saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi

Transcript

saqarTvelos ekonomikis
mimarTulebebi
kvartaluri mimoxilva
2005 weli, #1
evrokavSiri, ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul -evropuli
sakonsultacio centri (GEPLAC) da “saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi”
evrokavSiris urTierTobebi aRmosavleT evropis da centraluri aziis qveynebTan
ufro gaR rmavda 1991 wlidan, mas Semdeg rac amoqmedda teqnikuri daxmarebis programa tasisi
(Tacis). am urTierTobebma ufro intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo politikuri dialogis meSveobiT,
romelic gadaizarda urTierTpartniorobaSi saerTo miznebis misaRwevad. saqarTvelos
SemTxv evaSi amgvari TanamSromloba ganpirobebulia evrokavSirTan dadebuli partniorobisa
da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebiT, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wels.
ekonomikuri
politikisa
da
samarTlebrivi
sakiTxebis
qarTul -evropuli
sakonsultacio centri (GEPLAC) dafuZnda 1997 wels, tasisis programis farglebSi, proeqtis
saxiT. proeqtis mimdinare faza xorcieldeba Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit
(GTZ) GmbH-s mier. garda “saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebis” da “qarTuli samarTlis
mimoxilvis” publikaciebisa, centri konsultaciebs uwevs saqarTvelos mTavrobas ekonomikuri
politikisa da samarTlebriv sferoSi proeqtiT gaTvalisiwnebul sakiTxebze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebis (sem-is) gamocema
xorcieldeba evrokavSiris teqnikuri daxmarebis farglebSi, misi Sinaarsi warmoadgens
mxolod avtorTa pirad Sexedulebebsa da mosazrebebs ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da
ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnas evrogaerTianebis poziciad.
“saqarTvelos
ekonomikis
mimarTulebebis”
(sem)
gamocemis
mizania,
saqarTveloSi
ekonomikuri
reformis
mimdinareobiT
dainteresebul
pirebs
miawodos
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
msvlelobis mimoxilva. sem-i daarsda 1995
wels da qveyndeba qarTul da inglisur
enebze. es da wina gamocemebi xelmisawvdomia
internetis saSualebiT:
www.geplac.org
“saqarTvelos
mimarTulebebis” am gamoSvebaze
(anbanis mixedviT):
ekonomikis
muSaobdnen
daviT gvenetaZe, goga eraZe, natalia kakabaZe,
goCa kereseliZe,
erekle
naTaZe,
SoTa
qeldiSvili, dimitri qemokliZe, veronika
Snaideri, irakli wereTeli, saimon stouni,
sofiko xmalaZe, mark hadsoni
gamocema informacias Rebulobs rigi
samTavrobo
da
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebidan, maT Soris statistikis
saxelmwifo
departamentidan,
saqarTvelos
erovnuli
bankidan,
saxelmwifo
gaerTianebuli socialuri uzrunvelyofis
fondidan, finansTa saministrodan, ekonomikis,
mrewvelobis
da
vaWrobis
saministrodan,
saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministrodan,
jandacvis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis
saministrodan,
sagareo
urTierTobaTa
saministrodan da sxva saministroebidan da
saxelmwifo
departamentebidan.
wyaro
miTiTebulia
yvelgan,
sadac
ki
es
SesaZlebeli
iyo.
gansakuTrebiT
unda
aRiniSnos, rom informaciis momwodeblebTan
mWidro
TanamSromlobis
(regularuli
konsultaciebis) da maTi mxardaWeris gareSe
am
mimoxilvis
momzadeba
SeuZlebeli
iqneboda.
sem-is
mizania,
sazogadoebisTvis
xelmisawvdom
informaciaze
damyarebuli,
ekonomikis
ganviTarebis
tendenciebis
damoukidebeli analizis warmodgena.
garda
amisa,
mocemulia
rCevebi
ekonomikuri
politikis ganxorcielebis, ekonomikuri da
sxva informaciis Segrovebisa da gavrcelebis
dargSi.
gamocema
miznad
isaxavs
saqarTveloSi
mimdinare
ekonomikuri
reformis mxardaWeras. masSi warmodgenili
mosazrebebi gamoxatavs mxolod avtorTa
Sexedulebebs da ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnas
evropuli
komisiis,
tasisis
ekonomikuri
politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis
qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centrisa
Tu
saqarTvelos
mTavrobis
oficialur
poziciad.
sem-i agreTve aqveynebs sxvadasxva sferos
warmomadgenel
(saqarTvelos
parlamenti,
mTavroba,
akademiuri
wreebi)
avtorTa
ekonomikuri Sinaarsis statiebs, romlebic
aqtualurad
SeiZleba
iqnes
miCneuli
saqarTveloSi
mimdinare
ekonomikur
procesebTan
mimarTebaSi.
gamoqveynebamde
yvela statia ganixileba sem-is saredaqcio
kolegiis
mier,
romelic
zogierT
SemTxvevaSi axdens statiaTa redaqtirebas
avtorTa
nebarTviT.
statiis
gamoqveyneba
xdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi srul
SesabamisobaSia
sem-is
saredaqcio
politikasTan.
statiis
gamoqveynebis
msurvelebma unda miawodon Tavisi naSromi
Word
failis
formatSi
sem-is
mTavar
redaqtors,
q-n
veronika
Snaiders
eleqtronuli fostiT Semdeg misamarTze:
[email protected] an warmoadginon piradad
GEPLAC–is
ofisSi
qvemoT
miTiTebul
misamarTze.
statiebis
avtorTa
azri
da
Sexeduleba ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
warmoadgens mxolod maT pirad pozicias da
SeiZleba
ar
emTxveodes
rogorc
sem-is
saredaqcio
kolegiis,
aseve
evropuli
komisiis, tasisis ekonomikuri politikisa da
samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli
sakonsultacio centrisa Tu saqarTvelos
mTavrobis oficialur pozicias.
mkiTxvels SeuZlia sem-is citireba
yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe, im pirobiT,
rom wyaro saTanadod iqneba miTiTebuli.
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis gTxovT
daukavSirdeT:
veronika Snaiders
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebis
mTavar redaqtors
ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi
sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli
sakonsultacio centri (GEPLAC)
Tbilisi, al.yazbegis gamziri 42,
tel:
(995 32) 53 71 40 / 53 71 42 / 53 71 43
53 71 45 / 53 71 46
faqsi:
(995 32) 53 71 38
tel/faqsi: (995 32) 53 71 39 (pirdapiri)
el-fosta: [email protected]
sem-is
kvartaluri
gamocemis
regularulad
misaRebad
gTxovT
SegvatyobinoT
eleqtronuli
fostiT
an
faqsiT romel enaze (qarTuli, inglisuri)
gsurT sem-is miReba da Tqveni sakontaqto
misamarTi.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2005 weli, #1
sarCevi
winasityvaoba
nawili I.
3
ekonomikis mimarTulebebi
Tavi I.
mokle mimoxilva
10
Tavi II.
erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis mTavari mimarTulebebi
16
Tavi III
ekonomikis seqtorebi
23
Tavi IV.
saxelmwifo finansebi
33
Tavi V.
fuli da finansebi
41
Tavi VI.
saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi
51
Tavi VII.
privatizacia
61
Tavi VIII. samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
65
Tavi IX.
saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
78
kalendari
84
nawili II. danarTi: statiebi
I.
regionaluri ekonomikuri integracia: SerCeuli sakiTxebi
daniel linoti, ufrosi mrCeveli ekonomikis sakiTxebSi, euTo-s samdivno
117
II. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeni saqarTvelosa da regionSi: uaxlesi
informacia
ref digingsi, saqarTveloSi kompania ‘briTiS petroliumis’ direqtori
143
nawili III. glosariumi da statistikuri danarTi
ekonomikuri glosariumi
149
statistikuri danarTi
160
abreviaturebi
171
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2005 weli
#1
1
winasityvaoba
Zvirfaso mkiTxvelo
warmogidgenT sem-is 2005 wlis pirvel gamocemas. mimdinare wels Cvens
gamocemas 10 weli usruldeba da am TariRis aRsaniSnavad dagegmili RonisZiebebis
Sesaxeb axlo momavalSi gamovaqveynebT informacias GEPLAC-is veb-gverdze. amjerad
aseve gTavazobT Cveulebrivze vrcel winasityvaobas, romelic imedia TqvenTvis
saintereso da aqtualuri iqneba.
**********
saqarTvelo miekuTvneba im postsabWouri qveynebis ricxvs, romlebic
mopovebuli politikuri damoukideblobis gantkicebasa da ekonomikuri problemebis
mogvarebas cdiloben. zogierT qveyanaSi, rogoricaa magaliTad baltiispireTis
qveynebi, am procesma sakmaod umtkivneulod Caiara da, momzadebis periodSi gaweuli
didi Sromis Semdeg, isini dRes ukve evrokavSiris wevrebi arian. sxva qveynebs,
rogoricaa ukraina, sadac cota xnis win sakmaod mniSvnelovan movlenebi ganviTarda,
win kidev bevri sirTule aqvT gadasalaxi.
politikuri damoukideblobis mopoveba sulac ar niSnavs, rom zemoaRniSnuli
qveynebi cdiloben gaxdnen “ekonomikurad damoukideblebi”, vinaidan Tanamedrove
msoflio ekonomika qveynebs Soris mWidro urTierTdamokidebuli urTierTobebis
rTul sistemas warmoadgens. sinamdvileSi, sruli ekonomikuri damoukidebloba, anu
“TviTuzrunvelyofadobis”
miRweva
iSviaTad
warmoadgens
xelisuflebisa
da
politikosebis mizans, im mcirericxovan sferoebs (mag. energetikis, kvebis ZiriTadi
produqtebis) Tu ar CavTvliT, romlebsac strategiuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT.
axlad
damoukidebeli
qveynebi
cdiloben
adaptireba
moaxdinon
im
situaciasTan, romelSic gacilebiT msxvili ekonomikuri erTeulidan ase erTbaSad
gamoyofis Sedegad aRmoCndnen. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, amis Sedegebi gamovlinda
mrewvelobis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro bazrebisa da investiciebis dakargvaSi, rasac
mohyva umuSevrobis maRali done da siRaribe. ra Tqma unda es is problemebia,
romliTac mudmivad arian dakavebuli mTavroba da donorebi; sem-is es gamocema
ganixilavs am sakiTxebs politikurad damoukidebel qveynebs Soris regionaluri
ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis
WrilSi.
Cveulebisamebr,
sakiTxi
gaSuqebulia
saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan urTierTobebis poziciidan da dRes, es kidev ufro
marTebulia im mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebis fonze, romelic mTavrobis mier
xorcieldeba:
•
‘ekonomiuri
ganviTarebisa
da
siRaribis
daZlevis’
dakavSirebiT miRweuli Sedegebis angariSis gamoqveyneba;
•
evropis
samezoblo
politikis
(ENP)
Sesabamisad
dargobrivi
politikisaTvis prioritetebis dasaxva, ris mixedviTac moxdeba samoqmedo
gegmis SemuSaveba da evrokavSirTan TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba ormxrivi
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2005 weli, #1
programasTan
3
winasityvaoba
sargeblianobis principis gaTvaliswinebiT. evrokomisiis moxseneba evropis
samezoblo politikis konteqstSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb SegiZliaT ixiloT GEPLAC-is veb-gverdze saTauriT “saqarTvelo
da evrokavSiri”.
