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ROCÍO DÁNICA CÓNDOR (*) (°) - MARINA VITULLO (*)
NATIONAL INVENTORY IN THE FRAMEWORK
OF THE UNFCCC/KYOTO PROTOCOL AS A TOOL
FOR PLANNING MITIGATION MEASURES TO BE INCLUDED
IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN ITALY
(*) Servizio monitoraggio e prevenzione degli impatti sull’atmosfera (AMB-MPA), Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la
Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA). Via V. Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy.
(°) Corresponding author; [email protected]
As part of national and international commitments, Parties have to communicate annually to the
secretariat of the UNFCCC the National greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories of anthropogenic emissions
by sources and removals by sinks of GHG not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Methodologies
used for the preparation of the Italian GHG inventory follows the IPCC Guidelines for National GHG
Inventories as requested by the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. Between 1990 and 2009 total GHG
emissions have decreased by 5.4%. The trend 1990-2009 for the agricultural sector shows a decrease of
15.1%, while the LULUCF is responsible for 94.7 Mt of CO2 removals from the atmosphere in 2009.
From 1990 to 2009, total removals in CO2 equivalent increase by 53.2%. Future trends indicate a
reduction of agricultural GHG emissions of 4% by 2020 respect to 2009, and an increase of removals of
13% for the LULUCF sector. The role of agriculture in climate change mitigation has been emphasised
in the last years, and the Health Check reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) will probably
have a relevant contribution. The National GHG inventory may be seen as a useful tool to plan and
verify mitigation measures to be included in rural development strategies. Monitoring and evaluation of
the different actions under the RDPs will be fundamental to assess the contribution of climate change
mitigation measures into the trend scenario.
Key words: climate change; mitigation; forest; agriculture; rural development.
Parole chiave: cambiamento climatico; mitigazione; foresta; agricoltura; sviluppo rurale.
Citation - Cóndor R.D., Vitullo M., 2012 – National inventory in the framework of the UNFCCC/
Kyoto Protocol as a tool for planning mitigation measures to be included in rural development
strategies in Italy. L’Italia Forestale e Montana, 67 (2): 179-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.4129/
ifm.2012.2.05
1. Introduction
As part of national and international com­
mitments, Parties have to communicate an­
nually to the secretariat of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) the National greenhouse gas
(GHG) inventories of anthropogenic emissions
by sources and removals by sinks of GHG not
controlled by the Montreal Protocol. GHG
inventory submissions, for Annex I Parties,
consisting of the National Inventory Report
(NIR) and Common Reporting Format (CRF),
are annually reviewed with a resulting review
report1. Reporting should be in line with
the guidelines for national inventories from
The last review report from Italy is available: http://
unfccc.int/national_reports/annex_i_ghg_inventories/
inventory_review_reports/items/5687.php
1
– L’Italia Forestale e Montana / Italian Journal of Forest and Mountain Environments
© 2012 Accademia Italiana di Scienze Forestali
67 (2): 179-186, 2012
doi: 10.4129/ifm.2012.2.05
180
r.d. cóndor
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC). Besides, the legal basis of
the compilation of European Community’s
GHG inventory is Decision 280/2004/EC of
the European Parliament (11/02/2004) and
of the council, concerning a mechanism for
monitoring Community GHG emissions and
for implementing the Kyoto Protocol. This
decision establishes a mechanism designed to
monitor in Member States all anthropogenic
GHG emissions (including removal by
sinks), evaluate progress made in this field
to ensure compliance with the Community’s
commitments concerning emissions and their
removal, implement the UNFCCC and the
Kyoto Protocol, and ensure that information
reported by the Community to the UNFCCC
Secretariat is complete, accurate, consistent,
transparent and comparable.
Greenhouse gas emission projections, which
include mitigation policies and measures, are
also part of international commitments and
reporting. Information on how countries
are implementing policies and measures is
periodically presented through the National
Communication reports to the UNFCCC.
