc sakanonmdeblo, ise aRmasrulebel doneze. mmarTvelobis am formas, aseve xelisuflebaTa mkveTri gamijvnac axasiaTebs. marTalia, monarqi niSnavs mTavrobas, magram es ukanaskneli pasuxs mxolod parlamentis winaSe agebs. monarqis aqtebis mimarT gamoiyeneba kontrasignaciis33 instituti, e.i. monarqis aqtebi asruldeba mxolod Sesabamisi ministris mier vizirebis SemTxvevaSi. sasamarTlo xelisufleba mTlianad damoukidebelia. es rasakvirvelia, ar niSnavs imas, rom monarqi mxolod dekoratiuli figuraa saxelmwifoSi. amas naTlad adasturebs iv. surgulaZis mosazreba, romlis mixedviT, `monarqis Tanxmobis gareSe SeuZlebelia raime cvlileba Sevides saxelmwifos konstituciur wyobilebaSi. es momenti aucileblad igulisxmeba monarqis cnebaSi, vinaidan iq, sadac saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanoni Seicvala monarqis Tanxmobis gareSe, ar arsebobs monarqia~.34 monarqi warmoadgens eris, saxelmwifos simbolos. Tanamdrove monarqiebi konstituciuria. imisda mixedviT, ra xarisxiTaa SezRuduli monarqis xelisufleba, ukanasknels kidev yofen: dualistur da saparlamento monarqiebad. dualisturi monarqiis dros monarqis xelisufleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom konstituciiTaa SezRuduli, demokratiuli institutebis sisustis gamo, realur Zalauflebas mainc Tavad inarCunebs. am tipis Tanamedrove monarqiebs kontrasignatura da kontrasignacia (laT. “contra” winaaRmdeg da “signo” aRvniSnav) – ministris xelmowera im aqtze, romelic gamosulia saxelmwifos meTauris xelidan; niSnavs, rom ministrs, mocemuli aqtis gamo, iuridiuli da politikuri pasuxismgebloba ekisreba. 34 surgulaZe, iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis wyaroebi, Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 143. 33 saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 77 warmoadgenen: iordania, tailandi, malaizia, nepali. saparlameto monarqiebSi piriqiT – monarqis saxelisuflo roli nominaluria. mTavroba pasuxismgebelia mxolod parlamentis winaSe. respublikuri mmarTveloba respublika mmarTvelobis iseTi formaa, romlis drosac saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebs garkveuli vadiT irCeven. respublikis dros saxelmwifo mmarTveloba, monarqiisagan gansxvavebiT, kolegiur xasiaTs atarebs. amgvari mmarTvelobis dros gadawyvetileba, Cveulebriv, winaswar gansazRvruli proceduris Sesabamisad, kenWisyris gziT miiReba. es ukanaskneli legitimurad iTvleba maSin, Tu kanoniT dadgenili umravlesoba dauWers mxars. respublikaSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wyaro xalxia. es ukanaskneli xelisuflebas saxelmwifos saerTo keTildReobis miRwevisaTvis saWiro marTvis mandats gadascems. respublikuri mmarTveloba efuZneba xelisuflebis ganawilebis princips da ZiriTadad ganasxvavebs sam damoukidebel Stos: sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebas. amasTan, demokratiuli respublikuri mmarTvelobis dros xelisuflebis ganawilebis farglebSi `urTierTgawonasworebisa da kontrolis~ sistema moqmedebs. xelisuflebis TiToeuli Sto Tavis saqmianobaSi damoukidebelia, magram maTi funqcionireba urTierTzemoqmedebasa da TanamSromlobas efuZneba. arc erT maTgans ufleba da SesaZlebloba ara aqvs Caerios an miiTvisos meoris ufleba. saxelmwofoTa ganviTarebis istoria da konstituciur-samarTlebrivi praqtika respublikuri mmarTvelobis formas, Tavis mxriv, kidev ramdenime saxed ganixilavs. saparlamento respublika saxelisuflo marTva-gamgeobaSi parlamentis upiratesobiT xasiaTdeba. mmarTvelobis am formisas parlamentis uzenaesoba gamoxatvas poulobs saparlamento respublikis iseT mTavar TaviseburebaSi, rogoricaa mTavrobis formirebis saparlamento wesi da mis winaSe mTavrobis politikuri pasuxismgebloba. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos mTavrobis solidaruli pasuxismgebloba, roca mTavrobis erTi wevris, gansakuTrebiT misi Tavmjdomarisadmi, undobloba mTeli mTavrobis gadadgomas gamoiwvevs. mTavrobis formireba xdeba im partiaTa mier, romlebmac arCevnebis Sedegad mandatebis umravlesoba moipoves parlamentSi. mmarTvelobis aseTi formis dros arsebobs 78 kari pirveli premier-ministris Tanamdeboba, romelsac irCevs an niSnavs parlamenti. miuxedavad imisa, rom prezidenti, formalurad, farTo uflebamosilebiTaa aRWurvili, misi roli mTavrobis formirebaSi nominaluria. prezidentis aqtebi iuridiul Zalas, rogorc wesi, iZenen mxolod mas Semdeg, rac mas parlamenti an mTavroba daeTanxmeba. prezidentis aRniSnul aqtebze pasuxismgeblobac am ukanasknelT ekisrebaT. saprezidento respublika – ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani saxelmwifo meqanizmSi prezidentis wamyvani rolia. am ukanasknelis Sesabamisad, prezidents saxelmwifo meqanizmSi wamyvani adgili uWiravs da igi saxelmwifosa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurs erTdroulad warmoadgens. saprezidento respublikaSi moqmedebs prezidentis arCevisa da mTavrobis formirebis arasaparlamento wesi, romlis Sesabamisad, prezidenti qveynis mosaxleobis mier sayovelTao saxalxo arCevnebis gziT airCeva. mTavrobas, xSirad parlamentis TanxmobiT, prezidenti qmnis. zogjer SesaZlebelia da praqtikaSi xSirad arsebobs kidec, roca saprezidento mmarTvelobisas prezidentis xelSi Zalauflebis maqsimaluri koncentracia xdeba, rac am mmarTvelobis kritikosebs saSualebas aZlevs igi monarqias Seadaros. erTi piris xelSi Zalauflebis koncentraciis momxreebi sakuTari Sexedulebebis sasargeblod xelisuflebis operatiulobisa da ekonomiurobis argumentebs ixmoben. maTi azriT aucilebelia, rom marTva demokratiul meTodebs efuZnebodes. am SemTxvevaSi, prezidentisa da monarqis Sedareba gaumarTlebeli iqneboda. swored amgvar viTarebaze miuTiTebda aleqsandre hamiltoni, roca aRniSnavda: `Cven yuradRebas, uwinares yovlisa, is garemoeba ipyrobs, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, mcire gamonaklisis garda erTi pirovnebis xelSi eqceva. magram Znelad rom es viTareba ramenairi Sedarebis safuZveli gaxdes. saqme is aris, rom Tu am mxriv raime msgavseba arsebobs SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentsa da didi britaneTis mefes Soris, maSin aseve SegviZlia vilaparakoT TurqeTis sulTanTan, TaTarTa xanTan, romis mmarTvelsa Tu niu-iorkis Statis gubernatorTan msgavsebis Taobaze~.35 Tu saprezidento mmarTveloba xelisuflebis mowyobis demokratiul principebs ar iziarebs, demokratiul midgomas gamoricxavs, maSin saqme arademokratiul mmarTvelobasTan gvqonia da msgavsi Sedarebac sruliad dasaSvebia. 35 hamiltoni, a., federalisturi werilebi, federalisti #69, niu-iorkis Statis xalxs, 1788 weli 14 marti. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 79 bolo periodis specialur literaturaSi aseTi mmarTveloba aRiniSna `supersaprezidento respublikis~ saxelwodebiT. supersaprezidentod Tavidan laTinuri amerikis qveynebi iwodebodnen, Tumca bolo periodSi is damaxasiaTebeli gaxda bevri ganviTarebadi qveynisTvis evraziis kontinentzec. supersaprezidento mmarTvelobis klasikuri magaliTia ruseTi, gansakuTrebiT vladimer putinis mmarTvelobis (2000-2008) periodSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi winamorbedi prezidenti Zalauflebis naklebobas namdvilad ar uCioda, putinma mas aSkarad ajoba da mmarTvelobis axali modelic ki Seqmna, romlis Taviseburebaa, Tundac formalurad arsebuli koleqtiuri mmarTvelobis minimumamde dayvana. putinis saprezidento mmarTveloba ori magistraluri xaziT ganviTarda: Zalauflebis Tavmoyra erTi adamianis xelSi da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi specsamsaxurebis aqtiuri monawileoba. ruseTis parlamenti, praqtikulad, `erTiani ruseTis~ partiis umravlesobas warmoadgens, romelic prezidentis gavlenis qveS moeqca da sakuTar daniSnulebad xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebebis mxolod formaluri mxardaWera aqcia. 2005 wlis 25 noembers ruseTis dumam 340 deputatis mxardaWeriT miiRo gadawyvetileba, romliTac sakanonmdeblo organos aekrZala prezidentis, sasamarTlos da sagangebo organoebis saqmianobis Semswavleli komisiebis Seqmna.36 sapirispirod, aSS prezidentma barak obamam Tavis kabinetSi respublikuri partiis wevrebi daniSna, Tumca amas gavlena ar mouxdenia imaze, rom kongresis respublikel warmomadgenlebs prezidentis winadadebebisaTvis mxari ar daeWiraT. modiT, putinis prezidentobis dasawyisis es magaliTi obamas prezidentobis `Taflobis Tves~ SevadaroT. mweral meTiu stivensonis TqmiT, obamas prezidentobis `Taflobis Tve~ mZime hqonda, radganac reformebis gatarebasTan dakavSirebiT kongresSi respublikelebis winaaRmdegobas waawyda. prezidentma Tavis kabinetSi respublikelebic daniSna, magram kongresis respublikeli wevrebi Sors arian im azrisgan, rom `obamamanias~ daemorCilon, radgan Tavisi saarCevno momavlis, prezidentis sagareo da ekonomikuri politikis marcxze ageben pasuxs. respublikuri partiis arc erTma warmomadgenelma xma ar misca demokratebis mier SemuSavebul gegmebs kreditebis gamoyofaze, aseve ekonomikis gadarCenis gegmas. rac Seexe36 girs.org.ge/425. 80 kari pirveli ba prezident obamas erTpirovnul gadawyvetilebebs: `zogierTi respublikelis azriT, rodesac prezidentma guantanamos cixis daxurvaze calmxrivi gadawyvetileba miiRo, surda es mas Tu ara, Tavis Tavze aiRo pasuxismgebloba imaze, rom msoflioSi teroristTa Tavdasxmebi aRar iqneboda. magram Tuki axlo momavalSi sadme avtomobili afeTqdeba, gnebavT alJiris bazarSi an sadme sxvagan, cxadia obamas politikuri mtrebi am Zaladobriv qmedebas guantanamos an sazRvargareT mdebare sxva banakebidan ganTavisuflebul yofil patimrebs daabraleben~.37 respublikuri mmarTvelobis Sereuli forma mmarTvelobis CamoTvlili formebi, praqtikuli ganxorcielebis dros, mravali samarTlebrivi da politikuri xasiaTis problemas warmoSobs, rac xSirad ama Tu im konkretuli mmarTvelobis sistemis avkargianobis Sesaxeb politikosebis Tu specialistebis davis sagnad iqceva. saqme isaa, rom mmarTvelobis zemoT xsenebul formebs aqvT TavianTi rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi, riskis Semcveli faqtorebi. mmarTvelobis Sereuli formebis aucilebloba saparlamento da saprezidento formebis naklovani mxareebis aRmofxvris mcdelobas ukavSirdeba. mmarTvelobis Sereuli formebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc saprezidento, ise saparlamento mmarTvelobis niSnebi: prezidenti niSnavs mTavrobas, amasTan, prezidentis mier daniSnuli mTavroba pasuxismgebelia parlamentis winaSe, prezidents aqvs ufleba vadaze adre daiTxovos parlamenti. amgvari hibriduli modelebis Seqmnis mTavari daniSnulebaa: saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa, politikuri da samTavrobo krizisebis Semcireba an Tavidan acileba, saxelmwifo meqanizmis koordinirebuli funqcionireba. konstituciur-samarTlebrivi praqtikis mixedviT SesaZlebelia gamovyoT Sereuli mmarTvelobis Semdegi formebi: saprezidento-saparlamento, saparlamento-saprezidento, naxevradsaprezidento. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom mmarTvelobis Sereuli formiT saprezidento da saparlamento mmarTvelobis naklovanebebisgan srulebiT Tavdaxsnis mizans dRemde veravin miaRwia. 37 tabataZe, q., foladaSvili, T., ra moswons da ra ar moswons ruseTs obamas politikis zustad erTi Tvis Tavze, mediaclubgeo.wordpress.com/2009/02/20/ saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 81 Tavi 4.3 saxelmwifo xelisuflebis teritoriuli mowyoba (saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyoba) cnebaSi – saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyoba, igulisxmeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis teritoriul-administraciuli organizeba, saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawilebs, centralur da adgilobriv organoebs Soris urTierToba. Cveulebriv, saxelmwifos teritoria dayofilia nawilebad, romlebic saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyobis geografiul safuZvels qmnian. amasTan, TiToeul teritoriul erTeulSi, erTian saxelmwifo xelisuflebasTan erTad, Sesabamis teritoriaze Sesabamisi erTeulis xelisufleba moqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare, qveynis teritoriul erTeulebs SeiZleba xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis umaRlesi organoebi, sakuTari konstitucia, kanonmdebloba da a.S. hqondeT. aseTi teritoriuli erTeulebi saxelmwifo warmonaqmns emsgavsebian da maRali xarisxis TviTmmarTvelobiT sargebloben. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki qveynis mxolod iseT administraciul-teritoriul erTeuls warmoadgenen, romelsac saxelmwifoebriobis raime niSani ar axasiaTebs. yvela erTeuli Tanabar iuridiul statuss flobs, xolo maTi organoebi mTeli saxelmwifo aparatis struqturul nawils qmnian. aRniSnulis Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove konstituciuri samarTlis TeoriaSi gamoyofen teritoriul-saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis or ZiriTad formas: unitarulsa da federaciuls. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba am or formas Soris imaSi gamoixateba, rom unitaruli saxelmwifo dayofilia da Sedgeba mxolod administraciuli an politikur-administraciuli erTeulebisagan, xolo federaciuli saxelmwifos erTeulebi warmoadgenen saxelmwifos msgavs warmonaqmnebs suverenitetis gareSe. unitaruli saxelmwifo erTiani da ganuyofelia, sadac erTi umaRlesi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis iurisdiqcia vrceldeba. unitarul saxelmwifoSi, rogorc wesi, teritoriuli dayofa administraciuli mmarTvelobis efeqturad ganxorcielebas emsaxureba. am teritoriul erTeulebs saxelmwifoebriobis damaxasiaTebeli raime niSani ar gaaCniaT. Sesabamisad, maT arc raime politikuri damoukidebloba aqvT. unitaruli saxelmwifos moqalaqis samarTlebrivi statusis ganmsazRvrelia erTiani saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba. 82 kari pirveli unitarul saxelmwifoSi administraciuli dayofa administraciuli funqciis gansaxorcieleblad sWirdebaT. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi unitaruli dayofisas zogierT erTeuls SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi statusi hqondes da zogierTi maTgani ufro farTo avtonomiurobiTac sargeblobdes. aseTi erTeulebi teritoriuli avtonomiebis saxeliT moixseniebian. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor aris organizebuli sajaro xelisufleba, ganasxvaveben decentralizebul da centralizebul unitarul saxelmwifoebs. federaciuli saxelmwifo rTuli mowyobisaa da saxelmwifoebriobis niSnis mqone warmonaqmnebisgan – federaciis subieqtebisagan Sedgeba. federaciis subieqtebs aqvT saxelmwifoebriobis ZiriTadi niSnebi: sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba. miuxedavad amisa, xazi unda gavusvaT, rom es subieqtebi ar arian saxelmwifoebi, radganac maT ar gaaCniaT saxelmwifoebriobis iseTi umTavresi da aucilebeli niSan-Tviseba, rogoricaa suvereniteti. Sesabamisad, federaciuli saxelmwifo mkacrad erTiani saxelmwifoa. federaciuli mowyobis erTianobis principi erTian suverenul saxelmwifod arsebobas uzrunvelyofs. federaciul saxelmwifoSi, rogorc erTian saxelmwifoSi, Zalze mniSvnelovania teritoriuli erTeulebis integraciis funqcia, swored am funqciis Sesabamisad federaciaSi saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi kompetenciebi arsebobs, romlebic federaluri organoebis erTiani sistemis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. federaluri saxelmwifo icnobs ormag moqalaqeobas: federaciis subieqtis moqalaqeobas da erTiani federaciis moqalaqeobas, romelic TiToeuli moqalaqis saboloo samarTlebriv statuss gansazRvravs. federaciis subieqtebs aqvT teritoria, romelic, rogorc wesi, ar SeiZleba Seicvalos am subieqtTan SeTanxmebis gareSe, Tumca saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso samarTalsubieqtobisTvis amosavali ara calkeuli subieqtebis teritoria, aramed erTiani federaluri saxelmwifos teritoriaa. federaciuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis da misi erTianobis uzrunvelsayofad, aseve mniSvnelovania federaciis subieqtebisaTvis seseciis38 uflebis arqona, rac gulisxmobs federaciuli kavSiridan Tavisufali, upirobo gasvlis uflebis ararsebobas. istoriulad federaciuli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis da Camoyalibebis ori ZiriTadi xerxi arsebobs: saxelSekrulebo da konstituciuri. 38 “secession” – gamosvla; gamoyofa, http://www.nplg.gov.ge. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 83 federaluri xelisuflebis organizebis niSnebis Sesabamisad SesaZlebelia visaubroT erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv da administraciulteritoriul federaciaze. pirvels adgili aqvs mravalerovan saxelmwifoSi, sadac mocemul erebs TavianTi suverenuli uflebebi saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi organoebisaTvis nebayoflobiT gadauciaT. meore tipis federaciis safuZveli SesaZloa ekonomikuri, kulturuli, enobrivi, geografiuli da sxva faqtorebi iyos. simetriuli da asimetriuli federacia. simetriuli federaciis qveynebSi federaciis subieqtebi Tanabari uflebamosilebebiT arian aRWurvilni. asimetriuli federaciis dros ki saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawilebs gansxvavebuli konstituciur-samarTlebrivi statusi aqvT, amasTanave, aseT qveynebSi, Tanabari uflebebis mqone subieqtTa garda, federaciis sxva teritoriuli erTeulebic arseboben. Tavi 4.4 saqarTvelos, rogorc erTiani saxelmwifos, konstituciur-samarTlebrivi statusi saxelmwifos damoukidebloba 1991 wlis 31 marts Catarebuli referendumiT saqarTvelos mosaxleobam erTsulovnad dauWira mxari qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenas. masze dayrdnobiT 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom damoukideblobis deklaracia gamoacxada. saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebac ase daiwyo. saqarTvelos, rogorc damoukidebeli da suverenuli saxelmwifos, konstituciur-samarTlebrivi statusi ganmtkicebulia 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstituciiT, romelic misi saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis safuZvlebs Seicavs. saqarTvelos konstituciuri statusi, upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwifo suverenitetis konstituciur princips emyareba. saqarTvelos, rogorc suverenul, damoukidebel da ganuyofel saxelmwifos, aRiarebs da ganamtkicebs saqarTvelos konstituciis pirvelive muxli. 84 kari pirveli `saqarTvelo aris damoukidebeli, erTiani da ganuyofeli saxelmwifo, rac dadasturebulia 1991 wlis 31 marts qveynis mTel teritoriaze, maT Soris afxazeTis a.s.s.r.-Si da yofil samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi Catarebuli referendumiT da 1991 wlis 9 aprilis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtiT~. saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 1 saqarTvelos konstituciuri statusidan gamomdinare misi xelisuflebis samarTlebrivi niSnebia: 1. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis uzenaesoba, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi sxva, ucxo Zalebi da struqturebi ar erevian (Tu ar CavTvliT afxazeTSi Seqmnil mdgomareobas). konstituciaSi gawerili reglamentiT saqarTvelos xelisufleba gansazRvravs Cveni sazogadoebis saxelmwifo-samarTlebriv ganviTarebas, sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa mTel sistemas, awesrigebs maTi mowyobis sakiTxebs da mTeli qveynis masStabiT harmoniul garemos qmnis. 2. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis damoukidebloba gamoixateba imaSi, rom igi mxolod Tavisi interesebisa da Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad, sxva saxelmwifoTa Carevis gareSe, gansazRvravs da axorcielebs Tavis saSinao da sagareo funqciebs. 3. umniSvnelovanesia xelisuflebis diferenciaciis principi, rac gulisxmobs saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da mis teritoriul erTeulebs Soris kompetenciaTa gamijvnas. am sakiTxs konstitucia konstituciuri kanonis saSualebiT daaregulirebs. sakiTxis gadawyveta dakavSirebulia saqarTvelos teritoriul-saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis gansazRvrasTan, romlisTvisac konstituciaSi Sesabamisi principi ukve dadgenilia. igi xelisuflebis calkeul Stoebs Soris uflebamosilebebis gamijvnas moicavs. sakiTxis srulad gadawyveta qveynis mTel teritoriaze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis aRdgenas ukavSirdeba. qveynis damoukideblobis garantiebi xelisuflebis iurisdiqciis mTel teritoriaze srulad aRdgenamde, dRevandeli da Cveni axali istoriis mware gakveTilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, konstituciis avtorebma gaiTvaliswines saqarTvelos, rogorc suverenuli saxelmwifos, erTianobisa da ganuyoflobis rigi garantiebi. erTi mxriv, aseT garantad kanonmdebeli Tavad konstitucias miiCnevs, meore mxriv ki – saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas, saerTaSoriso samarTals: saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 85 `saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritoria gansazRvrulia 1991 wlis 21 dekembris mdgomareobiT. saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba da saxelmwifo sazRvrebis xelSeuxebloba dadasturebulia saqarTvelos konstituciiT da kanonebiT, aRiarebulia msoflio Tanamegobrobisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritoriis gasxviseba akrZalulia. saxelmwifo sazRvrebis Secvla SeiZleba mxolod mezobel saxelmwifosTan dadebuli ormxrivi SeTanxmebiT~. saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 2 saqarTveloSi dawesebulia erTiani moqalaqeoba, romlis Sesabamisadac ganisazRvreba yoveli moqalaqis samarTlebrivi statusi, saqarTvelos romel teritoriul erTeulSic ar unda cxovrobdes igi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi statusis es sakiTxi, arsebiTad, ucvleli darCeba federaluri mowyobis SemTxvevaSic. Tu romelime teritoriul erTeulSi moqalaqeobis instituti dawesdeba, igi mxolod formalur xasiaTs unda atarebdes. saqarTvelos gaaCnia xelisuflebis saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi organoebi: saxelmwifos meTauri – saqarTvelos prezidenti, saerTo erovnuli umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo – parlamenti, uzenaesi sasamarTlo, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo. afxazeTisa da aWaris umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba emorCileba Sesabamis centralur saxelmwifo organoebs, xolo sasamarTlo sistema erTiania mTeli qveynis masStabiT. adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis mowesrigebas konstitucia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs akisrebs. amasTan, konstitucia miuTiTebs, rom moqalaqeebis mier adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis mowesrigeba TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis meSveobiT unda xdebodes `saxelmwifo suverenitetis Seulaxavad~ (saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 2.4). saqarTveloSi moqmedebs fulad-sakredito, kontrolisa da Tavdacvis erTiani sistema. fulad-sakredito sistemis funqcionirebas uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos erovnuli banki. fulis saxelwodeba da erTeuli SeiZleba ganisazRvros mxolod saqarTvelos kanoniT, xolo fulis emisiis39 ufleba aqvs mxolod erovnul banks. saxelmwifos saxsrebisa da sxva materialur faseulobaTa gamoyenebasa da xarjebze zedamxedvelobas kontrolis palata axorcielebs, romelic damoukidebelia Tavis saqmianobaSi. igi angariSvaldebulia mxolod parlamentis winaSe. fasiani qaRaldebis, qaRaldis fulis gamoSveba, http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index. php?a=term&d=5&t=1013. 39 86 kari pirveli qveynis damoukideblobis, suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis dasacavad saqarTvelos hyavs samxedro Zalebi. konstituciuri kanoniT saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyoba, xelisuflebaTa Soris uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis principis safuZvelze momavalSi ganisazRvreba. qveynis mTel teritoriaze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis srulad aRdgenamde, konstituciis III muxlis pirvel punqtSi umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebis CamonaTvali aris mocemuli. am sakiTxebis gadawyvetis ufleba mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo organoebs aqvT. II muxlis meore punqtSi miTiTebulia, rom `erTobliv gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebi calke ganisazRvreba~. Tavi 4.5 saxelmwifos kompetenciebis kategorizacia saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis gzaze saqarTvelos, saSinao Tu sagareo faqtoridan gamomdinare, konstituciuri problemebi da sakiTxebi aqvs mosagvarebeli. am sakiTxebis warmatebiT gadawyveta saqarTvelos TiToeuli moqalaqis interess warmoadgens da maT aqtiur da swor poziciazec mniSvnelovanwiladaa damokidebuli. qveynis, rogorc mTliani saxelmwifos konstituciuri statusis gansazRvrisas, kanonmdeblobam erTianobis garantiebi konstituciaSi daamkvirda. amasTanave, winaswar gansazRvra momavali erTianobis is principebi, romelTa safuZvelzec moxdeba saxelmwifos mowyoba da mravaldonian xelisuflebaSi uflebamosilebaTa ganawileba. aseT principad konstituciam uflebamosilebaTa gamijvna aRiara. kerZod, konstituciis II muxlis mesame punqtSi naTqvamia: `saqarTvelos teritoriul-saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba ganisazRvreba konstituciuri kanoniT uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis principis safuZvelze qveynis mTel teritoriaze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis srulad aRdgenis Semdeg~. aseve zogadi debulebebis III muxlSi ganisazRvra saqarTvelos umaRles organoTa gansakuTrebul ganmgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebi. Sesabamisad, kanonmdebelma am muxlSi CamoTvlili uflebamosilebebiT konstituciur-samarTlebrivi statusi daadgina. am uflebamosilebaTa mixedviT, SeiZleba gamovyoT kompetenciis ramdenime jgufi: saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 87 a) uflebamosilebebi saxelmwifo mSeneblobisa da samarTalSemoqmedebis sferoSi; b) uflebamosilebebi ekonomikur da socialur-kulturuli ganviTarebis sferoSi; g) uflebamosilebebi Tavdacvis, saxelmwifo uSiSroebisa da marTlwesrigis dacvis sferoSi; d) uflebamosilebebi sagareo urTierTobebis sferoSi; e) uflebamosilebebi adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis sferoSi. yvela zemoCamoTvlili sfero da misi Sesabamisi konkretuli uflebamosilebebi Sedis saqarTvelos, rogorc mTliani saxelmwifos, kompetenciaSi. Tumca, zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxebis politikuri da samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba am debulebebSi SesaZlebelia garkveuli xasiaTis cvlilebebs iTvaliswinebdes. Tavi 4.6 suvereniteti magTis mobiluri operatoris satelevizio reklamis erT-erT fragmentSi afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis okupirebuli teritoriebi gansxvavebuli feriT aRniSnes. albaT, yvela Cvengani xSirad vxedavT am reklamas da gvaxsovs kidec, rom masSi magTis dafarvis zonaa naCvenebi. es ar aris politikuri reklama, Tumca masSi mocemuli saqarTvelos rukis teritoriis zogierTi nawili daStrixulia. daStrixuli nawilebi aCveneben im adgilebs, sadac magTis, rogorc saqarTvelos ekonomikuri subieqtis, saqmianoba ver vrceldeba. daStrixuli teritoriebi ruseTis mier okupirebul afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis lokacias aRniSnaven. Sesabamisad, es aris teritoriebi, sadac magTi Tavis ekonomikur saqmianobas ver axorcielebs, radganac aRniSnul teritoriebze saqarTvelos saxelmwifo xelisuflebis iurisdiqcia droebiT ar vrceldeba. e.i. misi teritoriuli suvereniteti SezRudulia. 88 kari pirveli saxelmwifo suverenitetis Tviseba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRlesoba damoukidebloba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi saSinao saqmeebis gadawyvetaSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sisrule sxva saxelmwifoebma Tavs ar moaxvion TavianTi neba konstituciis da kanonebis umaRlesoba mTeli qveynis masStabiT sagareo urTierTobebis damoukideblad warmarTva moqalaqeebi floben, sargebloben da gankargaven qveynis erovnul simdidres saxelmwifo Tavdacvis uzrunvelyofa garedan xelyofis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo teritoriis erTianoba da xelSeuxebloba sqema: saqarTvelos saxelmwifo suvereniteti suvereniteti saxelmwifos cnebis is niSan-Tvisebaa, romelsac dRes gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, Tu mas teritoriasTan mimarTebaSi ganvixilavT da saxelmwifos mTlianobis sakiTxs am kuTxidan SevxedavT. saqarTvelos teritoriuli problema, romelic saxelmwifos erTianobis xelyofaSia gamoxatuli, bunebrivad xelyofs mis faqtob- saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 89 riv suverenitets. amasTan, saxelmwifosa da misi suverenitetis konstituciur-samarTlebrivi Tanafardoba ar moicavs mxolod teritorias, radganac suvereniteti am SemTxvevaSi ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre teritoriuli mTlianoba da igi moicavs sazogadoebis politikuri cxovrebis yvela ZiriTad aspeqts, romlis farglebSic, Cvens konkretul SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, warTmeuli aqvs uzenaesoba, rogorc suverenitetis aucilebeli niSani, misi teritoriis garkveul nawilSi. Tavi 4.7 saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis sxva formebi am TavSi saxelmwifoTa Tanamedrove Tanamegobrobis sxva formebsac SevexebiT. saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis garkveul formas, xSirad SecdomiT saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formad ganixilaven. bolo periodSi Seqmnili saerTaSoriso organizacia Tu saxelmwifoTa bloki Tavis TavSi Seicavs konfederaciul, ufro metic, zogjer saxelmwifoebriv niSnebsac ki. mimdinare integraciis foni da saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso kavSirebi gvavaldebulebs yuradReba am Temazec SevaCeroT. konfederacia konfederaciis arsis, misi Taviseburebebis gacnobiereba, yvelaze ukeT SesaZlebelia federaciebTan misi Sedarebis safuZvelze. federacia Tavisi arsiT sakavSiro saxelmwifoa, romelSic centrsa da subieqtebs Soris kavSiri federaluri konstituciiT ganmtkicebula. wevri saxelmwifoebis kavSiri, konstituciurad xelSekrulebas efuZneba. federaciaSi suvereniteti sakavSiro saxelmwifos ekuTvnis, misi wevrebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi damoukidebelni ar arian. konfederaciis wevri saxelmwifoebi srulad inarCuneben saxelmwifo suverenitets. aqedan gamomdinare, federaciis subieqtebs, konfederaciis wevri saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT, kavSiridan calmxrivi, upirobo gasvlis ufleba ar gaaCniaT. konfederaciaSi saxelmwifoebi sargebloben nulifikaciis uflebiT. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs wevri saxelmwifoebis SesaZleblobas, 90 kari pirveli SeaCeron konfederaciis organoebis mier miRebuli arasasurveli gadawyvetilebebis moqmedeba TavianT teritoriaze. aseTi uflebiT federaciis subieqtebi ar sargebloben. teritoriasTan mimarTebiT maT Soris gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom federaciaSi arsebobs erTiani, federaciuli, saxelmwifos teritoria, xolo konfederaciaSi saxelmwifo teritoriis amgvari erTianoba ar arsebobs. yvela wevr saxelmwifos Tavisi teritoria aqvs. federaciaSi arsebobs federaciisa da subieqtebis moqalaqeoba, magram am ukanasknels, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mxolod formaluri mniSvneloba aqvs da TiToeuli moqalaqis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba ganisazRvreba federaluri saxelmwifos erTiani moqalaqeobis mixedviT. federaciaSi arsebobs xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis saerTo federaluri organoebi, xolo konfederaciaSi SeiZleba Seiqmnas mxolod is organoebi, romlebic aucilebelia konfederaciuli amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad. amasTan, konfederaciaSi mudmivad moqmedi organoebi moklebulni arian saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebebs.40 dRes saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebebSi konfederaciebis mxolod niSnebi Tu SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, Tumca konfederaciebi mravlad arc warsulSi yofila. aseTi iyo magaliTad niderlandebis konfederacia, romelmac SedarebiT didi xnis manZilze iarseba (1579-1795); aSS konfederacia federaluri konstituciis miRebamde (1776-1787); Sveicariis konfederacia (1291-1798). Semdeg konfederaciuli erToba aRadgines 1815 wels. dRes, miuxedavad Sveicariis konfederaciis saxelwodebisa, misi konstituciur-samarTlebrivi analizi adasturebs, rom es saxelmwifo klasikuri federaciuli mowyobis saxelmwifoa. Tanamegobroba (dsT) konfederaciisagan gansxvavebiT, Tanamegobroba saxelmwifoTa organizebuli gaerTianebaa, romelsac erTgvarovani niSnebi axasiaTebs. saxelmwifoTa TanamSromloba ormxriv da mravalmxriv xelSekrulebas/ebs efuZneba. Tanamegobrobis qveynebs Soris TanamSromloba yvelaze mkafio da moculobiTia ekonomikisa da Tavdacvis sferoSi, romlebSic moqmede40 ruxaZe, z., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, saia-s gamomcemloba, baTumi, 1999, gv. 39. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 91 ben Sesabamisi SeTanxmebebi. Tanamegobroba Tavisi Seqmnis dRidan amorful gaerTianebas warmoadgenda, romlis mTavar daniSnulebad yofil sabWoTa respublikebze ruseTis hegemoniis aRdgena qceuliyo. sabWoeTis reanimaciis am ukbilo mcdelobaSi ruseTis amocana, rac Tavidanve kargad Canda, Tanamegobrobis danarCen wevrebze gabatonebaa. am TvalsazrisiT moviSvelieb harvardis universitetis jon kenedis saxelobis samTavrobo sakiTxebis kvleviTi institutis xelmZRvanelis, qalbaton brenda Seferis sityvebs, romelic analogiur Sefasebas sakmao sizustiT gadmoscems, kerZod, qalbatoni Seferi aRniSnavs, rom: `damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba, Tavisi arsebobis manZilze, yovelTvis iyo sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenis mcdelobisaTvis mowodebuli, amdenad dsT-m ukve didi xania dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba, rogorc regionaluri organizaciis efeqturma modelma. Sesabamisad, me verc imas vityvi, rom es organizacia funqciurad moqmedia, garda imisa, rom misi sulisCamdgmeli ruseTi kvlav iyenebs am organizaciis CarCos yofili respublikebis egreT wodebuli integraciis da, amasTan, warumatebeli integraciisTvis~.41 ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris ganviTarebuli movlenebis da am organizaciis amorfulobis gamo, parlamentis erTsulovani gadawyvetilebiT, saqarTvelom dsT-s saparlamento asamblea oficialurad datova. evrokavSiri evrokavSiris politikuri, samarTlebrivi da institucionaluri ganviTarebis codna gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. evrointegraciis da konkretulad evropis kavSirSi integraciis amocana srulad Tanxvdeba Cvens saxelmwifoebriv da sazogadoebriv interesebs. evrokavSirTan TanamSromlobisas iq aRiarebuli regulaciebi gavlenas axdenen Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis cxovrebaze, maT uflebebze da Tavisuflebebze. evrokavSiris qveynebis aeroportebSi xSirad SevxvdebiT or saregistracio fanjaras: erTs aqvs warwera – `mxolod evrokavSirisa da Sengenis vizebisaTvis~ (“EU and Shengen only”), meores – `yvela saxelmwifos vizebisaTvis~ (“All Nationalities”). cxadia, am warwerebis miRma dgas rigi regulaciebisa, romlebic saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis gadaadgilebisa Tu sxva uflebebsac exeba. Sesabamisad, evrokavSiris Seswavlis sakiTxi dRes mniSvnelovani Temaa. 41 www.voanews.com/.../a-54-2006-05-08-voa1-93088784.html?... 92 kari pirveli evrokavSiri evropuli saxelmwifoebis saerTaSoriso organizaciis unikaluri gaerTianebaa. mas safuZvlad evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris mSvidobis uzrunvelyofisa da socialur-ekonomikuri progresis xelSewyobisaTvis TanamSromloba udevs. Tavdapirvelad aqcenti ekonomikaze keTdeboda, mogvianebiT ki TanamSromloba politikis sferoSi gadaizarda. evropis gaerTianebis daarsebis formaluri TariRia 1951 wlis 18 aprili. maSin parizSi xeli moewera xelSekrulebas, romelmac evropis qvanaxSiris mompovebeli da foladis mwarmoebeli qveynebis gaerTianebas (ECSC) Cauyara safuZveli. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida eqvsi evropuli saxelmwifo: belgia, italia, luqsemburgi, niderlandebi, federaciuli germania da safrangeTi. 1957 wlis 25 marts amave saxelmwifoebma romSi, or SeTanxmebas moaweres xeli, riTac evropis or – ekonomikur (EEC) da atomur-energetikul (EUROATOM) gaerTianebas daudes saTave. SevniSnavT, rom evropis foladisa da qvanaxSiris gaerTianebis msgavsad evropis atomur-energetikuli gaerTianebac ekonomikurdargobriv xasiaTs atarebda. ufro didi mniSvneloba hqonda evropuli gaerTianebis Seqmnas, romlis amocanac wevri qveynebis sabaJo kavSiris daarseba iyo. molaparakeba saerTo agraruli da savaWro politikis warmoebas iTvaliswinebda.42 evrokavSirs, dRevandeli organizaciul-samarTlebrivi da politikuri struqturis mixedviT, ganixilaven, rogorc erTian organizaciul mTlianobas. Sesabamisad, evrokavSiri sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba da Zalian hgavs saxelmwifos. es gansxvaveba, upirvelesad, ganpirobebulia misi kompetenciiT, romlis Sesabamisad, evrokavSiri axorcielebs ara konkretul saxelmwifoTa mier dasaxul calkeul, teqnikuri xasiaTis amocanebs, aramed mas gaaCnia saqmianobis iseTi damoukidebeli sferoebi, romelTa erToblioba saSualebas iZleva mivuTiToT saxelmwifoebriobis niSnebze. am TvalsazrisiT, sakmarisi iqneboda gagvexsenebina gaerTianebis saqmianoba saerTo bazris SeqmnisaTvis, romlis safarvelSic wevri saxelmwifoebi gaerTiandebian da iTanamSromleben. evrokavSiris kompetencia amiT ar amoiwureba. igi aregulirebs saqonlis Tavisufal, samuSao Zalis, momsaxurebisa da kapitalis moZraobas, soflis meurneobas, konkurenciasa da socialur politikas da a.S. amasTan, evrogaerTianebas damoukideblad ar aqvs ufleba gazardos saqmianobis sfero, Tavisi kompetenciis farglebi, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom igi aseTi SesaZ42 evropuli kavSiris Seqmnis istoria; http://www.parliament.ge. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 93 leblobis gareSe saxelmwifod ar ganixileba. amitom evrogaerTianebas dReisaTvis marTebulad, rogorc `saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis axal formas, romelsac Sualeduri mdgomareoba uWiravs saxelmwifosa da saerTaSoriso organizacias Soris~. organizaciul-struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, evrokavSiri Semdegi ZiriTadi institutebisagan Sedgeba: 1) ministrTa sabWo, romelic gaerTianebis RonisZiebaTa Catarebis Taobaze saboloo gadawyvetilebaTa mimReb organos warmoadgens; Sedgeba ramdenime sabWosagan, romlebSic wevri saxelmwifoebis calkeuli dargis ministrebi erTiandebian. sabWoTa Soris gansakuTrebuli statusiT saerTo sakiTxebis da evropis sabWo sargebloben. pirveli sagareo saqmeTa ministrebisagan Sedgeba da sakoordinacio funqciebs asrulebs; meore – wevri qveynebis saxelmwifos meTaurebisagan da ganixilavs yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan ekonomikur da politikur sakiTxebs. ministrTa sabWoSi yoveli qveynis xvedriTi wona misi ekonomikuri potencialiT ganisazRvreba da oridan aTamde varirebs. sabWos adgilsamyofelia briuseli. igi ikribeba luqsemburgSi an im qveynis dedaqalaqSi, romlis warmomadgenelic sabWos Tavmjdomaris funqcias asrulebs. 2) evropis komisia Sedgeba qveynebis warmomadgenlebis – komisiis wevrebisagan, romlebic xuTi wlis vadiT iniSnebian. komisia SeimuSavebs gaerTianebebis RonisZiebebs da maT cxovrebaSi atarebs. funqciebis Sesabamisad, komisia kontrols uwevs qvanaxSirisa da foladis fasebs, ebrZvis monopolizms, iseT subsidirebas, romelic konkurencias aferxebs, Tvalyurs adevnebs birTvul danadgarebs da a.S. komisia awarmoebs molaparakebebs wevri saxelmwifoebis saxeliT mesame mxaresTan. misi Stab-bina luqsemburgSia. 3) evroparlamentis wevrebs irCeven qveynis mTel teritoriaze pirdapiri, sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze. parlaments xelmZRvanelobs Tavmjdomare moadgileebTan erTad. evroparlamenti gaerTianebis wamyvani politikuri Zalaa: asrulebs sakanonmdeblo funqcias, wyvets komisiis wevrebis daniSvnisa da gaTavisuflebis sakiTxs; axorcielebs kontrols komisiis mimarT; iwvevs politikur forumebs. mis kompetencias aseve miekuTvneba gaerTianebis biujetis, dadgenilebebis, direqtivebisa da gadawyvetilebebis miReba. 4) evropis sasamarTlo, anu evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlo (EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE) Sedgeba TxuTmeti mosamarTlisa da cxra generaluri damcvelisagan, romlebic yvela wevri saxelmwifos TanxmobiT, eqvsi wlis vadiT iniSnebian. 94 kari pirveli evrosasamarTlos SeiZleba mimarTon im SemTxvevebSi, Tu: 1. evrokavSiris romelime instituti, wevri qveyana an calkeul SemTxvevaSi kerZo individi Semodis gancxadebiT, gauqmdes Tanamegobrobis institutebis mier miRebuli aqtebi; 2. evrokomisiis an evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis mxridan adgili aqvs qmedebas, romelic ar Seesabameba an ewinaaRmdegeba erovnuli institutebis mier miRebul evrokavSiris xelSekrulebebsa da meorad kanonmdeblobas; 3. evrokavSiris institutis an wevri saxelmwifos qmedeba mimarTulia evrokavSiris sabWos an evrokomisiis winaaRmdeg, romelic, amave dros, arRvevs Tanamegobrobis kanonmdeblobas; 4. arsebobs sadavo sakiTxebi evrokavSirsa da mis aparats Soris. saqmis mosmenis dros sasamarTlo iyofa or palatad, xolo roca sasamarTlo gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs ganixilavs, tardeba erToblivi procesi. gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba xmaTa umravlesobiT. evropis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebsa da wevri saxelmwifoebis gadawyvetilebebs Soris koliziis SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba evropis sasamarTlos aqtebs eniWeba. maastrixtis molaparakebis43 Tanaxmad, gadawyvetilebebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia wevr saxelmwifos jarima daakisros. sasamarTlos adgilsamyofelia qalaqi luqsemburgi. saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi amocanaa evropul sivrceSi gaerTianebis procesis daCqareba da sabolood, qveynis evrointegrireba. SeTanxmeba daaregulirebs yve43 xelSekrulebas evropis kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb evropis gaerTianebis 13 saxelmwifos – belgiis, daniis, gfr-is, espaneTis, irlandiis, italiis, luqsemburgis, niderlandis, portugaliis, saberZneTis, safrangeTis, didi britaneTis da Crd. irlandiis warmomadgenlebma xeli 1992 wlis 7 Tebervals maastrixtSi (niderlandi) moaweres. xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebs: evropis saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb xalxTa saerTo moqalaqeobis, anu evrokavSiris moqalaqeobis SemoRebas, aseve moqalaqeTa Tavisufal gadaadgilebas evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis teritoriaze; evropis qveynebis mier saerTo sagareo da uSiSroebis politikis, saerTo Tavdacvis politikis ganxorcielebas. evropis qveynebis ekonomikis gaZlierebis da erTmaneTTan daaxloebis mizniT, evrokavSiris wevrebis gadawyvetilebiT Seiqmna saerTo evropuli valuta – evro. xelSekruleba aseve iTvaliswinebs evropis qveynebs Soris mWidro TanamSromlobas saSinao politikasa da samarTlebriv sferoSi. xelSekrulebis mixedviT evrokavSiris wevri SeiZleba gaxdes nebismieri evropuli saxelmwifo. amisaTvis man evrosabWos Sesabamisi TxovniT unda mimarTos. evrosabWo evrokomisiasTan konsultaciisa da evroparlamentidan nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg gadawyvetilebas axali wevris miRebis Sesaxeb xmaTa absoluturi umravlesobiT iRebs. http://www.nplg.gov.ge. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 95 lanairi tipis urTierTobas saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris, maT Soris savaWro da politikuri xasiaTis sakiTxebs. igi xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi Sesabamisi standartebisa da faseulobebis srulyofas evrointegraciis dasaCqareblad. Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos mTavrobam 1997 wels miiRo gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba evropul sakanonmdeblo standartebs dauaxlovos. SeTanxmebis saboloo mizania mxareebis daaxloeba evrointegraciis saqmeSi. Tavi 4.8 politikuri reJimi politikuri reJimis cneba wina TavebSi saubari gvqonda xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas faseulobaTa Soris balansis problemis Sesaxeb. is konkretulad marTvis ganxorcielebis xerxebsa da meTodebSi gamoixateba. maTi erToblioba garkveuli politikuri ideologiebis cnebebSi moiazreba da gamoxatulebas politikuri reJimis saxiT povebs. politikuri reJimSi igulisxmeba im xerxebisa da meTodebis erToblioba, romelTa meSveobiTac saxelmwifo organoebi saxelmwifo xelisuflebas ganaxorcieleben. amasTan, politikuri reJimi saxelmwifoebrivi, zogadad sazogadoebrivi miznebis ganxorcielebis organizaciul saSualebas warmoadgens. sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, politikuri reJimi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis kursis ganxorcielebis xerxebisa da meTodebis erTobliobaa. farTo gagebiT is, sazogadoebis mTlian politikur cxovrebas, mTel politikur sistemas moicavs misi calkeuli elementebiT (politikuri partiebi, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi, profkavSiri, eklesia da a.S.). politikuri sistemis es elementebi da saxelmwifo urTierTzemoqmedeben, erTmaneTze gavlenas axdenen. politikuri reJimis erTi mxare, misi e.w. viwro gageba aseTia. am TvalsazrisiT, politikur reJimSi saxelmwifos formis, saxeebisa da elementebis gamovlena, mmarTvelobisa da wyobilebis formebis, saxelmwifos funqciebisa da meTodebis dakonkreteba xdeba. 60-ian wlebSi, politikuri reJimis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, mecnierTa erTi nawili mas mxolod saxelmwifos formis sinoni- 96 kari pirveli mad miiCnevda. swored am diskusias mohyva Sedegad politikuri reJimis `farTo~ da `viwro~ gagebis Camoyalibeba. politikuri organizaciebis, gansakuTrebiT politikuri partiebis, zemoqmedeba xelisuflebaze imaSi mJRavndeba, rom isini yvelaze ufro aqtiurad da, rac mTavaria, aSkarad politikuri xelisuflebis mopovebisaTvis ibrZvian. xelisuflebis saSualebiT politikuri gaerTianebebi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas moipoveben. aqedan momdinareobs politikuri partiebis aqtiuri monawileoba politikur procesSi, sadac isini arsebuli xelisuflebis SenarCunebas an mis Secvlas aSkarad cdiloben. aseTi aqtiuroba gansakuTrebiT arCevnebsa da saxelmwifo organoebis formirebis dros mJRavndeba. arCevnebSi warmatebis mopovebis Semdeg politikur partias xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis organoebSi saWiro raodenobis mandatebi gaaCnia. mas saxelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da maTi realizaciisadmi mometebuli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba. sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis roli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis done, adamianis moTxovnebisa da maTi dakmayofilebis Tanafardobas efuZneba. am Tanafardobis ganxilva sazogadoebrivi interesebisTvis mudam aqtualuri iqneba. Tanamedrove politikuri gamocdileba adasturebs, rom sazogadoebrivi interesebis dasakmayofileblad mxolod saxelmwifosa da sxva politikuri organizaciebis Zalisxmeva ar aris sakmarisi. sazRvargareTis bevr qveyanaSi didi xania, xolo CvenTan axla, iwyeben ganviTarebas arasamTavrobo, arakomerciuli organizaciebi. nel-nela, magram mainc, yoveldRiurad izrdeba maTi roli da mniSvneloba Cvens saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. politikuri organizaciebisagan gansxvavebiT, maT mizans saxelmwifo saqmianobaSi politikuri monawileoba ar warmoadgens. arasamTavrobo da arakomerciuli organizaciebis uSualo amocana maTive wevrebisa da sazogadoebis interesebis dakmayofilebaa. am mimarTulebiT, isini saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebaze aqtiurad zemoqmedeben. es zemoqmedeba aSkarad Cans im rolidan, rasac isini sazogadoebaSi asruleben. saxelmwifoSi maT ganixilaven rogorc alternatiul struqturebs. iq, sadac demokratiuli politikuri reJimi arsebobs, sadac realuri socialur-politikuri da ekonomikuri pluralizmia, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis roli socialuri politikis SemuSavebaSi unika- saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 97 luria. isini saxelmwifo organoebTan TanamSromlobiT am politikis realur ganxorcielebas uwyoben xels, riTac TviT saxelmwifos socialuri institutebis efeqturi funqcionirebis pirobebs qmnian. im qveynebSi, sadac politikuri reJimi ar xasiaTdeba demokratiulobiT, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis saqmianoba, maTi SesaZlebloba – daayenon problemebi samoqalaqo donidan – SezRudulia. es ki sabolood adamianis, moqalaqis, dainteresebuli jgufebis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs xelyofs. zemoT aRniSnuli gavlenas axdens da vrceldeba saxelmwifos formaze (rogorc mmarTvelobis, ise wyobilebis) da xelisuflebis funqcionirebis procesSi saxelmwifo (politikur) reJimzec bunebrivad aisaxeba. mocemul paragrafSi swored am poziciidan ganvixilavT politikur reJims. Tqmulidan unda gamomdinareobdes isic, rom politikuri reJimisadmi orive midgoma (rogorc farTo, ise viwro mniSvnelobisa) Tanabrad mniSvnelovania. Tanamedrove politikuri procesebis, saxelmwifo da ZiriTadi sazogadoebriv-politikuri sferoebis, gaazreba mxolod am SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli. politikuri reJimis kategoriebi politikuri reJimi44 saxelmwifos formas ukavSirdeba, amitomac saxelmwifo (politikuri) reJimis saxeebic mravalferovania. es simravle gamowveulia imiT, rom saxelmwifos ganviTarebis TiToeul istoriul etaps Tavisi politikuri reJimi Seesabameba. erTgvari istoriuli ti44 mmarTvelobis formebis, meTodebisa da xerxebis sistema, romlebsac xelisuflebis saTaveSi myofi moqmedi politikosebi gansazRvraven sazogadoebaSi politikuri Zalauflebis (saxelmwifo Zalauflebis CaTvliT) ganxorcielebis mizniT. reJimi sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis marTvis gansakuTrebuli procedurebiTa da institutebiT xasiaTdeba. es cneba xelisuflebis funqciuri daxasiaTebaa. misi erTiani tipologia ar arsebobs. konstituciuri samarTlis mixedviT, ufro xSirad demokratiul, liberalur, avtoritarul da totalitarul politikur reJimebs gamoyofen. am reJimebis xasiaTs konstituciebSi, pirdapir, arasdros ar miuTiTeben (Tu ar CavTvliT metad gavrcelebul miTiTebebs saxelmwifos demokratiul xasiaTze), magram maT Sinaarsze yovelTvis aisaxeba. reJimis xasiaTi xuTi ZiriTadi kriteriumiT ganisazRvreba: 1. vin marTavs (erTi adamiani Tu jgufi; aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze samoqalaqo kontroli xorcieldeba Tu samxedro kontroli)? 2. ra sazRvrebSi da ra moculobiT (sazogadoebriv zewolaze reagirebis xarisxi, xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis uflebamosileba)? 3. ra miznebis misaRwevad (ideologiuri orientacia)? 4. pirdapiri Tu individualuri saSualebebiT (xelisuflebis reJimis wyaro xalxia Tu mmarTvelis nebas emorCileba)? 5. ra pirobebSi da ra SezRudvebiT (ramdenadaa reJimis forma ganpirobebuli ekonomikuri da geopolitikuri faqtorebiT)? 98 kari pirveli pis saxelmwifoebis SigniT politikuri reJimebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. yvelaze ufro zogadi klasifikaciiT erTmaneTisagan SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT demokratiuli da antidemokratiuli politikuri reJimebi. demokratiuli politikuri reJimisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: xelisuflebis formirebaSi xalxis realuri monawileoba, moqalaqeTa farTo socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia, maTi ganxorcielebis realuri konstituciuri garantiebis arseboba; aseve, politikuri pluralizmi da mosaxleobis farTo fenebis moTxovnebis aRiareba. saxelmwifos sazogadoebrivi weswyobilebis demokratiuli ganviTareba sxvadasxva istoriul etapze demokratiuli politikuri reJimis sruliad gansxvavebul modelebs iZleva. antidemokratiuli politikuri reJimi sapirispirod gamoiyureba. upirveles yovlisa, misTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTi partiis arseboba. aseTi partiis ideologia erTaderT oficialur da misaReb ideologias warmoadgens. ar arsebobs politikuri uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi an maTi ganxorcielebis realuri sakanonmdeblo garantiebi. kanonierebisa da marTlwesrigis uzrunvelyofaSi gadamwyvet rols Zaladoba asrulebs. rogorc demokratiuli, aseve antidemokratiuli politikuri reJimic saxeTa mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. SeiZleba movaxdinoT politikuri reJimis sxva, aseve zogadi klasifikacia: demokratiuli gulisxmobs saxelmwifo reJimis iseT saxes, romelic akmayofilebs minimum, Semdegi xasiaTis moTxovnebs: 1. xelisuflebis organizeba xelisuflebis danawilebis principze dayrdnobiT; 2. adamianis uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT xelisuflebis SezRudva; 3. xelisuflebis saqmianobis gamWvirvaloba da informaciis xelmisawvdomoba; 4. kerZo da sazogadoebrivi interesebis Serwyma; 5. realuri politikuri pluralizmi; 6. tolerantoba; 7. dinamiuri, aRmavali ekonomikuri ganviTareba. liberaluri politikuri reJimi XX saukunis ideologias eyrdnoba, romelic Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis daaxloebas cdilobs. am ideologiis mTavari mizania pirovnebis Tavisuflebis dacva, sabazro meurneoba, saxelmwifos minimaluri Careva ekonomikis regulirebaSi. saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 99 liberalizmis misia SemdegSi mdgomareobs: saerTo sikeTis misaRwevad brZola da sayovelTao keTildReobis mqone saxelmwifos aSeneba. avtoritaruli politikuri reJimi realur an potenciur Zalaze damyarebul SeuzRudav Zalauflebas gulisxmobs. am reJimisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia arCevnebis, pluralizmis formaluroba; ekonomikaSi Caurevlobis fasaduroba, rac xelisuflebis imijisTvis gamoiyeneba, xolo xalxi, sinamdvileSi, mTlianad xelisuflebis mier kontroldeba. saxelmwifo reJimis es forma, metadre politikur sferoSi, xalxis srul da usityvo morCilebas iTvaliswinebs. Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, ekonomikur sferoSi Tavisuflebis garkveul areals inarCunebs – ar zRudavs kerZo samewarmeo saqmianobas. totalitaruli saxelmwifo reJimi antidemokratiuli saxelmwifo reJimis saxea, rac xelisuflebis sazogadoebasa da pirovnebaze srul kontrols gulisxmobs. am tipis reJimisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia politikuri pluralizmis ararseboba. totalitarizmi msoflio politikur praqtikaSi gamovlinda faSizmis, nacizmis, saxelmwifo socializmis, islamuri fundamentalizmis saxiT. saqarTveloSi demokratiuli politikuri reJimis Camoyalibebis mniSvnelovani garantiaa saxelmwifos konstituciur-samarTlebrivi daxasiaTeba. es niSnavs, rom xelisufleba yvela moqalaqesa da gaerTianebas maTi kanonieri socialuri interesebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. maT SeuZliaT monawileobdnen saxelmwifos mmarTvelobiTi xasiaTis gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi da masze zegavlena iqonion. saqarTvelos aRniSnuli konstituciur-samarTlebrivi daxasiaTeba adekvatur gamoxatulebas poulobs iseT konteqstebSi, rogoricaa: adamianisa da moqalaqis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, xelisuflebis mowyoba, TviTmmarTveloba da a.S. demokratia, rogorc politikuri reJimis saZirkveli saqarTvelos, rogorc demokratiuli saxelmwifos, da mis xelisuflebas damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirveli dRidanve mZime da sapasuxismgeblo arCevanis gakeTeba mouxda. erTi mxriv, es dakavSirebuli iyo im sakanonmdeblo CarCoebis dadgenasTan, romelic gansazRvravda demokratiul politikur reJims. igulisxmeba miznis miRwevis iseTi xerxebisa da saSualebis legitimacia, rac msoflios demokratiuli politikuri ganviTarebis dRevandel tendencias Seesabameba. esaa tendencia axali, meti demokratiisaken, rasac saTave socialisturi sistemis daSlam daudo. 100 kari pirveli meore mxriv, xelisuflebis mimarT sxvadasxva separatistuli Zalebis arakeTilsindisierma spekulirebam warmoSva konfliqtebi rogorc praqtikul, ise demokratiul faseulobebs Soris. siZneleTa miuxedavad, aucilebeli iyo (dResac imave miznis winaSe vdgavarT), rom saxelmwifoSi politikuri reJimis Camoyalibebis upirobo safuZvlad demokratia gveRiarebina. amasTan, demokratiis principis damkvidreba mis umartives gagebamde – demokratia, rogorc ubralod xalxis mmarTveloba – ver daiyvaneba. marTalia, rom demokratiis Teoriis saTaveebi Zveli berZnuli azrovnebidan iwyeba. Tavad sityva `demokratiac~ berZnuli warmoSobisaa da Sedgeba `demosisa~ (xalxi) da `kratosisagan~ (Zalaufleba). sityvis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, masSi xalxis Zalaufleba imTaviTve igulisxmeba. es ganmarteba srulad ar asaxavs demokratiis cnebis dRevandel masStabs mTeli Tavisi dilemebiT. demokratiis Teoriam ganviTarebis grZeli da metad saintereso gza ganvlo. mis Sesaxeb jer kidev platoni, aristotele, herodote, esqile da sxvebi msjelobdnen. demokratia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda saberZneTisa da romis saxelmwifoebriv da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. Taviseburad esmodaT da iyenebdnen mas Sua saukuneebSi. miuxedavad amisa, demokratiis mecnieruli kvlevis kvintesencia mainc jon lokisa da Jan-Jak rusos (Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778) azrovnebaSia warmodgenili. sainteresod viTardeboda da mdidrdeboda demokratiis Sinaarsi maT interpretatorebsa da Semdgom droindel iuridiul da filosofiur azrovnebaSi. iyo iseTi periodebic, roca demokratias ufrTxodnen mis samSobloSi saberZneTSi, rac berZnebma gamoxates terminSi `demagogi~. dReisaTvis demokratiis kvleva sruliad gansxvavebuli poziciebidan mimdinareobs. ganzogadoeba yvelaze ufro mis or models Seexo: demokratias, rogorc meTods da rogorc Rirebulebas. ganasxvaveben aseve demokratiis Semswavlel or ZiriTad skolas. pirveli demokratias ganixilavs, rogorc mmarTvelobis formas. demokratiis Sinaarsi gulisxmobs proceduras, romelic xalxs saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi sruluflebiani monawileobis saSualebas aZlevs. meore skola demokratiis arsSi saxelmwifos politikas xedavs. igi demokratias gansazRvravs, rogorc xalxis mmarTvelobis uflebisa da SesaZleblobis realizaciis Sedegs. Sesabamisad, ganasxvaveben demokratiis maJoritarul da pluralistur modelebs. pirveli demokratiis klasikur gagebas gulisxmobs. maJoritaruli modelis mixedviT, demokratiis SinaarsSi igulisxmeba principebi da wesebi, romlebic xalxis mmarTvelobis sayovelTaobas, Tanasworobas, gadawyvetilebis saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 101 miRebisas umravlesobis nebis gamomJRavnebas da misadmi angariSvaldebulebas moiTxovs. pluralisturi demokratia upiratesobas aniWebs ara amomrCevelTa umravlesobas, aramed calkeul organizebul jgufebs. demokratias pluralisturi modeli ganmartavs, rogorc xalxis iseT mmarTvelobas, roca xelisufleba funqcionirebs urTierTdapirispirebuli dainteresebuli jgufebis meSveobiT. demokratia SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifo reJimis sazomi mxolod im sazogadoebaSi, romelic warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis sistemas eyrdnoba, sadac warmomadgenlobas, anu xelisuflebis wyaros – xalxs, SesaZlebloba aqvs misi (warmomadgenlobis) perioduli ganaxlebisa. amasTan, pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebis uflebebi garantirebulia kanonis uzenaesobiT. demokratiuli saxelmwifo reJimis damkvidrebisaTvis demokratia, rogorc principi, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi unda moqmedebdes. Tumca es SeiZleba miviCnioT saboloo miznad, romlis misaRwevad Cveni sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis pirobebSi SeiZleboda ramdenime strategiuli mimarTuleba gamogveyo. esenia: • politikuri pluralizmi; • samarTliani arCevnebis organizacia da ganxorcieleba; • sazogadoebrivi politika da informacia; • sakanonmdeblo organoebis rolisa da mniSvnelobis ganmtkiceba; • kanonis uzenaesoba; • SeiaraRebuli Zalebisadmi demokratiuli kontrolis ganxorcieleba. kari meore adamianis uflebebi am karSi ganvixilavT, ras niSnavs adamianis uflebebi, rogor viTardeboda adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb ideebi da rogor aisaxa is sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso Tu erovnul sakanonmdeblo aqtSi; aseve, ganvixilavT adamianis uflebaTa dacvis efeqtur saSualebebs erovnul da saerTaSoriso doneze. karis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: ra aris adamianis uflebebi; ra valdebulebebi aqvs saxelmwifos; sad da rogor vlindeba adamianis uflebebi; ra gza ganvlo adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebam; ras iTvaliswinebdnen pirveli xelSekrulebebi adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi; ra saerTaSoriso paqtebi arsebobs adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb; rogoria adamianis uflebaTa klasifikacia. adamianis uflebebi 103 nawili pirveli adamianis uflebaTa arsi da buneba meore karis pirveli nawili adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs ganixilavs ormxrivad, rogorc filosofiur Rirebulebas, da rogorc universalur samarTlebrivi koncefcias. am nawilSi visaubrebT uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis ideis Casaxvasa da ganviTarebaze. gavecnobiT adamianis winaSe saxelmwifos valdebulebis sam dones. gavaanalizebT ZiriTad Rirebulebebs, romelsac adamianis uflebaTa koncefcia efuZneba. nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: • Rirseba; • Tavisufleba; • Tanasworoba; • tolerantoba; • demokratia; • samarTlianoba. adamians saxelmwifosTan politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri Tu sxva saxis urTierTobebi SeiZleba hqondes. am urTierTobaSi adamiani sxvadasxva statusiT gamodis: amave saxelmwifos moqalaqe, ucxo qveynis moqalaqe da moqalaqeobis armqone piri, bipatridi,1 apatridi,2 sapatio moqalaqe, moqalaqeobidan gasuli an moqalaqeobadakarguli piri, ltolvili, iZulebiT adgilnacvali – devnili, repatrianti,3 emigran1 bipatridi – piri, romelsac ori (an meti) saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba aqvs. apatridi – piri, romelic ar iTvleba arc erTi qveynis moqalaqed. 3 repatrianti – piri, romelic brundeba samSobloSi repatriaciis ZaliT. repatriacia, repatriireba – emigrantebis, tyved wayvanili pirebis, ltolvilebis samSobloSi dabruneba. 2 104 kari meore ti,4 migranti5 da sxv. – yvela am urTierTobaSi personis sakeTildReod adamianis universaluri, ganusxvisebeli da sayovelTao uflebebi moqmedebs. maTi xarisxi da dacvis meqanizmebi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi sxvadasxvagvaria, Tumca SinaarsiT – yvelgan erTi da igive. Tavi 1.1 ra aris adamianis uflebebi? adamianis uflebebi kacobriobis istoriul da sociokulturul ganviTarebas erTgvarad ajamebs. is aswleulebs iTvlis da ZvelTaganve politikuri, samarTlebrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri Tu filosofiuri msjelobis yuradRebis centrSi dgas. marTalia, adamianis uflebebi mudam politikur-samarTlebriv datvirTvas atarebda, magram sxvadasxva epoqaSi es sakiTxi, socialuri Zalebis, kulturisa da tradiciebis gavleniT, religiuri an filosofiuri koncefciis mniSvnelobasac iZenda. adamiani dabadebidanve flobs garkveul uflebebs. igi Tavisufali da, amave dros, socialuri arsebaa. misTvis sazogadoebrivi yofa umniSvnelovanesia. Tavisi arsebobis gansaxorcieleblad adamiani sxvebTan Tanaarsebobas saWiroebs, urTierTobebi ki wesrigis gareSe SeuZlebelia. yoveli adamiani iZulebulia, xangrZlivi wesrigis sanacvlod, garkveuli uflebebi daTmos, raTa saxelmwifo xelisuflebisgan damyarebuli wesrigiT sakuTari sicocxle, usafrTxoeba, sakuTreba daicvas. magaliTad, `religiis an rwmenis gacxadebis Tavisufleba eqvemdebareba mxolod iseT SezRudvebs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT da aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebisaTvis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, janmrTelobisa Tu moralis an sxvaTa uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad~.6 miuxedavad amisa, adamiani mainc individualobisaken, ganumeoreblobisa da unikalurobisaken iswrafis. uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis xarisxi ki adamianis Rirseuli yofierebis maCvenebelia. swored amitom, saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciis me-7 muxlSi aRiarebulia: 4 emigranti – piri, romelic samSoblodan sxva qveyanaSi gadasaxlda, emigraciaSi imyofeba. mas emigrants eZaxian. 5 migranti – adamiani, romelic sacxovreblad erTi adgilidan meoreze gadadis. 6 adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvencia, muxli 9.2. adamianis uflebebi 105 `saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes Rirebulebebs~.7 cneba `adamianis uflebebi~ da mTeli es sistema (samoqalaqo, politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli uflebebi) burJuaziuli revoluciebis droindelia. maSin, gansakuTrebiT, adamianis bunebiTi da xelSeuvali uflebebis sakiTxi daisva mTeli simwvaviT. maTi Tavisuflad da efeqturad ganxorcieleba dRemde miiCneva samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos erT-erT ZiriTad niSnad. adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa arsi Tu moculoba sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaSi gansxvavebuli iyo. adamianis uflebebi TandaTan viTardeboda – igi kacobriobis brZolis Sedegia. idea adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb jer kidev antikur epoqaSi Caisaxa da Tanasworuflebianobis koncefcias efuZneboda. formalur Tanasworobaze dafuZnebuli adamianis uflebebi burJuaziul-demokratiuli revoluciebis ideologiur qvakuTxedad iqca da masTan erTad Camoyalibda adamianis uflebaTa mTeli sistemac. 1789 wlis 14 ivliss, bastiliis aRebiT, safrangeTis revoluciam samyaros Zveli, monarqiuli reJimebis damxobis Sesaxeb auwya da `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da Zmoba“ sayovelTaod gamoacxada. kacobriobam axal epoqaSi Seabija, Tumca amisaTvis sisxliani da mtanjveli gza airCia. safrangeTis logo, sadac gamosaxulia mariana (frang. Marianne) – erovnuli simbolo. mariana 1792 wlidan franguli respublikis metsaxelia. gamosaxavdnen rogorc qals frigiuli CaCiT. mariana gamoxatavs frangul erovnul devizs `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~ (Liberté, égalité, fraternité). 7 http://polittheory.wordpress.com/2010/02/08/ 106 kari meore adamianis uflebebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Camoyalibebaze gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina. xelisuflebis kanoniT SezRudvas adamianis uflebebma Cauyara safuZveli, ramac saxelmwifosa da individs Soris demokratiuli urTierTobis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba, pirovneba mmarTvelobis mxridan gamovlenili metismeti meurveobisagan gaaTavisufla. am yovelives win xangrZlivi da rTuli procesi uZRoda, rac saxelmwifosTan individis urTierTobebis saSualebaTa ZiebiT gamoixateboda. procesi mxolod samarTlebrivi sivrciT ar Semoifargleboda. adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom es idea, Tavdapirvelad, eTikur-zneobrivi, sulieri, kulturuli da religiuri xasiaTisa gaxldaT. adamianis uflebebi msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi, gansxvavebul kulturebsa da filosofiur msoflmxedvelobebSi, araerTgvarovan eTikur da religiur garemoSi iqmneboda da viTardeboda. adamianis uflebaTa Tanamedrove sistemaSi Zveli aRTqmis 10 mcnebis amocnoba arcTu ise rTulia: `ara kac hkla~ – sicocxlis uflebis ekvivalentia; `ara iparo~ – sakuTrebis uflebis dacvad aRiqmeba; iudaizmis mcneba: `nu gaukeTeb sxvas imas, rac Tavad ar gendomeba rom gagikeTon~; axali aRTqmis postulati: `rac gindaT, rom gagikeTon Tqven adamianebma, aseve Tqvenc gaukeTeT~;8 an Tundac mahmadianuri dogma: `sanam sakuTar Tavs imas ar usurveb, rasac sakuTar Zmas, verc erTi Tqvengani ver gaxdeba morwmune~ – adamianis Rirsebis pativiscemaze mianiSnebs, rac, TavisTavad, adamianis uflebaTa qvakuTxedia. msoflio religiaTa moZRvrebani Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis principebs efuZneba. yvela monoTeisturi religiisTvis RmerTi erTia, xolo samyaro mTliani. am ukanasknelSi ki adamianebi rasis, kanis feris, socialuri mdgomareobis mixedviT ar gansxvavdebian.9 adamianis uflebebi yovelTvis humanizmis, samarTlianobis, Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da tolerantobis ideebs gamoxatavdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis uflebebSi bevria iseTi fundamenturi Rirebuleba, romelTac religiur postulatebSic vxvdebiT. kacobriobis ganviTarebis yoveli momdevno epoqa, uflebebis, Tvisebrivad axali kriteriumebis gaCenas iwvevda, misi moqmedebis sferoSi Semavali adamianebis areals sul ufro da ufro afarToebda. es stiqi8 maTe, 7.12. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis implementacia saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebSi, UNDP, RWI-s gamocema, Tb., 2007, t. 2. 9 adamianis uflebebi 107 urad ar xdeboda – movlenas win uflebebisa da TavisuflebebisaTvis brZola uswrebda. uflebaTa mopovebisa da srulfasovani Tavisuflebisken ltolvisas kacobrioba ganviTarebis yovel nabijze axali xarisxiT maRldeboda. istoria adasturebs, rom Tavisuflebis SesanarCuneblad yovel Taobas brZola sWirdeba, rom istoriis gamowvevas, daicvas adamianis uflebebsa da TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli Rirebulebebi, nebismieri Taoba adekvaturad pasuxobs. adamianis uflebebi universaluri samarTlebrivi kategoriaa da, aqedan gamomdinare, isini yvela adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. adamianis uflebebi Seicavs sam aspeqts: 1. xelisufleba adamianis uflebebiT SezRudul Zalauflebas flobs; 2. yvela adamiani damoukideblobis gansazRvrul safexurze imyofeba; 3. TiToeuli adamiani uflebamosilia, daicvas sakuTari uflebebi.10 metic, ZiriTadi uflebebiT izRudeba kanonmdebeli, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da TviT sasamarTlo xelisufleba ki. adamianis uflebebis flobisTvis aucilebeli da sakmarisi piroba mxolod adamianad yofnaa. amdenad, is universalur kategorias ganekuTvneba. adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, upirveles yovlisa, filosofiuri sistemis msoflmxedvelobrivi warmodgenebia adamianis daniSnulebis, sazogadoebaSi misi adgilisa da rolis Sesaxeb. adamianis uflebebi socialuri regulirebis sistemaa, romelic moralur-eTikuri principebisa da normebisagan Sedgeba. aseT urTierTobebs sxvagvarad horizontalur urTierTobebsac uwodeben. magaliTad, erTi piris mier meore piris sakuTrebis miTviseba am ukanasknelis uflebebis darRvevaa – aq orive mxare erTmaneTis Tanasworia. adamianis uflebebi samarTlebrivi kategoriaa. uflebebi samarTlebriv normebSia ganmtkicebuli da awesrigebs adamianis urTierTobas xelisuflebasTan, saxelmwifosTan. swored esaa vertikaluri urTierTobebi. magaliTad, saxelmwifosa da fizikur pirs Soris warmoSobili samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi vertikaluri xasiaTisaa. adamianis uflebebi pirovnebis ganuxreli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebia, romelTac individi dabadebisTanave iZens.11 es aris saxelmwifo Zalauflebisgan pirovnebis Tavdacvis saSualeba. `sxvanairad rom 10 l.izoria, k. korkelia, k. kublaSvili, g. xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi (adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani), Tb., 2005, gv.15-17. 11 socialur da politikur terminTa leqsikoni-cnobari, Tb., 2004, gv. 13. 108 kari meore vTqvaT, xelisuflebas imdeni ufleba aqvs, ramdensac mas kanoni aniWebs (SezRuduli Zalauflebis principi), xolo adamians aqvs yvela is ufleba, romelTac ar ukrZalavs kanoni~:12 `yvelaferi daSvebulia, rac kanoniT ar aris akrZaluli~. adamianis uflebebi adamiansa da xelisuflebas (mniSvneloba ar aqvs, es aris demokratiulad arCeuli prezidenti, monarqi Tu diqtatori) Soris warmoqmnili urTierTobebia, da roca adamianis uflebebze visaubrebT, yovelTvis `individisa da xelisuflebis~ urTierTobas vigulisxmebT. ra valdebulebebi aqvs saxelmwifos? erTi mxriv, adamians garkveuli uflebebi aqvs, meore mxriv, saxelmwifosac aqvs movaleobebi – daicvas Tavisi uflebebi da moTxovnisTanave upasuxos saWiroebebs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom moqalaqeca da xelisuflebac urTierTmovaleni arian. saxelmwifo valdebulia, misi funqcia swored isaa, rom daicvas adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, miuxedavad imisa, TviT es piri masze dakisrebul pasuxismgeblobas asrulebs Tu ara. arsebobs saxelmwifos valdebulebaTa sami done: pativiscemis valdebuleba – saxelmwifo valdebulia, pativi sces adamianis Rirsebas; dacvis valdebuleba – saxelmwifo valdebulia, sakanonmdeblo doneze aRiaros adamianis uflebebi; Sesrulebis valdebuleba – saxelmwifo valdebulia, sakanonmdeblo doneze deklarirebuli adamianis uflebebis dasacavad Camoayalibos garkveuli meqanizmebi. Tavis mxriv, Sesrulebis valdebuleba aris ori saxis: adamianis uflebaTa xelSewyobisa da uzrunvelyofis.13 Cveni ufleba saxelmwifosaTvis valdebulebaa. uflebis dasacavad man rame unda iRonos: daicvas adamianis sicocxle, Rirseba, piradi xelSeuxebloba; uzrunvelyos Tavisufali gadaadgilebis ufleba; xeli Seuwyos ganaTlebis uflebis Tanabar pirobebSi da diskriminaciis gareSe realizebis garemos Camoyalibebas; Seqmnas xelmisawvdomi jan12 adamianis uflebaTa leqsikoni, Semdgeneli fridon sayvareliZe, redaqtori ana WabaSvili, Tb., 1999, gv. 9-10. 13 gaeros ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis komitetis 1999 wlis zogadi komentarebi # 12; § 15, UN doc.E/2000/22/P.102-110. adamianis uflebebi 109 dacvis sistema da sxva. saxelmwifos aseT valdebulebas xelisuflebis pozitiuri valdebuleba (status positivus) ewodeba. misi arsi imiT gamoixateba, rom saxelmwifo, adamianis uflebebis dasacavad, aqtiurad moqmedebs. Cveni Tavisufleba imas gulisxmobs, rom kanonieri safuZvlis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, xelisufleba mas ar unda Seexos: ar moaxdinos mimoweris lustracia, ar moisminos satelefono saubrebi, ar Caerios pirad cxovrebaSi, ar xelyos sityvis Tavisufleba da sxva. xelisuflebis amgvar valdebulebas negatiuri valdebuleba (status negativus) ewodeba. misi arsi imiT gamoixateba, rom kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec adamianis uflebis SezRudva xorcieldeba, emyarebodes legitimur sajaro mizans, am ukanasknelis miRwevis erTaderTi da aucilebeli saSualeba unda iyos. magaliTad, ekologiuri katastrofis dros, moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebis mizniT, saSiS zonaSi gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis droebiT SezRudva dasaSvebia. adamianis uflebaTa Tvisebebi Tvisebrivad adamianis uflebebi aris: • sayovelTao – adamianis uflebebi dedamiwis nebismier adgilas mcxovrebi adamianisTvis erTi da igivea. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, romeli qveynis moqalaqea Tu moqalaqeobis armqonea. mas es uflebebi dabadebidan gardacvalebamde aqvs; • xelSeuvali – adamians uflebebis Sewyveta, warTmeva an Tundac adamianis mier Tavisi nebiT maTze uaris Tqma SeuZlebelia; • ganuyofeli – arc erTi uflebis warTmeva ar SeiZleba misi `umniSvnelobis~ motiviT; • universaluri – yvela adamiani dabadebidan Tavisufalia, mxolod imitom, rom is adamiania. es ukanaskneli Tavadvea wyaro adamianis uflebebisa. maTi universaluroba niSnavs imasac, rom is msoflios nebismier drosa da sivrceSi SeuzRudavad moqmedebs. yvela adamianis ufleba daculia, ganurCevlad raime gansxvavebisa, saxeldobr: rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis, religiis, politikuri Tu sxva rwmenis, erovnuli Tu socialuri warmomavlobis, qonebrivi, wodebrivi Tu sxv. adamianis uflebaTa universaluroba pirovnebis individualurobas an sazogadoebaSi arsebul kulturul gansxvavebulobebs ar emuqreba. mravalferovneba SesaZlebelia arsebobdes im sazogadoebaSi, sadac yvela Tanasworia; 110 kari meore • ganusxvisebeli – adamianis uflebebis dakargva, sxvisTvis gadacema, warTmeva SeuZlebelia. maTi SezRudva SesaZlebelia garkveul SemTxvevebSi mxolod kanonis ZaliT, da isic droebiT: msjavrdebulisTvis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis SezRudva, garkveuli vadiT, Tundac sagangebo mdgomareobis dros, manifestaciebisa da mitingebis SezRudva da sxv.; • urTierTdamokidebuli da urTierTdakavSirebuli – yvela ufleba, erTobliobaSi, urTierTdamxmare sistemis balanss ganapirobebs. adamianis sxvadasxva ufleba: politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia. isini cal-calke, damoukideblad ar ganixilebian. erTi uflebis ganxorcieleba damokidebulia sxvadasxva uflebis arsebobaze. vTqvaT, arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis uflebis realizebis safuZvelia; meore magaliTi: sicocxlis ufleba mWidro kavSirSia jandacvis uflebasTan, piradi xelSeuxeblobis uflebasTan da sxva. ar arsebobs arc erTi ufleba, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT sxva uflebebs aRematebodes an piriqiT – Camouvardebodes. adamianis uflebaTagan yvela Rirebulia da yoveli maTganis dacva aucilebelia. adamianis uflebaTa zemoT CamoTvlili Tvisebebi yvela demokratiuli saxelmwifos mier aRiarebulia da maT uzenaes kanonSi, konstituciaSi aris asaxuli. civilizebuli samyaro acnobierebs, rom arc erTi saxelmwifo ar ganixileba, rogorc Tavisufali da demokratiuli, Tuki mis iurisdiqciaSi myofi adamianebi (rogorc moqalaqeebi, ise moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi da ucxoelebi) ar sargebloben yvela uflebiTa da TavisuflebiT. adamianis uflebaTa koncefcia garkveul Rirebulebebs efuZneba, esenia: • Rirseba • Tavisufleba • Tanasworoba • tolerantoba • demokratia • samarTlianoba adamianis Rirseba gamoixateba sxvaTagan, aseve sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosgan adamianis mimarT pativiscemiT. adamianis uflebaTa arsi adamianis Rirsebis aRiarebaa. Rirseba Tandayolili Tvisebaa da Tavad adamianis uflebebi 111 adamianis arsidan gamomdinareobs. saqarTvelos konstitucia iziarebs am filosofias da acxadebs: `adamianis pativi da Rirseba xelSeuvalia~.14 Rirseba yvela adamians aqvs. dauSvebelia maTi diferencireba raime niSnis mixedviT. saxelmwifom adamianis Rirseba ar unda Selaxos, am uflebaSi `intervencia~ ar unda ganaxorcielos.15 Rirsebis dacva saxelmwifos mxridan adamianis samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofas moiTxovs (magaliTad, Rirsebis Selaxvaa monoba, diskriminaciis nebismieri forma, wameba). saxelmwifo valdebulia, adamianis Rirsebis dasacavad minimaluri ekonomikuri pirobebi mainc Seqmnas. adamianis Rirsebis uflebis mniSvneloba kargad Cans sisxlis samarTalSi, sadac saxelmwifos moqmedebis CarCo ganisazRvreba. magaliTad, sasjeli unda iyos samarTliani, is unda Seesabamebodes Cadenili danaSaulis simZimes, damnaSavis braleulobas da sxv.16 sasjelTa sistema ar unda iTvaliswinebdes adamianis Rirsebis damamcirebel sasjelebs; udanaSaulobis prezumfciis darRveva laxavs adamianis Rirsebas. saerTaSoriso aqti samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb (me-14 muxlis me-2 punqti) da adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvencia (me-6 muxli) erTnairad acxadeben, rom: TiToeuli piri, visac brali sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis CadenaSi edeba, udanaSaulod miiCneva, sanam misi damnaSaveoba kanonis Sesabamisad ar damtkicdeba. adamianis Rirsebis aRiareba da pativiscema adamianis uflebaTa mTel sistemaSi saTanadod aisaxeba. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis teqstic swored adamianis RirsebiT iwyeba: `yvela adamiani ibadeba Tavisufali da Tanaswori Tavisi RirsebiTa da uflebebiT. maT miniWebuli aqvT goneba da sindisi da erTmaneTis mimarT unda iqceodnen Zmobis suliskveTebiT~.17 adamianur Rirsebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa 1966 wlis saerTaSoriso paqtic: `yvela TavisuflebaSezRudul pirs unda epyrobodnen humanurad da adamianis pirovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirsebis pativiscemiT~ (muxli 10.1). adamianis Tavisufleba – samarTalSi Tavisufleba Semdegnairad ganimarteba: 14 saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 17.1. k. kublaSvili, ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tb., 2005, gv. 88. 16 k. kublaSvili, ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tb., 2005, gv. 89. 17 adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 1. 15 112 kari meore 1. sakuTari Sexedulebisa da nebis Sesabamisad moqmedeba. Tavisufleba niSnavs adamianis SesaZleblobas, imoqmedos Tavisi nebis Sesabamisad vinmes mier an visime saxeliT dawesebuli yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe;18 2. individis Tavisufleba niSnavs ganaxorcielos an Tavi Seikavos raime moqmedebis Sesrulebisagan (sindisis Tavisufleba, rwmenis Tavisufleba, sityvis Tavisufleba). Tavisuflebis sami damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa: arCevani, damoukidebloba da pasuxismgebloba. adamianis mier arCevanis uflebis realizeba or sakiTxs ukavSirdeba: I. saTvalavSi orze meti odenobis arsebobas da II. asarCevi obieqtebis, garemoebebis, procesebisa Tu movlenis analitikuri da sinTezuri ganxilvisaTvis saWiro codnasa da unars. terminis (`arCevani~) negatiuri, sawinaaRmdego formiT ganmartebad gamodgeboda `iZuleba~. am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi arCevanis adgili ar aris; damoukidebloba sakuTari nebisyofis damorCilebas da masze batonobas gulisxmobs. adamianebs xSirad sCveviaT sakuTari qmedebebis axsna sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli Cvevebis, tradiciebis, finansur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis, subieqturi Tu obieqturi SiSebis, `fobiebisa~ Tu `filiebis~ gavleniT. yovelTvis, roca adamiani ase iqceva, ar aris damoukidebeli. pasuxismgebloba adamianis is Tvisebaa, romelic asakobriv zrda-ganviTarebasTan, mis inteleqtualur CamoyalibebasTan erTad modis da misi cxovrebis yvela kuTxe-kunWuls srulad moicavs. adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTadi nawili Tavisuflebas exeba. `adamianis Tavisufleba~ gulisxmobs raime SezRudvebis ararsebobas, adamianis moqmedebis farTo areals. saxelmwifos ekrZaleba Careva, xolo Tu ereva, mxolod gansakuTrebul pirobebSi, kanonis safuZvelze, legitimuri miznis misaRwevad, gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da Sesabamisi wesiT; Tumca ar arsebobs Tavisufleba pasuxismgeblobis gareSe, da piruku; adamianis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs: sxvaTa mimarT moTminebas, TavSekavebas, tolerantobas. Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba adamians TviTgamorkvevis uflebas aniWebs. es ki niSnavs, rom mas aqvs SesaZlebloba, imoqmedos sakuTari nebiT, vinmes zemoqmedebis gareSe. `yovel adamians aqvs sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba~. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 3 18 adamianis uflebaTa leqsikoni, Semdgeneli fridon sayvareliZe, redaqtori ana WabaSvili, Tb., 1999, gv. 41-42. adamianis uflebebi 113 Tanasworobis Rirebuleba vlindeba kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis, kulturul Tu religiur mravalferovnebaTa Tanasworobisa da sxva uflebebSi. Tanasworoba nebismier adamians sxvebTan Tanabar pirobebSi yofnis Sanss aZlevs, xolo gamoyenebuli iqneba Tu ara es SesaZleblobebi, damokidebulia individze. am Rirebulebis uflebebi imis garantiaa, rom saxelmwifo yvela adamians Tanasworad moepyroba. vinmesTvis usafuZvlod sxvaTa uflebebis xarjze upiratesobis miniWeba dauSvebelia. Tanasworoba ukavSirdeba diskriminaciis akrZalvis cnebas, rac gulisxmobs adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvas an Selaxvas socialuri, rasobrivi, erovnuli, enobrivi, sqesobrivi kuTvnilebis, politikuri, religiuri an sxvagvari mdgomareobis mixedviT.19 kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba adamianis uflebaTa qvakuTxedia. yvela adamianis Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe gulisxmobs adamianis uflebas, Tanabrad gamoiyenos miniWebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, magram samarTaldarRvevis SemTxvevaSi aseve Tanabrad unda agos pasuxi kanonis winaSe. saxelmwifo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moepyros adamians `uTanasworod~ da kanonis ZaliT sxvadasxva ufleba-movaleoba daakisros sxvadasxva kategoriis adamians, rodesac amisTvis gansakuTrebuli safuZveli arsebobs. magaliTad: usinaTlos manqanis marTvis mowmobas ar miscemen; orsul qals mZime saqmianobis an zeganakveTuri samuSaos Sesruleba kanoniT ekrZaleba. `saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ucxoel moqalaqeebsa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs saqarTvelos moqalaqis Tanabari uflebani da movaleobani aqvT, garda konstituciiTa da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisebisa~. saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 47 saxelmwifom unda izrunos sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris socialuri samarTlianobisa da socialuri Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad. swored man unda Seqmnas yvelasaTvis Tanabari sawyisi poziciebi da yvelas misces ganviTarebis Tanabari Sansi. es imas niSnavs, rom saxelmwifom ganaTlebis miRebis, profesiis arCevisa da dauflebisaTvis TiToeuli Tanabari sastarto pirobebis Seqmnaze unda izrunos.20 tolerantoba (Semwynarebloba) adamianis uflebaTa gansakuTrebuli Rirebulebaa. tolerantoba niSnavs gansxvavebuli erovnuli Tu eT19 adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali, leqsikoni-cnobari, Tb., 2005, gv. 283. 20 n. talaxaZe, T. qaldani, g. gabrielaSvili, l. gigauri, n. nacvliSvili, samoqalaqo ganaTleba, Tb., 2008, gv. 15. 114 kari meore nikuri, enobrivi Tu religiuri warmomavlobis, rasisa Tu kanis feris, moqalaqeobisa Tu sxva niSnebiT gamorCeuli adamianebis mimarT damokidebulebas, romelic gamoricxavs rasizms, rasobriv diskriminacias, siZulvils da yovelTvis keTilganwyobiT xasiaTdeba, sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebaSi ar laxavs aRniSnuli jgufebis warmomadgenelTa uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.21 tolerantoba msoflio kulturaTa mdidari mravalferovnebis, TviTgamoxatvis formebisa da adamianis individualobis gamovlinebis SesaZleblobaTa pativiscemis miReba da marTebuli gagebaa.22 tolerantoba amkvidrebs sxvisi Sexedulebisadmi pativiscemas, TviTgamoxatvis sxvadasxva formas da pirovnuli individualobis ganviTarebas. tolerantobaSi moiazreba sxvaTa uflebebis pativiscema. is gulisxmobs, rom yvelas aqvs sakuTari Sexedulebebi, yvelas aqvs ufleba, gaakritikos sxvaTa Sexedulebebi, gaakritikos xelisufleba, konkretuli pirovneba, idea. tolerantoba aseve gulisxmobs sxvaTa azrisa da Sexedulebebis mosmenas, Tundac msmenelisTvis is miuRebeli iyos. tolerantuli damokidebulebis gamovlena sxvaTa religiuri mrwamsisa Tu sxva eris mimarT adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sawindaria. `sarwmunoebis sxvadasxvaoba Cven ar gvaSinebs. qarTvelma Tavisi sarwmunoebisaTvis jvarcmulma icis pativi sxvisi sarwmunoebisac~.23 adamianis uflebaTa pativiscemas, dacvasa da Sesrulebas sWirdeba garkveuli movaleobebisa da pasuxismgeblobebis Sesruleba. movaleoba – es aris moqmedebis CarCo, aucilebeli moqmedebis zoma. movaleobebis dawesebiT saxelmwifo Tavis teritoriaze mcxovreb nebismier pirs udgens garkveuli aucilebeli moqmedebis Sesrulebis moTxovnas. movaleobebi SesaZlebelia gamomdinareobdes ara mxolod kanonis moTxovnidan, aramed zneobrivi, eTikuri normebidan, an Tundac profesiuli saqmianobidan. asevea pasuxismgeblobis SemTxvevaSic. yovel Cvengans garkveuli pasuxismgebloba gvekisreba saxelmwifos winaSe. adamians pasuxismgebloba moralur donezec ekisreba da sakanonmdeblozec. saqarTvelos konstituciis 44-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yoveli piri valdebulia, asrulebdes saqarTvelos konstituciisa da kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebs~, Sesabamisad, konstituciisa da kanonis Seusrulebloba iwvevs iuridiul pasuxismgeblobas (sisxlissamarTlebriv, administraciul, samoqalaqo an disciplinurs). 21 adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali, leqsikoni-cnobari, Tb., 2005. tolerantobis principebis deklaracia, 1995. 23 ilia WavWavaZe, werilebi, Tb., 2010, gv. 41. 22 adamianis uflebebi 115 adamiani emorCileba garkveul wesebs, romlebic erovnul sakanonmdeblo aqtebSia asaxuli, raTa misi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis realizebis dros ar Seilaxos sxva pirebis, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos interesebi. adamianis uflebaTa realizaciis yvelaze racionaluri formaa demokratia. demokratia24 individis uflebaTa da interesTa efeqturad dacvas TanamSromlobis, kompromisebisa da sxvadasxva Sexedulebis gaTvaliswinebiT axerxebs. demokratiuli wyobis dros sazogadoebis yvela wevrs ufleba aqvs, monawileobdes saxelmwifo organoebis arCevnebSi pasiuri an/da aqtiuri formiT, gaakritikos xelisufleba, Tavisuflad imsjelos saxelmwifo mowyobis sakiTxebze, CaerTos saxelmwifos marTvaSi da sxva. demokratia xels uwyobs samoqalaqo da adamianis uflebaTa kulturis danergvas, riTac moqalaqes politikuri kompetenciebis SeZenis saSualebas aZlevs. demokratia nergavs kanonis pativiscemisa da kanonisadmi Tavisufali msaxurebis kulturas, sxvadasxva socialur jgufebs Soris dapirispirebebis mSvidobian gadawyvetas kompromisebis gziT aRwevs. demokratia, rogorc politikuri marTvis reJimi, xalxis mmarTvelobas niSnavs, romlis drosac yvelaze efeqturad xdeba ara marto umravlesobis, aramed umciresobis uflebebis dacvac. es ar aris umciresobis SeuzRudavi xelisufleba, aramed sruliad gansazRvruli RirebulebebiT – adamianis uflebebiT – SezRuduli umravlesobis xelisuflebaa. es is Rirebulebebia, romlebic vinaidan asaxulia konstituciasa da kanonebSi, umciresobebsac Tanabrad exeba da umravlesobas maTi darRveva ar SeuZlia. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom garkveuli garemoebebis dadgomisas saxelmwifos mxridan zogierTi uflebis SezRudva dasaSvebia (magaliTad: sagangebo an saomari mdgomareobis dros Tavisufali gadaadgilebis ufleba, sakuTrebis SezRudva sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisTvis kompensaciis sanacvlod da sxva). magram arsebobs adamianis bunebiTi uflebebic,25 romelTa SezRudva dauSvebelia nebismier garemoebaSi, esenia: sicocxlis ufleba, wamebisgan Tavisufleba, adamianis Rirseba, udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, monobisgan Tavisufleba, samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, piris samarTalsubieqtoba. 24 25 demokratiis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT visaubreT wignis pirvel karSi, ix. gv. 33-103. bunebiTi uflebebis Sesaxeb ix. wignis pirvel karSi. 116 kari meore `qveyanaSi sagangebo mdgomareobis Jams, ra drosac eris arseboba safrTxeSia da ris Sesaxebac oficialurad cxaddeba, paqtis monawile saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT miiRon mdgomareobis simwvavis zustad Sesabamisi zomebi am paqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli TavianTi valdebulebisagan gadaxveviT, im pirobiT, rom aseTi zomebi SeuTavsebeli ar iqneba saerTaSoriso samarTliT gaTvaliswinebul maT valdebulebebTan da ar gamoiwvevs diskriminacias rasis, feris, sqesis, enis, religiis an socialuri mdgomareobis niSniT. zemoaRniSnuli debuleba ar SeiZleba gaxdes am paqtis VI (sicocxlis ufleba), VII (wamebis akrZalva), VIII (I da II punqtebi: monobis akrZalva), XI (saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis SeusruleblobisTvis patimrobis akrZalva), XV (kanonis ukuqmedeba), XVI (adamianis samarTalsubieqtoba) da XVIII (azris, sindisis an religiis Tavisufleba) muxlebisagan raime gadaxvevis safuZveli~.26 26 samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 4.1-2. adamianis uflebebi 117 nawili meore adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTareba am nawilSi ganvxilavT adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebis istoriul da sociokulturul etapebs. gavixsenebT Tavdapirvel normatul aqtebs da konstituciebs, romlebmac kacobriobis ocnebis saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis qvakuTxedad transformacia ganapirobes. gaviazrebT omebisa da revoluciebis epoqaSi saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis Seqmnis mniSvnelobas. movaxdenT adamianis uflebaTa klasifikacias. SevexebiT adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi. nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: • adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTareba antikur epoqasa da Sua saukuneebSi; • burJuaziuli revoluciebis roli adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTarebaSi; • adamianis uflebebis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi; • pirveli xelSekrulebebi adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi; • gza adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciisaken. saerTaSoriso paqtebi adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb; • adamianis uflebaTa klasifikacia: samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi; • socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebi. 118 kari meore sazogadoebis kulturuli ganviTareba warmoudgenelia, Tu mas pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi raime principuli cvlileba ar Seaqvs, Tu adamiani sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yovel safexurze Tavisuflebis Tundac minimums ar iRebs. kulturuli progresis es mniSvnelovani momenti aisaxa moralSi, samarTalSi, religiasa da filosofiaSi. adamianis uflebaTa safuZvlis `formaluri Tanasworuflebianobis~ Canasaxi pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba, romelic Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobda `mononormebis~27 saxiT. `mononormebi~ qcevis wesebia, romelTa klasificireba, diferencireba SeuZlebelia ise, rogorc es xdeba religiuri, zneobrivi, CveulebiTi normebis klasifikaciisas. Tavisi xasiaTiT es aris qcevis wesebi, romlebic gamoxataven mdgrad Cvevebs. `mononormebi~ ayalibebs warmodgenebs borotebasa da sikeTeze, gvarisa da tomisaTvis misaReb da miuRebel wesebze. `mononormaTa~ mizani gvarovnuli wes-wyobilebis SenarCuneba gaxldaT, magram maTSi moralisa da eTikis kriteriumebi mkafiod ar iyo Camoyalibebuli. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba socialurad marTvadi iyo da swored mononormebiT regulirdeboda. `mononorma~ gvaris erT wevrs meore wevrze upiratesobas ar aZlevda. es `pirvelyofili Tanasworobis~ gamovlenaa. Tu kargad CavukvirdebiT, vnaxavT am Tanasworobis arss: individis interesebi mTlianad ewireba sazogadoebis interesebs. individis cxovreba mkacrad reglamentirdeba, riTac mas Tavisuflebis arCevanis, damoukideblobisa da ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba ekargeba. miuxedavad amisa, TviT mononormebis gaCena kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi wingadadgmuli nabijia. mogvianebiT pirvelyofili gvarovnuli wyobilebis rRvevam, saxelmwifos warmoSobam, saxelmwifosTvis damaxasiaTebeli atributebis gaCenam (saxelmwifos niSnebi: sajaro xelisufleba, sagadasaxado sistema da sxva) samarTlis normebi warmoSva. 27 А.И. Першиц, Проблемы нормативной этнографии, М., 1979, gv. 214. adamianis uflebebi 119 Tavi 2.1 adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTareba – antikuri epoqa werilobiT wyaroebSi sityva `Tavisuflebas~ pirvelad jer kidev Zv. w. XVIII s.-Si vxvdebiT. uZvelesma kodificirebulma nimuSma `xamurabis kanonebma~ Semogvinaxa informacia imis Taobaze, rom babilonis mefe xamurabma (Zv.w. 1792-1750) `gaazateba – andurarum~ (gaTavisufleba) qveSevrdomebis wasaxaliseblad gamoiyena: isini, vinc pirnaTlad asrulebdnen dakisrebul movaleobebs (begaris akrefa, taZris msaxureba), azatdebodnen; isini ki, vinc movaleobebs arakeTilsindisierad asrulebdnen, azatobas kargavdnen. Tavisuflebis dakargva sanqciad wesdeboda `qvrivTa da obolTa dasacavad, maT mimarT xelisuflebis mqone pirTa usamarTlod moqcevis aRkveTis mizniT~.28 SumerulSi sityva `amagi~ `Tavisuflebas“ niSnavda. Tavisuflebis konceptis pirvel gaformebad lursmnuli damwerlobiT aRbeWdili `amagi~ iTvleba. sityvasityviT iTargmneba, rogorc `dedasTan dabruneba~. adamianis uflebaTa ideas safuZveli Zv. w. VI-V saukuneebSi aTensa da, mogvianebiT, romSi Caeyara. Zveli berZeni sofistis, alkidamis, gamoTqmaSi – `RvTaebam yvela Tavisufali gaaCina, bunebas monad aravin Seuqmnia~29 – gadmocemulia berZnuli filosofiis damokidebuleba adamianis, misi Rirsebisa da bunebiT naboZebi ganuyofeli uflebebis mimarT. 28 29 xamurabis kanonebi, Targmani: z. kiknaZis, Tb., 1988. The political and legal doctrines in ancient Greece, http://yqyq.net. 120 kari meore jer kidev Zv.w. VI saukuneSi berZenma sjulmdebelma da arqontma solonma (Zv.w. 638-558) sakanonmdeblo reformebi gaatara, romlebic demokratiis zogierT elements Seicavda, kerZod: saxelmwifo moxeleTa braleulobis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, maT pasuxisgebaSi gadacemas akanonebda. am ideam Semdgomi ganviTareba Zvel romSi pova, rasac moqalaqeobis principis SemoRebam Seuwyo xeli. aqve davsZendiT, rom Zveli msoflios adamianebi uflebaTa miniWebisas Tanasworobis principiT ar xelmZRvanelobdnen. magaliTad: monisTvis yovelgvari uflebebis CamorTmeva sayovelTaod iyo gavrcelebuli. qalaq-saxelmwifoebma – `polisebma~,30 romelTac xSirad monaTmflobeluri demokratiis formad miiCneven, adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTarebas, garkveulwilad, xelic ki Seuwyo. aRmocenda Tavisuflebis oazisebi, romelSic SesaZlebeli gaxda im pirTa Tanabari politikuri uflebebis arseboba, romlebic moqalaqeobis statusiT sargeblobdnen. imdroindeli Sexedulebebi adamianis uflebebsa da moqalaqeobaze, yoveli qveSevrdomis monawileoba polisis marTvaSi da zrunva polisis keTildReobaze yalibdeboda erTian moZRvrebaSi, romelic kanonis uzenaesobas gansakuTrebulad gamokveTda (perikle, sokrate, platoni, demosTene). am moZRvrebebma SemdgomSi gamoxatuleba `adamianis uflebebisa~ da `kanonis uzenaesobis~ urTierTmimarTebaSi poves. samarTlianobis, Tavisuflebis, WeSmaritebis Zieba berZen filosofosTa naSromebis laitmotivad rCeba. sazogadoebriobis ganviTarebis yoveli axali safexuri cvlida adamianTa uflebebis xasiaTs da mas axal ganzomilebebs matebda. Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebSi, aTensa da romSi moqalaqeobis institutis gaCena ukve wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo, Tumca samarTlis normebisa da adamianis uflebaTa formirebis procesi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. samarTlebrivi normebis warmoSobis pirvel etapze Tavisuflebis msazRvrelis done sakmaod dabali iyo. miuxedavad amisa, samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi viTardeboda Zvel romSic, sadac xelisuflebis danawilebis principi da bunebiTi samarTlis idea Caisaxa. 30 Zv.w. VI s.-idan saqarTvelos teritoriaze berZnuli polisebis msgavsi politikuri erTeulebi iyo fazisi, dioskuria da sxva qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebi. Tavisuflebani diadi qartiiT iwyeba, Semdgeneli: v. cecxlaZe, baTumi, 2005, gv. 9. adamianis uflebebi 121 Tavi 2.2 adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTareba – Sua saukuneebi feodalizmis dros uflebebis moculoba gaizarda. am periodSi, wodebrivi ierarqiisa da ymaTa dakabalebis miuxedavad, memamuleTa mxridan monarqis Zalauflebis SezRudvis mcdelobas vxvdebiT. Sua saukuneebSi adamianis Tavisufleba metad SezRuduli iyo, magram ymas mainc meti Tavisufleba hqonda, vidre monas. feodalizmis wiaRSi ukve momwifda iseTi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi, romlebmac mogvianebiT ganviTareba sxvadasxva aqtSi poves. magaliTad, inglisSi moxda monarqis uflebebis SezRudva. monarqisaTvis sazogadoebis gvarovnuli wridan kontrolis dawesebis mcdeloba 1215 wlis Tavisuflebis didi qartiiT (Magna Carta Libertatum) dagvirgvinda. adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis aTvlis wertiladac swored es dokumenti iqca. aq deklarirebuli Rirebulebebi Semdgom sxvadasxva aqtSic gavrcelda: `adamianebi Cvens samefoSi floben da icaven zemoT aRniSnul Tavisuflebebs, uflebebs, daTmobebs, wyalobebs sruli wesrigiTa da mSvidobianad, Tavisuflad da wynarad, srulad da urRvevad, TavisTvisa da Tavis memkvidreTaTvis, Cvengan da Cvens memkvidreTagan, yvelgan da yvela garemoebaSi, samaradJamod~.31 `magna kartaSi~ mocemuli muxlebi mefisa da sasaxlis karis TviTnebobisagan dacvis meqanizmebs Seicavda; aseve moTxovnas, ar dainiSnon mosamarTlis, Serifisa32 da konsteblis33 Tanamdebobebze adamianebi, romlebmac ar ician kanonebi an ar surT maTi Sesruleba. qartiis damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos is debuleba, romliTac gacxadda, rom sasamarTlo ganaCenis gareSe dauSvebelia Tavisufali adamianis dasja. 1320 wels SotlandiaSi miRebuli `arborTis deklaracia~ Tavisuflebis absolutur uflebaze saubrobs, romelic didebaze, saxelsa da simdidreze maRla dgas.34 1628 wels inglisSi miiRes peticia uflebaTa Sesaxeb, romliTac gani31 Tavisuflebani diadi qartiiT iwyeba, Semdgeneli v. cecxlaZe, baTumi, 2005, gv. 21. Serifi - (ingl. sheriff) Tanamdebobis piri, romelic asrulebs administraciul da sasamarTlo funqciebs. 33 konstebli - (ingl. constable) erT-erTi umaRlesi tituli mefis karze. 34 k. m. smiti rona, adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebi, Tb., 2006, gv. 45. 32 122 kari meore sazRvra monarqis valdebulebebi, kerZod, daecva qveSevrdomi samefo karis ganukiTxaobisgan. am aqtis mixedviT, Tu danaSaulSi eWvmitanili monarqs peticiiT mimarTavda, xolo amis Semdeg saqmis ganxilvamde da garkveuli ganaCenis gamotanamde mas daapatimrebdnen, es ukanonod CaiTvleboda. 1679 wels SemuSavda `habeas korpusi~ (Habeas Corpus Act), sadac pirvelad axsenes pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobis garantiebi, udanaSaulobis prezumfcia da adamianis sxva uflebebis dacvisaTvis saWiro mniSvnelovani debulebebi. 1679 wels deklarirebuli ufleba dResac moqmedebs da asaxulia saerTaSoriso aqtebsa da erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi. `habeas korpusi~ imis garantiaa, rom piri ar iqneba usamarTlod dakavebuli, Tu dakaveba ukanonoa, adamiani unda ganTavisufldes. `habeas korpusi~ brZanebaa, romelic sasamarTlos mier patimarze pasuxismgebel Tanamdebobis pirs egzavneba, raTa aRkveTos dakavebuli piris Tavisuflebis SezRudva, dauyovnebliv gaaTavisuflos ukanonod dakavebuli, an Tuki kanoni iZleva saSualebas, ganTavisufldes TavdebobiT. amave aqtiT damkvidrda principi, romlis mixedviTac dauSvebelia, erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis orjer pasuxisgeba (principi: non bis in idem). 1689 wels inglisSi miRebuli uflebaTa bili (Bill of Rights) kidev erTi wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo adamianis uflebaTa ideis sasargeblod. kerZod, dauSveblad CaiTvala kanonis moqmedebis SeCereba samefo taxtis sasargeblod, parlamentis gadawyvetilebis gareSe gadasaxadebis daweseba da mSvidobian periodSi armiis mobilizeba. inglisSi miRebuli am aqtiT aRiares sityvis Tavisufleba, parlamentSi arCevis ufleba da mefis winaSe peticiis wardgenis ufleba. bili Seicavs agreTve sasamarTlos gaumarTleblad maRali xarjebis gadaxdisagan Tavdacvis garantiebs. uflebaTa bilis teqstSi pirvelad iTqva adamianis uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb – moiTxovos, daicvan misi uflebebi. `isini eZeben da moiTxoven da Tavs deben yvela am punqtze erTad (bilze) da TiToeul maTganze cal-calke~.35 adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa ganviTarebis ideam amerikis kontinentzec SeaRwia, rasac xeli Seuwyves ganmanaTleblebma, `bunebiTi samarTlis skolis~ moZRvrebam, aseve inglisSi miRebulma aqtebma. 35 k. m. smiti rona, adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebi, Tb., 2006, gv. 23. adamianis uflebebi 123 Tavi 2.3 burJuaziuli revoluciebis roli adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTarebaSi `bunebiTi samarTlis~ ideebi aSS-Si Tomas peinisa (1737-1809) da Tomas jefersonis (1743-1826) mier antikoloniuri revoluciis periodSi gavrcelda. maTi ideebi mimarTuli iyo ara marto demokratiuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobisaken, aramed adamianis xelSeuvali uflebebis dacvisakenac. amis naTeli magaliTia 1776 wels gamocxadebuli damoukideblobis deklaracia: `yvela adamiani bunebiT Tanabrad Tavisufali da damoukidebelia da dabadebisTanave flobs konkretul uflebebs~. 1789 wels miRebuli aSS-is konstitucia ar Seicavs adamianis uflebaTa CamonaTvals, Tumca preambula cxadyofs imas, Tu rogor mkvidrdeboda adamianis uflebebi da rogor izrdeboda adamianis uflebaTa ideis gavlena saxelmwifoze: `Cven, SeerTebuli Statebis xalxi, raTa SevqmnaT ufro srulyofili kavSiri, davamkvidroT marTlmsajuleba, uzrunvelvyoT Sinagani simSvide, erTiani Tavdacva, xeli SevuwyoT sayovelTao keTildReobas da Cveni STamomavlebisaTvis ganvamtkicoT Tavisuflebis madli amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis, sazeimod vacxadebT am konstitucias~. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucias pirvel 10 muxli – adamianis uflebaTa bili (“Bill of Rights”) – 1791 wlis 15 dekembers daemata, Tumca calkeulma Statebma misi ratificireba 1789 wlis 19 seqtembridan daiwyes. `uflebaTa bilis~ miRebidan konstitucias daemata mxolod 16 Sesworeba. adamianis ganuyofeli uflebebis `bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria~ safrangeTis revoluciis dros farTod gavrcelda. es ideebi emyareboda hugo grociusis (1583-1645), Sarl monteskies (1689-1755), jon lokis (1632-1704), Jan-Jak rusos (1712-1778) da sxva ganmanaTlebelTa msoflmxedvelobebs. safrangeTis adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia (Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen) 1789 wlis 26 agvistos miiRes. masSi aRiniSna, rom `adamianebi ibadebian Tavisufalni da Tanabari uflebebiT da aseTebad rCebian. sazogadoebrivi gansxvavebebi maT Soris SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod kanoniT~. deklaraciam aRiara dauSvebloba: • kanonis ukuqceviTi moqmedebisa; • udanaSaulobis prezumfciis darRvevisa; • bralis wayenebis gareSe adamianis dakavebisa an dapatimrebisa; 124 kari meore • azris gamoTqmis gamo dakaveba-dapatimrebisa, Tu gamoTqmuli azriT ar irRveva kanoniT gansazRvruli sajaro wesrigi; • deklaraciam aRiara moqalaqeTa sakuTrebis ufleba. raoden paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, safrangeTis sisxlianma revoluciam msoflios aCuqa adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia, romlis ZiriTadi debulebebi dResac asaxulia adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi. deklaraciiT mkvidrdeba adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTad, principebi: Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba, kanonis uzenaesoba, piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba da sxva. `bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria~ XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi Camoyalibda. ris mixedviT, adamians RvTiT boZebuli uflebebi bunebiTad aqvs. is saxelmwifos mier ar aris miniWebuli da amdenad misi warTmeva saxelmwifos ar ZaluZs. `bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis~ mixedviT, Tu kanoni bunebiT kanonebs ewinaaRmdegeba, is verc amoqmeddeba da verc samarTlebrivad CaiTvleba.36 zemoaRniSnuli aqtebis gacnobisas vrwmundebiT, rom individi, romelic uwin mTlianad saxelmwifoze iyo damokidebuli, TandaTan avtonomiurobas iZens, pirovnuli Tavisuflebac xorcs isxams. Tavi 2.4 adamianis uflebaTa ganviTareba saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebaTa ideebi arc qarTuli kulturisaTvis yofila ucxo. saqarTvelos pirveli mefis, farnavazis (Zv. w. III s.), dros sxvadasxva religiuri kulti erTdroulad arsebobda, rac religiur tolerantobaze miuTiTebs. XI saukunis saqarTveloSi qarTvelad is iwodeboda, vinc qarTul enas, kulturas, emsaxureboda da qarTveli xalxis keTildReobas eziareboda.37 am dros saqarTveloSi sisxlismier warmomavlobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar eniWeboda. erovnuli TviTidentifikaciisTvis politikuri da kulturuli aspeqtebi iyo mTavari. XII saukune imiTac aRiniSna, rom saqarTveloSi sikvdiliT dasja gauqmda. 36 37 dawvrilebiT ix. kari I. demokratiaze gardamavali periodi da aqtiuri moqalaqeoba, Tb., 2007, gv. 41. adamianis uflebebi 125 qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobis, sakuTrebisa da memkvidreobis uflebebis, qalTa uflebebis Semcveli normebi sakmaod mravlad moipoveba. adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa ideebs uxvad moicavs sityvakazmuli mwerlobac. mudmivma dapyrobiTma omebma, 1801 wlidan ki ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos moqcevam adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebasac Tavisi daRi daasva. am periodidan moyolebuli damoukideblobis miRwevamde adamianis uflebebisTvis brZola mWidrod gadaeba ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas. carizmis kolonializmis daZlevisaTvis brZolam qarTuli politikuri azri adamianis uflebebamde miiyvana. am gzaze glexTa moZraoba erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo. soflis fermerebis SeiaraRebuli gamosvla adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis gonivrulad gaTvlil ideebs efuZneboda. es kargad Cans samegrelos glexTa ajanyebis dantonad wodebul utu miqavas cecxlovan sityvaSi, romelic man 1857 wlis 20 maiss warmoTqva: `am erTi wlis winaT Cvens qveyanas osmalTa jari Semoesia, mterma gaaniorwyala yvelaferi, rac xelSi moxvda. Svela arsaidana gvqonia; rusis jarma Tavi dagvaneba, xolo Cveni batonebi, imis magivrad rom davefarneT, biWebsa da gogoebs gvtacebdnen da osmalebze hyiddnen. osmalebi wavidnen da Cveni batonebi winandelze uaresad mogvdgnen. zedmetia imaze laparaki, rom mTeli Cveni Sromis nayofi imaT rCebaT; maT rom kacma hkiTxos, glexs araferi unda hqondes, da rac ram abadia, yvelafers arTmeven, Tu moxerxebiT ara, ZaliT mainc. Cven amas SeveCvieT. saqme is gaxlavT, rom isini CvenSi adamianebsac ki ar hxedaven. maTi azriT, Cven yvela pirutyvi gvjobnis. vsTqvaT, batons mezoblis mimino moewona, adgeba da erT koml glexs miscems masSi; mwevarSi an meZebarSi ramdensame komls aZlevs. pirutyvebi ufro fasoben, vidre adamianebi. roca batons Tavisas vaZlevdiT, mxolod imasa vsTxovdiT, ise mogvqceodnen, rogorc amas Cveni, mama-papaTa mier dadgenili Cveuleba moiTxovda, magram am wminda Cveulebas mebatoneebma didi xania fexi daabijes, ugulvebelhyves, xolo omis Semdeg maTma sisastikem yovelgvar sazRvars gadaaWarba. – gveCivla? aba visTan? dedofali aqedan Sors iyo, xolo mis mdivanbegebs mebatoneTa mxare uWiravT, maTgan Zaldatanebis meti araferi gvaxsovs. roca mebatoneebma devna da ZaRlebiT nadiroba dagviwyes, SeverTdiT da Zalas Zala davupirispireT. 126 kari meore amasobaSi dadga gazafxuli, yanebi ar daTesila, mebatoneebi ar gviTmobdnen da arc Cven vuTmobdiT. bolos, Cveni xelisxleba... is gaxldaT, rom CamovarTviT xajalurebi da dadianurebi, romliTac isini zogjer wlobiT gvtanjavdnen~.38 maSin miqavam quTaisis samxedro gubernators, polkovnik kolubiakins rva muxlisagan Semdgari moTxovnileba warudgina: 1. kacis kaci ar unda arsebobdes; 2. aRikveTos ymebiT vaWroba; 3. aikrZalos gadasaxadebis TviTneburi gadideba; 4. mieces glexs yvela adamianuri ufleba; 5. dawesdes kanonebze damyarebuli mmarTveloba mebatoneTa ganukiTxavi mmarTvelobis magivrad; 6. moispos tanjva-wvalebis dRemde arsebuli meTodebi; 7. dakanondes glexTa sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba; 8. gaZlierdes memamuleTa da xelisufalTa pativiscema xalxis adaT-Cveulebebisadmi.39 adamianis uflebebis dacvisa da xelSeuxeblobis umTavresi garanti iyo pirveli qarTuli respublikis, 1921 wlis, konstitucia. is savsebiT akmayofilebda XX saukunis pirveli naxevrisaTvis aRiarebul saerTaSoriso normebs. 1976 wlidan saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebis helsinkis xelSekrulebaTa saSemsruleblo jgufi moqmedebs. am jgufis xelmZRvanelobiT saqarTvelom 1991 wlis 9 aprils qveynis damoukidebloba da adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis Rirebulebebis uzenaesoba saqveynod aRiara. zemoT moyvanili masala cxadyofs, rom adamianis uflebebi ar iyo ucxo qarTuli kulturisaTvis da rom qarTul erovnul Rirebulebebsa da adamianis uflebebs Soris konfliqti ar arsebobs. zogierTi am RirebulebaTagani saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan waruvalad iTvleboda.40 38 k. borozdini, samegrelo, Tb.,1934, gv. 114-116. d. lemonjava, glexTa ajanyeba samegreloSi 1856-1857 ww., Tb., 1957, gv. 107. 40 l. berZeniSvili, z. bregvaZe, g. gvaxaria da sxv., adamianis uflebebi da qarTuli kultura, Tb., 2004. 39 adamianis uflebebi 127 Tavi 2.5 pirveli xelSekrulebebi adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv aqtebSi gansazRvruli adamianis uflebebi, xangrZlivi istoriuli procesis Sedegad, erTgvar standartad iqca, romelmac Tanamedrove demokratiul sazogadoebaSi savaldebulo xasiaTi da samarTlebrivi normebis forma miiRo. sazogadoebrivi progresisa da demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval, xelisuflebis SezRudvisa da saxelmwifo struqturebis zemoqmedebisagan TiToeuli individis dacvis survili sul ufro gaZlierda. adamianis uflebaTa dacva Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis erT-erT fundamentur princips warmoadgens, rac TiToeuli saxelmwifos valdebulebasac Seadgens. adamianis uflebaTa dacva ar aris mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxi, is agreTve saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis zrunvis saganic gaxlavT. jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi adamianis uflebebi mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis normebiT regulirdeboda. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis monawile qveynebi mas mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kompetencias ukavSirebdnen. gabatonebuli SexedulebiT, `Zveli~ saerTaSoriso samarTali am sferoSi ver ereoda. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaze mierTebiT saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso valdebulebebs kisrulobs. dRes yvelam icis, rom adamianis uflebebis mdgomareobas, nebismier qveyanaSi, friad kompetenturi organizaciebi akvirdebian. adamianis uflebebis internacionalizacia monaTvaWrobis Sesaxeb pirveli xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT daiwyo. aseve, mniSvnelovania 1856 wlis 30 martis parizis samSvidobo xelSekrulebis is nawili, romelic otomanTa imperiaSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis sakiTxebs exeba da 1878 wlis 13 ivlisis berlinis kongresze miRweuli SeTanxmeba. es xelSekrulebebi evropul saxelmwifoebs otomanTa imperiaSi mcxovreb qristianTa dasacavad diplomatiur, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki samxedro Carevis uflebasac utovebdnen. 1878 wels xelmowerili berlinis xelSekruleba imiTac iyo mniSvnelovani, rom is zogierT religiur jgufs gansakuTrebul samarTlebriv statuss aniWebda. aseTi xelSekrulebebi `erTa ligis~ farglebSi umciresoba- 128 kari meore Ta uflebebis dacvis sistemis Seqmnisas, garkveulwilad, modeladac ki gamoiyenes. marTalia, erTa ligis41 wesdebaSi araferia naTqvami adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb, magram man safuZveli Cauyara adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebas umciresobaTa dacvisa da samandato sistemis SemoRebiT. saxelmwifoebma aiRes valdebuleba, erTa ligisaTvis waredginaT perioduli moxsenebebi, Tu rogor asrulebdnen nakisr valdebulebebs samandato teritoriebze adamianis uflebaTa dacvis mxriv. erTa ligam daSlamde moaswro ganexila saxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ucxoeli moqalaqeebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis Sesaxeb.42 adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebis miuxedavad, ucxoelTa mimarT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebisa da saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dResac aqtualuria da mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs Tanamedrove diplomatiur urTierTobebSi. saxelmwifoebi mxars uWeren sakuTar moqalaqeTa, aseve iuridiul pirTa sarCelebs (magaliTad, ruseTidan deportirebul saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa da eTnikurad qarTvelTa deportaciis sarCelebs mxari dauWira saqarTvelom. sarCelebi adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi waradgina saxelmwifom Tavisi saxeliT da strasburgis sasamarTlo amJamad ixilavs saqmes `saqarTvelo ruseTis winaaRmdeg~). adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo Sromis saerTaSoriso standartebis Camoyalibebam. Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciam (ILO), romelic erTa ligasTan erTad (1919 wels) Seiqmna, Camoayaliba Sromis saerTaSoriso standartebi, romlebic misi organizaciis wevr saxelmwifoTaTvis savaldebuloa maT mier aRiarebisa da xelis moweris SemTxvevaSi. erTa liga daiSala, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia ki dResac ganagrZobs arsebobas43 da warmoadgens gaeros specializebul organizacias. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTa ligis mier Sromis saerTaSoriso standartebze SemuSavebulma kontrolis sistemam safuZveli Cauyara adamianis socialur da ekonomikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis Semdgom ganviTarebas. erTa liga – (ingl. League of Nations, frang. Société des Nations) – saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic daarsda 1919-1920 wlebis versalis xelSekrulebiT. erTa ligis ZiriTadi mizani iyo konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvarebisa da msoflioSi mSvidobis mxardaWera. 42 gaerom mogvianebiT es sistema da gamocdileba ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWos saqmianobis srulyofisaTvis gamoiyena, rac kargad Cans maT mier Sedgenil periodul moxsenebebSi. 43 saqarTvelo Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevria da mierTebulia am organizaciis farglebSi SemuSavebul konvenciaTa mTel rigTan. 41 adamianis uflebebi 129 Sromis saerTaSoris organizaciis posteri: `monuri Sromis aRmofxvra ioli araa~ adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ganviTarebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis sistemis Camoyalibebam. pirvelma msoflio omma mTeli evropis qveynebis sazRvrebi Secvala, ramac axali saxelmwifoebis – Cexoslovakiis, poloneTis, ungreTis, iugoslaviis, bulgareTis, albaneTis, rumineTis – warmoSobas Seuwyo xeli. am saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebi gaxdnen eTnikuri, religiuri 130 kari meore da enobrivi umciresobebic. am umciresobebs hqondaT SiSis safuZveli, rom axali politikuri wyoba maT arsebobas safrTxes Seuqmnida. pirvel msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli qveynebi axali saxelmwifoebisagan kategoriulad moiTxovdnen specialuri xelSekrulebebis gaformebas eTnikur, religiur da enobriv umciresobaTa dasacavad. pirveli aseTi xelSekruleba gaformda poloneTTan 1919 wels, romelsac SemdgomSi modelad iyenebdnen. am xelSekrulebaTa arsi is iyo, rom saxelmwifoebi valdebulebas iRebdnen, SeeqmnaT umciresobaTa dacvis sistema, ar daeSvaT im pirTa diskriminacia, romlebic warmoadgendnen am saxelmwifoSi umciresobas da miecaT maTTvis gansakuTrebuli uflebebi, raTa maT eTnikuri, religiuri da enobrivi identoba SeenarCunebinaT. am valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis garantad erTa liga mogvevlina. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali (International Humanitarian Law – IHL) SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis samarTalia, romelic adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTalze ufro didi xnisaa da ganviTarebas jer kidev 1859 wlidan iwyebs. is gaxlavT efeqturi instrumenti adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebis saqmeSi.44 humanitaruli samarTlis idea isaa, rom daicvas adamiani SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros, miuxedavad imisa, SeiaraRebuli konfliqti atarebs saerTaSoriso Tu arasaerTaSoriso xasiaTs. Seqmnis dRidanve saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali miznad isaxavda, daecva adamianis uflebebi, misi Rirseba SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis viTarebaSi. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis dacvis centraluri figuraa adamiani da am aspeqtiT `adamianis uflebaTa samarTali~ da `saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali~ erTmaneTs avseben. Tumca humanitaruli samarTlis regulirebis sfero gansakuTrebul, specifikur situaciebSi qcevaa da, aqedan gamomdinare, is saomari konfliqtebis dros samxedro moqmedebebs (e.w. haagis samarTali, romelic aregulirebs saomari moqmedebebis warmoebis wessa da meTodebs) awesrigebs, raTa Seqmnil konfliqtur situaciaSi adamianTa garkveuli kategoriis mdgomareoba daculi iyos da Semsubuqdes (daWrilebi, avadmyofebi, qalebi, bavSvebi, tyveebi da sxva). 44 1864 wels Sveicariis mTavrobam, wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis damfuZnebel anri diunanis TavmjdomareobiT, moiwvia diplomatiuri konferencia. monawileebma miiRes Jenevis konvencia `brZolis velze moqmedi samxedro nawilebis daWril mebrZolTa pirobebis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb~. 1949 wlis Jenevis konvencia ukve iyo saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis kodeqsi. adamianis uflebebi 131 gza adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciisken 1948 wlis 10 dekembers, #217 rezoluciiT, gaeros generalurma asambleam mesame sesiaze adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia sazeimod miiRo. pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi saerTaSoriso organizacia adamianis uflebebis dacvis sferoSi erTian koncefciaze SeTanxmda. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia iuridiulad arasavaldebulo saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtia, romelic xelmomweri saxelmwifoebisaTvis sarekomendacio xasiaTs atarebs. amJamad deklaraciaze gaeros yvela qveyanas aqvs xeli mowerili. deklaracia ayalibebs adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi standartebs, romlebic TiTqmis yvela qveynis konstituciebSia asaxuli. is garkveulwilad bazaa, romelzec aRmocenda adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi SemuSavebuli sxva saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebi.45 deklaraciis miRebas xma misca ormocdarva qveyanam. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, roca gaerTianebuli erebis wevrma qveynebma erTad miiRes gaeros pirveli dokumenti – adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia. dokumenti, romelic adamianis uflebaTa yvela Taobis standartebs gvTavazobs. deklaraciis miRebis Sedegad TiToeul moqalaqes SeuZlia masze dayrdnobiT Tavisi da sxva qveynis adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao dacva. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia saprogramo dokumentad iqca. mogvianebiT saxelmwifoebma adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia gamoiyenes sakuTari qveynebis konstituciasa da sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi, ramac is CveulebiT normad aqcia. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo da erovnuli sasamarTloebi eyrdnobian adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracias gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. deklaraciis mizania, xeli Seuwyos adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa pativiscemas da maT sayovelTao da efeqtur aRiarebas. deklaracia Sedgeba preambulisa da 30 muxlisgan. deklaraciis teqsti isea awyobili, rom uflebebi dayofilia Taobebis mixedviT. 45 adamianis uflebaTa sxva aqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, deklaraciaze muSaobam or welze metxans gastana. deklaraciis SemuSavebaze cnobili mecnierebi, sazogado da politikuri moRvaweebi muSaobdnen. adamianis uflebaTa komisias xelmZRvanelobda aSS-is prezident franklin delano ruzveltis (1882-1945) meuRle eleonora ruzvelti. 132 kari meore adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis Taobebi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi socialurekonomikuri uflebebi `solidarobis uflebebi~ gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba; TavSesafris ufleba; moqalaqeobis ufleba; qorwinebisa da ojaxis Seqmnis ufleba; sakuTrebis ufleba; azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba; Sexedulebebisa da TviTgamoxatvis ufleba; mSvidobiani Sekrebebisa da asociaciebis Tavisufleba; mmarTvelobaSi monawileobisa da Tanaswori saxelmwifo momsaxurebis ufleba. socialuri usafrTxoebis ufleba; Sromis ufleba; samuSaosaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis ufleba; dasvenebis ufleba; janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis, adekvaturi sasicocxlo pirobebis ufleba; ganaTlebis ufleba; sazogadoebis kulturul cxovrebaSi monawileobis ufleba. demokratiul socialur da saerTaSoriso wesrigSi cxovrebis ufleba; sazogadoebis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis ganxorcielebis ufleba; deklaraciiT gansazRvruli uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT sargeblobis ufleba; adamianis uflebaTa mimarT kanoniT dadgenili gonivruli SezRudvebis daSvebis ufleba; deklaraciaSi CamoTvlil uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa mosaspobad mimarTuli mcdelobebis aRkveTis ufleba; deklaraciis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr arasworad ganmartebis safrTxisgan Tavdacvis ufleba. deklaraciis me-3 muxlidan 21-e muxlamde CamoTvlilia samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi. maT Sorisaa: • gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba; • TavSesafris ufleba; adamianis uflebebi • • • • • • • 133 moqalaqeobis ufleba; qorwinebisa da ojaxis Seqmnis ufleba; sakuTrebis ufleba; azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba; Sexedulebebisa da TviTgamoxatvis ufleba; mSvidobiani Sekrebebisa da asociaciebis Tavisufleba; mmarTvelobaSi monawileobisa da Tanaswori saxelmwifo momsaxurebis ufleba. 22-e-27-e muxlebi moicavs socialur-ekonomikur aspeqtebs: • • • • • socialuri usafrTxoebis ufleba; Sromis ufleba; samuSaosaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis ufleba; dasvenebis ufleba; janmrTelobis da keTildReobis, adekvaturi sasicocxlo pirobebis ufleba; • ganaTlebis ufleba; • sazogadoebis kulturul cxovrebaSi monawileobis ufleba. deklaraciis 28-e, 30-e muxlebis Tanaxmad, yvelas aqvs ufleba, icxovros socialuri da saerTaSoriso wesrigis pirobebSi, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba deklaraciiT aRiarebuli uflebebis srulyofilad ganxorcieleba. amasTanave, aRniSnulia, rom adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi daiSveba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu safrTxe eqmneba adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs. aseve, sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da sayovelTao keTildReobis interesebis dacvas. deklaraciis Tanaxmad, TiToeul adamians akisria movaleoba im sazogadoebis winaSe, romelSic is cxovrobs. `yovel adamians aqvs movaleobebi sazogadoebis winaSe, radgan mxolod sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba misi pirovnebis Tavisufali da sruli ganviTareba~.46 29-e muxli aRiarebs yvelas uflebas iseT saerTaSoriso wesrigze, romlis pirobebSic SesaZlebelia deklaraciiT gansazRvruli uflebis gamoyeneba. 30-e muxli miuTiTebs, rom arc erT saxelmwifos ara aqvs ufleba, aRniSnuli deklaracia sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr arasworad ganmartos da amiT safrTxe Seuqmnas deklaraciaSi CamoTvlili uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas. 46 adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 29.1. 134 kari meore saerTaSoriso paqtebi adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb aTwliani molodinis Semdeg gaeros generaluri asambleis mier 1966 wels xelmosawerad gaixsna 35 saxelmwifos mier ratificirebuli ori mniSvnelovani dokumenti: 1. samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti; 2. ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti. 10 weli dasWirda saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas am paqtebis ratificirebisa da maTi amoqmedebisaTvis. es paqtebi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebia, romliTac wevri saxelmwifoebi kisruloben valdebulebebs, daicvan paqtiT garantirebuli ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. paqtze xelmoweriTa da misi ratificirebiT adamianis uflebaTa dacva scildeba saxelmwifos Sida kompetencias da mas saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba eniWeba. amdenad, adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia da saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb, a) samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis fakultatiuri oqmi; b) samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis meore fakultatiuri oqmi sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis Sesaxeb da saerTaSoriso paqti ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb qmnian erTian sistemas, romelsac adamianis uflebaTa bils uwodeben. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso bili adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqti ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa Sesaxeb samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis TandarTuli fakultatiuri oqmebi adamianis uflebebi 135 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saerTaSoriso paqtebi `ori Taobis~ uflebebs icavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom orive paqtis 1-li muxli `xalxTa uflebebiT~, anu `koleqtiuri uflebebiT~ iwyeba: `yvela xalxs aqvs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. am uflebis safuZvelze isini Tavisuflad gansazRvraven TavianT politikur statuss da iswrafvian ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli ganviTarebisaken~. paqtebi iuridiulad savaldebulo xasiaTis mqone dokumentebia. ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, romelSic Tavmoyrilia `meore Taobis~ uflebebi, ganixileba rogorc `programuli~ uflebebi da masSi Tavmoyrilia socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebi. paqtebis miRebiT Seiqmna gaeros adamianis uflebaTa sazedamxedvelo meqanizmebi gaeros ZiriTadi konvenciebi adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb 47 aqtis saxelwodeba miRebis weli konvencia genocidis danaSaulis Tavidan acilebisa da dasjis Sesaxeb 1948 konvencia ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb 1951 konvencia monobis Sesaxeb45 1926 samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti 1966 saerTaSoriso konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmosafxvrelad 1966 konvencia samxedro danaSaulebisa da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulebis mimarT samarTlebrivi SezRudvebis gamouyeneblobis Sesaxeb 1968 qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris saerTaSoriso konvencia 1979 konvencia wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobisa da dasjis winaaRmdeg 1984 bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia 1989 saerTaSoriso konvencia yvela migranti muSisa da maTi ojaxis wevrTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb 1990 konvencia SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa uflebebis Sesaxeb 2006 Sesworebuli fakultatiuri oqmis safuZvelze, 1953. 136 kari meore Tavi 2.6 adamianis uflebaTa klasifikacia adamianis uflebaTa klasifikacia da zogadi daxasiaTeba saSualebas gvaZlevs, ukeT gaverkveT adamianis uflebaTa arsSi. wignis am TavSi SevexebiT adamianis uflebaTa sxvadasxva niSniT klasifikacias da davaxasiaTebT adamianis uflebebs, rac dagvexmareba, ukeT gavicnoT, Tu ra uflebebi da Tvisuflebebi gvaqvs. ufleba – fizikuri an iuridiuli pirisaTvis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli da saxelmwifos mier garantirebuli SesaZlebloba, moiqces garkveuli saxiT da sxvisganac moiTxovos garkveuli moqmedeba an aseTi moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekaveba. magaliTad, mesakuTres, romelsac aqvs sakuTrebis ufleba, aseve aqvs ufleba, sxvas mosTxovos misi sakuTrebis xelyofisagan Tavis Sekaveba.48 Tavisufleba – individualuri an koleqtiuri mdgomareoba, romelic sxvadasxva moqmedebas Soris arCevanis saSualebas gulisxmobs. Tavisufleba niSnavs adamianis SesaZleblobas, imoqmedos Tavisi nebis Sesabamisad, vinmes mier an visime saxeliT, an saxelmwifos mier dawesebuli yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe (magaliTad, wamebisagan Tavisufleba, aramarTlzomieri dakavebis an dapatimrebisagan Tavisufleba, deportaciisa da monobisagan Tavisufleba).49 adamianis uflebaTa TeoriaSi adamianis uflebaTa klasifikaciis sxvadasxva principi arsebobs. yvela maTgani adamianis uflebebs sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT ajgufebs. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebs. masSi igulisxmeba uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa sistema, romelic aqvs ara marto konkretuli saxelmwifos moqalaqes, aramed yvela adamians, magaliTad, iseTi uflebebi, rogorebicaa: sicocxlis ufleba, piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba, sityvis Tavisufleba, wamebisgan Tavisufleba da sxv. adamianis uflebebi da moqalaqis uflebebi adamianis uflebebi da moqalaqis uflebebi erTmaneTTan axlos mdgomi cnebebia. adamianis uflebebi ufro farToa Tavisi SinaarsiTa 48 49 iuridiuli enciklopedia, Tb., 2008, gv. 610. adamianis uflebaTa leqsikoni, Semdgeneli fridon sayvareliZe, Tb., 1999, gv. 128. adamianis uflebebi 137 da moculobiT da is ar aris damokidebuli individis moqalaqeobaze. adamianis uflebisagan gansxvavebiT, moqalaqis uflebebi gamoxatavs politikur kavSirs konkretul saxelmwifosTan. vinaidan moqalaqesa da saxelmwifos Soris myardeba samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi, es imis garantiaa, rom saxelmwifo moqalaqes aniWebs iseT uflebebs, romlebsac is ar aZlevs ucxoelebs da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs (magaliTad, arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba). adamianis uflebebi da moqalaqis uflebebi saqarTvelos konstituciaSic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. amis sailustraciod kanonmdebeli zogjer pirdapir citirebas mimarTavs. is ambobs: adamianis uflebebia – `yvelas aqvs sakuTari pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufleba~50, `yovel adamians aqvs ufleba, Tavisuflad miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia~;51 moqalaqis uflebebia – `saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes 18 wlis asakidan aqvs referendumSi, saxelmwifos da TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, uzrunvelyofilia amomrCevelTa nebis Tavisufali gamovlineba~.52 saerTaSoriso aqtebSi deklarirebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, moqalaqeobisda miuxedavad, yvela adamians exeba. miT umetes, Tu saxelmwifos, aqtis ratificirebis gziT, xsenebuli uflebebis dacva nakisri aqvs. ratificireba niSnavs saxelmwifos umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos mier saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis damtkicebas. saxelmwifos sruluflebiani warmomadgenlisgan xelSekrulebaze xelmoweras, ris Semdegac aqti iuridiul Zalas iZens.53 saqarTvelos konstituciis 45-e muxli garda fizikuri pirebisa, aRiarebs iuridiuli piris uflebebsac. iuridiul pirebs iseve gaaCniaT ZiriTadi uflebebi, rogorc fizikur pirebs. magram iuridiul pirs, Tavisi specifikidan gamomdinare, yvela ZiriTadi ufleba ver eqneba. magaliTad, sicocxlis ufleba damaxasiaTebelia mxolod fizikuri pirisTvis. ZiriTadi uflebebi gaaCniaT mxolod kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebs. sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri (gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis garda) ZiriTadi uflebebis subieqts ar warmoadgens. fizikuri piri – samarTalSi uwodeben adamians, romelsac gaaCnia samoqalaqo uflebebi da valdebulebebi, SeuZlia flobdes qonebas (ekonomikur aqtivebs), dados garigebebi, agos pasuxi valdebulebebze. 50 saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 16. saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 24.1. 52 saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 28.1. 53 Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 54. 