•
savaraudod 2005 wlis meore kvartlisaTvis, dafinansebis miReba
“aTaswleulis gamowvevis iniciativis” farglebSi, romelic ZiriTadad
unda moxmardes msxvilmasStabian infrastruqturul RonisZiebebs.
rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, bazrebis ganviTrebasa da investiciebis
mozidvas
arsebiTi
mniSvneloba
aqvs
ekonomikuri
aRorZinebisaTvis
saqarTvelosa da garadamavali periodis sxva qveynebSi. amis miRweva unda
moxdes msoflioSi mzardi konkurentunarianobis pirobebSi. maSasadame,
mniSvnelovania, rom ekonomikuri politikis ganmsazRvrelebma SeimuSaon iseTi
strategiebi, romlebSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba aseve konkurentunarianobis
sakiTxic. msoflioSi aris qveynebi, romlebic zogadad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
(arasaxarbielo
geografiuli
adgilmdebareobis
an
usafrTxoebis
TvalsazrisiT metad arastabiluri garemos gamo) nakleb konkurentunarianad
an romelTac saerTod ar SeswevT unari monawileoba miiRon msoflio
ekonomikaSi. saqarTvelo udaod ar miekuTvneba am kategorias, Tumca Tu mainc
daviwyebT geografiasa da usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis
gaanalizebas,
aman
SesaZloa
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
strategiasTan
dakavSirebiT zogierT saintereso daskvnamde migviyvanos.
samecniero diskusiebi qveynebis konkurentunarianobis Taobaze, xSirad
emyareba
iseT
koncefciebs,
rogoricaa
“absoluturi
da
fardobiTi
upiratesobebi”, romelic bevri Cveni mkiTxvelisTvis cnobili unda iyos.
martivi eniT, qveyanas SeiZleba hqondes garkveuli, mxolod misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli upiratesobebi sxvebTan mimarTebaSi. aseve SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom Tu ki qveyanas SeuZlia ganaviTaros iseTi saxis saqmianobebi, romelSic
pirdapiri konkurencia ar arsebobs, miT ukeTesi. saqarTvelo, rogorc bazari
saqonlisa da Sesabamisad dakavSirebuli investiciebisaTvis - patara qveyanaa,
romelic evropis aRmosavleT sazRvrebTan mdebareobs da amdenad, mainc da
mainc mimzidveli ar aris. amasTanave, igi mdebareobs aRmosavleTisa da
dasavleTis
satranzito
gadakveTaze
oTxi
sxvadasxva
mimarTulebiT
ganlagebuli msxvili da geopolitikurad Zalian gansxvavebuli regionisTvis.
saqarTvelos geografia ucvleli faqtoria, romelic mxolod misTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli;
Tumca,
am
faqtoris
saTanado
gamoyeneba
rogorc
upiratesobisa, saboloo jamSi gansazRvravs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebs.
met-naklebad igive iqneba Tu vityviT, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
momavali mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia imaze, rom igi “satranzito
qveynaa”. amas ra Tqma unda xSirad aRniSnaven, Tumca, amgvari ganmarteba
SesaZloa ufro detalur analizs saWiroebdes. cxadia, es niSnavs
saqarTvelos teritoriaze satranzito aqtivobis xelSewyobas, magram
garkveuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es aseve SeiZleba niSnavdes
sakuTari eqsportis ganviTarebas, Tu ki moxerxdeba investorebis darwmuneba
4
winasityvaoba
imaSi, rom mTeli regionis bazris momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT, investiciebis
dabandeba
ajobebs
saqarTveloSi
da
ara
sadme
sxvagan.
Tumca,
ganmartebisdamiuxedavad, aRniSnul saqmianobaSi warmatebuli Sedegis miRweva,
Tavis mxriv, damokidebulia efeqturi politikis gatarebaze or sferoSi:
ufro aqtiuri TanamSromloba mezobel qveynebTan da infrastruqturis
gaumjobeseba.
rac Seexeba TanamSromlobas, prioritetad SeiZleba dasaxeldes ufro
axlo saqmiani kavSirebi samxreT kavkasiis regionis qveynebs, ruseTsa da
TurqeTs Soris; es unda moicavdes sabaJos, inspeqtirebas da sxva
RonisZiebebs, romlebic realuri vaWrobis waxalisebazea gamiznuli (saidanac
ar unda modiodes igi) da maT Soris didi xnis mitovebuli satranspoprto
gzebis aRdgenas. zogierT sazRvrebTan, amgvari nabijebis ganxorcieleba
moiTxovs
mniSvnelovan
cvlilebebs
politikur
da
diplomatiur
urTierTobebSi. es aRiarebuli faqtia, Tumca migvaCnia, rom xanmokle
perspeqtivaSi mizanSewonili iqneboda “saukeTeso Zalisxmevis” midgomebis
taqtikis SerCeva, romelic SemdgomSi ufro xangrZliv droze gaTvlil
politikad gardaiqmneba.
am etapze, SeiZleba daisvas SekiTxva: ra xasiaTis SeiZleba iyos qveynebs
Soris saqmiani urTierTobebis gaRrmavebaze mimarTuli Semdgomi RonisZiebebi
da ra roli SeiZleba hqondes partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebas.
amasTan mimarTebaSi, SeiZleba gamovyoT sami urTierTdakavSirebuli sfero:
•
saqmiani urTierTobisaTvis sxva qveynebTan (rogoricaa uSualo mezobeli
qveynebi samxreT kavkasiaSi), romlebic aqtiurad iRwvian partniorobisa da
TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebis
ganxorcielebisaTvis,
udavo
sargebels moitans harmonizacia pirdapiri kavSiris sferoebSi, sadac
cxadia, prioritetuli iqneba vaWroba da traziti. amasTan, aRniSnulis
misaRwevad SesaZlebelia qveynebis Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo programebis
koordinireba. aseve unda gvaxsovdes, rom amierkavkasiis samive qveyanas
gaaCnia sxvadasxva bunebrivi/georgrafiuli upiratesobebi, iseve rogorc
ekonomikuri tradiciebi da kavSirebi, romelTa gaerTianebam
(Tundac
araformalurad), SeiZleba dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoiRos.
•
ruseTsa da TurqeTTan (da SesaZloa aseve iranTanac, rogorc ufro
arapirdapir partniorTan), partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmeba unda ganixilebodes yvelaze farTo moqmedebis WrilSi,
rogorc modernizebisa da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis xelSemwyobi
saSualeba. es ar moiTxovs partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad miRweuli Sesabamisobis donis detalur Sefasebas,
aramed yuradRebas amaxvilebs ufro im seqtorebze, romelSic miRweuli
progresi aucileblad waadgeba saqarTvelos. kerZod, saqarTvelos
SesaZlebloba eqneba gaaRrmavos urTierTobebi ufro msxvili, magram jer
kidev ganviTarebadi ekonomikis mqone qveynebTan, romlebic ukve arian
savaWro partniorebi.
5
winasityvaoba
•
ekonomikurad ufro ganviTarebul qveynebTan da maT Soris, ra Tqma unda,
evrokavSirTan urTierTobebSi, mas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos sakanonmdeblo
da maregulirebeli reJimi, romelSic investorebi da savaWro agentebi
Tavs komfortulad igrZnoben. magaliTad, dasaqmebisa da garemos dacvis
sferoebSi
Sesabamisi
da
qmediTi
sakanondeblo
bazis
arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi, iseve rogorc inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebisa da
standartebis dacvis pirobebSi, potenciur partniors SesaZlebloba eqneba
sakuTari reputaciisa da qonebisaTvis yovelgvari riskis gareSe imuSaos.
sxvagvarad, igi iZulebulia ormxrivad SeaTanxmos individualuri
maregulirebeli reJimi qveynis mTavrobasTan, risi SesaZleblobac,
realurad, mxolod yvelaze msxvili partniorebs gaaCniaT. sxvagarad rom
iTqvas, modernizacia ubralo fufuneba ki ar aris im qveynebisaTvis,
romlebsac
evrokavSirSi
gawevrianebis
mizani
gaaCniaT,
aramed
aucilebelia nebismieri qveynis integrirebisaTvis Tanamedrove msoflio
ekonomikaSi.
Cveni azriT, iseTi sakiTxebis gaanalizeba,
mdgomarebis komponentebs warmoadgenen, unda
gamomdinare. am mizniT, Cvens gamocemas daemata
rigi seqtorebis analizi, maT Soris tranzitis
seqtorebisa.
romelic saerTo makroekonomikuri
moxdes “seqtoruli” midgomidan
axali Tavi, romelSic mocemulia
sakiTxTan uSualo kavSirSi myofi
saqarTvelos mier satranzito qveynis rolis sasargeblod
argumentebis Semdeg, upriani iqneba ganvixiloT Semdgomi sakiTxebi:
•
moyvanili
realurad ra unda gaakeTos saqarTvelom imisaTvis, rom iyos warmatebuli
satranzito qveyana?
dasmul kiTxvas, saWiroebisamebr, SeiZleba gaeces rogorc vrceli, aseve
mokle pasuxi. Tumca, ZiriTadad da politikuri ekonomiis TvalsazrisiT,
saqarTvelom aqtiuri Ria sazRvrebis politika unda gaataros, romelic
iTvaliswinebs
Sesabamisi
maregulirebeli/proceduruli
da
marTvis
struqturebis Camoyalibebas, iseve rogorc im RonisZiebaTa xelSewyobas,
romelic miznad isaxavs alternatiul marSrutebTan mimarTebaSi satranzito
operaciebis xarjis minimumamde dayvanas. am miznis miRwevas mniSvnelovnad
uwyobs xels is RonisZiebebi, romlebic xorcieldeba evrokavSiris TRACECA-s
iniciativis farglebSi, romelSic monawileobs samxreT kavkasiis, Savi zRvisa
da kaspiis regionis qveynebi. amave dros, saqarTvelom unda uzrunvelyos
sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba ara mxolod sakuTari mosaxleobis dasacavad, aramed
aseve imisaTvis, rom ar dauSvas patiosani mewarmeobis Zalisxmevaze
kontrabandisa
da
falsificirebis
negatiuri
zegavlena.
saqarTvelos
geografiuli mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT am sakiTxebis mogvareba sakmaod
problematuria; Tumca, cxadia rom usafrTxoebisa da sabaJo samsaxurebis
saqmianobebis koordinireba warmatebuli Sedegebis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli
faqtoria.