This report also includes information
regarding national circumstances, vulnerability
assessment, financial resources and transfer of
technology, and education, and training. Up
to now, Annex I Parties from the Convention
were requested to submit the Fifth National
Communication to the secretariat by 1 January
2010. Italy has already presented this national
report to the UNFCCC (MATTM, 2009;
ISPRA, 2009). At the end of March 2011
the Italian National Communication was
subjected to a review process with experts
from the UNFCCC and soon the review
report will be available2. In addition, each
two years, at European level, Member States
should provide data related to policies and
measures, and projected GHG emissions, to be
reported under Article 3(2) of the Monitoring
Mechanism Decision (Decision 280/2004/EC)
The review report for the Fifth National Communication
will be available in: http://unfccc.int/national_reports/
annex_i_natcom/idr_reports/items/2711.php
2
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ifm lxvii -
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and elaborated in Articles 8, 9 and 10 of the
Implementing Provisions (Decision 2005/166/
EC) and UNFCCC reporting guidelines for
national communications (FCCC/CP/1999/7).
Italy has presented the last report under this
provision on May 2011.
1.1. Greenhouse gas mitigation measures in Italy
On 1st June 2002, Italy ratified the Kyoto
Protocol with the law n.120 of 01/06/2002. The
ratification law also prescribed the preparation
of a National Action Plan to reduce GHG
emissions, adopted by the Interministerial
Committee for Economic Planning (CIPE) on
19th December (CIPE deliberation 123/2002),
which establishes an inter-Ministerial Technical
Committee (CTE). The main task of CTE is to
monitor the emissions trend, the status of the
implementation of the policies and measures
identified in the overall national strategy, and
to identify the potential further measures to
meet the Kyoto Protocol target, if needed. In
2009, the CIPE through its deliberation n.
16/2009, decided to enhance the institutional
framework through the reconstitution of
CTE at level of general director, and its
integration with representatives of the Prime
Minister office. CIPE deliberation defined for
the agriculture sector two GHG mitigation
measures: the first considers the reduction
of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural
soils, and the second includes the reduction of
methane emissions from manure management
(MATTM, 2009).
1.2. Rural development and climate change
The role of agriculture in climate change
mitigation has been emphasised in the last
years, where the Health Check reform of
the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) will
probably have a relevant contribution. This
reform is distinguished by a gradual shift from a
financial support linked to production towards
decoupled direct aids, by strengthening the
rural development policy, and by increasing the
integration of environmental considerations.
The I Pillar links direct payments for farmers
to their respect of environmental laws, where
incentives for intensive production have
national inventory, unfccc
/ kyoto protocol and rural development strategies
been reduced. The II Pillar indicates that
from 1 January 2010 (Council Regulation EC
74/2009), Member States shall provide in their
Rural Development Programmes (RDPs),
in accordance with their specific needs and
further specified in the national strategy
plans: climate change, renewable energies,
water management, biodiversity, measures
accompanying restructuring of the dairy sector,
innovation priorities. From the climate change
perspective, main GHG emission reduction
activities are predominantly or exclusively
supported by two rural development measures:
farm modernisation (code 121) and agrienvironment (code 214). Some activities
support the modernisation of farms through
energy efficient equipment and buildings,
and promoting biogas production (European
Commission, 2009).
A report prepared in the framework of the
Italian Rural Network has assessed qualitatively
the contribution of RDPs in terms of climate
change targets (MIPAAF, 2008; MIPAAF,
2009). By the end of 2009 updated information
on the regional contribution of GHG
mitigation potential was expected from RDPs.
Based on these developments, a study have
assessed, quantitatively ex-ante and ex-post,
the impact of the Health Check reform in the
Italian RDPs. The analysis of RDPs and GHG
mitigation targets confirms a moderate impact
of activated measures on reduction of methane
emissions from manure management through
measure code 121 and under code 214. For
this last code, it is expected a high impact on
the reduction of nitrous oxide emissions from
actions oriented to reduce the nitrogen surplus
(Cóndor et al., 2012). In this context, the
reporting and monitoring of rural development
agri-environmental indicators such as the gross
nitrogen balance (GNB) will be essential to
verify GHG and ammonia mitigation targets.
The objective of this paper is to underline
the role of the national GHG inventory as a
tool to quantify emission levels, to verify the
compliance of national emission ceilings and
reduction commitments, and planning GHG
mitigation measures.
181
2. Methodologies
The National GHG emission inventory is
communicated according to the guidelines
provided by the UNFCCC and the European
Union’s Greenhouse Gas Monitoring
Mechanism, following international guidelines
(IPCC, 1997; IPCC, 2000; IPCC, 2003; IPCC,
2006; EMEP/CORINAIR, 2007; EMEP/
EEA, 2009). The inventory is updated annually
in order to reflect revisions and impro­
vements in methodology and availability of
new information. Recalculations are applied
retrospectively to earlier years, accounting for
any difference in previously published data.