51 138 kari meore iuridiuli piri – samewarmeo (mag.: Sps `mze~, saaqcio sazogadoeba `kristali~ da sxva) an arasamewarmeo organizacia (mag.: arasamTavrobo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piria (a(a)ip) – `axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia~, `adamianis konstituciur uflebaTa centri~ da sxva), romelic iqmneba gansazRvruli miznis misaRwevad, gaaCnia sakuTari qoneba, administrirebis struqtura da meqanizmi, damoukideblad agebs pasuxs da sakuTari saxeliT iZens uflebebsa da movaleobebs, debs garigebebs da SeuZlia sasamarTloSi gamovides mosarCeled da mopasuxed. piradi, individuri uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi yvela adamians gaaCnia, miuxedavad misi moqalaqeobisa. isini bunebiT (fundamentur), ganusxvisebeli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis erTobliobas warmoadgenen da maT „samoqalaqo uflebebsac“ uwodeben. am jgufSia Semdegi uflebebi: sicocxlis; piradi xelSeuxeblobis; piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis; gadaadgilebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis Tavisuflad arCevis; saxelmwifos datovebis da daubrkoleblad dabrunebis; azris, rwmenisa da religiis Tavisuflebis; udanaSaulobis prezumfcia; wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisagan dacvis; saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi arsebuli piradi informaciis gacnobis; nebismier saxelmwifoSi adamianis uflebaunarianobis aRiarebis; sasamarTlo wesiT dacvis. politikuri uflebebi adamianis uflebaTa (konstituciur uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa) erT-erT jgufs warmoadgens, romelSic gaerTianebulia Semdegi uflebebi: saxelmwifos sazogadoebriv-politikur marTvaSi monawileobis miRebis; saarCevno; gaerTianebis; informaciis Tavisuflad miReba-gacemis; Sekrebisa da manifestaciebis mowyobis; azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvis; peticiis. socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebis jgufi aerTianebs urTierTdakavSirebul: sakuTrebis; Sromis; ganaTlebis; janmrTelobis dacvis; socialuri usafrTxoebis; profesiul kavSirebSi gaerTianebis; dasvenebis uflebebs. adamianis uflebaTa Taobebi adamianis uflebaTa Teoria Taobebad dayofis klasifikacias icnobs. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi `pirvel Taobas~ miekuTvneba. isini yvelaze `Zveli~ uflebebia. `meore TaobaSi~ gaerTianebulia socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebi. maTi aqtualuroba adamianis uflebebi 139 XIX saukunis bolos gamoikveTa. `mesame Taobas~ ki koleqtiuri uflebebi warmoadgens, romlebic me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ganviTarda. adamianis samive Taobis ufleba aris: universaluri, urTierTdamokidebuli, ganuyofeli da urTierTdakavSirebuli. `sami Taobis Teoria~ sulac ar gulisxmobs aRniSnul uflebaTa ierarqiulobas, Tumca uflebaTa amgvari dayofa kargad warmoaCens msoflio politikuri ideologiebis ganviTarebis gzas, nacionaluri konstitucionalizmis orientirebsa da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv sivrceSi adamianuri ganzomilebis Semotanis qronikas. universaluroba ganuyofloba urTierTdakavSirebuloba urTierTdamokidebuleba adamianis calkeul uflebaTa urTierTmimarTeba 1993 wels venis konferenciaze dadginda 140 kari meore Tavi 2.7 adamianis uflebaTa `pirveli Taoba~ – samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi adamianis uflebaTa `pirvel Taobas~ samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi miekuTvneba. Taobebad dayofis principi yvela saerTaSoriso aqtsa da moqmed konstituciebSi aisaxeba. adamianis uflebaTa Taobebi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi (me-18 saukunidan) socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebi (me-19 saukunidan) koleqtiuri uflebebi (me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan) samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi `pirveli Taobis~ uflebebs miekuTvneba. es uflebebia: sicocxlis, piradi xelSeuxeblobis, wamebis akrZalvis, sityvis Tavisuflebis, religiuri mrwamsis, sindisis Tavisuflebis, piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis, gadaadgilebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis Tavisuflad arCevis, sindisis Tavisuflebis, udanaSaulobis prezumfciis, piradi informaciis konfidencialurobis, informaciis miRebisa da gacnobis, sasamarTlo wesiT dacvis, samarTliani sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvis (ufleba samarTlian sasamarTloze), gaerTianebebSi gawevrianebis.54 pirveli Taobis uflebebi burJuaziuli revoluciis dros Camoyalibda da pirvelad samarTlebrivi asaxva aSS `adamianis uflebaTa bilsa~ da safrangeTis `adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa~ deklaraciaSi pova. 54 adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso leqsikoni, gv. 199. adamianis uflebebi 141 samoqalaqo uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi:55 • sicocxlis ufleba • Rirsebis ufleba • wamebisagan Tavisufleba • diskriminaciis dauSvebloba • piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba • samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba • piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba • udanaSaulobis prezumfcia • sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba • gadaadgilebis ufleba sicocxlis ufleba sicocxlis ufleba – adamianis ZiriTadi ufleba. sicocxlis ufleba iwyeba adamianis dabadebis momentidan da mTavrdeba gardacvalebis anu tvinis ujredebis funqcionirebis Seuqcevadad Sewyvetis momentSi. sicocxlis ufleba erTis mxriv, saxelmwifos, adamianis sicocxlis xelyofas ukrZalavs (negatiuri valdebuleba) da meores mxriv, misi sicocxlis aqtiurad dacvas avaldebulebs (saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebuleba). sicocxlis ufleba nebismier viTarebaSi aris daculi da garantirebuli, rogorc saerTaSoriso aqtebiT, ise nacionaluri konstituciebiTa da kanonmdeblobiT. saqarTvelos konstituciis XV muxliT `adamianis sicocxle xelSeuvalia~. aseve sicocxlis ufleba daculia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom saxelmwifom unda miiRos iseTi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, romelic mkvlelobas dasjad qmedebad gamoacxadebs da damnaSaves pasuxismgeblobas daakisrebs. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT sicocxlis xelyofa danaSaulad iTvleba.56 sicocxlis uflebis dacva sikvdiliT dasjis, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis sanqciis, gauqmebasac gulisxmobs. 1997 wlis 11 noembris kano55 z. ruxaZe. saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali. Tbilisi 1999. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli 108 (ganzrax mkvleloba); muxli 109 (ganzrax mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebebSi), muxli 110 (mkvleloba msxverplis TxovniT); muxli 111 (ganzrax mkvleloba uecari, Zlieri sulieri aRelvebis mdgomareobaSi); muxli 112 (dedis mier axladSobilis ganzrax mkvleloba); muxli 113 (mkvleloba aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebis gadacilebiT); muxli 114 (mkvleloba damnaSavis SepyrobisaTvis aucilebeli zomis gadacilebiT); muxli 115 (TviTmkvlelobamde miyvana); muxli 116 (mkvleloba gaufrTxileblobiT). 56 142 kari meore niT, 57`sasjelis gansakuTrebuli RonisZiebis – sikvdiliT dasjis sruli gauqmebis Sesaxeb~, sikvdiliT dasja saqarTveloSi gauqmebulad gamocxadda, igi mudmivi patimrobiT Seicvala. sicocxlis ufleba `bunebiT uflebaTa~ rigs ganekuTvneba. uflebebs, romelTa CamorTmevac ar SeiZleba, magram arsebobs garemoebebi, roca sicocxlis warTmeva kanoniT ar isjeba (magaliTad, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtisas mowinaaRmdege samxedro Zalis ganadgureba; Tavdamsxmelis mokvla, Tu mogerieba aucileblobisa da sakmarisobis zRvars ar scildeba). adamianis sicocxlis xelyofa danaSaulad ar iTvleba im qveynebSi, sadac sikvdiliT dasja gamoiyeneba. pativisa da Rirsebis xelSeuxebloba adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciiT aRiarebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi adamianis pativisa da Rirsebis aRiarebiT iwyeba. `yvela adamiani ibadeba Tavisufali da Tanaswori Tavisi RirsebiTa da uflebebiT. maT miniWebuli aqvT goneba da sindisi da erTmaneTis mimarT unda iqceodnen Zmobis suliskveTebiT~ (adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 1). adamianis RirsebiTa da pativiscemiT aris ganmsWvaluli adamianis uflebaTa dacvis yvela saerTaSoriso aqti da erovnuli konstituciebi. magaliTad, nacionalur doneze pirovnebis Rirsebis cneba pirvelad 1949 wlis germaniis federaciuli respublikis konstituciaSi gvxvdeba: `pirovnebis pativi da Rirseba xelSeuvalia, misi pativiscema da dacva mTeli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis movaleobaa~ (muxli 1). Rirseba yvela adamians gaaCnia miuxdavad imisa, piri konkretuli saxelmwifos moqalaqea, moqalaqeobis armqone piria (apatridia) Tu ucxoeli. `Rirseba adamians aqvs iqidan gamomdinare, rom is adamiania da am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs sazogadoebis Sexedulebas masze an mis subieqtur TviTSefasebas. adamianis Rirsebis pativiscema gulisxmobs yoveli adamianis pirovnul aRiarebas, romlis CamorTmeva da SezRudva dauSvebelia. Rirseba aris is ufleba da, amave dros, is fundamenturi konstituciuri principi, romelsac eyrdnoba da ukavSirdeba ZiriTadi uflebebi. Rirsebis xelyofa, faqtobrivad yovelTvis ukavSirdeba sxva uflebebis darRvevas. Rirseba ar aris adamianTa calkeuli jgu57 kublaSvili, k., ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 123-126. adamianis uflebebi 143 fis eqskluziuri ufleba, Rirseba gaaCnia yvela adamians da am kuTxiT raime saxis diferencireba dauSvebelia~.58 adamianis Rirseba vrceldeba jer ardabadebul adamianze (nayofze),59 adamianis cxedarze da gardacvlili adamianis xsovnazec. Rirseba da pativi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. `pativi~ gulisxmobs pirovnebis Tvisebebis, unarebis obieqtur Sefasebas sazogadoebis mier, anu sazogadoebis damokidebulebas pirovnebisadmi, xolo `Rirsebis~ cnebaSi moiazreba pirovnebis mier sakuTari Tavis subieqturi TviTSefaseba. pativi da Rirseba erTmaneTisgan ganuyofeli cnebebia, amitomac saqarTvelos konstitucia maT erTad moixseniebs. wamebis akrZalva saqarTvelos konstitucia adamianis Rirsebis Selaxvas ukavSirebs wamebas: `1. adamianis pativi da Rirseba xelSeuvalia. 2. dauSvebelia adamianis wameba, arahumanuri, sastiki an pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyroba da sasjelis gamoyeneba. dauSvebelia dakavebuli Tu sxvagvarad TavisuflebaSezRuduli piris fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZuleba~. saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 17 wameba akrZalulia mTeli rigi saerTaSoriso aqtebiT (adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 5; saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb, muxli 7; adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvencia, muxli 3). • 1984 wlis gaeros egidiT miRebuli `wamebis, sastiki, araadamianur an misi Rirsebis damamcirebeli mopyrobis Tu sasjelis~ konvenciis mixedviT, wameba ganisazRvreba, rogorc nebismieri qmedeba, romelic miznad isaxavs: piris mimarT, masze an mesame piris Sesaxeb informaciis an aRiarebis miRebis mizniT, mZime fizikuri an sulieri tkivilis Tu tanjvis ganzrax miyenebas; • mis dasjas im qmedebisaTvis, romelic man an mesame pirma Caidina, an eWvmitanilia mis CadenaSi; • mesame piris daSineba an iZuleba; • wamebas nebismieri saxis diskriminaciis saxiT; 58 Casaxuli bavSvis sicocxlis uflebas icavs, agreTve, adamianis uflebaTa amerikis konvencia (American Convention on Human Rights, muxli 4). 59 adamianis pativisa da Rirsebis xelSeuxebloba, http://legalportal.ge. 144 kari meore • tkivilisa Tu tanjvis miyenebas waqezebiT an nebarTviT, an Tanamdebobis piris usityvo TanxmobiT; • tkivilisa Tu tanjvis miyenebas sxva piris mier, romelic moqmedebda rogorc oficialuri piri. am SemTxvevaSi, `sastiki da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyroba~ an `dasja~ iuridiuli terminebia. isini ganekuTvnebian araadamianur mopyrobas, romelsac konkretuli mizani da ganzraxva aqvs: dauqvemdebaros adamiani iseT pirobebs, rasac Sedegad aradaamianuri mopyroba mohyveba. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad dasjadia: wameba, wamebis muqara, damamcirebeli an araadamianuri mopyroba.60 wamebis msxverplTa ricxvi da wamebis SemTxvevaTa raodenoba maRalia im sazogadoebaSi, sadac ar aris daculi kanonis uzenaesoba. wamebis, sastik, araadamianur, Rirsebis Semlaxvel da damamcirebel mopyrobas ZiriTadad vxvdebiT Tavisuflebis SezRudvis adgilebSi – daxurul instituciebSi, rogoricaa: sapatimro, policiis dakavebis izolatori, karceri. wamebis faqtebs xSirad adgili aqvs: moxucebulTa TavSesafrebSi, bavSvTa saxlebSi, fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi. yvela saerTaSoriso dokumenti, yvelaze rTul garemoebebSic ki, Tundac es iyos organizebuli terorizmi an danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola – wamebas, araadamianur an Rirsebis Semlaxav mopyrobas an dasjas, absoluturad krZalavs. diskriminaciis akrZalva `o, rogor damRala polemikam, Seuwynareblobam da fanatizmma! ...Sen ubralod adamians xedav CemSi. Sen Cemi sarwmunoebis, Cemi tradiciebis, Cemi siyvarulis mociqulsa scem CemSi pativs. da Tu me Sen ara ggavar, amiT me araTu ar Seuracxgyof, aramed, piriqiT, gamdidreb”. antuan de sent-ekziuperi diskriminaciis sakiTxebs mravali saerTaSoriso aqti exeba: • • • • 60 adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia (1948); samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa paqti (1966); konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis Sesaxeb (1969); adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvencia (1950) damatebiTi oqmiT; saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli: 1441, 1442 da 1443 . adamianis uflebebi 145 • konvencia qalis uflebaTa yvela formis diskriminaciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb (1979); • bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia (1989); • evropis adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi #12;61 • saerTaSoriso konvencia danaSaulebrivi aparteidis aRmofxvrisa da dasjis Sesaxeb (1973); • deklaracia masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa Sesaxeb mSvidobisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTgagebis gaZlierebis, adamianTa uflebebis ganviTarebis, rasizmTan, aparteidTan da omis waqezebasTan brZolis Sesaxeb (1978); • Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvencia Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi diskriminaciasTan brZolis Sesaxeb (1958 ); • iuneskos konvencia ganaTlebis sferoSi diskriminaciasTan brZolis Sesaxeb (1960) da sxva saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dokumentebi, romlebic krZalaven diskriminaciis yvela formas. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciis Tanaxmad: `yvela adamiani dabadebiT da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia, miuxedavad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa~.62 adamianis uflebaTa raime SezRudvas, socialuri, rasobrivi, erovnuli, enobrivi, sqesobrivi kuTvnilebis, politikuri, religiur an sxvagvar SexedulebaTa, agreTve qonebrivi, asakobrivi, socialuri an sxvagvari mdgomareobis mixedviT, diskriminacia ewodeba. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia moviyvanoT konvencia `qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac: qalis diskriminacia `niSnavs sqesis niSniT nebismier gansxvavebas, gamijvnas an SezRudvas, romelsac SesaZlebelia Sedegad mohyves politikur, ekonomikur, socialur, kulturul, samoqalaqo an nebismier sxva sferoSi adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa aRiarebis, sargeblobis an gamoyenebis Sesusteba an sruli uaryofa~. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso da erovnuli meqanizmebi ZiriTadad adamianis saxelmwifos mxridan diskriminaciuli zemoqmedebisagan dacvaze arian orientirebulni. principi, rom yvela adamiani dabadebidan Tanasworia da Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobs, adamianis uflebaTa ideis qvakuTxedia. Tanas61 62 oqmi #12 saqarTvelos mxridan ratificirebulia 2001 wlis 30 marts. saqarTvelos konstitucia, me-14 muxli. 146 kari meore worobis idea TiToeuli adamianis Rirsebidan gamomdinareobs da yvela saerTaSoriso Tu erovnul dokumentSia asaxuli. saqarTvelos moqalaqeni Tanaswori arian socialur, ekonomikur, kulturul da politikur cxovrebaSi, ganurCevlad maTi erovnuli, eTnikuri, religiuri Tu enobrivi kuTvnilebisa. saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis Sesabamisad, maT ufleba aqvT, Tavisuflad, yovelgvari diskriminaciisa da Carevis gareSe ganaviTaron TavianTi kultura, isargeblon dedaeniT pirad cxovrebaSi da sajarod.63 diskriminacia SeiZleba gamoixatos sxvadasxva moqmedebebiT: • Tanabar pirobebSi vinmesTvis upiratesobis miniWebiT (magaliTad, samsaxurSi miRebisas mamakacebisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba qalebTan SedarebiT); • rasis, sqesis, eTnikuri niSnis mixedviT gamorCeviT (magaliTad, kanis feris mixedviT skolis moswavleTa diferenciacia); • SezRudviT (magaliTad, religiuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis sajarod ritualebis Catarebis). diskriminaciis safuZvlebia: rasa, eTnikuri an erovnuli warmomavloba, sqesi, religiuri, politikuri an sxva Sexedulebebi, asaki, kanis feri, ena, qonebrivi mdgomareoba, fizikuri Tu fsiqikuri mdgomareoba. am ukanasknel periodSi diskriminaciis safuZvlebSi genetikuri niSniT gansxvavebac aisaxa. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben pirdapir da irib diskriminacias, `pozitiur~ da `instituciur~ diskriminacias. diskriminacia SeiZleba gamoixatos SeuwynareblobaSi, rasizmSi, rasobriv diskriminaciaSi, qsenofobiaSi, aparteidSi, siZulvilis damTesav gancxadebebSi, segregaciis zonebis arsebobis daSvebasa da crurwmenaSi, aseve homofobiaSi. Seuwynarebloba (pirovnebisa da pirovnebaTa jgufis) – saxelmwifos an arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelobis da a.S. mxridan sxva adamianTa an maTi jgufebis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, dafuZnebuli iseT faqtorebze, rogorebicaa: maTi rasa, kanis feri, ena, religia, moqalaqeoba, erovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmomavloba. rasizmi – adamianis an adamianTa jgufis rwmena, rom rasa, kanis feri, ena, religia, erovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmomavloba SeiZleba iyos upativcemulobis, zizRisa da diskriminaciis safuZveli gansxvavebuli jgufis mimarT da amarTlebs Tavisi jgufis (adamianis) pretenzias upiratesobaze 63 saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 38.1. adamianis uflebebi 147 (biologiur, politikur Tu religiur) sxva danarCen adamianebTan an jgufebTan SedarebiT.64 rasizmis gamovlenaa nacizmi. rasobrivi diskriminacia – nebismieri gansxvaveba, gamonaklisi, SezRudva, an upiratesobis miniWeba rasis, kanis feris, warmomavlobis, nacionaluri, an eTnikuri kuTvnilebis mixedviT, romlis mizania politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli an sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nebismier sxva sferoSi adamianis individualur uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa Tanasworobis principebis aRiarebisa da misi ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebis uaryofa, an maTi daknineba. qsenofobia (berZ.: `SiSi ucxoelis mimarT~) – SfoTva, romelic yovelive ucxos mimarT negatiuri stereotipuli damokidebulebebiTa da winaswar gansjebiT xasiaTdeba. sxva sityvebiT, es ucxoelebis zizRs niSnavs. samyaros qsenofobiuri aRqmis socialuri da kulturuli fenomenebia dayofa `Cvenebad~ (kargebad) da `sxvebad~ (ucxoebad/cudebad). es SiSi gansxvavebuli adamianebis miuReblobiTa da maT mimarT mtruli damokidebulebiT gamoixateba. aparteidi – diskriminaciis nairsaxeoba, romelic erovnuli Tu eTnikuri, religiuri Tu enobrivi jgufebis, maTi wevrebis sazogadoebidan izolirebiT gamoixateba. siZulvilis damTesavi gancxadeba – nebismieri gancxadeba (zepiri Tu werilobiTi), romelic miznad isaxavs, daTesos siZulvili adamianis jgufis mimarT da efuZneba am adamianebis garkveul damaxasiaTebel niSnebs – rasas, kanis fers, religias, moqalaqeobas, erovnul Tu eTnikur warmomavlobas. siZulvilis damTesavi gancxadeba ar Tavsdeba sityvis Tavisuflebis CarCoebSi da akrZalulia rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTliT, aseve Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobiT. segregacia – garkveuli eTnikuri an rasobrivi jgufis izolacia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisagan, damabrkolebeli an faqtobrivi SezRudvebis Sefardeba am jgufisTvis, maTi wevrebisaTvis; specialur dasaxlebul punqtebSi moTavseba, gadaadgilebis SezRudva, ganaTlebis sferoSi gancalkevebuli swavlebis SemoReba. segregacia rasobrivi diskriminaciisa da aparteidis Semadgeneli nawilia. crurwmena – sxvebis mimarT antipaTia, romelic gamomdinareobs araswori da xisti ganzogadebebisa da winaswari negatiuri Sefasebebisagan.65 homofobia – SiSi an zizRi seqsualuri umciresobebis, maTi cxovrebis stilis an, zogadad, gansxvavebuli seqsualuri orientaciis adamianebis mimarT.66 64 adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tb., 2005, gv. 158-159. mravalferovnebis marTvis safuZvlebi, Semdgeneli m. miTagvaria, Tb., 2010, gv. 7. 66 terminTa ganmartebisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTekis saitis (http://www.nplg.gov.ge) Civil-enciklopediuri leqsikonidan. 65 148 kari meore piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba – adamianis Tavisufleba xelSeuvalia (saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 18). `yvelas aqvs ufleba Tavisuflebasa da pirovnul xelSeuxeblobaze~ (adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvencia, muxli 5.1). aRniSnuli ufleba gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifom Tavi unda Seikavos da ar dauSvas iseTi qmedeba, romelic xelyofs adamianis Tavisuflebas. yvela unda sargeblobdes TavisuflebiT da amitom pirs Tavisufleba SeiZleba SeezRudos mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi. rogorc vxedavT, es ufleba ar aris absoluturi da saxelmwifos mxridan SezRudvis dawesebas iTvaliswinebs. Tavisuflebis xelSeuxebeli uflebis SezRudvisas saxelmwifom saproceso garantiebi unda daicvas: Tavisuflebis SezRudva dauSvebelia sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gareSe. aRniSnuli ufleba uzrunvelyofs piris dacvas ukanono dakavebisa da dapatimrebisagan. `yvelas aqvs Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba TviTneburi dakavebisa Tu dapatimrebisagan~ (samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 9.1). saxelmwifo, romelic arTmevs pirs Tavisuflebas, kisrulobs valdebulebas, daicvas misi usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba da ar miayenos imaze meti tanjva, rac gamowveulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTis reJimiT. adamianis piradi xelSeuxeblobis uflebis SezRudvis wesi da procesualuri garantiebi gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos konstituciasa da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSic. Tavisuflebis SezRudva ar gulisxmobs piris mxolod dakavebas an dapatimrebas (magaliTad, xelborkilebis dadeba). is SeiZleba gamovlindes piris iZulebaSi, ar datovos garkveuli adgili an teritoria (magaliTad: oTaxi, qalaqi). piradi Tavisuflebis SezRudvas iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos kanoni `fsiqiatriuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb~, romelic sulieri aSlilobis SemTxvevaSi piris iZulebiT fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moTavsebas uSvebs. sasamarTlo wesiT dacvis ufleba sasamarTlo wesiT dacvis ufleba gulisxmobs adamianis SesaZleblobas, gaasaCivros sasamarTloSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis, Tanamdebobis piris, sxva fiziku- adamianis uflebebi 149 ri da iuridiuli pirebis moqmedeba an umoqmedoba. sasamarTlo valdebulia, ganixilos mxolod misi qvemdebare saqmeebi. es ufleba garantirebulia saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxliT, adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciiT, samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtiT, adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT. marTlmsajulebas saqarTveloSi axorcieleben saerTo sasamarTloebi. sasamarTlo davaTa saxeebi samoqalaqo samarTlis sisxlis samarTlis administraciuli samarTlis samarTliani sasamarTlo kanonis uzenaesobis ganuyofeli nawilia. kanonis uzenaesoba emyareba kanonis pativiscemas, aradiskriminaciuli kanonebis miRebas. samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis realizaciisTvis saWiroa sasamarTlos, policiis, prokuraturis iseTi sistemis arseboba, romelic demokratiul principebzea agebuli da sazogadoebis interesebis sadarajoze dgas. mniSvnelovania, es organoebi adamianis uflebadacvis sakiTxebSi sazogadoebis monitorings eqvemdebarebodnen. aRniSnuli ufleba aseve moicavs sasamarTlo procesSi Tanasworobasa da SejibrebiTobis principis damkvidrebas. sasamarTlo procesze mxareebi Tanasworuflebianni arian, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom procesSi monawile mxareebs saSualeba unda hqondeT, Tanaswor SesaZleblobebs flobdnen sakuTari poziciis warmosaCenad.67 yvelas aqvs ufleba, sakuTari uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dasacavad mimarTos damoukidebel, samarTlian da miukerZoebel sasamarTlos. marTlmsajuleba yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos. Tanasworobis garantia kanonis uzenaesobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principia. 67 Tanasworuflebianoba identur mopyrobas ar niSnavs. rodesac faqtebi gansxvavdeba, Tanasworuflebianobis principi gansxvavebul mopyrobas moiTxovs. adamianis uflebebi, gv. 72. 150 kari meore samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba im uflebaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlebic xelSeuvalia, ar eqvemdebareba SezRudvas da Tanabaria yvela saxis sasamarTloebisTvis, iqneba es erovnuli, saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebi Tu samxedro tribunalebi. samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba moicavs sakiTxTa mTel rigs, esenia: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi; sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldeba; saqmis sajaro ganxilvis ufleba; sasamarTlos damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba; saqmis samarTliani ganxilva; mxaris monawileoba saqmis ganxilvaSi; ufleba, sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg ar misces Cveneba („dumilis ufleba~); mxareTa Tanasworoba da SejibrebiToba; ufleba dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebaze; udanaSaulobis prezumfcia; detaluri informireba braldebebis Taobaze; adekvaturi dro da saSualeba dacvis mosamzadeblad; iuridiuli daxmarebis ufleba; mowmeebis gamoZaxebisa da dakiTxvis ufleba; Tarjimnis gamoyenebis ufleba. aRniSnuli ufleba vrceldeba mTlianad saqmis samarTalwarmoebaze. `samarTliani sasamarTlos garantirebuli ufleba marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobaze iluziuri iqneba, Tuki erovnuli samarTlis sistema dauSvebs, rom sabolood kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba aRusrulebeli darCeba~.68 samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas ukavSirdeba mTeli rigi sakiTxebisa, rogorebicaa: • sasjelis zomierebisa da Cadenil danaSaulTan Sesabamisobis principi. sasjeli unda iyos samarTliani, ar Seicavdes pirovnebis wamebas, sastik, araadamianur da Rirsebisa da pativis Seuracxyofas, Seesabamebodes danaSaulis simZimes da damnaSavis brals. • ar arsebobs danaSauli bralis gareSe (“nulla poenna sine culpa”). yoveli adamiani unda daisajos mxolod im danaSaulisaTvis, romelic man ganzrax an gaufrTxileblobiT Caidina. • udanaSaulobis prezumfcia – adamiani udanaSaulod iTvleba, vidre misi udanaSauloba ar damtkicdeba kanoniT dadgenili we68 Hornsby v. Greece. 19.03.1997. adamianis uflebebi 151 siT da kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT. • `aravis SeiZleba daedos msjavri erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis~ (“ne bis in idem”). • `aravin ar agebs pasuxs im qmedebisaTvis, romelic misi Cadenis dros samarTaldarRvevad ar iTvleboda~ (“nulla poena sine lege”). nafici msajulebi samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebaze saubrisas aucilebelia SevexoT nafic msajulTa instituts, romelic saqarTveloSi axla mkvidrdeba. nafic msajulTa institutis SemoReba Tanamonawiles xdis moqalaqes marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi. saqarTvelos axali (09.10.2009) sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs 12 nafici msajulis arsebobas. nafici msajulebi usmenen prokurorisa da advokatis mosazrebebs, procesis msvlelobisas ecnobian saqmis garSemo arsebul mtkicebulebebs, ismenen mosamarTlis ganmartebebs. saqmis mosmenis Sedegad nafic msajulebs gamoaqvT verdiqti – damnaSavea adamiani Tu udanaSaulo. nafic msajulTa verdiqtis safuZvelze mosamarTles gamoaqvs ganaCeni kanonis dadgenili wesiT da safuZvelze. nafici msajuli xdeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo reestris monacemTa bazaSi dafiqsirebuli 18 wels gadacilebuli piri, romelmac icis sisxlis samarTlis procesis ena; cxovrobs teritoriaze, romelic Sedis im sasamarTlos gansjadobaSi, sadac mimdinareobs procesi; SezRuduli ara aqvs fizikuri an fsiqikuri SesaZleblobebi, rac xels ar SeuSlis mis mier nafici msajulis movaleobis Sesrulebas. msajulad ver iqnebian qvemoT CamoTvlili pirebi: a) saxelmwifo-politikuri Tanamdebobis Cinovniki; b) gamomZiebeli; g) policieli; d) saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis TanamSromeli; e) sasuliero piri; v) aRniSnul saqmeSi sisxlis samarTlis procesis monawile; z) braldebuli; T) narkotikuli saSualebis mcire odenobiT moxmarebisTvis administraciulsaxdeldadebuli; 152 kari meore i) Tu misi monawileoba nafic msajulad aRniSnul saqmeSi aSkarad usamarTlo iqneboda am piris mier gamoxatuli mosazrebebis an piradi gamocdilebis safuZvelze; k) fsiqologi; l) fsiqiatri; m) iuristi. nafici msajulis movaleobis Sesruleba yoveli moqalaqis valdebulebaa da misi arasapatio mizeziT Seusrulebloba iwvevs pasuxismgeblobas. pirs ufleba aqvs, uari ganacxados nafici msajulis movaleobis Sesrulebaze, Tu: a) ukanaskneli wlis ganmavlobaSi ukve iyo nafici msajuli; b) asrulebs iseT samuSaos, romelSic misi Secvla gamoiwvevs mniSvnelovan zians; g) janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo; d) xangrZlivad imyofeba an miemgzavreba saqarTvelos farglebs gareT; e) 70 wels gadacilebulia. Tavdapirvelad nafic msajulTa instituti moqmedebas dedaqalaqSi daiwyebs da mxolod damamZimebel garemoebebSi Cadenil mkvlelobaTa saqmeebs ganixilavs. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba sxvadasxva uflebaTa farTo speqtrs moicavs. piradi cxovreba warmoadgens mravlismomcvel koncefcias, romelic ar eqvemdebareba farTo definicias. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs: • rogorc sakuTriv pirovnebis pirad cxovrebas, ise misi ojaxis wevrebis cxovrebas, ojaxis TiToeuli wevris piradi uflebebis dacvas (warmomavloba, dabadebis monacemebi, saxelis an sqesis Secvlis sakiTxi, seqsualuri cxovreba, abortis daSvebis sakiTxebi, evTanaziis problema, samedicino monacemebi, qorwineba, ganqorwineba, Svilad ayvana da sxva); piradi xasiaTis informaciis gacemas; • pirad cxovrebas, romelic scdeba ojaxuri cxovrebis farglebs (urTierToba mSvileblebsa da naSvilebs Soris, samoqalaqo qorwinebaSi myofi pirebis urTierTobebi, urTierToba registrirebuli qorwinebis gareSe myof pirTa Svilebsa da mSoblebs Soris); • cxovrebas ukanono meTvalyureobis gareSe; adamianis uflebebi 153 • Tavisuflebas, satelefono saubrebis saidumloebas, korespondenciis xelSeuxeblobas; • individis Tanxmobis gareSe xelisuflebis mxridan masze informaciis Segrovebas; • imigraciis, deportaciis, gasaxlebis sakiTxebs; • msjavrdebulTa piradi cxovrebis pativiscemas; • msjavrdebulisa da advokatis konfidencialobas. piradi cxovrebis informaciis Semcvelia iseTi dokumentebi, romlebSic Segrovebulia piris sqesTan, ojaxur mdgomareobasTan, dabadebis adgilTan, garegnobasTan dakavSirebuli, aseve sxva saxis piradi xasiaTis oficialuri monacemebi. piris nebarTvis gareSe mis Sesaxeb amgvari informaciis gavrceleba piradi cxovrebis xelyofad CaiTvleba. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT dasjadia: piradi an ojaxuri saidumlos xelyofa – piradi an ojaxuri saidumlos ukanonod mopoveba, Senaxva an gavrceleba (muxli 157); kerZo saubris saidumloebis darRveva – ukanonod Cawera an miyuradeba teqnikuri saSualebis gamoyenebiT, aseTi informaciis gavrceleba (muxli 158); piradi mimoweris, telefoniT saubris an sxvagvari xerxiT Setyobinebis saidumloebis darRveva – agreTve piradi mimoweris an safosto gzavnilis, telefoniT an sxva teqnikuri saSualebiT saubris anda telegrafiT, faqsiT an sxva teqnikuri saSualebiT miRebuli an gadacemuli Setyobinebis saidumloebis ukanonod darRveva; binis an sxva mflobelobis xelSeuxeblobis darRveva – binaSi an sxva mflobelobaSi mflobelis nebis sawinaaRmdegod ukanonod Sesvla, ukanono Cxreka an sxva qmedeba, romelic arRvevs binis an sxva mflobelobis xelSeuxeblobas (muxli 160). piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis darRvevad iTvleba ukanonod TiTis anabeWdebis, fotosuraTebisa da sxva saxis piradi informaciis Segroveba policiis mxridan, miuxedavad imisa, rom policiis dosie saidumloa.69 aseve piradi cxovrebis konteqstSi moiazreba piradi danaxarjebisa da sagadasaxado Semosavlebis Semcveli informacia, janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebi. pirad cxovrebas ukavSirdeba piris Sesaxeb saxelmwifo Canawerebis (informaciis) xelmisawvdomobis sakiTxi. adamianis uflebaTa evropu69 b. boxaSvilis citirebuli naSromi. gv.262-263. 154 kari meore li sasamarTlos mier ganxilul saqmeSi – `gaskini gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg~ (“Gaskin v. the United Kingdom”) sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ganmcxadebelTan dakavSirebuli informacia exeboda mis bavSvobas, ganviTarebas da misi cxovrebis intimur aspeqtebs. am informaciisadmi xelmiuwvdomlobam daarRvia misi piradi cxovrebis ufleba. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis darRveva SeiZleba cxovrebis nebismier sferoSi moxdes. aseT darRvevad iTvleba piris Tanxmobis gareSe mis Sesaxeb piradi informaciis gamoqveyneba, magaliTad, informacia janmrTelobis Sesaxeb. samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevi valdebulia pacientis Sesaxeb Tavis xelT arsebuli informaciis konfidencialoba daicvas rogorc pacientis sicocxleSi, ise misi sikvdilis Semdeg (saqarTvelos kanoni `pacientis uflebebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 27). uflebis darRvevaa pirisTvis uaris Tqma mis Sesaxeb saxelmwifos mxridan Segrovebuli informaciis gacemaze (Tu es informacia saxelmwifo saidumloeba ar aris). informaciis gacemis wesi regulirdeba saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsiT. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebas saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20 muxli iTvaliswinebs da masSi mimowerisa da sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobis uflebas moiazrebs. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba absoluturi ufleba ar aris. masSi saxelmwifos mxridan Careva SesaZlebelia, rac xorcieldeba mxolod sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT an mis gareSec, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gadaudebeli aucileblobisas (magaliTad, teroristebTan brZolis mizniT specsamsaxuris warmomadgenlebi axorcieleben terorizmSi eWvmitanil pirTa satelefono saubrebis mosmenas, mimoweris lustraciasa da TvalTvals). pirad cxovrebaSi SeWraa sacxovrebeli binis Cxreka. es saproceso moqmedeba kanonierad rom CaiTvalos, xorcieldeba mosamarTlis brZanebis safuZvelze. gadaudebeli SemTxvevis dros70 Cxreka SeiZleba Catardes mosamarTlis nebis gareSec prokuroris dadgenilebiT, magram Cxrekis Sesaxeb dauyovnebliv, 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi unda ecnobos mosamarTles, romelic saqmis masalebis gacnobisas gamoitans dadgenilebas Catarebuli sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis kanonierebis an ukanonobis Taobaze da am moqmedebiT mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dauSveblobis Sesaxeb. 70 gadaudebeli SemTxveva – danaSaulis kvalis, nivTmtkicebis mospobis an dakargvis realuri safrTxis arseboba, aseve iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac pirs danaSaulis adgilze waaswreben, an sagamoZiebo Semowmebis dros SemTxvevis adgilis daTvalierebisas aRmoCenilia danaSaulis gaxsnisaTvis saWiro nivTebi da sagnebi da SeuZlebelia dauyovnebliv mosamarTlis brZanebis miReba. adamianis uflebebi 155 udanaSaulobis prezumfcia udanaSaulobis prezumfcia adamianis ZiriTadi uflebaa da niSnavs piris uflebas, udanaSaulod iTvlebodes manamde, vidre misi damnaSaveoba ar dadgindeba sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT. danaSaulis Cadenis damtkiceba mTlianad evaleba braldebis mxares, anu saxelmwifos. `udanaSaulobis prezumfcia gulisxmobs, rom Tavisi movaleobis Sesrulebisas sasamarTlos wevrebi ar unda eyrdnobodnen winaswar Camoyalibebul azrs piris mimarT. braleulobis damtkicebis tvirTi bralmdebels akisria da nebismieri eWvi braldebulis an gansasjelis sasargeblod unda ganimartos~.71 sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba – xSirad am terminebs erT konteqstSic ganixilaven da maT gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Semadgenel elementebad aRiqvamen. es uflebebi inteleqtualuri da sulieri cxovrebis farTo wres ganekuTvnebian. aRniSnuli uflebebi ar Semoifargleba arc moqalaqeobiT, arc sqesiT, arc asakiT (es ukanaskneli aisaxa bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciaSi). sindisis Tavisufleba icavs piris mier misi sindisis safuZvelze miRebul gadawyvetilebas, anu zneobriv, `kargsa~ da `cudze~, orientirebul gadawyvetilebas. sindisis Tavisufleba moicavs, erTi mxriv, individis Sinagan gancdas da, meore mxriv, sindisis garegan gamoxatulebas, romelic mis garegan qcevaSi vlindeba. azris TavisuflebasTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sityvis Tavisufleba. `azrSi~ igulisxmeba nebismieri SefasebiTi gamonaTqvami, romelic Sedgeba gansjis, damokidebulebisa da Sefasebis elementebisagan da romlis siswore Tu mcdaroba mTlianad pirad warmodgenebzea damyarebuli.72 azris TavisuflebiT daculia ara mxolod winaswar kargad mofiqrebuli, argumentirebuli mosazreba, aramed polemikuri, mwvave, daufiqrebeli da, SesaZlebelia absurduli, uxeSi gamonaTqvamic. 71 Barbera, Messegue and Jabardo Spain, 6.12.1988; ix. k. korkelia, i. qurdaZe, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mixedviT, Tb., 2004, gv. 168. 72 k. kublaSvili, ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tb., 2005, gv. 213. 156 kari meore azris Tavisufleba gulisxmobs yvela adamianis uflebas, hqondes sakuTari azri ama Tu im sakiTxze, TviTon gansazRvros, Tu ra ifiqros, ra daijeros da ra gamoTqvas, an Tavi Seikavos azris gamoTqmisagan. azris Tavisufleba niSnavs individis Tavisuflebas yovelgvari cenzurisagan. azris gamoxatva sxvadasxva saSualebiT SeiZleba: zepirad, werilobiT, gamosvlebiT, mitingebiT, mediasaSualebebiT, xelovnebis nimuSebiT, raime aqciiT (magaliTad, protestis niSnad mdumare msvlelobiT da sxva). sityvis Tavisufleba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Semadgeneli nawilia. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba CarCouflebaa, romelic iseTi elementebisagan Sedgeba, rogorebicaa: informaciis Tavisufleba da mediis Tavisufleba. aRniSnuli ufleba ki moicavs sityvis Tavisuflebas. es ukanaskneli ZiriTadi universaluri Rirebulebaa, romelic safuZvlad udevs adamianis uflebebs da gansazRvravs pirovnebis Rirsebas. sityvis Tavisufleba, rogorc azris gamoxatvis saSualeba, mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos politikis formirebisa da xelisuflebaze kontrolisTvis, Tu rogor asrulebs is xalxis winaSe nakisr valdebulebebs. sityvis Tavisufleba absoluturi ufleba ar aris da amdenad SezRudvebs eqvemdebareba. sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva SeiZleba ganxorcieldes: • • • • mxolod kanonis safuZvelze; Tu safrTxes uqmnis demokratiul sazogadoebas; miznad unda isaxavdes samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvas; Tu laxavs sxvaTa uflebebs. sityvis Tavisufleba SeizRudeba maSinac, Tu: • safrTxe emuqreba sazogadoebis erovnul uSiSroebasa da saxelmwifos teritoriul mTlianobas; • safrTxe emuqreba sazogadoebriv keTildReobasa da simSvides; • sazogadoeba uwesrigobisa Tu danaSaulis saswrafod aRkveTis gadaudebeli amocanis winaSe dgas; • safrTxis winaSea moqalaqis/moqalaqeebis janmrTeloba da/an sazogadoebrivi morali; • ilaxeba an safrTxe emuqreba sxvaTa reputaciasa da uflebebs. sityvis Tavisuflebis realizacia umeteswilad presis, mediis meSveobiT xdeba. saxelmwifos demokratiuloba, sazogadoebaSi demokratiis xarisxi, mediis Tavisuflebis doniT ganisazRvreba. es ufleba in- adamianis uflebebi 157 formaciis miRebasa da gavrcelebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. am TavisuflebaSi moiazreba agreTve sazogadoebis ufleba, iyos adekvaturad informirebuli sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze. aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs adamianis uflebas, iwamos da iyos im religiis mimdevari, romlisac mas swams. rwmenis Tavisufleba niSnavs adamianis Sinagan Tavisuflebas. es ufleba aseve gulisxmobs uflebas, pirma saerTod ar iwamos arc erTi religia (iyos aTeisti). individs aqvs ufleba, sajarod gamoxatos an saerTod ar gamoxatos Tavisi religiuri mrwamsi. rogorc vxedavT, rwmenis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs rogorc adamianis Sinagan samyaros, ise am mrwamsis garegan gamovlinebas – aRasrulos religiuri ritualebi, sajarod gamoxatos da gaavrcelos Tavisi rwmena, icxovros Tavisi rwmenis Sesabamisad, gaavrcelos Tavis rwmenis safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi. amdenad, religiis Tavisufleba individis uflebaa, icxovros, imoqmedos da Tavisi saqmianoba warmarTos Tavisi religiisa da Sinagani rwmenis safuZvelze. religiis Tavisuflebis dacva uzrunvelyofilia ara mxolod aRiarebuli da tradiciuli religiuri mimdevrebisaTvis, aramed nebismieri sxva religiuri gaerTianebis momxreTaTvis. individma da sazogadoebam pativi unda scen sxvaTa religiur mrwamss, xolo saxelmwifos ekisreba movaleoba, daicvas nebismieri rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis pirovneba. aqedan gamomdinare, religiuri rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba tolerantobis princips emyareba. religiis Tavisufleba eqvemdebareba SezRudvas saxelmwifos mxridan. Tu religiuri aRmsarebloba Tavisi gamovlinebiT safrTxes uqmnis an xelyofs sxvaTa uflebebs, sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, janmrTelobis an zneobis dacvis mizniT, gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT dadgenili SezRudva. aRmsarebloba aris adamianis mier sakuTari rwmenisa da sindisis, agreTve maT safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis mixedviT ganxorcielebuli moqmedebis sajarod gacxadeba.73 73 k. kublaSvili, ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tb., 2005, gv. 139. 158 kari meore Tavisufali gadaadgilebisa da sacxovreblis arCevis ufleba Tavisufali gadaadgilebisa da sacxovreblis arCevis ufleba aris adamianis SesaZlebloba, daubrkoleblad imoZraos, SearCios da icxovros mis mier SerCeul nebismier adgilas, aseve Tavisuflad gavides saxelmwifos teritoriidan da daubrkoleblad dabrundes ukan kanonis moTxovnaTa dacviT (magaliTad, safrangeTis vizis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, Sevides safrangeTis teritoriaze). es ufleba aqvs rogorc saxelmwifos moqalaqes, ise ucxoels, moqalaqeobis armqone pirs da ormagi moqalaqeobis mqone pirs. Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis ufleba eqvemdebareba saxelmwifos mxridan SezRudvas. SezRudvis safuZvelia Semdegi garemoebebi, Tu: • aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi; • aucilebelia saxelmwifos uSiSroebis an sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad; • gamomdinareobs janmrTelobis dacvis an danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis an marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis interesebidan. saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT, moiTxovon saxelmwifos sazRvris gadakveTisas garkveuli nebarTvis – vizis arseboba. gadaadgilebis SezRudva SeiZleba dawesdes TviT piris usafrTxoebis mizniTac. magaliTad, SeizRudos gadaadgileba stiqiuri ubedurebis zonaSi an im teritoriaze, sadac mimdinareobs samxedro wvrTnebi. Tavi 2.8 politikuri uflebebi politikuri uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, iseve rogorc samoqalaqo uflebebi, pirveli Taobis uflebebia da xangrZlivi brZolis Sedegia. politikuri uflebebic saTaves burJuaziuli revoluciidan iRebs da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, swored revoluciebisa da samoqalaqo omebis fonze yalibdeboda. safrangeTis sisxlianma revoluciam safrangeTis adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia Sva, amerikaSi damoukideblobisaTvis brZola da mogvianebiT samoqalaqo omi aSS-is konstituciiT dagvirgvinda. adamianis uflebebi 159 politikuri uflebebis realizacia saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqes, monawileoba miiRos sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebasa da xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi uSualod an warmomadgenlobiTi organos meSveobiT. am uflebebiT moqalaqeebs eZlevaT saSualeba, zemoqmedeba moaxdinon xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaze. politikur uflebebs miekuTvneba: • saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba; • saarCevno ufleba; • gaerTianebebisa da kavSirebis Seqmnis ufleba; • Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba; saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba gulisxmobs moqalaqeTa farTo monawileobas saxelmwifos marTvaSi, gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi uSualod (referendumis gziT) an warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT (centralur an adgilobriv organoebSi warmomadgenlis arCevis gziT).74 moqalaqis mier sakuTari Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba, demokratiuli sazogadoebis idealebis, zneobrivi da eTikuri principebisadmi erTguleba, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi monawileobis codna da unar-Cvevebi aqtiuri samoqalaqo poziciis maCvenebelia. saxelmwifom moqalaqes sakuTari poziciis gamosaxatavad yvela piroba unda Seuqmnas. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi saxelmwifos marTvaSi Tanabari uflebebiT sargebloben. saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba aqvT mxolod qveynis moqalaqeebs. saqarTvelos konstituciis 29-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, daikavos nebismieri saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba, Tuki is akmayofilebs kanoniT dadgenil moTxovnebs. analogiuri ufleba garantirebulia saerTaSoriso aqtebiT. arCevnebis ufleba moqalaqis monawileoba saxelmwifos marTvaSi xorcieldeba arCevnebis gziT. arCevnebi arCevnebisTvis ar tardeba, misi mizania xalxis farTo monawileobis uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifos marTvaSi. saarCevno ufleba gulisxmobs adamianis uflebas, airCios da airCion saxelmwifo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiT organoSi. 74 ix. kari 1. 160 kari meore arCevnebis meSveobiT yalibdeba warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi. saqarTvelos saxelisuflebo organoebSi arCevisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT dawesebulia garkveuli pirobebi: asaki, moqalaqeoba da sxva (saqarTvelos kanoni `sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb~, 1997). saarCevno xmis ufleba Sinaarsobrivad or saxes gulisxmobs: aqtiur da pasiur saarCevno uflebas. aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba moqalaqis uflebaa, xmis micemis meSveobiT monawileoba miiRos sajaro xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiT organoSi xalxis warmomadgenelTa asarCevad da sajaro xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad Catarebul sayovelTao arCevnebsa da referendumSi. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, yvela moqalaqes, romelic miaRwevs 18 wels, aris qmedunariani da sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze ar aris sapatimro adgilebSi, aqvs aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba. pasiuri saarCevno ufleba moqalaqis uflebaa, kenWi iyaros sajaro xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiT organoSi asarCevad da sajaro xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad. parlamentis wevrad, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, SeiZleba arCeul iqnes piri 25 wlis asakidan, prezidentad – 35 wlidan. amasTan, am ukanasknels saqarTveloSi sul cota 5 wlis da arCevnebis daniSvnis dRemde bolo 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi aq cxovrebis gamocdileba unda hqondes. sayovelTaoba faruloba arCevnebis ZiriTadi principebi pirdapiroba Tanasworoba adamianis uflebebi 161 saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi, muxli 4. saxelmwifos marTvaSi uSualod monawileoba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes referendumiT75 anu sayovelTao-saxalxo kenWisyraSi monawileobis gziT. gaerTianebis ufleba gaerTianebis ufleba gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis, profesiuli kavSirebis, politikuri partiebisa da sxva politikuri gaerTianebebis Seqmnas da maTSi Tavisuflad gaerTianebisa da saqmianobis uflebas. es ufleba aseve iTvaliswinebs adamianis uflebas, ar gaerTiandes da ar miiRos monawileoba arc erT sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaSi, profkavSirebSi, politikur partiebSi (`gaerTianebis negatiuri Tavisufleba~). aRniSnuli ufleba daculia saqarTvelos konstituciis 26-e muxliTa da organuli kanoniT `moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis~ Sesaxeb (1997). rogorc konstituciis muxlisa da kanonis dasaxelebidan Cans, aRniSnuli ufleba mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqis uflebaa. saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, daawesos ucxo qveynis moqalaqeTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa politikuri saqmianobis SezRudva (saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 27). saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi adgens sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis Seqmnisa da saqmianobis wess (24-e-me-40 muxlebi). sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba SeiZleba arsebobdes kerZo samarTlis arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piris organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT (aaip). politikuri partia moqalaqeTa gaerTianebis erT-erTi saxea. politikuri partia aris moqalaqeTa nebayoflobiTi politikuri gaerTianeba saerTo msoflmxedvelobriv da organizaciul safuZvelze (saqarTvelos kanoni `moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 1). gaerTianebis ufleba ar aris absoluturi ufleba. is iTvaliswinebs SezRudvebs moqalaqeTa garkveuli kategoriebisTvis. politikur gaerTianebaSi wevroba SeuwydebaT pirebs, romlebic: 75 referendumi – saerTo-saxalxo gamokiTxva kenWisyriT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis sabolood gadasawyvetad. 162 kari meore • Cairicxnen samxedro ZalebSi; • msaxuroben saxelmwifo uSiSroebis organoebis pirad SemadgenlobaSi; • msaxuroben Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis pirad SemadgenlobaSi; • ganwesdnen mosamarTled; • dainiSnen prokurorad. Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs uiaraRod, WerqveS an gareT, winaswari nebarTvis gareSe, sajarod Sekrebis uflebas. es ufleba kavSirSia gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan. Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba garantirebulia saerTaSoriso aqtebiT, saqarTvelos konstituciis 25-e muxliTa da saqarTvelos kanoniT `Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb~ (1997). Sekrebebis uflebiT daculia rogorc sajaro, ise kerZo xasiaTis, rogorc politikuri, ise arapolitikuri Sekrebebi. spontanuri, adamianTa uecari Tavyriloba ar moiazreba aRniSnul uflebaSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, is ar xvdeba dacul sferoSi. `Sekreba~ aris moqalaqeTa jgufis Sekreba WerqveS an gareT, mitingi sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi, solidarobis an protestis gamoxatvis mizniT; `manifestacia~ aris moqalaqeTa demonstracia, masobrivi sajaro gamosvla, quCaSi msvleloba solidarobis an protestis gamoxatvis mizniT, an msvleloba plakatebis, lozungebis, transparantebisa da sxva saxviTi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT~ (saqarTvelos kanoni `Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 3). saqarTvelos konstituciis 25-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Sekrebebis Tavisuflebis uflebiT sargebloben rogorc fizikuri pirebi, ganurCevlad maTi moqalaqeobisa, ise iuridiuli pirebi, rac gamoixateba sityvebSi: `yvelas aqvs ufleba~. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sekrebebi da manifestaciebi zogadad ar moiTxovs xelisuflebis organoebis winaswar gafrTxilebas, es aucilebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sekreba an manifestacia xalxmraval adgilze imarTeba. kanoni `Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb~ iTvaliswinebs Sekrebis an manifestaciis mxolod Sewyvetas da ara winaswar akrZalvas. aRniSnul RonisZiebaTa Sewyveta ukiduresi zomaa da gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevebSi, Tu `adgili aqvs mowodebas saqar- adamianis uflebebi 163 Tvelos konstituciuri wyobilebis damxobis an ZaladobiT Secvlisaken, qveynis damoukideblobis xelyofisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevisaken, an iseTi mowodebas, romelic warmoadgens omisa da Zaladobis propagandas, aRvivebs erovnul, kuTxur, religiur an socialur SuRls~ (saqarTvelos kanoni `Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 4.2). xelisufleba valdebulia, uzrunvelyos Sekrebis an manifestaciis organizaciisa da CatarebisaTvis saTanado pirobebi. saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs, Tanamdebobis pirebsa da moqalaqeebs ufleba ara aqvT, xeli SeuSalon am kanoniT dadgenili wesis dacviT Sekrebis an manifestaciis organizaciasa da Catarebas, moqalaqeTa mier sakuTari Sexedulebebis sajarod gamoxatvas. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebisaTvis Sekrebaze an manifestaciaze cnobebis miRebasa da gavrcelebaSi xelis SeSla isjeba kanoniT (saqarTvelos kanoni `Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 12). Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebisagan, romlebic SeiZleba politikur an apolitikur xasiaTs atarebdnen, gaficvis ufleba socialuri xasiaTis moTxovnebs ukavSirdeba. gaficvis ufleba gulisxmobs erTi samsaxuris farglebSi dasaqmebuli piris SromiT uflebebs, garkveuli moTxovnebis uflebas administraciisadmi (magaliTad, dasvenebis drois gazrdas, anazRaurebis momatebas da sxv.). Tavi 2.9 socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebi arc ise didi xania, rac saxelmwifoTa kanonmdeblobasa da saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi aisaxa adamianis socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebi. XVII-XIX saukuneebSi adamianis uflebaTa dokumentebi mxolod samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs Seexeboda. 1941 wels aSS-is prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma Tavis saprezidento moxsenebaSi aRniSna: `pirovnebis WeSmariti Tavisufleba ver ganxorcieldeba ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisa da damoukideblobis gareSe. gaWirvebuli adamiani ver iqneba Tavisufali. mSieri da umuSevari adamiani is masalaa, romlisganac diqtatura yalibdeba~. 164 kari meore samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebisagan gansxvavebiT, socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebi drois garkveul periods moicavs. saxelmwifo kisrulobs valdebulebas individualuri wesiT, saerTaSoriso daxmarebisa da TanamSromlobis arsebuli resursebis maqsimalur farglebSi miiRos zomebi, raTa TandaTan uzrunvelyos am paqtiT aRiarebuli uflebebis sruli ganxorcieleba yvela marTebuli saSualebiT, maT Soris, sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebaTa miRebiT. samoqalaqo uflebebi ar moiTxovs raime xarjebis gawevas saxelmwifos mxridan da maTi Sesruleba drois mokle monakveTSi dauyovnebliv unda moxdes. magaliTad, saxelmwifom saswrafod unda miiRos zomebi adamianis wamebis sawinaaRmdegod, maSin, roca socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebi SesaZlebelia TandaTanobiT ganxorcieldes da maTi dacva garkveul xarjebs moiTxovs. gadauwyveteli socialuri problemebi, ekonomikuri siduxWire samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebiT sargeblobas abrkolebs. adamianis socialur uflebaTa paketi 3 ZiriTadi birTvisagan Sedgeba: • cxovrebis saTanado done.76 am uflebis ganxorcieleba moiTxovs, rom yvela adamians hqondes aucilebeli saarsebo uflebebi: saTanado sakvebi, tansacmeli, sacxovrebeli da movlis saTanado pirobebi, ojaxis – ufleba, miiRos daxmareba;77 • sakuTrebis ufleba78 aris mesakuTris ufleba, kanoniTa da saxelSekrulebo valdebulebiT dadgenil farglebSi Tavisuflad flobdes da sargeblobdes qonebiT (nivTiT), ar dauSvas sxva pirTa mier am qonebiT sargebloba, gankargos igi, Tuki amiT ar ilaxeba mezoblebis an sxva mesame pirTa uflebebi, an/da Tu es moqmedeba ar aris uflebis borotad gamoyeneba. yvela fizikur Tu iuridiul pirs aqvs Tavisi qonebis mSvidobiani flobis ufleba. arc erT adamians ar unda CamoerTvas sakuTreba, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac es keTdeba sazogadoebis sakeTildReod da kanonis Sesabamisad. sakuTrebis ufleba efuZneba Sromis uflebas; 76 adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 25; socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 11; bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia, muxli 27. 77 Asborn Eide, Catarina Crause, Allan Rosas, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,.RWI, 2003. 78 adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 17; adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis I damatebiTi oqmi, 1-li muxli. sakuTrebis uflebas arc samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa da arc socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtebi ar Seicaven. adamianis uflebebi 165 • Sromis ufleba79 moicavs masTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva uflebasa da movaleobas. igi ar aris adamianis calke mdgomi ufleba. sityva `Sroma~ ganixileba samsaxuris gawevad sxva adamianisTvis da am adamianis xelmZRvanelobiT da am samsaxurisTvis anazRaurebis miRebad; • socialuri uzrunvelyofis ufleba80 – esaa jandacvis ufleba. sakuTrebis ufleba sakuTrebis uflebas ormagi datvirTva aqvs: erTi mxriv, is aris ekonomikuri ufleba, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos cxovrebis saTanado done; meore mxriv, aris damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis safuZveli da is moiazreba rogorc samoqalaqo ufleba. analogiur midgomas vxvdebiT adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciaSic (I damatebiTi oqmi, 1-li muxli). Sromis ufleba Sromis uflebas aRiarebs: socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti; Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvencia; konvencia iZulebiTi Sromis gauqmebis Sesaxeb; evropis socialuri qartiis mixedviT ki, Sromis uflebis efeqturad ganxorcielebis mizniT, Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi diskriminacia akrZalulia. saqarTvelos konstituciis 30-e muxliT aRiarebuli Sromis ufleba socialur uflebaTa qvakuTxedia, is aseve mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sakuTrebis uflebasTan. saxelmwifo ar uzrunvelyofs TiToeuli moqalaqis dasaqmebas, magram es ar niSnavs, rom Sromis sferoSi saxelmwifos ar akisria pozitiuri valdebulebebi. saxelmwifo valdebulia, gadadgas realuri nabijebi umuSevrobis aRmosafxvrelad da dasaqmebis realuri pirobebis Sesaqmnelad. sabWoTa periodSi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnasa da dasaqmebaze valdebulebas saxelmwifo iRebda, xolo Sroma savaldebulo xasiaTs ata79 adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 23; socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 6. 80 adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, 22-e, 25-e muxlebi; socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 9; bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia, muxli 26. 166 kari meore rebda. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciis mixedviT ki „Sroma Tavisufalia~. es imis maniSnebelia, rom TiToeul moqalaqes aqvs im SromiTi saqmianobis ufleba, romelsac Tavisuflad irCevs. is gansazRvravs moqalaqis uflebas, TviTon airCios saqmianobis sfero da profesia, umuSevrobis dros isargeblos saxelmwifo garantiebiT. saxelmwifom siRaribis donis Semcirebisa da mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis srulyofis RonisZiebaTa mizniT Seqmna socialurad daucveli ojaxebis monacemTa erTiani baza. ufleba janmrTelobaze ufleba janmrTelobaze figurirebs, rogorc adamianis uflebaTa universaluri meqanizmis (gaeros) farglebSi miRebul dokumentebSi, aseve regionalur meqanizmebSi (evrosabWo, interamerikuli sistema, afrikuli sistema). saxelmwifoebi aRiareben TiToeuli adamianis uflebas, hqondes fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis umaRlesi done. saxelmwifoebma am uflebis sruli gamoyenebisaTvis unda ganaxorcielon iseTi RonisZiebebi, romlebic saWiroa: • mkvdradSobadobisa da bavSvTa sikvdilianobis Semcirebisa da bavSvis jansaRi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis; • garemos higienisa da mrewvelobaSi Sromis higienis yvela aspeqtis gaumjobesebisaTvis; • epidemiur, endemur, profesiul da sxva daavadebaTa Tavidan acilebisa da maT winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis; • iseTi pirobebis SeqmnisaTvis, romlebic yvelasaTvis uzrunvelyofen samedicino daxmarebasa da samedicino movlas avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi. adamianis ufleba janmrTelobaze adamianis keTildReobisa da Rirsebis winapirobaa. saxelmwifo ver ikisrebs valdebulebas, uzrunvelyos yvelas janmrTeloba, Tumca misi pozitiuri valdebulebaa, Seqmnas xelmisawvdomi da adekvaturi janmrTelobis sistema. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom jandacva, rogorc socialuri ufleba, sxva socialur uflebebTan erTad, saxelmwifos resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am uflebebis etapobrivad, TandaTan realizacias gulisxmobs. janmrTelobis ufleba sasamarTlo wesiT aRsrulebadi uflebaa. saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs samedicino momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobas. samedicino momsaxureba yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos. samedicino momsaxurebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo samedicino programebis saSualebiT, rac gulisxmobs, rom pacienti an Tavisi socialu- adamianis uflebebi 167 ri statusiT, an daavadebis diagnoziT, an asakobrivi programis, an momsaxurebis formis (stacionaruli an ambulatoriuli) mixedviT miiRebs saxelmwifos mier gansazRvrul momsaxurebas Sesabamisi programebis farglebSi. TviT samedicino momsaxureba ganisazRvreba samomxmareblo standartiT.81 saqarTvelos moqalaqes ufleba aqvs, samedicino momsaxurebis yvela gamwevisagan miiRos qveyanaSi arsebuli da danergili profesiuli da samomsaxureo standartis Sesabamisi samedicino momsaxureba, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom momsaxureba saxelmwifo standartebis Sesabamisad saxelmwifos programuli dafinansebis farglebSi yvelas unda gaewios. samedicino momsaxureba informaciuli,82 geografiuli da finansuri xelmisawvdomobiT ganisazRvreba: samedicino momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobis 3 elementi 81 informaciuli xelmisawvdomoba geografiuli xelmisawvdomoba finansuri xelmisawvdomoba saxelmwifo pacients samedicino momsaxurebis Sesaxeb yvela informaciiT uzrunvelyofs ambulatoriuli samedicino dawesebulebebi ganlagebulia garkveul radiusSi. moqalaqeebi droulad iReben samedicino daxmarebas saxelmwifo yvela moqalaqisaTvis uzrunvelyofs jandacvas. samedicino programebi da dazRveva sayovelTaoa da Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi m. kvaWaZe, i, manjaviZe, adamianis ufleba janmrTelobaze da samedicino momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomoba, Tb., 2010, gv. 147. 82 samedicino dawesebulebebSi informaciis ganTavseba TvalsaCino adgilze, mediasaSualebiT informaciis miwodeba, ganmartebis micema samedicino dawesebulebis administraciis mier, specialuri bukletebis, plakatebis da sxva saSualebebis ganTavseba TvalsaCino adgilze da sxva. 168 kari meore janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba aRiarebulia saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e muxliT, xolo am uflebebis sxvadasxva aspeqti, aseve eqim-pacientis uflebebi aRiarebulia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kanonSi (magaliTad, kanoni `pacientTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~, kanoni `janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb~, kanoni `saeqimo saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ da sxva). ganaTlebis ufleba aRiarebulia adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciaSi, samoqalaqo uflebaTa paqtsa da bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciaSi, yvela qveynis konstituciaSi. ganmanaTlebloba SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc procesi da agreTve rogorc am procesis konkretuli faza. ganmanaTleblebamde evropaSi ganaTleba, ZiriTadad, mSoblebisa da eklesiis prerogativas ganekuTvneboda. mxolod samoqalaqo saxelmwifos warmoqmnis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli, ganaTleba sazogadoebis zrunvis sagani gamxdariyo. me-19 saukuneSi saxelmwifos valdebuleba ganaTlebis sferoSi pirvelad aisaxa germaniis imperiis 1849 wlis konstituciaSi. am periodidan moyolebuli, ganaTlebis ufleba aRiarebulia yvela qveynis konstituciebsa da saerTaSoriso aqtebSi. saxelmwifos mier aRiarebulma ganaTlebis sistemam saSualeba unda misces adamians, Tavisuflad ganaviTaros Tavisi pirovneba, Rirseba, aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos Tavisufali sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi da xeli Seuwyos Semwynareblobasa da adamianis uflebaTa pativiscemas. saqarTvelos konstituciis 35-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `1. yvelas aqvs ganaTlebis miRebisa da misi formis arCevis ufleba. 2. saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs qveynis saganmanaTleblo sistemis harmonizacias saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi. 3. skolamdel aRzrdas saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. dawyebiTi da sabazo ganaTleba savaldebuloa. zogad ganaTlebas, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, srulad afinansebs saxelmwifo. moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, saxelmwifos dafinansebiT miiRon profesiuli da umaRlesi ganaTleba. 4. saxelmwifo mxars uWers saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs kanoniT dadgenili wesiT~. adamianis uflebebi 169 nawili mesame adamianis uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebi am nawilSi ganvixilavT saxelmwifos valdebulebisa da sazogadoebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs adamianis uflebaTa dacvasTan mimarTebiT. yuradRebas SevaCerebT adamianis uflebaTa dacvis instituciur garantiaze – sasamarTloze. SeviswavliT saxalxo damcvelis instituts. aseve, uflebaTa dacvis sxva sistemebs, rogorc nacionalur, iseve saerTaSoriso doneze. gaviazrebT adamianis uflebaTa dacvis universalur da evropul sistemebs. nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: • adamianis uflebebis dacvis garantiebi erovnul, regionalur da saerTaSoriso doneze; • adamianis uflebaTa dacvis gaeros universaluri sistema; • adamianis uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebi da procedurebi; • adamianis uflebebis dacvis nacionaluri sistemebi; • adamianis uflebebis dacvis evropis sabWos sistema. 