6
winasityvaoba
•
rogori unda iyos infrastruqtura satranzito qveyanaSi?
pasuxi kvlavac SeiZleba metad vrceli iyos, Tumca SesaZlebelia gakeTdes
ramodenime ZiriTadi rekomendacia. problemas erTi kuTxidan Tu ganvixilavT,
politikis SemmuSaveblebma unda Seafason warsulSi moqmedi yvela sarkinigzo
da saxmeleTo gza, romelic amJamad ukve uvargis mdgomareobaSia (an naklebad
vargisiania). samuSao, romelic unda ganxorcieldes am gzebis aRsadgenad,
moicavs rogorc praqtikul (samoqalaqo mSenebloba), aseve politikur
(diplomatiur) iniciativebs. amis yvelaze kargi magaliTebia CrTiloeTsamxreTis mimarTulebiT arsebuli gzebi, romlebic sabWoTa kavSiris
periodidan SemorCa. alternativis saxiT, SeiZleba ganvixiloT gacilebiT
farTo
strategia,
romelic
iTvaliswinebs
axali
satransporto
infrastruqturis
Seqmnas
axali
moTxovnebisa
da
SesaZleblobebis
safuZvelze. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, igulisxmeba aRmosavleTdasavleTis gzebi, romelic kaspiis zRvis auzidan navTobisa da bunebrivi
airis transportirebis garda, ekonomikuri aqtivobis matebasTan erTad,
SesaZlebels xdis aseve saxmeleTo gzebiT mravali saxis sxva saqonlis
transportirebasac.
am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvneloba aqvs aseve bazrebis adgilmdebareobasac.
navTobisa da bunebrivi airis SemTxvevaSi, didi manZilebis dasafarad
arsebobs satransporto saSualebebi da maTi gamoyeneba gamarTlebulia
warmoebis masStabiT. magram, sadac savaWro nakadebisa da individualuri
gadazidvebis moculoba ufro mokrZalebulia, saWiroa detaluri analizis
ganxorcieleba.
magaliTad,
samxreT
ruseTisa
da
ukrainis
bazrebis
potenciali, gansakuTrebiT arsebuli da momavali qarTuli saeqsporto
produqciisaTvis, sakmaod didia, aRmosavleTi TurqeTis bazari ki naklebad
da am mimarTulebiT, ZviradRirebul infrastruqturaSi investiciebis
ganxorcieleba SesaZloa mainc da mainc gamarTlebuli ar iyos. rac Seexeba
potenciur vaWrobas evrokavSirTan, sadac daSvebulia garkveuli SeRavaTebi,
magram bazari jer-jerobiT aTvisebuli ar aris, aq sakmaod specifikuri
teqnikuri sakiTxebia gadasawyveti, vinaidan es bazari saqarTvelodan sakmao
manZiliT aris daSorebuli.
miuxedavad amisa, infrastruqturis ganmarteba ar unda Semoifarglebodes
fizikuri proeqtebiT, gansakuTrebiT transportis sakiTxiT, Tumca cxadia
amas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. upiratesoba unda mieniWos “ekonomikuri
infrastruqturis” ufro farTo ganmartebas, romelic moicavs sxvadasxva
moculobis investiciebs Semdeg sferoebSi: usafrTxo garemos uzrunvelyofa;
gaumjobesebuli da ufro saimedo energomiwodeba; satelekomunikacio
sistemebi,
informaciis
xelmisawvdomoba;
sainformacio
teqnologiebis
momsaxureba; da kadrebis specialur momzadeba.
mTlianobaSi, saqarTvelom praqtikulad unda Seqmnas xelSemwyobi garemo ara
mxolod kanonmdeblobisa da regulirebis doneze, aramed kanonebis realurad
moqmedebisa TvalsazrisiTac.
7
winasityvaoba
•
ra upiratesobebi SeiZleba hqondes tranzitul qveyanas?
gamartivebuli
saxiT
samecniero
pozicia
gamoixateba
Semdegnairad:
Cveulebriv, iTvleba rom vaWrobis moculobis zrdis Sedegad warmoiSveba
upiratesobebi (garkveulwilad im qveynebis wyalobiT, romlebic “akeTeben
imas, rasac yvelaze kargad akeTeben”), Tumca cxadia aq bevri ram aris
gasaTvaliswinebeli. mocemuli analizi warmodgenilia rogorc Teoriuli,
aseve praqtikuli TvalTaxedvidan.
mowveuli avtorebidan pirveli statia
ekuTvnis
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtors, daniel linots - GEPLAC-is
yofil ufros ekonomikur eqspertsa da jgufis
xelmZRvanels, ekonomikis
sakiTxebSi euTo-s ufros mrCevels da amJamad, belgradSi, YUPLAC-is savaWro
politikis jgufis xelmZRanels.
doqtor linotis statia yuradRebas
amaxvilebs im procesebze, romelic xels uwyobs vaWrobidan Semosavlebis
zrdas da gansakuTrebiT, regionaluri ekonomikuri dajgufebebis formirebas,
romlebic formalobis sxvadasxva xarisxiT xasiaTdeba. igi aseve ganixilavs
kompleqsur savaWro da sainvesticio urTierTobaTa marTvis politikuri
ekonomiis sakiTxs.
mocemul sakiTxis odnav ufro viwro WrilSi Tu gavaSuqebT, mniSvnelovania
Sedegebis ara mxolod absolutur gamosaxulebaSi ganxilva, aramed aseve
Sesabamisi
infrastruqturis
Seqmnis
xarjebTan
mimarTebaSic.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
warmoiSveba
Semdgomi
kiTxva:
rogor
SeiZleba
viyoT
darwmunebuli imaSi, rom investiciebi infrastruqturaSi xels Seuwyobs an
faqtobrivad moaxdens vaWrobis stimulirebas iq, sadac amJamad igi saerTod
ar arsebobs? ramdenad gaamarTlebs savaraudo Sedegebi gaRebul xarjebs?
bolos da bolos, msoflioSi arsebobs mravali magaliTi ambiciuri da
“prestiJuli” infrastruqturuli proeqtebisa (saavtomobilo magistralebi,
sarkinigzo gzebi, navsadgurebi da xidebi), romlebmac umniSvnelo an saerTod
aranairi ekonomikuri Sedegi ar gamoiRo. Tumca, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi,
infrastruqturis xarisxi (fizikuri Tu ufro farTo gagebiT) sakmaod
dabalia; Tu investiciebi mizanmimarTulad ganxorcielda, mosalodnelia
garkveuli dadebiTi Sedegebi da investiciebi waaxalisebs vaWrobas, romelic
amJamad Seferxebulia. marTalia am SesaZleblobis gamoyeneba rTuli amocanaa,
magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi pirveli nabijebi unda iqnas gadadgmuli.
finansuri TvalsazrisiT, gazrdili savaWro moculobisa da tranzituli
qveynis rolis aqtiuri ganviTarebis upiratesobebi SeiZleba daiyos ufro
pirdapir da arapirdapir an “multiplikatoris/damatebiT efeqtebad. meore
gare avtoris _ ref digingsis - saqarTveloSi kompania “bi-pi-s” diretoris
statiaSi, garda vrceli informaciisa baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenis
mSeneblobaSi miRweuli progresis Sesaxeb, mocemulia aseve konkretuli
informacia
am
konkretuli
proeqtis
ganxorcielebis
Sedegad,
saqarTvelosTvis pirdapiri finansuri sargebelis Sesaxeb rogorc awmyoSi,
aseve
momavalSic.
aRniSnulisa
da
infrastruqturaSi
sxva
msxvili
investiciebis
SesaZlo
arapirdapiri
Sedegebi
potenciurad
sakmaod
gansxvavebulia. udaod marTebulia, rom yvela aseTma investiciebma xeli unda
Seuwyos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebas im regionebSi, sadac es
8
winasityvaoba
investiciebi
xorcieldeba.
amgvari
RonisZiebebi
aniWebs
regionalur
mniSvnelobas im saerTo Zalisxmevas, romelic saqarTvelos ekonomikis
aRorZinebazea mimarTuli.
Tumca, sabolood, is upiratesobebi, romelic saqarTvelom SeiZleba moipovos
ufro axlo regionaluri TanamSromlobisa da regionaluri infrastruqturis
Seqmnis Sedegad, mniSvnelovnad iqneba damokidebuli calkeuli pirebisa da
kompaniebis mxardaWeraze. satranzito aqtivobis zrdis damatebiTi Sedegebi,
qarTuli nawarmiT mzardi vaWrobis SesaZleblobis garda, moicavs aseve
saqarTvelos teritoriaze kerZo seqtoris momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofas (mag.
sawvavis miwodebis, teqnikuri momsaxurebis, sazogadoebrivi kvebis sistemasa
da sacalo vaWrobas), romelic xels Seuwyobs adgilobrivi Semosavlebis
zrdas.
9
Tavi pirveli.
mokle mimoxilva
erovnuli angariSebi da ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
mSp da ZirTadi mimarTulebani
2004 wels saqarTvelos mSp-m Seadgina 9,800 milioni lari, rac daaxloebiT 5,148
milioni aSS dolaria. mSp-s realurma zrdam Seadgina 8,4 procenti. ekonomikis ZiriTad
seqtorebs Soris, ekonomikuri zrdis uaryofiTi maCvenebeli aRiniSna soflis meurneobasa
da Sinameurneobebis mier produqtebis gadamuSavebaSi. 2004 wels maRali zrdis tempi
aRiniSna
mrewvelobis,
mSeneblobis,
vaWrobis,
telekomunikaciebisa
da
finansuri
Suamavlobis seqtorebSi. mTavrobis antikorufciulma RonisZiebebma da gaumjobesebulma
administrirebam xeli Seuwyo aralegaluri ekonomikis masStabebis Semcirebas, rac aisaxa
2004 wels aRuricxavi warmoebis wilis SemcirebaSi 28,8 procentamde qveynis ekonomikis
mTlian gamoSvebaSi, maSin roca 2003 wels imave maCvenebelma 33,4 procenti Seadgina.
sagareo vali
2004 wlis 31 dekembrisaTvis, saqarTvelos mTlianma erovnulma valma Seadgina 4964,3
milioni lari, rac mSp-Tan mimarTebaSi Seadgens 50,7 procents. saqarTvelos Sida valma
Seadgina 1574,1 milioni lari, rac 6,1 milioni lariT metia 2003 wlis bolosTan SedarebiT.
2004 wlis 31 dekembrisaTvis, saqarTvelos sagareo valma, saxelmwifos garantiiT aRebuli
sesxebis CaTvliT, Seadgina 1857,7 milioni aSS dolari (3390,2 milioni lari). 2003 wlis
bolosTan SedarebiT qveynis sagareo vali gaizarda aSS dolarebSi mxolod 8,4 milioniT,
maSin roca larebSi sagareo vali mniSvnelovnad Semcirda (447 milioni lariT), rac
dakavSirebulia erovnuli valutis laris gamyarebasTan aSS dolaris, evrosa da ssu-s
(specialuri sasesxo uflebebi) mimarT. 2004 wels 121,2 milioni aSS dolaris sagareo
sesxebi iqna aTvisebuli, saxelmwifos garantiiT aRebuli kreditebis CaTvliT. Aamave dros
saqarTvelom sagareo valis momsaxurebisaTvis gadaixada 212,9 milioni aSS dolari, maT
Soris ZiriTadi valis dafarvisaTvis 183,5 milioni aSS dolari da danarCeni 29,4 milioni
aSS dolari procentebis, valdebulebebisa da jarimebisaTvis.
2004 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelom miaRwia axal SeTanxmebas parizis klubis
oficialur kreditor qveynebTan sagareo valis momsaxurebisaTvis saWiro 153,4 milioni aSS
dolaris (valis ZiriTadi nawilisa da procentebis) restruqturizaciis Sesaxeb, romelTa
gadaxdis vada modis 2004 wlis 1 ivnisidan 2006 wlis 31 dekembramde. mxareebma SeaTanxmes am
valebis momsaxurebis axali ganrigi, romelic 2011 wlidan 2025 wlamde periods moicavs.
imave pirobebze unda ganxorcieldes 2003 wlis dasawyisidan 2004 wlis maisis bolomde
dagrovili davalianebis naxevris (32,08 milioni aSS dolari) momsaxureba, roca danarCeni
Tanxa gadaxdili unda iyos sami wlis ganmavlobaSi (2004 wlidan 2006 wlamde).
sagadamxdelo balansi
ssd-s winaswari SefasebiT, mimdinare angariSis balansi 2004 wlis I-III kvartlebSi
kvlav uaryofiTi iyo, Tumca gasuli wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT mcirediT
gaumjobesda. mimdinare angariSis deficitma mSp-Tan mimarTebaSi Seadgina 7,3 procenti. 2004
10
mokle momixilva
wlis pirvel cxra TveSi sagareo vaWrobis brunva da savaWro deficiti gaizarda
Sesabamisad, 552,1 milioni aSS dolariTa da 178,7 milioni aSS dolariT wina wlis pirvel
cxra TvesTan SedarebiT. saqarTvelos kvlav dadebiTi balansi aqvs momsaxurebiT vaWrobis
sferoSi. transporti, turizmi, kavSirgabmuloba, piradi da finansuri momsaxureba (garda
dazRvevisa) ganapirobebs Semosavlebis wminda Semodinebas.