The annual NIR reports detailed information
on emission figures, methodologies, emission
factors and main parameters (ISPRA, 2011).
Emission estimates include the six direct GHG
under the Kyoto Protocol (carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) that
contribute directly to climate change owing
to their positive radiative forcing effect, and
four indirect greenhouse gases (nitrogen
oxides, carbon monoxide, non-methane
volatile organic compounds, sulphur dioxide).
Emission estimates cover the following sectors:
–energy;
– industrial processes;
– solvent and other product use;
–agriculture;
–land use, Land use change and Forestry
(LULUCF);
–waste.
In the framework of Rural Development,
agriculture and LULUCF sectors are relevant.
According to the IPCC National GHG
inventory guidelines for the agriculture
sector, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide
(N2O) emissions should be reported. Enteric
fermentation, manure management, rice
cultivation, agriculture soils and field burning of
agriculture residues are the estimated emission
sources. LULUCF sector includes estimations
of carbon dioxide (CO2) removals and CO2,
CH4 and N2O emissions from forest land,
cropland, grassland, wetlands and settlements.
Emissions and removals are estimated for each
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category and each further subcategories ‘land
remaining land e land converting to land’.
The methodologies used to estimate
emissions and removals, in the framework of
the national GHG inventory, are consistent
with those utilised for emission projections
from agriculture and LULUCF sectors; in
particular, projections for 2010, 2015 and 2020
have been estimated with the same models
used for the preparation of the national GHG
emission inventory submitted in 2011, following
recommendations from the UNFCCC (FCCC/
CP/1999/7) and the Monitoring Mechanism
Decision implementing provisions. Two
scenarios are requested: ‘with existing measures’
projection has to include implemented and
adopted policies and measures, and ‘with
additional measures’ projection has to include
planned policies and measures. Emission
projections have to be consistent with the last
national GHG inventory data for the preceding
years.
For the agriculture sector, activity data from
2010 was collected from official statistics
reported by the National Institute of Statistics
(ISTAT), while, for 2015 and 2020, data is
consistent with information used for GAINS/
RAINS Italy projections. For the LULUCF
sector, activity data were collected from
National Forestry Inventories (concerning
Forest land category) and from national
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2/2012
statistics published by ISTAT, as far concern
other categories (MATTM, 2009).
3. Results and discussion
Total GHG emissions, in CO2 equivalent,
excluding emissions and removals of carbon
dioxide (CO2) from LULUCF sector, decreased
by 5.4% between 1990 and 2009 (from 519 to
491 millions of CO2 equivalent tons), whereas
the national Kyoto target is a reduction of 6.5%
as compared to the base year levels by the period
2008-2012. The most important greenhouse
gas, CO2, which accounted for 85% of total
emissions in CO2 equivalent in 2009, showed a
decrease by 4.3% between 1990 and 2009. CH4
and N2O emissions were equal to 7.6% and
5.7%, respectively, of the total CO2 equivalent
greenhouse gas emissions in 2009. Both gases
showed a decrease from 1990 to 2009, equal
to 14.3% and 25.3%, respectively. The major
contribution to the national GHG emissions
is the energy sector (82.8%) followed by the
agriculture (7.0%) and industrial processes
(6.1%) sectors (ISPRA, 2011) (Table 1). The
contribution of GHG from agriculture in Italy
is below the European average which is 10.2%
for the EU-15 (EEA, 2011).
The agriculture sector was responsible for
34.48 Mt of CO2 equivalent in 2009. This
Table 1 – Greenhouse gas emissions and removals in CO2 equivalent (Gg CO2 eq).
GHG SOURCE AND
SINK CATEGORIES
1990 1995 2000 200520062007 20082009
base year
CO2 equivalent (Gg)
1. Energy
418,545431,380 450,764 473,538468,311 458,519 450,802 406,743
2. Industrial Processes
37,673
35,111
35,315
41,108
36,590
37,144
34,286
29,940
3. Solvent and Other Product Use
2,4552,235 2,302 2,1392,141 2,104 1,998 1,862
4. Agriculture
40,62340,435 40,044 37,28936,695 37,311 35,950 34,481
5. LULUCF-61,795-79,924-78,891-90,542-96,965-73,310-92,828-94,671
6. Waste
19,86120,790 23,215 20,81920,175 19,491 18,713 18,094
7. Other
NA
NANANANA NANANA
Total (including LULUCF)
Total (excluding LULUCF)
Source: ISPRA (2011).