170 kari meore adamianis uflebaTa dacvis TvalsazrisiT, gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. adamianis uflebaTa dacva cxovrebis Semadgeneli nawilia da demokratiisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqonea. aseT sazogadoebaSi, gansxvavebiT diqtatoruli reJimebisagan, adamianis uflebebis dacvaze samoqalaqo kontrolia dawesebuli. darRveuli uflebebis aRdgena adamianisagan garkveul mondomebasa da Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. adamianis uflebebisaTvis brZola iuridiuli meqanizmebis daxvewasa da srulyofas, sasamarTlo da administraciuli praqtikis Secvlasac ki iwvevs. Sedegi ki is aris, rom yoveli Taoba ufro meti uflebebiT sargeblobs, vidre wina Taobebi. adamiani, romelmac ar icis, Tu ra uflebebi aqvs da rogor unda moiTxovos maTi dacva-aRdgena, mosalodnelia, ufro gaxdes uflebaTa darRvevis msxverpli, vidre is, vinc swvdeba Selaxuli uflebebis arss, icis, Tu ra unda moimoqmedos maT aRsadgenad: vis, sad da rodis mimarTos, rogor gaumklavdes usamarTlobas. adamianis uflebaTa codna arCevanis Tavisuflebasac gulisxmobs, yvela adamiani TviTon wyvets, uRirs darRveuli uflebebis aRdgenisaTvis brZola Tu ara. sakuTari uflebebisaTvis brZolaze uari aramc da aramc ar niSnavs imas, rom adamians es ufleba CamoerTmeva da aRar gaaCnia. Tavi 3.1 ra meqanizmebi icavs adamianis uflebebs erovnul doneze? adamianis uflebaTa realizaciisaTvis saWiroa erovnul doneze specialuri meqanizmebis Camoyalibeba. mxolod sakanonmdeblo aqtebis arseboba, romliTac adamianis uflebebia deklarirebuli, sakmarisi ar aris. magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT saqarTvelos 1937 wlis sabWoTa konstitucia, romliTac aRiarebuli iyo moqalaqeTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, magram miuxedavad amisa, swored 30-ian wlebSi xorcieldeboda yvelaze mZvinvare terori da represiebi. adamianis uflebaTa efeqturad dacvisTvis, erTi mxriv, savaldebuloa, saxelmwifom Seqmnas erovnul doneze specialuri meqanizmebi, adamianis uflebebi 171 organoebi, romlebiTac daculi iqneba adamianis uflebebi da, meore mxriv, mniSvnelovania socialuri kontrolis meqanizmebis Camoyalibeba `qvevidan~, sazogadoebidan. nebismier administraciul sistemas (iqneba es saxelmwifo organoebi, Tu sxva) aqvs adamianis uflebaTa ignorirebis midrekileba. ignorireba xdeba im zomamde, ramdenadac es daSvebulia sazogadoebrivi azriT, im zRvramde, ramdenadac amas gasaqans miscemen moqalaqeebi, sanamdec aseT darRvevebs sazogadoeba moiTmens. uaxlesi periodis movlenebi axlo aRmosavleTSi (egvipte, libia da sxva) cxadyofen, rom moqalaqeebs aRar ZaluZT moiTminon uflebebis uxeSi da sistematiuri darRveva xelisuflebis mxridan. libiasa da egvipteSi mimdinare movlenebi cxadyofen, rom adre Tu gvian moqalaqeebi usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg xmas aimaRleben da sakuTari uflebebis dacvas aqtiurad Seecdebian. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv anu erovnul institutebs Soris ganasxvaveben sasamarTlo da arasasamarTlo meqanizmebs, Tumca yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc sasamarTlo garantiebia. konstitucia moqalaqeebs sasamarTlo dacvis garantias aZlevs. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs, Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad mimarTos sasamarTlos (saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 42). sasamarTlos mier aseTi saxis sarCelebis miReba aris maTi kanonierebis garantad aRiarebisa da kanonis uzenaesobisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos 172 kari meore koncefciis Camoyalibebis safuZveli. konstituciuri uflebebi SeiZleba dacul iqnes uSualod im piris mier, romlis uflebacaa darRveuli (magaliTad: saCivari administraciul organoSi, konstituciuri sarCeli sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi) darRveuli uflebebis dacva SeiZleba moiTxovos moqalaqeTa gaerTianebebma, sazogadoebrivma organizaciebma (magaliTad, profkavSirebma), aseve sxvadasxva saxelmwifo organom (magaliTad, prokurorma). pirvel yovlisa, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis instituciuri garantia sasamarTloa. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs, Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad, piradad an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, pirdapir mimarTos sasamarTlos. aq igulisxmeba agreTve adamianis ufleba, misi saqme ganxilul iqnes kompetenturi da damoukidebeli, miukerZoebeli sasamarTlos mier. saqme unda ganixilos mxolod im sasamarTlom, romlis iurisdiqciasac eqvemdebareba misi saqme (saqarTvelos konstitucia, 42-e muxlis me-2 punqti). saerTo sasamarTloebis sistema gadawyvetilebis saapelacio da sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebis saSualebas iZleva. adamians aqvs ufleba da eZleva SesaZlebloba, gaasaCivros sasamarTloSi saxelmwifo organoebis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa da Tanamdebobis pirTa qmedebebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnul doneze saxelmwifo organoebSi adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis meqanizmi arsebobs (sasamarTlo, sakonstitucio kontrolis organoebi, saxalxo damcveli), amgvari dacvis wesi sxvadasxva organoSi gansxvavebulia. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uzrunvelyofs sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo praqtikis erTianobas adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis sferoSi. sakonstitucio kontrolis es orgvari funqcia _ konstituciis dacva da adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacva – ganuyofelia. iq, sadac sakonstitucio sasamarTloebi funqcionireben, sakonstitucio sarCelis wardgena SesaZlebelia adamianis konstituciuri uflebebis dacvis mizniT. magaliTad, saqarTvelos organul kanonSi `sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ aRniSnulia: 1. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo aris sakonstitucio kontrolis sasamarTlo organo, romelic uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos konstituciis uzenaesobas, konstituciur kanonierebas da adamianis konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas (1-li muxlis 1-li punqti); adamianis uflebebi 173 2. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, ganixilos saqarTvelos konstituciis meore Tavis (saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba; adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani) sakiTxTan mimarTebiT miRebuli normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi (me-19 muxlis me-2 punqtis e qvepunqti); 3. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeiZleba piradad mimarTos saqarTvelos moqalaqem, romlis uflebebi iqna darRveuli; 4. sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels, Tu is CaTvlis, rom normatiuli aqtebi an calkeuli sakanonmdeblo normebi arRveven adamianis konstituciur uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs. saxalxo damcveli. uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis meqanizms miekuTvneba ombudsmenis instituti. `ombudsmeni~ Sveduri sityvaa da sxva piris interesebis warmomadgenels niSnavs. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mas sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT moixsenieben: ombudsmeni – skandinaviis qveynebSi, saxalxo damcveli – saqarTveloSi, Suamavali – safrangeTSi, xalxis damcveli – espaneTSi, bundestagis samxedro rwmunebuli – germaniaSi da sxva. ombudsmeni, saxalxo damcveli, Tanamdebobis piria, romelsac irCeven (magaliTad: SvedeTSi, daniaSi, fineTSi, portugaliaSi, espaneTSi, saqarTvelosa da sxva qveynebSi) an niSnaven (magaliTad, safrangeTSi Suamavali iniSneba ministrTa sabWos dekretiT; did britaneTSi adamianis uflebaTa saparlamento rwmunebuls premier-ministris rekomendaciiT niSnavs dedofali) da romlis movaleobaa, iyos arbitri moqalaqeebsa da xelisuflebas Soris, raTa gamoiZios moqalaqeTa saCivrebi xelisuflebis organoebisa da oficialuri Tanamdebobis pirebis winaaRmdeg im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac, moqalaqeTa azriT, xelisuflebam daarRvia maTi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. is sajaro moxelea, Tanamdebobis piria, romelic axorcielebs sxvadasxva administraciuli organos mier adamianis uflebaTa darRvevebis gamovlinebasa da uflebebis dacvaze kontrols. saqarTvelos moqmedi konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos teritoriaze adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvas zedamxedvelobas uwevs saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli, romelsac saqarTvelos parlamenti umravlesobiT 5 wlis vadiT irCevs. saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, saxalxo damcveli uflebamosilia, gamoavlinos adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa darRvevis 174 kari meore faqtebi, Seatyobinos amis Sesaxeb Sesabamis organoebsa da pirebs. saxalxo damcvelis saqmianobisaTvis dabrkolebaTa Seqmna isjeba kanoniT (saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 43). saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis saqmianoba regulirdeba 1996 wlis 16 maisis organuli kanoniT `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb~. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis saxelmwifoebrivi garantiebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT axorcielebs Semdeg funqciebs: zedamxedvelobas uwevs saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa, sajaro dawesebulebaTa da Tanamdebobis pirTa mxridan saqarTvelos teritoriis farglebsa da mis iurisdiqciaSi myofi yvela pirisaTvis saxelmwifos mier aRiarebul uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvasa da pativiscemas, ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, sqesisa, enisa, religiisa, politikuri an sxva Sexedulebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa Tu sxva garemoebisa; saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli avlens adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa darRvevis faqtebs da xels uwyobs darRveuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis aRdgenas; saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli eweva saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa sferoSi. 2009 wlis 16 ivliss `saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organul kanonSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, saxalxo damcveli asrulebs gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an sasjelis winaaRmdeg konvenciis fakultatiuri oqmiT gaTvaliswinebuli prevenciis erovnuli meqanizmis funqciebs, rac imiT vlindeba, rom saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli an specialuri prevenciuli jgufis wevri amowmebs dakavebis, winaswari patimrobisa da Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sxva adgilebSi adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobas. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli moqmedebs damoukideblad da mas ufleba aqvs, damoukideblad Seamowmos adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareoba, aseve maTi darRvevis faqtebi, rogorc miRebuli gancxadebisa da saCivris safuZvelze, ise sakuTari iniciativiT. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli ganixilavs saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa, ucxo qveynis moqalaqeTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa, agreTve kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirTa, politikur da religiur gaerTianebaTa gancxadebebsa da saCivrebs, romlebic exeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa, sajaro dawesebulebaTa adamianis uflebebi 175 da Tanamdebobis pirTa qmedebebs an aqtebs saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da kanoniT dadgenil uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa, agreTve im saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa da SeTanxmebebiT dadgenil uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa darRvevis Sesaxeb, romelTa monawilec aris saqarTvelo. patimrobisa da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebebSi, dakavebisa da Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sxva adgilebSi myof pirTa mier saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelisaTvis gagzavnili gancxadebebi, saCivrebi da werilebi konfidencialuria. maTi gaxsna da cenzura akrZalulia; isini dauyovnebliv unda gadaeces saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels. gancxadeba da saCivari ar ibegreba saxelmwifo gadasaxadiT. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis mier dainteresebuli pirisaTvis gaweuli samsaxuri ufasoa. gancxadebisa da saCivris miRebis Semdeg saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli damoukideblad iRebs gadawyvetilebas Semowmebis Taobaze, ris Sesaxebac ecnobeba ganmcxadebels. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli valdebulia, acnobos ganmcxadebels saCivris Semowmebis Sedegebi kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels ufleba aqvs, Semowmebis Catarebisas: a) daubrkoleblad Sevides saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis nebismier organoSi, sawarmoSi, organizaciasa da dawesebulebaSi, maT Soris, samxedro qvedanayofSi, patimrobisa da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebebSi, dakavebisa da Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sxva adgilebSi; b) saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs, sajaro dawesebulebebsa da Tanamdebobis pirebs mosTxovos da dauyovnebliv an araugvianes 10 dRisa miiRos SemowmebisaTvis aucilebeli yvela cnoba, dokumenti da sxva masala; g) nebismier Tanamdebobis pirs, moxeles, masTan gaTanabrebul pirs mosTxovos da miiRos werilobiTi axsna-ganmarteba gamosakvlev sakiTxebze; d) saxelmwifo an/da arasaxelmwifo dawesebulebebis meSveobiT Caataros saeqsperto gamokvlevebi an/da moamzados daskvnebi; moiwvios specialistebi/eqspertebi saeqsperto an/da sakonsultacio samuSaoTa Sesasruleblad; e) gaecnos sisxlis samarTlis, samoqalaqo da administraciul saqmeebs, romlebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebic kanonier ZalaSia Sesuli. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlaments weliwadSi erTxel, kalendaruli wlis martSi, warudgens angariSs qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis angariSSi unda mieTiTos saxelmwi- 176 kari meore fo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis is organoebi da Tanamdebobis pirebi, romlebic arRvevdnen adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, ar iTvaliswinebdnen saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis rekomendaciebs am uflebaTa aRdgenis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlaments sagazafxulo sesiaze yovelwliur angariSTan dakavSirebiT warudgens moxsenebas adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis sferoSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. yvela saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo, Tanamdebobis Tu iuridiuli piri valdebulia, yovelmxriv daexmaros saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels, dauyovnebliv warudginos masalebi, sabuTebi da sxva informacia, romlebic dasWirdeba saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels Tavisi uflebamosilebis gansaxorcieleblad. Semowmebis procesSi an saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis moTxovnis safuZvelze is saxelmwifo organo, Tanamdebobis an iuridiuli piri, romlis moqmedeba an gadawyvetileba mowmdeba, an gasaCivrebulia, valdebulia, saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels warudginos axsna-ganmarteba gamosakvlev sakiTxze. parlamenti. sakanonmdeblo organos – parlamentis saqmianobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis uflebaTa swori realizaciisaTvis, radgan TviT konstituciuri norma zogjer zogadia da moiTxovs kanoniT misi realizaciis procesisaTvis dazustebas. garda amisa, parlamenti is organoa, romelic sakanonmdeblo wesiT TviTon qmnis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebsa da institutebs. am sferoSi mniSvnelovania agreTve parlamentis sakontrolo funqcia. parlamenti, zogadad, an misi komitetebisa da komisiebis meSveobiT Seiswavlis, rogor icavs aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi kanonebs, da ramdenad iqna miRweuli kanoniT dasaxuli mizani am sferoSi. pirs, romlis uflebebic dairRva, an arsebobs am uflebebis darRvevis realuri safrTxe, SeuZlia mimarTos parlaments an calkeul parlamentarebs Tavisi uflebebis darRvevis Tavidan asacileblad. garda amisa, parlamentis wevrebs, Tu maTTvis cnobili gaxda adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebi, Tavisi iniciativiT SeuZliaT Caerion da moiTxovon aseTi faqtebis aRkveTa. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. piri, visi uflebebic iqna darRveuli administraciuli organoebis mier, sargeblobs administraciuli samarTliT gansazRvruli dacvis saSualebebiT. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi es wesi sxvadasxvagvarad moqmedebs, magram, zogadad, xelisuflebis admi- adamianis uflebebi 177 nistraciul organoebs aqvT saSualeba, koreqtireba gaukeTon ara marto TavianT moqmedebas, aramed im dawesebulebebis moqmedebasac, romlebic maT daqvemdebarebaSi imyofebian. Tavi 3.2 rogor xdeba adamianis uflebaTa dacva saerTaSoriso doneze? Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva mxolod saxelmwifos saSinao saqme ar aris. moqalaqes, romlis uflebebic dairRva erovnul doneze, saSualeba eZleva, Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad mimarTos saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebs. saxelmwifo, romelic xels awers saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas (romelic SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT arsebobdes – konvencia, damatebiTi oqmi, paqti), adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi kisrulobs valdebulebas, pirnaTlad Seasrulos xelSekrulebiT aRiarebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. mas aRar SeuZlia, Tavi gaimarTlos imiT, rom saxelmwifoSi arsebuli kanonmdebloba sxvagvarad ayalibebs im sakiTxebs, romlebic xelSekrulebaSia mocemuli. magaliTad, saxelmwifo ar krZalavs trefikings, an ar sjis monobisaTvis imitom, rom misi kanonmdebloba amas ar iTvaliswinebs. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli standartebis implementacias sakuTar erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi axdenen. erovnul doneze parlamentSi kanonproeqtis ganxilvas misi adamianis uflebebTan Sesabamisobis TvalsazrisiT ganixilaven, dgindeba misi Tanxvedra saerTaSoriso doneze nakisr valdebulebebsa da saxelmwifos sxva erovnul normatiul aqtebTan. Tu kanoni adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso standartebs Seesabameba, misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia naTlad gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas aRniSnuli sakiTxis mimarT: `saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTan- 178 kari meore xmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstituciur SeTanxmebas, aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT~ (muxli 6); saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs. xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas xalxi da saxelmwifo SezRuduli arian am uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, rogorc uSualod moqmedi samarTliT (muxli 7). adamians, romelic Tvlis, rom misi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi darRveulia erovnul doneze, SeuZlia, Tavisi uflebebis aRsadgenad saerTaSoriso organoebs mimarTos. saerTaSoriso samarTali metad mravalferovan da mravalricxovan arCevans gvTavazobs. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier SemuSavda saxelmwifoebze zedamxedvelobis sxvadasxva meqanizmi, romlebiTac saxelmwifos moqmedeba adamianis dacvis sakiTxebSi ufro gamWvirvale gaxda. yvela saxelmwifo gadis saerTaSoriso organizaciebis monitorings da misi damokidebuleba adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebTan saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis yuradRebis centrSia. saxelmwifo, romelic arRvevs adamianis uflebebs, ganicdis saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobisgan politikur da ekonomikur zewolas. msoflioSi arsebobs adamianis uflebaTa universaluri da regionaluri sistemebi. universalur sistemas miakuTvneben gaeros sistemas, xolo regionaluri sistemebi iqmneba konkretuli regionebis mixedviT: adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropuli sistema, romelic moqmedebs evropaSi, interamerikuli sistema – moqmedebs amerikis kontinentis qveynebisaTvis da afrikuli sistema – aerTianebs afrikis qveynebs. Tavi 3.3 adamianis uflebaTa dacvis gaeros, anu universaluri, sistema gaerom, Tavisi moRvaweobis xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi, araerTi organo da procedura Camoayaliba, romlebiTac zedamxedvelobas uwevs mTel msoflioSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvas, pativiscemasa da uzrunvelyofas. gansakuTrebiT didia xelSekrulebiT Seqmnili, anu saxelSekrulebo organoTa roli. adamianis uflebebi 179 saxelSekrulebo organoebi saerTaSoriso normatiuli aqtebis safuZvelze iqmneba da maT funqcias adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxSi xelSekrulebaSi monawile wevr saxelmwifoTa zedamxedveloba Seadgens. gaeros farglebSi moqmedebs 9 saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo organo:83 gaeros farglebSi adamianis uflebebis dacvisa da saerTaSoris masStabiT maT zedamxedvelobaze pasuxismgebeli saxelSekrulebo komiteti adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisariatisa da komisris logo 83 abreviatura saxelwodeba safuZveli (abreviatura) TariRi samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti (CCPR) 1966 ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa komiteti socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti (ICESCR) 1966 CERD rasobrivi diskriminaciis komiteti yvela formis rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvris konvencia (ICERD) 1965 CEDAW qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris komiteti qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris saerTaSoriso konvencia (CEDAW) 1979 CPT wamebis sawinaaRmdego komiteti konvencia wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisa da sasjelis winaaRmdeg (CAT) 1984 SPT wamebis Tavidan acilebis qvekomiteti wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisa da sasjelis winaaRmdeg konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi (OPCAT) 2002 CRC bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia 1989 CMW muSa migrantTa da maTi ojaxebis uflebaTa dacvis komiteti muSa migrantTa da maTi ojaxis uflebaTa dacvis konvencia (ICRMW) 1990 CRPD SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa (SSmp) uflebebis komiteti SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa (SSmp) uflebebis konvencia (CRPD) 2006 UNHRC adamianis uflebaTa komiteti CESCR zogierT konvencias aqvs damatebiTi oqmebi, romlebic avseben uflebaTa CamonaTvals an iTvaliswineben wevr saxelmwifoebze zedamxedvelobis procedurebs. magaliTad, samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis 2 damatebiTi oqmi, romlis monawile saqarTvelocaa: 1. adamianis uflebaTa komitetSi individualuri ganacxadebis Setanis Sesaxeb, 2. sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis Sesaxeb; bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis 2 damatebiTi oqmi, romlis monawile saqarTvelocaa: 1. bavSvis SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi monawileobis Sesaxeb damatebiTi oqmi, 2. bavSvTa vaWrobis, bavSvTa prostituciisa da pornografiis Sesaxeb damatebiTi oqmi da sxva. 180 kari meore nebismier adamians aqvs ufleba, mimarTos gaeros da mis organoebs Tavis uflebaTa darRvevis Sesaxeb. gaeros saxelSekrulebo 9 organodan Svidi organo ixilavs adamianis uflebaTa darRvevebTan dakavSirebul davebs. individualuri mimarTvis ufleba saqarTvelos moqalaqeebsac aqvT. 1994 wels saqarTvelo miuerTda samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa paqtsa da mis pirvel damatebiT oqms, riTac aRiara adamianis uflebaTa komitetis iurisdiqcia. adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi individualuri ganacxadebis (saCivrebis) wardgeniT adamianis uflebebi iZens konkretul mniSvnelobas da saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebi (romlebic sakmaod zogadi da abstraqtulia) sicocxlisunarianni xdebian, rogorc komitetisa da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis, aseve rekomendaciebis gamotanis safuZvelze. individualuri ganacxadis Setanis ufleba aqvs ara mxolod wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqes sakuTari saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, aramed im pirsac, romelic ar aris mopasuxe saxelmwifos moqalaqe, magram misi uflebebi dairRva swored am saxelmwifoSi (magaliTad, CineTis moqalaqe ukanonod iqna dakavebuli avstraliaSi. CineTis moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, ganacxadi Seitanos avstraliis winaaRmdeg, radgan misi uflebebi dairRva, rodesac is imyofeboda avstraliis iurisdiqciis qveS). komiteti ganixilavs mxolod im ganacxadebs, romlebSic mosarCele da mopasuxe saxelmwifoebs aRiarebuli aqvT komitetis iurisdiqcia specialuri ganacxadiT. saxelmwifo, romelic saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis monawile xdeba ratificirebis an mierTebis gziT, sakuTar Tavze iRebs valdebulebas, ara marto Seasrulos xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebebi, aramed daicvas saxelSekrulebo organoebis mier dadgenili procedurebi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani procedura, romelsac saxelSekrulebo organoebi adgenen, wevri saxelmwifoebis mier wardgenili perioduli angariSebia. saxelmwifos mier wardgenil periodul angariSebSi asaxulia samarTlebrivi, administraciuli, sasamarTlo da sxva zomebi, romlebic gaatara saxelmwifom xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad. angariSSi saxelmwifo miuTiTebs im sirTuleebze, romelTac is awydeba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saqmeSi. angariSis ganxilvas eswrebian komitetis eqspertebi, wevri saxelmwifos oficialuri warmomadgenlebi da akreditebuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. adamianis uflebaTa komiteti saxelmwifos mier wardgenili angari- adamianis uflebebi 181 Sis safuZvelze iRebs rekomendaciebs, romelTa Sesrulebis Sesaxebac wevrma saxelmwifom mogvianebiT unda acnobos Sesabamis komitets. gaeros saxelSekrulebo organoebi (komitetebi) adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb informacias iReben ara mxolod wevri saxelmwifoebidan, aramed alternatiuli wyaroebidan: gaeros specializebuli organoebidan (mag., jandacvis msoflio organizacia), gaeros fondebidan (mag., gaeros bavSvTa fondi (UNICEF)), sxvadasxva programidan (mag.,UNDP-is proeqtebidan), sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso mTavrobaTaSorisi (mag.: evropis sabWo, euTo) da arasamTavrobo organizaciebidan (mag.: Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International), agreTve samoqalaqo sazogadoebidan, profesiuli asociaciebidan, erovnuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebidan, masmediidan, akademiuri dawesebulebebidan. bevr uwyebasa da organizacias Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs adamianis uflebaTa aRsrulebaSi (magaliTad: • msoflio jandacvis organizacias – WHO; • gaeros ltolvilTa umaRles komisariats – UNHCR; • gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis organizacias – UNESCO; • gaeros bavSvTa fonds – UNICEF; • wiTeli jvrisa da wiTeli naxevarmTvaris saerTaSoriso komitets – ICRC; • evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacias (euTo) – OSCE da sxva. 2006 wels Seiqmna gaeros adamianis uflebaTa sabWo, romlis ZiriTadi funqcia msoflioSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis xelSewyoba da gaZlierebaa. 2006 wlis 15 marts gaeros 60/251 rezoluciis safuZvelze generalurma asambleam miiRo adamianis uflebaTa sabWos mier momzadebuli saxelmwifoTa angariSgebis axali sistema, angariSgebis axali procedura – universaluri perioduli angariSi (UPR). 2008 wlidan upa (UPR) ZalaSi Sevida. saqarTvelom 2011 wels pirvelad gaiara es procesi. am ukanasknelis mizania, zedamxedveloba gauwios msoflios yvela qveyanas adamianis uflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT. yvela saxelmwifo valdebulia, gaiaros es procesi yovel 4 weliwadSi erTxel da warudginos adamianis uflebaTa sabWos Tavisi moxseneba, romelSic aisaxeba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxebi. upar-is procesSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba aqvT: saerTaSoriso da erovnul arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, akademiur wreebs, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs. maT ufleba eZlevaT, waradginon alternatiuli, `Crdilovani~ 182 kari meore moxseneba,84 romelSic aRweren adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebs, Seafaseben saxelmwifoSi arsebul situacias, miscemen rekomendaciebs wevr saxelmwifos adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxebze. adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisariati gaeros adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi saqmianobis koordinaciis gaumjobesebis mizniT, 1993 wlis 20 dekembers q. venaSi, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso konferenciaze miRebuli rekomendaciis safuZvelze, generaluri asambleis #48/141 rezoluciiT, Seiqmna adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisris posti. umaRlesi komisris saqmianoba moicavs saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis xelSewyobasa da popularizaciis waxalisebas adamianis uflebaTa efeqturad ganxorcielebis sferoSi. umaRlesi komisris Zalisxmeva mimarTulia adamianis uflebaTa dacvis, gaeros sistemaSi adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebis win wamowevisa da maTi koordinaciis, adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi axali standartebis SemuSavebisa da am sferoSi xelSekrulebebis ratificirebisken. komisris mandatSi Sedis adamianis uflebebis seriozul darRvevebze reagireba da amgvari darRvevebis Tavidan asacileblad konkretuli saqmianobis warmarTva. aseve, konsultaciebisa da teqnikuri daxmarebis gaweva wevri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebisaTvis. umaRles komisars niSnavs gaeros generaluri mdivani da amtkicebs generaluri asamblea oTxi wlis vadiT. es Tanamdeboba, Tavisi doniT, gaeros generaluri mdivnis moadgilis Tanamdebobas Seesabameba. Tavi 3.4 rogor aris daculi adamianis uflebebi regionalur doneze? winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropuli sistema, romlis mTavari sayrdeni aris 47 wevri saxelmwifosagan Sem84 2010 wels saqarTvelos oficialuri angariSis paralelurad gaeros universaluri perioduli angariSis UPR-is farglebSi momzadda e.w. `Crdilovani~ angariSi qalTa uflebebis damcveli 23 arasamTavrobo organizaciis mier. adamianis uflebebi 183 dgari evropis sabWo. gansxvavebiT universaluri, gaeros sistemisagan, regionaluri sistema adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxSi ufro moqnilia. garda amisa, meqanizmebs, romelTac evropuli sistema iyenebs, udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis uflebaTa dacvisaTvis. adamianis uflebebi daculia rogorc evrosabWos, ise evrokavSirisa85 da euTos farglebSi.86 miuxedavad amisa, Cven ganvixilavT adamianis uflebaTa dacvis mxolod evropis sabWos meqanizmebs. Tavi 3.5 saqarTvelo da evropis sabWo 1999 wels saqarTvelo evropis sabWos sruluflebiani wevri gaxda, 2000 wels ZalaSi Sevida evropis sabWos erT-erTi umTavresi dokumenti – adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvencia. am nabijiT saqarTvelom sajarod ganacxada, rom eTanxmeba evropis sabWos wesdebis moTxovnas: `evropis sabWos yovelma wevrma unda aRiaros kanonis uzenaesobisa da misi iurisdiqciis farglebSi myofi yvela piris adamianis uflebebiT da ZiriTadi TavisuflebebiT sargeblobis principebi da iTanamSromlos keTilsindisierad da nayofierad sabWos pirvel TavSi aRniSnuli miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis~ (evropis sabWos wesdeba, muxli 3). 85 evrokavSiris fundamentur uflebaTa qartia, romelsac xeli moewera safrangeTis qalaq nicaSi 2000 wlis 7 noembers, evrokavSiris istoriis ganmavlobaSi pirvelad, erT teqstSi moicavs evrokavSiris moqalaqeTa da mis teritoriaze mcxovreb pirTa samoqalaqo, politikur, ekonomikur da socialur uflebaTa mTel rigs. igi Sevida evropis 2004 wlis 18 ivnisis konstituciis proeqtis meore nawilSi. evrokavSiris konstituciis proeqtis uaryofis Semdeg moxda qartiis adaptireba da gamocxadda 2007 wlis 12 dekembers strasburgSi, lisabonis xelSekrulebis xelmoweris win, riTac qartiam iuridiulad savaldebulo Zala SeiZina. qartiis sruli moqmedeba evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebisTvis kvlav sadavoa, Tumca evrokavSiris arawevri saxelmwifoebisTvisac igi aris mniSvnelovani saxelmZRvanelo dokumenti, gansakuTrebiT ki im qveynebisTvis, romlebic kavSirSi Sesvlis procesSi arian. ix. adamianis uflebebi jandacvis sferoSi, Tb., 2011. 86 evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis (euTo) SemadgenlobaSi Sedis ramdenime organizacia, romlebic uSualod arian dakavebuli adamianis uflebaTa dacviT. saqarTvelo euTos wevri qveyanaa, magram evrokavSirisa jer kidev ara. 184 kari meore evropis sabWoSi gawevrianebisas saqarTvelom ikisra mTeli rigi valdebulebebisa: adamianis uflebaTa konvenciasa da mis damatebiT oqmebTan mierTeba; evropis sabWos farglebSi miRebuli iseTi mniSvnelovani dokumentebis ratificireba, rogorebicaa: wamebisa da araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobisa Tu dasjis aRkveTis evropuli konvencia da misi damatebiTi oqmebi; erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis evropuli CarCokonvencia; evropis socialuri qartia; evropuli konvencia eqstradiciis Sesaxeb da sxva dokumentebi. saqarTvelos daevala: erovnuli kanonmdeblobis evropul konvenciasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana, reformebis gatareba sasamarTlos, prokuraturis, policiis sferoebsa da penitenciarul sistemaSi, saqarTvelodan deportirebul mesxTa dabruneba, umciresobaTa Sesaxeb kanonis miReba, administraciuli zomebis miReba im pirTa sakuTrebisa da saijaro uflebebis aRsadgenad, romlebmac 1990-1994 wlebSi mimdinare konfliqtebis dros dakarges qoneba; aseve gaiwera vadebi TavisuflebaaRkveTil pirTa uflebebis dacvis mizniT penitenciarul sistemaSi reformebis gasatareblad, 1991-1992 wlebSi politikuri areulobis dros dakavebul pirTa saqmeebis xelaxali gadasinjva da sxva. amave valdebulebebidan gamomdinare, evropis sabWom Tavisi rezoluciiT ganacxada, rom awarmoebs monitorings saqarTveloSi arsebul mdgomareobaze misi evrosabWoSi gawevrianebis dRidan.87 evropis sabWoSi gawevrianebam saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos meqanizmebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba misca, evropis sabWos struqturebSi sakuTari uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva xelmisawvdomi gaxada. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi moeqcnen adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa konvenciis dacvis qveS. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia evrosabWos pirveli da uZvelesi dokumentia, romelic icavs samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs da amis paralelurad qmnis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis qmediT meqanizms sazedamxedvelo organos adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos saxiT, romlis gadawyvetilebebi wevri saxelmwifoebisTvis Sesasruleblad savaldebuloa. evropuli konvencia evropis sabWom 1950 wels miiRo. konvencia tipiur evropul tradiciebze aRmocenebuli dokumentia, romelic komunisturi diqtatisa da msoflmxedvelobidan Tavisufali, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis mier Seiqmna. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia Sedgeba preambulisa da 59 muxlisagan. konvencia moqmedebs yvelaze, vinc eqceva `maRali xel87 www.coe.ge. adamianis uflebebi 185 Semkvreli mxareebis iurisdiqciis farglebSi~ (1-li muxli), miuxedavad maTi moqalaqeobisa, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamianis uflebebis evropuli konvencia erTdroulad icavs im pirebs, romlebic arian wevr saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebi, apatridebi, bipatridebi da is ucxoelebi, romlebic evrosabWos wevri saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis qveS imyofebian. konvencia moqmedebs wevr saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciis qveS myof fizikur da iuridiul pirebze. evropuli konvencia konkretul uflebebs Seexeba. esenia: sicocxlis ufleba; wamebis akrZalva; monobisa da iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalva; Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba; samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba; sasjelis ukuqceviTi gamoyenebis akrZalva; piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba; azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba; gamoxatvis Tavisufleba; Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba; qorwinebis ufleba; samarTlebrivi dacvis efeqturi saSualebis gamoyenebis ufleba; diskriminaciis akrZalva. konvenciis mesame nawili Seexeba evropuli sasamarTlos sakiTxebs. konvencias aqvs 14 damatebiTi oqmi, romelTagan ZalaSi Sesulia konvenciis I , II, IV, VI, VII da XII oqmebi. eseni konvenciiT garantirebul uflebaTa gafarToebas exeba. kerZod: konvenciis I damatebiTi oqmiT aRiarebulia qonebiT daubrkoleblad sargeblobis ufleba, ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba, Tavisufali arCevnebis ufleba; IV damatebiTi oqmi uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos teritoriaze kanonierad myofi yvela pirisaTvis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevis uflebas; VI oqmiT aikrZala sikvdiliT dasja mSvidobianobis dros, rac, amave dros, gaxda evrosabWoSi gawevrianebis erT-erTi piroba; VII damatebiTma oqmma sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulSi msjavrdebul pirebs mianiWa maT winaaRmdeg gamotanili sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis zemdgom instanciaSi gasaCivrebisa da mcdari ganaCeniT maTTvis miyenebuli zianis kompensaciis ufleba; akrZala erTi da imave saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis farglebSi myofi piris xelmeored gasamarTleba an im danaSaulisaTvis dasja, romlisTvisac piri ukve gamarTlebuli an msjavrdebuli iyo; konvenciis XII damatebiTi oqmiT aikrZala yovelgvari diskriminacia; XIII oqmma akrZala sikvdiliT dasja nebismier viTarebaSi; 186 kari meore konvenciis XI da XIV oqmebi procesualur sakiTxebs Seexeba da maTSi saubaria evropuli sasamarTlos reorganizaciaze. konvencia pirveli dokumentia, romelmac adamianis uflebaTa dacvis aRsrulebis efeqturi meqanizmi Seqmna. sasamarTlo ixilavs davas – saxelmwifo saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg (magaliTad, adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi ixileba dava – `saqarTvelo ruseTis winaaRmdeg~/“Georgia v. Russia”88) da im pirTa individualur ganacxadebs, romlebic uCivian sakuTar saxelmwifos an evropis sabWos sxva wevr saxelmwifoebs maTi uflebebis darRvevisaTvis (magaliTad, `gurgeniZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg~/“Gurgenidze v. Georgia”).89 ganacxadis Setana ramdenime saxelmwifos winaaRmdegac ki SeiZleba (magaliTad, `Samaevi da 12 sxva ruseTisa da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg~ /“Shamaev and 12 other v. Russia and Georgia”).90 mopasuxe saxelmwifo evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis darRvevis faqtebze pasuxobs, xolo sasamarTlo, gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, – maT winaSe, visi uflebebicaa (fizikuri Tu iuridiuli pirebis) darRveuli. am SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba daekisros mxolod saxelmwifos. aqedan gamomdinare, mopasuxe individualur ganacxadze SeiZleba iyos mxolod saxelmwifo. sasamarTlo iurisdiqcia vrceldeba konvenciisa da misi oqmebis ganmartebasa da gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxze, romlebic mas gadaecema gansaxilvelad. iurisdiqciasTan dakavSirebul sadavo sakiTxebs Tavad sasamarTlo wyvets. sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetileba savaldebuloa xelSemkvreli mxareebisaTvis. zedamxedveloba gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebaze ekisreba ministrTa komitets. evropis konvencia saqarTveloSi moqmedebs uSualod, rogorc saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis ganuyofeli nawili, da Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstituciur SeTanxmebas aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT. saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba konvenciiT aRiarebuli uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs saSualebas aZlevs, mimarTon adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos, romelic strasburgSi mdebareobs. “Georgia v. Russia” V. an VS – laTinurad “Versus” – `winaaRmdeg~. adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi (igive starsburgis sasamarTlo) 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos konfliqtSi dazaralebuli saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis sarCelebi ganixileba ruseTis winaaRmdeg. 89 ganacxadi # 71678/01, 17/01/2007 (gadawyvetileba). 90 saqme # 36378/02, 25/04/2005 (gadawyvetileba). 88 adamianis uflebebi 187 konvenciis farglebSive Seqmnilia sazedamxedvelo organo, romelic Tvalyurs adevnebs wevr saxelmwifoTa mier sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis aRsrulebas. `sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetileba gadaecema ministrTa komitets, romelic zedamxedvelobs mis aRsrulebas~. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia qmnis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis efeqtur meqanizms – sasamarTlos. sasamarTlo, romelic strasburgSi (safrangeTi) mdebareobs, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis efeqturi meqanizmia da misi gadawyvetilebebi yvelaze kargad asaxavs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis xarisxsa da simwvaves ama Tu im wevr saxelmwifoSi. evropuli sasamarTlos dadebiTi gadawyvetileba, aseve adamianis uflebaTa analogiur darRvevaTa momavalSi Tavidan acileba strasburgis meqanizmis sakvanZo sakiTxia. Tavisi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi, evropuli sasamarTlo praqtika ixveweboda da viTardeboda, ayalibebda standartebs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi. evropuli konvenciisa da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali ayalibebs adamianis uflebaTa evropul standartebs, romlebzec dafuZnebulia evropis saxelmwifoTa samarTlebrivi sistema. es ki, Tavis mxriv, avtoritetsa da did popularobas sZens adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos. amis dasturia Sesuli ganacxadebis raodenoba. evrosabWos egidiT miRebul saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa xelmoweriTa da ratificirebiT saqarTvelom ikisra adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa aRiarebis, dacvis, ganmtkicebisa da pativiscemis valdebuleba. am ukanasknelis ganxorcieleba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli saerTaSoriso normebis erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi inkorporirebasa da erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa da saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo praqtikis gamoyenebaze. am valdebulebaTa Semadgeneli nawilia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo praqtika da amave sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi. saqarTvelos sasamarTloebi konkretul saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas mimarTaven evropis adamianis uflebaTa konvenciisa da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samarTals. saqarTveloSi evropuli sasamarTlos popularobis maCvenebelia saqarTvelodan masSi Sesuli sarCelebis raodenoba. marTalia, isini sasamarTloSi Sesul ganacxadTa saerTo raodenobaSi gadamwyvet rols ar asruleben, magram saqarTvelosTvis, misi moqalaqeebisa da 188 kari meore misi iurisdiqciis qveS myof pirTaTvis yovel gadawyvetilebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs (aq igulisxmeba rogorc evrosasamarTloSi mogebuli saqmeebi, aseve evrosasamarTloSi moqalaqeTa mier wagebuli saqmeebic).91 strasburgis sasamarTlos mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg Sesuli da ganxiluli saqmeebi metad mravalferovania da uflebaTa farTo speqtrs moicavs. isini exeba sicocxlis uflebis darRvevis, wamebis, Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis uflebis, samarTliani sasamarTlos, sakuTrebis, arCevnebis, sityvis Tavisuflebis sakiTxebs. evropuli konvencia saqmis sasamarTlo warmoebaSi miRebisaTvis gansazRvravs kriteriumebs, romelTac ganacxadi unda akmayofilebdes, kerZod: • ganacxadi unda exebodes evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebaTa darRvevas; • uflebaTa darRveva unda fiqsirdebodes wevri saxelmwifos mier evropul konvenciaze ratificirebis Semdeg; • amowuruli unda iyos SidasamarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmebi; • gasuli ar unda iyos sasamarTlosTvis ganacxadiT mimarTvidan 6-Tviani vada; • ganacxadi ar unda iyos aSkarad usafuZvlo; • ganacxadi ar unda iyos anonimuri; • ganacxadis borotad gamoyeneba dauSvebelia; • ganacxadi ar unda ixilebodes sxva saerTaSoriso organoebSi. ra Sedegebs unda elodos moqalaqe Tavisi ganacxadis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi? Tu sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom konvencia dairRva, mas SeuZlia, miiRos gadawyvetileba `samarTliani dakmayofilebis~ Sesaxeb, rac gamoixateba fuladi kompensaciiT. kompensaciis gadaxda ekisreba uflebis damrRvev saxelmwifos. magaliTad, saqmeze – `asaniZe v. saqarTvelo~92 – evropulma sasamarTlom aRiara saqarTvelos moqalaqe asaniZis uflebebis darRvevis faqti da mopasuxe saxelmwifos anu saqarTvelos daakisra asaniZisaTvis kompensaciis saxiT 150 000 (as or91 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos ganCinebebi da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxiluli saqmeebi SegiZliaT ixiloT saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros oficialur vebgverdze: http://www.justice.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=103, xolo `enuqiZe da girgvliani v. saqarTvelo~ saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciis oficialur vebgverdze: http://gba.ge/new/admin/editor/uploads/files/newsebis/Girgvliani_ECHR_ GEO_Final.pdf. 92 Asanidze v. Georgia, № 71503/01/08, 04.204, http://www.justice.gov.ge/files/Documents/adam/ asanidze%5B1%5D.pdf. adamianis uflebebi 189 mocdaaTi aTasi) evros (ekvivalenti larebSi) gadaxda angariSsworebis dRisTvis arsebuli kursiT; aseve, 5 000 evros gadaxda gaweuli xarjebisaTvis. sasamarTlo ar aris uflebamosili, gaauqmos saxelmwifos mier gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi an kanonebi; sasamarTlo ar agebs pasuxs Tavisi gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebaze. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebaze zedamxedvelobas axorcielebs evropis sabWos ministrTa komiteti, romlis amocanaa, meTvalyureoba gauwios ganCinebis Sesrulebas da uzrunvelyos nebismieri kompensaciis gadaxda. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi, evropis sabWos egidiT, sxvadasxva dros miRebul iqna 200-ze meti konvencia da Seiqmna mravalferovani meqanizmebi. ganvixiloT mxolod ramdenime maTgani: evropis socialuri qartia. adamianis socialur da ekonomikur uflebaTa dacvis mizniT evropis sabWom 1961 wels miiRo evropis socialuri qartia, romelmac sxvadasxva dros garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada. qartiiT aRiarebul iqna iseTi uflebebi, rogorebicaa: Tanabari samuSao pirobebi, socialuri uzrunvelyofa, axalgazrdebis socialuri, samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri dacva, moxucTa socialuri dacva da sxva. 2005 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma moaxdina evropis socialuri qartiis ratificireba, xolo 2006 wels aRniSnuli dokumenti ZalaSi Sevida. regionalur da umciresobaTa enebis evropuli qartia. qartia miRebul iqna 1992 wels da Seexeba ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebs im enebze, romlebic warmoadgenen umciresobis an regionul enebs. qartiaSi mocemuli sxva uflebebi ukavSirdeba sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros mediaSi administraciul da saxelmwifo struqturebSi gamoyenebuli enis sakiTxebs. erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis CarCokonvencia miRebul iqna evropis sabWos mier 1995 wels. konvenciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo valdebulia, daicvas erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebi, kanonis winaSe Tanasworuflebianoba, kulturuli TviTmyofadoba, umciresobaTa enis gamoyenebis ufleba da sxva. saqarTvelo am konvencias 2005 wels SeuerTda. 190 kari meore nawili meoTxe calkeuli jgufebis uflebaTa dacva saxelmZRvanelos am TavSi saubari iqneba im adamianTa uflebebze, romelTac TavianTi fizikuri, gonebrivi, asakobrivi Tu sxva SesaZleblobebis an garkveuli garemoebebis gamo sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mxridan meti yuradReba sWirdebaT. maT iseTive uflebebi aqvT, rogoric sxva moqalaqeebs, magram maTi uflebebis dacva, maTive mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, ufro met Zalisxmevas moiTxovs saxelmwifosgan. garda amisa, am kategoriis adamianebi xSirad ganicdian diskriminacias, maTi uflebebi ufro naklebadaa daculi, maTdami damokidebulebaSi arsebobs stigma, aseT adamianebs xSirad ar ZaluZT sakuTari uflebebis dacva, da sxvisi daxmarebis imedad arian. nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: • rogor aris daculi erovnuli da eTnikuri umciresobebis da sxva jgufebis uflebebi? • vin CaiTvleba devnilad da rogoraa daculi maTi uflebebi? • vin da rogor icavs bavSvis uflebebs? • ras niSnavs genderuli Tanasworoba? adamianis uflebebi 191 umciresobaTa uflebebi sazogadoeba istoriis ganviTarebis yovel safexurze gadis garkveul gamocdas tolerantobaze. amerikeli pastoris, ralf u. sokmenis, gamonaTqvami – `simamacis testi maSin dgeba, rodesac Cven umciresobaSi varT, tolerantobisa ki umravlesobaSi yofnisas~ – naTlad gamoxatavs sxvadasxva erovnuli, religiuri, Tu sxva saxis umciresobebisadmi Semwynareblobis arss. Tavi 4.1 SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa uflebebi Cven garSemo mravladaa adamiani, romlebic TavianTi fizikuri Tu gonebrivi mdgomareobis gamo gansakuTrebul movlasa da mzrunvelobas saWiroeben. maTi SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare, maT SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebs uwodeben.93 Tavdapirvelad gavarkvioT, Tu vin CaiTvleba SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirad (SSmp). es aris adamiani, romelsac daavadebis, travmis, gonebrivi Tu fizikuri defeqtis Sedegad, janmrTelobis metnaklebad moSlis gamo, darRveuli aqvs organizmis sasicocxlo funqciebi, rac ganapirobebs profesiuli Sromis unaris srul an nawilobriv dakargvas, anda yofa-cxovrebis arsebiTad gaZnelebas, rasac igi mihyavs qmedunarianobis droebiT an mudmiv SezRudvamde da socialuri dacvis saWiroebamde.94 SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebis yofa gamoixateba sazogadoebis damokidebulebis, sazogadoebrivi institutebisa da mate93 SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa (SSmp) uflebebis dacvisas problemas qmnis zusti statistikuri monacemebis arqona. SSmp-Ta raodenoba aiTvleba arsebuli monacemebis pensiis mimReb pirTa raodenobidan da ar aris sruli, radgan am saxelmwifo socialuri momsaxurebiT sargebloben mxolod mkveTrad da mniSvnelovnad gamoxatuli SesaZleblobis SezRudvis statusis mqone pirebi da zomierad gamoxatuli SesaZleblobis SezRudvis statusis mqone pirTa viwro wre, rac, 2010 wlis monacemebiT, Seadgens 138 614 SSmp-s. ix. socialuri momsaxurebis saagentos monacemebi: http://ssa.gov.ge/uploads/Pension%20122010%20ge/Book1.xls; saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis perioduli angariSi, 2010, gv. 497. 94 saqarTvelos kanoni `samedicino-socialuri eqspertizis Sesaxeb~, me-3 b muxli. 192 kari meore rialuri garemos imgvari erTobliobiT, romlis Sedegad sxvadasxva fizikuri, fsiqoemociuri, gonebrivi Tu sensomotoruli problemis mqone adamianebs (SSmp) ar gaaCniaT pirovnuli ganviTarebisa da TviTrealizaciis Tanabari SesaZlebloba. unarebis SezRudvis fenomens mravali aspeqti aqvs. dRemde SSmp-Ta problemebi ganixileboda mxolod jandacvis prizmaSi da aRiqmeboda rogorc samedicino problema, romlis identifikacia safuZvels uqmnis socialuri dacvis garkveuli meqanizmebis amoqmedebas – konkretulad, invalidobis pensiasa da zogierT finansur SeRavaTs, agreTve garkveuli samedicino momsaxurebis miRebis SesaZleblobas. amasTan, aranakleb mniSvnelovania am problemis sxva aspeqtebic, romlebic ukavSirdeba, erTi mxriv, aseTi adamianebis reabilitacias, raTa isini ukeT moergon arsebul garemos; meore mxriv, TviT fizikuri da socialuri garemos Secvlas im mimarTulebiT, rom maT mieceT meti SesaZlebloba, CaerTon sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi da srulad isargeblon yvela im SesaZleblobiTa Tu momsaxurebiT, razec qveynis sxva moqalaqeebs miuwvdebaT xeli. amdenad, SSmp-Ta sakiTxebi unda ganixilebodes, pirvel rigSi, adamianis uflebebis WrilSi: diskriminaciis aRmofxvris, socialuri CarTulobis (inkluziis) da SesaZleblobebis gaTanabrebis TvalsazrisiT, rac moiTxovs ara marto maTi uflebebis samarTlebriv uzrunvelyofas, aramed mizandasaxul politikas da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, `pozitiuri qmedebis~ principis amoqmedebas. adamianis uflebebi da interesebi daculia imis miuxedavad, adamiani janmrTelia Tu SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piria (SSmp). Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebs iseTive uflebebi aqvT, rogoric janmrTel adamianebs, magram aris sferoebi, sadac amgvari adamianebis uflebaTa realizaciisas kanonmdebeli damatebiT garantiebs iTvaliswinebs – naTesavis an kanonieri warmomadgenlis yolas. xSirad aRniSnuli pirebisaTvis uflebebis qona maTi realizaciis SesaZleblobas ar niSnavs. magaliTad, pirs, romelsac aqvs gadaadgilebis ufleba, specialuri transportis an Senoba-nagebobebis mis moTxovnilebebTan SeuTavseblobis gamo, realurad ar SeuZlia am uflebiT sargebloba; usinaTlos, romelsac aqvs survili, miiRos ganaTleba, brailis SriftiT dabeWdili saxelmZRvaneloebisa da specialuri swavlebis meTodis gareSe am uflebis realizacia ar ZaluZs. adamianis uflebebi 193 Sesaferisi garemo pirobebis ararsebobis gamo, maTi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, es pirebi xSirad diskriminirebulni arian. isini diskriminacias ganicdian dasaqmebis, ganaTlebis, jandacvis sferoSi, samoqalaqo, politikuri, socialuri uflebebis ganxorcielebisas. saxelmwifo valdebulia, uzrunvelyos da xeli Seuwyos SSmp-ebis mier adamianis yvela uflebiTa da ZiriTadi TavisuflebiT srul sargeblobas yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis safuZvelze. am miznis misaRwevad saxelmwifo movalea: miiRos yvela saWiro sakanonmdeblo, administraciuli an sxva zoma SSmp-Ta uflebebis dasacavad; miiRos yvela saWiro zoma, kanonmdeblobis CaTvliT, raTa Secvalon an gaauqmon arsebuli kanonebi, dadgenilebebi, Cveulebebi da saxelmwifoTa praqtika, romelic diskriminaciulia SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa mimarT; gaiTvaliswinos SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa uflebebis dacva da xelSewyoba yvela mimarTulebasa da programaSi (jandacvis, socialuri uzrunvelyofis, ganaTlebis); miiRos yvela saWiro zoma, raTa aRmofxvras nebismieri piris, organizaciis an kerZo sawarmos mier ganxorcielebuli diskriminacia SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis safuZvelze. imisTvis, rom SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebs damoukideblad cxovrebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi srulad monawileobis saSualeba mieceT, saxelmwifom unda mimarTos yvela Sesabamis zomas, raTa am pirebs, sxvebTan Tanabar pirobebSi, xeli miuwvdebodeT fizikur garemoze, transportze, informaciasa da komunikaciaze sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis CaTvliT, da sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdom sxva saSualebebsa da momsaxurebaze, rogorc qalaqSi, aseve qalaqgareT. es gulisxmobs Senobebis, gzebis, satransporto da sxva Sida Tu gare saSualebebis, maT Soris: skolebis, sacxovrebeli saxlebis, samedicino dawesebulebebisa da samuSao adgilebis pandusebiTa da sxva saSualebebiT mowyobas, rac xels Seuwyobs SSmp-Ta daubrkolebliv gadaadgilebas. swored am suliskveTebiTaa gamsWvaluli 2006 wlis gaeros konvencia da misi damatebiTi oqmebi. marTalia, saqarTvelom 2009 wlis 10 ivliss xeli moawera konvencias da mis damatebiT oqms (misi ZaliT iqmneba saxelSekrulebo organo, romelic saSualebas aZlevs individs an saxelmwifos, gaasaCivros specialur komitetSi SSmp-Ta uflebebis darRveva, aseve iTvaliswinebs saxel- 194 kari meore mwifoTa mier perioduli angariSebis wardgenis valdebulebas), Tumca dRemde ar momxdara misi ratificireba saqarTvelos parlamentis mier.95 saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis 2011 wlis rekomendaciaSi, romelic man warudgina saqarTvelos parlaments, aRniSnulia: SSmp-Ta uflebebi daculia saqarTvelos konstituciiT, romelic aRiarebs yvela moqalaqis ZiriTad uflebebs; kanoniT `samedicino-socialuri eqspertizis Sesaxeb~, romliTac xdeba qmedunarobis SezRudvis xarisxis dadgena; saqarTvelos kanoniT `fsiqiatriuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb~, romelic aregulirebs fsiqikurad daavadebul pirTa uflebebs, samedicino da samarTlebrivi daxmarebis meqanizmebs, misi kanonieri warmomadgenlis, samedicino dawesebulebisa da saxelmwifos valdebulebebs aseTi piris mimarT; sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT, romelic sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas awesebs SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piris uflebebis SezRudvaze; aseve samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsi, romliTac ganisazRvreba araqmeduunaro pirisTvis meurvis daniSvnis wesi da saarCevno kodeqsiT, romelmac SesaZlebloba misca SSmp-ebs, kerZod ki usinaTloebs, brailis Sriftis meSveobiT waikiTxon da xma miscen maTTvis sasurvel kandidats an partias arCevnebSi. Tavi 4.2 erovnuli da eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebi saqarTvelo odiTganve iyo da dRemde rCeba tolerantulobis unikaluri gamocdilebis mqone qveynad. tolerantuli damokidebulebis testi erovnul da eTnikur umciresobaTa mimarTac gamoiyeneba. saqarTvelo eTnikuri, kulturuli da religiuri TvalsazrisiT mravalerovani qveyanaa. es saxelmwifos mxridan moiTxovs erovnul umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli politikis SemuSavebas da am politikis cxovrebaSi gatarebas. saqarTvelos konstitucia aRiarebs: 95 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2009 wlis 15 dekembers # 978 gankargulebiT damtkicebuli `SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa socialuri integraciis 2010-2012 wlebis samTavrobo samoqmedo gegma~ iTvaliswinebs, faqtobrivad, yvela im valdebulebas, romelic gawerilia gaeros SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa konvenciaSi. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis wliuri moxseneba, 2010, gv. 498-499. adamianis uflebebi 195 `saqarTvelos moqalaqeni Tanaswori arian socialur, ekonomikur, kulturul da politikur cxovrebaSi, ganurCevlad maTi erovnuli, eTnikuri, religiuri Tu enobrivi kuTvnilebisa. saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis Sesabamisad, maT ufleba aqvT, Tavisuflad, yovelgvari diskriminaciisa da Carevis gareSe, ganaviTaron TavianTi kultura, isargeblon dedaeniT pirad cxovrebaSi da sajarod~ (saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 38.1). ras niSnavs erovnuli umciresoba? miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ar arsebobs erovnuli umciresobis erTiani cneba, saerTaSoriso eqspertTa da saerTaSoriso organoTa ZalisxmeviT Camoyalibda erovnuli umciresobis terminis gansazRvreba: erovnuli umciresoba saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb moqalaqeTa jgufia, romelic ricxobrivad mcirea ZiriTad mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT da gansxvavdeba misgan Tavisi eniT, religiiT, eTnikuri kuTvnilebiT.96 umciresobaTa winamorbedebad gvevlinebian `religiuri umciresobebi~. feodalur samyaroSi, romelic ar icnobda eris cnebas, saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen sxva qveyanaSi mcxovreb erTmorwmuneTa dacvas am qveyanaSi gabatonebuli maTTvis ucxo religiisagan, risTvisac aseT qveynebTan debdnen saTanado SeTanxmebas. XVII s-idan moyolebuli, evropuli saxelmwifoebis praqtikaSi xSirdeba am saxis xelSekrulebani erTmaneTs Soris (mag.: vestfaliisa da insbrukis 1648 wlis xelSekrulebani, venis 1815 wlis kongresis aqtebi da sxv.). XX s-idan religiur umciresobaTa dacva icvleba `erovnul umciresobaTa~ interesebis uzrunvelyofiT. poloneTTan, CexoslovakiasTan, iugoslaviasTan, ungreTTan, bulgareTTan, rumineTTan, saberZneTTan da TurqeTTan dadebul xelSekrulebebSi inglisma da safrangeTma Seitanes specialuri punqtebi `erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb~. analogiur termins iyenebda erTa ligac, romelsac uSualod ekisreboda erovnul umciresobaTa interesebis dacva. gaero uaryofs erovnul umciresobaTa uflebas – uSualod mimarTon mas peticiiT, magram, amasTan erTad, TviT saxelmwifoebis mimarT aZlierebs adamianisa da erebis Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebis xelSeuxeblobis moTxovnebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, damnaSave saxelmwifos mimarT sanqciad iZulebis formebi gamoiyeneba. gaeros wesdeba ar xmarobs termins – `erovnuli umciresoba~, magram sxvadasxva instrumentebiTa da meqanizmebiT qmnis maTi dacvis realur garantiebs. 96 mravalferovnebis marTvis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2010. 196 kari meore 1992 wels gaerom miiRo deklaracia `im pirTa uflebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic erovnul Tu eTnikur, religiur Tu enobriv umciresobebs miekuTvnebian~. deklaraciis mixedviT, erovnul umciresobebs unda mieceT ufleba, Tavisuflad eziaron TavianT kulturas, religias, gamoiyenon TavianTi ena sajaro da pirad cxovrebaSi, aqtiurad miiRon monawileoba qveynis kulturul, religiur, sazogadoebriv, ekonomikur Tu saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi, saxelmwifos centraluri Tu adgilobrivi organoebis im gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi, romlebic exeba umciresobis beds; saxelmwifoebi iReben zomebs, raTa kanonis winaSe sruli Tanasworobis safuZvelze uzrunvelyon umciresobaTa yoveli warmomadgenlisaTvis adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa realizacia; uqmnian maT xelsayrel pirobebs, raTa saSualeba miscen, gamoamJRavnon TavianTi Taviseburebani, ganaviTaron TavianTi kultura, ena, religia, tradiciebi da Cveulebani, Tu maTi konkretuli saqmianoba ar ewinaaRmdegeba qveynis erovnul kanonmdeblobasa da saerTaSoriso samarTals. Tavis mxriv, am umciresobebma saTanado angariSi unda gauwion imas, rom akrZalulia yovelgvari saqmianoba, romelic `ewinaaRmdegeba gaeros miznebsa da principebs, maT Soris saxelmwifoTa suverenuli Tanasworobis, tradiciuli mTlianobisa da politikuri damoukideblobis principebs~ (muxli 8.4). swored es azria gatarebuli saqarTvelos konstituciaSic: `saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis Sesabamisad, umciresobaTa uflebebis ganxorcieleba ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes saqarTvelos suverenitets, saxelmwifo wyobilebas, teritoriul mTlianobasa da politikur damoukideblobas~ (muxli 38.2). erovnul umciresobaTa sakiTxi mwvaved idga ssr kavSiris daSlis procesSi, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac ssr kavSiris 1990 wlis aprilis kanoniT avtonomiur respublikebsa da sxva avtonomiebs ufleba miecaT, TviTonve gadaewyvitaT TavianTi bedi da gamoyofodnen im respublikas, romelic ssr kavSiridan gamosvlas daapirebda. pirvel rigSi, es Seexo saqarTvelos, azerbaijansa da moldovas, sadac ewyoboda e.w. eTnikuri konfliqtebi, romlebic ruseTis reaqciuli wreebis mier iyo inspirirebuli da maTi uSualo daxmarebiT sargeblobda. es wreebi cdilobdnen, Signidan aefeTqebinaT damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli yofili `mokavSire respublikebi~, magram amas dabrkolebas uqmnida da uqmnis saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba, romelic uaryofs nebismieri erovnuli umciresobis wadils, calmxrivad gamoeyos saxelmwifos. adamianis uflebebi 197 erovnuli umciresobis problemas did yuradRebas aqcevs `evropuli CarCokonvencia erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb~97 da evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1992 wels damtkicebuli `regionuli Tu umciresobaTa enebis qartia~. mxareebi iReben valdebulebas, uzrunvelyon eTnikuri, religiuri da enobrivi jgufebis wevrTa kulturuli, religiuri, enobrivi da adaT-Cveulebebis dacva da xelis Sewyoba maTi ganviTarebisaTvis, ar dauSvan maTi diskriminacia sazogadoebrivi da politikuri cxovrebis arc erT sferoSi.98 `im pirebs, romlebic erovnul umciresobas miekuTvnebian, am jgufis danarCen wevrebTan erTad, aqvT ufleba, hqondeT TavianTi kultura, isargeblon mSobliuri eniT, daaarson skolebi da miiRon ganaTleba maTTvis sasurvel enaze, agreTve misdion TavianT religias~.99 erovnuli umciresobis cnebasTan mWidro kavSirSia erovnuli warmomavlobis cneba, romelsac ramdenime mniSvnelobiT iyeneben: a) erisadmi kuTvnilebis, wminda eTnikuri (ena, adaT-Cveulebebi da a.S.) mniSvnelobiT. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia aRniSnavs, rom CamoTvlili uflebebi `miniWebuli unda hqondes yvela adamians, ganurCevlad raime gansxvavebisa – rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis, religiis, politikuri Tu sxva mrwamsis, erovnuli Tu socialuri warmomavlobis mixedviT~. evropuli konvencia adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb kidev ufro azustebs: a) akrZalulia diskriminacia, erovnuli da socialuri warmoSobis, erovnuli umciresobis kuTvnilebis ganurCevlad (muxli 14); b) moqalaqeobis aRmniSvnel terminad gamoiyeneba “Citizenship”, “Nationality”, rac ganpirobebuli iyo evropaSi erebis CamoyalibebiT, erovnuli suverenitetisa da e.w. eri saxelmwifoebis (Nation States) CamoyalibebiT (italia, safrangeTi da sxv.). amitom ama Tu im ucxo qveynis sakonsuloSi vizis misaRebad Sesavsebi anketis grafaSi “nationality” Caiwereba ara eTnikuri mniSvnelobiT erovneba (qarTveli, somexi, azerbaijaneli), aramed rogorc pirovnebis moqalaqeoba. (mag.: didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, italiis da a. S.) saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, aseT kiTxvaze vizis momTxovnma unda Caweros – `saqarTvelos~, rac moqalaqeobis da ara erovnuli warmomavlobis aRmniSvnelia. 97 ZalaSi Sevida 1.02.1998. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso leqsikoni-cnobari, gv. 91. 99 evrosabWos CarCokonvencia eTnikur umciresobaTa Sesaxeb. 98 198 kari meore rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli evropuli komisia, arsebul saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv masalaze dayrdnobiT askvnis: `dauSvebelia nebismieri saxis diskriminacia adamianisa Tu adamianTa jgufis mimarT rasis, kanis feris, religiis, enis, moqalaqeobis (“nationality”), erovnuli (“national”) da eTnikuri warmoSobis safuZvelze~. aqve komisia aRniSnavs, rom termini `erovneba~ (“Nationality”) mas esmis ise, rogorc es aRniSnulia `evropul konvenciaSi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~, romelic acxadebs: `erovneba~ (Nationality) niSnavs samarTlebriv kavSirs pirovnebasa da saxelmwifos Soris da ar miuTiTebs pirovnebis eTnikur warmoSobaze~. safrangeTisa da ucxoeTis sxva saxelmwifoebis kanonebi `moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~ iyeneben termins – “Nationality”, rogorc `moqalaqeobis~ aRmniSvnels.100 evrosabWos egidiT miRebul `erovnul umciresobaTa CarCokonvenciaSi~, romlis monawile saqarTvelocaa, erovnul umciresobaSi Semaval yvela pirs aqvs ufleba, Tavad gadawyvitos, surs Tu ara mas moepyron rogorc erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenels. am debulebis Tanaxmad, yvelas, vinc erovnul umciresobas miekuTvneba, SeuZlia Tavad gansazRvros, isargeblos Tu ara dacvis im garantiebiT, romlebic CarCokonvenciiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. eri im xalxis erTobaa, vinc moaxdina TviTgamorkveva, aqvs saerTo istoria, ena, kultura, qveyana. ers marTavs erTi damoukidebeli mTavroba, aqvs damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, teritoria, saerTo wes-Cveulebebi, warmomavloba da istoria.101 erovnuli umciresobebisagan gansxvavebiT, eTnikuri jgufi, eTnikuri warmomavloba istoriulad Camoyalibebuli adamianTa mdgradi socialuri, sazogadoebrivi erTobaa, romelsac aqvs saerTo ena, adaTCveulebebi, miTebi, kultura, rwmena. eTnikur erTobas qmnis eri – mravalsaukunovani eTnikuri warmonaqmni, romelic eri-saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mosaxleobaa, an sxva erTan erTad marTavs saxelmwifos. eTnikur jgufebSi SedarebiT mcirericxovani Temebia, romlebic istoriulad arseboben saxelmwifos teritoriaze da gansxvavdebian danarCeni mosaxleobisagan Tavisi adaT-CvevebiT, eniT, kulturiT, rwmeniT. eTnikuri jgufi aris adamianTa erToblioba, romelic iziarebs erT an ramdenime maxasiaTebels, iseTebs, rogorebicaa: ena, naTesaoba, warmoSoba, rasa, kultura, religia, istoria an fizikuri garegnoba.102 100 adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis leqsikoni-cnobari, Tb., 2005, gv. 92. erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis marTva, red.: j. javaxiSvili, n. sarjvelaZe, Tb., 2007. 