2004 wlis pozitiuri tendencia iyo pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis zrda, rac
ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenisa da baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumis
gazsadenis mSeneblobasTan. 2004 wels I-III kvartlebSi samTavrobaTaSoriso grantebma
Seadgines 42,8 milioni aSS dolari, maSin roca wina wlis Sesabamis periodSi grantebis
moculoba mxolod 3,8 milioni aSS dolari iyo. briuselis donorebis Sexvedraze 2004
wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelom miiRo dapireba 1,1 miliardi aSS dolaris daxmarebis miRebaze
2004-2006 wlebSi. am Tanxis or-mesameds grantebi warmoadgenen.
mrewveloba
aRsanisnavia, rom samrewvelo produqciis moculoba bolo wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT
2002 wlidan, stabilurad izdreba. 2004 wels 2003 wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT
samrewvelo sawarmoebis mier gamoSvebuli aRricxuli produqcia gaizarda 8,61 procentiT.
ssd-is monacemebze dayrdnobiT, gamoSvebuli produqciis Rirebuleba Seadgens 1 714,2
milion lars, rac mrewvelobis dargebis mixedviT Semdegnairad ganawilda: gadamamuSvebeli
mrewveloba – 63,8 procenti, energetika da wyalmomarageba – 28,4 procenti, mompovebeli
warmoeba –7,8 procenti.
mSenebloba
bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi mSeneblobis seqtoris ganviTarebas xels uwyobs kerZo
binebze moTxovnis zrda. 2004 wels mSeneblobis seqtorSi Seqmnili damatebiTi Rirebulebis
zrdam Seadgenda 7,5 procenti. 2004 wels mSeneblobis seqtoris mier Seqmnili mTliani
produqciis Rirebuleba Seadgenda 693,7 milion lars.
soflis meurneoba
2004 wels soflis meurneobis seqtori xasiaTdeba uaryofiTi zrdis tempiT, rac
daaxloebiT 6,7 procents Seadgenda. araxelsayrelma bunebrivma pirobebma gasul wels
uaryofiTad imoqmeda seqtoris ganviTarebaze. 2004 wels, wina welTan SedarebiT, Semcirda
TiTqmis yvela saxis soflis meurneobis kulturis warmoeba, kerZod marcvleulis,
mzesumziris, kartofilis, sxvadasxva bostneulis, xilis, Cais, citrusebis da yurZnis
warmoeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom xilis, baRCeulisa da bostneulis warmoebisagan
gansxvavebiT, mecxoveleobis produqciis warmoeba mcirediT gaizarda.
turizmi
saqarTveloSi turizmis biznesis ganviTarebas sakmaod kargi perspeqtiva aqvs, Tumca
konfliqturi zonebis arseboba, maT Soris afxazeTis regionSi arsebuli problema
(turizmis gansaviTareblad erT-erT yvelaze ufro kargi potenciis mqone regioni),
11
mokle momixilva
turistTa usafrTxoebis garantiebis ararseboba da dabalganviTarebuli turistuli
infrastruqtura, xels uSlis seqtoris potencialis realizebas. ssd-is monacemebiT 2004
wels saqarTvelos estumra 368,3 aTasi turisti.
energetika
2004 wels saqarTveloSi warmoebuli iqna 97.6 da 37.5 aTasi tona nedli navTobi da
navTobproduqtebi. bunebrivi gazis warmoebam Seadgina 10.9 milioni kuburi metri da 6.8
miliardi kilovat saaTi eleqtroenergia iqna generirebuli. navTobze da bunebriv gazze
qveynis moTxovna ZiriTadad dakmayofilebuli iqna importidan. 2004 wels, 526.9 aTasi tona
navTi da navTobproduqtebi da 1231 milioni kuburi metri bunebrivi gazi iqna
importirebuli.
100
procenti
bunebrivi
gazisa
importirebuli
iqna
ruseTidan,
importirebuli navTobis da navTobproduqtebis miwodeba ki diversificirebuli iqna: 74
procenti importirebuli iqna azerbaijanidan, 11 procenti TurqmeneTidan, 6 procenti
bulgareTidan da 5 procenti rumineTidan. eleqtroenergiis importi gaizarda 1.12 miliard
kilovat saaTamde (1.07 miliardi kilovat saaTi 2003 wels). vinaidan 2004 wels, qveynis
moTxovna navTobsa da gazze ZiriTadad dakmayofilebuli iqna importidan, xolo
eleqtroenergiis moxmareba nawilobriv importze iyo damokidebuli, saqarTvelos
energetikuli TviTuzrunvelyofa Zalze dabali iyo.
transporti
2004
weli
ar
iyo
xelsayreli
saqarTveloSi
transportis
seqtoris
funqcionirebisTvis. politikurma daZabulobam aWaraSi, iseve rogorc sarkinigzo
transportiT tvirTebis tranzitTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelosa da azarbaijanis
mTavrobebs Soris gaugebrobam, uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia seqtoris ganviTarebaze. 2004
wels gadaziduli tvirTis moculoba gaizarda 0,1 procentiT, xolo tvirTbrunva Semcirda
11,2 procentiT.
mosalodnelia, rom TRACECA–s proeqtis Semdgomi ganviTareba gazrdis saqarTvelos
satransporto sistemis datvirTvas. eraysa da avRaneTSi humanitaruli tvirTebis
transportirebis aucilebloba aseve karg perspeqtivebs uqmnis saqarTvelos satransporto
momsaxurebas.
telekomunikaciebi
2003-2004 wlebSi telekomunikaciebis seqtoris gamoSveba gaizarda 373 milioni laridan 500
milion laramde. saxelmwifo sawarmoebis wili saerTo telekomunikaciebis seqtoris
gamoSvebaSi 2004 wels iyo 12 procenti.
2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis kanonis Tanaxmad wlis bolosaTvis Semosavlebs
1742.3 milioni larisTvis unda mieRwia.
faqtiurma Semosavlebma 1773 milioni lari
Seadgina rac saprognozo maCvenebels 31 milioni lariT aRemateba. gegmis gadaWarbeba
ZiriTadad aixsneba mosalodnelze maRali sagadasaxado SemosavlebiT.
gadasaxadebis
akrefa sagrZnoblad, 64 procentiT, gaumjobesda wina welTan SedarebiT. TiTqmis yvela
1
seqtorebis mier gamoSvebul produqciaTa Rirebulebis maCveneblebi gansxvavebulia mSp-s cxrilSi moyvanili
maCveneblebisgan, vinaidan mSp-s maCveneblebis gaangariSeba xdeba seqtorSi Seqmnili produqciis damatebiT
12
mokle momixilva
gadasaxadidan miRebuli Tanxebi mniSvnelovnad aRemateboda 2003 wlis Semosavlebs.
saxelmwifo biujetis faqtiuri xarjebi 1924 milioni lari iyo, rac wina wlis Sesabamisi
periodis xarjebs 59 procentiT aRemateba. xarjebis ZiriTadi elementebia socialuri
uzrunvelyofa, valis momsaxureba da saxelmwifos marTva.
saxelmwifo biujetis
deficitis dafinansebam 150 milioni lari Seadgina.
fuli da finansebi
2004 weli saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvis metad mniSvnelovani weli iyo. statistikis
saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT, mSp-s wliurma zrdam, realur gamosaxulebaSi 8,4
procenti Seadgina. 2004 wels miRweul iqna sagadasaxado disciplinis gaumjobeseba da
Sesabamisad, sabiujeto Semosavlebis zrda. Crdilovani ekonomikis wilis Semcirebas
bankebs gareT arsebuli fulis masis nawilis sabanko arxebSi da depozitebze akumulireba
mohyva. 2004 wlis ganmavlobaSi, larSi denominirebuli depozitebi 168 procentiT gaizarda.
aseve 2004 wlis niSandoblivi movlena iyo laris revalvacia (nominaluri kursis
zrda) aSS dolarTan mimarTebaSi, romelic saqarTveloSi danazogebisa da kapitalizaciis
ZiriTad valutas warmoadgenda. aRniSnulma faqtorma Seamcira inflaciuri zewola da
aseve gavlena moaxdina sabanko saqmianobaze.
sabanko seqtorSi 2004 wlis erT-erTi mTavari movlena iyo saqarTvelos bankis mier
“Tbiluniversalbankis” SeZena. savaraudoa, rom saqarTvelos bazarze bankebis gamsxvilebis
tendencia momdevno wlebSic SenarCundeba.
saerTaSoriso vaWroba
2004 wlis ganmavlobaSi, registrirebulma sagareo vaWrobis brunvam 2,495 milioni
aSS dolars miaRwia, saidanac eqsportma Seadgina 648 milioni aSS dolari, importma ki
1,715 milioni aSS dolari. eqsporti gaizarda 40 procentiT, xolo importi 62 procentiT.
2004 wlis manZilze, vaWrobis mTliani moculoba, saSualod, mSp--s 47 procents Seadgenda.
savaWro brunvis amsaxvel maCveneblebSi esoden mniSvnelovani mateba saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis mzardi legalizaciis Sedegia.
ssd-is monacemTa Tanaxmad, dsT-s qveynebi saqarTvelos mTavar savaWro partniorebad
rCebian (kerZod, ruseTi, azerbaijani, TurqmeneTi, ukraina da somxeTi), magram maTi wili
drois ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba. sxva qveynebTan savaWro brunva zrdis tendenciis amsaxvelia.
sagadamxdelo balansis monacemTa Tanaxmad, 2004 wels momsaxurebis registrirebuli
eqsportis 46,6 procenti transportirebidan Semosavlebis wilad modioda. mgzavroba
momsaxurebis saerTo moculobis 34 procentamde Seadgenda.
privatizacia
2004
wels
adgili
hqonda
zogierTi
mcire,
saSualo
da
msxvili
saxelmwifo/municepaluri sawarmos privatizebas. privatizebul sawarmoTa masStabidan da
mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare yvelaze sainteresoa Semdegi obieqtebis privatizeba:
TbilaviamSenis – TbilisSi arsebuli 60 wliani istoriis mqone saaviacio teqnilis
Rirebulebaze dayrdnobiT.
13
mokle momixilva
mwarmoebeli qarxana; elmavalmSeneblis, saqarTvelos telekomis, sastumroebi iveria da
inturisti, bolo periodSi saprivatizacio tenderSi wardgenili WiaTurmanganumi, varcixis
hidro-eleqtro sadguri da saqarTvelos saokeano sanaosno kompania, romelTa privatizebac
jer-jerobiT ar aris dasrulebuli.
aSkaraa, rom msxvili sawarmoebis privatizebisaTvis seriozuli zomebia misaRebi.
iseT seqtorebSi, rogoricaa energetikis, satelekomunikacio, mrewvelobisa da transportis
seqtorebi, bevri aqtivi ekonomikisaTvis mZime tvirTad gadaiqca da saswrafod saWiroebs
restruqturizacias, reabilitacias an likvidacias.