457,362
519,157
450,027
529,951
472,749
551,640
484,351
574,893
466,947
563,911
481,259
554,569
448,921
541,749
396,449
491,120
national inventory, unfccc
/ kyoto protocol and rural development strategies
sector has been the dominant national source
for CH4 and N2O emissions, sharing 41% and
69%, respectively. In 2009, CH4 and N2O
emissions from agriculture have decreased by
11.4% and 17.9%, respectively (ISPRA, 2011).
The trend of GHGs from 1990 to 2009 shows
a decrease of 15.1% which was mostly due to
the reduction of CH4 emissions from enteric
fermentation (-11.5%), which account for
31% of sectoral emissions, and to the decrease
of N2O from agricultural soils (-20.6%),
which accounts for 45% of agricultural GHG
emissions. Main drivers are the reduction in
the number of animals, use of fertilisers and
agricultural production (Figure 1). Market
interventions (I Pillar) from the CAP such as
the milk quota had influenced the reduction
in the number of dairy cattle (EEA, 2011). In
Italy the number of dairy cows has increased
by 29% from 2,641,755 heads in 1990 to
1,878,421 heads, and the production of milk
has increased from a national average of 4210
kg head-1 year-1 in 1990 to 6336 kg head-1
year-1 in 2009. Between 1990-2009 the use
of synthetic N-fertilizers have been reduced
183
by 37%, and by 17% and 25% between
2007/2008 and 2008/2009, respectively. The
reduction on the use of N-fertilisers has mainly
been driven by the cost of fertilisers and the
cost of agricultural products (Perelli, 2007).
To be also highlighted that the amount of
biogas from animal manure has increased from
1.3 GWh to 88.4 GWh from 1991 to 20093;
as a result, in the last years, the recovery of
biogas has contributed with GHG emissions
reductions (Cóndor et al., 2008; MATTM,
2009; ISPRA, 2011).
LULUCF is responsible for 94.7 Mt of
CO2 removals from the atmosphere in 2009
(Figure 2). From 1990 to 2009 total removals
in CO2 equivalent increase of 53.2%; CO2
accounts for more than 99% of total emissions
and removals of the sector (ISPRA, 2011).
Forest land removals share 65% of total
CO2 2009 LULUCF emissions and removals.
In particular, the living biomass removals
http://www.terna.it/default/Home/SISTEMA_
ELETTRICO/statistiche/dati_statistici.aspx
3
Source: ISPRA (2011).
Figure 1 – National GHG emissions from the agriculture sector from 1990 to 2009.
184
r.d. cóndor
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ifm lxvii -
2/2012
Source: ISPRA (2011).
Figure 2 – National GHG emissions from the LULUCF sector from 1990 to 2009.
represent 50%, while the removals from dead
organic matter and soils stand for 8% and
42% of total 2009 forest land CO2 removals,
respectively. The key driver for the rise in
removals is the increase in CO2 removals from
forest land remaining forest land. Cropland
removals share 12.1% of total CO2 LULUCF
emissions and removals; in particular the living
biomass removals represent 97%, while the
emissions and removals from soils stand for 3%
of total cropland CO2 emissions and removals.
Between 1990-2009 mean Grassland emissions
share 13.6% of absolute CO2 LULUCF
emissions and removals, in particular, the living
biomass emissions represent 7%, while the
removals from dead organic matter pool share
for 3% and removals from soils stand for 91%
of absolute total grassland CO2 emissions and
removals (ISPRA, 2011). In 2009, at European
level, the LULUCF sector accounted for
298 Mt CO2 equivalent, an increase by 27%
compared to 1990. Italy (31.8%), France
(22.5%), Sweden (14.0%), Finland (13.6) and
Spain (9.6%) are the largest contributors to the
LULUCF sector for EU-15. If considering the
Forestland category, the greatest contribution
to removals for EU-15 was given by France
(23.4%), Italy (20.9%), Finland (15.3%) and
Sweden (14.2%) (EEA, 2011).