102 mravalferovnebis marTvis safuZvlebi, red. m. miTagvaria, Tb., 2010. 101 adamianis uflebebi 199 zogierTi eTnikuri jgufi cdilobs, xazi gausvas am gansakuTrebulobas da ewinaaRmdegeba asimilacias. zogi erwymis umravlesobaSi myof mosaxleobas – ers, magram inarCunebs yofiT Taviseburebebs, enas an dialeqts. Tanamedrove saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aqtebi krZalavs nebismier diskriminacias `erovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmomavlobis safuZvelze~. agresiuli separatizmi iyenebs eTnikur Taviseburebebs eTnikuri jgufis wevrTa Tavisi politikuri zraxvebis realizaciaSi Cabmis mizniT, rac akrZalulia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTliT. erovnuli da eTnikuri umciresobebis cneba kavSirSia rasobrivi diskriminaciis akrZalvis sakiTxTan. rasobrivi diskriminaciis akrZalvis sakiTxi figurirebs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis yvela saerTaSoriso aqtSi, iqneba es adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa paqti, evropuli konvencia, gaeros konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis likvidaciis Sesaxeb, Tu evropuli CarCokonvencia umciresobaTa Sesaxeb. rasobrivi diskriminaciis103 amkrZalavi normebi uxvad moiZebneba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo aqtSi. Sromis kodeqsSi, sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb kanonSi, danaSaulad aris aRiarebuli adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis darRveva maTi rasis, kanis feris, enis, sqesis, religiisadmi damokidebulebis, aRmsareblobis, politikuri an sxva Sexedulebis, erovnuli, eTnikuri, socialuri, romelime wodebisadmi an sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebisadmi kuTvnilebis, warmoSobis, sacxovrebeli adgilis an qonebrivi mdgomareobis gamo, ramac arsebiTad xelyo adamianis ufleba (saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli 142). amave normatiul aqtSi ganmartebulia: `rasobrivi diskriminacia, ese igi qmedeba, Cadenili erovnuli an rasobrivi mtrobis an ganxeTqilebis Camogdebis, erovnuli pativisa da Rirsebis damcirebis mizniT, agreTve rasis, kanis feris, socialuri kuTvnilebis, erovnuli an eTnikuri warmomavlobis niSniT adamianis uflebebis pirdapiri an arapirdapiri SezRudva, anda imave niSniT adamianisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba~ (saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli 142.1) . 103 ganmarteba mocemulia winamdebare naSromSi, gv. 148. 200 kari meore Tavi 4.3 devnilTa uflebebi moqalaqeebs xSirad erTmaneTSi eSlebaT ori termini `ltolvili~ da `iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri – devnili~. unda gvaxsovdes, rom es ori sxvadasxva statusis mqone piria. ltolvilad iTvleba saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semosuli saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis armqone piri, romlisaTvisac saqarTvelo ar aris misi warmoSobis qveyana da romelic iZulebuli gaxda, daetovebina Tavisi moqalaqeobis an mudmivad sacxovrebeli qveyana, radgan idevneboda rasis, religiis, erovnuli kuTvnilebis, romelime socialuri jgufis kuTvnilebis gamo; iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri devnili `saqarTvelos moqalaqe an saqarTveloSi mudmivad mcxovrebi moqalaqeobis armqone piria, romelic iZulebuli gaxda, daetovebina mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili da gadaadgilebuliyo (saqarTvelos teritoriis farglebSi) im mizeziT, rom safrTxe Seeqmna mis an misi ojaxis wevrebis sicocxles, janmrTelobas an Tavisuflebas ucxo qveynis agresiis, Sida konfliqtebis an adamianis uflebaTa masobrivi darRvevis gamo~ (saqarTvelos kanoni `iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa – devnilTa Sesaxeb~, 1-li muxli). amJamad saqarTveloSi 573 ltolvilia, devnilTa ricxvi ki, mTavrobisa da gaeros monacemebiT, 130 aTas adamianze meti (okupirebuli samxreT oseTidan da misi mosazRvre regionebidan). devnilTa didi nawilis sacxovrebel adgilebSi Semdgomi dabrunebis miuxedavad, 2008 wlis noembris mdgomareobiT, 35 aTas devnilze meti (ZiriTadad, okupirebul samxreT oseTidan) kvlav gadaadgilebulad rCeba da maTi umravlesoba axlo momavalSi ver SeZlebs dabrunebas.104 dReisaTvis saqarTvelos teritoriaze myofi devnilebis uflebebi regulirdeba `iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa – devnilTa~ Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT. `iZulebiT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelo principebis~ mixedviT, `iZulebiT gadaadgilebulad iTvlebian is pirebi an pirTa jgufebi, romlebic gamoZevebul iqnen an iZulebuli gaxdnen, daetovebinaT TavianTi saxli an mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili, raTa gaqceodnen SeiaraRebul konfliqts, sayovelTao Zaladobas, adamianis uflebaTa xelyofasa da stiqiur an adamianis mier Seqmnil katastrofebs da, amasTan, ar gadaukveTiaT saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli saxelmwifo sazRvari~. zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebi erTmaneTisagan 104 saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan gadaadgilebul pirTa, gansaxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministros monacemebi. ix.: http://mra.gov.ge. adamianis uflebebi 201 gansxvavdeba imiT, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi devnilebad ar moiazrebian adamianebi, romlebic stiqiuri an xelovnurad Seqmnili katastrofebis msxverplni arian. am Seusabamobis axsna im faqtiT SeiZleba, rom saqarTveloSi Seqmnil migraciisa da gansaxlebis komitets (amJamad: saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa, gansaxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministro) konsultaciebs uwevda gaeros ltolvilTa saqmeebis umaRlesi komisariati, romlis mandati ar iTvaliswinebs devnilTa aseT kategorias. garda amisa, 1996 wlisTvis swored SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis Sedegad gadaadgilebul pirebs hqondaT yvelaze seriozuli problemebi. `iZulebiT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelo principebis~ Tanaxmad, `iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, Tanaswor safuZvelze unda sargeblobdnen imave uflebebiTa da TavisuflebiT, riTac sargebloben sxva pirebi TavianT qveyanaSi. maT ar unda ganicadon raime saxis diskriminacia TavianTi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebisas im mizeziT, rom isini iZulebiT arian gadaadgilebuli~. samarTlebrivad devnilebi iseTive uflebiT sargebloben, rogoriTac saqarTvelos sxva moqalaqeebi. Tumca, amasTanave, devnilis gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba qmnis saWiroebas, rom misTvis arsebobdes samarTlebrivi da socialuri dacvis damatebiTi garantiebi. amisaTvis is qveyana, sadac devnilebi arian, unda ayalibebdes sistemas, romelic uzrunvelyofs devnilebis dacvas am damatebiTi garantiebiTa da meqanizmebiT. sistemis Camoyalibebis procesSi ki mniSvnelovania, rom saxelmwifom isargeblos da gaiTvaliswinos am sferoSi arsebuli saerTaSoriso gamocdileba.105 saqarTvelos ltolvilTa da devnilTa samarTlebrivi da socialuri sakiTxebis mogvareba, ZiriTadad, ekisreba saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa, gansaxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministros (SemdgomSi – `saministro~). saqarTvelos teritoriaze iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi devnilis statusis misaRebad gancxadebiT mimarTaven okupirebuli teritoriebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa, gansaxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministros. Tu piri iZulebuli iyo, daetovebina saqarTvelos teritoria da imyofeba sazRvargareT, mas SeuZlia, mimarTos saqarTvelos diplomatiur warmomadgenlobas an sakonsulos. devnilis statusis mosapoveblad piri avsebs gancxadebas da mimarTavs ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministros an am saministros teritoriul organoebs. 105 SemuSavebulia saqarTveloSi gadaadgilebul pirTa – devnilTa mimarT saxelmwifo strategia da strategiis ganxorcielebis gegma (2009-2012). 202 kari meore statusis miniWebis SemTxvevaSi aseT pirs aZleven specialur mowmobas, romelic ZalaSia piradobis damadasturebel mowmobasTan erTad (me2 muxlis me-8 da me-10 punqtebi). devnilis statusi ar gauqmdeba maSin, rodesac piri qorwindeba, Seicvlis sacxovrebel adgils da gadadis saqarTvelos sxva regionSi, magram savaldebuloa, man gaiaros registracia. devnilis statusi SesaZlebelia mieniWos devnilis bavSvsac, Tuki erT-erTi mSobeli an orive devnilia. Tavi 4.4 bavSvis uflebebi sazogadoebaSi arsebobs jgufebi, romlebic gansakuTrebul dacvas moiTxoven. saxelmwifos aqvs pozitiuri valdebuleba maTi dacvis efeqturi meqanizmebis Sesaqmnelad. saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli dacvis qveS myof pirTa Soris moiazrebian bavSvebi. 1989 wels gaeros egidiT miRebul `bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciaSi~ miTiTebulia, rom `bavSvad iTvleba 18 wlamde asakis yvela adamiani, Tu im kanoniT, romelic bavSvze vrceldeba, srulwlovanebis ufro adreuli asaki ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli~ (bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia, 1-li muxli). konvenciis safuZvelze bavSvebs aqvT ufleba, dakmayofildes maTi ZiriTadi saWiroebebi: arseboba, usafrTxoeba, janmrTelobis dacva, sakvebisa da wylis misawvdomoba; maT aseve aqvT ufleba, hqondeT sakuTari potencialis srulad ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba: es aris ganaTleba, TamaSi, sporti, sakuTari Sexedulebebis gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da monawileoba im gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, romlebic maT exebaT. konvenciiT yvela bavSvs erTi da igive uflebebi aqvs, yvela ufleba urTierTdakavSirebuli da Tanaswori mniSvnelobisaa. konvencia exeba, aseve, bavSvebis pasuxismgeblobas – pativi scen sxva adamianebis, gansakuTrebiT TavianTi mSoblebis uflebebs. gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciaSi 54 muxlia, romelTagan TiToeulSi gansazRvrulia gansxvavebuli ufleba. es uflebebi iyofa oTx jgufad: arseboba, dacva, ganviTareba da monawileoba. arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi aRiarebs bavSvis sicocxlis uflebas da uflebas, dakmayofilebul iqnes arsebobisTvis aucilebe- adamianis uflebebi 203 li saWiroebebi. esenia: sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli da sakmarisi sakvebi racioni, sacxovrebeli, cxovrebis adekvaturi done da janmrTelobis dacvis misawvdomoba. ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi gansazRvravs imas, rac bavSvs sWirdeba Tavisi potencialis srulad ganviTarebisTvis. esenia: ganaTleba, dasveneba da Tavisufali dro, kulturuli saqmianoba, informaciis misawvdomoba da azris, sindisisa da religiuri rwmenis Tavisufleba. dacvasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi moiTxovs, rom bavSvebi dacul iyvnen yovelgvari formis Seuracxyofis, ugulebelyofisa da eqspluataciisagan. es uflebebi exeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa: ltolvili bavSvebis sagangebo dacva, dacvis saSualebebi momuSave bavSvebisaTvis da im bavSvebis dacva da reabilitacia, romlebmac ganicades raime formis Zaladoba an eqspluatacia. monawileobasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi aRiarebs, rom yvela bavSvs unda mieces SesaZlebloba, aqtiuri roli Seasrulos Tavis Temsa da sazogadoebaSi. es uflebebi moicavs Sexedulebis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas da uflebas, bavSvis Sexedulebebs saTanado yuradReba daeTmos im sakiTxebSi, romlebic mis cxovrebaze axdens zemoqmedebas. bavSvis unarebis ganviTarebasTan erTad unda gaizardos maTi SesaZlebloba, monawileoba miiRon sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, raTa moemzadon pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse zrdasruli cxovrebisaTvis. konvenciis ZiriTadi muxlidan oTxs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, es muxlebi konvenciis `saerTo principebad~ aris cnobili: muxli II: uzrunvelyofil unda iqnes konvenciaSi gaTvaliswinebuli yvela ufleba TiToeuli bavSvisTvis nebismieri saxis diskriminaciis gareSe. muxli III: bavSvis mimarT nebismier qmedebaTa ganxorcielebisas upirvelesi yuradReba unda daeTmos bavSvis interesebis dacvis ukeT uzrunvelyofas. muxli VI: yovel bavSvs aqvs sicocxlis, gadarCenisa da ganviTarebis ufleba. muxli XII: bavSvis Sexedulebebs saTanado yuradReba unda daeTmos yvela im sakiTxSi, romelic mis cxovrebaze axdens zemoqmedebas. 204 kari meore bavSvis uflebaTa konvencias aqvs ori damatebiTi oqmi: 1. fakultatiuri oqmi bavSvebiT vaWrobis, bavSvTa prostituciisa da bavSvTa pornografiis Sesaxeb (2000); 2. fakultatiuri oqmi SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi bavSvebis monawileobis Sesaxeb (2000). konvenciaSi gamoxatulia bavSvisa da bavSvobis cnebis axali xedva. bavSvebi arc TavianTi mSoblebis sakuTreba arian da arc qvelmoqmedebis ususuri obieqtebi. isini adamianebi arian, romlebsac sakuTari uflebebi aqvT. bavSvTa uflebebis am saxiT aRiarebiT konvencia mTlianad bavSvze axdens koncentrirebas.106 rodesac qveyana axdens adamianis uflebaTa instrumentis ratificirebas, rogoric aris bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia, mas an pirdapir Seaqvs konvenciis debulebebi Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi, an sxvagvarad kisrulobs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis valdebulebis Sesrulebas. `xSirad is faqti, rom arsebobs kanoni zogierTi uflebis dasacavad, sakmarisi ar aris, Tu es kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs yvela iuridiul uflebamosilebas da instituts am uflebaTa efeqtiani ganxorcielebisTvis~.107 bavSvis uflebaTa dacvis mizniT, saxelmwifo valdebulia izrunos qmediTi erovnuli meqanizmebis Sesaqmnelad. saqarTvelo bavSvis uflebaTa konvencias 1994 wels SeuerTda. konvenciis moTxovnaTa Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo axorcielebs bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul debulebaTa implementacias erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi. bavSvs (arasrulwlovans) iseTive uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi aqvs, rogoric srulwlovan adamians, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda (magaliTad, saarCevno ufleba). adamianis uflebebis, maT Soris, bavSvis uflebaTa dacva garantirebulia saqarTvelos konstituciis II TaviT. yvela ZiriTadi ufleba, romelTa dacvac garantirebulia konstituciis meore TaviT, Seexeba bavSvis uflebaTa dacvasac. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, arasrulwlovania piri, romelsac ar miuRwevia 18 wlis asakisaTvis. samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad (1997), arasrulwlovani piri aris uflebaunariani da 7 wlis asakidan CaiTvleba SezRudul qmedunarianad. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, srul qmedunarianad adamiani iTvleba 18 wlis asakidan, anu es aris piri, ro106 bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalistika, saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis, Tb., 2011, gv. 32. 107 ibid.: gv. 33. adamianis uflebebi 205 melic Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebiT srulad axorcielebs sakuTar uflebebsa da movaleobebs. uflebaunarianoba pirs eniWeba dabadebis momentidan gardacvalebis momentamde. gamonaklisia memkvidreobis ufleba, romelic adamians warmoeSoba Casaxvis momentidan da am uflebis realizacia damokidebulia bavSvis dabadebaze. SezRuduli qmedunarianoba imas niSnavs, rom mas ar SeuZlia, sruli moculobiT SeiZinos da ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi (magaliTad, dados garigeba). 7 wlamde asakis bavSvi mcirewlovani da qmeduunaroa. mis uflebebs axorcielebs meurve an mzrunveli. meurveoba – meurveoba wesdeba bavSvze, romelsac ar miuRwevia Svidi wlis asakisaTvis. mzrunveloba ki wesdeba arasrulwlovanze Svidi wlis asakidan Tvramet wlamde. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi (1997) iTvaliswinebs or garemoebas, romlis drosac, gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas, piri CaiTvleba emansipirebulad da utoldeba srulwlovan, srul qmedunarian pirs: 1. 16 wlis asaks miRweuli piris qorwineba; 2. kanonieri warmomadgenlis mier 16 wlis asaks miRweuli pirisaTvis sawarmos damoukideblad gaZRolis uflebis miniWeba. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, saqorwino asakad gansazRvrulia Tvrameti weli, Tumca qorwinebisas uSvebs gamonakliss. gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi Teqvsmeti wlis asakidan daqorwineba daiSveba mSoblebis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlebis winaswari werilobiTi TanxmobiT. Tanxmobaze mSoblebis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlebis uaris SemTxvevaSi pativsadebi mizezebis arsebobisas dasaqorwinebel pirTa gancxadebis safuZvelze daqorwinebis nebarTvis gacema SeuZlia sasamarTlos. samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsisa da `moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, bavSvi dabadebisTanave iZens gvars, saxelsa da moqalaqeobas. 14-idan 18 wlamde bavSvis moqalaqeobis Secvla SeiZleba mxolod misi TanxmobiT. bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis IX muxlis Tanaxmad, yvela bavSvi unda izrdebodes ojaxSi da ar daSordes Tavis mSoblebs maTi survilis sawinaaRmdegod. es moTxovna asaxulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi. Svilebis aRzrdis yvela sakiTxs mSoblebi urTierTSeTanxmebiT wyveten. mSobelTa SeuTanxmeblobis SemTxvevaSi sadavo sakiTxs wyvets sasamarTlo, mSoblebisa da arasrulwlovanis monawileobiT. 206 kari meore bavSvis uflebebi daculia mSoblebis ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSic. Tu ganqorwinebis gamo an sxva mizeziT bavSvis mSoblebi cal-calke cxovroben, maT SeTanxmebazea damokidebuli, Tu visTan icxovrebs arasrulwlovani Svili. meuRleTa Soris davis SemTxvevaSi am sakiTxs wyvets sasamarTlo, bavSvis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. arasrulwlovans aqvs dacvis ufleba mSobelTa (sxva kanonier warmomadgenelTa) mxridan uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg. arasrulwlovnis uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis darRvevisas, maT Soris, mSobelTa (erT-erTi mSoblis) mier bavSvis aRzrdasTan, ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli movaleobebis Seusruleblobis an arasaTanadod Sesrulebisas, an mSoblis uflebis borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, arasrulwlovans ufleba aqvs, damoukideblad mimarTos meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebs, 14 wlis asakidan ki sasamarTlos. samoqalaqo davebis ganxilvisas, 14 wlis asakamde mowmis dakiTxvisas, xolo sasamarTlos SexedulebiT 14-idan 18 wlis asakamde mowmis dakiTxvis drosac, iwveven pedagogs, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba moiwvion agreTve mSoblebi, mSvileblebi, meurveebi an mzrunvelebi. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba icavs bavSvis interesebs gaSvilebisas kanoniT `bavSvis Svilad ayvanisa da mindobis Sesaxeb~ (2010). 10 wels miRweuli bavSvis gaSvileba misi Tanxmobis gareSe ar daiSveba. kanoni mkacrad icavs Svilad ayvanis konfidencialobis dacvis uflebas. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, dasjadia Svilad ayvanis saidumloebis gamJRavneba; piradi an ojaxuri saidumlos xelyofa. bavSvis janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba da am sferoSi misi nebis pativiscema aisaxa saqarTvelos sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo aqtSi, esenia: saqarTvelos kanoni `janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb~; kanoni `pacientis uflebaTa Sesaxeb~; kanoni `organoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb~ da sxva. arasrulwlovan pacientTa uflebebi yvelaze ufro kargad vlindeba saqarTvelos kanonSi `pacientTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~ (2000), romelic arasrulwlovan pacientebs iseTsave uflebebs aniWebs, rogorsac srulwlovans, garda im specifikuri SemTxvevebisa, rodesac asakis gamo pacienti mometebul yuradRebas saWiroebs. magaliTad, informirebuli Tanxmobis micema raime samedicino manipulaciisas. kanonmdebeli did yuradRebas uTmobs arasrulwlovnis janmrTelobis Sesaxeb informaciis dacvas. mSoblebs an kanonier warmomadgenlebs arasrulwlovnis janmrTelobis Sesaxeb informacia ar miewodeba, Tu informaciis miwodebis winaaRmdegia TviT qmedunariani arasrulwlo- adamianis uflebebi 207 vani pacienti, aseve 14-idan 18 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovani pacienti, romelic, samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis SexedulebiT, sworad afasebs sakuTari janmrTelobis mdgomareobas da romelmac eqims mimarTa sqesobrivad gadamdebi daavadebis an narkomaniis mkurnalobis, kontracefciis, araqirurgiuli meTodebis Sesaxeb konsultaciis miRebis an orsulobis xelovnurad Sewyvetis mizniT. bavSvis uflebebis dacva garantirebulia saqarTvelos kanoniT `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ (2005). kanonis Tanaxmad, moswavles ufleba aqvs: • Tanabar pirobebSi, diskriminaciis gareSe, dadgenili wesiT, saskolo dros an skolis teritoriaze isargeblos am TaviT daculi da skolis mier aRiarebuli yvela uflebiTa da TavisuflebiT, agreTve skolis yvela resursiT; • saxelmwifo icavs moswavlisa da mSoblis saganmanaTleblo arCevanis Tavisuflebas; • moswavle daculi unda iyos arasaTanado mopyrobisgan, uyuradRebobisa da Seuracxyofisagan; • moswavles aqvs sakuTari uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb codnis ufleba; • moswavleebs ufleba aqvT, flobdnen informacias TavianTi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, agreTve maTi SezRudvis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb; • skola valdebulia, yovel axal moswavles gaacnos Tavisi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi; • uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvisas moswavles gonivrul vadaSi ganumartos SezRudvis safuZveli; • moswavles ufleba aqvs, piradad an arCeuli warmomadgenlis meSveobiT monawileoba miiRos skolis marTvaSi; • miiRos skolaSi arsebuli nebismieri informacia, garda piradi saidumloebis Semcveli informaciisa; • moiTxovos da miiRos skolis mier masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxis gadawyvetileba; • moiTxovos misi azris mosmena da monawileoba miiRos ganxilvaSi uSualod an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT. saqarTvelos kanoniT `bavSvTa da axalgazrduli kavSirebis saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWeris Sesaxeb~ (1999) daculia bavSvebis mier Seqmnili sxvadasxva saxis organizacia – bavSvTa kavSirebi. saqarTvelos kanoniT `reklamis Sesaxeb~ (1998) daculia arasrulwlovnis uflebebi. kerZod, reklamis warmoebis, ganTavsebisa da gavrcelebis dros arasrulwlovanTa gulubryvilobisa da gamoucdelo- 208 kari meore bis borotad gamoyenebisagan maTi dacvis mizniT; saqarTvelos kanoni `mavne zegavlenisagan arasrulwlovanTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ (2001) gulisxmobs im mavne zegavlenisagan dacvas, romelic dakavSirebulia alkoholuri sasmelebisa da Tambaqos moxmareba-gasaRebasTan, azartul TamaSobebSi monawileobasTan, iseTi filmebis Cvenebasa da nabeWdi produqciis moxmareba-gasaRebasTan, romlebmac SeiZleba ziani miayenos arasrulwlovanis fsiqikur an/da fizikur janmrTelobas, mis moralur da socialur ganviTarebas. analogiur akrZalvas Seicavs saqarTvelos kanoni `mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb~ (2004), romlis mixedviTac, ikrZaleba bavSvTa da mozardTa fizikur, gonebriv da zneobriv ganviTarebaze mavne zegavlenis momxdeni programebis im dros ganTavseba, roca maT mier am programebis naxvis an mosmenis didi albaToba arsebobs. arasrulwlovanTa SromiTi uflebebis dacvis garantiebi Camoyalibebulia saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi (2006). saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, zogadad, iTvaliswinebs Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciisa (ILO) da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis rezoluciebsa da standartebs. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, samuSaoze miRebis minimaluri asakia 16 weli. ar aris akrZaluli 16 wlamde arasrulwlovnis dasaqmeba, magram kanonmdebeli miuTiTebs im pirobebze, romlebic arasrulwlovnis dasaqmebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT: kanonieri warmomadgenlis an mzrunvelobis/meurveobis organos Tanxmoba; rodesac …SromiTi urTierTobebi ar ewinaaRmdegeba arasrulwlovanis interesebs; zians ar ayenebs mis zneobriv, fizikur da gonebriv ganviTarebas; ar uzRudavs mas savaldebulo dawyebiTi da sabazo ganaTlebis miRebis uflebas da SesaZleblobas. 14 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovanTan SesaZlebelia SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba mxolod sportul, xelovnebasTan dakavSirebul da kulturis sferoSi saqmianobaze, aseve sareklamo samuSaos Sesasruleblad. akrZalulia arasrulwlovanTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba saTamaSo biznesTan, Ramis gasarTob dawesebulebebTan, erotikuli da pornografiuli produqciis, farmacevtuli da toqsikuri nivTierebebis damzadebasTan, gadazidvasa da realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. Sromis kodeqsiT akrZalulia arasrulwlovanTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba mZime, mavne da saSiSi samuSa- adamianis uflebebi 209 oebis Sesasruleblad. SromiTi kodeqsi zRudavs arasrulwlovanis 24 saaTidan 6 saaTamde dasaqmebas. bavSvis uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebi Cadebulia saqarTvelos kanonSi `ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis, ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTa dacvisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb~ (2006). ojaxSi Zaladoba gulisxmobs ojaxis erTi wevris mier meoris konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis darRvevas fizikuri, fsiqologiuri, ekonomikuri, seqsualuri ZaladobiT an iZulebiT. kanonis Tanaxmad, bavSvis mimarT fizikuri Zaladobis kvalis arsebobisas kanoniT dadgenili wesiT unda daisvas bavSvis misi mSoblebisagan gancalkevebis sakiTxi. sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde droebiTi RonisZiebis saxiT damcavi orderis safuZvelze xdeba bavSvis gancalkeveba moZalade mSoblisagan. sasamarTlo gansazRvravs moZalade mSoblis mier bavSvis monaxulebis vadebs. am drosac kanoni mkacrad icavs bavSvis usafrTxoebas. mSobels bavSvis monaxulebis ufleba SeiZleba mieces mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca mis mimarT daculi iqneba usafrTxoebis yvela zoma, romlebic gulisxmobs monaxulebis adgils, dros, periodulobas, xangrZlivobas da bavSvis usafrTxoebis moTxovnebis dacvaze pasuxismgebeli piris arsebobas. Tu bavSvis mimarT usafrTxoebis zomebi daculi ar aris, izRudeba moZalade mSoblis mier bavSvis monaxulebis ufleba. bavSvis usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT, moZaladis mier bavSvis motacebis an sxva saxis zianis miyenebis realuri safrTxis arsebobisas, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT, moZalades SeiZleba aekrZalos misi monaxulebis ufleba garemoebis Secvlamde.108 ojaxSi Zaladobis faqtze operatiuli reagirebisaTvis uflebamosili organos mier msxverplis dacvisa da moZaladis garkveuli moqmedebebis SezRudvis uzrunvelsayofad, droebiTi RonisZiebis saxiT, SesaZlebelia gacemul iqnes Semakavebeli an damcavi orderi. bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis 32-e muxli krZalavs bavSvis monuri Sromis gamoyenebas. analogiuri akrZalva mocemulia: `transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg~ gaeros konvenciaSi, mis damatebiT oqmsa da „adamianebis, gansakuTrebiT qalebisa da bavSvebis trefikingis Tavidan acilebis, aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb~ oqmis SinaarsSic.109 108 1980 wlis haagis konvencia `bavSvebis gatacebasTan dakavSirebuli samoqalaqo aspeqtebis Sesaxeb~. 109 saqarTvelo SeuerTda 2006 wels. 210 kari meore trefikingi (adamianiT vaWroba) – adamianis yidva an gayidva, an mis mimarT sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba, agreTve muqariT, ZaladobiT an iZulebis sxva formiT, motacebiT, SantaJiT, TaRliTobiT, motyuebiT, umweo mdgomareobis an Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebiT, sazRauris anda sargeblis micemis an miRebis gziT im piris Tanxmobis misaRwevad, romelsac sxva pirze zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia, adamianis gadabireba, gadayvana, gadamalva, daqiraveba, transportireba, gadacema, Sefareba, anda miReba eqspluataciis mizniT. arasrulwlovniT vaWroba (trefikingi) – arasrulwlovnis yidva an gayidva, an mis mimarT sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba, agreTve misi gadabireba, gadayvana, gadamalva, daqiraveba, transportireba, gadacema, Sefareba, anda miReba eqspluataciis mizniT. trefikingis msxverpl bavSvTa uflebebis dacva xorcieldeba transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg gaeros konvenciis oqmis adamianebiT, gansakuTrebiT qalebiTa da bavSvebiT, trefikingis Tavidan acilebis, aRkveTisa da dasjis, agreTve `adamianebiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb~ evropis sabWos konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli bavSvis uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebiT da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier miRebuli saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. am dokumentebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi gaTvaliswinebulia specialuri muxlebi: adamianiT vaWroba (trefikingi); arasrulwlovaniT vaWroba (trefikingi); adamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) msxverplis (dazaralebulis) momsaxurebiT sargebloba. saqarTveloSi moqmedebs specialuri kanoni `adamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb~ (2006), romliTac daculia bavSvis uflebebi. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba yuradRebas uTmobs kanonTan konfliqtSi myofi mozardisadmi efeqtur, samarTlian da humanur damokidebulebas da cdilobs, erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi am sferoSi daamkvidros saerTaSoriso standartebi. administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsiT administraciuli pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis momentisaTvis Teqvsmeti wlis asaks miRweul pirebs, magaliTad: metropoliteniT sargeblobis wesebis darRveva; wvrilmani xulignoba an xulignoba, Cadenili ToTxmetidan Teqvsmet wlamde mozardis mier, wvrilmani qurdoba da sxva. administraciuli patimroba ar SeiZleba SeefardoT Tvrameti wlis asaks miuRwevel pirebs. adamianis uflebebi 211 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi Seicavs arasrulwlovanTa uflebebis dacvis normaTa mTel rigs. ss kodeqsis mTeli Tavi aqvs daTmobili ojaxisa da arasrulwlovnis winaaRmdeg mimarTul iseT danaSaulebs, rogorebicaa: arasrulwlovnis Cabma antisazogadoebriv qmedebaSi; arasrulwlovnis mimarT ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba Svilad ayvanis mizniT; Svilad ayvanis mizniT fexmZime qalebis winaswari SerCeva da mSobiarobisaTvis saqarTvelos farglebs gareT gayvanis SesaZleblobis Seqmna an aseT gaSvilebaSi xelis Sewyoba; Svilad an Svilobilad ayvanis wesis darRveva; arasrulwlovanis prostituciaSi Cabma ZaladobiT, SantaJiT an motyuebiT; arasrulwlovanis gamosaxulebis Semcveli pornografiuli nawarmoebis damzadeba, aseTi masalis SeTavazeba, reklamireba; arasrulwlovanis Cabma pornografiuli nawarmoebis an sagnis damzadebasa da gasaRebaSi. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi gansazRvrulia danaSaulebi, romlebic Cadenilia arasrulwlovanTa winaaRmdeg (arasrulwlovani msxverpli) da isini pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebel garemoebad iTvlebian. sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas an misgan gaTavisuflebisas arasrulwlovnad iTvleba is, visac danaSaulis Cadenamde Seusrulda ToTxmeti weli, magram ar Sesrulebia Tvrameti weli. damnaSavis asakidan da Cadenili danaSaulis simZimidan gamomdinare, arasrulwlovans eniSneba sasjeli an aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis RonisZieba. ssk iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobisa da sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebis pirobebs. sasamarTlos SeuZlia, arasrulwlovnis mimarT gamoiyenos aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis iZulebiTi RonisZieba Semdegi pirobebis arsebobisas: danaSauli Cadenili unda iyos arasrulwlovnis mier; Cadenili danaSauli unda iyos naklebad mZime; sasamarTlom arasrulwlovnis gamosworeba mizanSewonilad unda miiCnios aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis iZulebiTi RonisZiebis gamoyenebiT. saxelmwifo axali saproceso kanonmdeblobiT cdilobs, arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa mimarT gaataros liberaluri politika da Semoaqvs novaciebi arasrulwlovanTa mediaciisa da ganridebis institutis saxiT. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs saproceso garantiebs arasrulwlovan dakavebul da msjavrdebul pirTaTvis. arasrulwlovan dakavebul pirebs aqvT konstituciiT garantirebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi: udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, advokatis ufleba, sasjelis moxdis pirobebSic samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, sasamarTlo ganxilvis gonivruli vadis dacva da sxva. 212 kari meore gamomZiebelTan, prokurorTan, sasamarTloSi arasrulwlovnis gamoZaxeba xorcieldeba misi mSoblebis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlebis TanxlebiT. gamoucxadeblobisas sssk iTvaliswinebs arasrulwlovnis asakis mixedviT gansxvavebul midgomas da adgens, rom 14-18 wlis arasrulwlovnis iZulebiT moyvana dasaSvebia. arasrulwlovnis danaSaulis Sesaxeb saqmiswarmoebaSi arasrulwlovani eWvmitanilis an braldebulis pirveli dakiTxvisTanave monawileobs arasrulwlovnis pedagogi an kanonieri warmomadgeneli. arasrulwlovnis kanonieri warmomadgeneli SeiZleba iyos: mSobeli, axlo naTesavi, meurve, mzrunveli. advokatis monawileoba savaldebuloa sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. advokatis movaleobaa, detalurad ganumartos bavSvs, misTvis gasageb enaze, arasrulwlovnis uflebebi da maTi gamoyenebis wesebi. agreTve, uzrunvelyos, rom kiTxvebi saTanadod da samarTlianad iyos dasmuli da ar iyos metismetad mkacri. gansxvavebiT advokatisagan, kanonieri warmomadgenlis monawileoba arasrulwlovnis fsiqologiur da emociur mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofs, xolo damcvelis monawileoba – samarTlebriv daxmarebas. sssk iTvaliswinebs arasrulwlovani piris dakiTxvis procesSi advokatis monawileobis paralelurad arasrulwlovani braldebulis kanonieri warmomadgenlis an pedagogis daswrebas. Svid wlamde asakis arasrulwlovani SeiZleba daikiTxos mxolod misi mSoblis an maTi ararsebobisas meurvis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlis TanxmobiT. arasrulwlovani eWvmitanilisa da braldebulis dakiTxva ar SeiZleba Seusveneblad gagrZeldes 2 saaTze metxans, xolo mTlianad – dReSi 4 saaTze metxans, Tu arasrulwlovani aSkarad daiRala, dakiTxva unda Sewydes aRniSnuli drois gasvlamdec. arasrulwlovnis iZulebiTi RonisZiebis saxiT dakavebis SesaZlebloba gamoiyeneba, Tu arsebobs Semdegi garemoebebi: a) pirs waaswres danaSaulis Cadenisas an CadenisTanave; b) TviTmxilvelebi, maT Soris dazaralebulebic, pirdapir miuTiTeben am pirze, rogorc danaSaulis Camdenze; g) pirze, masTan an mis tansacmelze aRmoCndeba Cadenili danaSaulis aSkara kvali; d) piri miimala danaSaulis Cadenis Semdeg, magram Semdgom igi amoicno dazaralebulma; adamianis uflebebi 213 e) piris mimarT gamotanilia ganCineba (dadgenileba) Zebnis warmoebis Sesaxeb; v) piri SesaZloa miimalos. dakavebis SemTxvevaSi, policiis TanamSromeli valdebulia ganumartos arasrulwlovans, misTvis gasageb enaze da formiT, dakavebis safuZvlebi da sssk-iT misTvis miniWebuli uflebebi. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos (mosamarTlis) ganCinebiT (dadgenilebiT), 16 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis saqme ganixileba mTlianad an nawilobriv daxurul sxdomaze, anu 16-idan 18 wlamde arasrulwlovnis saqmes sasamarTlo ganixilavs saerTo wesiT Ria sasamarTlo sxdomaze. dazaralebuli – piri, romelmac danaSaulis momzadebis, mcdelobis an danaSaulis Cadenis Sedegad miiRo fizikuri, moraluri an/da qonebrivi ziani. saqarTvelos kodeqsi `patimrobis Sesaxeb~ (2010), zogadad, iTvaliswinebs gaeros patimarTan mopyrobis minimalur standartul wesebs. TavisuflebaaRkveTil arasrulwlovnebTan mopyrobis gaeros wesebi (`pekinis deklaracia~), arasrulwlovanTa Soris damnaSaveobis profilaqtikis gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebi (`el-riadis wesebi~); bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis, evropis cixis wesebis standartebi gansazRvravs arasrulwlovanTa dakavebis adgilebSi moTavsebis pirobebs. ToTxmetidan Tvramet wlamde arasrulwlovani Tavisuflebis aRkveTisas sasjels ixdis arasrulwlovanTa specialur dawesebulebaSi. mZime danaSaulisaTvis msjavrdebuls aTavseben sxva msjavrdebulebisagan gancalkevebiT. `patimrobis kodeqsi~ adgens arasrulwlovani msjavrdebulis uflebebs. bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis dacvas monitorings uwevs gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti, romelic erovnul angariSebs iRebs sxvadasxva qveynis mTavrobebisgan da paralelur angariSebs – arasamTavrobo organizaciebisgan. 2008 wlis 20 maiss gamarTul 1316-e da 1317-e sxdomebze (ix.CRC/C/ SR.1316 da 1317) komitetma ganixila saqarTvelos mesame perioduli `bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis 44-e muxlis Tanaxmad monawile saxelmwifos mier warmodgenili angariSi~ (CRC/C/CR /GEO/3) da 2008 wlis 6 ivniss 1342-e sxdomaze daamtkica mTeli rigi daskvniTi SeniSvnebisa, romlebic Seexeba saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier miRebuli 2008-2011 wlebisaTvis bavSvebze zrunvis samoqmedo gegmas da im sakiTxs, rom gegma ar mo- 214 kari meore icavs konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul yvela sferos da saxelmwifo biujetidan ver xerxdeba misi sruli dafinanseba. SeniSvnebi exeba: diskriminaciis akrZalvas, jandacvis sakiTxebs, arasrulwlovanTa Sromas da sxva. komitetma saqarTvelos misca rekomendaciebi bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciiT daculi uflebebis Sesrulebis Taobaze. Tavi 4.5 genderuli Tanasworoba genderi sqesTa Soris urTierTobis socialuri aspeqtia, romelic gamoxatulia sazogadoebis yvela sferoSi da gulisxmobs socializaciiT ganpirobebul Sexedulebebs ama Tu im sqesze, xolo genderuli Tanasworoba adamianis uflebaTa nawilia, romelic gulisxmobs qalisa da mamakacis Tanaswor ufleba-movaleobebs, pasuxismgeblobas da Tanasworuflebian monawileobas piradi da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.110 saqarTvelos kanoni `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ (2006) diskriminaciad ganixilavs sqesis niSniT nebismier gansxvavebas, gamijvnas an/da SezRudvas, romlebic gamoxatulia uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis gansxvavebuli aRiarebiT, SesaZleblobebis araTanabari warmoCeniT da SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes iribi an pirdapiri diskriminaciis formiT. pirdapiri diskriminacia gulisxmobs samarTlebrivi aqtebis, programis, sajaro politikis safuZvelze piris sqesis niSniT diskriminaciul mdgomareobaSi Cayenebas, maSin, rodesac irib diskriminaciaSi gulisxmoben iseTi samarTlebrivi aqtebis, sajaro politikisa Tu programebis arsebobas, romlebic pirdapir ar miuTiTebs diskriminaciaze, magram romelTa ganxorcieleba dakavSirebulia diskriminaciuli Sedegebis miRebasTan. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba de jure TvalsazrisiT aRiarebs sqesTa Tanasworobis princips. Tumca Tanasworobis sakiTxi de facto TvalsazrisiT problemad rCeba. saqarTveloSi qalisa da kacis Tanasworoba deklarirebulia konstituciis XIV muxliT: `yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia, ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa~. konstitu110 kanoni „genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb“, gzamkvlevi, 26.03.2010, Tb., 2009. adamianis uflebebi 215 ciis es norma asaxavs qalisa da kacis diskriminaciisagan daculobis valdebulebas maTi sqesis miuxedavad,111 Tumca igi ar aris sakmarisi am uflebiT sruli sargeblobisaTvis, saerTaSoriso aqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac miTiTebulia qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianobaze, kerZod: Sromis anazRaurebis, ojaxis Seqmnis, socialuri dazRvevisa da sxv. konstituciiT aRiarebulia Tanasworuflebianobis principi zogadad. rac Seexeba qalis (dedis) uflebebs, is orjeraa moxsenebuli konstituciaSi – Sromisa (30-e muxli) da dedaTa da bavSvTa uflebebis (36-e muxli) dacvis WrilSi. saqarTvelosaTvis saxelSekrulebo organoebis mier micemul rekomendaciebSi miTiTebulia, rom am uflebiT srulfasovnad sargeblobisTvis saxelmwifos mxridan saWiroa Sesabamisi qmedebebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanasworuflebianobis Sesaxeb konstituciur normaSi moxseniebuli ar aris `qali~, diskriminaciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb konstituciis XIV muxlSi sqess moixsenieben sxva iseT kategoriebTan erTad, rogorebicaa: eTnikuri niSani, asaki da sxva. konstituciaSi gamoyenebulia terminebi: `adamiani~, `moqalaqe~ an `yvela piri~, rac aRniSnuli orive sqesis warmomadgenlis uflebebze miuTiTebs da xazs usvams, rom saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs sqesis mixedviT gansxvavebis aucilebloba. konstituciiT qals iseTive uflebebi aqvs, rogoric mamakacs jandacvaze (37-e muxli), Sromaze (30-e muxli), ganaTlebaze (36-e muxli) da sxva. analogiuri mdgomareobaa saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT. erovnuli sakanonmdeblo baza aRiarebs diskriminaciis dauSveblobisa da genderuli Tanasworobis principebs. sakanonmdeblo aqtebi axdenen sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebis deklarirebas, Tumca yvela debuleba ar aris gajerebuli Tanasworobis realuri dacvis RonisZiebebiTa da konkretuli sqemebiT. magaliTad: saarCevno kodeqsi, romelic aRiarebs qalisa da mamakacis Tanabar pasiur da aqtiur saarCevno uflebas, Tumca am uflebis uzrunvelmyofi konkretuli samarTlebrivi normebis ararseboba disbalanss iwvevs pasiuri saarCevno uflebebis realizaciisas. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi ar ixmareba termini `genderul niadagze Zaladoba~, magram kanoni `ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis, ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTa dacvisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb~ da kanoni `adamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb~ aregulireben swored genderul niadagze ZaladobasTan brZolis sakiTxebs. am termins ver vxvdebiT verc 2010 wlis 26 marts miRebul kanonSi `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~. sisxlis samarTlis kodeq111 T. sabedaSvili, genderi da demokratizacia, saqarTvelo – 1991-2006, Tb., 2007. 216 kari meore si danaSaulad acxadebs `adamianis Tanasworuflebianobis darRvevas~ (142-e muxli). miuxedavad bolo wlebSi ganxorcielebuli garkveuli cvlilebebisa, demokratiuli ganviTarebis gzaze qalis uflebebsa da genderuli Tanasworobis politikas adekvaturi yuradReba ar eqceva. qalTa uflebebisa da genderuli Tanasworobis problemebma Tavi iCina ara marto politikaSi (amis dasturia saqarTveloSi yvela donis xelisuflebis organoTa arCevnebis Sedegebi), aramed dabalia socialur-ekonomikuri maCvenebelic (dasaqmeba, siRatake, jandacva da sxva). mTeli simwvaviT dgas es problema soflad (qalebis masobrivi dausaqmebloba, jandacvis programebze xelmiuwvdomloba, profesiuli gadamzadebis xelmiuwvdomloba), devnilTa, eTnikur umciresobaTa (xSirad es vlindeba enobrivi barieris dauZlevlobaSi) da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa uflebebisa da interesebis ignorirebaSi. adamianis uflebaTa da qalis diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris komitetebi (CEDAW) mouwodeben saxelmwifos, ganagrZos muSaoba, raTa gandevnos genderuli stereotipebi da gaaZlieros Sexedulebebi genderis sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT saskolo programebSi. amis uzrunvelsayofad 2007 wlis 26 seqtembers #211 dadgenilebiT Seiqmna saqarTvelos genderuli Tanasworobis SemmuSavebeli uwyebaTaSorisi komisia, momzadda da 2007 wlis 26 seqtembers damtkicda mTavrobis #539 brZaneba: `saqarTveloSi genderuli Tanasworobis politikis ganxorcielebis RonisZiebaTa 2007-2009 wlebis samoqmedo gegmis~ Sesaxeb. samoqmedo gegmis pozitivad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 2010 wlis martSi parlamentis mier miRebuli kanoni `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ da `genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad gansaxorcielebeli 2011-2013 wlebis samoqmedo gegma~. genderuli Tanasworobis kanoni, miuxedavad misi dadebiTi momentebisa, srulad ver moicavs qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb gaeros konvenciis standartebs, Tumca kanonis miReba TavisTavad mniSvnelovani instrumentia cnobierebis asamaRleblad. kanoniT SemoTavazebuli aRsrulebis meqanizmebis efeqturad asamuSaveblad mniSvnelovania qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis rekomendacia aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi iseTi instituciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic genderul sakiTxebze imuSavebs. kanoni `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ wingadadgmuli nabijia, magram aqvs garkveuli xarvezebi: kanoni deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa. adamianis uflebebi 217 principebis doneze warmoaCens genderuli Tanasworobis paToss, axdens Sromis kanonmdeblobis, saojaxo samarTlisa da sxva sferoebSi samarTlebriv doneze gabatonebuli debulebebis akumulirebas, Tumca ar miuTiTebs aRniSnuli principebis aRsrulebis xelSemwyob meqanizmebze: 1. ar ikveTeba im pirTa valdebulebebis CamonaTvali, vis xelSia gadawyvetilebis miRebis berketebi; 2. ar aris gawerili proceduruli RonisZiebebi, pirdapiri Tu iribi diskriminaciis pirobebSi diskriminebul pirTa uflebebis dasacavad; 3. diskriminaciis faqtis dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi ar aris gawerili kompensaciis odenoba da misi gadaxdis wesi; 4. ar arsebobs diskriminaciis konkretuli formebis specialuri CamonaTvali. mag.: Sromis, socuzrunvelyofis, jandacvis, ganaTlebis sferoebis mixedviT. miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, unda SevniSnoT, rom genderuli Tanasworobis damkvidreba procesia, romelic saqarTvelom nabij-nabij unda gaiaros, kanonmdeblobis srulyofisa da misi uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebis SemuSavebis gziT ganaxorcielos. kari mesame samoqalaqo sazogadoeba mesame karis saTauria – `samoqalaqo sazogadoeba~. demokratiuli sazogadoebis wevrebs ufleba aqvT miznebis dasadgenad, saWiroebis gansasazRvrad, sajaro politikaze zegavlenis mosaxdenad da xelisuflebis mxridan angariSvaldeblebis mosaTxovad organizebulad iTanamSromlon. es samoqalaqo sazogadoebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. xelisuflebis angariSvaldebulebis moTxovnasa da cvlilebaTa advokatirebaSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba sakmaod Zlier instruments warmoadgens. am karSi Tqven gaecnobiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istorias da mis, rogorc mTavrobis sapirwone Zalis, mniSvnelobas. aseve miiRebT informacias dRevandel saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis moqmedebebis Sesaxeb. karis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT upasuxoT iseT sakvanZo kiTxvebs, rogoricaa: ra aris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi? ra aris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis funqcionirebis aucilebeli pirobebi? ra mimarTebaa xelisuflebasa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris? ra roli da adgili aqvs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas demokratizaciis procesSi? ra mimarTebaa samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da saarCevno process Soris? ra istoria aqvs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas saqarTveloSi? ra gamowvevebi aqvs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi? samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 219 nawili pirveli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis istoria da arsi am nawilSi warmodgenilia eTnikuri umciresobebisa da politikuri oponentebis mimarT saxelmwifos damokidebulebis SemTxvevebi (case study). axalgazrda demokratiebis saxelmwifoebSic ki, totalitarul reJimebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis deficitis SemTxvevaSi, adamianis uflebebs sfrTxe emuqreba. mesame karis pirvel nawilSi ganvxilavT moqalaqis adgils demokratiul sazogadoebaSi da davaxasiaTebT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis funqcionirebis pirobebs. CamovTvliT pirovnebis Tavisuflebaze dafuZnebul samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovan ramdenime Taviseburebas, romlis gareSec misi funqcionireba SeuZlebelia. nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT upasuxoT iseT kiTxvebs, rogoricaa: • eTnikuri da samoqalaqo identobebi anu vin aris moqalaqe? • ra adgili uWiravs moqalaqes totalitarul sazogadoebaSi? • ra adgili uWiravs moqalaqes demokratiul sazogadoebaSi? • ra aris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobisa da funqcionirebis ZiriTadi pirobebi? • ra ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas da ra funqcias asrulebs igi saxelmwifoSi? 220 kari mesame vin aris moqalaqe da ra aris samoqalaqo sazogadoeba? saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi adamianebis umravlesoba sakuTar Tavs erovnebasTan aigivebs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom frazaSi `me var qarTveli~ igi pirvel yovlisa eTnikurad qarTvels gulisxmobs da ara – saqarTvelos moqalaqes, qarTuli saxelmwifos nawils, saxelmwifoSi mimdinare procesebze pasuxismgebel subieqts. Sesabamisad, nebismier sxva eTnosis warmomadgenels `ucxod~ ganixilavs. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxva eTnosebis warmomadgenlebic Tavs ufro eTnikurad somxebs, azerbaijanelebs, qurTebs miakuTvneben da samoqalaqo identoba naklebad aqvT. imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovrebi adamiani sakuTar identobas qarTul saxelmwifos ukavSirebdes, saWiroa man Tavi am saxelmwifos nawilad igrZnos. amis miRweva ki SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos mSeneblobis, demokratizaciis procesSi monawileobis gareSe. swored es procesi uwyobs samoqalaqo identobis Camoyalibebas da imis gacnobierebas, rom eTnikurad qarTveli, somexi, azerbaijaneli, qurTi, rusi, leki, boSa, ebraeli da sxva saxelmwifos srulfasovani wevrebi da qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebze Tanabrad pasuxismgebeli moqalaqeebi arian. saqarTvelos istoriaSi aris magaliTebi, roca sxva eTnosis warmomadgeneli saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, romelTac aranaklebi wvlili aqvT Setanili qarTul kulturaSi, Civian maTi meorexarisxovnebis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxze debatebi pirveli respublikis (1918-1921) periodSic mimdinareobda, roca pirveli arCevnebi Catarda da pirveli parlamenti, damfuZnebeli kreba, Seikriba. anastasia Tumaniancis ambavi anastasia Tumanianci (1849-1932) eTnikurad somexi saqarTvelos moqalaqea da saganmanaTleblo moZraobis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. igi iyo sabavSvo Jurnalis `jejili~ damfuZnebeli, samecniero-politikuri Jurnalis `kvali~ (1893-1904) redaqtori, maswavlebel da aRmzrdel qalTa sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare (1884-1906). 1918-1921 wlebis pirveli respublikis periodSi, roca saqarTveloSi pirveli arCevnebi Catarda da pirveli parlamenti, damfuZnebeli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 221 kreba Seikriba, anastasiam gamoTqva ukmayofileba imis gamo, rom Tavad isic da saqarTveloSi macxovrebeli somxebic am procesisagan gariyulebi aRmoCndnen. igive moxda Tbilisis sakrebulos arCevnebisas. misi aRSfoTeba gansakuTrebiT gaamZafra eqim ivane gomarTelis werilma (Jurnali `leila~, 1920), sadac avtori somxebs adanaSaulebs imaSi, rom isini sakuTari samSoblos, saqarTvelos, erTgulni ar arian da maT Seaxsenebs saiaTnovas (1712-1795), romelic Tbiliss sakuTar samSoblod ganixilavda. Tanamedrove somxebs ki urCevs swored saiaTnovasgan aiRon magaliTi da aseve Sveicariis moqalaqeebisagan, sadac frangebi, italielebi da germanelebi Tavs Sveicariis Svilebad ganixilaven. swored ivane gomarTelisadmi Tavisi pasuxi anastasia Tumaniancma gaugzavna gazeT `saxalxo saqmis~ redaqtors, romelic 1920 wlis 11 marts daibeWda saTauriT `xma qarTveli somxisa~. `xma qarTveli somxisa~ baton ivane gomarTels! pativcemulo, batono redaqtoro! neba miboZeT Tqveni pativcemuli gazeTis saSualebiT ramdenime sityviT mivmarTo qarTvel sazogado moRvawes, baton ivane gomarTels, romelic cnobil mgosan griSaSvilis `leila~ krebulSi moTavsebul griSaSvilis `saiaTnova~ wignis Sesaxeb kritiul werilSi exeba friad did sakiTxs, romelsac amierkavkasiis norC respublikebis da maTSi mcxovrebi erovnul umciresobaTa urTierTobaSi, sazogadod amierkavkasiis sinamdvileSi sapatio adgili unda mieces. batoni gomarTeli Tavis werilSi saqarTvelos Sveicarias adris, Cerdeba saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobebsa da saqarTvelos Soris arsebul urTierTobebze. amtkicebs im azrs, rom saqarTvelos erovnul umciresobebma ise unda Seiyvaron saqarTvelo, rogorc TavianTi samSoblo da bolos dasZens: `qarTvelma xalxma sulierad miaRwia Sveicariis ganviTarebis simaRles, man Zlierad gauwoda xeli, yvelas, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebs da mimarTa: Cven gvaqvs erTi samSoblo, gavxdeT am saerTo samSoblos erTguli moqalaqeebio. samwuxarod sxvebs ar aRmoaCnda gamocdis dros aseTi Segneba, aseTi sulieri simaRle. Cveni osebisa da Cveni somxebis nawili jer kidev ver Serigebia im azrs, rom maTi samSoblo saqarTveloa da es saerTo samSoblo qarTvel xalxTan erTad unda daicvan yvela mtrisagan~. gomarTeli Tavis werils iwyebs dialogiT Sveicariel frangTan, romelic ambobs, rom Tu safrangeTi Sveicarias daesxa Tavs, igi daicavs Sveicarias. gomarTelis gakvirvebaze frangis sisxls rogor daRvrio? – pasuxobs, rom aseTi ram ar 222 kari mesame moxdebao da Tu moxda, me Cems samSoblos davicav iseve, rogorc italieli da germaneli Sveicarielebio. `Tu Sveicariis frangebi, italielebi da germanelebi amboben: Cven, Sveicariis xalxi varTo, nuTu saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi ganurCevlad erovnebisa ver Seigneben, rom Cven yvela saqarTvelos xalxs warmovadgenT? Seigneben da amis Tavdebia Cveni axlobeli warsuli. Cvenma warsulma SesZlo tfilisis moqalaqis warmoSoba da es moqalaqe iyo yaraCoReli. yaraCoReli da kinto erTi da igive hgoniaT! Cveni warsulis ucodinarobiT mosdiT. yaraCoReli upirvelesad tfiliseli moqalaqea. SeiZleba is qarTveli iyos, SeiZleba somexi, sul erTia, is Svilia saqarTvelosi, saqarTvelo misi samSobloa da mas uyvars es samSoblo, is ar gascvlis mas sxva qveynis samoTxeze, ar uRalatebs, ar gahyidis. am mxriv, yaraCoRelebis suliskveTebis, maTi grZnobebis gamomxatveli mgosani saiaTnova aris, romelic mReroda: `Cemi samSoblo Tbilisia, saqarTvelos gulio~. yaraCoRelTa didi nawili somxoba iyo, magram samSoblos siyvarulSi es nawili SeduRebuli iyo qarTvelobasTan. qarTvel da somex yaraCoRels – orTaves erTi samSoblo hqondaT, oriveni erTis cxovrebiT scxovrobdnen, orives saerTo hqondaT Wiri da lxini. keTildReoba Cveni respublikisa moiTxovs, rom rogorc Zvelad yaraCoRelebs ise dResac saerTo gvqondes lxinic, Wiric, samSobloc. `nu daagdeb Zvelsa gzasa, nurca Zvelsa megobarsa~. Zmobis da erTobis simebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva erTa Soris jer samwuxarod ar aris mtkice, magram saerTo muSaobiT, SeerTebulis Zal-RoniT unda ganvamtkicoT. – ra akliaT dRes saqarTvelos somxebs? isini unda daubrundnen saiaTnovas gzas, maT unda aRiaron samudamoT da patiosnaT – Cveni samSoblo tfilisia, saqarTvelos gulio! ra unda gvaxsovdes Cven, qarTvelebs, gansakuTrebiT dRes, rodesac Zmoba-erTobis amoZaxils erTgvari Wvartli hfaravs? – saiaTnova! Cven ar unda daviviwyoT, rom somxis erma mogvca Cven saiaTnova, romelic Cven Soris Zmoba-erTobis da siyvarulis xidi iyo. araratis mTavrobam tlanqad Calewa es xidi. magram mova axali saiaTnova da am xids isev gasdebs...~ gomarTeli umadlis griSaSvils `mzis sxivebSi motivtive sityvaTa haramxanis mbrZanebels~, romelmac Cveni sazogadoebisTvis mkvdreTiT aRadgina saiaTnova. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 223 da bolos, imeds gamoTqvams araratis mTavrobis tlanqad Calewil xids gasdebs axlad movlenili saiaTnovao. me, batono gomarTelo, saqarTvelos mkvidri somexi var. me da papaCemic tfilisSi varT dabadebuli. Cemi ymawviloba, Cemi bavSvoba gamitarebia aq da amJamad vcxovrob tfilisSi. me saqarTvelosTan erTad misi guli, tfilisi mitarebia, rogorc RviZli mSobeli. myavs kidec mravali qarTveli amxanagi, megobrebi, naTesavebi. gavzrdilvar maTTan erTad, miswavlia Tqveni lamazi ena, miSromia Tqvens saxalxo partiaSi, davinteresebulvar Tqveni literaturiT, poeziiT, TeatriT. erTi sityviT, CemTan axlo yofila qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovreba ise, rogorc somxuri da rodesac amovikiTxe Tqveni werilis is nawili, sadac Tqven emdurebiT saqarTvelos somxobas Cems win, rogorc saqarTvelos erTguli somxisa, kiTxva daisva: – raTa, ra aris amis mizezi? ra aris mizezi, rom qarTveli sazogado moRvawe eWvis TvaliT uyurebs saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxobas, romelmac marTlac, rom unda Seiyvaros samSoblo, kera. marTlac, ra aris mizezi, rom ori mezobelni, gverdi-gverdze mcxovrebi moqalaqeni, romelnic axlac rom Zmurad unda iyvnen erTmaneTis mimarT, dRes eWviT ucqeren? batono eqimo! pirveli Tqven xarT am kiTxvis aRmZravi. bolo wlis ganmavlobaSi bevri vwere mag kiTxvis pasuxi, aqac vityvi: saqarTvelos somxebis, somex mSromel xalxis da qarTvel demokratias Soris urTierToba sanetaro ar yofila. nu davmalavT, ra ukmayofileba sufevs or RviZl Zmebs Soris. Tqvenma werilma CemSi dabada survili gameziarebina TqvenTvis azrebi da rogorc saqarTvelos somexs meTqva ramdenime gulwrfeli sityva im arasasurvel urTierTobis Sesaxeb, romelic dRemdis arsebobs or mezoblebs Soris. pativcemulo eqimo! modiT gulwrfelad gadavSaloT axlo warsulis istoriis furclebi. imas, visac Tval-yuri udevnebia saqarTvelos bolo ori wlis politikuri cxovrebisaTvis, vinc dakvirvebia Tqven qarTvel wreebis da erovnul umciresobaTa Soris arsebul urTierTobas, nametnavad pirvelis (anu qarTvelebis) somxobis mimarT ganwyobilebas, is aucileblad mizezebs ipovis, xsenebulis atmosferas Semqmnel mizezs. is gulaxdilad ityvis, rom saqarTvelo is samSoblo ar aris somxobisTvis, romelzedac Tqvens werilSi laparakobT. saqarTvelo Tavisi mSobliuri movaleobis dros Tavisi Svilebisadmi erTnairi ar yofila da erTnairi Tanaswori mopyroba ar hqonia yvelasadmi. saqarTvelo Tavis or Svils, somexs da qarTvels erTnairad ar uyurebs. misTvis yofilan geri da RviZli Svilni, pirveli da meore xarisxis moqalaqeni. 224 kari mesame saqarTvelos mmarTvel wreebis calmxrivi, ukeT rom vTqvaT, viwronacionaluri politikis mizeziT, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxebs yovel nabijze gvagrZnobineben, rom Cven somxebi varT da arasodes imedi ar unda viqonioT mSobel saqarTvelosgan iseTi mSobliuri mopyrobisa, rogorc Tqven qarTvelebma. msgavsi grZnoba Cven Zvel, TviTmpyrobelobis dros gvqonda da velodiT, rom demokratiuli saqarTvelo, romlis saTaveSi udganan TanasworobisTvis medgarni mebrZolni erTnairad moepyroboda yovel moqalaqes, ganurCevlad erovnebisa. mware sinamdvilem am daskvnamde mimiyvana iotisodeni eWvi ar mepareba Cemi sityvebis simarTleSi. saqarTvelos damoukidebel respublikaSi Cven, ruseTis revoluciis did monapovar saarCevno uflebiT neba ar mogvces gvesargebla da rogorc ara RviZli Svilni ar gagviSves, rom migveRo monawileoba municipalur aRmSenebel muSaobaSi. Cven mkvidri qalaqelebi aTasobiT gamogvtoves siebidan im dros, roca ori kviris mosul WiaTurels monawileobis ufleba eZleoda. gariyuli dagvtoves agreTve damfuZnebeli krebidan. somxoba, romelic nakleb alagas ar iWers saqarTvelos mcxovrebTa ricxvSi, gareT darCa im did sakrebulosgan, sadac saZirkveli iyreba im samSoblosi, romelsac Tqven, batoni eqimo, Cvenad sTvliT. raRa vTqva yovel moqalaqis Tavlwin momxdari im didi devnis Sesaxeb, romelic wilad rgebia somex mSromel xalxs. mas mSiers tovebdnen marto imis gulisTvis, rom is somexi iyo. raRa vTqva demokratiul respublikaSi somxis erovnuli skolebis devnisa da daketvis Sesaxeb, romelic bevr Zvelebsac ki gaakvirvebs. raRa vTqva yovel dawesebulebaze: dawyebuli patara kancelariidan, gaTavebuli saministroTi. im Caketili karebis Sesaxeb, romelic win eRobeba aqaur somxobas, yovel SemTxvevaSi imisTvis yvelgan karebi Caketilia. internacionalizmis diadi lozungebi fexqveS gaiTela da ise gaiqarTveles suyvelaferi, rogorc etrfoda veSapeli (l.g: igulisxmeba revaz gabaSvili, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis erTerTerTi lideri, damfuZnebeli krebis wevri, romelic social-demokratebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda) Tavis amxanagebiT da rasac medgrad ebrZodnen qarTveli social-demokratebi. provincia? aq Seqmnili atmosfera? administraciis TareSi? sakmarisia erTiori dRiT iq yofna, rom Tqvenc CemTan erTad daadasturoT is uxeSi mopyroba somxebisadmi, romelsac grZnobs provinciis marTlac meorexarisxovani moqalaqe. mokleT, yvelgan vgrZnobT rom Tanasworoba ubralo sityva yofila, rogorc esizmrebodaT gvazava-gabaSvilebs (l.g: erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevrebs), saqarTvelo martod marto qarTvelebis yofila. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 225 kidev gasagebi iqneboda es yvelaferi viwro nacionaluri politika, rom ewarmoebinaT nacional-demokratebs, romlebic madloba RmerTs saTaveSi ar sdganan. (Cvenma TanamebrZolebma anu social-demokratebma gagvriyeso. aqve saubrobs somexi nacionalistebis partiaze `daSnakcuTunze~ da ambobs, rom am partiis winaaRmdeg qarTveli politikosebis brZola somexi sazogadoebis, somexi mSromeli xalxis winaaRmdeg brZolad gadaiqcao. l.g.) nuTu bolo ar unda moeRos yovelive amas? nuTu dro ar aris, rom mezobluri atmosfera gaiwmindos, rom somexi da qarTveli mSromelni, somexi da qarTveli moqalaqeni erTnairad grZnobdnen erT saerTo samSoblos tkbil mSobliur alerss? nuTu dRes, roca saqarTvelo Tavis diad dRes dResaswaulobs, da rodesac evropul saxelmwifoTa ojaxSi Tanaswor wevrad Sedis, am sazeimo xanaSi ar unda daaxlovdnen orni mezobelni? me mwams, rom axlo aris is dro, roca saqarTvelo yovel misi moqalaqisTvis namdvili saerTo samSoblo iqneba. warsuls davaneboT Tavi. axali saxelmwifos aSenebis dros SesaZlebelia Secdomebi. is, rac iyo saZirkvlis Cayris dros, imedia aRar iqneba Senobis aSenebaSi. maSin gamTeldeba is xidi, romelic marTlac mraval mizezis gamo Catexili iyo. Tu axlandel somxobas marTla saiaTnova aklia, isic unda simarTled CavTvaloT, rom exlandel saqarTvelos, pativcemulo eqimo, aklia is RviZli mSobliuri mopyroba, rasac naCvevi iyo Tavis dros, Zvel saqarTveloSi, saiaTnovas droindeli somxoba. gazeTis `saxalxo saqme~ redaqciam anastasia Tumaniancs aseTi weriliT upasuxa: Tumaniancis werilis gamo Cveni gazeTis guSindel nomerSi daibeWda saqarTvelos somxis an. Tumaniancis werili. werili gulwrfeli da friad yuradsaRebi. Cven gvgonia aseTi kilo, romliTac gaJRenTilia Tumaniancis naweri, erTaderTi unda iyos or mezobel erTa warmomadgenlebs Soris. samwuxarod, Cven naklebad varT Cveuli damSvidebul kamaTs somxis eris dRevandel mesveur daSnakelebisagan. amitom gvsurs zogierTi mosazrebani gamovTqvaT zemoxsenebul werilSi gamoTqmuli azrebis gamo. b-ni Tumanianci gulwrfelad Sewuxebulia im mtroba-qiSpobiT, romelic qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris dRes arsebobs da romlis damalva mas saWirod ar miaCnia. mTavar mizezad urTierTobis waxdenisa is miaCnia, rom Turme respublika 226 kari mesame erTnairad ar epyroba Tavis qveSevrdomebs. mas gerad miaCnia magaliTad somxebi, romlebic ufro kargs mopyrobas moelodnen. somxoba gariyuli iyo tfilisis saqalaqo da damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebidan. provinciaSi ufro zedmeti Cagvra aris vidre centrSi. es aRizianebs somxobas da amiT aixsneba urTierTobis gamwvaveba. unda vTqva, rom faqtis amnairi gaSuqeba saerTod ar Seefereba sinamdviles. vin ar icis, rom Cvens Sinaur politikas sruliad araviTari kavSiri ar hqonia im ubedur omTan, romelic daSnakebma daiwyes saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da mTeli somxis eri CaiTries avantiuraSi. daumateT amas is agitacia, romelsac somxis sxvadasxva wreebi eweodnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg. agredve demonstratiuli Zaxili ruseTis aRdgenaze (pirvel xanebSi), romelic aSkarad Cveni Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da bevri ram CvenTvis cxadi gaxdeba. garda amisa, vin mosTvlis ra Worebi ar iyo gavrcelebuli saqarTvelos Sesaxeb evropaSida, gavrcelebuli samwuxarod somxis politikur wreebis mier. es xom damoukideblobis gamocxadebis pirvel xanebSi iyo, rodesac Cvens respublikas jer araviTari agresiuli politika ar ewarmoebina somxebisadmi. risi Sedegia dRevandeli wamxdari urTierToba? igi Sedegia Tu ara zemoxsenebul politikisa, romelsac awarmoebdnen somxis politikuri wreebi. garda amisa, avtori aRniSnavs, rom somxebs saSualeba ar misces sxvadasxva arCevnebSi monawileobisa. unda iTqvas, rom arc es Seefereba sinamdviles. tfilisSi SeiZleba marTlac moxda SemTxveviT gamotoveba siebidan adgilobriv mkvidrTa, magram es iyo marTlac SemTxveviTi, radgan kanoni amas sruliad ar moiTxovda. anda marTlad marto tfilisSi cxovrobs somxoba? ratom provinciis somxobas ar iRebs mxedvelobaSi b-ni Tumanianci? iq xom mTelma somxurma soflebma miiRes monawileoba arCevnebSi ise, rogorc qarTvelebma da danarCenma erebma. ase moxda magaliTad qarTlsa da kaxeTSi, sazogadod im adgilebSi, sadac somxoba scxovrobs. ase rom arCevnebidan mkvidri somxoba ar yofila gariyuli Tu Tbilisis somxobis zogierT wreebs ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, romelTac saqarTvelos qveSevrdomoba arc hsurdaT arc eZebdnen. rac Seexeba provinciaSi somxebis Cagvras, rogorc somxebisas – amis Sesaxeb erTxel ukve gvqonda laparaki `aSxatavorTan~.1 Cveni provincia marTlac mouwesrigebelia da iq zogjer mraval Zaladobas aqvs adgili, magram es Zaladoba da mouwesrigebloba saerTod exeba mTel provinciebs da ara marto somxobas. aq ar SeiZleba mouwesrigeblobis nacionalizaciaze laparaki. sxvadasxva adgilas xdeboda uwesrigobani da es xdeboda marto qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSic. magaliTad: okribasa, wyaltubosa da sxvagan. amitom b-ni Tumanianci am SemTxvevaSi scdeba. SeiZleba iyos ramdenime magaliTi, magram rogorc eri, somxoba rom ar iCagreba sistematurad es faqtia. 1 `aSxatavori~ – me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi TbilisSi gamomavali somxurenovani gazeTi. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 227 am Jamad, sakonstitucio komisiaSi muSaoba swarmoebs umciresobaTa uflebebis Sesaxeb. saWiroa es muSaoba Cqara damTavrdes da am muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRos TviT dainteresebulma erovnebis warmomadgenelma. maSin erTnairad Camoyalibdeba urTierToba. adgilobrivi somxoba gulwrfelad Caebmeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv muSaobaSi da gulwrfeladve daicavs saerTo samSoblos interesebsa da Tavisuflebas. mxolod saerTo TanamSromlobiT, Wapanis saerTo ZalebiT gaweviT da erTmaneTisadmi undoblobis mospobiT moxdeba normalur urTierTobis damyareba im urTierTobisa, romelic ise sanatreli gamxdara, rogorc qarTveli, ise somxis WeSmarit demokratiisaTvis. pirvel respublikaSi erovnuli umciresobis Sesaxeb wamowyebuli debatebi mTlianad Sewyda 1921 wlis saqarTvelos aneqsiis Semdeg. sabWoTa reJims sWirdeba morCili adamiani, romlis samSoblo sabWoTa kavSiria da romlis identoba swored es aris da ara – romelime eris warmomadgenloba. reJims adamiani sWirdeba mxolod sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad, rogorc masala, saSualeba. totalitarul saxelmwifoSi adamiani imis mixedviT fasobs, Tu ramdenad erTgulad emsaxureba xelisuflebas. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi ki xelisuflebis mTavari daniSnuleba xalxis samsaxurSi yofnaa. aqedan gamomdinare, totalitarizmis pirobebSi adamiani qveSevrdomia, xolo demokratiulSi – moqalaqe; qveSevrdomi sakuTar Tavs ar moiazrebs aqtiur, monawile moqalaqed; igi brmad, daeWvebis gareSe eTanxmeba beladis, partis gadawyvetilebebs da gabatonebul ideologias. igi sakuTar ekonomikur, socialur mdgomareobasac ki arasodes uyurebs eWvis TvaliT da mas xelisuflebis mier warmoebul politikas ar ukavSirebs. mudam mzadaa msxverplad Seewiros belads, saxelmwifos, arafers akeTebs sakuTari cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad. am `qveSevrdomis~ cnobierebis daZleva advili ar aris. gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca xmis amoReba, gaprotesteba, samoqalaqo gambedaoba sastikad isjeba. XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi reJimisTvis arasaimedo, misdami kritikulad ganwyobil adamianebze nadiroba daiwo. 1937 wels daxvreta miusajes wiTeli armiis erT-erT gamoCenil mxedarTmTavars, pirveli rangis armiis meTaurs iona emanuelis Ze iakirs (1896-1937). sikvdilmisjilis bolo sityvebi iyo: `gaumarjos stalins!~ reJimi Tavidan icilebda, sagangebod sjida, anadgurebda yvelas, vinc sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT skeptikurad, kritikulad iyo ganwyobili. qarTvel mwerlebs, msaxiobebs da sxvadasxva sferos warmomadgenel adamianebs aiZulebnen sakuTari kolegebis, Tanamoazreebis winaaRmdeg 228 kari mesame wasuliyvnen, sakuTari sicocxlis gadasarCenad. swored amitom 20-30iani wlebis represiebs Seewira bevri keTilsindisieri adamiani: isini, vinc ver Seegua reJims da isini, vinc ver moawera xeli adamianebis ganadgurebas. grigol robaqiZis ambavi: qarTvelma mweralma grigol robaqiZem moaxerxa da 1930 wels germaniaSi gaiqca, riTac bolSevikebis risxvas gadaurCa. 1934 wels mweralma grigol muSiSvilma (xoferia) gamosca wigni `gvelis perangosani~, sadac igi robaqiZes simbolizmis, rasizmis, kaciWamia Sovinizmis propagandists uwodebs da cxadia, elodeba, rom amaze mweralTa kavSirma pasuxi unda gasces mas. da ai, 1935 wlis 19 aprils, saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlebis prezidiumic Seikriba verdiqtis gamosatanad. man moismina paolo iaSvilis, tician tabiZis, valerian gafrindaSvilis da nikoloz miwiSvilis (robaqiZis Tanamoazreebi da megobrebi) moxsenebebi faSisti grigol robaqiZis gamcemluri muSaobis Sesaxeb: `daadgines – sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlebis prezidiumma ganixila ra faSist grigol robaqiZis gamcemluri muSaobis Sesaxeb mweralTa erTi jgufis – p. iaSvilis, t. tabiZis, v. gafrindaSvilis da n. miwiSvilis gancxadeba, romelsac erTsulovnad SeuerTda saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSiris mTeli aqtivi, daadgina: eTxovos s.s.s.r. cekas prezidiums, raTa grigol robaqiZe, rogorc aSkara mteri Cveni qveynis mSromeli xalxisa, TvalTmaqcurad gadasuli kontrevolucionur, faSistur banakSi, gamocxadebul iqnas socialistur samSoblos moRalated da CamoerTvas mas sabWoTa moqalaqeoba, aqedan gamomdinare, yvela Sedegebis ganxorcielebiT.~ 1937 wels ki daapatimres da daxvrites tician tabiZe, nikolo miwiSvili, grigol muSiSvili, xolo paolo iaSvilma, protestis niSnad, mweralTa kavSiris sxdomaze moikla Tavi. mweralTa federacias ver CavTvliT mwerlebis, rogorc interesTa jgufis, uflebebis damcvel organizaciad, radgan nacvlad imisa, rom mas mweralTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi daecva, igi TviTon Cadga reJimis samsaxurSi. es kanonzomieric iyo, vinaidan totalitarizmis pirobebSi msgavsi gaerTianebebi ki ar akontroleben xelisuflebis qmedebas, aramed TviTon xdebian saxelmwifos mxridan kontrolisa da zedamxedvelobis obieqtebi. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 229 es magaliTi naTlad aCvenebs moqalaqis daucvelobis xarisxs totalitarul saxelmwifoSi, sadac gansxvavebulad moazrovne damnaSavea. es sistema aviwroebda da anadgurebda yvelas, vinc masTan garigebaSi ar Sedioda, visTvisac azrovnebis, Semoqmedebis Tavisufleba da adamiani umaRlesi Rirebuleba iyo. axla ki SevecadoT vaCvenoT moqalaqis adgili demokratiul sazogadoebaSi da davaxasiaToT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis funqcionirebis pirobebi. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba moqalaqeTa erTobaa, romlis saqmianoba Tavisufalia saxelmwifos mxridan pirdapiri Carevisagan, reglamentaciisgan. igi Sedgeba sxvadasxva interesebiT (ekonomikuri, kulturuli, socialuri, samoqalaqo) gaerTianebuli jgufebisagan, romlebic akontroleben saxelmwifos, xelisuflebis qmedebas, adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi moqalaqeTa srulfasovani CarTvis, monawileobis xelSewyobis gziT. samoqalaqo sazogadoebas da xelisuflebas erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli miznebi da funqciebi aqvT, rac ganapirobebs maT urTierTgamijvnas. magram saxelmwifos, xelisuflebis (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo) srulfasovani funqcionirebisTvis aucilebelia misi institutebis saqmianobaze sazogadoebrivi zedamxedveloba da kontroli. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mizania daakmayofilos moqalaqeTa individualuri moTxovnilebani da daicvas maTi uflebebi. mas arc sakanonmdeblo, arc aRmasrulebeli da arc marTlmsajulebiTi funqcia ar gaaCnia. igi Tavis saqmianobaSi emyareba moqalaqeTa Tanxmobisa da nebayoflobis princips. mas qmnian moqalaqeebi xelisuflebisagan damoukideblad Tavisufali arCevanisa da kerZo iniciativis safuZvelze. magram demokratiul da totalitarul sazogadoebas Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa samoqalaqo sazogadoebisadmi damokidebulebaSi. pirveli qmnis misi warmoqmnisa da normaluri funqciobis wanamZRvrebs, maSin rodesac meore ara Tu ar qmnis aseT pirobebs, aramed krZalavs da ebrZvis mas. totalitaruli xelisuflebis antagonizmi samoqalaqo sazogadoebisadmi kanonzomieria, radgan igi misi arsidan gamomdinareobs. totalitarizmi gulisxmobs xelisuflebis absolutur da ganusazRvrel Zalauflebas. igi uSvebs mxolod samTavrobo, magram kategoriulad krZalavs arasamTavrobo organizaciebs. amis gamo igi ver dauSvebs mo- 230 kari mesame qalaqeTa mier nebayoflobiT warmoqmnil gaerTianebebs. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebobda mxatvruli da SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebi, mecnieruli da aramecnieruli sazogadoebebi, axalgazrdobisa da veteranTa kavSirebi, magram yvela isini saxelmwifo organizaciebi iyo. maT afinansebda da marTavda xelisufleba. garda amisa, nebismieri organizacia iyo erTi, romlisgan gansxvavebuli sxva meoris Seqmna akrZaluli iyo. magaliTad, politikuri partia iyo erTi – komunisturi da sxva politikuri parita ar arsebobda. analogiurad, komkavSiri da mweralTa kavSiri iyo erTi da sxva msgavsi organizaciis Seqmna dauSvebeli iyo. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobisa da funqciobis normalur pirobebs qmnis demokratiuli xelisufleba. aq igi legitimuria, radgan kanoni ara Tu krZalavs, aramed icavs mas. marTalia, xelisufleba ar qmnis da ar ereva samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebis saqmianobaSi, magram igi ayalibebs im sakanonmdeblo bazas, romlis CarCoebSi isini moqmedeben damoukideblad da Tavisuflad. xelisufleba ar marTavs, magram aregulirebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saqmianobas. am regulirebis safuZvelia konstitucia da misi Sesatyvisi sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebi. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa xelisuflebis saqmianobis kontroli. saqme isaa, rom xelisufleba xSirad ametebs Tavis uflebamosilebas, ris Sedegad adgili aqvs Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas. igi srulad iyenebs Tavis uflebebs, magram naklebad zrunavs valdebulebaTa Sesrulebaze. mas aviwydeba, rom uflebebTan erTad valdebulebebic aqvs. magaliTad, xelisufleba valdebulia daicvas adamianis uflebebi, magram xSirad TviTon arRvevs maT; movalea, rom daicvas kanoniereba, magram TviTon sCadis ukanonobas; movalea, rom ebrZolos korufcias, magram mis struqturebSi bevri meqrTamea mokalaTebuli. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ver Caereva xelisuflebis saqmianobaSi. igi ver ikisrebs xelisuflebis funqciebs. mas ara aqvs ufleba gamosces kanonebi, cxovrebaSi gaataros isini da aRasrulos marTlmsajuleba. es xelisuflebis prerogativaa. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arc erT organizacias ara aqvs ufleba daapatimros meqrTame da gaasamarTlos igi. misi dapatimreba policiis, xolo gasamarTleba – sasamarTlos saqmea. magram samoqalaqo sazogadoebas ufleba aqvs amxilos meqrTameoba, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT gamoamzeuros da saaSkaraoze gamoitanos masTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi. mas SeuZlia analogiurad moiqces Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis sxva SemTxvevebis mimarTac: amxilos adamianis uflebebis da kanonierebis darRvevis, pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da Rirsebis xelyofis faqtebi. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 231 marTalia, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba xelisuflebas ver Secvlis, mis funqciebs ver Seasrulebs, magram – ufleba aqvs ganaxorcielos kontroli, raTa zemoqmedeba moaxdinos mis saqmianobaze. mxileba da kritika, rekomendaciebi da konstruqciuli TanamSromloba, saprotesto gancxadebani da mSvidobiani manifestaciebi – ai, is ZiriTadi saSualebani, romelTa gamoyenebiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebas SeuZlia aiZulos xelisufleba daicvas socialuri samarTlianoba da adamianis uflebebi. es saSualebebic qveyanaSi idealur mdgomareobas ver daamyareben, magram saxelmwifos, rogorc iZulebis meqanizms, samarTlianad SezRudaven mainc. zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, Cven SegviZlia CamovayaliboT samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani ramdenime maxasiaTebeli, romlis gareSec misi funqcionireba SeuZlebelia: 1) xelisuflebisagan damoukidebloba anu avtonomiuroba. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba warmoadgens sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe interesTa jgufebis erTobliobas, romlebic iqmneba moqalaqeTa iniciativiT, xelisuflebis Carevis gareSe. maTi Camoyalibebis procesSi mniSvnelovania sainiciativo jgufis wevrTa mier maTi saqmianobis miznebis, amocanebis da Sedegis miRwevis gzebis mkafio xedva. 2) SeTanxmeba da xelSekruleba. moqalaqeTa gaerTianebas safuZvlad udevs maTi saerTo interesebi, romelic formdeba, rogorc am gaerTianebis wesdeba. xolo am interesis realizaciisaTvis aucilebel, saWiro gzebs es gaerTianebebi sakuTar programebSi ayalibeben. erTiandebian interesTa erTobis safuZvelze. nebismieri samoqalaqo erTobisTvis aucilebeli pirobaa saerTo interesze/mizanze SeTanxmeba da am SeTanxmebis, rogorc wevrTa Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis, gaformeba. 3) TviTmmarTveloba. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis funqcionireba emyareba TviTmmarTvelobis princips. maT saqmianobas gansazRvravs ara xelisuflebis mier miRebuli da dadgenili kanonebi, aramed maTive SemuSavebuli wesdeba da programa. 4) cnobiereba da mizandasaxuloba. moqalaqeTa gaerTianeba xdeba ara stiqiurad, Seugneblad, aramed cnobierad da mizandasaxulad. isini acnobiereben miznebis erTobliobas da maTi ganxorcielebis saSualebebis efeqturobas. amis gacnobiereba da gaTvaliswineba karnaxobs maT miiRon gadawyvetileba gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. es aris individebis mier Tavisufali arCevanis Sedegi, romelic xorcieldeba nebayoflobiT da ara iZulebiT. 232 kari mesame 5) araerTgvarovneba da gansxvavebuloba. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi iqmneba mravali erTmaneTisagan gansxavvebuli jgufi da organizacia, romlebic moicaven adamianTa saqmianobis farTo speqtrs; politikuri partiebi da profkavSirebi, ekonomikuri firmebi da sawarmoebi, mecnieruli da SemoqmedebiTi gaerTianebebi, mxatvruli TviTSemoqmedebis wreebi da ubnis macxovrebelTa mier komunaluri mizniT Seqmnili jgufebi, sportuli an garTobis mizniT Camoyalibebuli kavSirebi, adamianis uflebebis an garemos dacvis organizaciebi da uamravi sxva. amasTan erTi da imave saqmianobis sferoSi SeiZleba arsebobdes ramdenime erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli da damoukidebeli organizacia. magaliTad, SeiZleba arsebobdes mravali partia, mweralTa kavSiris ramdenime organizacia da sxva, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian wesdebiT da programiT. maT gansxvavebuli miznebi da struqtura aqvT. saqmianobis romelime sferos monopolizeba erTi organizaciis mier yovlad dauSvebelia. 6) deideologizacia. samoqalaqo erTobebs ar aqvT ideologia, romelic maTi konsolidaciis safuZvelia. igi moklebulia ideur erTianobas, romelic daeyrdnoboda erT gegmas da erT mizans. piriqiT, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba gamoxatavs individebis kerZo da ara saerTo interesebs. kerZo interesebis moqceva erTi ideologiis qveS principulad SeuZlebelia. zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebi naTlad avlenen samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Taviseburebas. igi moicavs individebis kerZo interesebis sferos da emayreba pirovnebis Tavisuflebasa da kerZo iniciativas. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 233 nawili meore samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da demokratia am nawilSi gavixsenebT demokratiis arss da ganvixilavT mis mniSvnelobas samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saqmianobis konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, kidev erTxel CamovayalibebT demokratiuli mmarTvelobis maxasiaTeblebs. nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT upasuxoT iseT kiTxvebs, rogoricaa: • ra aris demokratia? • ra niSnebiT xasiaTdeba demokratiuli mmarTveloba? • ra meqanizmis saSualebiT monawileobs xalxi demokratiul procesSi? • ratom aris demokratiaSi moqalaqeTa monawileoba mniSvnelovani? 234 kari mesame Cven ukve gavarkvieT, rom mxolod monawile da pasuxismgebeli adamiania moqalaqe. sainteresoa: ra pirobebSi da ra meqanizmebiT SeuZlia mas CaerTos samoqalaqo procesSi da rogor SeiZleba moaxdinos gavlena masze? amisaTvis ki aucilebelia gaverkveT `demokratiis~ cnebaSi, demokratiuli procesis TaviseburebebSi da demokratiuli institutebis funqcionirebis arsSi. sityva `demokratia~ yvela enaSi berZnulidan Sevida, sadac is xalxis (demosis) xelisuflebas (kratoss) niSnavs. dResac am sityvis mniSvneloba TiTqmis aseve ganisazRvreba: demokratia aris saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma, romelSic umaRlesi xelisufleba xalxs ekuTvnis da romlis mizanicaa adamianTa Tanasworobis ideis cxovrebaSi gatareba da maTi, mxolod sayovelTao TanxmobiT miRebuli kanonebiT SezRuduli, Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa. saberZneTSive, saxeldobr Zv. w. V saukunis aTenSi, dainerga igi pirvelad cxovrebaSi, moxda misi pirveli realizacia. am periodis aTenSi, romelic damoukidebeli qalaq-saxelmwifo (polisi) iyo, sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis did nawils moqalaqeTa saerTo kreba axorcielebda. masSi monawileobis ufleba hqonda mamrobiTi sqesis yvela mozrdil aTenel moqalaqes, rac daaxloebiT 5-6 aTas kacs Seadgenda. kreba xmaTa umravlesobiT wyvetda sakiTxebs. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebi iyo 501 moqalaqisagan Sedgenili naficTa sabWo da qalaqis sasamarTlo, romelsac saboloo gadawyvetileba gamohqonda saerTo krebis mier miRebul kanonebzec. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis pirebs ZiriTadad niSnavdnen kenWisyriT da mxolod zogierTs, kerZod, samxedro da safinanso saqmeebis ganmgeblebs, irCevdnen saerTo krebaze. yvela Tanamdebobaze muSaoba, agreTve sasamarTlo organoebSi monawileoba nazRaurdeboda fuladi gasamrjeloTi, rac saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawleobis praqtikul da ara mxolod Teoriul SesaZleblobas uqmnida RaribTa fenebis warmomadgenlebsac. demokratiuli wyobis gansxvavebuli, magram mniSvnelovani saxe Seiqmna romis respublikaSic Zv. w. III saukuneSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom aTenisa da romis demokratiebs Tavisi xarvezebi hqondaT, isini naTel wertilebs warmoadgendnen maSindeli msoflios rukaze. yvelgan sxvagan da mTels msoflioSi maTi dacemis Semdeg Rrmad fesvgadgmuli iyo wodebriv uTanasworobaze dafuZnebuli erTi adamianis, monarqis (mefis, faraonis, tiranis, imperatoris, Saxis, sulTanis da a. S.) an adamianTa mcire jgufis, oligarqiis umravles SemTxvevaSi kanoniT SeuzRudavi avtoritaruli mmarTveloba, da mainc aTenis polisisa da romis respublikis gamocdileba samudamod iyo CarCenili yoveli epoqis, yoveli Taobis mowinave adamianTa mexsierebaSi, CarCeni- samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 235 li rogorc nimuSi, rogorc ideali da imedi, rom dadgeba maTi aRdgena-aRorZinebis dro. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi evropul saxelmwifoTa cxovrebaSi axal tendenciebs eZlevaT dasabami. mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis, Tavisufali sasaqonlo urTierTobebis ganviTarebam naTelyo, rom wodebriv uTanasworobaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis struqtura moZvelebulia da radikalur Secvlas saWiroebs. am tendencias gamoxatavs am epoqaSi popularulad qceuli saxelmwifos demokratiuli mowyobisa da xalxis suverenitetis idea, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo xelisuflebis erTaderTi wyaro aris qveynis mosaxleoba – xalxi. amaSi igulisxmeba xalxis kontrols dauqvemdebarebeli absoluturi mmarTvelobis, privilegirebuli da uuflebo wodebebis arsebobis, kanonis winaSe adamianTa uTanasworobis dauSvebloba, aralegitimuroba, miuRebloba yvela im Teoriisa, romlis Tanaxmadac mefe, beladi an rCeulTa mcirericxovani wre RvTis nebiT an istoriuli aucileblobiT iZens xelisuflebas. es ideebi, jer filosofosTa gonebaSi gatarebuli, yvelaze mZafrad XVIII saukunis bolos safrangeTis revoluciis dros, kerZod, 1789 wlis `adamianisa da moqalaqeTa uflebebis deklaraciaSi~ iyo manifestirebuli. xalxis suverenitetis ideisa da misgan gamomdinare Sedegebis xorcSesxma evropaSive daiwyo. es procesi mSvidobiani ar aRmoCnda, bevrgan igi sisxliani omebis saxiT mimdinareobda. magram es procesi ar Semwydara da dResac grZeldeba. amave dros dRes msoflioSi ukve arsebobs stabiluri demokratiis qveynebi da kidev ufro meti sxva qveyana, romlebic maTi mTavrobebis saxiT iziareben xalxis suverenitetis ideas, ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo xelisuflebis erTaderTi wyaro da misi kanonierebis safuZveli aris xalxis neba. es sajarodaa gacxadebuli `adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi~ (muxli 21) da sxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi. demokratia amyarebs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis iseT formas, romelsac axasiaTebs Semdegi niSnebi: 1) xelisuflebis legitimuroba. xelisufleba legitimuria anu kanonieria, Tu mas irCevs xalxi kanoniT dadgenili wesebisa da normebis dacviT. arCevnebi tardeba regularulad. maTi Catarebis vadebi da formebi mkacrad gansazRvrulia. kanonierebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi arCevnebis Sedegebi baTilad cxaddeba. amgvarad, xelisuflebis legitimurobas gansazRvravs xalxi, oRond im pirobiT, Tu misi neba dadgenili kanonis Sesabamisad mJRavndeba. 2) xelisuflebis SezRudva kanoniT. kanoni gansazRvravs xelisuflebis ara marto formirebis process, aramed mis uflebebsa da movaleobebs. xelisuflebas yvelafris ufleba ara aqvs. misTvis raRac dasaS- 236 kari mesame vebia, magram raRac dauSvebeli. magaliTad, mas ufleba aqvs gamoiyenos Zala, magram mxolod kanonierebis farglebSi. arakanonierad Zalis gamoyeneba akrZalulia. aseve xelisuflebas ekisreba garkveuli movaleobebi, kerZod, adamianis xelSeuvali uflebebis dacva. Tu xelisuflebam gadaameta Tavis uflebebs da ar Seasrula masze dakisrebuli movaleobebi, maSin kanoni xalxs uflebas aZlevs, gadaayenos da Secvalos igi. amgvarad, kanoni zRudavs xelisuflebis uflebamosilebas. 3) xelisuflebis ganawileba da urTierTgamijnva. xelisuflebis uflebamosilebaa gamosces kanonebi, aRasrulos isini da ganaxorcielos marTlmsajuleba. Sesabamisad, mas aqvs sami funqcia – sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da marTlmsajulebis. es funqciebi Tavmoyrilia ara erTi organos an piris xelSi, aramed ganawilebulia sam sxvadasxva organos Soris: sakanonmdeblo funqcia ekuTvnis parlaments, aRmasrulebeli – prezidents an mTavrobas, xolo marTlmsajulebiTi _ sasamarTlos. isini erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelia. verc erTi maTgani sxvis saqmeSi ver Caereva, magram erTmaneTs SemosazRvraven da akontroleben. 4) Tavisufleba da pluralizmi. aRiarebuli da garantirebulia pirovnebis Tavisufleba. adamianebs ufleba aqvT Tavisuflad gamoTqvan TavianTi Sexedulebani, airCion religia, Seikribon da gadaadgildnen qveynis nebismier kuTxeSi da mis farglebs gareT. nebismieri gansxvavebuli, opoziciuri azri legitimuria. kanonierad iTvleba ara marto xelisuflebis mier oficialurad miRebuli azri, aramed maTgan gansxvavebulic. ar arsebobs WeSmaritebis erTi instancia. xelisuflebis kritika daSvebulia da ar isjeba kanoniT. pluralizmi aris norma cxovrebisa da azrovnebis yvela sferoSi, radgan igi warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis amsaxvel koncepts, sadac adamianebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri da kulturuli statusebiTa da SexedulebebiT. 5) adamianis uflebaTa xelSeuvaloba. xelisufleba movalea daicvas adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, risTvisac mas nacionaluri kanonmdebloba SesabamisobaSi mohyavs saerTaSoriso samarTalTan. adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis xelyofa dauSvebelia. samoqalaqo uflebebs moqalaqeebi floben ara rogorc xelisuflebis wyalobas an saCuqars, aramed kanonis ZaliT. moqalaqeTa uflebebi legitimuria da mas kanoni icavs. 6) umciresobaTa uflebebis garantireba. umciresobas miekuTvneba ara mxolod politikuri opozicia, aramed eTnikuri, religiuri, seqsualuri Tu sxva jgufebi, romlebic mosaxleobis mcire nawils Seadgens. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 237 demokratia umravlesobis nebas emyareba, magram man ar unda SezRudos da daTrgunos umciresoba. igi qmnis garantiebs, romlebic umciresobas saSualebas aZlevs Tavisuflad da srulad gamoavlinos Tavisi neba. demokratia, moqalaqe da monawileoba rogor unda gamoxatos xalxma Tavisi neba? rogor unda iqces igi xelisuflebis wyarod saxelmwifoSi? ise, rogorc amas akeTeben adamianTa mcirericxovani jgufebi momavali koleqtiuri moqmedebis gansasazRvrad anda imis gadasawyvetad, Tu jgufis romel wevrebs daekisroT ama Tu im amocanis Sesruleba – SeTanxmebiT winaswari ganxilvis safuZvelze. termini `SeTanxmeba~ gulisxmobs jgufis wevrebis mier arCevanis gakeTebas ama Tu im gadawyvetilebis sasargeblod. rogor, ra meqanizmiT akeTeben amas adamianebi? isini kenWs uyrian alternatiul winadadebebs da Tanxmdebian kenWisyris wesze; kenWisyraSi monawileTa ra raodenobis Tanxmoba iyos saWiro gadawyvetilebis misaRebad; yvelas Tanxmoba (konsensusi), TiTqmis yvelas (magaliTad, kvalificiuri umravlesobis, kenWisyraSi monawileTa ori mesamedis an sami meoTxedis) naxevarze metis (absoluturi anu ubralo umravlesobis) Tu yvelaze metis (SefardebiTi umravlesobis) Tanxmoba. kenWisyra aris is xerxi, romliTac xalxma SeiZleba Tavisi neba gamoxatos. xalxis mier raime sakiTxze sakuTari Sexedulebebis gamoxatva (kenWisyra) orgvarad SeiZleba moxdes da amis mixedviT saerTod demokratiac ori saxisaa: uSualo anu pirdapiri da warmomadgenlobiTi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeebi arCeuli an daniSnuli oficialuri pirebis Suamavlobis gareSe kenWisyriT pirdapir wyveten sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis maTTvis saintereso sakiTxebs. am meTodis gamoyenebis aucilebeli pirobaa kenWisyraSi monawileTa SedarebiTi mcirericxovneba da gansaxilvel sakiTxTa iseTi xasiaTi, rac ar moiTxovs kenWisyraSi monawileTa droisa da energiis did danaxarjebs. amgvari demokratia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, magaliTad, soflis yrilobebze, profkavSirebis an politikuri partiebis adgilobrivi organizaciebis saerTo krebebze da a.S. dRes demokratia ZiriTadad warmomadgenlobiTia: moqalaqeebi pirdapir (uSualod) irCeven mxolod Tavis warmomadgenlebs, romlebmac, Tavis mxriv, unda miiRon politikuri gadawyvetilebebi, Seqmnan kanonebi, programebi da xeli Seuwyon maT realizebas. rodesac erTi moqalaqe, iTvaliswinebs meore moqalaqis Sexedulebebs, miiCnevs mas Tavis warmomadgenlad, amiT igi Tavis uflebas, monawileobdes sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sakiTxebis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetaSi, gadas- 238 kari mesame cems, Tavis warmomadgenels. amitom arCeuli warmomadgenlebi ukve xalxis saxeliT, miiReben gadawyvetilebebs. warmomadgenlebis arCevis procedura sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi xalxis mier arCeuli warmomadgenlebi adgilebs ikaveben da gadawyvetilebebs iReben xalxis saxeliT da angariSvaldebulebi arian xalxis winaSe. warmomadgenelTa arCevnebi aris procedura, romliTac TiToeuli adamiani axorcielebs Tavis erT-erT ZiriTad uflebas – uflebas monawileobdes Tavisi qveynis marTvaSi da TanamoqalaqeebTan erTad gansazRvravdes saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da mis politikur kurss. es Seadgens `adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis~ XXI muxlis Sinaarss: • yvela adamians aqvs ufleba, monawileobdes Tavisi qveynis marTvaSi pir- dapir an Tavisuflad arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT. • yvela adamians aqvs Tanabari ufleba, Sevides saxelmwifo samsaxurSi. • xalxis neba unda iyos mTavrobis xelisuflebis safuZveli; es neba unda gamoixatos perioduli da arafalsificirebuli arCevnebiT, romelic unda tardebodes sayovelTao da Tanabari saarCevno uflebis pirobebSi faruli kenWisyriT an misi tolfasi proceduriT, romelic uzrunvelyofs xmis Tavisuflad micemas. arCevnebi nebismieri saxelmwifos demokratiulobis, xalxis nebis gamoxatvis instrumentia. marTlac, arCevnebiT sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis Semadgenlobis da maTi samoqmedo programebis ZiriTadi debulebebis gansazRvra rogorc adgilebze, ise mTeli saxelmwifos masStabiT emyareba mxolod da mxolod imaT Tanxmobas (urTierTSeTanxmebas), vinc unda imarTos, xalxis, moqalaqeTa Tanxmobas. arCevnebi aris am SeTanxmebis xelisuflebis organoTa uflebebad da valdebulebebad gardaqmnis meqanizmi. arCevnebis aseTi roli warmoadgens praqtikul realizacias saxelmwifos warmoSobis Sesaxeb sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoriisa, romelic axal droSi Seqmnes gamoCenilma evropelma moazrovneebma hobsma (Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679), spinozam (Baruch de Spinoza, 1632-1677), lokma (John Locke, 1632-1704), pufendorfma (Samuel von Pufendorf, 1632-1694), rusom (Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 17121778), didrom (Denis Diderot, 1713-1784) da sxvebma, da romelic aris xalxis suverenitetis koncefciis Teoriuli safuZvelic. arCevnebi aris SeTanxmebis procedura, arCevnebis Sedegebi ki warmoadgens sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris SeTanxmebas (xelSekrulebas) saxelmwifo marTva-gamgeobis, misi kursisa da am kursis Semsruleblebis Sesaxeb. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 239 nawili mesame samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da arCevnebi am nawilSi amomrCevelTa nebis gamoxatvis mniSvnelobaze visaubrebT. ganvixilavT demokratiuli arCevnebis pirobebs. gaviazrebT saarCevno procesis monitoringis arss. SevafasebT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis muSakebis saarCevno procedurebze gavlenis moxdenis xasiaTs. vimsjelebT Jurnalistebis kompetenciisa da keTilsindisierebis mniSvnelobaze arCevnebis mimdinareobis gaSuqebisas. gavixsenebT da gavaanalizebT arCevnebTan dakavSirebul zogierT SemTxvevas. gavecnobiT saerTaSoriso damkvirveblebis mosazrebebs CvenSi Catarebuli arCevnebis Sesaxeb. nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT upasuxoT iseT kiTxvebs, rogoricaa: • ra aris arCevnebi da ra daniSnuleba aqvs mas demokratizaciis procesisTvis? • ra ZiriTad moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes demokratiuli, samarTliani arCevnebi? • ra rols asrulebs samoqalaqo sazogadoeba arCevnebis procesSi? 240 kari mesame rodesac vsaubrobT arCevnebze Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi, mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes uSualod moqalaqeebis mier qveynis sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis umaRlesi organos (parlamentis), aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piris (prezidentis an premierministris), aseve parlamentis mier aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis arCeva, agreTve xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebis arCevnebi. dRes arCevnebi TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi da yvela doneze tardeba, magram is Tavis daniSnulebas yvelgan ver asrulebs, radgan misi Sedegebi ar gamoxatavs amomrCevelTa nebas. amis tipuri nimuSia arCevnebi sabWoTa kavSirSi. arCevnebi rom demokratiuli iyos, xolo misi Sedegebi marTalc amomrCevelTa nebas gamoxatavdes, unda sruldebodes sakmaod bevri piroba, maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani ramodenimea, romlebic moxerxerbuli da amave dros mkafio formiT Camoayaliba amerikelma mecnierma da politikurma moRvawem j. kirkpatrikma. saxeldobr, j. kirkpatrikis mixedviT, demokratiuli arCevnebi unda iyos: • konkurenciuli, • perioduli, • warmomadgenlobiTi, • saboloo. konkurenciuli garemo da pluralizmi demokratiul arCevnebSi unda arsebobdes xmis micemis sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba, raTa amomrCeveli marTlac arCevanis winaSe dadges. es mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac erTsa da imave adgilze, iqneba es qveynis prezidentis, sakanonmdeblo organos wevris adgili Tu sxva arCeviTi Tanamdeboba, erTmaneTs ecilebian sxvadasxva partiebis, sxvadasxva samoqmedo programebis mqone kandidatebi: yovel kandidats, romelsac mxars uWers oficialuri xelisufleba, unda hyavdes konkurenti da opoziciis kandidatebs saerTod unda hqondeT sityvis, Sekrebebis organizebisa da gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba da Tanabari saeTero dro radioTi da televiziiT gamosvlebisaTvis. es aris kandidatTa programebisa da Sexedulebebis prezentaciis, gavrcelebisa da amomrCevlebamde da mTavrobamde mitanis aucilebeli piroba. opoziciuri kandidatebisaTvis radiosa da televiziaSi drois armicema, maTi Sekrebebisa da winasaarCevno Sexvedrebis SezRudva an akrZalva, maTi gazeTebis cenzura, mocile kandidatebisaTvis winasaarCevno samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 241 brZolaSi araTanabari SeasZleblobebis Seqmna, arCevnebs konkurenciul xasiaTs arTmevs. mmarTvel partias isedac aqvs upiratesoba, rasac mas xelisuflebaSi yofna aZlevs. mis kandidatebs samsaxureobrivi mdgomareobis gamo aqvT mravalferovani partnioruli kavSirebi, xolo winasarCevno periodSi amomrCevlebTan uSualo kontaqtis ufro meti SesaZlebloba. amaze meti upiratesobiT sargebloba, usamarTloba iqneboda. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi ki – arCevnebi patiosani unda iyos. perioduloba xelisuflebis sabazo subieqti – xalxi ar aris ucvleli, erTxel da samudamod mocemuli substancia. droTa viTarebaSi icvleba misi Semadgenloba, rogorc raodenobrivad, ise Tvisebrivad: icvleba adamianebis/moqalaqeebis Sexedulebebi, miznebi da survilebi da amis mixedviT icvleba xalxis neba, romelic saxelmwifos arsebobasa da saxelmwifos xelisuflebis xasiaTSi, saxelmwifo politikaSi unda aisaxos. amitom moqalaqeTa Soris erTxel miRweuli SeTanxmeba drodadro ganaxlebas saWiroebs. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi yvela saxis arCevnebi garkveuli periodulobiT unda tardebodes, rac gansazRvravs saxelmwifos politikuri cxovrebis ritms – koreqtivebs, cvlilebebs politikaSi, an saerTod politikuri kursis arsebiT ganaxlebas. aqedan gamodis, rom samudamod, mTeli sicocxliT arCeuli mmarTveli, Tavmjdomare an prezidenti ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos demokratuli mowyobis principebs. araviTar arCevnebs, arCeviT Tanamdebobaze aravis yofnas ar SeiZleba samudamo Zala hqondes. yoveli oficialuri piri angariSvaldebulia xalxis winaSe da Tanamdebobaze yofnis garkveuli drois Semdeg man amomrCevlebisagan unda iTxovos axali mandati Tanamdebobaze dasarCenad. es mandati man SeiZleba verc miiRos, amitom oficialuri pirebi demokratiul saxelmwifoSi unda Seeguon axali vadiT maTi ararCevis an gadarCevis SesaZleblobas. warmomadgenlobiToba arCevnebis Sedegebi imaT nebas gamoxatavs, visac aqvs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi arCevnebi xalxis nebas unda gamoxatavdes. amisTvis ki aucilebelia kanonSi saarCevno `xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqis~ gansazRvra moicavdes qveynis mozrdili mosaxleobis sakmaod did nawils. amomrCevelTa mcire jgufebis mier sakanonmdeblo Tu sxva organoebisa da Tanamdebobis pirebis arCeva, xmis 242 kari mesame micemisa da misi Sedegebis interpretaciis rogori patiosani procedurac ar unda edos maT safuZvlad, ar SeiZleba bolomde demokratiulad CaiTvalos. eleqtoratis simcire iyo antikuri demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis erT-erTi umTavresi nakli – iq arCevnebSi monawileobas ar iRebdnen monebi, qalebi, xolo romSi – monebi, qalebi da dabali materialuri SeZlebis Tavisufali moqalaqeebi da sxva. eleqtoratis raodenobis bunebrivi Semcirebis, kanonierebisa da arCevnebis demokratiulobis iluziis Sesaqmnelad, xelisufleba xSirad mimarTavs saarCevno cenzebis sistemas. saarCevno cenzi aris arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebis miRebis kanoniT dadgenili piroba. cenzis mixedviT, garkveuli niSnis mqone (armqone) mosaxleobis jgufs erTmeva arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, ufleba monawileoba miiRos man imis gansazRvraSi, Tu rogori unda iyos misi qveynis saxelmwifo politika da vin unda ganaxorcielos igi. arsebobs qonebrivi, binadrobis, ganaTlebis, rasobrivi, eTnikuri, sqesis, religiuri, klasobrivi, asakobrivi, janmrTelobisa da sxva saxis cenzebi. cenzebi zRudaven ara mxolod xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebis – aqtiur saarCevno uflebas, aramed garkveul organoebSi an garkveul Tanamdebobebze arCevis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebsac – pasiur saarCevno uflebasac. yoveli cenzi mocemul saxelmwifoSi gavrcelebuli an gabatonebuli socialuri, politikuri, zneobrivi da sxva dogmebis iuridiuli gamoxatulebaa da maTi umravlesoba gaumarTleblad zRudavs adamianis uflebebs. magram mainc yvela cenzi erTnairad ar SeiZleba Sefasdes. magaliTad, arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis qveda asakobrivi zRvris daweseba gonivrulad gamoiyureba, radgan bavSvebs jer kidev ara aqvT politikuri gadawyvetilebaTa miiRebis unari da amitom maTi daSveba arCevnebze iqneboda damatebiTi xmis uflebis micema maTTvis, visac bavSvebi ujereben. ufro mkacri asakobrivi moTxovnebi waeyenebaT kandidatebs. arCevis uflebis mqone moqalaqeTa, e. i. pasiuri saarCevno uflebis gamoyenebis qveda asakobrivi zRvari qveyanaTa umravlesobaSi aris 21-dan - 25 wlamde (saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrad SeiZleba arCeuli iyos moqalaqe 25 wlis asakidan). zogierT qveyanaSi es zRvari kidev ufro maRalia. iseT Tanamdebobaze arCevisaTvis, romelic moiTxovs daZabul sistematur muSaobas, qveynisaTvis zogierTi mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis damoukideblad miRebas, anda specialur codnas romelime dargSi, mizanSewonilad unda iqnes miCneuli agreTve zeda asakobrivi zRvrisa da janmrTelobisa da ganaTlebis cenzebis dawesebac. dRes postsabWoTa qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, sajarod gamocxadebulia demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSenebloba. amitom arCevne- samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 243 bis warmomadgenlobiTobis SezRudva normatiuli aqtebiT gamoricxulia. magram arsebobs kanoniT gauformebeli, `Crdilovani~ meTodebic. es aris kenWisyris dRes saarCevno biuletenebis gacema piradobis damadasturebeli sabuTebis gareSe, rac qmnis sxvis magier xmis micemis SesaZleblobas, winaswarSevsebuli an zedmeti biuletenebis gacema amomrCevelze an maTi uSualo CaSveba saarCevno urnaSi saarCevno administraciis warmomadgenlis mier, oqmebSi fiqtiuri maCveneblebis Setana da a. S. arCevnebis Sedegebis sabolooba es kriteriumi or moments gulisxmobs: pirveli, demokratiuli arCevnebi arCeul pirebs aZlevs realuri xelisuflebis sadaveebs, realur da ara simbolur xelisuflebas. maT saxelmwifo unda ganagon arsebuli konsituticiisa da sxva kanonebis dacviT. meore, arCevnebSi monawile mxareTa urTierTloialoba. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi arCevnebSi monawile yoveli mxarisaTvis saerTo unda iyos demokratiuli normebisa da Rirebulebebis dacva. aqedan gamomdinare, arCevnebSi damarcxebulma mxarem, aw ukve opoziciam, arCevnebis Sedegebi unda miiRos rogorc amomrCevelTa kanonieri gadawyvetileba da mzad iyos icxovros im pirobebSi, romlebic iqmneba arCevnebis SedegebiT: xelisuflebisaTvis brZola amjerad damTavrebulia da igi ganaxldeba mxolod Semdeg arCevnebze. demokratiis sayrdeni principia ara mxolod umravlesobis wesi, aramed umciresobis, amjerad damarcxebuli mxaris, uflebebis uzrunvelyofac. gamarjvebuli mxare, Tavis mxriv, valdebulia Tavisi moqmedebiT ar Seaviwrovos damarcxebuli mxare, ar mouspos mas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis pirobebi. sabWoTa kavSiris istoria kidev erTxel gvawvdis, amjerad araloialobis mkafio magaliTebs. saarCevno sistemis funqcionireba da saarCevno procesis monitoringi mxolod qveyanaSi moqmedi saarCevno sistema ar aris arCevnebis demokratiulobis garantia. aucilebelia agreTve sistemis cxovrebaSi gatarebis, saarCevno kanonmdeblobis realizaciis Riaoba dainteresebuli pirebisa da organizaciebisaTvis, saxeldobr, saarCevno procesis yovel etapze SesaZlebeli unda iyos masze Tvalyuris devneba, saerTaSoriso 244 kari mesame aqtebiTa da qveynis kanonmdeblobiT nebadarTuli meTodebiT Semowmeba da kontroli (monitoringi). evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis kopenhagenis (amJamad euTo) 1990 wlis konferenciis mTavari dokumentis mixedviT (muxli 8), Sida da saerTaSoriso meTvalyureebis mier saarCevno procesis Semowmeba arCevnebis Sedegebis sandoobis aucilebeli pirobaa. aqedan gamomdinare, es dokumenti mouwodebs yvela qveyanas, sadac arCevnebi tardeba, moiwvion (dauSvan) meTvalyureebi euToSi Semavali qveynebidan da im kerZo dawesebulebebidan da organizaciebidan, romlebsac meTvalyureobaSi monawileobis miReba surT. demokratiul qveyanaSi saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi meTvalyureebis mniSvneloba da uflebebi garantirebuli unda iyos saarCevno kanonmdeblobiT. sameTvalyureo saqmianobis upirvelesi mizania saarCevno procesis patiosnebis, misi samarTlianobis damowmeba. amas yvela qveynisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs, magram gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, sadac axla mimdinareobs demokratiis mSenebloba. aseT qveynebs ekuTvnis saqarTveloc. arCevnebis procesis yoveli etapis: amomrCevelTa siebis Sedgenis, kandidatebis wamoyenebisa da registraciis, winasaarCevno kampaniis, saarCevno punqtebSi xmis micemis, xmebis daTvlis da a. S. meTvalyureoba da misi Sedegebis sajarooba (magaliTad, gamoqveyneba), unda vivaraudoT da praqtikiT es dasturdeba kidec, Tavs Seakavebinebs arCevnebSi Cabmul mxareebs siyalbisagan, amomrCevelTa motyuebisa da daSinebisagan da sxva darRvevebisagan, uneblie Secdomebisgan. yovelive amas Tavisi Sedegebi aqvs. monitoringis mizandasaxulobaSi es Sedegebic igulisxmeba. bevrma adamianma postkomunistur qveynebSi mware gamocdilebiT icis oficialuri RonisZiebebis sicrue da moCvenebiToba, maT Soris, arCevnebis TaRliTuri xasiaTi, adamianis uflebebis ugulebelyofa, marTvis avtokratiuloba. amitom isini skeptikurad arian ganwyobilebi saarCevno procesis Rirebulebis mimarT. monitoringi da misi Sedegebis sajarooba aseT adamianebs exmareba am damokidebulebis gadalaxvaSi, samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis Rirebulebis SegnebaSi, rac zrdis moqalaqeTa ndobas arCevnebis mimarT, maT aqtiurobas. monitoringi da misi Sedegebis sajarooba gavlenas axdens politikosebze, partiebze, oficialur xelisuflebaze, aiZulebs maT koreqtivebi Seitanon TavianT saqmianobaSi. gavlena arCevnebis Semdegac ar wydeba. gamarjvebuli da damarcxebuli mxareebi arCevnebis mTeli procedurisa da misi Sedegebis kanonierebis sakiTxze kamaTs agrZeleben. Tu moxda, rom faqtebi da argumentebi erTi romelime mxaris sasargeblod gadaiwona, maSin SesaZloa aman mTeli arCevnebis Sedegebzec sabediswero gavlena iqonios. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 245 arCevnebs Tvals adevnebs da akontrolebs oTxi kategoriis Sida meTvalyure: saarCevno administracia (centraluri da regionaluri saarCevno komisiebi da sxva), politikuri partiebi, adgilobrivi mediebi (presa, radio, televizia) da dainteresebuli, neitraluri organizaciebi. garda amisa, monitoringSi unda monawileobdnen saerTaSoriso meTvalyureebi, romlebic mxolod unda avsebdnen Sida meTvalyureebis muSaobas. garda wminda organizaciuli muSaobisa, rac misi ZiriTadi saqmea, saarCevno administracias evaleba uzrunvelyofa imisa, rom arCevnebis mimdinareoba TanxmobaSi iyos qveynis saarCevno kanonmdeblobasTan da saerTaSoriso standartebTan. amitom patiosan da saqmis kargad mcodne saarCevno administracias ZaluZs Seasrulos uaRresad dadebiTi roli arCevnebis demokratiulobaSi da amiT farTo sameTvalyureo saqmianobis saWiroeba Seamciros. saarCevno administracia, arCevnebis patiosnebis damowmebaSi, bolomde sando SesaZloa ar iyos, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, sadac axla mimdinareobs demokratiuli normebis danergva, radgan is garkveuli azriT, dainteresebuli mxarea, jer erTi imis gamo, rom arCevnebis patiosnebis Semowmeba aris amave dros misi muSaobis Semowmeba, da meore, imis gamo, rom Cveulebrivad saarCevno administraciis TanamSromlebi iniSnebian aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis muSakTa wridan da amitom, bunebrivia, arsebobdes eWvi, xSirad arausafuZvlo, rom isini iCenen mikerZoebas – zedmetad uWeren mxars arsebuli xelisuflebis kandidatebs da cdiloben, zogjer darRvevebis fasad, maTTvis xelSemwyobi viTarebis Seqmnas. politikuri partiebis meTvalyureebsac ZaluZT dadebiTi rolis Sesruleba, gansakuTrebiT arCevnebis dRes, radgan saarCevno punqtebSi erTdroulad sxvadasxva partiebis warmomadgenlebis yofna qmnis urTierTkontrolis atmosferos. amave dros, isini iZlevian mniSvnelovan informacias mTlianad saarCevno procesis Sesaxeb, agreTve arCevnebis dRes amomrCevelTa mosvlis intensivobasa da arCevnebis Sedegebze uSualod xmis micemis Semdeg. magram isini dainteresebul mxareebs warmoadgenen arCevnebSi da ar aris gamoricxuli, gamoiCinon midrekileba upiratesoba miscen Tavisi partiis poziciasa da kandidatebs, dafaron maT mier Cadenili darRvevebi. arCevnebs Tvalyurs adevneben agreTve adgilobrivi mediebi – Jurnal-gazeTebi, radio, televizia. Tumca maTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba aris reportaJebi saarCevno kampaniis mimdinareobaze da cnobebi arCevnebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb. Jurnalistebis damoukidebloba da profesionalizmi saSualebas aZlevs maT gamoavlinon darRvevebi, SesTavazon saarCev- 246 kari mesame no administracias informaciis mogrovebis, dajamebisa da gavrcelebis ukeTesi meTodebi. magram iqac, sadac medias kontrols uweven, an dabalia maTi profesiuli done an mediis monitoringuli saqmianoba informacia calmxrivi da arasandoa. imis Segnebam, rom saarCevno administracias, politpartiebis warmomadgenlebsa da adgilobriv mediebs saarCevno procesisaTvis Tvalyuris devnebisas SesaZloa mikerZoebiTi interesebi hqondeT da cdilobdnen arCevnebSi monawile romelime mxaris sasargeblod Tavisi saqmianobis warmarTmavs, gamoiwvia monitoringSi neitraluri samoqalqo oragnizaciebisa da pirebis Cabma, romlebsac ainteresebT ara arCevnebis Sedegi, ara is, Tu vin gaimarjvebs arCevnebSi, aramed TviTon saarCevno procesi, misi patiosneba, kanoniereba da demokratiuli normebisadmi Sesabamisoba. Tu dauinteresebel meTvalyureTa efeqturi muSaobis SemTxvevaSi maT mier saarCevno procesis da arCevnebis Sedegebis Sefaseba ufro obieqturad da sandod unda miviCnioT, vidre oficialuri xelisuflebis kontrols daqvemdebarebuli saarCevno administraciebis da mediebisa, anda politikuri partiebis Sefaseba. saqarTveloSi aseT organizacias warmoadgens `samarTliani arCevnebi~, romelsac yvela arCevnebze hyavs damoukidebeli kandidatebi. am organizaciis garda, arCevnebis monitoringSi aqtiurad monawileobs `saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia~. damoukidebel meTvalyureTa adgilobrivi jgufebi, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, warmoadgenen agreTve neitralur saSualebas im adamianTa gaaqtiurebisa da politikur cxovrebaSi CabmisaTvis, romlebic arCevnebis Rirebulebis mimarT skeptikurad arian ganwyobili da romlebic sxva SemTxvevaSi arCevnebSi ar miiRebdnen monawileobas anda SiSiT mxars dauWerdnen xelisuflebis kandidats. amrigad, dauinteresebeli samoqalaqo organizaciebis CarTva monitoringSi qmnis arCevnebis patiosnebis met Sanss da amave dros aRrmavebs demokratizaciis process. sandoobis xarisxi kidev ufro izrdeba, Tu Sinauri meTvalyureebis muSaoba Sevsebulia saerTaSoriso meTvalyureTa monacemebiT. saarCevno procesis SefasebaSi neitralur meTvalyureTa upiratesobam pirvelad mkveTrad iCina Tavi filipinebze 1984 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi. Semdgom afrikisa da samxreT amerikis qveynebSi, agreTve aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi socialituri banakis daSlis Semdeg. maT uCvenes, rom miuxedavad sakuTari pirovnuli simpaTiebisa da uwindeli gamocdilebisa, ZaluZT keTilsindisierad gaisarjon, maTi saqmianoba ki sando da miukerZoebelia. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 247 iqneba Tu ara arCevnebi patiosani da samarTliani, uwinares yovlisa, saarCevno kanonmdeblobazea damokidebuli. amitom yvela saxis meTvalyuris umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa, zemoqmedeba moaxdinos saarCevno kanonis SemuSavebaze. arCevnebis demokratiuloba demokratiuli saarCevno kanoniT iwyeba. misi arsebiTi komponentia meTvalyureobis CarCoebisa da meTvalyureTa uflebebis gansazRvra. es sakiTxi dainteresebul mxareTa Soris mZafri davis sagania yovelTvis, magram aSkaraa, rom sameTvalyureo saqmianobis SezRudvis yoveli mcdeloba xelisufalTa mxridan maT avtokratiul midrekilebas amJRavnebs. ra unda iyos, garda amisa, meTvalyureobis sagani? yvelaferi, rac saarCevno procesis Semadgeneli nawilia: saarCevno administraciis daniSvna, partiebis (blokebis) registracia, winasaarCevno kampaniis mimdinareoba, xmebis micema da daTvla, Sedegebis interpretacia da gamarjvebulis gamovlena, saCivrebis ganxilva, mTavrobis, uSiSroebis Zalebis da maTi morCili mediebis arCevnebTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobis Seswavla. amave dros, meTvalyureni unda cdilobdnen, rom monitoringis Sedegebi qveyndebodes, raTa isini mTeli eleqtoratisaTvis iyos misawvdomi. evropis ambavi: sayovelTao saarCevno uflebisaTvis brZola bolo ori-sami saukunis evropis istoriis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da dramatuli procesia da dResac warmoadgens sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi demokratiuli normebis danergvisaTvis brZolis Semadgenel nawils. es brZola XVII saukunis inglisSi daiwyo. ganviTarda safrangeTis revoluciis (XVIII) epoqaSi da gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTi XIX saukuneSi miiRo. safrangeTSi generaluri Statebis arCevnebi, uSualod revoluciis win, pirdapiri iyo sasuliero da saTavadaznauro wodebebisaTvis, orsafexuriani mesame wodebisaTvis da sam da oTxsafexuriani glexobisaTvis (wodebriobis cenzi). garda amisa, arsebobda qonebrivi, sagadasaxado da momsaxureobis cenzebi (es ukanaskneli sarCevno uflebas arTmevda xelze mosamsaxureebs). 1793 wlis konstituciiT uqmdeba yovelgvari qonebrivi cenzi, aqtiuri saarCevno uflebis asakobriv zRvrad wesdeba 21 weli, arCevnebi xdeba pirdapiri. 1795 wlis konstitucia yvelgan `ukan ixevs~: aRdgenil iqna qonebrivi da sagadasaxado cenzebi, gaizarda asakobrivi cenzi, napoleonis 1799 wlis reformiT arCevnebi xdeba samsafexuriani da Ria. 1814 wlidan burbonebis restavraciis Semdeg Zlierdeba saarCvno uflebis SezRudvebi. 1830-1831 wlis saarCevno reforma odnav amsubuqebs mdgomareobas. 1848 wlis revolucia safrangeTSi saarCevno sistemis reformis moTxovniT daiwyo da axalma kon- 248 kari mesame stituciam aRadgina da gaaRrmava 1793 wlis konstituciis miRwevebi. arCevnebi xdeba sayovelTao, pirdapiri, faruli. aseTi meryeoba TiTqmis saukunis bolomde gagrZelda. aranakleb dramtuli iyo saarCevno sistemis demokratizaciisaTvis brZola sxva qveynebSi. XIX saukunis inglisSi Cartistuli moZraobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna iyo saarCevno sistemis radikaluri reforma. saxeldobr, yovelgvari cenzebis gauqmeba, faruli kenWisyris SemoReba da a. S. 1832, 1867 da 1884 wlebis saarCevno reformebma inglisSi minimumamde daiyvanes qonebrivi cenzebi da ukve XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis, pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg miRweul iqna aqtiuri, saarCevno uflebis sayovelTaoba. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac 1787 wels, maSin rodesac konstitucia miiRes, xmis ufleba da ufleba arCeulebi yofiliyvnen, hqondaT mxolod sakuTrebis garkveuli minimumis mflobel TeTrkanian mozrdil mamakacebs, am brZolis ZiriTadi niSansvetebia: qonebrivi cenzis gauqmeba (XIX saukunis dasawyisi), qalebisaTvis xmis uflebis micema (1920), rasobrivi cenzis sruli gauqmeba (XX sauknis 60iani wlebi), qveda asakobrivi cenzis 21 wlidan 18 wlamde Semcireba (1971). mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisSi, pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg mkvidrdeba evropis qveynebSi: germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, SveicariaSi, saberZneSi, espaneTSi, belgiaSi da nawilobriv inglisSi – is, rasac sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba mxolod garkveuli SeRavaTiT SeiZleba ewodos, radgan Tumca qonebrivi cenzi yvelgan gauqmebuli iyo, zogierTi SezRudva mainc rCeboda, magaliTad, diskriminacia sqesis mixedviT. gaumarTlebeli cenzi arRvevs kanonis winaSe yvela moqalaqis Tanasworobis moTxovnas, rac sazogadoebis demokratiulobis erT-erTi umTavresi maCvenebelia. kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba irRveva maSinac, roca Tumca yvelas aqvs saarCevno ufleba, yvelas xma erTi da igive `wonis~ ar aris, anu roca moqalaqeebi gansxvavdebian im xmebis ricxviT, romlebic maT SeiZleba miscen kenWisyrisas, an rodesac, vTqvaT, ise sayovelTao aqtiuri saarCevno uflebis pirobebSi, garkveuli kategoriis moqalaqeebs ara aqvT ufleba an kanoniT aqvT naklebi Sansi arCeuli iqnen warmomadgenlobiT organos wevrad an arCeviT Tanamdebobaze. pasiuri sarCevno uflebis aseTi SezRudva SesaZloa uSualod ar iyos kanonSi formulirebuli, magram sxva SezRudvebisagan gamomdinareobdes. erTi aseTi meqanizmia saarCevno olqebis Camoyalibeba – im teritoriebis gansazRvra, romlebic erTi da imave raodenobis deputatebs irCeven. Tu amomrCevelTa ricxviT saarCevno olqebi Zalian gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, irRveva arCevnebis Tanasworoba, radgan amomrCevelTa ufro mcire raodenoba erT olqSi imdensave deputats irCevs, ramden- samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 249 sac amomrCevelTa ufro meti raodenoba sxva olqSi da gamodis, sxvadasxva olqSi mcxovreb amomrCevlebs sxvadasxva `wonis~ xmebi aqvT. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi did britaneTSi Cartistuli moZraobis politikur moTxovnaTa Soris erT-erTi ZiriTadi iyo saarCevno olqebis aseTi uTanabrobis mospoba. 1832 wlis saparlamento reformam did britaneTSi gaauqma bevri mcirericxovani saarCevno olqi da amiT mniSvnelovani nabiji gadadga win arCevnebis demokratizaciis procesSi. ssrk-s (sabWoTa socialisturi reaspublikebis kavSiri) ambavi: arCevnebi sabWoTa kavSirSi, es iyo speqtakli, romlis scenari yvela wvrilmanis gaTvaliswinebiT daxurul kars miRma partiul biuroebsa da politbiuroebze iqmneboda da misi yvela monawile morCilad mxolod imas akeTebda, rac mas am scenariT evaleboda. yovelive es keTdeboda erTaderTi mizniT – komunisturi reJimisTvis miecaT kanonieri saxe da es kanoniereba daemtkicebinaT saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobisa da sakuTari daSinebuli mosaxleobisTvis. oficialuri monacemebiT am arCevnebSi monawileobda da `komunistebisa da upartioebis blokis~ kandidatebs aZlevda xmas qveynis mozrdili mosaxleobis TiTqmis asi procenti. magram rogorc ki xalxma miiRo sakuTari azris gamoTqmisa da sxvagvarad moqmedebis ufleba, daiSala komunisturi partiac da misi xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedi saxelmwifoc. es aris sabWoTa kavSirSi Catarebuli yvela arCevnebis siyalbis, maTi arademokratiulobis utyuari sabuTi. sabWoTa kavSirSi konkurentuli garemosa da pluralizmis moTxovna ar sruldeboda, radgan arCevnebSi monawileobda erTaderTi e. w. komunistebisa da upartioebis bloki da yvela kandidati am blokis warmomadgeneli iyo. sabWoTa biuletenSi ewera: `waSale yvela kandidatis gvari, garda erTisa~, xolo instruqciis qveS – kandidatTa siaSi Setanili erTaderTi gvari. magram TviTon es blokic fiqcia iyo. saarCevno bloki iqmneba iuridiul pirebs (politikur partiebsa da gaerTianebebs) Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebiT, xolo upartioebis politikuri gaerTianeba sabWoTa kavSirSi ar arsebobda. oficialuri propaganda sabWoTa kavSirSi qadagebda, rom arCevnebis konkurenciuloba abnevs amomrCevlebs, orientacias ukargavs. komunistebisa da upartioebis blokis monawileobiT Catarebuli sabWoTa arCevnebi demokratiulad ver CaiTvleba, radgan igi gamoricxavs winasaarCevno brZolas da amomrCevlebs mxolod SeTavazebuli kandidatis dadasturebis saSualebas aZlevs, ufro zustad – avaldebulebs maT airCion es kandidati. Tum- 250 kari mesame ca Teoriulad aqac aris marcxis SesaZlebloba, magram moulodnelobis gamoricxvazec winaswar zrunavdnen. ar aris cnobili sakavSiro an respublikur arCevnebSi romelime kandidatis damarcxebis SemTxveva. konkurentul garemod ver CaiTvleba verc is SemTxveva, rodesac Tumca biuletenSi Setanilia ramodenime gvari da yvela isini SerCeulebi arian oficialuri xelisuflebis mier. arCevnebis periodulobis TvalsazrisiTac, absurduli viTareba iyo. arCevnebi formalurad, mkacrad periodulad tardeboda, magram es perioduloba araviTar rols ar TamaSobda saxelmwifos politikuri cxovrebis ganaxleba-gadaxalisebaSi. saxelmwifo politikis Secvla xdeboda, magram igi ar iyo dakavSirebuli arCevnebis SedegebTan. politikuri programebi sxva ritmiT icvleboda. umaRles saxelmwifo Tanamdebobaze erTi da igive pirebi sikvdilamde rCebodnen. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT sabWoTa kavSiris istorias, iolad davrwmundebiT, ramodenime gamonaklisis garda, umaRlesi Tanamdebobidan wasvla bunebriv an ZalmomreobiT sikvdils emTxveoda. maS, raRa xasiaTdeboda periodulobiT? perioduli iyo saarCevno speqtakli. es dRe yovelTvis zemodan sanqcirebuli zeimiT aRiniSneboda. tardeboda saxalxo seirnobebi, koncertebi da cekva-TamaSebi quCebsa da moednebze, radiodan da televiziidan ifrqveoda maRalfardovani sityvebi. yoveli saarCevno ubani gadaWedili iyo imaTi suraTebiT, visac axla ekavaT da momavalSic, `arCevnebis~ Sedegad unda hkavebodaT umaRlesi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi. arCevnebis periodulobis fiqciurobas sabWoTa kavSirSi isic adaturebda, rom misi Sedegebi araviTar realur rols ar TamaSobda cxovrebaSi. xSirad xdeboda, rom deputatad an raime Tanamdebobaze guSin zar-zeimiT arCeuli piri, dRes uars ambobs Tavis politikur programaze, tovebs Tanamdebobas, xSirad saxl-karsac da zogjer sicocxlesac. sabWoTa kavSirSi arCevnebi arasdros ar iyo warmomadgenlobiTi. pirvel periodSi, 1936 wlis konstituciis miRebamde, es faqti oficialuri xelisuflebis mier cxaddeboda mis upiratesobad, sikeTed da arCevnebis umTavres miznad miCneuli iyo arCevnebsa da arCeviT organoebSi monawleobisagan socializmisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili mosaxleobis fenebis Camocileba. amisTvis gamoyenebuli iyo mravalferovani saSualebebi: SromiTi cenzi, saarCevno olqebis organizeba sawarmoo principis mixedviT, muSaTa, glexTa da wiTelarmielTa deputatebis yrilobebis mravalsafexuriani arCevnebi, Ria kenWisyra yovel safexurze, deputatebze zedamxedveloba – maTTvis samuSao ganawesis micema da gamowvevis SesaZlebloba, arCeviT organoebSi proletaruli umravlesobis arsebobis savaldebuloba da sxva. amis Sedegad saarCev- samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 251 no ufleba CamorTmeuli hqondaT: fabrika-qarxnebis arendatorebsa da mflobelebs, vaWrebs, saSualo da msxvil miwaTmoqmedebs (da saerTod yvelas, vinc daqiravebul Sromas iyenebda an kapitalidan procents iRebda), yvela saxis saeklesio kultis msaxurebs (warsulSi an axla), yvelas, vinc TanamSromlobda damxobil xelisuflebasTan, muSaobda mis administraciul organoebSi an iyo mis samxedro samsaxurSi. 1936 wlis konstituciiT yvela es SezRudva gauqmda; axla ukve propaganda eweoda arCevnebis saerTo-saxalxo, e. i. warmomadgenlobiT xasiaTs, magram faqtobrivad arCevnebis sagangebo organizebis arademokratiuli meTodebi Secvlili saxiT, agreTve xelisuflebis TviTneboba, mosaxleobis daSineba, urCebis dasja, adamianTa saqcielze faruli meTvalyureoba zogjer uxeSi da zogjer dexvewili xerxebiT SenarCunda, rac arCevnebs sabWoTa kavSirSi 1936 wlis Semdegac warmomadgenlobis TvalsazrisiT absurdul xasiaTs aZlevda: saarCevno yuTebSi eSveboda aTeul milionobiT biuleteni, magram arCevnebSi namdvilad monawileobda amomrCevelTa erTob mcire raodneoba. arCevnebis Sedegebis sabolooba da arCeuli pirebis realuri Zalauflebis miniWeba absoluturad ucxo iyo sabWoTa arCevnebisaTvis, radgan komunisturi politikuri doqtrinis mixedviT arCevnebi proletariatisaTvis mxolod sakuTari poziciis propagandis xerxia, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mopoveba da floba ki iaraRiT, SeiaraRebuli brZoliT, mowinaaRmdegeTa fizikuri iZulebiT an mospobiT aris SesaZlebeli. am doqtrinis realuri saxe kargad Canda sabWoTa xelisuflebis stalinur periodSi. am dros, magaliTad, sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisa da saxelmwifos meTauri – adre sakavSiro cak-is (centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti), Semdeg ssrk umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomare maSindeli rangebis tabelis mixedviT mxolod ufrosi sakancelario Cinovniki iyo. igi patimrobaSi myofi sakuTari ojaxis wevris ambavsac ver gaigebda uzenaesis nebarTvis gareSe. ssrk-Si aseve warmoudgeneli iyo arCevnebSi monawile mxareTa urTierTloialoba. mTeli 1917 wlis manZilze bolSevikebi leninis meTaurobiT moiTxovdnen ruseTis damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevas, romelsac unda ganesazRvra ruseTis saxelmwifos axali mowyoba. mas Semdeg, rac 1917 wlis noemberSi SeiaraRebuli gadatrialebis Sedegad isini saxelmwifo xelisuflebas daepatronen, es moTxovna ganaxorcieles kidec, axla ukve im imediT, rom damfuZnebeli kreba bolSevikebis mier xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebas kanonierad miiCnevda. arCevnebSi bolSevikebic mTeli enTuziazmiT monawileobdnen. kreba Sedga 1917 wlis 18 ianvars, magram aRmoCnda, rom krebis wevrTa umravlesoba bolSevikebs 252 kari mesame mxars ar uWerda. erTi dRis Semdeg iaraRis muqariT daSales is, misi wevrebis umravlesoba represiebs emsxverpla. meore magaliTi: sabWoTa kavSirSi kompartiis yoveli yrilobis umTavresi saqme iyo centraluri komitetis arCeva, romelic, Tavis mxriv, irCevda partiuli da maSasadame, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRles organos. XVII yrilobaze stalinma sawinaaRmdego xmebi miiRo; ki ar damarcxda, gaimarjva, magram ara erTxmad. am yrilobis delegatTa didi nawili fizikuad mospes uSualod yrilobis Semdeg. demokratiuli arCevnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTierTloialobis moTxovna gansakuTrebiT Zneli gasaziarebelia imaTTvis, visi fsiqikac totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi yalibdeboda. totalitarizmis atmosfero adamianebSi Rrmad nergavs azrovnebis antipluralistur mimarTulebas, cxovrebaSi araSemwynareblur tendenciebs. aseTi mimarTulebis adamianisaTvis amosavali poziciaa monizmi yvelgan da yvelaferSi, rwmena imisa, rom erTmaneTis mocile koncefciebidan, saarCevno programebidan, adamianebidan erTi da mxolod erTia marTali da, maSasadame, gamarjvebis Rirsi. aqedan gamomdianre, radgan simarTle Sens mxarezea, Tu brZola erTi xerxiT waage, gaagrZele igi sxva xerxiT. amis magaliTad gamodgeba 1991-1993 wlebis samoqalaqo omi saqarTveloSi. igi saxelmwifo cxovrebis mowyobis demokraituli normebis ugulebelyofis gamovlineba iyo. saqarTvelos ambavi: saqarTvelos parlamentisa da prezidentis 1995 wlis arCevnebze, kenWisyris dRes, TiTqmis yvela saarCevno ubani ver akmayofilebda samarTliani arCevnebis CatarebisaTvis aucilebel pirobebs: saarCevno ubnebis jerovani moumzadebloba, biuletenebis zusti aRricxvis ararseboba, amomrCevelTa siebis Sedgenisa da dazustebis wesebis darRveva, kenWisyris dawyebis da damTavrebis vadis darRveva, saarCevno ubnebSi agitacia da sxva. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos is, rom bevr ubanSi imyofebodnen, kenWisyris procesSi ereodnen da xmebis daTvlasa da oqmebis SedgenaSi monawileobdnen pirebi, romelTac kanoniT amis ufleba ara aqvT. ZiriTadad eseni iyvnen adgilobrivi xelisuflebisa da policiis warmomadgenlebi. 1996 wlis seqtemberSi Catarda aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebi. saxelmwifo dotaciaze myof gazeT `aWaris~ (am droisTvis `aWarisa~ da misi rusuli variantis garda baTumSi, regularu- samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 253 lad, sxva, arcerTi gazeTi ar gamodioda) yoveli nomris TiTqmis 3/4 , winasaarCevno periodSi, arCevnebSi monawile erTi blokis `aRorZineba da moqalaqeTa kavSiris~ da misi lideris, aslan abaSiZis sasargeblo agitacias eZRvneboda. magaliTad, 6 seqtembris nomerSi igi 41-jer, xolo 13 seqtemberis nomerSi 33-jer aris moxseniebuli. amave dros, opoziciur, respublikur da social-demokratiul partiebs uari uTxres am gazeTSi maTi regionaluri organizaciebis winasaarCevno platformebis gamoqveynebazec ki. aWaris mosaxleobam adgilobrivi televiziiT ramdenjerme naxa filmebi, romlebSic opoziciur Zalebs bralad edebodaT terorizmi. amave dros televiziiT ar gadauciaT arc erTi kritikuli masala oficialuri xelisuflebis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis samsaxurebrivi saqmianobis Sesaxeb maSin, rodesac swored maT Soris iyvnen `aRorZinebisa da moqalaqeTa kavSiris~ blokis kandidatebi. opoziciuri partiis kandidatebs xeli SeuSales maTTvis oficialurad gamoyofili satelevizio drois srulfasovnad sargeblobaSi: erTi opoziciuri partiis warmomadgenlis gamosvla gadaica Ramis pirvel saaTze, meoris gamosvlis dros Suqi gamudmebiT iTiSeboda, xolo mesamis gamosvlis nawili gadaica gaxmovanebis gareSe. oficialuri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi opoziciuri partiebis warmomadgenlebs xels uSlidnen amomrCevlebTan SexvedrebSi. aWaris uSiSroebis samsaxuri muqariTa da SantaJiT aSinebda opozicionerebs, ris Sedegadac bevrma maTganma arCevnebamde moxsna Tavisi kandidatura. amave arCevnebze avtonomiuri respublikis xelisuflebam ar dauSva saerTaSoriso damkvirveblebi, rac eWvqveS ayenebs arCeuli organos legitimurobas. maTi moqmedeba adgilobriv kanonebTan TanxmobaSic rom iyos, es mxolod am kanonis defeqturobis mauwyebeli iqneboda, radgan maSin gamodis, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos saarCevno kanonmdeblobasa da saerTaSoriso normatiul aqtebs. maSinac ki, rodesac xelisufleba dauintersebel meTvalyureebs monitoringis uflebas aZlevs oficialurad, adgilebze imave xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi Znelad eguebian maT – ar uSveben saarCevno ubnebSi, xels uSlian muSaobaSi, ar aZleven xmebis daTvlis proceduraze daswrebis uflebas, aZeveben saarCevno ubnebidan muqariT, xolo zogjer – fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebiT da cemiTac ki. amgvar faqtebs mravlad hqonda adgili saqarTvelos saparlamento da saprezidento, 1995 wlis noembris, arCevnebSi. 1992 wlidan dRemde saqarTveloSi Catarebul yvela arCevnebTan (saprezidento, saparlamento da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis) dakavSirebiT arsebobs arasamTavrobo organizaciis `samarTliani arCevnebi~ angariSebi. aseve saerTaSoriso organizaciebis angariSebi da Sefasebebi. ai, rogor afaseben euTos warmomadgenlebi da evrosabWos 254 kari mesame saparlamento asambleis mier movlinebuli damkvirveblebi 2003 wlis saparlamento arCevnebs: `samwuxaroa, magram es arCevnebi saarCevno demokratiuli procesis mimarT ndobis gaZlierebisaTvis sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda~, – euTo-s moqmedi Tavmjdomaris sagangebo koordinatori, moklevadiani damkvirveblebis xelmZRvaneli brius jorji. `Cven migvaCnia, rom am qveynis mosaxleoba ufro kargad organizebul arCevnebs imsaxurebs, rac samwuxarod 2 noembers ar ganxorcielda~, – evrosabWos saparlamento asambleis delegaciis xelmZRvaneli tom koqsi. `saarCevno administraciis warmomadgenlebis umetesoba cdilobda Tavisi movaleoba pirnaTlad Seesrulebina. Tumca, csko-m isini saTanadod ver moamzada. es, ZiriTadad, saarCevno administraciebis dagvianebiT dakompleqtebam gamoiwvia~, – euTo-s damkvirvebelTa grZelvadiani misiis xelmZRvaneli julien fil ieiTsi. `arCevnebis dros didi dabneuloba da qaosi SeimCneoda ara mxolod saarCevno ubnebis gaxsnis dros, aramed mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi. amas emateboda biuletenebis gaformebis mravalsafexuriani procesi, romlis gamoucdelobamac saarCevno ubnebTan amomrCevelTa grZeli rigebi gamoiwvia~, – jorj folsomi. `es arCevnebi ganixileba saprezidento arCevnebis WrilSi, roca qveyana momaval prezidents airCevs. arCevnebisTvis mzadebis procesi ar unda SeCerdes, bevri Zalisxmevaa saWiro, rom momavali arCevnebi demokratiuli, saerTaSoriso standartebis sruli dacviT Catardes~, – julien fil ieiTsi. `Cven movuwodebT saqarTvelos mTavrobas da politikur partiebs, yvelaferi moimoqmedon saarCevno procesis gasaumjobeseblad, raTa droulad moemzadon 2005 wlis saprezidento arCevnebisTvis, aq ki mTavari pasuxismgebloba mTavrobas ekisreba~, – jorj folsomi. `Cveni misia sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT erT-erTi yvelaze grZelvadiani vizitiT swored saqarTveloSi imyofeboda, raTa dakvirveba moexdina saarCevno proceduraze. sul, am proceduras 34 damkvirvebeli vadevnebdiT Tvals, 12 TbilisSi da 22 – sxvadasxva regionSi~, – julian fill ieiTsi. `arCevnebze saerTaSoriso damkvirvebelTa misiaSi monawile struqturebi mzad arian, saqarTvelos xelisuflebas saarCevno procesSi arsebuli problemebis mogvarebaSi daexmaron. Tavis mxriv, demokratiuli saarCevno procesis uzrunvelyofa, sabolood, politikur nebaze iqneba damokidebuli~, – ganacxades euTos da evrosabWos warmomadgenlebma. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 255 nawili meoTxe samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi: warsuli gamocdileba da samomavlo gamowvevebi am nawilSi saubaria me-19 saukunis samoqalaqo organizaciebze. im adamianebze, sazogadoebebsa da idealebis msaxurebaze, romlebmac unikaluri gamocdileba da memkvidreoba dagvitoves. kolonializmis qveS myofi patriotebi aTasgvar saSvalebebs poulobdnen Tavisuflebis daSretili energiis asaRorZineblad. sazogadoebebis daarseba, Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocema, skolebis gaxsna, qvelmoqmedeba da mecenatoba maSindeli moqalaqeebis is iniciativebi gaxldaT, sadac qalebic mamakacebis Tanasworad ezidebodnen uRels. am nawilSi gavecnobiT saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis konstituciasa da zogierT sakanonmdeblo aqts, romelTac samoqalaqo sazogadeobis ganviTarebaze zrunvis kvali atyviaT. bolos, gavaanalizebT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis winaSe mdgom Tanamedrove gamowvevebs. nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT upasuxoT iseT kiTxvebs, rogoricaa: • ra istoria aqvs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas saqarTveloSi? • rogoria samoqalaqo sazogadoebis bedi sabWouri totalitarizmis epoqaSi? • rogoria samoqalaqo sazogadoebis postsabWoTa gamocdileba? • ra gamowvevebis winaSe dgas samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi? 256 kari mesame qarTuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istoriaSi yvelaze TvalsaCino da mniSvnelovani magaliTia qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba (1879 wlis 15 maisi – 1927 wlis 23 aprili). es iyo pirveli samoqalaqo organizacia da moZraoba, romlis winaSe ori umniSvnelovanesi amocana idga: 1. winaaRmdegoba gaewia da SeeCerebina saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiis mier dagegmili da mimdinare rusifikaciis procesi; 2. xeli Seewyo saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebis procesisaTvis. is pirobebi, romelic imdroindel saqarTveloSi iyo gamefebuli, kargad aqvs aRwerili im periodis sazogado moRvawe qals, nino yifians Tavis mogonebebSi: `TviTmpyrobeli ruseTis gadawyvetilebas, rom saqarTvelo gaerusebina, erTad erTgulad da siamovnebis nerwyvis ylapviT asrulebdnen misi moxeleebi... es garuseba-gadagvareba saswavleblidan daiwyes. qarTuli ena ZaRlis enad monaTles da masze laparaki akrZales. mowafis xelSi rom qarTuli gazeTi daenaxaT, maswavlebeli xelidan gamohglejda: `– mag sisulelis kiTxviT Tavs nu ilayebo~ (не набивай себе головы этой глупостью). ramdeni amisTana ubadrukoba iyo qarTuli enis garSemo, amas gana vin mosTvlis?! mosaCveneblad dauTmes qarTul enas meeqvse gakveTili, rom xuTi gakveTiliT moqanculi bavSvis tvins qarTulisa veRar Seesmina da isic Tavs ar icxelebda amisaTvis, radgan mSobliuri enis ucodinaroba mas klasidan klasSi gadasvlas srulebiTac ar uSlida. piriqiT, iyo iseTi magaliTebic, rodesac TviT mSobeli sTxovda saswavleblis gamgeT, Cems Svils qarTulad nu aswavliT, gakveTilebs ver aswrebso, da imaTac xom es undodaT. Tumca yofila iseTi magaliTebic, rom mowafeebs ganucxadebiaT protesti enis aseTi devnisaTvis, rac im dros imaT did gmirobad unda CasTvlodaT. xSirad gamigonia erT aseTs SemTxvevaze Cems ojaxSi: qalebis daxurul `zavedeniaSi~ Cveulebrivi bali hqoniaT. bals daswrebia romeliRac didi moxele. mowafeTa Soris Zalian moswonebia ukve SeRerebuli marTla Zalian lamazi mowafe babo xerxeuliZe, SemdegSi artisti, qali avaliSvilisa da masTan musaifi gaumarTavs. babos usargeblia amiT da gul-mtkivneulad gadauSlia misTvis yvelaferi qarTuli enis devnis Sesaxeb. amaze viTom didad aRSfoTebul moxeles sityva miucia, amas iqiT eg aRar iqnebao, magram samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 257 aramc Tu enis devna isev ise darCa, TviT babos gandevnac moindomes saswavleblidan imis saqcieliT gabrazebulma ufrosebma, da mSoblebma Zlivs gadaarCines. da gana marto saswavleblidan iyo qarTuli ena devnili. is idevneboda yoveli dawesebulebidan, romlebiTac avsebdnen TviTmpyrobeli ruseTidan mivlinebuli, met-nawilad loTi meqrTame moxeleebi. arsebobda maSin am politikis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad Cveni uxucesi, jer kidev 1879 wels daarsebuli qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba da ebrZoda kidec qarTuli Skolebis daarsebiT, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da wignebis gamocemiT, magram xel-mokle nivTierad da mTavrobisgan ufleba SezRuduli, bevrs ver gaawyobda. kerZo SemTxvevebSi presiT ekamaTebonen samoswavlo olqis mzrunvels iseTi didi qarTvelebi, rogorc ilia WavWavaZe, iakob gogebaSvili, dimitri yifiani da sxvani, magram maTi polemika iyo ufro loialuri kilosi da xasiaTisa. saSiSari brZolis magier fiandazis gaSla scades iseT moxeleebTan, romelTac bevri avis gakeTeba SeeZloT... erT dros dids modaSi iyo CvenSi rusis poeti vasili veliCko. man didi aRtacebis leqsi uZRvna saqarTvelos ruseTidanve, sanam Camovidoda, roca niSnavdnen mTavrobis gazeTi “Кавказ” redaqtorad da iqidanve warmogvigzavna is momxiblavi leqsi, iqneb imitomac, rom ufro advilad aexvia qarTvelebisTvis Tvalebi. icodnen Cvenebma, rom bevri SeeZlo “Кавказ”-is redaqtors da masTanac scades Tavisi uZalo Zala, gaumarTes nadimi Camovida Tu ara. nadims rCeuli inteligencia daeswro. didad Sinaarsiani sityvebi uTxres ilia WavWavaZem da giorgi wereTelma. mTavari azri maTi sityvebisa, ra Tqma unda, is iyo, rom cudaT gveqcevian mTavrobis moxeleni da es Cven ar dagvimsaxurebiao. Sen ukraineli xar da Cveni gulis tkivils advilad gagvigebo. amaze veliCko upasuxebda amnairad, rom me erTi mercxali veras gavawyob, exlandeli moxeleebi wavlen aqedan, CemisTana moxeleebi mofrindebian da maSin gamogizafxulebiaTo. magram is erTi mercxali veliCkoc im moxeleebs miemxro da minam saqarTveloSi iyo, imave politikas awarmoebda. erTgulebas Cvendami viTom imiTi iCenda, rom Cveni maqebari, rom rusebs lanZRavda da maT Sesaxeb didi wigni “Улов”-ic daswera, sadac werda, rom qarTvelebi raindi xalxia, erTguli ruseTisa, patiosani, magram rusebma ver gavigeT am xalxis sulieri Tvisebebi, midrekileba: es xalxi meomari xalxia, omis dros is maRldeba, xolo mSvidobianobis dros – suliT 258 kari mesame ecema. evropiuli kultura da civilizacia mavnebelia am erisaTvis. maT sWirdebaT samxedro skola, samxedro samsaxuri, imgvari samxedro cxovreba, rogorc kazakebs aqvTo. gimnazias da universitets veraferSi gamoiyenebeno. erTSi iyo is gulwrfeli: mas didad moswonda saqarTvelo da misi xalxi, iqneb kidec uyvarda, magram ara saqarTvelosTvis ki, mas uyvarda, rogorc Zvirfasi `oboli margaliti~ ruseTis mefis gvirgvinSi, rogorc TiTon uwodebdnen saqarTvelos. rodesac is kvdeboda, ukanaskneli misi sityvebi Turme iyo: – `RmerTo, Sen gaaZliere romanovebis gvario!~ da iseTi rwmenis adamiani CvenTvis kargs ras moindomebda. gana ar unda mivxvdariyavi imis Sovinistur zraxvebs, rodesac CvenTan stumrobis dros mis sasiamovnod SemoZaxil qarTuli, xalxuri simReris `me var da Cemi nabadis~ gagonebaze, uceb dacqvita yurebi, Tvalebi siamis cecxliT aevso da aRtacebiT mommarTa: `oho, gesmiT, es ra kiloa, visi kiloa, ha, Tqveni?~ me is simRera bavSvobidan mesmoda da ise mqonda SeTvisebuli, rom arasdros yuradReba ar mimiqcevia. imisaTvis, Tu visi kilo iyo, Cveni Tu sxvisa da am kiTxviT gakvirvebulma, raRaca dabneuli RimiliT vupasuxe: – Cvenia, mgoni, didi xania mRerian mas CvenSi. – diax, didi xania, didi, – ganagrZo sixaruliT, – asi wlisa iqneba, asis, metisa ki ara! exla Tqvenia, Cvenica da Tqvenic, saerToa! aseTi iyo misi sixaruli imis gamo, rom `me var da Cemi nabadis~ kilo Turme rusuli iyo da Cven rom imas Cvenad vmRerodiT, es, imis azriT, erTerTi safexuri iyo Cveni garusebisa. me amas maSin savsebiT ver mivxvdi, magram raRac ki Zalian ar miama. an raRa iqneboda, Zalianac rom mivxvdariyav? kacma Tavisi xarki ukve miiRo monadirebuli qarTvelisagan – is didebulad qeifobda farTod gadaSlil aivanze, kekluci bunebis wiaRSi! ra gaewyoboda! aseTi sacodavebi viyaviT imaT xelSi! erTi yalbi sityvac ki gvajerebda da gvxiblavda. amnairad nadimebi nadimebad rCeboda da politikis gezi ki Tavisi mimarTulebiT mihyavdaT. da arc uSedegeboT!~ swored am gausaZlis pirobebSi 1879 wels dafuZnda qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, romelmac mravali weli moandoma saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT gaSlas da yvela regionSi TanmimdevrobiT filialebis daarsebas: samoqalaqo sazogadoeba baTumi baqo kavkavi soxumi quTaisi yvirila (2) xoni 1909 borjomi foTi 1910 gori gudauTa zugdidi lixauri oCamCire samtredia siRnaRi 1912 axalgori ganja guria (2) erevani vani qvemo maCxaani 1913 alagiri oni soWi cxinvali 1914 senaki tuapse 1919 259 filialebis Seqmnam xeli Seuwyo sazogadoebis muSaobis gaSlasa da gaRrmavebas, qarTveli xalis gaTviTcnobierebasa da misi kulturuli donis amaRlebas. am saqmeSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula qarTuli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnam (`deda ena~, `bunebis kari~ da sxva), skolebis gaxsnam regionebSi da qarTulma periodikam: `ciskari~ (1852-1875) `droeba~ (1866-1885) `mnaTobi~ (1869-1872) `iveria~ (1877-1906) `meurne~ (1888-1898) `jejili~ (1890-1923) `kvali~ (1893-1904) `cnobis furceli~ (1896-1906) 260 kari mesame es gamocemebi aSuqebdnen yvela mniSvnelovan sakiTxs: ganaTlebis roli da mniSvneloba sazogadoebaSi; adamianis uflebebi; qalis uflebebi; ruseTSi, evropaSi, amerikaSi mimdinare movlenebi. sazogadoebas daxmarebas uwevdnen qarTveli mecenatebi: Zmebi zubalaSvilebi, daviT sarajiSvili. maTi finansuri daxmarebiT niWieri axalgazrdebi ganaTlebis misaRebad ruseTSi da evropaSi igzavneboda. daviT sarajiSvilma (1848-1911) gardacvalebamde erTi wliT adre sakuTari qonebis didi nawili sazogadoebriv organizaciebs uanderZa: 1. 500 aTasi maneTi – wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas. 2. 150 aTasi maneTi – quTaisis Teatrs – asaSeneblad. 3. 200 aTasi maneTi – istoriul-eTnografiul sazogadoebas. 4. 25 aTasi maneTi – quTaisis dramatul sazogadoebas. 5. 50 aTasi maneTi – TbilisSi politeqnikur an sxva umaRlesi saswavleblis 6. 30 aTasi maneTi – vladikavkavis (orjonikiZe) Rarib moswavleebis – swavlis dasaarseblad. qiris gadasaxdelad (ganurCevlad erovnebisa); 7. 25 aTasi maneTi – saqarTvelos saeTnografo sazogadoebas – wignebis gamosacemad. 8. 100 aTasi maneTi – Tbilisis qarTul dramatul sazogadoebas. 9. 10 aTasi maneTi – samiwaTmoqmedo saxelosnos gamosworebul axalSenTa da TavSesafarTa sazogadoebas. 10. 171 aTasi maneTi – sarajiSvilis firmis muSa-mosamsaxureebs; 11. 5 aTasi maneTi – qarTuli filarmoniis sazogadoebisaTvis; 12. 20 aTasi maneTi – qarTuli sityvakazmuli mwerlobis sazogadoebas – qarTuli axali originaluri beletristuli nawerebisaTvis premiis dasaniSnad. 13. 50 aTasi maneTi – avlabarSi saprofesio skolis dasaarseblad da Sesanaxad. 14. 10 aTasi maneTi – moskovis qarTul sazogadoebas. 15. 10 aTasi maneTi – didubis taZars. 16. 5 aTasi maneTi – ruseTis mevenaxeTa da meRvineTa sazogadoebis sadgurs odesaSi. 17. 200 aTasi maneTi – TbilisSi qirurgiuli saavadmyofos asaSeneblad. qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba da qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebi (ilia WavWavaZe, ivane maCabeli, rafiel erisTavi, niko nikolaZe, sergei mesxi, giorgi wereTeli, ekaterine gabaSvili, ivane kereseliZe, dimitri yifiani da sxvebi) xels uwyobdnen saqarTveloSi dasavlel moazrovneTa da mweralTa popularizacias da maTi Semoqmedebis gacnobas qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis. am periodSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 261 iTargmna da gamoica Seqspiri, balzaki, ibseni, defo, svifti, dikensi, servantesi, volteri, hiugo, dode. dasavlur kulturasTan ziarebam xeli Seuwyo saqarTveloSi demokratiuli, liberaluri Rirebulebebis Semosvlas da am sakiTxebze debatebis, polemikis dawyebas. erT-erTi aseTi Tema iyo `Tanasworoba~ da `qalis uflebebi~, romlis pirveli talRa swored XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan iwyeba da qalebis ganaTlebis uflebaze fokusirdeba. qalTa ganaTlebisa da samoqalaqo moZraobis ambavi: qarTveli qalebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen, rom qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba savaJo skolebze zrunavda, xolo gogonebis ganaTlebaze saxsrebs ar gamoyofda. ai, ras wers ekaterine gabaSvili (1851-1933), romelic qalis uflebebisTvis ibrZoda da sazogadoebis wevri iyo: `me gamakvirva mxolod iman, rom Tormetidan dawyebuli TiTqmis xuT saaTamde iyo cxare baasi sazogadoebis fulis moxmarebazed wera-kiTxvis gavrcelebisaTvis da aravis imazed xma ar amouRia, es Rvawli marto vaJebis saswavleblebs da imaT ganaTlebas unda ekuTvnodes, Tu qalebsac unda hqondeT rame monawileoba. marTlac gasakviria, rogor erTs an sazogadoebis wevrs an sazogadoebis mmarTvelebs fiqradac ar mouvidaT qalebis bedis gaxsenebac. gana cudi iqneboda, rogorc baTumisa da Tbilisis Skolebze laparakoben, esec gadaewyvitnaT, rom yvela Skola saqal-vaJo yofiliyo? marTalia, Cvens sasoflo SkolebSi qalebic swavloben, magram es sruliad maswavlebelzea damokidebuli. Tu survili aqvT, qalebsac aswavlian, Tu ara da ara. raT aris ase? ratom yvela Skola valdebuli araa erTnairaT miiRos msurvelni vaJebica da qalebica? ratom pedagogiur kursebze qalebic ar unda iyvnen miRebulni? gana CvenSi cota qalqebi arian, romlebic siamovnebiT ikisreben sasoflo Skolebis maswavleblobas, am saqmisTvis specialuri momzadeba rom hqondeT. gana ar mogexsenebaT, rom evropaSi da mometebulad amerikaSi saukeTeso da mometebuli ricxvi maswavleblebisa qalebi arian? ratom Cven ar unda gamovcadoT? Tqven TviTonve ar ambobT - Cvens kacebSi iSviaTaT ipovniT rigians maswavlebelso? nuTu Cveni wera-kiTxvis sazogadoeba uadgiloTa saxavs qalebis ganaTlebas saerTo sikeTisaTvis saqarTveloSi? me ki Cemis azriT, qalebisTvis ufro saWirod vxedav qarTulis enis codnas, imitom, rom qali aris pirveli maswavlebeli 262 kari mesame Svilebisa; ymawvils Tu bavSvobidanve siyvaruli ara aqvs swavlisa da Tavis deda enisa, is SemdegSiac Znelad SeiTvisebs imas, da Tu Cvenma wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebam qarTveli qalebis aRzrda institutsa da zavedeniebs mianeba, sadac qalebs sruliad ara aqvT Ronis-Zieba, praqtikis uqonlobis gamo, qarTuli enis Seswavlisa, imasac Cqara moveswrebiT, rom Cven bavSvebs, didebis mowyalebiT, sasircxvilod miaCndebaT Tavis deda-enazed laparaki. amis magaliTebi axlac bevria CvenSi. amazed bevri damemowmeba. warsulis kviris krebaSi viyaviT ramdenime qali da verc erTma CvenTaganma ver movaxerxeT xmis amoReba qalebis gamosasarCleblad. ratom? imitom, rom SevkrTiT, ver gavbedeT xmamaRla gamogveTqva Cveni azri, ara varT qalebi SeCveuli sazogado saqmeebSi monawileobis miRebas. imedi gvaqvs, saqarTvelos wera-kiTxvis sazogadoeba miiRebs mxedvelobaSi am azrs da SemdegisTvis miscems Ronis-Ziebas qarTvel qalebs Tavis deda-enis Seswavlisas; vgonebT, saqmiTac male gamoCndes, rom es sazogadoebis zrunva usargeblod ar Caivlis~ . ekaterine gabaSvili, `droeba~,1880 mravalwliani uSedego mcdelobis Semdeg ekaterine gabaSvilis iniciativiT Camoyalibda `qalTa saxelosno skola~ (1895-1926), romelic gogonebis ganaTlebaze zrunavda da sakuTar Tavs TviTonve inaxavda. SemecnebiTi gakveTilebis garda, skolaSi iswavleboda Wra-kerva da skolis maswavleblebi sakuTar xelobas sTavazobdnen Tbilisis moqalaqeebs da iRebdnen gasamrjelos. Semosuli TanxiT xdeboda saWiro inventaris da wignebis SeZena. skola popularuli iyo mTels saqarTveloSi. misi kursdamTavrebulebi analogiur skolebs xsnidnen regionebSi. skola daixura sabWoTa reJimis periodSi, 1925 wels. meoce saukunis dasawyiss da social-demokratiis ideis gamoCenas ukavSirdeba qalTa moZraobis meore talRa, romlis samizned socialuri samarTlianobis da Tanasworobis ideebi iqca. yvelaze aqtualuri gaxda qalis samoqalaqo uflebebi: arCevnebSi monawoleobis ufleba: iTargmna avgust bebelis `qali da socializmi~, `amomrCeveli qali~, gaCndnen qarTveli sufraJistebi da maTi gaerTianebebi: `qalTa Tanasworobis saqarTvelos kavSiris~, `qarTvel qalTa sazogadoeba~, `kavkasiel qalTa sazogadoeba~. am moZraobas SeuerTda pirveli talRis monawile qalTa didi nawili. qalTa moZraobis meore talRas saTaveSi edga kato miqelaZe (18781943). man daamTavra briuselis socialur mecnierebaTa fakulteti, 1910-1913 wlebSi cxovrobda parizSi da kargad icnobda qalTa evropul moZraobas. saqarTveloSi dabrunebisas, 1917 wels man daiwyo aqtiuri moZraoba qalTa politikuri monawileobis ideis realizaciisaTvis: samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 263 Camoayaliba qalTa wreebi dasavleT saqarTvelos qalaqebSi (quTaisi, zestafoni, abaSa, Tbilisi) da daiwyo gazeTis `xma qarTveli qalis~ gamocema. gazeTs sainformacio-saganmanaTleblo daniSnuleba hqonda da vrceldeboda mosaxleobaSi. qalebis samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis mopovebisaTvis gaSlilma moZraobam mainc gamoiRo Sedegi. 1919 wlis TebervalSi Catarebuli sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad, damfuZnebeli krebis wevri gaxda 130 deputati, maT Soris iyo 4 (3%) qalic: e. ColoyaSvili, e. maxvilaZe, a. soloRaSvili, q. SaraSiZe (26 adgiliani kvota ganisazRvra erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenelTaTvis! l.g.). 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstituciaSi ki Caiwera: `orive sqesis moqalaqe Tanasworia rogorc politikur, ise samoqalaqo, ekonomikur da saojaxo uflebiT~ (muxli 39). `qorwineba emyareba uflebriv Tanasworobasa da nebayofilobas; qorwinebis formas kanoni gansazRvravs. qorwinebis gareSe da qorwinebaSi Sobili uflebebiTa da movaleobebiT Tanasworni arian. dedas ufleba aqvs iZios da daamtkicos, vin aris mama mis mier qorwinebis gareSe Sobilisa; agreTve qorwinebis gareSe Sobils ufleba aqvs iZios Tavisi mama~ (muxli 40). `saqarTvelos respublikis warmomadgenlobiTi organo aris `saqarTvelos parlamenti~, romelic Sesdgeba sayovelTao, Tanaswori, pirdapiri, faruli da proporciuli wesisamebr arCeuli deputatebisagan. arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs sqesis ganurCevlad yovel sruluflebian moqalaqes, romelsac 20 weli Sesrulebia. parlamenti airCeva 3 wlis vadiT~ (muxli 46). `gansakuTrebuli kanoni daicavs qalTa Sromas warmoebaSi. akrZalulia qalis muSaoba dedobisaTvis mavne warmoebaSi; muSa qalis mSobiarobis dros ara nakleb 2 Tvisa Tavisufalia muSaobisagan, jamagiris mouspoblad; damqiravebels evaleba ZuZumwovar bavSvTa mosavlelad Sesafer garemoebaSi amyofos muSa qalebi~ (muxli: 126). ganaTlebis uflebis realizebazec saxelmwifom aiRo pasuxismgebloba: dawyebiTi, saSualo da umaRlesi skolebi saero gaxda. 1918 wlis 6 seqtembris kanoniT, Tamar mefis saxelobis, qalTa saostato seminaria (romelic sazogadoeba `ganaTlebas~ ekuTvnoda) mTavrobis gamgeblobaSi gadavida da misi mzrunvelobis qveS moeqca. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis, 1918 wlis 3 seqtembris debulebiT (miRebulia saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos da mTavrobis mier) orive sqesis xelmisawvdomoba umaRles ganaTlebaze garantirebulia: 264 kari mesame `tfilisis universitetis studentebad SeiZleba orTave sqesis pirni iyvnen, romelTac saSualo skola unda hqondeT gaTavebuli, TviTeuls fakultets ufleba aqvs, Tu saWirod scnobs, universitetSi SemomsvlelT romelime damatebiTi sagnis codna winaswar mosTxovon~ (paragrafi 15) `studentebs garda, tfilisis universitetSi orive sqesis msmenelnic arian~. (paragrafi 16). 1920 wlis 16 agvistos, damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo specialuri debuleba, sadac Caiwera: `sasoflo meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro agronomiuli personalis mosamzadeblad arsdeba orive sqesis pirTaTvis sasoflo-sameurneo skolebi da dawesebulebebi...~ 1921 wlis Semdeg, roca moxda saqarTvelos okupacia da damyarda bolSevikuri reJimi, qalTa moZraoba, iseve rogorc yvela saxis samoqalaqo aqtiuroba, aikrZala. komunisturi partiis centralur komitetSi da mmarTvel organoebSi qalebis warmomadgenloba Zalian dabali iyo da simbolur xasiaTs atarebda. sabWoTa epoqaSi samoqalaqo gaerTianebebi mxolod saSualeba iyo xelisuflebis mier adamianis operatiuli damorCilebisaTvis. amis saukeTeso ilustraciaa sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli SemoqmedebiTi da profesiuli kavSirebis moRvaweoba. sabWoTa reJimi TviTon qmnida da afinansebda sazogadoebriv, profesiul, saxelovnebo gaerTianebebs, rogorc sabWoTa ideologiis msaxurebs. xelisuflebisagan damoukidebeli, sabWoTa ideologiisgan Tavisufali an misi mowinaaRmdge organizaciebis arseboba absoluturad gamoricxuli iyo. 1935-1940 wlebSi saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris (maSin mweralTa federacia erqva) 55 wevri daapatimres da maTi didi nawili daxvrites. represirebulTa saqmeebi cxadyofs, rom maTi devna da Seviwroeba, dapatimreba swored kolegebis mondomebiT da xelSewyobiT xdeboda, maTze araadamianuri zewolisa da daSinebis gziT. sabWoTa kavSiris ambavi: sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoTa mweralTa federacia 1929 wels Camoyalibda. igi aerTianebda 4 damoukidebel, avtonomir mweralTa asociacias: samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 265 1. akademiur mweralTa asociacia (1922-23 wlebSi Camoyalibda. gamoscemdnen Junalebs: `xomli~, `qarTuli sityva~, `ilioni~, `kavkasioni~). 2. `cisferyanwelTa~ asociacia (pirveli msoflio omis mere Camoyalibda, rogorc `cisferi yanwebi~ / `meocnebe niamorebi~ /gamoscemdnen gazeTebs: `barikadi~, `rubikoni~, `baxtrioni~ da “Фигаро”). 3. `memarcxeneTa~ asociacia (gamoscemdnen Jurnalebs: `arifioni~, `H2SO4~, `memarcxeneoba~ da gazeTs `drouli~). 4. proletarul mweralTa asociacia (Camoyalibda 1922 wels. gamoscemda gazeTebs: `qura~, `prolemafi~ anu proletaruli literaturis axali fronti da `dariali~). magram 1931 wlisaTvis ukve proletarul mweralTa asociaciam omi gamoucxada danarCen asociaciebs, rogorc apolitikur, memarjvene da reaqciul organizaciebs da komunisturi partiis politikasTan TanxmobiT am mwerlebis winaaRmdeg represiebs misca biZgi. 1931 wels sakuTari rigebis wmenda daiwyo da aseTi dokumenti SeimuSava: `mweralTa federacia Semavali dajgufebebiT da organizaciebiT unda iZleodes mTlianaT sabWoTa sinamdvilis damcvel da mis interesebisTvis mebrZol mwerlobas. socialisturi mSeneblobis mimdinare etapze mwerlebis amocanebi didia da misi jansaRi organizmi unda sCandes federaciis SemadgenlobaSi. xsenebuli debuleba iZulebuls gvxdis gadavsinjoT mweralTa federaciis Semadgenloba da misi sazogadoebrivi saqmeebi. gadasinjvis Sedegad vRebulobT mweralTa federaciis modunebulsa da inertul cxovrebas, apolititikur tendenciebs (romelic Tavis ZiriTadSi riaqcionuri ganwyobilebaa) da ukanasknelad `wiTel xalturis nimuSebsac~. marTalia, erTi mxriv darazmulia proletaruli mwerlobis Zlieri organizacia da maTTan SeTanxmebiT izrdeba da magrdeba TanamgzavrTa kadrebi, magram mweralTa federaciaSi Sekedlebuli, TiTqos apolitikuri, mwerlebi qmnian modunebul atmosferas da amiT xels uSlian rekonstruqciul periodisTvis saWiro mwerlobis aRorZinebas. saukeTeso gamomxatveli ferSecvlili kontr revoluciisa aris zedmeti esTetizmi, apolitizmi, romelic dRiur sakiTxebiT dainteresebis winaaRmdegia da mwerlobas CvenTvis saWiro politikur simaxviles ukargavs. ar aris garantia, rom es mwerlebi gardaiqmnebian axlo momavalSi da gaxdebian aqtiuri muSakebi proletariatis saqmianobisa. `kanis cvla~, ro- 266 kari mesame melic gamoiares bevrjer xsenebulma pirebma ver scvlis maT Sinagan bunebas da isini xSiraT egreT wodebuli `pasiuri winaaRmdegobiTac~ ibrZvian Tanamedrove mwerlobis poziciaze. mweralTa federaciaSi Semavali organizaciebidan yvelaze metad aseTi ZalebiT damZimebulia akademiur mwerlebis organizacia, romlis xelmZRvaneloba umTavresad memarjvene da reaqcioner mwerlobas uWiravs xelSi. Semdeg modis maTi mimyoli da axlobeli jgufebi. saWiroa am atmosferis garkveva da federaciis Semadgenlobis filtraciaSi gatareba, saWiroa mweralTa federaciidan iseTi xalxis moSoreba, romelnic mwerlebis saerTo saqmianobas xels uSlis da reaqcionur atmosferas afarToebs. saWiroa axali Zalebis federaciaSi dawinaureba da mweralTa federaciis akademiuri da kabineturi saqmianobidan daZvra. mweralTa federaciis arseboba da mniSvneloba kiTxvis qveS rom ar iyves, mweralTa federaciam unda gaiwmindos Tavis organizmi yvela mavne elementebisagan da muSaoba gaamZafros massaSi gadataniT. mweralTa federacia unda gaxdes mimdinare socialistur mSeneblobaSi saWiro da uSualo monawile organizacia. dRes mweralTa federacia modunebuli organizmia da mis saboloo daavadebamde saWiroa samkurnalo wmendis dawyeba~. 1935-1940 wlebSi saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris (maSin mweralTa federacia erqva) 55 wevri daapatimres da maTi didi nawili daxvrites. represirebulTa saqmeebi cxadyofs, rom maTi devna da Seviwroeba, dapatimreba swored kolegebis mondomebiT da xelSewyobiT xdeboda. sabWoTa reJimi TviT qmnida da afinansebda sazogadoebriv, profesiul, saxelovnebo gaerTianebebs, rogorc sabWoTa ideologiis msaxurebs. xelisuflebisagan damoukidebeli, sabWoTa ideologiisgan Tavisufali an misi mowinaaRmdge organizaciebis arseboba absoluturad gamoricxuli iyo. postsabWoTa periodi da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis procesi XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan iwyeba. es aris periodi, roca sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada da saxelwifos axali, komunisturi ideologiisgan samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 267 Tavisufali, saxelmwifos mSeneblobas Seudga. mTavari biZgi am process misces saerTaSoriso organizaciebma. swored maT waaxalises qveynis demokratizaciis procesi da xeli Seuwyes (finansuri da teqnikuri daxmarebiT) moqalaqeTa gaerTianebebs, ZiriTadad arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, romelTa iniciativebi saqarTveloSi demokratiuli, liberaluri Rirebulebebis popularizaciasa da damkvidrebaze iyo mimarTuli. moqalaqeTa did nawils warmodgena ar hqonda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis raobaze da imaze – Tu ra monawileoba unda mieRo TiToeul adamians axali saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi da ratom iyo es monawileoba mniSvnelovani? mTavari dabrkoleba sabWoTa gamocdileba iyo, sadac moqalaqe pasiuri, umoqmedo qveSevrdomia, romelic usityvod emorCileba saxelmwifos. samoqalaqo aqtivizmi ZiriTadad arasamTavrobo organizaciebis saxiT gaformda da swored isini iqcnen demokratizaciis procesis mamoZravebel Zalad. arasamTavrobo seqtoris Sesaxeb msxvilmaStabiani raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi kvlevebi ar arsebobs. statistikis departamentis monacemebiT saqarTveloSi amJamad 9000-mde arasamTavrobo organizaciaa registrirebuli, magram savaraudod, maTi 90 procenti aqtiuri ar aris. maTi Seqmnis dinamika aseTia: 1992-1998 wlebSi daaxloebiT 1500 arasamTavrobo organizacia Seiqmna, 1999-2002 wlebSi – 1500, xolo 2003-2008 wlebSi – 6000. axali organizaciebis Seqmnis mzardi tempi ufro am procesis stiqiurobaze miuTiTebs, vidre – gaazrebul, sazogadoebrivi saWiroebebis gacnobierebiT gamowveul qmedebaze. konsultaciis da treningis centrma (CTC) 2005 wels Caatara `samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebi donis kvleva~ (kvleva Catarda saerTaSoriso organizaciis `sivikumis~ mier SemuSavebuli meTodologiiT). samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebSi maT gamoyves Semdegi jgufebi: 268 kari mesame cxrili # kvlevaSi Sesuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciaTa tipebi 1. rwmenaze dafuZnebuli organizaciebi 2. profkavSirebi 3. advokatirebis organizaciebi (mag., samoqalaqo aqtiurobis, socialuri samarTlianobis, mSvidobis, adamianis uflebebis, momxmarebelTa jgufebis) 4. momsaxurebis mimwodebeli (mag., saTemo ganviTarebis mxardamWeri, saganmanaTleblo, jandacvis, soc. momsaxurebis) 5. ganaTlebaSi, treningsa da kvlevaSi moRvawe (mag., analitikuri jgufebi, resurs-centrebi, arakomerciuli skolebi, sjaro ganaTlebis organizaciebi) 6. media 7. sxvadasxva socialur jgufTa mier dafuZnebuli asociaciebi: qalTa, studentTa da axalgazrduli asociaciebi 8. socio-ekonoimikuri kuTxiT marginalizebul jgufTa asociaciebi (mag., Raribebi, usaxlkaroni, emigrantebi, devnilebi) 9. profesiuli da biznes asociaciebi (mag., savaWro palata, profesiuli asociaciebi) 10. saTemo jgufebi da asociaciebi (damkrZalavi biuroebi, TviTdaxmarebis jgufebi, mSobelTa asociaciebi) 11. ekonomikuri interesis matarebeli (mag., kooperativebi, sakredito jgufebi, ormxrivad Semnaxveli asociaciebi) 12. eTnikuri, tradiciuli da adgilobrivi asociaciebi/jgufebi 13. garemosdacviTi organizaciebi 14. kulturisa da xelovnebis organizaciebi 15. socialur-gasarTobi organizaciebi da sportuli klubebi 16. saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi (grantebze momuSave fondebi) da finansebis momZiebeli danayofebi 17. politikuri partiebi da organizaciebi 18. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaTa qselebi/federaciebi/mxardamWeri organizaciebi 19. sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi (mag., miwisZvriT dazaralebulTa, mSvidobis momxreTa) registrirebuli 9000 organizaciidan maTi regionuli gadanawilebis suraTi aseTia samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 269 cxrili saqarTveloSi registrirebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebi regionebis mixedviT regioni organizaciebis raodenoba Tbilisi 4326 samegrelo 739 imereTi 691 aWara 450 kaxeTi 364 samcxe-javaxeTi 348 Sida qarTli 311 sxva 1771 gavlenis mixedviT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis jgufebi Semdegnairad nawildeba, media (televizia), profesionaluri asociaciebi, analitikuri jgufebi, uflebadamcveli da momsaxurebis mimwodebeli arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. opoziciuri politikuri partiebi metnaklebi gavleniT sargebloben. saTemo organizaciebi da is organizaciebi, romlebic mosaxleobis yvelaze Rarib nawils warmoadgenen, mag., iZulebiT gadadgilebuli pirebi, yvelaze naklebad gavleniani jgufebia. profkavSirebi – maTi umravlesoba gawevrianebulia saqarTvelos gaerTianebul profkavSirebSi. am organizacias Zalian susti avtoriteti aqvs, radgan igi sabWoTa periodis profkavSiris memkvidred iTvleba. permanentuli Sida konfliqtebis gamo igi bevrma wevrma datova. 2003 wlis Semdeg, rac – saxelmwifo daupirispirda, qonebis didi nawili, swored mis sasargeblod daTmo. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis dafinansebis mTavari wyaro aris donorebidan miRebuli grantebi. organizaciebis wliuri biujetis 80% donori organizaciebisgan miRebuli grantebisgan Sedgeba. sawevro gadasaxadebi arasamTavroboebis, mxolod, mesameds aqvs, romelic umetes SemTxvevaSi, maTi Semosavlis 5%-s ar aRemateba. dedaqalaqSi momuSave organizaciebis biujeti bevrad aRemateba regionulebisas. Tumca arasamTavrobo seqtoris finansuri mdgomareoba zogadad arastabiluria, radgan igi didwilad saerTaSoriso donorebzea damokidebuli. 270 kari mesame biznes seqtoris warmomadgenelTa mxolod 18%-s aqvs arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan TanamSromlobis da saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobis gamocdileba. es gamowveulia imiT, rom biznes jgufebi ar arian darwmunebulebi, rom maTi donacia samizne jgufamde miaRwevs. samoqalaqo seqtoris warmomadgenelTa didi nawilisTvis mTavari prioriteti ganaTlebaa: treningebi, seminarebi, sagamomcemlo saqmianoba. ganaTlebis momsaxurebis sferoebi ki Semdegia: ganaTlebis sakiTxebi, qalTa problemebi, samoqalaqo ganaTleba, janmrTelobis dacva, socialurad daucveli jgufebi, fsiqologiuri reabilitacia, axalgazrdebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, ekonomikuri ganviTareba, mcire biznesis ganviTareba. samoqalaqo seqtori, samwuxarod, xelisuflebaze Zlier gavlenas ver axdens. mTavrobis mxridan mis mimarT angariSvaldebulebis zrda SesamCnevia da samoqalaqo ganaTlebaSi intervenciis arealic – sakmaod farTo, Tumca, moqalaqeTa moTxovnebis pirdapiri dakmayofilebisa da sajaro politikis formirebaze zemoqmedebis sakiTxSi misi saqmianobis efeqti Zalian sustia. yvelaze aqtiurad, organizaciebi, ZiriTadad, demokratiis, adamianis uflebebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis mxardaWeraze muSaoben. zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare samoqalaqo sazogadoebis winaSe dgas mniSvnelovani gamowvevebi, romelTa formulireba zogadad ase SegviZlia: 1. miuxedavad imisa, rom erTsadaimave sakiTxze (mag.: adamianis uflebebis dacva) momuSave organizaciebi erTmaneTTan TanamSromloben, saqarveloSi samoqalaqo Tanamonawileobis xarisxi Zalian dabalia, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebi moqalaqeTa mobilizaciiT da sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi maTi CarTviT ar arian dainteresebulebi. 2. qarTuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrebi yvelaze xSirad da efeqturad erTiandebian adamianis uflebebis, Zaladobis sawinaaRmdegi da tolerantobis kulturis damkvidrebis kampaniebis garSemo, magram Zalian iSviaTad – socialuri dacvisa da siRaribis aRmofxvraze mimarTul sakiTxebze. aseTi suraTi paradoqsulia, radgan saqarTveloSi siRaribe da socialuri momsaxurebis problemebi moqalaqeTa didi nawilis mTavari sazrunavia. aqedan gamomdinare samoqalaqo seqtoris aqtiuri nawilis da moqalaqeTa saWiroebebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTulma samoqalaqo sazogadoebam aucileblad un- samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 271 da dauaxlovos Tavis dRis wesrigi farTo sazogadoebis yvelaze aqtualur moTxovnilebebs. 3. samoqalaqo seqtoris ganviTarebas yvelaze metad aferxebs Semdegi faqtorebi: fundamenturi uflebebis darRveva, zogadi politikuri da socio-kulturuli konteqsti, agreTve susti kavSirebi kerZo seqtorTan. 4. samoqalaqo seqtoris Sidaseqtoruli urTierTobebi met-naklebad ganviTarebulia, xolo moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileoba – sakmaod dabali. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samoqalaqo seqtori farTo sazogadoebisgan gancalkevebulad dgas da ase ufro komfortulad grZnobs Tavs. magram sakuTari gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis, samoqalaqo seqtori, yvelanairad unda Seecados ufro mWidro urTierTobebis damyarebas, rogorc xelisuflebasTan, aseve farTo sazogadoebasTanac. `imedis~ ambavi: 2000 wels 5 qalma, romlebic saqarTveloSi bavSvTa janmrTelobis problemebs ikvlevda, gadawyvita Seeqmna arasamTavrobo organizacia `imedi~. maT SeimuSaves wesdeba, sadac sakuTari saqmianobis miznebi gansazRvres: • saqarTveloSi bavSvTa janmrTelobis mdgomareobis monitoringi; • bavSvTa janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb yovelwliuri angariSis momzadeba; • bavSvTa janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb saxelmwifo politikis, programebis monitoringi; • bavSvTa janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba samTavrobo, arasamravrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebisTvis. saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, qalebma es miznebi Seitanes asociacia `imedis~ wesdebaSi da 2000 wlis 22 dekembers, iusticiis saministroSi daregistrirdnen, rogorc sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri. 2001 wels `imedma~ SeimuSava proeqti `bavSvTa janmrTelobis mdgomareobis monitoringi maRalmTian regionebSi~ da gaeros bavSvTa fondis (UNICEF) dafinanseba miiRo. proeqtis realizaciis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom am regionebSi bavSvebis umravlesobas fariseburi jirkvlis paTo- 272 kari mesame logia aqvs, rac gamowveulia iodis deficitiT. amasTan, organizaciis wevrebma daadgines, rom qveyanaSi am problemis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aranairi saxelmwifo programa ar arsebobs. `imedis~ wevrebma janmrTelobis saministros, bavSvTa uflebebze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebs da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs warudgines specialuri moxseneba, sadac saxelmwifosgan iodizirebuli mariliT maRalmTiani regionebis momaragebisTvis saWiro zomebis miRebas moiTxovdnen. `imedis~ rekomendaciebs Sedegad specialuri saxelmwifo programebi mohyva, romelmac maRalmTiani regionebis didi nawili iodizirebuli mariliT moamaraga. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis ZalisxmeviT ki saerTaSoriso organizaciebma humanitaruli misia ganaxorcieles iseT regionebSi, sadac saxelmwifos Zalisxmeva arasakmarisi aRmoCnda. 2002 wels asociacias `imedi~ daukavSirda arasamTavrobo organizacia `qali da janmrTelobas~ da TanamSromloba SesTavaza, rac imave regionebSi qalebis reproduqciuli janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Seswavlas gulisxmobda. kvlevam aCvena, maRalmTian regionebSi arsebuli iodis deficiti uaryofiT gavlenas axdens ara mxolod bavSvebis, aramed qalebis janmrTelobazec, radgan qalebSi farisebri jirkvlis daavadebebi korelaciaSia saSvilosnos simsivnur daavadebebTan. miuxedavad, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mravalwliani mcdelobisa, maT ver aiZules saxelmwifo qalebis reproduqciuli janmrTelobis gaumjobesebisa da simsivnuri daavadebebis prevenciaze mimarTuli programebi Seeqmna.2 ambavi samarTlian arCevnebsa da samoqalaqo protestze: 2003 wlis 2 noembris saparlamento arCevnebis dros arasamTavrobo organizaciam `demokratiisa da samarTliani arCevnebis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba~ xmebis paraleluri daTvla ganaxorciela, romelmac aCvena, rom oficialurad gamocxadebuli Sedegi (arCevnebSi SevardnaZis da aslan abaSiZis gundis gamarjveba) ar Seesabameboda realur monacemebs. organizaciam sarCeli Seitana sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi arCevnebis Sedegebis gauqmebis moTxovniT. sasamarTlom es moTxovna daakmayofila, radgan sarwmunod CaTvala `samarTliani arCevnebis~ mier wardgenili gayalbebis damadasturebeli masalebi. am procesis para2 unda aRiniSnos, rom 2008 wlis pirveli maisidan saqmianoba daiwyo erovnulma skrining centrma. skriningis programas Tbilisis meria da gaeros mosaxleobis fondi, specialuri memorandumis safuZvelze, afinansebs. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 273 lelurad telemedia asparezs uTmobda samoqalaqo seqtorisa da politikuri opoziciis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic SevardnaZis reJims akritikebdnen, ramac farTo samoqalaqo protesti gamoiwvia. Sedegad, 23 noembers, eduard SevardnaZe prezidentis postidan gadadga. `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg qarTuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis nawili xelisuflebaSi wavida. axalma xelisuflebam Secvala konstitucia: prezidents parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba mieca da parlamentarTa raodenoba 235 wevridan 150-mde Semcirda. garda amisa saqarTvelos mTavrobam demokratiuli institutebis gaZlierebasa da adamianis uflebebis dacvaze bevrad ufro prioritetulad saxelmwifo institutebis gaZliereba miiCnia. korufciisa da organizebul danaSaulTan brZolis politikas Tan axlda adamianis uflebebis da samarTlis normebis uxeSi darRvevebi. gaxSirda mediaze zewolis faqtebi. miuxedavd amisa, samoqalaqo seqtoris warmomadgenlebi ganagrZoben xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli reformebis kritikas, rasac Sedegad mohyva 2007 wlis 7 noembris da 2009 wlis maisis mSvidobiani protestebi, romelsac xelisufleba Zalismieri meTodebiT daupirispirda (aqciebis da tele imedis darbeva). 2011 wlis 26 maiss ki saprotesto aqciis Zaladobriv daSlas 3 adamianis sicocxle Seewira. demonstrantTagan mravalma sxeulis mZime dazianeba miiRo. samoqalaqo seqtoris warmomadgenelTa permanentuli moTxovnis miuxedavad, am procesebTan dakavSirebiT, saqme ar aRZrula da sasamarTlo ganxilvac ar gamarTula. kari meoTxe demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba meoTxe karSi demokratiul sazogadoebaSi samoqalaqo monawileobis uflebebsa da pasuxismgeblobebs gaecnobiT. ganxilavT ukanasknel xanebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare reformebs. yuradReba gamaxvildeba reformaTa gavlenasa da am procesebSi moqalaqeTa rolze. visaubrebT sazogadoebis gasaumjobeseblad saWiro RonisZiebebsa da demokratiis idealebis ganviTarebisaTvis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobasTan Tanamonawileobaze. ganvixilavT qmedebebs, romelTa ganxorcielebac moqalaqeebs xelisuflebisgan damoukideblad an masTan TanamSromlobiT SeuZliaT. am TavSi ganxiluli magaliTebi dagexmarebaT, ukeTesad gaigoT, Tu rogor SegiZliaT, ufro metad iaqtiuroT sazogadoebaSi da socialuri mniSvnelobis mqone ZiriTad sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze gavlena iqonioT. karis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT upasuxoT iseT sakvanZo kiTxvebs, rogoricaa: ra gvWirdeba adamianis uflebebis realizaciisTvis? ra gamowvevebis winaSe dgas warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia? ras gulisxmobs monawileoba da TanamSromloba? rogoria monawileobis saukeTeso formebi da saSualebebi? ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels da ra abrkolebs CvenSi aqtiur monawileobas? ra winapirobebia saWiro demokratiis maRali xarisxis uzrunvelsayofad? ras niSnavs studentTa TviTmmarTveloba da rogoria misi saukeTeso gamocdileba? demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 275 nawili pirveli moqalaqis monawileoba sazogadoebrivi amocanebis gadawyvetaSi demokratia mxolod moqalaqeTa arCevnebSi monawileobiT ar Semoifargleba, is moqalaqis yoveldRiur aqtiurobazea damokidebuli. es aqtiuroba ori mimarTulebiT SeiZleba gamovlindes: pirveli, rodesac moqalaqe Tavisi iniciativiT monawileobs sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi, sakuTari da TanamoqalaqeTa uflebebis dacvaSi; meore, rodesac misi aqtiuroba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiT procesebSi TanamonawileobiT gamoixateba da sajaro xelisuflebasTan mWidro TanamSromlobas gulisxmobs. am nawilis farglebSi moqalaqis aqtiurobis orive aspeqti iqneba ganxiluli. Sesabamisad, yuradReba daeTmoba, rogorc samoqalaqo aqtiurobis iseT formebs, romlebic uSualod moqalaqis, an sazogadoebrivi jgufebis mier aris inicirebuli, aseve vrclad iqneba ganxiluli sajaro xelisuflebis mier waxalisebul proeqtebSi moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis formebi. • ratom monawileobs moqalaqe sazogadoebrivi amocanebis SesrulebaSi? • ratom aris moqalaqis aqtiuroba demokratiisTvis mniSvnelovani? • ZiriTadad ra formiT vlindeba samoqalaqo aqtiuroba saqarTveloSi? • ra xelisSemSleli faqtorebi arsebobs saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camosayalibeblad? • ra formiT SeiZleba axali Taobis samoqalaqo aqtiuroba? • ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels axali Taobis samoqalaqo aqtiurobas? 276 kari meoTxe Tavi 1.1 moqalaqis sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgebloba demokratiuli sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom moqalaqes hqondes pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebisa da Tanamoqalaqeebis winaSe. moqalaqe mxolod sakuTari egoisturi interesebis dakmayofilebiT ar unda iyos dainteresebuli, mas unda hqondes imis Segneba, rom Tavisi wili valdebulebac aiRos sazogadoebaSi saerTo sikeTis Seqmnis saqmeSi. saerTo sikeTis Seqmna gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi sakuTari surviliT, usasyidlod, iseTi saxis aqtiurobas, romelic finansur mogebaze ar aris orientirebuli da miznad isaxavs sakuTari SesaZleblobebiTa da unarebiT garkveuli sazogadoebrivi amocanebis gadaWras. drois moTxovnis mixedviT, es amocanebi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi gansxvavebulia. es sferoebi ki moicavs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis iseT aspeqtebs, rogorebicaa: mozardebTan urTierToba, samezoblo kavSiri, sportuli gaerTianeba, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis adamianebTan urTierToba, socialuri daxmareba, garemos dacva, adamianis uflebebis dacva, politikuri procesebis kontroli da sxv. aRniSnuli sferoebis mixedviT, iqmneba aqtiur moqalaqeTa gaerTianebebic, rac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani komponentia. moqalaqis an sazogadoebrivi jgufebis mier inicirebuli samoqalaqo aqtiuroba garkveuli winapirobebis arsebobazea damokidebuli. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba mozardi Taobis samoqalaqo ganaTlebas, romelmac, pirvel rigSi, moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgeblobis Segneba unda Camoayalibos. Tavad samoqalaqo iniciativebi ki iseTi demokratiuli unarebis formirebas uwyobs xels, rogorebicaa: sakuTari azris, ideebis formulireba, kompromisebisTvis mzadyofna, TanamoqalaqeebTan urTierToba. solidarobis gancda, sxvebis mimarT tolerantobisa da pativiscemis gamoxatuleba demokratiuli sazogadoebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi Rirebulebebia, romlebic moqalaqeebs sazogadoebrivi amocanebis gadaWris procesSi monawileobis Sedegad uyalibdebaT. moqalaqes, romelic monawileobs sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sferoSi, amoZravebs imis Segneba, rom mxolod saxelmwifos regulirebasa da sabazro ekonomikur urTierTobebze ar aris damokidebuli sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovreba, igi damokidebulia moqalaqeTa saerTo interesebis ganxorcielebazec, romelic imisken aris mimarTuli, demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 277 rom sakuTari iniciativebiTa da ideebiT gaaumjobesos sazogadoeba. moqalaqe am sazogadoebis aqtiuri nawilia, misi Semoqmedi da iniciatori. mis mier inicirebuli ideis realizebisTvis man SeiZleba ara mxolod Tanamoqalaqeebs, aramed sajaro xelisuflebasa da biznesseqtorsac mimarTos. Tavi 1.2 samoqalaqo aqtiuroba saqarTveloSi saqarTvelosTvis, sadac ar arsebobs samoqalaqo ganaTlebisa da demokratiuli sazogadoebis didi tradiciebi, mniSvnelovania moqalaqeTa samoqalaqo cnobierebis amaRleba da maTi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis uzrunvelyofa. am saqmiT saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad, sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebia dakavebuli, romlebic donori organizaciebis mxardaWeriT axorcieleben iseT proeqtebs, rogorebicaa: samoqalaqo organizaciebis aqtiuri CarTva samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis procesSi, samoqalaqo organizaciebis erToblivi aqtivobebis waxaliseba da maTi mediasTan TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba, multieTnikuri dialogis xelSewyoba, iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa cxovrebis stabilizaciisa da maTi sazogadoebaSi integrirebisTvis aucilebeli winapirobebis uzrunvelyofa, mravaleTnikur regionebSi saxelmwifoebrivi integraciisa da potenciuri konfliqtebis mSvidobiani prevenciis xelSewyoba da sxv. magram saqarTveloSi dRemde arsebobs rogorc mentaluri, socialuri, ise politikuri barierebi, romlebic samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas uSlis xels. rac Sexeba mentalur faqtorebs, dRemde mosaxleobaSi mZlavria sabWoTa memkvidreobiT miRebuli warmodgena imaze, rom saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba ori sxvadasxva, sapirispiro movlenaa, rom saxelmwifo ierarqiulad ufro maRal safexurze dgas, vidre sazogadoeba. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, ZiriTadad, arasamTavrobo organizaciebSia gaigivebuli, romlebic umTavresad sakuTari wevrebiT Semoifargleba. mosaxleobis umravlesobisTvis arsebuli socialuri problemebi ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom maT gamonaxon dro, an hqondeT motivacia, sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadaWras moaxmaron TavianTi energia. maTTvis prioritetad rCeba samuSaos povna da sakuTari socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba. yovelive amas emateba politikuri faqtoric, rodesac xelisuflebis mier kontrolirebadi nacio- 278 kari meoTxe naluri televiziebis, gansxvavebuli da kritikuli azris daTrgunvis pirobebSi, samoqalaqo seqtoris ganviTarebisTvis ar aris xelsayreli niadagi Seqmnili. Tavi 1.3 axali Taoba da samoqalaqo aqtiuroba sazogadoebis demokratiuli cnobierebis amaRlebis kuTxiT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens axali Taobis samoqalaqo ganaTleba. am TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia sazogadoebrivi proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi studentTa mxardaWera. 2001 wlidan boSis fondis xelSewyobiT, konkursis wesiT weliwadSi 100 axalgazrdis SerCeva xdeba 25 qveynidan (maT Soris saqarTvelodan), romlebic demokratiuli cvlilebebis procesSi imyofebian. orkviriani kursebis farglebSi monawileebs SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, warmoadginon sakuTari proeqtebi iseT sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa: monawileobis formebi skolebisa da universitetebis TviTmmarTvelobaSi; SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianTa daxmareba; garemos dacva da sxv. es formati xels uwyobs azrTa gacvlas da axali saintereso ideebisa da iniciativebis Camoyalibebas. zogierTi proeqti SesaZlebelia fondis xelSewyobiTac ki ganxorcieldes. studentTa gaaqtiureba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mravali mimarTulebiTaa SesaZlebeli. pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia, problemis identifikacia. am mizniT saqmianobis pirveli etapi mimarTuli unda iyos problemis gamomwvevi mizezebis kvlevaze da amis Semdeg misi aRmofxvris konkretuli gzebis dasaxvaze. magaliTad, romelime regionSi qalTa dasaqmebis problemis mogvareba SesaZloa am regionSi maTi profesiuli momzadebis arqonas ukavSirdebodes. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es realobas Seesabameba, maSin studentTa aqtiuroba imisken unda iyos mimarTuli, rom daarwmunos adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, Seiqmnas profesiuli saswavlo dawesebulebebi; aseve, saqarTvelos zogierT regionSi qarTuli enisa da kulturis ufro safuZvlianad Seswavlis mizniT, pirvel etapze SesaZloa gamoikveTos saskolo an sauniversiteto TanamSromlobis intensiuri formebi, romelic, erTi mxriv, sxvadasxva eTnikuri kulturis gacnobas, xolo meore mxriv, erTian saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis amaRlebas da integraciis process Seuwyobs xels. demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 279 studentebs Soris TanamSromlobisa da dialogis inicireba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania afxazeTTan da cxinvalis regionTan mimarTebiT. msgavsi iniciativebis warmoSoba studentTa aqtiurobazea damokidebuli. isini mxolod sakuTari saswavlo SefasebebiT ar unda iyvnen dakavebuli, aramed maT unda ainteresebdeT, sakuTari unarebiT, inteleqtiT Tu risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT sazogadoebis winaSe arsebuli gamowvevebis gadasaWrelad. axlo warsulidan axalgazrdebis samoqalaqo aqtiurobis ramdenime magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. erT-erTma arasamTavrobo organizaciam – `axalgazrda iniciatorTa saxlma~ (aisi) qvemo qarTlis regionSi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mxardamWeri konkursiT miRebuli grantis farglebSi proeqti `mwvane sicocxlis feria~ ganaxorciela. proeqtis mizani iyo 13-15 wlis asakis mozardebisTvis sagzao wesebis swavleba, raTa maT, rogorc fexiT mosiaruleebs, daecvaT sazogadoebrivi wesrigi. aRsaniSnavia, rom trenerebi bavSvTa saxlebis aRsazrdelebi iyvnen, romelTac Tavdapirvelad Tavad gaiares sagzao wesebis dacvaSi treningi. aRniSnuli aqtiuroba xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, am SemTxvevaSi sagzao wesebis, uzrunvelyofa ar aris mxolod saxelmwifo struqturebis movaleoba, igi aris TiToeuli kanonmorCili moqalaqis pasuxismgeblobac, raTa yvela gaufrTxildes rogorc Tavis, ise sxvis sicocxles. eTnikur umciresobebTan dialogisa da maTi erTian saxelmwifoSi integraciis xelSewyobis farglebSi organizeba gaewia walkis municipalitetis somexi erovnebis bavSvebis TbilisSi eqskursiaze wayvanas da dedaqalaqis RirsSesaniSnaobebis daTvalierebas. Tanamoqalaqisadmi daxmarebisa da Tanadgomis aRmoCenis mizniT, ganxorcielda aqcia – `gaiRe sisxli, gadaarCine sicocxle~. am samoqalaqo aqtiurobis mizani iyo mosaxleobisadmi mowodeba, gamoeCina keTili neba da usasyidlod gaeRo sisxli maTTvis, visac es sWirdeboda. es aqtiuroba sazogadoebisaTvis rogorc magaliTis micemis, ise sainformacio xasiaTis RonisZiebebiT ganxorcielda. msgavsi praqtika mxolod mcireodeni magaliTia imisa, Tu rogori formiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes studentTa samoqalaqo aqtiuroba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. TiToeuli axalgazrdis inovaciur unarsa da gambedaobazea damokidebuli calkeuli sazogadoebrivi amocanebis gadaWris mizniT saintereso proeqtebis Camoyalibeba da maTi ganxorcieleba. 280 kari meoTxe nawili meore Tanamedrove demokratiis ganviTarebis tendenciebi am nawilSi gavigebT cnebis – `warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia~ mniSvnelobas. gaviazrebT amomrCevlis winaSe xelisuflebis angariSvaldebulebis mniSvnelobas. kidev erTxel gavixsenebT warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis elementebs. SemovitanT saxelmwifos, moqalaqis, kerZo seqtoris, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saqmianobisa da maTi urTierTTanamSromlobis xarisxis ganmsazRvrel sazoms, erTgvar masStabs – `kargi mmarTveloba~ (Good Governance). visaubrebT sajaro administraciis Tanamedrove gamowvevebis da am organoTa decentralizaciis Sesaxeb. vimsjelebT administraciul dagegmarebaSi, gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, erToblivi amocanebisa da proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi moqalaqeTa CarTulobaze. • ra arsebiTi niSnebi aqvs Tanamedrove warmomadgenlobiT demokratias? • ram ganapiroba warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis e.w. TanamonawileobiTi demokratiiT Sevsebis aucilebloba? • ras aRwers `kargi mmarTvelobis~ cneba? • rogoria `kargi mmarTvelobis~ cnebis warmoSobis istoria? • ra arsebiTi elementebisgan Sedgeba `kargi mmarTvelobis~ cneba da rogoria am cnebis praqtikuli daniSnuleba? • ras niSnavs sajaro administraciis moqalaqeze orientacia? • ra mniSvneloba aqvs sajaro administraciaSi pasuxismgeblobis decentralizacias? • ra mizans emsaxureba sajaro administraciis mier moqalaqis, sazogadoebrivi jgufebis gaaqtiureba? • ras niSnavs saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris pasuxismgeblobis ganawileba? demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 281 Tavi 2.1 warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia demokratia warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis formiT arsebobs. xalxi irCevs Tavis warmomadgenlebs da masve andobs saxelisuflo uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebas. uflebamosilebis es gadacema efeqtianobisa da ekonomiurobis principiT aris ganpirobebuli. yoveldRiur mniSvnelovan politikur gadawyvetilebebs uSualod xalxi ver miiRebs, amitom saWiroa iseTi warmomadgenlobiTi struqturebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, xelisuflebis wyarosTan – xalxTan kavSirs da, meore mxriv, swrafi da efeqtiani gadawyvetilebebis miRebas uzrunvelyofs. warmomadgenlobiT demokratiaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs xalxTan mudmivi kavSiris arsebobas. es SesaZlebelia perioduli arCevnebisa da uSualo demokratiis formis – referendumis meSveobiT. warmomadgenlebis xelisuflebaSi arCeva ganapirobebs amomrCevlis winaSe maT angariSvaldebulebas, magram realur cxovrebaSi xalxi yoveldRiurad uSualod ver gaakontrolebs xelisuflebas da ver mosTxovs mas angariSs. am miznis gansaxorcieleblad Tanamedrove demokratia xelisuflebis danawilebis princips aRiarebs, romlis Tanaxmad, xelisuflebis Stoebi erTmaneTs akontroleben da abalanseben. ase magaliTad, mniSvnelovania aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saparlamento da sasamarTlo kontroli, xolo parlamentis sakonstitucio marTlmsajulebiT gakontroleba. Tanamedrove, warmomadgenlobiT demokratiaSi gadawyvetilebebi umravlesobis principiT miiReba, magram es ar niSnavs umravlesobis SeuzRudav Zalauflebas. demokratia emsaxureba ara umravlesobas, aramed sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebis dacvas. amitom umravlesoba iseTi samarTlis farglebSi moqmedebs, romelic adamianis uflebebsa da Zalauflebis dabalansebas aRiarebs. demokratiisTvis arsebiTia, rom gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi umciresobasac hqondes Sansi micemuli da misi uflebebic iyos daculi. antikuri demokratiisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove demokratiis arsebiTi elementebia adamianis uflebebis dacva da xelisuflebis danawileba. 282 kari meoTxe Tavi 2.2 warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis gamowvevebi warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis klasikuri elementebi – perioduli arCevnebi, xelisuflebis angariSvaldebuleba da kontroli – dRes srulyofilad ver uzrunvelyofen xelisuflebis wyarosTan – xalxTan efeqtian kavSirs. amitom, parlamentTan erTad, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, agreTve, saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis organizebuli TanamSromlobis aqtiur formebs. problemis mogvarebaSi moqalaqis, sazogadoebis Tanamonawileoba da masTan urTierTobis formebi demokratiuli saxelmwifos axali sazrisi xdeba. moqalaqis interesebis realizeba marto warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis arCeviT ukve sakmarisi aRar aris. parlamentTan erTad, es interesebi sxvadasxva organizaciul gaerTianebebSia warmodgenili. amitom Tanamedrove demokratiisTvis mniSvnelovania is, Tu ramdenad aqvT am organizaciebs politikur gadawyvetilebebze zegavlenis saSualeba da ramdenad SesaZlebelia aRniSnul organizaciebTan TanamSromlobiT sazogadoebrivi problemebis efeqtianad gadawyveta. Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi mkvidrdeba sazogadoebrivi nebis gamoxatvisa da realizebis axali formebi, romlebic warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis klasikuri struqturebis msgavsi ar aris. Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifo axali gamowvevebis winaSe dgas, romelic dRis wesrigSi ayenebs moqalaqesTan, sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan TanamSromlobis gaaqtiurebas. am TvalsazrisiT, warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia e.w. TanamonawileobiTi demokratiiT Sevsebas da gaZlierebas iTxovs. es gamowvevebi im istoriuli realobiT aris ganpirobebuli, romelic me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebis miwurulidan dasavleTis qveynebSi politikuri institutebis mimarT mosaxleobis ndobis dacemas ukavSirdeba. arCevnebiT xelisuflebaSi mosuli mmarTveli elitis mimarT sul ufro gaismoda imis kritika, rom igi e.w. `gabatonebul klass~ warmoadgenda, romelic ZiriTadad sakuTar interesebs emsaxureboda. 1975 wels Seqmnili e.w. “Trilateral Commission”-is mier SemuSavebul daskvnaSi amerikeli, evropeli da iaponeli mkvlevarebi xazs usvamdnen sakuTar qveynebSi mTavrobisadmi, warmomadgenlobiTi organosadmi mosaxleobis ndobis mniSvnelovani klebis faqts. demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 283 aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebeli gaxda im mizezebis Seswavla, romlebic politikuri institutebis mimarT ndobis kriziss ganapirobebda. 70-iani da 80-iani wlebis dasavleTis qveynebi ukve Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi da demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi iyvnen, sadac politikur sistemas safuZvlad damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistema, samarTlis uzenaesoba, xelisuflebis danawileba, adamianis uflebebis dacva da sxva mniSvnelovani principebi edo. amitom saxelmwifo institutebisadmi mosaxleobis undobloba imiT ki ar iyo gamowveuli, rom ar arsebobda damoukidebeli sasamarTlo, ar iyo samarTlis uzenaesoba uzrunvelyofili, ar iyo xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris kontrolisa da urTierTbalansis meqanizmebi amoqmedebuli da sxv., aramed imiT, rom saxelmwifo xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa iniciativiT moqalaqe ar iyo mmarTvelobaSi aqtiurad CarTuli. politikuri institutebisadmi ndobis klebisa da maT mimarT indiferentuli damokidebulebis mTavar mizezad sazogadoebis mentaluri cvlilebebi dasaxelda. sazogadoebis calkeuli wevri ufro damoukidebeli, individualisturi, kritikuli da egoisturi gaxda. saxelmwifo institutebis saqmianobis Zveli formebi, romlebic ierarqiul marTvis stilze iyo damyarebuli, sazogadoebis Tanamedrove ganviTarebas veRar pasuxobda. aucilebeli gaxda iseTi formebis danergva, romlebic sazogadoebis wevrTa avtonomiurobas met sivrces miscemda, sakuTari azris, interesis aqtiuri gamoxatvisa da ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas uzrunvelyofda. sazogadoeba, romelic saxelmwifosTan erTgvar ierarqiul damokidebulebaSi imyofeba, kargavs motivacias, interess da uCndeba sakuTar TavSi Caketvis survili; xolo sazogadoeba, romelic aqtiurad aris CarTuli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiT procesebSi, uCndeba pasuxismgeblobis gancda da imis Segneba, rom is Tavad aris saxelmwifos nawili. 