2004 wels adgili hqonda zogierTi saSualo da msxvili saxelmwifo/municepaluri
sawarmos privatizebas. sawarmoTa masStabidan da mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare yvelaze
sainteresoa Semdegi obieqtebis privatizeba: TbilaviamSenis – TbilisSi arsebuli 60
wliani istoriis mqone saaviacio teqnikis mwarmoebeli qarxana; elmavalmSeneblis,
saqarTvelos telekomis, sastumroebis iveriisa da inturistis gayidva. 2004 wlis bolo
periodSi saprivatizacio tenderSi wardgenili iyo WiaTurmanganumi, varcixis hidroeleqtro sadguri da saqarTvelos saokeano sanaosno kompania, romelTa gayidvac jerjerobiT ar aris dasrulebuli.
2004 wels mcire sawarmoTa privatizeba kvlav grZeldeboda. privatizebis
regionaluri samsaxurebis reorganizaciis gamo, mcire sawarmoTa privatizebis Sesaxeb
sruli da zusti informacia ar mogvepoveba. monacemTa dazustebas arTulebs is faqtic,
rom mcire sawarmoTa umravlesoba aris municipalur sakuTrebaSi da am monacemebis
Segroveba da gaerTianeba erTian monacemTa gadamuSavebis sistemaSi damatebiT Zalisxmevas
moiTxovs.
Sromis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema
Sromis bazari
saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da biznes garemos garkveulwilad
gaumjobesebis miuxedavad, ramac rigi axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna ganapiroba, Sromis
bazris mdgomareoba kvlavac arasaxarbielo da arastabiluri rCeba. maSin roca
umuSevrobis maCveneblebi zogadad Seesabameba gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel maCveneblebs da TavisTavad, Sromis bazris tendenciebis Sesaxeb
optimisturi daskvnebis safuZvelsac SeiZleba iZleodes, saerTo suraTs auaresebs
arasruli dasaqmeba, farTod gavrcelebuli faruli da SeniRbuli umuSevroba da
xelfasebis donis CamorCena minimalur saarsebo donesTan SedarebiT. Sromisunariani asakis
mosaxleobis umetesoba arasrulad dasaqmebuli an umuSevaria. axali stabiluri samuSao
adgilebi iSviaTad iqmneba da Zalze cotaa SedarebiT stabiluri samuSao adgilebi. Sromis
bazarze Warbobs soflis meurneobaSi TviTdasaqmebis wili. dasaqmebulTa didi nawili
dakavebulia
araoficialuri
da
araregistrirebuli
saqmianobiT,
romelic
dabalanazRaurebadia da metwilad TviTdasaqmebas warmoadgens. Sromisunariani asakis
mosaxleobis mxolod 20 procentamde iRebs xelfass, aqedan dasaqmebulTa didi nawili
Zlivs irCens Tavs.
ssd-s
gaerTianebuli
gaangariSebuli erovnuli
14
kvlevis
Sedegebis
umuSevrobis done,
Tanaxmad,
Sso-s
“mkacri”
meTodiT
2004 wlis mesame kvartlis bolos
mokle momixilva
mdgomareobiT, 13,1 procenti Seadgina, xolo
umuSevrobis done 15,2 procenti Seadgina.
“Serbilebuli”
meTodiT
gaangariSebuli
socialuri politika da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis reforma
vinaidan saqarTvelos ekonomikis mniSvnelovani nawili araformalur seqtorze
modis, mosaxleobis udides nawils, araformaluri seqtoris muSakTa, TviTdasaqmebulTa da
umuSevarTa CaTvliT, iseve rogorc maTi ojaxis wevrebs, saerTod araviTari socialuri
dacva ar gaaCniaT da daxmareba, romelsac socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema
iTvaliswinebs, garkveulwilad simboluria. saxelmwifo socialuri dacvis sistema Zireul
restruqturizacias saWiroebs imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas ekonomikurad sicocxlisunariani,
xelmisawvdomi da Tanabari socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs
siRaribis warmatebiT daZlevas, da gansakuTrebiT, yvelaze gaWirvebuli mosaxleobis
daxmarebas. araadeqvaturi sapensio daxmarebis pirobebSi, xandazmul asakSi myofi
mosaxleobis siRaribis daZlevis problema metad mniSvnelovania. socialuri politika da
reformebi mTavrobis mTavar prioritetebs Sorisaa da, marTalia am mimarTulebiT
garkveuli nabijebi ukve gadaidga, jer kidev bevri ram aris gasakeTebeli.
mTavrobam garkveuli cvlilebebi Seitana da Sesabamisad, ganaaxla ekonomikuri
ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa. programa aqcents akeTebs imaze, rom
siRaribiT gamowveuli socialuri uTanabrobis donis Sesamcireblad reformebi efeqturad
unda iqnes gatarebuli. ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa
aRiarebs, rom siRaribis erT-erTi gamomwvevi mizezi umuSevrobaa da xazs usvams im faqts,
rom marTalia siRaribis donis Sesamcireblad da mis aRmosafxvrelad aucilebelia swrafi
da stabiluri ekonomikuri zrda, es erT dReSi ver miiRweva. maSasadame, axlo momavalSi,
RaribTa saarsebo saxsrebis gazrda mxolod saxelmwifo transferebis meSveobiT iqneba
SesaZlebeli6.
moqmedi pay-as-you-go saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis Tanaxmad, fiqsirebuli ganakveTis
xandazmulobis pensia, romelsac qveyanaSi pensionerTa umetesoba Rebulobs, prezidentis
brZanebulebis safuZvelze, 2004 wlis maisSi, 14-dan 18 laramde gaizarda; aqedan 14 lari
fiqsirebuli
ganakveTis
sapensio
daxmarebis
ZiriTadi
nawilia
da
4
lari
gaTvaliswinebulia wina periodSi dagrovebuli sapensio davalianebis dasafaravad. 2005
wlis ianvridan, sapensio ganakveTi 28 laramde gaizarda. sapensio davalianebebis dagroveba
Sewyda da daiwyo Zveli davalianebebis dafarva, rac ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da
siRaribis daZlevis programis Sedegebis amsaxveli angariSis Tanaxmad, sapensio reformis
ganxorcielebis mimarTulebiT pirveli gadadgmuli nabijia.
saqarTvelo evrokavSirs Soris vaWroba
saqarTvelos
statistikis
departamentis
2004
wlis
monacemebis
mixedviT,
saqarTvelos vaWrobam evrokavSiris qveynebTan (25 qveyana) Seadgina 727,7 milioni aSS
dolari, rac 42,1 procentiT metia wina wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT.
saqarTvelos eqsportma evrokavSiris bazarze Seadgina 111,6 milioni dolari (wina wlis
Sesabamis maCvenebelze 36,7 procentiT meti). evropulma importma saqarTveloSi Seadgina
616,2 milioni aSS dolari (43,1 procentiT meti). saangariSo periodSi evrokavSiris wevri
6
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa, Sedegebis amsaxveli angariSi, 2005 wlis ianvari.
15
mokle momixilva
qveynebis wilad modis saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvis 29,2 procenti, maT Soris
eqsportis 17,2 procenti da importis 33,4 procenti.
16
Tavi meore.
erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebi
mSp da ZiriTadi tendenciebi
ssd-s winaswari Sefasebis Tanaxmad, 2004 wels saqarTvelos mSp-m Seadgina 9,800
milioni lari, rac daaxloebiT 5,148 milioni aSS dolaria. mSp-s realurma zrdam
Seadgina 8,4 procenti. yvelaze maRali zrdis maCvenebeli aRiniSna me-4 kvartalSi
(21,1 procenti), maSin roca pirvel kvartalSi adgili hqonda ekonomikur vardnas (-5,3
procenti). Sida moTxovnis ZiriTad komponentebs Soris, Sinameurneobebis moxmareba
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. agreTve, qveynis sabiujeto Semosavlebis da danaxarjebis
zrdis pirobebSi mkveTrad gaizarda saxelmwofo marTvis organoebis xarjebi
moxmarebaze. rac Seexeba mTliani kapitalis formirebis wils mSp-Si, is gaizarda 26
procentamde 2003 wlis 24,1 procentTan SedarebiT. es sakmaod saimedo tendenciaa,
radgan, amJamad ZiriTadi kapitali mniSvnelovanwilad moZvelebulia. muSa-xelis
saxelfaso anazRaureba saqarTveloSi aris Zalian dabali (ix. Tavi 8) da misi wili
mSp-Si 22 procentia.
ekonomikis ZiriTad seqtorebs Soris, ekonomikuri zrdis uaryofiTi maCvenebeli
aRiniSna soflis meurneobasa da Sinameurneobebis mier produqtebis gadamuSavebaSi.
am
seqtorebSi
Seqmnili
produqciis
umravlesoba
aris
gamiznuli
TviTmoxmarebisaTvis. soflis meurneoba kvlav inarCunebs wamyvan poziciebs saqarTvelos
mSp-sa da mTlian dasaqmebaSi. 2004 wels maRali zrdis tempi aRiniSna mrewvelobis,
mSeneblobis, vaWrobis, telekomunikaciebisa da finansuri Suamavlobis seqtorebSi.
mTavrobis antikorufciulma
RonisZiebebma da gaumjobesebulma administrirebam
xeli Seuwyo aralegaluri ekonomikis masStabebis Semcirebas, rac aisaxa 2004 wels
aRuricxavi warmoebis wilis SemcirebaSi 28,8 procentamde qveynis ekonomikis mTlian
gamoSvebaSi, maSin roca 2003 wels imave maCvenebelma 33,4 procenti Seadgina.
cxrili 2.1:
mSp-s dinamika da struqtura, 2004 weli
2 0 0 4 w . 2 0 0 3 w .- T a n
S e d a r e biT
so fl i s meur n eoba, meTevz eoba, n adi r o ba, met yeveo ba
mr ewvel o ba
Si n ameur n eobebi s mi er pr o duqt ebi s gadamuSaveba
mSen ebl o ba
vaWr oba
sast umr o ebi d a r est o r n ebi
t r an spo r t i d a sasawyo bo meur n eo ba
kavSi r gabmul o ba
saf i n an so Suamavl oba
oper ac i ebi uZr avi qo n ebi T, i j ar a da komer c i ul i saqmi an oba
saxel mwi fo mar Tva d a Tavdac va
gan aTl eba
j an dac va da soc i al ur i momsaxur eba
sxva momsaxur eba
Si n ameur n eobebSi daqi r avebul i momsaxur eba
Seswor eba fi n an sur i Suamavl obi s gamoyen ebi s mi xedvi T
wmi n da gadasaxadebi
mS pP
(2 003= 100)
93,3
112,2
98
107,5
109,5
103,7
105,8
125,5
108,7
106,3
104,8
100,9
101
111,7
100,6
91
--108,4
wil i
mS p-S i
(p r o ce n te bi)
16,2
13,2
3,8
6.4
13,4
2,7
9,8
4,2
1,3
5,2
5,4
3,5
3,4
3,4
0,1
-0,8
8,5
100
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
16
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2005 weli, #1
erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
erovnuli vali
sagareo vali
2004 wlis 31 dekembrisaTvis, saqarTvelos sagareo valma, saxelmwifos garantiiT
aRebuli sesxebis CaTvliT, Seadgina 1857,7 milioni aSS dolari (3390,2 milioni
lari). 2003 wlis bolosTan SedarebiT qveynis sagareo vali gaizarda aSS dolarebSi
mxolod 8,4 milioniT, maSin roca larebSi sagareo vali mniSvnelovnad Semcirda
(447 milioni lariT), rac dakavSirebulia erovnuli valutis, laris, gamyarebasTan
aSS dolaris, evrosa da ssu-s (specialuri sasesxo uflebebi) mimarT. saqarTvelos
sagareo valis Sefardeba mSp-Tan Semcirda 34,6 procentamde wina wlis 44,8
procentTan SedarebiT. 2005 wlis 31 ianvrisaTvis, saqarTvelos sagareo vali
gaizarda 1858,4 milion aSS dolaramde, magram Semcirda larebSi 3382,5 milion
laramde. msoflio banki, evrogaerTianeba, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, avstria,
TurqmeneTi, da ruseTi kvlavac saqarTvelos umsxvilesi kreditorebi arian. maT
Soris mravalmxrivi kreditorebi TamaSoben wamyvan rols.