Concerning future trends in GHG emissions
and removals, given the current national
circumstances for the agriculture and LULUCF
sectors, the following mitigation measures have
been taken into account. Two GHG mitigation
measures for the agriculture sector (rational use
of synthetic N-fertiliser and recovery of biogas
from animal manure) have been included in
the trend scenario (‘with existing measures’).
For the LULUCF sector a business as usual
scenario has been taken into account, as no
additional measures are planned in the sector.
The main drivers for projections estimations are
activity data linked to the LULUCF sector; in
particular, given the decision about the elected
activities under Article 3.4 of Kyoto Protocol,
“Forest Land” activity data constitute the key
variables to project removals by sinks. Key
drivers have been identified in:
national inventory, unfccc
/ kyoto protocol and rural development strategies
a)forest management: assessment of forest
area for the period 2009-2020 was made
through data extrapolation, starting from the
consolidated time series 1990-2009;
b)afforestation/reforestation: area has been
defined following the positive trend
individuated in the period 1990-2009;
c)harvested area, burned area by forest fires:
data extrapolation was made, from the
available time series.
According to emission projections for the
agriculture it is expected a reduction of GHG
emissions of 4% by 2020 compared with
emission level in 2009, and an increase of
13% of removals is expected for the LULUCF
sector, mainly due to the increase of removals
in Forest land category.
4. Conclusions
The National GHG inventory allows to
quantify emission levels by sector and to
identify main sources; to verify the compliance
with national emission ceilings, and verify
reduction commitments undertaken in different
international contexts; to develop abatement
strategies and to identify priorities through costeffective analysis and integrated modelling, and
to provide comparable indicators accessible to
the public.
In this framework, the National GHG
emission inventory may be also seen as a useful
tool for planning climate change mitigation
measures to be included in Rural Development
strategies. Monitoring and evaluation of the
different actions under the I and II Pillar of
the CAP will be fundamental to assess the
contribution of climate change mitigation
measures into the trend scenario. In particular,
GHG mitigation measures, included in RDPs,
such as the reduction of nitrous oxide emissions
from agricultural soils for the agriculture
sector, and carbon dioxide removals from
afforestation and reforestation measures for
the LULUCF sector, will be important to
monitor and assess in order to verify climate
change targets under the Health Check reform
and future Rural Development commitments.
185
RIASSUNTO
Inventario nazionale delle emissioni nel quadro della
Convenzione sui cambiamenti climatici / Protocollo di
Kyoto come strumento per pianificare misure
di mitigazione da includere nelle strategie
di sviluppo rurale in Italia
Come previsto dagli impegni nazionali e internaziona­
li, le Parti devono comunicare annualmente alla segre­
teria dell’UNFCCC gli inventari nazionali dei gas serra
(GHG) di emissione antropica secondo fonti e prelievi
da serbatoi di GHG non controllati dal protocollo di
Montreal. Le metodologie utilizzate per la preparazio­
ne dell’inventario italiano dei GHG segue le linee guida
dell’IPCC per gli Inventari Nazionali dei GHG come
richiesto da UNFCCC e dal Protocollo di Kyoto. Tra il
1990 e il 2009 le emissioni totali di GHG sono diminu­
ite del 5,4%. Il trend 1990-2009 per il settore agricolo
mostra un decremento del 15,1%, mentre la categoria
LULUCF è responsabile della rimozione di 94,7 Mt di
CO2 dall’atmosfera nel 2009. Dal 1990 al 2009, il pre­
lievo totale di CO2 equivalente è cresciuto del 53,2%.
I trend futuri indicano entro il 2020 una riduzione del
4% delle emissioni di GHG di origine agricola rispet­
to al 2009, e un incremento di prelievi del 13% per il
settore LULUCF. Il ruolo dell’agricoltura nella miti­
gazione del cambiamento climatico è stato enfatizzato
negli ultimi anni, e la riforma dell’Health Check della
Politica Agricola Comune (PAC) fornirà probabilmen­
te un importante contributo. L’inventario nazionale dei
GHG potrebbe essere visto come uno strumento utile
per pianificare e verificare le misure di mitigazione che
devono essere incluse nelle strategie di sviluppo rurale.
Il monitoraggio e la valutazione delle differenti azioni
previste dai Programmi di Sviluppo Rurale saranno fon­
damentali per definire il contributo delle misure per la
mitigazione del cambiamento climatico negli scenari di
tendenza proposti.
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