284 kari meoTxe Tavi 2.3 `kargi mmarTvelobis~ principi. cnebis warmoSoba da misi Sinaarsi am gamowvevebis sapasuxod demokratiuli qveynebis politikur cxovrebaSi `kargi mmarTvelobis~ (Good Governance) principi iZens gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas. es principi mmarTvelobis klasikuri gagebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic, ZiriTadad, mTavrobisa da sajaro administraciis saqmianobas exeba, ufro farTo xasiaTisaa da konkretuli qveynis mTel sazogadoebriv-politikur sistemas moicavs. es sistema samarTlis miRma arsebul realur urTierTobebsac aRwers, rogorebicaa: politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da maTi aRsrulebis stili (avtoritaruli Tu demokratiuli), procesSi monawile subieqtTa qceva (korufciuli Tu arakorufciuli), saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis urTierTobis forma (partniorobaze mimarTuli Tu ierarqiuli) da a.S. amdenad, es cneba mxolod warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis institutebiT ar ifargleba da igi qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri realobis srulyofili Sefasebis mizniT sakuTar Tvalsawiers afarToebs. cneba – Governance – pirvelad 1989 wels msoflio bankis mier iqna Camoyalibebuli dokumentSi, romelic ganviTarebis politikis farglebSi samxreT saharis afrikuli saxelmwifoebis sazogadoebriv-politikur sistemas aRwerda. am dokumentSi aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebis Governance susti sajaro menejmentis, sajaro moxeleTa TviTneburi gadawyvetilebebis, korufciisa da mafiozuri struqturebis arsebobiT xasiaTdeboda. am realobidan gamomdinare, msoflio bankma ganviTarebis stadiaze myofi qveynebis Governance-s gaumjobesebisTvis daiwyo SemuSaveba rekomendaciebisa, romlebic 1992 wlidan Good Governance-s cnebis qveS iqna Tavmoyrili. igi dResac demokratizaciis procesSi myofi saxelmwifoebis reformirebis mniSvnelovani principia. es cneba aqcents akeTebs, erTi mxriv, imis Sefasebaze, Tu rogor aris konkretuli qveynis sinamdvileSi Tavisufali arCevnebi uzrunvelyofili, rogor aris xelisufleba realurad dabalansebuli da kontrols daqvemdebarebuli, rogoria moqalaqeTa saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi Tanamonawileobis xarisxi da sxv., meore mxriv, is am realobis gamosworebis konkretul orientirebs iZleva. msoflio bankTan erTad gaeros ganviTarebis programis farglebSic Good Governance-s cnebam saxelmwifo institutebis, ekonomikis, samoqa- demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 285 laqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mTavari orientiris daniSnuleba SeiZina. dRes es principi ara marto demokratiuli ganviTarebis procesSi myofi qveynebis reformirebis umTavresi gzamkvlevia, aramed igi aseve ganviTarebuli demokratiuli qveynebis sazogadoebriv-politikuri sistemis arsebiTi elementebis gamomxatveli cneba gaxda. swored am cnebis farglebSi aris SesaZlebeli imis Sefaseba, Tu ramdenadaa qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi moqalaqis uflebebi optimalurad daculi da ramdenad aqvs mas, warmomadgenlobiTi institutebis arCevis garda, sxva ufro aqtiuri formiT saxelmwifo organoebTan urTierTobisa da TanamSromlobis SesaZlebloba uzrunvelyofili. mTlianobaSi Good Governance SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc erTgvari sazomi, masStabi, romliTac saxelmwifos, moqalaqis, kerZo seqtoris, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saqmianobisa da maTi urTierTTanamSromlobis xarisxi unda ganisazRvros. Tavi 2.4 cnebis arsebiTi elementebi gaeros ganviTarebis programis farglebSi 1997 wels Good Governance-s cnebis arsebiTi elementebi iqna gansazRvruli. am TvalsazrisiT, kargi mmarTvelobisaTvis mniSvnelovania: Tanamonawileobis, samarTlis uzenaesobis, gamWvirvalobis, angariSvaldebulebis, konsensusis, ganviTarebaze orientirebuli mmarTvelobis principebi. Tanamonawileoba gulisxmobs, rom sazogadoebis yvela wevrs mniSvnelovani politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba hqondes uzrunvelyofili. TiToeuls unda hqondes realurad imis gancda, rom is saxelmwifos wevria. samarTlis uzenaesoba niSnavs ara mxolod samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis damkvidrebas, sadac saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Stoebis moqmedebis safuZveli mxolod moqmedi kanonmdebloba iqneba, aramed imasac, rom es kanonmdebloba samarTliani iqneba. kerZod, man adamianis uflebebis, gansakuTrebiT umciresobaTa uflebebis, dacvis garantiebi unda Seqmnas. gamWvirvaloba gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifos gadawyvetilebebi moqalaqeebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi da gasagebi unda iyos. Ria unda iyos 286 kari meoTxe aseve gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesi da maTi ganxorcielebis meTodebi. angariSvaldebuleba niSnavs yvela uflebamosili moqalaqisa da organizaciis winaSe gaweuli samuSaos, dasaxuli gegmebisa da miznebis Sesaxeb angariSis Cabarebis valdebulebas. konsensusze orientacia iTxovs iseTi saxis gadawyvetilebis miRebas, romelic sazogadoebis gansxvavebuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebaze, maT dabalansebasa da integraciaze iqneba mimarTuli. ganviTarebaze orientirebuli mmarTvelobis politika, ZiriTadad, moicavs korufciasTan brZolas, siRaribis daZlevas, garemosdacviT RonisZiebebs, genderul Tanasworobas, socialurad dabalansebul sagadasaxado sistemas da sajaro administraciis efeqtianobasa da ekonomiurobas. es elementebi mTlianobaSi qmnian `kargi mmarTvelobis~ ganxorcielebis realur pirobebs. Tavi 2.5 cnebis praqtikuli daniSnuleba aRniSnul elemenetebs saxelmwifoSi kargi mmarTvelobis dasadgenad erTgvari analizisa da Sefasebis funqcia akisria. maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia imis garkveva, Tu rogor xdeba aRiarebuli principebis realobaSi ganxorcieleba. isini, aseve, karg safuZvels qmnian rogorc nacionalur, ise saerTaSoriso doneze, sajaro administraciebs Soris dialogisa da jansaRi konkurenciis sawarmoeblad, rac saxelmwifosa da misi sajaro administraciis muSaobis xarisxis amaRlebas uwyobs xels. analizsa da SefasebasTan erTad, cnebis daniSnulebaa, rom man reformebis procesSi erTgvari gzamkvlevis funqcia Seasrulos. am TvalsazrisiT, mas ganviTarebul qveynebSi saxelmwifosa da misi sajaro administraciis modernizaciisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba. ase magaliTad, amJamad did britaneTsa da skandinaviis qveynebSi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis mizniT, e. w. momsaxurebis garantiebi iqna danergili. maTi mixedviT, sajaro administraciis organoebi, rogorc centralur, ise adgilobriv doneze, moqalaqeTa TanamonawileobiT garkveuli amocanebis Sesrulebaze demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 287 werilobiTi formiT iReben valdebulebebs. aseTi saxis iniciativebi kargi mmarTvelobis formebis ganxorcielebas uwyobs xels. qveynebs Soris aRniSnuli praqtikis gaziareba ki erTiani administraciuli sivrcis Seqmnas ganapirobebs. demokartiis Camoyalibebis stadiaSi myofi qveynebisTvis aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom isini `kargi mmarTvelobis~ arsebiTi elemenetebis ganxorcielebis sxvadasxva xarisxs warmoaCenen, rac sxvadasxva realobiT, sazogadoebriv-politikuri sistemis gansxvavebuli CarCopirobebiT aixsneba. amitom, saxelmwifosa da misi sajaro administraciis reformirebisas, pirvel rigSi, sinamdvilis analizia saWiro da mxolod amis Semdeg Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSaveba. qvemoT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmoba `kargi mmarTvelobis~ im princips, romelic saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis gaaqtiurebis sakiTxs exeba. am TvalsazrisiT, sajaro administraciis winaSe mdgari axali amocanebi iqneba naCvenebi. Tavi 2.6 sajaro administraciis gamowvevebi. momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba kargi mmarTvelobis umTavres gamowvevad sakuTari momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba iqca. sajaro administracia zedmeti barierebis gareSe moqalaqisaTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi da moqnili unda gamxdariyo. mas gamWvirvaled, swrafad da, rogorc moqalaqis partniors, unda emoqmeda. am miznebis ganxorcielebas xeli Seuwyo gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi ganviTarebul qveynebSi gavrcelebulma e.w. `axali sajaro menejmentis~ koncefciam. am koncefciis erT-erTi mTavari elementia sajaro administraciis moqalaqeze, rogorc klientze, orientacia, romelic saukeTeso momsaxurebas unda iRebdes. sajaro samsaxuris saqmianoba moqalaqis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda warimarTos. sajaro administraciisTvis moqalaqeze orientacia, pirvel rigSi, niSnavs muSaobis biurokratiul stilze uaris Tqmas. moqalaqis interesebidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania, rom konkretuli problema Tu 288 kari meoTxe sakiTxi, romlis mosagvarebladac is sajaro administracias mimarTavs, erTiani, swrafi da moqnili momsaxurebiT iyos uzrunvelyofili. am mizans emsaxureba moqalaqis `erTi xelidan~ momsaxurebis principi. sxvadasxva samsaxurebisa Tu ganyofilebebis nacvlad, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi biurokratiuli muSaobis stiliT gamoirCeva, sajaro administracia upiratesobas aniWebs `erTi fanjridan~ momsaxurebis gawevas. amiT moqalaqe zogavs fuls, dros, energias da mas ar uwevs raime nebarTvis misaRebad sxvadasxva saxelmwifo struqturebSi drois sxvadasxva intervalSi misvla – igi erTsa da imave dros, erT adgilas, erTi pirovnebisagan iRebs momsaxurebas. moqalaqeze, rogorc klientze, orientacia sajaro administraciisTvis niSnavs momsaxurebis mudmiv gaumjobesebas, inovacias am momsaxurebis xarisxis sazomi aris klientis kmayofileba, amitom sajaro administracia qmnis moqalaqisaTvis iseTi momsaxurebis pirobebs, romlebic mas naklebi danaxarjebiTa da drois umokles monakveTSi saWiro serviss sTavazobs. moqalaqeebisTvis erTiani momsaxurebis centrebis SeqmnasTan erTad, administraciis momsaxurebis daxvewis mizniT, mniSvnelovania, Tavad moqalaqeebis Tanamonawileobis uzrunvelyofac. am TvalsazrisiT, did rols asrulebs moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvis praqtika. moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvebma unda uzrunvelyos, erTi mxriv, sajaro administraciis mier gaweuli muSaobis Sefaseba, kritika da, meore mxriv, man unda warmoaCinos sajaro administraciis saqmianobis gaumjobesebis winadadebebi. sajaro administraciasa da moqalaqes Soris urTierTobis gamartivebisa da momsaxurebis gaumjobesebis saqmeSi gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs teqnologiuri miRwevebis efeqtianad gamoyeneba. internetis saSualebiT administraciis mier moqalaqisaTvis informaciis miwodeba an misTvis konkretuli momsaxurebis ganxorcieleba aris moqalaqeze (klientze) orientirebuli sajaro administraciis mniSvnelovani elementi. demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 289 Tavi 2.7 decentralizacia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis gaaqtiureba sajaro administraciis organizaciul mowyobasa da misi muSaobis kulturaSi meti decentralizaciis aucileblobas iTxovs. imdenad, ramdenadac sajaro administraciis saqmianobis erT-erTi mTavari amocana moqalaqeebisTvis momsaxurebis gaumjobesebaa, aucilebelia, rom marTva xorcieldebodes ara marto zemodan dadgenili brZanebebiTa da miTiTebebiT, aramed moqalaqeebTan intensiuri TanamSromlobis formebiT. amitom, administraciis dabal rgols moqalaqeebTan TanamSromlobis iniciativebisTvis meti avtonomiuroba unda mieces. aRniSnuli TanamSromlobis formebi uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis codnis, moTxovnebis, axali xedvebis mobilizebas, rac administraciuli saqmianobis gasaumjobeseblad mniSvnelovani sainformacio wyaroa. maT mniSvnelovani wvlilis Setana SeuZliaT sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadawyvetis saqmeSi, miT ufro, Tu es problemebi im pirTa wres exeba, romlebic uSualod arian administraciasTan TanamSromlobis formebSi CarTulni. momsaxurebis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, sajaro administraciaSi siaxleebis Zieba iseT samuSao kulturas iTxovs, sadac gansakuTrebul Rirebulebad avtonomiuroba da decentralizebuli pasuxismgebloba iTvleba. am kulturis danergvaSi gadamwyveti sityva xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobis pirebs ekuTvniT. maT SeuZliaT organizaciaSi iseTi atmosferos Seqmna, sadac axali ideebis inicirebisa da maTi ganxorcielebisTvis TanamSromlebi waxalisdebian. sajaro administraciaSi siaxlis Zieba niSnavs iseTi TanamSromlobis sistemas, romelic TiToeuli TanamSromlis SemoqmedebiT unars, mis aRiarebasa da pativiscemas emyareba. inovacias naklebi Sansi aqvs iq, sadac yvela gadawyvetileba mxolod centralizebulad, zemodan qvemoT xorcieldeba, sadac TanamSromels Tanamonawileobis SesaZlebloba warTmeuli aqvs. mxolod SemoqmedebiTad moazrovne administraciis TanamSromels SeuZlia, moqalaqeebTan uSualo urTierTobiT daadginos sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebi da dasaxos maTi adekvaturi mogvarebis gzebi. es urTierToba TviTSemecnebis erTgvari procesia, romlis Tanaxmad, SesaZlebelia muSaobaSi susti da Zlieri mxareebis analizi da samomavlo 290 kari meoTxe orientirebis gansazRvra. amis Sedegad yalibdeba konkretuli gegmebi da proeqtebi, maT Soris moqalaqeTa monawileobiT. TviTmmarTveli administraciuli erTeulebisTvis meti damoukideblobisa da avtonomiurobis miniWeba karg saSualebas iZleva calkeul moqalaqesTan, sazogadoebriv jgufebTan dasaaxloeblad da administraciul saqmianobaSi maTi CarTulobis xarisxis asamaRleblad. TviTmmarTvel erTeuls meti avtonomia unda hqondes konkretuli amocanebis ganxorcielebis formisa da saSualebebis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT. adgilobriv doneze am damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofa amaRlebs sazogadoebasTan aqtiuri TanamSromlobis Sanss. Tavi 2.8 moqalaqisa da sazogadoebrivi jgufebis gaaqtiureba axali gamowvevebis adekvaturad sajaro administraciam moqalaqis roli ufro aqtiuri gaxada da mas saxelmwifo da adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi Tanamonawileobis SesaZlebloba mianiWa. saubaria administraciul dagegmarebaSi, gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, erToblivi amocanebisa da proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi moqalaqeTa CarTulobaze. aucilebelia moqalaqeTa codnisa da unaris mobilizeba imisaTvis, rom maT Tavad gadawyviton, Tu ra saxisa da formis administraciuli momsaxureba Seesabameba yvelaze ukeT maT interesebsa da moTxovnebs. moqalaqe sajaro administraciis erTgvar eqspertad iqca, rac amaRlebs administraciis pasuxismgeblobas da muSaobis xarisxs. mniSvnelovania aqtiuri moqalaqeebis im saswavlo kursebSi CarTva, romlebSic sajaro administraciis TanamSromlebic monawileoben. es xels uwyobs maT Soris ndobis ganmtkicebas, problemebis mosagvareblad saerTo xedvis gamomuSavebas da, zogadad, komunikaciuri unarCvevebis xarisxis amaRlebas. moqalaqesTan erTad, mniSvnelovania im calkeuli sazogadoebrivi jgufebisTvis sajaro amocanebis gansazRvrasa da ganxorcielebaSi Tanamonawileobis uzrunvelyofa, romelTac TviTorganizeba SeuZliaT da amiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiur nawils warmoadgenen. sajaro demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 291 administraciasTan TanamSromlobis farglebSi maT SesaZloa garkveuli biujetic ki gamoeyoT. marTalia, am biujetiT sargeblobisas maT avtonomia aqvT miniWebuli, magram sajaro administracias unarCundeba kontrolisa da angariSis moTxovnis ufleba. yovelive amis miRweva ki mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu saxelmwifo Tavad iqneba dainteresebuli, rom calkeul moqalaqes, samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aqtiuri moRvaweobisTvis Seuqmnas adekvaturi pirobebi da gamoyos Sesabamisi resursebic. es ki iTxovs sajaro moxeleTa iseT Segnebas, romelic sazogadoebrivi mxardaWerisken iqneba mimarTuli. sazogadoebrivi Zalebis gaaqtiureba Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifos mTavar moTxovnad iqca. Tu uwin gansakuTrebuli yuradReba sajaro administraciis Sidaorganizaciuli sakiTxebis analizs eTmoboda, axla ukve aqcenti sazogadoebaze, misi TiToeuli wevris SesaZleblobaze keTdeba. naTeli gaxda, rom saxelmwifosa da misi administraciis umTavresi miznis, sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa Tavad sazogadoebasTan mWidro TanamSromlobiT iqneba SesaZlebeli. tradiciuli Sexedulebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo ierarqiulad aris organizebuli da, ZiriTadad, sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi zemodan Carevas gulisxmobs, Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifo rac SeiZleba naklebad ierarqiuli marTvis stils aniWebs upiratesobas da arasaxelisuflo struqturebTan TanamSromlobis ideas emyareba. nacvlad saxelmwifo Carevisa da mbrZanebluri marTvis stilisa, problemebis mosagvareblad, upiratesoba eniWeba dialogisa da diskusiis kulturas. warsulSi Tu saxelmwifos Teoria saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas, rogorc or damoukidebel subieqts, erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebda, Tanamedrove saxelmwifo erTgvari gansazogadoebuli saxelmwifos funqcias asrulebs. igi sazogadoebis nawilia. ierarqiuli poziciebidan saxelmwifos mier sazogadoebaSi Carevis ideas cvlis mis mier sazogadoebis darwmunebis, Tanamonawileobisa da masTan TanamSromlobis idea. marTalia, saxelmwifo politikas kvlav ganmsazRvreli roli eniWeba, magram icvleba am politikis Camoyalibebisa da ganxorcielebis forma, kerZod, is TanamSromlobaze damyarebuli xdeba. amitom, konsensusis misaRwevad sazogadoebasTan mudmivi kavSiris uzrunvelyofa, misi organizaciuli interesebis saxelmwifo politikis formulirebasa da ganxorcielebaSi gaTvaliswineba, Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa. 292 kari meoTxe Tavi 2.9 pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebis principi Tanamedrove demokratiis ganviTarebam dRis wesrigSi daayena saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris pasuxismgeblobis axleburi ganawilebis aucilebloba. saxelmwifosTvis mniSvnelovani gaxda sajaro amocanebis SesrulebaSi sazogadoebis aqtiuri monawileoba. Tu winaT saxelmwifo TviTon iyo yvelafris Sesrulebaze pasuxismgebeli, dRes Tanamedrove saxelmwifo uars ambobs yvela sajaro amocanis uSualo Sesrulebaze da, ZiriTadad, im aucileblis uzrunvelyofiTa da regulirebiT Semoifargleba, romelic sazogadoebis normaluri Tanacxovrebisa da ganviTarebisTvis aris mniSvnelovani, esenia: sagareo da saSinao usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, socialuri daxmarebebi, iusticiisa da safinanso funqciebi da sxv. saxelmwifo marto ierarqiulad aRar dgas samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze maRla – igi gansazRvruli amocanebis gadawyvetis saqmeSi masTan erTad, rogorc partniorTan, inawilebs pasuxismgeblobas. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo emyareba partniorTa unars, rom maT sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis garkveul sferoSi damoukideblad aiRon pasuxismgebloba da SeZlon TviTorganizeba (zogierT ganviTarebul qveyanaSi sasjelaRsrulebiTi dawesebulebaSic ki menejmenti kerZo seqtors aqvs gadacemuli). sajaro amocanebi yovelTvis ar aris uSualo saxelmwifo amocanebi. es amocanebi SeiZleba kerZo pirma Tu struqturam Seasrulos. am procesSi saxelmwifo, marTalia, garkveul Tavisuflebas aZlevs kerZo seqtors, magram igi itovebs misi saqmianobis kontrolis uflebas. marTalia, saxelmwifo sxvadasxva sferoSi axdens sajaro amocanebis delegirebas, magram is inarCunebs imaze pasuxismgeblobas, rom sajaro amocanebis Sesruleba moxdes iseTi saSualebiTa da formiT, romelic sazogadoebriv interesebs ar xelyofs. magaliTad, e. w. ekoauditis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, garemos dacvis Semowmeba kerZo seqtors hqondes gadacemuli, magram saxelmwifo maSin iqneba pasuxismgebeli, uSualod Caerios procesebSi, rodesac kerZo seqtori efeqtianad veRar asrulebs dakisrebul movaleobas. amisaTvis saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo gziT qmnis im CarCopirobebsa da regulirebis meqanizmebs, romlebic kerZo da saxelmwifo seqtoris pasuxismgeblobis farglebs gansazRvravs. demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 293 saxelmwifo, romelic moqalaqesTan, samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan, kerZo seqtorTan erTad garkveul sferoebSi konkretuli amocanebis Sesasruleblad TanamSromlobs (inawilebs pasuxismgeblobas), swored aRniSnuli subieqtebis gaaqtiurebisaken aris mimarTuli da maT mier sajaro amocanebis SesrulebisaTvis Sesabamisi regulirebis meqanizmebs uzrunvelyofs. Tanamedrove demokratiuli qveynebis magaliTze TanamSromlobisa da pasuxismgeblobis erToblivi aRebis es formebi qvemoT moqalaqesa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobis farglebSi iqneba naCvenebi. 294 kari meoTxe nawili mesame moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis saxeebi Tanamedrove demokratiul qveynebSi am nawilSi visaubrebT gamokiTxvebisa da fokus-jgufebTan muSaobis mniSvnelobaze. gaviazrebT kiTxvebis naTlad formulirebis da gamokiTxvebis Catarebis procedurebs. amjerad, moqalaqeebs ganvixilavT, rogorc sajaro momsaxurebis klientebs. saxelmwifos (mis erT-erTi samsaxuris – policiis) moqalaqeebTan TanamSromlobas gavicnobierebT sazogadoebaze orientirebulobis kuTxiT. gavecnobiT biujetis erToblivad Sedgenis praqtikas. nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT upasuxoT iseT sakvanZo kiTxvebs, rogoricaa: • ra aris moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvebisa da Sekrebebis mizani? • ra formiT xdeba moqalaqeTa gamokiTxva da Sekreba? • ras niSnavs e.w. `momsaxurebis garantiebi~ da ra mniSvneloba aqvT maT? • ra konkretul formas iZenen `momsaxurebis garantiebi~? • ra aris sazogadoebaze orientirebuli policiis koncefciis ZiriTadi postulatebi? • ra formiT SeiZleba iqnes uzrunvelyofili policiis sazogadoebrivi kontroli? • ra aris e.w. erToblivi biujetis Sedgenis mizani? • vin adgens erTobliv biujets? • Tanamonawileobis procesSi ratom aris mniSvnelovani mosaxleobis mudmivi informireba da misTvis angariSis Cabareba? demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 295 Tavi 3.1 moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvebi da Sekrebebi Tanamedrove demokratiul qveynebSi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi moqalaqeTa monawileobis saukeTeso forma aris maTi gamokiTxvebi da Sekrebebi. moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvebi, ZiriTadad, tardeba werilobiTi formiT da Tanamedrove teqnologiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiTac. gamokiTxvis Catareba SesaZlebelia aseve zepiri formiT, uSualod, an telefonis meSveobiT. rac Seexeba gamokiTxvis formasa da Sinaarss, is SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli imis mixedviT, Tu ra konkretul Temas, sazogadoebis romel socialur jgufs exeba. moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvis obieqturi, efeqtiani da misi rac SeiZleba ekonomiurad Catarebis mizniT, aucilebelia kvalificiur eqspertTa jgufis Seqmna, romlis amocana iqneba kiTxvebis naTlad formulireba da gamokiTxvebis Sesabamisi meTodikiT Catareba. 90-iani wlebis miwuruls did britaneTSi adgilobriv xelisuflebas, policias, samaSvelo samsaxurs da sxva sajaro dawesebulebebs daekisraT valdebuleba, rom maT sakuTari momsaxureba periodulad SeefasebinaT (Local Government Act, 1999). am Sefasebis mizani iyo momsaxurebis xarisxis mudmivi gaumjobeseba, moqalaqis, rogorc momsaxurebis klientis, aRqma da masTan yoveldRiur dialogSi yofna. Sefasebas moqalaqeebi axdenen. swored maTi kmayofileba unda gamxdariyo sajaro samsaxurebis warmatebuli muSaobis sazomi. moqalaqeebTan aqtiur TanamSromlobasa da dialogs unda uzrunvelyo aseve maTi Tanamonawileoba adgilebze saxelmwifo samsaxurebis saqmianobis prioritetebis gansazRvris saqmeSic. TanamSromlobis es forma moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvebsa da sxvadasxva proeqtSi maTi uSualo CarTulobiT gamoixateba. gamokiTxva, ZiriTadad, sam TveSi erTxel tardeba da im pirTa wres moicavs, vinc gamokiTxvaSi monawileobis survils gamoTqvams. rac Seexeba moqalaqeTa uSualo CarTulobas, is gamokiTxvebis erTgvari Sevseba da damatebiTi formaa, sadac konkretuli jgufebi konkretuli Temis irgvliv ikribebian, msjeloben da gadawyvetilebebs iReben. gamokiTxulTa raodenoba SezRudulia – minimum 500-idan maqsimum 2500-amde. gamokiTxuli SeiZleba iyos adgilobrivi raionis, ubnis nebismieri mcxovrebi, romelsac 18 weli Seusrulda. maTi SerCeva xdeba 296 kari meoTxe SemTxveviTobis principiT, werilobiTi formiT an telefoniT. Tavdapirvelad, sasurvelia, moqalaqis gaTviTcnobiereba imaSi, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba gamokiTxva. kiTxvarebi gasagebad unda iyos Camoyalibebuli. is SeiZleba iyos: a) momsaxurebis xarisxis Sefasebaze orientirebuli (mag., ramdenad arian moqalaqeebi sacxovrebeli garemoTi kmayofili?); b) mizezebis analizze orientirebuli (ratom aris moqalaqe saxelmwifos momsaxurebis calkeuli aspeqtebiT ukmayofilo?); g) gaumjobesebis konkretul winadadebebze orientirebuli (ra konkretuli winadadebebia momsaxurebis gasaumjobeseblad?). yoveli gamokiTxvis Semdeg moqalaqeebi iReben sainformacio bukletebs, sadac mocemulia gamokiTxvis Sedegebi da am Sedegebis Sesabamisad Semdgomi konkretuli gegmebi. gamokiTxvis SedegebiT moqalaqeTa informireba zrdis maTi Tanamonawileobis motivacias da imis gancdas, rom maTi azri namdvilad ainteresebT da muSaobis dagegmvaSi iTvaliswineben. mniSvnelovania gamokiTxul moqalaqeTa perioduli monacvleoba, rekrutireba. mizanSewonilia, es weliwadSi erTxel moxdes. Tu mosaxleobis raodenoba mcirea, maSin moqalaqeTa SerCevac adekvaturi raodenobis unda iyos. gansakuTrebiT aqtiur moqalaqeebs, romelTac didi survili da droc aqvT, rom procesSi mudam monawileoba miiRon, SesaZloa, Sekrebebis formatSi SesTavazon monawileobis miReba. Tavad Sekrebebis formats rac Seexeba, is calkeuli Temebis irgvliv konkretuli jgufebis mobilizebas gulisxmobs. es Temebi SesaZloa ubnis usafrTxoebasTan, keTilmowyobasTan, infrastruqturasTan da a. S. iyos dakavSirebuli. SesaZlebelia, e.w. sakoordinacio an sazedamxedvelo sazogadoebrivi sabWoebis Seqmna, romelic adgilobriv administraciasTan intensiurad iTanamSromlebs. TanamSromlobis es forma uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebrivi azris, misi axleburi xedvis mobilizebas, rac sajaro administraciisTvis sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadawyvetis saqmeSi inovaciebis mniSvnelovani wyaro SeiZleba gaxdes. perioduli gamokiTxvebisa da Sekrebebis meSveobiT sajaro, sazogadoebrivi problemebisadmi moqalaqeTa interesi izrdeba, radgan isini xedaven, rom maTi azrebi ainteresebT. moqalaqeebi sakuTar raionTan, ubanTan axdenen Tavis identifikacias. amasTan, isini TavianT wil pasu- demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 297 xismgeblobas iReben imaze, rom sazogadoebrivi problemebis mogvarebaSi saxelmwifosTan erTad iyvnen CarTulni. ganviTarebul qveynebSi saxelmwifosa da moqalaqes Soris TanamSromlobis es yvelaze aprobirebuli formebi saukeTeso saSualebaa imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifosa da moqalaqes Soris dialogs instituciuri xasiaTi mieces. moqalaqe xdeba aqtiuri da motivirebuli. Tavi 3.2 momsaxurebis garantiebi adgilobriv doneze saxelmwifosa da moqalaqeebis TanamSromlobis specifikuri formaa e.w. momsaxurebis garantiebi (Customer Contracts), romlebmac gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba poves fineTSi, did britaneTsa da daniaSi. maTi mizania is, rom moxdes moqalaqeebis, rogorc sajaro momsaxurebis klientebis, wina planze wamoweva da maTi survilebis maqsimalurad gaTvaliswineba. aRniSnuli garantiebis meSveobiT TviTmmarTveli erTeuli moqalaqeebis winaSe iRebs imis valdebulebas, rom xarisxis garkveuli standartebis dacviT, is maTTvis konkretuli momsaxurebis gawevas uzrunvelyofs. rac Seexeba Tavad am standartebs, isini uSualod moqalaqeTa monawileobiT unda dadgindes. kerZod: kiTxvarebze pasuxis gacemiT, Sekrebebze azris gamoxatviT an administraciis saxelze Sedgenili kritikuli werilebiT. rogorc ki miiRweva SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, Tu ra standartebis Sesabamis momsaxurebas elodeba mosaxleoba saxelmwifosagan, es momsaxurebis standartebi werilobiTi formiT aisaxeba administraciis mier gamocemul broSurebSi. amiT, erTi mxriv, mosaxleobam konkretulad icis misi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis dapirebebi da, meore mxriv, TviTmmarTvelma erTeulmac icis mosaxleobis molodinebi. aRniSnuli garantiebi amaRleben saxelmwifos momsaxurebis kulturas. sajaro administracias naTlad aqvs gansazRvruli sakuTari servisis saxeebi. maT CamoyalibebaSi ki moqalaqeebi gadamwyvet rols asruleben. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu romelime momsaxureba arasaTanadod iqna ganxorcielebuli, moqalaqeebs im konkretuli standartebis mixedviT SeuZliaT misi kritika, romeli standartebic momsaxurebis garantie- 298 kari meoTxe biT iyo formulirebuli. mTlianobaSi es yovelive amaRlebs momsaxurebis xarisxs da moqalaqeTa saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiT procesebSi Tanamonawileobis dones. momsaxurebis garantiebi moqalaqes aaxloebs saxelmwifosTan. moqalaqe ara marto TviTmmarTveli erTeulis mier gaweuli im saqmianobis SedegebiT interesdeba, romelic mas exeba, aramed im serviszec iRebs informacias, romelic SesaZloa konkretulad mas ar ukavSirdebodes. es zrdis moqalaqeTa informirebulobas da ayalibebs maTSi imis Segnebas, rom isini saxelmwifos Rirseuli da srulfasovani warmomadgenlebi arian. momsaxurebis garantiebis Sedgenis meTodika ZiriTadad Semdeg 4 etaps moicavs: 1. moqalaqeTa interesebisa da saWiroebebis dadgena; 2. xarisxis standartebis gansazRvra; 3. danapirebis Sesruleba; 4. Secdomebis gamosworeba. rac Seexeba momsaxurebis garantiebis konkretul Sinaarss, misi warmoCena calkeuli sferoebis magaliTze iqneba ufro TvalsaCino. magaliTad, garemosa da janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba Semdegi saxis dapirebebs iZleva: 3 dRis ganmavlobaSi moxdeba reagireba moqalaqeTa saCivrebze, romlebic garemos dabinZurebas exeba; am drois ganmavlobaSi moqalaqe miiRebs informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu ram gamoiwvia aRniSnuli problema, aseve informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra konkretuli RonisZiebebi iqna ganxorcielebuli problemis aRmofxvris TvalsazrisiT; saCivrebisgan damoukideblad TviTmmarTveli erTeuli Tavisive iniciativiT iRebs valdebulebas garemos dacvis monitoringze; produqtebSi an sasmel wyalSi janmrTelobisTvis saziano nivTierebebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi unda moxdes 1 dRis ganmavlobaSi reagireba. infrastruqturis sferoSi administraciis mier aRebuli valdebulebebi: gzebis mdgomareoba minimum 2 TveSi erTxel Semowmdeba; gzebis xarvezebze Semosuli gancxadebis SemTxvevaSi maTi SekeTeba 3 dReSi moxdeba; ubnis dasufTaveba yoveldRiur reJimSi ganxorcieldeba; SemTxveviTobis principiT moxdeba qalaqSi yoveldRe ganaTebebisa da dasufTavebis xarisxis Semowmeba. es mcireodeni magaliTia im dapirebebisa, romelTac moqalaqeTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT TviTmmarTveli erTeuli werilobiTi demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 299 formiT gascems. momsaxurebis garantiebis mniSvnelovani komponentia, konkretuli servisis ganuxorcieleblobis SemTxvevaSi, moqalaqisaTvis misi gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobac. kritikis, konkretuli servisis gasaCivrebis mizania momsaxurebis xarisxis kontroli da misi gaumjobeseba. igi SesaZleblobas aZlevs administraciis TanamSromlebs, gaaanalizon da gamoavlinon moqalaqeTa ukmayofilebis mizezebi. amasTan, is xels uwyobs imas, rom TanamSromlebma SeimuSaon problemaze swrafi reagirebis meqanizmebi da maTi daZlevis alternatiuli gzebi. marTalia, am gasaCivrebebis Sedegad ar dgeba samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, magram maT maRali politikuri kulturis mqone sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT. isini amaRleben saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebis pasuxismgeblobisa da angariSvaldebulebis xarisxs da aumjobeseben sajaro administraciis momsaxurebis dones. Tavi 3.3 sazogadoebaze orientirebuli policia saxelmwifos, konkretulad ki mis erT-erTi samsaxuris – policiis moqalaqeebTan TanamSromlobis sanimuSo gamoxatulebaa sazogadoebaze orientirebuli policia. sazogadoebaze orientirebuli policiis koncefcia aris erTgvari axali tipis xelSekruleba policiasa da sazogadoebas Soris, romlis Tanaxmad, policia mowodebulia, emsaxuros sazogadoebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, garkveul pasuxismgeblobas iRebs wesrigis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. aucilebelia policiasa da sazogadoebas Soris permanentuli da aqtiuri TanamSromloba, raSic adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi seqtoris yvela warmomadgeneli unda monawileobdes. saubaria arasamTavrobo organizaciebze, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebze, aseve im calkeul moqalaqeebze, romelTac konkretuli ubnis mosaxleobis interesebi SeuZliaT warmoadginon. aRniSnuli subieqtebi SesaZloa policiis sakonsultacio sabWos saxiTac gaerTiandnen. maTi resursebis mobilizeba da gamoyeneba mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis usafrTxoebisa da problemebis erToblivad gadawyvetis saqmeSi. 300 kari meoTxe policia kargad unda icnobdes adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saWiroebebs da gacnobierebuli unda hqondes, rom misi saqmianobis erT-erTi mTavari mizania sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufs Soris TanamSromlobis xelSewyoba, usafrTxoebis saerTo problemebis mosagvareblad. policia ara xelisuflebis, aramed xalxis samsaxurSia. igi aqtiurad rTavs sazogadoebas Tavis saqmianobaSi, raTa Semcirdes danaSaulis raodenoba, moxdes danaSaulis prevencia da gaizardos danaSaulis gaxsnis maCveneblebi. es aris policiasa da sazogadoebas Soris TanamSromloba, romlis mizania sazogadoebisaTvis policiis xarisxiani servisis miwodeba da uzrunvelyofa. igi exmareba policiels, raTa man gansazRvros da gadaWras is problemebi, romlebic sazogadoebas yvelaze metad aRelvebs. aRniSnuli TanamSromlobis pirobebSi mkvidrdeba moqalaqeebSi policiis mimarT ndoba. aqedan gamomdinare, policia yovelTvis unda zrunavdes sazogadoebasTan samuSao urTierTobis SenarCunebaze, raTa Tavad Seafasos, Tu ramdenad exmareba policiis mier gaweuli saqmianoba sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas. ndobaze damyarebuli am TanamSromlobiT policiisTvis ufro advilad xelmisawvdomi xdeba is informacia, romelmac SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad Seuwyos xeli danaSaulis Tavidan acilebas, an mis gamovlinebas. amdenad, sazogadoebasTan uSualo kontaqti warmatebuli da efeqtiani saqmianobis winapirobaa. policiam unda SeZlos adgilobrivi sazogadoebis SesaZleblobebis stimulireba da gaaqtiureba, raTa manac aiRos sakuTar Tavze Tavisi wili pasuxismgebloba usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania adgilobriv macxovreblebTan policiis uSualo urTierTobebis formebi. kerZod, saubaria policiis ganyofilebebis iseT RonisZiebebze, rogorebicaa: policiis TanamSromlis mimagreba romelime konkretuli ubnis monakveTSi, qveiTi patrulireba, sazogadoebasTan regularuli Sexvedrebis organizeba, gansxvavebuli miznobrivi jgufebisTvis sxvadasxva programis ganxorcieleba (saganmanaTleblo programebi skolebSi, moxaliseTa proeqtebi da sxv.). gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba TanamSromlobis iseT programebs, romlebic konkretuli problemis mogvarebaze iqneba orientirebuli. amgvari formatiT TanamSromloba SesaZleblobas iZleva, ganisazRvros adgilobrivi sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze ufro mtkivneuli da saWirboroto problemaTa wre, gamoikveTos prioritetebi, SemuSavdes da ganxorcieldes gonivruli da adekvaturi samoqmedo gegma. demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 301 sazogadoebasa da policias Soris mWidro partnioroba iZleva imis safuZvels, rom sazogadoeba gaxdes policiis saqmianobis Semfasebeli da amave saqmianobis prioritetebis gansazRvraSi Tanamonawile. ganviTarebuli qveynebis sapolicio saqmianobis praqtika, gansakuTrebiT adgilobriv doneebze, kargad icnobs e. w. sazogadoebrivi sabWoebis instituts, romlis mizania, erTi mxriv, policiis saqmianobis strategiuli mimarTulebebis gansazRvraSi sazogadoebis Tanamonawileobis uzrunvelyofa da, meore mxriv, amave saqmianobaze sazogadoebrivi kontroli. kontrolis es damoukidebeli forma kargi saSualebaa policiis muSaobis efeqturi zedamxedvelobisTvis, misi gamWvirvalobisTvis, policiis mxridan konkretuli samarTaldarRvevebis gamovlenisa da am faqtebze swrafi reagirebisTvis. policielebisTvis es TviTkontrolis erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualebaa. policiis adgilobrivma ganyofilebebma unda Camoayalibon partnioroba ara mxolod adgilobriv macxovreblebTan, aramed calkeul organizaciebTan, kerZo da saxelmwifo struqturebTan. isini, rogorc wesi, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben sazogadoebrivi interesebis organizebulad warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, maT aqvT kargi resursebi, romelTa efeqtianad mimarTvac SeiZleba problemebis gadawyvetisaken. maT ricxvs SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo organizacia, binis mesakuTreTa amxanagobebi, sxva interesTa jgufebi. arsebobs sxvadasxva meTodi, romliTac SeiZleba problemis mogvarebisa da danaSaulis prevenciis mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebul muSaobaSi mosaxleobis CarTulobis uzrunvelyofa. SesaZlebelia e. w. samezoblo sabWoebisa Tu komitetebis Seqmna, moxalise moqalaqeebis monawileoba adgilobrivi patrulirebis ganxorcielebaSi, aseve policiaSi Semosuli saCivrebisa da satelefono zarebis miRebaSi. moqalaqeebma monawileoba SeiZleba miiRon policiis treningSic. aseve SesaZlebelia specialuri programebis organizeba mosaxleobis TanamonawileobiT, iseTis rogoricaa, magaliTad, ubnis axalgazrdobisaTvis sxvadasxva kulturul-sportuli RonisZiebis mowyoba. policiis saqmianobaSi sazogadoebis CarTvis formebi uamravia da igi Tavad policiis ganyofilebis mier unda iyos gansazRvruli. mTavaria, ise moxdes maTi Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba, rom maT realurad xeli Seuwyon policiisa da sazogadoebis partniorobas, adgilobrivi problemebis mogvarebas, informaciis Ria da patiosan urTierTgacvlas. 302 kari meoTxe policiis nebismieri iniciativa da proeqti, romelnic sazogadoebis monawileobas iTvaliswinebs, saWiroebs monitoringsa da Sefasebas. man unda uzrunvelyos imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad aRwevs konkretuli proeqti dasaxul mizans, saWiroa Tu ara axali monawileebis CarTva, Tu ramdenad esmiT monawileebs TavianTi amocanebi, saWiroa Tu ara sazogadoebis meti informireba proeqtis Sesaxeb da sxv. policiisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba mosaxleobis gamokiTxvas. zogierT qveyanaSi werilobiTi kiTxvarebi ar zRudavs gamokiTxuli piris SesaZleblobas, rom man Camoayalibos Tavisi mosazrebebi da Sefasebebi ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. am tipis kiTxvari policiis erTgvari sakonsultacio urTierTobis formaa mosaxleobasTan. tipuri kiTxvarebi sxvadasxva aspeqts moicavs: policiis mimarT ndobis, mosaxleobis CarTulobis, misi kmayofilebisa Tu ukmayofilebis Sefasebas. policiis mimarT mosaxleobis ndobis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT, kiTxvebi, ZiriTadad, Semdegi saxisaa: rogor SeafasebT mimdinare wlis ganmavlobaSi danaSaulis dones Tqvens ubanSi? yofilxarT Tu ara Tqvens ubanSi danaSaulis mowme? romelia is kriminaluri Tu usafrTxoebis sxva xasiaTis ZiriTadi 3 problema Tqvens ubanSi, romelTa gadawyvetac prioritetulad migaCniaT? axerxebs Tu ara policia Tqveni ubnis usafrTxoebis problemebis efeqtianad gadaWras? da a. S. mosaxleobis policiis muSaobaSi Tanamonawileobis Sefasebis kuTxiT kiTxvari, ZiriTadad, Semdeg kiTxvebs moicavs: ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi yofilxarT Tu ara miwveuli policiis mier organizebul krebaze, sadac ganxiluli iqneboda Tqveni ubnis problemebi? aRniSnuli xasiaTis Sekrebaze miwvevis SemTxvevaSi Tu dasTanxmdebodiT wasvlas? migiRiaT Tu ara policiis kiTxvarebi da Tu SegivsiaT isini? SegiZliaT Tu ara, daasaxeloT Tqvens ubanSi ganxorcielebuli saqmianoba, romelSic policiac iRebs monawileobas? da a. S. policiis momsaxurebiT mosaxleobis kmayofilebis Tu ukmayofilebis dasadgenad kiTxvebi ZiriTadad Semdegi saxisaa: ramdenad xarT kmayofili im policielTa muSaobis stiliT, romlebic Tqveni ubnis usafrTxoebaze unda zrunavdnen? im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqven an Tqvens axlobels Sexeba gqondaT policiasTan, rogor SegiZliaT daaxasiaToT misi Tqvendami an Tqveni axloblis mimarT damokidebuleba? ramdenad scems da icavs policia kanons? ramdenad swrafad reagirebs policia mosax- demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 303 leobis Setyobinebebze? aris Tu ara ubnis policieli Ria da amJRavnebs Tu ara dialogis survils mosaxleobasTan? awvdis Tu ara ubnis policia mosaxleobas informacias danaSaulis prevenciis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb? da a.S. Tavi 3.4 erToblivi biujeti bolo 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi moqalaqeTa saxelmwifo da adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi Tanamonawileobis erT-erTi saukeTeso forma aris mosaxleobasTan erTad biujetis Sedgenis praqtika. marto 2001 wlidan 2005 wlamde misi gamoyeneba evropaSi 10-jer gaizarda. erToblivi biujetis SedgenisTvis Semdegi pirobebis arsebobaa mniSvnelovani: igi mravaljerad da xangrZliv gamoyenebas unda ukavSirdebodes da ara erTjerad gamokiTxvasa Tu referendums, romelic sabiujeto an sagadasaxado sakiTxebs exeba. mniSvnelovania aseve, rom igi aqtiuri diskusiis process gamoxatavdes, amitom misi Catareba mxolod werilobiTi gamokiTxvis formiT ar unda Semoifarglebodes. aRsaniSnavia angariSvaldebulebis aspeqtic, romlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi mosaxleobas angariSs abareben imaze, Tu rogor iqna ganxorcielebuli maTi konkretuli winadadebebi. aRniSnuli pirobebis ganxorcielebis optimaluri saSualebebi sam etapad SeiZleba daiyos: pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia adgilobrivi biujetis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis informireba. am mizniT iqmneba sainformacio broSurebi, sadac gawerilia, Tu ra moculobis wliuri biujeti aqvs adgilobriv TviTmmarTvel erTeuls da rogoria am TviTmmarTveli erTeulis sabiujeto prioritetebi; meore etapze aucilebelia aRniSnul biujetze mosaxleobis azris gageba, risTvisac, werilobiTi gamokiTxvis formasTan erTad, did mniSvnelobas iZens mosaxleobasTan Sekrebebis organizebac (xSir SemTxvevaSi SerCeva xorcieldeba SemTxveviTobis principis safuZvelze). bolo etapze, rodesac mosaxleobis azris gamokiTxvis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba adgilobrivi biujetis priortetebi, aucilebelia, amis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis kvlav informireba da misTvis angariSis Cabareba, rac aseve werilobiTi formiT unda ganxorcieldes. 304 kari meoTxe erToblivi biujetis praqtika ara mxolod mosaxleobisa da TviTmmarTveli erTeulis mier biujetis erToblivad gansazRvras exeba, aramed mis erTobliv gamoyenebasac. saubaria, konkretuli sayofacxovrebo problemis mosagvareblad, an garkveuli proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad, finansuri Tanamonawileobis iseT formebze, rodesac adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeuli da mosaxleobis gansazRvruli jgufi erToblivad qmnian biujets. SesaZloa sruli sabiujeto dafinansebiT da mosaxleobis uSualo CarTulobiT moxdes konkretuli amocanebis ganxorcieleba. demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 305 nawili meoTxe moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi am nawilSi gamovTqvamT hipoTezebs damoukidebeli sajaro administraciis Camoyalibebis amocanis gadasaWrelad. gamovikvlevT demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos standartebis Sesabamisi kompetenturi, politikurad neitraluri sajaro administraciis Taviseburebebs. gavecnobiT saqarTveloSi moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis mizniT gatarebul RonisZiebebs. gaviazrebT informirebulobis mniSvnelobas TanamonawileobiTi mmarTvelobis procesSi. vimsjelebT saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi studentTa Tanamonawileobis Temaze. nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT upasuxoT iseT kiTxvebs, rogoricaa: • ra winapirobebzea damokidebuli saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi moqalaqeTa srulfasovani Tanamonawileobis uzrunvelyofa? • moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis ra saxeebi arsebobs saqarTveloSi? • ra rols asrulebs saqarTveloSi momsaxurebis saagentoebi moqalaqeTaTvis servisis swrafi da xarisxiani miwodebis saqmeSi? • rogor SeiZleba momsaxurebis saagentoebis bazaze e.w. erTi fanjris principis optimaluri uzrunvelyofa? • rogor aris municipalur doneze erTi fanjris principiT momsaxurebis gaweva uzrunvelyofili? • rogor SeiZleba municipalur doneze momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba? • razea moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis gaaqtiureba damokidebuli? • ra formiT SeiZleba Tanamonawileobis mizniT moqalaqeTa gaaqtiureba? • ra formiT SeuZlia students aqtiuroba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi monawileobis mizniT? • rogor SeuZlia universitets, studentTa Tanamonawileobis procesisadmi xelSewyoba? 306 kari meoTxe Tavi 4.1 sajaro administraciis reforma saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo da adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis uzrunvelyofa garkveuli winapirobebis Sesrulebazea damokidebuli. aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifoSi arsebobdes demokratiis maRali xarisxi, damoukidebeli saxelmwifo institutebi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis TviTorganizebisa da sakuTar Tavze meti pasuxismgeblobis aRebis kultura. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, didia imis SesaZlebloba, rom moxdes saxelmwifo xelisuflebisagan, sakuTari Zalauflebis interesebidan gamomdinare, moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis mxolod saarCevnod manipulacia da mobilizeba. marTalia, bolo periodSi saqarTveloSi saxelmwifosa da sajaro administraciis reformirebis kuTxiT garkveuli pozitiuri nabijebi gadaidga, rogorebicaa: korufciasTan brZola, zedmeti Statebis gauqmeba, xelfasebis momateba, samuSao infrastruqturisa da momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba, magram mTavar amocanad rCeba damoukidebeli sajaro administraciis Camoyalibeba. imisTvis, rom moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileoba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi pasuxobdes demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos standartebs, aucilebelia, kompetenturi, politikurad neitraluri sajaro administraciis arseboba, romelic miukerZoeblad imuSavebs da mxolod kanons aRasrulebs. amis gareSe, ganviTarebuli qveynebidan garkveuli modelebis gadmotana ar iqneba dadebiTi Sedegis momcemi. sajaro administraciis Semdgomi reformirebisTvis am etapze saqarTveloSi ori mniSvnelovani winapirobis dakmayofileba aris aucilebeli: pirvel rigSi, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos sajaro moxeleTa mosamzadebel da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebis ganviTarebas. es kursebi mxolod kanonebisa da konkretuli kompetenciebis codnaze ki ar unda iyos mimarTuli, aramed saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebisa da Sesabamisi unarebis gamomuSavebaze. saswavlo kursebis farglebSi sajaro moxelem unda Camoiyalibos imis Segneba, rom is saxelmwifos samsaxurSia da rom misi saqmianoba mosaxleobisTvis saukeTeso momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofaa. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos moqalaqeebTan urTierTobisa da maTTan TanamSromlobis unarebis gamomuSavebas. xSirad moqalaqeebis azrebi da Sexedulebebi sajaro administraciis saqmianobis demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 307 gaumjobesebisTvis mniSvnelovani sainformacio wyaroa. swored am ideebis aRmoCena da maTi praqtikuli gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs imas, rom sajaro administracia mudmivad pasuxobdes sazogadoebriv moTxovnebsa da gamowvevebs. rac ufro Sors iqneba sajaro moxele moqalaqisgan da sazogadoebisgan, miT ufro ascdeba igi Tavisi saqmianobis mTavar sazriss – xalxs. mosaxleobasTan urTierTobas, maTi azrebis mosmenas da gaTvaliswinebas organizeba sWirdeba, risTvisac unaric da codnac sakmarisi unda gqondes. amisaTvis sajaro moxeles liderobisa da gunduri muSaobis unarebi sWirdeba, rac aseve praqtikuli mecadineobebiT miiRweva. sajaro administraciis reformis meore mniSvnelovani komponentia politikuri neitralurobis uzrunvelyofa. aucilebelia, sajaro administraciis TiToeuli rgolis depolitizacia. am miznisTvis, rogorc samarTlebriv, ise praqtikul doneze, politikuri da arapolitikuri Tanamdebobebi, politikuri da profesiuli institutebi erTmaneTisagan mkacrad unda gaimijnos. calkeuli politikuri Tanamdebobis pirebs, iqnebian eseni ministrebi, qalaqis merebi Tu sxva, marTalia, aqvT ufleba, gansazRvron politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, magram maT ufleba ar unda hqondeT, uSualod Caerion sajaro funqciebis ganxorcielebaSi. sajaro samsaxurebs unda hqondeT damoukideblobis maRali xarisxi da ar unda xdebodes maTi politikuri niSniT dakompleqteba da sakuTari politikuri interesebisTvis gamoyeneba. swored am pirobebSia SesaZlebeli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis iseTi uzrunvelyofa, rom ar moxdes viwro partiuli niSniT moqmedeba – mosaxleobis CarTva mxolod im mizniT, rom mobilizebul iqnes potenciuri amomrCeveli. Tavi 4.2 samoqalaqo monawileoba da momsaxurebis saagentoebi saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo da adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis mizniT garkveuli nabijebi gadaidga. rogorc yovel axal wamowyebas, masac aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. 308 kari meoTxe qalaq Tbilisis meris 2006 wlis 26 dekembris brZanebiT damtkicda `qalaq Tbilisis meriis samoqalaqo monawileobisa da integraciis saqalaqo samsaxuris – Tbilisis korpusis debuleba~. am samsaxuris erTi-erTi mTavari mizani iyo qalaq TbilisSi samoqalaqo monawileobis programebis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba da binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobebis ganviTareba. aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad Seiqmna binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobebi. amxanagoba sakuTari rigebidan irCevda Tavmjdomares, romelsac qalaqis biujetidan gamoeyofoda xelfasi. Tavmjdomaris funqciaSi Sedioda binaTmesakuTreTa Sekrebebis organizeba, maTTan erTad im sayofacxovrebo problemebis gansazRvra, romlebic gadaudebel mogvarebas saWiroebdnen. Tavmjdomare iyo pasuxismgebeli imaze, rom am problemebis Sesaxeb TviTmmarTveli erTeulisTvis miewodebina informacia da uzrunveleyo maTi daxmarebiT misi gadawyveta. problemis erToblivi gadaWris mizniT dainerga binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis erToblivi finansuri Tanamonawileobis praqtika. kerZod, gansazRvruli saqmianobis dasafinanseblad iqmneboda erToblivi biujeti, romlis 30%-s afinansebda TviTmmarTveli erTeuli, xolo danarCen Tanxas gaiRebda mosaxleoba. realurad TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis iniciativiT gamoiyo im standartuli problemebis nusxa, romlis mogvarebac binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobisaTvis pirvelxarisxovani SeiZleboda yofiliyo. gansakuTrebiT es exeboda amortizebuli liftebis SekeTebas da saxlebis gadaxurvas. iseTi Zvirad Rirebuli proeqtebis dafinanseba, rogorebicaa korpusis mimdebare teritoriaze asfaltis dageba an dasasvenebeli da sportuli infrastruqturis Seqmna, TviTmmarTveli erTeulis xarjebiT xorcieldeba. am iniciativebSic amxanagobebis TavmjdomareTa roli didia. isini aniWeben mosaxleobasa da TviTmmarTvel erTeuls Soris urTierTobas erTgvar organizebul formas. adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi sazogadoebis monawileobis TvalsazrisiT, aRniSvnis Rirsia mosaxleobis werilobiTi gamokiTxva, romelic qalaq TbilisSi iyo organizebuli. kiTxvarebi, ZiriTadad, imis gamovlenas emsaxureboda, iyo Tu ara mosaxleoba TviTmmarTveli erTeulis momsaxurebis doniT kmayofili. masve unda gamoevlina is konkretuli sferoebi, riTac mosaxleoba sajaro administraciis muSaobiT iyo ukmayofilo. demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 309 uSualo TanamonawileobasTan erTad moqalaqeTaTvis sajaro administraciis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania sajaro administraciis momsaxurebis gaumjobesebis sakiTxi. saubaria, moqalaqeTa `erTi fanjridan~, `erTi xelidan~ momsaxurebis principze. am mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli iniciativebidan aRsaniSnavia momsaxurebis is saagentoebi, romlebic Seiqmna Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da iusticiis saministros farglebSi. Sss-s momsaxurebis saagentos ZiriTadi funqciaa satransporto saSualebaTa registraciis, marTvis uflebis miniWebis, aRdgenis, gacemis, aseve sanebarTvo da sxva uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba. rac Seexeba iusticiis saministros, mis farglebSi arsebuli momsaxurebis saagentos kompetenciaSi eqceva piradobis mowmobis, pasportis gacema, dabadebis, qorwinebis, sakuTrebis registracia, samewarmeo da arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis registracia da sxv. aRniSnuli uwyebebis momsaxurebis saagentos filialebi funqcionirebs regionebSic. imis mixedviT, momsaxurebis Tu ra forma sWirdeba moqalaqes, SeuZlia mimarTos calkeuli zemoTqmul saagentos da miiRos adgilze yvela is momsaxureba, romlebic am saagentos kompetenciaSi Sedis. samoqalaqo monawileobisa da momsaxurebis gaumjobesebis kuTxiT saqarTveloSi gadadgmuli nabijebi uTuod misasalmebeli da dasafasebelia. is xels uwyobs saxelmwifosa da moqalaqes Soris partnioruli da ndobiT aRWurvili urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas. magram aucilebelia im xarvezebzec yuradRebis gamaxvileba, rac am procesebs axasiaTebs. daviwyoT moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis formebis SefasebiT. aq, pirvel rigSi, TvalSisacemia is garemoeba, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba gansakuTrebiT winasaarCevno periodSi mimarTavs iseT iniciativebs, rogorebicaa: erToblivi biujetiT sayofacxovrebo problemebis mogvareba, gansakuTrebiT korpusebis liftebisa da saxuravebis SekeTeba; asfaltebis dageba da sxva infrastruqturuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba. igive iTqmis binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobebis TavmjdomareTa aqtiurobazec (isini xelfass iReben qalaqis biujetidan), rodesac isini winasaarCevno periodSi saxelisuflo partiis mxardaWeris mizniT potenciuri mxardamWerebis mobilizebiT arian dakavebulebi, rodesac furcliTa da kalmiT xelSi mezoblebs ekiTxebian, Tu vis miscemen xmas arCevnebSi. 310 kari meoTxe TavisTavad is faqti, rom binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobebis Tavmjdomareebs mosaxleoba irCevs da Semdeg es Tavmjdomare mezoblebs TviTmmarTvel erTeulTan organizebul urTierTobaSi exmareba, dadebiTi movlenaa. magram es TanamSromloba Tavisufali unda iyos yovelgvari partiuli interesebisagan da saarCevno koniunqturisagan. amitom momavalSi aucilebelia TanamSromlobis am formebis SenarCueneba, mxolod miukerZoebeli da obieqturi muSaobis safuZvelze, romelic umTavresad mosaxleobis problemebis mogvarebaze iqneba orientirebuli. igive iTqmis mosaxleobis gamokiTxvis formazec. aseTi saxis gamokiTxvebi saukeTeso saSualebaa imisTvis, rom sajaro administraciam moaxdinos TviTSefaseba, dainaxos sakuTari muSaobis Zleri da susti mxareebi, gaiTvaliswinos mosaxleobis rekomendaciebi. magram am gamokiTxvasac mxolod im SemTxvevaSi eqneba obieqturi xasiaTi, Tu isic ar iqneba saarCevno koniunqturiT gansazRvruli. Tanac, mniSvnelovania, rom am gamokiTxvis Sedegebi gamokiTxulTaTvis iyos xelmisawvdomi da gamWvirvale. obieqturobis, gamWvirvalobisa da moqnilobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva momsaxurebis saagentoebis muSaoba. moqalaqis interesebidan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT isini uzrunvelyofen swraf da erTian momsaxurebas, raTa moqalaqem dazogos dro, energia da fuli. amiT moqalaqe sajaro administraciaSi xedavs masze mzrunvel partniors. imisaTvis, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da iusticiis saministroebis momsaxurebis saagentoebis mier gaweuli servisebi mosaxleobisaTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi da efeqtiani iyos, mizanSewonili iqneba am ori saagentos gaerTianeba. `erTi fanjridan~ momsaxurebis miwodebis principi imas niSnavs, rom yvela im saxis momsaxurebis miReba, romelTac dRes es uwyebebi cal-calke axorcieleben, SesaZlebeli iyos erT adgilas, drois erT intervalSi, rogorc es dasavleTis qveynebis praqtikaSia miRebuli. amasTan, aucilebelia, adgilebze TviTmmarTvel erTeulebs gadaeces aRniSnuli momsaxureobis ganxorcielebis uflebamosileba. momsaxurebis saagentos TanamSromeli samoqalaqo piri unda iyos, imisgan damoukideblad, Tu ra saxis momsaxurebas eweva igi. dRes Sinagan saqmeTa saministros farglebSi arsebuli momsaxurebis saagentos TanamSromlebi policielebi arian, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi saqmianoba ar ukavSirdeba sapolicio funqciebis Sesrulebas. demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 311 Tavi 4.3 municipaluri servisebis gaumjobeseba saqarTvelos calkeul municipalur erTeulSi administraciuli momsaxurebis daxvewis mizniT Seiqmna specialuri samsaxurebi `samoqalaqo misaRebis~ an `moqalaqis momsaxurebis ganyofilebis~ saxiT. maT mier gaweuli municipaluri servisebis formebia: • oficialuri korespondenciis kompiuterul sistemaSi registracia, pirveladi damuSaveba da gadamisamarTeba; • moqalaqeTa werilebisa da gancxadebebis kompiuterul sistemaSi registracia, pirveladi damuSaveba da gadamisamarTeba; • moqalaqeTa miReba da zepiri konsultacia; • moqalaqeTa uzrunvelyofa satelefono konsultaciebiT, raTa maT miiRon saWiro rCevebi da ganmartebebi; • adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis mier dafinansebuli socialuri da samedicino daxmarebebis programaTa farglebSi socialuri SeRavaTebis dadgena municipalur momsaxurebaze, rogorebicaa: wylis gadasaxadi, nagvis mosakrebeli, municipalur transportze ufaso samgzavro bileTi da sxva SeRavaTebisa Tu daxmarebebis calkeuli moqalaqisTvis dadgena. mosaxleobisTvis momsaxurebis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli samsaxurebis Seqmna udavod win gadadgmuli nabijia. aucilebelia maTi Semdgomi srulyofa da ganviTareba. am mizniT, pirvel rigSi, unda moxdes samsaxuris TanamSromelTa kvalifikaciis amaRleba moqalaqeebTan efeqtiani komunikaciis, konfliqtis marTvis, internet teqnologiebis srulfasovani gamoyenebis, saubris warmarTvis mimarTulebiT. saCivrebsa Tu sxva saxis mimarTvebze moqalaqeTa Setyobinebis an raime saWiroebis Sesaxeb informirebis mizniT, sasurvelia, amoqmeddes iseTi kompiuteruli servisi, romelic moqalaqes informaciebs mobilur telefonze gzavniliT Seatyobinebs. mizanSewonilia, gaweuli samuSaos Sesaxeb werilobiTi angariSi samsaxurebma yovel Tve an kvartalSi erTxel awarmoon, sadac Sefasdeba momsaxurebis xarisxis warmatebuli da warumatebeli mxareebi, maTi gaumjobesebis rekomendaciebi, aseve aisaxeba, Tu ra problemebi awuxebs mosaxleobas, ra servisebzea didi moTxovnilebebi da rogoria maTze drouli da adekvaturi reagirebis meqanizmebi. sasurvelia, sxva municipalitetebis gamocdilebis gazi- 312 kari meoTxe arebac, ara marto saqarTvelos farglebSi, aramed saerTaSoriso donezec, riTac saukeTeso praqtikis danergvasa da momsaxurebis mudmiv gaumjobesebas Seewyoba xeli. Tavi 4.4 moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis gaaqtiureba saqarTveloSi demokratiuli ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa moqalaqeTa saxelmwifo da adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi Tanamonawileobis uzrunvelyofa. `kargi mmarTvelobis~ principis umniSvnelovanesi elementis – Tanamonawileobis ganxorcieleba, pirvel rigSi, damokidebulia saxelmwifos sajaro moxeleebis unarze, rom maT aRiqvan sazogadoeba rogorc partniori da SeZlon mis aqtiur wevrebTan TanamSromlobis organizeba. moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis gaaqtiurebis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania arsebuli binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobebis Semdgomi ganviTareba. im xarvezebis daZlevis paralelurad, razec TavSi iyo saubari, aucilebelia maTi damatebiTi funqciebiTac aRWurva. kerZod, maTi saqmianoba ar unda ifarglebodes mxolod viwro sayofacxovrebo problemebis mogvarebiT, aramed isini adgilobriv TviTmmarTvel erTeulTan erTad aqtiurad unda iyvnen CarTuli sxvadasxva sferoSi strategiuli mimarTulebebis gansazRvris saqmeSic. saubaria adgilobrivi biujetis prioritetebis erTobliv gansazRvraze, misi Sesrulebis kontrolze, ubnis infrastruqturisa da keTilmowyobis gegmebis erTobliv Sedgenaze da sxv. TviTmmarTveli erTeulis mier periodulad unda xdebodes amxanagobebis TavmjdomareebTan Sekrebebis organizeba, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, TiToeuli ubnis mosaxleobis Sekreba gaxdes aucilebeli, Tu saqme exeba mniSvnelovani problemis gadaWras, an proeqtis ganxilvasa da ganxorcielebas. mniSvnelovania mosaxleobis perioduli gamokiTxvebis organizeba. gamokiTxvis Sedegebma unda gamoavlinos, Tu ramdenad aris mosaxleoba sajaro administraciis servisiT kmayofili. gamokiTxvis Sedegebi unda iyos gamWvirvale da yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi. mosaxleobas unda mieces aseve imis saSualeba, rom man werilobiT gaakritikos adgilobrivi sajaro administraciis muSaoba. aucilebelia, am kritikas upasuxos administraciam da ganmartos problemis mogvarebis SesaZleblo- demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 313 bis Sesaxeb. amis gareSe administraciis angariSvaldebulebis princips azri ekargeba. mosaxleobis Tanamonawileobis mniSvnelovani komponentia misi informirebuloba. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba uSualod unda iRebdes informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin risTvis aris pasuxismgebeli adgilobriv TviTmmarTvel organoSi, ra biujeti aqvs am organos, ra gegmebisa da proeqtebis ganxorcieleba aqvs mas miznad dasaxuli da sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo yvelanairad unda cdilobdes imas, rom TviTon mivides da Tavi gaacnos mosaxleobas da ara piriqiT, iyos pasiur rolSi. es, ZiriTadad, SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sainformacio broSurebis gavrcelebiT an sxva sainformacio saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia mozardi Taobis informirebulobis uzrunvelyofa. am mizniT, SesaZlebelia skolebSi sajaro administraciis warmomadgenelebis mier maRali klasis moswavleebTan uSualo Sexvedrebis organizeba. es aCens moswavleebSi sajaro TemebiT dainteresebis motivacias da uyalibebs maT saxelmwifoebriv azrovnebas. isini emzadebian imisTvis, rom gaiazron Tavisi wili moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgebloba. swavloben imas, rom kerZo interesTan erTad arsebobs sajaro interesic da rom mniSvnelovania maT Soris balansis uzrunvelyofa. didi mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi moqalaqeebsa da adgilobriv policias Soris mWidro TanamSromlobis formebis Camoyalibebas. policia, rogorc sajaro administraciis mniSvnelovani rgoli, ar unda iyos karCaketili organizacia, romelic mxolod moqalaqeebis gamoZaxebebze, momxdar samarTaldarRvevebze reagirebs. is mosaxleobasTan partniorobisaTvis Ria unda iyos. am mizniT, gansakuTrebiT ki konkretuli ubnis inspeqtorma, organizeba unda gauwios binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobebTan periodul Sexvedrebs, raTa gaigos ubnis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi da mosaxleobasTan erTad gansazRvros danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis RonisZiebebi. policiis mier danaSaulTan efeqturi brZola mxolod am TanamSromlobisa da ndobis maRali xarisxiT miiRweva. specialur yuradRebas saWiroebs mozard TaobasTan urTierToba. mniSvnelovania maTi daintereseba aqtiuri da jansaRi cxovrebis stiliT. amaSi mis partniorad ubnis policiis TanamSromeli SeiZleba iqces. erToblivi sportuli RonisZiebebis Catareba, sazogadoebriv usafrTxoebaze, moqalaqis kanonmorCilebaze, konfliqtebis mSvido- 314 kari meoTxe biani mogvarebis aucileblobaze policiasa da mozard Taobas Soris uSualo dialogebi mniSvnelovani wingadadgmuli nabijebia qveyanaSi, zogadad, demokratiisa da konkretulad mozardi Taobis Tanamonawileobis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. Tavi 4.5 studentebis Tanamonawileoba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi, rogorc centralur, ise adgilobriv doneze, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba studentTa Tanamonawileobis uzrunvelyofas. amis saukeTeso winapirobaa Tavad saswavlo dawesebulebaSi studentTa TviTmmarTvelobis elementebis realuri arseboba. igi xels uwyobs sauniversiteto marTvis strategiis gansazRvraSi studentebis realur monawileobas, studentebis mier sauniversiteto procesebis Sefasebasa da kontrols, rac dadebiTad moqmedebs studentebSi demokratiuli unar-Cvvebis Camoyalibebaze. aRniSnuli unarebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania iseTi proeqtebis waxaliseba, romlebic studentebs SesaZleblobas miscemens, uSualod CaerTon sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis garkveul sferoebSi. saubaria proeqtebze, rogorebicaa arasamTavrobo seqtorTan TanamSromloba garemos dacvis, adamianis uflebebis dacvis, saarCevno procesis xelSewyobisa da sxva mniSvnelovani sferoebis farglebSi. igive exeba studentebis saxelmwifo struqturebTan TanamSromlobis aspeqts. calkeuli proeqtebi SesaZlebelia universitetis bazazec ganxorcieldes. am TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia iseTi iniciativebi, romlebic miRebuli Teoriuli codnis praqtikul gamoyenebas Seuwyobs xels. magaliTad, sajaro administraciis momsaxurebis Sefasebis mizniT, mosaxleobisTvis kiTxvarebis proeqtis momzadeba; adgilobrivi problemebis ganxilvis mizniT, mosaxleobasTan uSualo Sexvedrebis organizeba, sadac TviTmmarTveli erTeulis warmomadgenelic miiRebs monawileobas. yovelive es karg safuZvels iZleva studentebis mier adgilobriv doneze calkeuli sazogadoebrivi problemebis gamoaSkaravebisa, maTi analizisa da am problemebis gadaWris gzebis dasaxvisaTvis. mniSvnelovania, universitetebs Soris studentTa konferenciebis organizeba, sadac moxdeba kvlevis Sedegebisa da mosaxleobasTan Ta- demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 315 namSromlobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis gaziareba. aucilebelia, konferenciaSi mecnierTa da sajaro administraciis warmomadgenelTa monawileobac. es saukeTeso saSualebaa imisTvis, rom urTierTswavlis procesSi moxdes mosaxleobasTan TanamSromlobis saukeTeso praqtikis migneba. Tavisi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia, rom studentebis mier Catarebulma kvlevebma farTo sazogadoebrivi interesi gamoiwvios. am kuTxiT, aRsaniSnavia studentebis masobriv sainformacio saSualebebTan TanamSromloba, raTa studenturi kvlevebis Sedegebi aisaxos gazeTebSi, radioSi an televiziaSi. zogadad, yvela iniciativa, romelic xels Seuwyobs studentTa saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebisa da moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis Camoyalibebas, universitetis administraciisagan waxalisebasa da mxardaWeras saWiroebs. 316 daskvna Tanamedrove demokratia aqtiuri moqalaqis gareSe warmoudgenelia. es aqtiuroba, rogorc vnaxeT, ori mimarTulebiT vlindeba: pirveli, rodesac moqalaqe Tavisi iniciativiT monawileobs sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi, sakuTari da TanamoqalaqeTa uflebebis dacvaSi da meore, rodesac misi aqtiuroba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiT procesebSi TanamonawileobiT gamoixateba. moqalaqes, romelic sakuTari iniciativiT aqtiurad monawileobs sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sferoSi, amoZravebs imis Segneba, rom mxolod saxelmwifos regulirebasa da sabazro ekonomikur urTierTobebze ar aris damokidebuli demokratiuli sazogadoebis ganviTareba. amisTvis aucilebelia, rom TiToeulma moqalaqem an moqalaqeTa jgufma Tavisi wili pasuxismgeblobac aiRos sakuTar Tavze da gadadgas konkretuli nabijebi calkeuli sferos gaumjobesebis kuTxiT. Tanamedrove demokratiaSi moqalaqe aseve aqtiurad monawileobs sajaro xelisuflebasTan mmarTvelobiTi amocanebis gadaWraSi. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba saxelmwifosa da moqalaqis organizebuli TanamSromlobis formebs. moqalaqis Tanamonawileobis es formebi imas niSnavs, rom sazogadoebis yvela wevrs mniSvnelovani politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba hqondes uzrunvelyofili. TiToeuls unda hqondes realurad imis gancda, rom is saxelmwifos Rirseuli wevria. am gamowvevebis Sesabamisad, sajaro administraciam moqalaqis roli ufro aqtiuri gaxada da mas saxelmwifo da adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi Tanamonawileobis SesaZlebloba misca. Tanamonawileobis aprobirebul formebad Camoyalibda moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvebisa da Sekrebebis organizeba, erToblivi biujetis Sedgena, mrgvali magidebis mowyoba da sxv. sajaro administraciasTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva moqalaqeebisTvis momsaxurebis maqsimalurad gamartivebas da zedmeti biurokratiuli barierebis Semcirebas. marTalia, bolo periodSi saqarTveloSi saxelmwifosa da sajaro administraciis reformirebis kuTxiT garkveuli nabijebi gadaidga, magram kvlav mTavar amocanad rCeba kompetenturi, politikurad neitraluri sajaro administraciis arseboba. mniSvnelovani nabijebia gadasadgmeli moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis iseTi formebis dasamkvidreblad, romlebic moqalaqes imis realur Segnebas Camouyalibebs, rom is saxelmwifos partniori da xelisuflebis wyaroa. 317 sasargeblo bmulebi vebsaiti misamarTi saerTaSoriso amnistia (Amnesty International) www.amnesty.org qalTa mdgomareobis gaeros komisia (UN Commission on the Status of Women) www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/ csw/ yvela formis qalTa diskriminaciis likvidaciis komiteti (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women) www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/ cedaw/ evrosabWos adamianis uflebaTa da samarTlebriv saqmeTa generaluri direqtorati (Council of Europe, The Directorate General of Human Rights and Legal Affair) www.humanrights.coe.int evropis sabWo (Council of Europe) www.coe.int adamianis uflebaTa da demokratiuli ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso centri (International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development) www.ichrdd.ca adamianis uflebaTa kavSirebis saerTaSoriso federacia (Fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l’Homme) http://www.fidh.org/-english- adamianis uflebebi internetSi (Human Rights Internet) http://www.hri.ca/about.aspx yovelkvartaluri adamianis uflebebi (Human Rights Quarterly) http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hrq human raiTs uotCi (Human Rights Watch) http://www.hrw.org/ru saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi (International Monetary Fund) www.imf.org iuristTa saerTaSoriso komisia (International Commission of Jurists) www.icj.org wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti (International Committee of the Red Cross) www.icrc.org 318 Sromis saerTaSoriso komiteti (International Labour Organization) www.ilo.org adamianis uflebebi, upirveles yovlisa (Human Rights First) http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/ adamianis uflebaTa komiteti (Lawyers’ Committee for Human Rights) http://www.hrweb.org/ wamebis sawinaaRmdego msoflio organizacia (Organisation mondiale contre la torture) www.omct.org gaeros adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisari (The High Commissioner for Human Rights) http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Pages/ WelcomePage.aspx gaeros bavSvTa fondi (UNICEF) www.unicef.org qalTa interesebis ganviTarebis gaeros fondi (UN Development Fund for Women) www.unifem.undp.org qalTa interesebis ganviTarebis gaeros ganyofileba (UN Division for the Advancement of Women) www.un.org/womenwatch/daw gaero (The United Nations) www.un.org jandacvis msoflio organizacia (UNWHO) www.who.int/home-page ltolvilTa Semswavleli centri (The Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford Department of International Development, Queen Elizabeth House) http://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/ iZulebiT adgilnacvalTa xazi (Forced Migration Online (FMO) http://www.forcedmigration.org/ adamianis uflebaTa helsinkis fondi, varSava (Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights (HFHR) http://humanrightshouse.org/ http://www.hfhr.pl/ evropis sabWos sainformacio biuro saqarTveloSi (Council of Europe Information Office - Tbilisi) http://portal.coe.ge/ 319 terminTa pirobiTi Semokleba (abreviaturebi) COE CAT CPT EC ECHR ECOSOC ECRI EU IHL ILO ICC ICC ICL ICJ ICT ICTY ICTR ICRC LAS NATO NGOs OAS OAU ONCHR OSCE SIO UN UNDP UNESCO UNCHR UNHCR UNICEF WHO ICTR evropis sabWo gaeros wamebis sawinaaRmdego komiteti evrosabWos wamebis sawinaaRmdego komiteti evrokomisia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo gaerTianebuli erebis ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli evropuli komisia evrokavSiri saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo saerTaSoriso savaWro palata saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali gaeros saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunalebi yofili iugoslaviis saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis tribunali ruandis Taobaze saerTaSoriso tribunali wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti arabul saxelmwifoTa liga Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia arasamTavrobo organizaciebi amerikul saxelmwifoTa organizacia afrikuli erebis organizacia gaeros adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisris ofisi evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia specializebuli saerTaSoriso organizacia gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ganviTarebis programa gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebis da kulturis programa gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komisia gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariati gaeros bavSvTa fondi janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio organizacia vaWrobis msoflio organizacia 320 gamoyenebuli liteartura 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 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