cxrili 2.1: sagareo vali 2004 wlis 31 dekembrisaTvis
m r a v a l m x r i v i k r e d i to r e bi s a g a n
msofl io banki
evr ogaer Tianeba
saer TaSo riso saval uto fondi
so fl is meur neobis ganviTar ebis saerTaS oriso fo ndi
o r m x r i v i k r e d i to r e bi s a g a n
avstr ia
Tur qmeneTi
ruseTi
Tur qeTi
aSS
sxvebi
s a x e l m w i f o g a r a n ti i T a R e bu l i k r e d i te bi
sul
m i l i o n i aS S d o l ar i m i l i o n i
1068,4
677,6
116,4
265,3
9,1
693,2
100,2
157,1
153,2
53,4
39,5
190
96
1857,7
l ari
1949,9
1236,6
212,5
484,1
16,6
1265,1
182,9
286,7
279,6
97,4
72
347
175,2
3390,2
2004 wels 121,2 milioni aSS dolaris sagareo sesxebi iqna aTvisebuli, saxelmwifos
garantiiT aRebuli kreditebis CaTvliT, maT Soris 20,4 milioni aSS dolari ssfgan, 20,5 milioni aSS dolari germaniisagan, 2,4 milioni aSS dolari
soflis
meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso fondisagan, 7,2 milioni aSS dolari
iaponiisagan, 1,4 milioni aSS dolari quveiTisagan1, 6,2 milioni aSS dolari evropis
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankisagan. 2004 wels saqarTvelom sagareo valis
momsaxurebisaTvis gadaixada 212,9 milioni aSS dolari, maT Soris ZiriTadi valis
momsaxurebisaTvis 183,5 milioni aSS dolari da danarCeni 29,4 milioni aSS dolari
procentebisaTvis,
valdebulebebisa
da
jarimebisaTvis.
marto
2004
wels
TurqmeneTisadmi sagareo valis ZiriTadi nawilis dafarvisaTvis gadaxdili iqna 96,5
milioni aSS dolari.
2005 wlis ianvarSi aTvisebuli iqna 24,4 milioni aSS
1
kreditis valuta sxvadasxva sesxebisaTvis sxvadasxvaa, romlebic Semdgom gadaangariSebulia aSS
dolarebSi.
17
dolaris moculobis sagareo sesxebi da gadaxdili iqna 7,6 milioni aSS dolari
valis momsaxurebisaTvis.
2001 wels saqarTvelom miaRwia SeTanxmebas parizis klubTan 2001-2002 wlebSi
ormxrivi sagareo valis ZiriTadi nawilis gadaxdis gadavadebis Sesaxeb. 2004 wlis
ivlisSi saqarTvelom miaRwia axal SeTanxmebas parizis klubis oficialur
kreditor qveynebTan 153,4 milioni aSS dolaris gadaxdebis (valis ZiriTadi
nawilisa da procentebis) restruqturizaciis Sesaxeb, romelTa gadaxdis vada modis
2004 wlis 1 ivnisidan 2006 wlis 31 dekembramde. mxareebma SeaTanxmes am valebis
momsaxurebis axali ganrigi, romelic 2011 wlidan 2025 wlamde periods moicavs. imave
pirobebze unda ganxorcieldes 2003 wlis dasawyisidan 2004 wlis maisis bolomde
dagrovili davalianebis naxevris (32,08 milioni aSS dolari) momsaxureba, roca
danarCeni Tanxa gadaxdili unda iyos sami wlis ganmavlobaSi (2004 wlidan 2006
wlamde).
Sida vali
2005 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis saqarTvelos Sida valma Seadgina 1574,1 milioni lari, rac
6,1 milioni lariT metia 2003 wlis bolosTan SedarebiT. 2004 wels Sida valis
momsaxurebisaTvis gadaxdili iqna 95,4 milioni lari, rac ZiriTadad warimarTa
saxazino valdebulebebisa da saqarTvelos erovnuli bankidan aRebuli sesxebis
momsaxurebisaTvis (92,4 milioni lari jamSi). danarCeni warimarTa qalaq Tbilisis
adgilobrivi biujetidan. 2004 wlis bolosaTvis, saqarTvelos mTlianma erovnulma
valma Seadgina 4964,3 milioni lari, rac mSp-Tan mimarTebaSi Seadgens 50,7 procents.
sagadamxdelo balansi
ssd-s winaswari SefasebiT, mimdinare angariSis balansi 2004 wlis I-III kvartlebSi
kvlav uaryofiTi iyo (-263,5 milioni aSS dolari). mimdinare angariSis deficitma
mSp-Tan mimarTebaSi Seadgina 7,3 procenti, maSin roca wina wlis Sesabamis periodSi
9,3 procenti iyo. 2004 wlis pirvel cxra TveSi sagareo vaWrobis brunva da savaWro
deficiti gaizarda Sesabamisad, 552,1 milioni aSS dolariTa da 178,7 milioni aSS
dolariT wina wlis pirvel cxra TvesTan SedarebiT. saqonlis eqsporti Sesabamisad
gaizarda 41 procentiT da importi 38,3 procentiT. 2004 wlis mniSvnelovani
tendencia iyo registrirebuli savaWro brunvis mniSvnelovani gafarToeba, rac
dakavSirebuli iyo importisa da eqsportis nakadebis legalizaciasTan. ekonomikis
maRali zrdis tempi aseve xels uwyoba vaWrobis gafarToebas.
18
cxrili 2.3: saqarTvelos sagadamxdelo balansi I-III kv. 2003 da 2004 wlebi
(milioni aSS dolari)
m i m d i n ar e an g ar i S i
s aq o n e l i
eqxporti
importi
m o m s ax ur e b a
eqxporti
importi
S e m o s av l e b i
krediti
debeti
m i m d i n ar e t r an s f e r t e b i
krediti
debeti
kap i t al ur i d a f i n an s ur i an g ar i S i
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi
saportfel o investiciebi
sxva investiciebi
sarezervo aqtivebi
w m i n d a S e c d o m e b i d a g am o t o v e b e b i
2 003 w . I- III kv . 2004 w . I- III kv .
-267,6
-263,5
-446,5
-625,2
560,4
747,1
-1006,9
-1372
42,2
38,9
331
390,9
-288,8
-352
26,6
56,5
138,9
173
-112,4
-116,5
110,1
266,4
141,6
302,2
-31,5
-35,9
262,5
249,7
221,5
365,9
-9
0
-0,7
4,6
2,4
-173,3
5,1
13,8
SeniSvna: 2004 wlis monacemebi winaswari Sefasebaa
saqarTvelos kvlav dadebiTi balansi aqvs momsaxurebiT vaWrobis sferoSi.
transporti, turizmi, kavSirgabmuloba, piradi da finansuri momsaxureba (garda
dazRvevisa) ganapirobebs Semosavlebis wminda Semodinebas. saqarTvelos aqvs
mniSvnelovani potenciali momsaxurebis eqsportis zrdis kuTxiT. transportisa da
turizmis sferoebi SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc erT-erT yvelaze
perspeqtiuli seqtorebi. kaspiis zRvis navTobisa da gazis eqsporti saqarTvelos
teritoriis gavliT mniSvnelovan gavlenas moaxdens saqarTvelos satranzito
Semosavlebze.
savaWro deficitis dafinansebis sxva wyaroebs warmoadgenen ucxoeTSi momuSave
qarTveli migrantebis transferebi da ucxouri grantebi. 2004 wlis I_III kvartlebSi
moklevadiani periodiT ucxoeTSi momuSave qarTvelebis mier miRebuli anazRaurebis
repatriacia gaizarda 150,9 milion aSS dolaramde wina wlis Sesabamis periodSi
arsebul 120,2 milion aSS dolarTan SedarebiT, maSin roca grZelvadiani periodiT
ucxoeTSi momuSaveTa gzavnilebi Semcirda 40,6 milion aSS dolaramde wina wlis 43,3
milion aSS dolarTan SedarebiT. saqarTvelo agrZelebs seriozuli finansuri
mxardaWeris miRebas saerTaSoriso donorebisagan. 2004 wels I-III kvartlebSi
samTavrobaTaSoriso grantebma Seadgines 42,8 milioni aSS dolari, maSin roca wina
wlis Sesabamis periodSi grantebma mxolod 3,8 milioni aSS dolari Seadgines.
briuselis donorebis Sexvedraze 2004 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelom miiRo dapireba 1,1
miliardi aSS dolaris daxmarebis miRebaze 2004-2006 wlebSi. am Tanxis or-mesameds
grantebi warmoadgenen.
19
mimdinare angariSis permanentulma deficitma saqarTvelo wminda msesxebel qveyanad
aqcia. Tumca, 2004 wlis pozitiuri tendencia iyo pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis
zrda, rac ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenisa da baqoTbilisi-erzrumis gazsadenis mSeneblobasTan. 2004 wlis I-III kvartlebSi pirdapirma
ucxourma investiciebma Seadgines 365,9 milioni aSS dolari, maT Soris 31,6 milioni
aSS dolari reinvestirebuli mogeba, maSin roca wina wlis Sesabamis periodSi 221,5
milioni aSS dolari iyo (maT Soris 38 milioni aSS dolari reinvestirebuli
mogeba). mimdinare angariSis deficitis dafinansebis sxva wyaros warmoadgens
sagareo sesxebi. saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da komerciuli bankebis mier gaizarda
sesxebis aReba. mxolod samTavrobo seqtoris mier 2004 wlis I-III kvartlebSi
aRebuli iqna 78,4 milioni aSS dolaris axali sesxebi, maSin roca 198,4 milioni aSS
dolaris vali iqna gadavadebuli, xolo 149,9 milioni aSS dolari iqna gadaxdili
valis momsaxurebisaTvis. 2003 wlis Sesabamis periodSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam aiRo
axali sesxebi 49,6 milioni aSS dolaris odenobiT, xolo 38,6 milioni aSS dolari
iqna gadaxdili sagareo valis momsaxurebisaTvis. garda amisa, 2004 wlis I-III
kvartlebSi komerciulma bankebma isesxes 68,6 milioni aSS dolari, maSin roca wina
wlis Sesabamiss periodSi - mxolod 22,4 milioni aSS dolari.
rac Seexeba qveynis sarezervo aqtivebs, 2004 wlis I-III kvartlebSi isini gaizarda
173,3 milioni aSS dolariT. laris mkveTr gamyarebasTan brZolis mizniT
saqarTvelos erovnuli banki axorcierldeba intervenciebs savaluto bazarze,
yidulobda aSS dolarebsa da avsebda saerTaSoriso rezervebs.
CanarTi 2.1:
progresi egsdp-s ganxorcielebaSi
saqarTvelos mTavrobam saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
mxardaWeriT moamzada saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis
programa (egsdp), romlis ZiriTadi miznebi iyo: siRaribis Semcireba ekonomikuri zrdis
mxardaWeriT, romelic axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas uwyobs xels, agreTve cxovrebis
standartebis amaRleba, qveynis ganviTarebis procesSi yvela moqalaqis monawileoba.
2000 wlis dekemberSi egsdp-is Sualeduri dokumenti waredgina ssf-s, msoflio banks, gaero-s
ganviTarebis programasa da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da donor qveynebs, romlebmac
gamoTqves saqarTvelos daxmarebis survili am programis realizaciis saqmeSi. egsdp
mowonebuli iqna 2003 wlis ivnisSi da saqarTvelos mTavrobam ivaldebula misi
ganxorcieleba. ssf-s direqtorTa sabWom
miiRo samwliani programa “siRaribis Semcirebisa
da ekonomikuri zrdis meqanizmis” Sesaxeb, romlis farglebSic gamoiyo 141 milioni aSS
dolaris SeRavaTiani sesxi.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam aRiara, rom iseTi problemis gadaWra, rogoricaa siRaribe,
SeuZlebelia mgradi ekonomikuri zrdis gareSe, romelic unda iqnes miRweuli ekonomikuri da
struqturuli reformebis daCqarebisa da saxelmwifo resursebis samarTliani gadanawilebis
uzrunvelyofis gziT. es mizani ki ver miiRweva samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis gareSe, romlis
ZiriTadi winapirobebia qveyanaSi sainvesticio klimatis gaumjobeseba da mcire da saSualo
biznesis ganviTareba. am miznebis ganxorcieleba xels Seuwyobs saSualo klasis
Camoyalibebas, rac
mniSvnelovani nabiji iqneba siRaribis Semcirebisaken. kompleqsuri
20
RonisZiebebi unda ganxorcieledes nabij-nabij, raTa ara marto
seqtori, aramed daCqardes mTliani ekonomikuri zrda.
gaumjobesdes socialuri
am mxriv aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos 2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujeti, romlis danaxarjebis
sistema SemuSavebuli iqna ise, rom maqsimalurad mieRoT mxedvelobaSi socialuri dacvis
RonisZiebebi, maT Soris egsdp-iT gaTvaliwinebuli prioritetebis CaTvliT. zogierT
SemTxvevaSi (mag. socialuri dacva da pensiebi), 2004 wlis biujetma kidev ufro meti saxsrebi
gaiTvaliswina, vidre egsdp-iT iyo navaraudebi. Tumca, zogierTma seqtorma ver miiRo is
dafinanseba, rac egsdp-iT iyo dagegmili, vinaidan 2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetidan
mniSvnelovani saxsrebi warimarTa wina wlebis davalianebis dafarvasa da qveynis
Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebaze.
2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetiT egsdp-iT gaTvaliswinebuli sferoebis dafinanseba
xorcieldeboda Semdegnairad:
socialuri dacva da pensiebi _ egsdp-is mixedviT 2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetiT unda
yofiliyo gaTvalisiwnebuli mTlianobaSi 289 milioni lari socialuri dacvisa da
pensiebisaTvis. maSin roca kanonma biujetis Sesaxeb gaiTvaliswina 365,5 milioni lari anu
egsdp-iT prognozirebul asignebebze 26,4 procentiT meti. mniSvnelovani saxsrebi iqna
gaTvaliwsinebuli gasuli wlebis sapensio davalianebis dafarvisaTvis, romelTa saerTo
moculoba 76,7 milion lars Seadgenda.
janmrTelobis dacva _ 2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Tanaxmad janmrTelobis dacvis
sferoSi saxelmwifo sadazRvevo programebis dafinansebisaTvis saWiro saxsrebis saerTo
moculoba Seadgenda 93,4 milion lars, anu egsdp-iT gaTvaliwinebul asignebebze 3 milioni
lariT mets.
ganaTleba _ egsdp-is mixedviT ganaTlebis sferos dafinansebisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetidan
gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo 61,1 milioni lari, relurad ki biujetSi gaTvaliswinebuli
iqna 42,2 milioni lari. 2002-2004 wlebSi ganaTlebis sferoSi arsebulma xelfasebis donem
saSualod 60-65%-iT moimata. 2004 wels mTlianad iqna dafaruli ganaTlebis muSakTa mimarT
arsebuli saxelfaso davalianebebi 17 milioni laris odenobiT.
energetika _ 2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujeti koncentrirebuli iyo egsdp-is mixedviT
prioritetad
aRiarebul
energetikis
seqtorze.
kerZod,
saxelmwifo
biujetiT
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 63,9 milioni laris gamoyofa, rac egsdp-iT gaTvaliswinebul
asignebebze 1,8 milioni lariT metia.
transporti da komunikaciebi _ im RonisZiebebis dasafinanseblad, romlebic aRniSnulia
egsdp-iT 2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 46,4 milioni lari (10,3
milioni lariT naklebi vidre programa iTvaliswinebda). es saxsrebi mTlianad warimarTa
gzebis movla_SenaxvisaTvis.
2004 wlis biujeti iTvaliswinebda im RonisZiebebis
dafinansebasac, romlebic ar iyo mocemuli egsdp-iT, kerZod, wina wlebSi Sesrulebuli
sagzao samuSaoebis davalianebis gadaxda – 5,6 milioni laris da stiqiuri movlenebis
Sedegebis salikvidacio RonisZiebebi – 9,0 milioni laris odenobiT da sxv.
soflis meurneoba _ im RonisZiebebisaTvis, romlebsac iTvaliswinebs egsdp soflis
meurneobis seqtoris dafinansebisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 24,8
milioni lari, maSin roca egsdp-is mixedviT 2004 wels am kuTxiT gaTvaliswinebuli unda
yofiliyo 4,7 milioni lariT meti, anu 29,5 milioni lari.
turizmi _ turizmis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis mizniT gaTvaliswinebuli saxelmwifo
miznobrivi programebis dafinansebisTvis saerTo jamSi biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 0,7
milioni lari (0,2 milioni lariT naklebi egsdp-iT prognozirebad asignebebze).
21
garemos dacva, tyis resursebi da miwis marTva _ am sferoebis dafinansebisaTvis egsdp-iT
gaTvaliwinebuli iyo 6,6 milioni lari, xolo 2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetiT am
miznebisaTvis gamoyofili Tanxebi Seadgens 6,9 milion lars.
sxva RonisZiebebi _ egsdp-iT gansazRvruli `sxva RonisZiebebis~ dafinansebisaTvis 2004 wlis
saxelmwifo biujetSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo 13,4 milioni lari, realurad ki am
mimarTulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli iqna 4,4 milioni lari, rac ZiriTadad sainvesticio
proeqtebis Tanadafinansebaze modis.
wyaroebi: ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programis ganxorcielebis amsaxveli
angariSi, Tbilisi, ianvari, 2005 weli.
siRaribis Semcirebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis programa saqarTveloSi, finaluri dokumenti, Tbilisi,
oqtomberi 2001.
22
Tavi mesame. ekonomikis seqtorebi
mrewveloba
mrewveloba aris saqarTvelos ekonomikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi dargi da qveynis
ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. sabazro ekonomikaze
gadasvlis rTuli procesis Tanxvedram sxvadasxva politikur da ekonomikur
kataklizmebTan uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia mTlianad ekonomikaze, iseve rogorc mis
calkeul seqtorebze. 1993 - 1994 wlebSi samrewvelo warmoebis donis klebam
kritikul
zRvars
miaRwia.
qveyanaSi
ganxorcielebuli
struqturuli
da
institucionaluri reformebis, kerZod ki privatizebis procesis, safinanso da
fiskaluri
sistemis
stabilizebis,
fasebisa
da
vaWrobis
liberalizebis,
kanonierebis da marTlwesrigis ganmtkicebis meSveobiT, samrewvelo seqtorma 1996
wlidan neli aRmavlobis procesi daiwyo.
gasul wlebSi ganxorcielebuli reformebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom sabazro
ekonomikis funqcionirebisTvis aucilebeli ZiriTadi institutebi ukve Camoyalibda.
ganxorcielda industriuli sawarmoebis didi nawilis privatizeba an saaqcio
sazogadoebebad gardaqmna, aseve Seiqmna axali makroekonomikuri da sammarTlebrivi
garemo. “vardebis revoluciis” Semdgom periodSi ganxorcielebuli reformebidan
umniSvnelovanesi
aris
administraciuli
korufciis
Sesusteba,
saxelmwifo
sawarmoTa privatizebis axali etapi da axali, ufro liberaluri, sagadasaxado
kodeqsis miReba. amJamindeli politikis/kanonmdeblobis SemmuSavebeli procesis
gamWirvaleoba, interes-jgufebis meti monawileoba biznes garemos formirebaSi
(intensiuri konsultaciebi mTavrobasa da biznesis warmomadgenlebs Soris),
lobirebis axali kanonieri wesebis damkvidreba, aris is faqtorebi, romlebic
safuZvels uyris samarTlian konkurencias da minimumamde amcirebs biznes riskis
araekonomikur faqtorebs.
miuxdavad dargSi arsebuli sasikeTo cvlilebebisa, seqtorSi arsebuli
mTeli rigi problemebi kvlav rCeba: samrewvelo sawarmoTa restruqturizeba nakleb
efeqturad ganxorcielda; gakotrebis kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli xarvezebi da
sawarmoTa arsebuli mZime davalianeba arTulebs sabazro meqanizmebis meSveobiT
sicocxlisunariani sawarmoTa gamovlenas; privatizebul sawarmoTa Soris mravali
umoqmedoa; umetes sawarmoTa ZiriTadi kapitali amortizebuli da moZvelebulia,
xolo ZiriTadi kapitalis ganaxlebis saSualo wliuri done saqarTveloSi Zalian
dabalia da mxolod 3 procents Seadgens; investorebisTvis seriozul dabrkolebas
warmoadgens sawarmoTa didi davalianeba biujetisadmi, arasaTanado menejmenti,
moZvelebuli materialur-teqnikuri baza da ganuviTarebeli infrastruqtura; enrgoresursebis deficituroba da siZvire mezobel qveynebTan SedarebiT, zians ayenebs
qarTul sawarmoTa konkurentunarianobas; finansebze dabali xelmisawvdomoba erTerTi ZiriTadi problemaa mrewvelobis ganviTarebisTvis, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom
kreditebze saprocento ganakveTebi TandaTanobT mcirdeba; araxelsayrel biznes
23
garemos
mivyavarT
didi
masStabis
Crdilovani
ekonomikis
arsebobamde,
araregistrirebuli warmoebis done mTlianad gamoSvebuli produqciis 30 procents
aRwevs.
samrewvelo seqtoris saerTo mdgomareoba kvlav didad aris damokidebuli
mcire odenobis msxvil sawarmoTa saqmianobaze. mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis
ganviTarebas xels uSlis araadeqvaturi kanonmdebloba da farTod gavrcelebuli
korufcia. “vardebis revoluciis” Semdgom periodSi wina wlebSi damkvidrebuli
praqtikisagan gansxvavebiT, Semcirda kanonmdeblobaze zegavlenis moxdenis mizniT
ukanono lobirebisa da konkurentuli garemos ukanonod SezRudvis praqtika.
sagulisxmo faqtia, rom saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo zomis samrewvelo
sawarmoebi produqciis saerTo moculobis mxolod 19.0 procents awarmoeben, maSin
rodesac es maCvenebeli ganviTarebuli qveyanebis umetesobaSi 50-60 procents aRwevs.
2004 wels 2003 wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT samrewvelo sawarmoebis
mier gamoSvebuli aRricxuli produqcia gaizarda 8,61 procentiT. ssd-is monacemebze
dayrdnobiT, gamoSvebuli produqciis Rirebuleba Seadgens 1 714,2 milion lars, rac
mrewvelobis dargebis mixedviT Semdegnairad ganawilda: gadamamuSvebeli mrewveloba
– 63,8 procenti, energetika da wyalmomarageba – 28,4 procenti, mompovebeli warmoeba
–7,8 procenti.
nax .3.1. samrewvelo produqciis ganawileba dargebis mixedviT, 2004 w.
7.8
28.4
63.8
gadamamuS. mrewvel.
energetika da wyalm.
mompovebeli war,.
aRsanisnavia, rom samrewvelo produqciis moculoba bolo wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT
2002 wlidan, stabilurad izdreba. nax. 3.2. am faqtis ilustrirebas axdens.
1
seqtorebis mier gamoSvebul produqciaTa Rirebulebis maCveneblebi gansxvavebulia mSp-s cxrilSi
moyvanili maCveneblebisgan, vinaidan mSp-s maCveneblebis gaangariSeba xdeba seqtorSi Seqmnili produqciis
damatebiT Rirebulebaze dayrdnobiT.
24
nax 3.2. samrewvelo produqciis zrdis tempi eSp – is struqturis mixedviT, 1999-2004
wlebi
14
12
10
8
6
12.2
11.4
8.8
4
2
3.7
5.3
0
-2
1999
-4
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
-4.4
-6
mSenebloba
bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi mSeneblobis seqtoris ganviTarebas xels uwyobs
kerZo binebze moTxovnis zrda. 2004 wels mSeneblobis seqtorSi Seqmnili damatebiTi
Rirebulebis zrdam Seadgenda 7,5 procenti. 2004 wels mSeneblobis seqtoris mier
Seqmnili mTliani produqciis Rirebuleba Seadgenda 693,7 milion lars. aRniSvnis
Rirsia is faqti, rom Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis didi wili modis “baqo--Tbilisijeihanis” navTobsadenisa da “Sah-denizis” gazsadenis mSeneblobebze. am mSeneblobaTa
wili dargis mier Seqmnili produqciis mTlian moculobaSi Seadgenda 56,0 procents.
2004 wels seqtorSi Seqmnili mTliani produqciis 85,4 procenti kerZo seqtorze
modioda.
mSeneblobis seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobam 2004 wels 17,0 aTasi Seadgina,
rac 1,9 aTasiT metia, vidre 2003 wels. seqtorSi dasaqmebulTagan 44,5 procenti
dasaqmebuli iyo msxvil firmebSi, 31,6 procenti – saSualo, da 23,9 procenti – mcire
firmebSi.
soflis meurneoba
2004 wels soflis meurneobis seqtori xasiaTdeba uaryofiTi zrdis tempiT,
rac daaxloebiT 6,7 procents Seadgenda. araxelsayrelma bunebrivma pirobebma
gasul wels uaryofiTad imoqmeda seqtoris ganviTarebaze.
2004 wels, wina welTan SedarebiT, Semcirda TiTqmis yvela saxis soflis
meurneobis kulturis warmoeba, kerZod marcvleulis, mzesumziris, kartofilis,
sxvadasxva bostneulis, xilis, Cais, citrusebis da yurZnis warmoeba. unda aRiniSnos,
rom xilis, baRCeulisa da bostneulis warmoebisagan gansxvavebiT, mecxoveleobis
produqciis warmoeba mcirediT gaizarda.
25
cxrili 3.1: sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis warmoeba, 1995-2004 wlebi
(aTasi tona)
1995
1996
1997
marcvleuli da parkosani
652
902
598
xorbali
114
311
145 226.1
simindi
491
546
420
parkosani
21.7
15
9.2
9.3
2.6
10
mzesumzira
4
31.4
22.8
40.5
2.6
41.8
kartofili
285
353
350 433.3
bostneuli
386
513
380
417 354.2
396
xili
361
299
279
296
250
200
yurZeni
311
309
238
220
210
150
86.2
33.2
47.2
60
24
23
117.8
57.1
85.1
56
40
60
Cai
citrusebi
1998 1999
773
407
2000
2001 2002 2003
713.6
680738.7675.7
200225.0 186
400 450 410
89.4 306.5
490 295.9 288.6
302 422.2
10 9.6 12.6
24 22
20
415 424 390
405 430 400
150 260 160
80 200 180
24 25.5 20
33 50 38
nax 3.3. sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis zrdis tempi eSp–is struqturis mixedviT,
1997-2004 wlebi
15
10
5
3.9
-1.4
0
1997
-5
10.3
8.2
6.9
1998
-6.5
1999
2000
-12
2001
2002
2003
2004
-6.7
-10
-15
seqtorSi mimdinareobs struqturuli reformebi, rac momavalSi dadebiTad
aisaxeba
seqtorSi
warmoebuli
produqciis
moculobaze.
miwis
reformis
ganxorcielebis Sedegad am periodisaTvis saxnavi miwebis daaxloebiT 25 procenti
privatizebulia da daaxloebiT 30 procenti ijariT aris gacemuli. parlamentSi
gansaxilvelad mzad aris kanonproeqti “saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli
sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis nakveTebis privatizebis Sesaxeb” da
mosalodnelia, rom axlo momavalSi parlamenti miiRebs aRniSnul kanonproqts. am
kanonproeqtis amoqmedeba da Sesabamisad sasoflo-sameurneo miwis nakveTebis
damatebiTi privatizeba axal inercias micems qveyanaSi agro-biznesis ganviTarebas.
miuxedavad soflis meurneobis seqtorSi miRweuli garkveuli progresisa,
seqtorSi arsebuli rigi problemebi kvlav gadauWreli rCeba. soflis meurneobaSi
arsebuli Sromis nayofiereba gacilebiT dabalia (daaxloebiT 4-jer) vidre
ekonomikis sxva seqtorebSi; saojaxo meurneobebis umravlesoba aris Zalze mcire da
damokidebulia xeliT Sromaze; dargSi gamoyenebuli teqnika aris moZvelebuli;
miwis nayofiereba klebulobs; saWiroa sarwyavi da sadrenaJo sistemebis ganaxleba.
26
am problemaTa gadawyveta Seqmnis xelsayrel pirobebs seqtorSi investiciebis
mosazidad. nawilobriv am problemaTa gadawyvetas xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi miwis
bazris
ganviTareba,
es
ukanaskneli
Seamcirebs
seqtorSi
investiciebis
ganxorcielebis
mimarTulebiT
arsebul
barierebs.
seqtoris
samomavlo
ganviTarebisaTvis, arsebuli problemebis mogvarebasTan erTad, saSinao bazris
dacva kontrabanduli da falsificirebuli saqonlisagan, unda iqces mTavrobis
samoqmedo politikis erT-erTi mTavar mimarTulebad.
infrastruqturis modernizeba aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori xelsayreli
biznes da sainvesticio garemos Sesaqmnelad. amJamad, mTavroba, iseve rogorc
donori organizaciebi, mimarTaven Zalisxmevas infrastruqturis gansaviTareblad.
sxva proeqtebs Soris, soflis meurneobis saministro, msoflio bankTan erTad,
axorcielebs melioraciuli sistemis sareabilitacio proeqts. mosalodnelia, rom
mokle vadaSi, gaizrdeba am proeqtSi kerZo mesakuTreTa/fermerTa monawileoba da
maT mier am mimarTulebiT gaRebuli investiciebi imatebs. soflis meurneobis
infrastruqturis
ganviTarebis
erT-erTi
ZiriTadi
aspeqtia
teqnologiurad
modernizebuli, maRal efeqturi da energo-tevadi sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis
Semoyvana. am mimarTulebiT kerZo investiciebis mosazidad mTavroba xels uwyobs
sawarmoo saSualebebze lizingis meqanizmis srulfasovnad amoqmedebas.
turizmi
saqarTveloSi turizmis biznesis ganviTarebas sakmaod kargi perspeqtiva aqvs,
Tumca konfliqturi zonebis arseboba, maT Soris afxazeTis regonSi arsebuli
problema (turizmis gansaviTareblad erT-erT yvelaze ufro kargi potenciis mqone
regioni), turistTa usafrTxoebis garantiebis ararseboba da dabal ganviTarebuli
turistuli infrastruqtura, xels uSlis seqtoris potencialis realizebas.
ssd-is monacemebiT 2004 wels saqarTvelos estumra 368,3 aTasi turisti.
Camosul turistTa Soris 218,5 aTasi iyo dsT-s moqalaqe, danarCeni 149,8 aTasi
turisti sazRvargareTis sxva qveynebis moqalaqeebi. 2004 wlis aRniSnul periodSi
qveyanaSi Semosul turistTa raodenoba 17,5 procentiT gaizarda 2003 wlis Sesabamis
periodTan SedarebiT.
ssd-is monacemebiT 2004 wels saqarTveloSi Semosuli turistebi vizitis
miznidan gamomdinare Semdegnairad ganawildnen: mogzauroba da dasveneba – 28,1
procenti, megobrebisa da naTesavTa monaxuleba – 37,6 procenti, sxva miznebi – 2,6
procenti.
energetika
2004 wels saqarTveloSi warmoebuli iqna 97.6 da 37.5 aTasi tona nedli navTobi da
navTobproduqtebi. bunebrivi gazis warmoebam Seadgina 10.9 milioni kuburi metri da
6.8 miliardi kilovat saaTi eleqtroenergia iqna generirebuli. navTobze da
bunebriv gazze qveynis moTxovna ZiriTadad dakmayofilebuli iqna importidan. 2004
wels, 526.9 aTasi tona navTi da navTobproduqtebi da 1231 milioni kuburi metri
bunebrivi gazi iqna importirebuli. 100 procenti bunebrivi gazisa importirebuli
27
iqna ruseTidan, importirebuli navTobis da navTobproduqtebis miwodeba ki
diversificirebuli iqna: 74 procenti importirebuli iqna azerbaijanidan, 11
procenti TurqmeneTidan, 6 procenti bulgareTidan da 5 procenti rumineTidan.
eleqtroenergiis importi gaizarda 1.12 miliard kilovat saaTamde (1.07 miliardi
kilovat saaTi 2003 wels). vinaidan 2004 wels, qveynis moTxovna navTobsa da gazze
ZiriTadad dakmayofilebuli iqna importidan, xolo eleqtroenergiis moxmareba
nawilobriv
importze
iyo
damokidebuli,
saqarTvelos
energetikuli
TviTuzrunvelyofa Zalze dabali iyo.
eleqtroenergiisa da gazis seqtorebis marTvaSi mTavar problemas warmoadgenda
likviduroba. Sesabamisad, seqtorebSi aRricxvianoba da sagadamxdelo disciplina
energergetikis saministros umTavres prioritetad darCa. Tbilisis gamanawilebelma
kompaniam
Telasma,
bolo
wlebSi
gamricxvelianebaSi
ganxorcielebuli
mniSvnelovani investiciebis meSveobiT, eleqtroenergiis safasuris amoRebis
maCvenebeli 60-70 procentamde gazarda. Tumca, sruliad gansxvavebuli situacia iyo
regionebSi da gazis seqtorSi.
dabali amoRebis maCvenebelma Seaferxa Tanxebis gamoyofa hidroeleqtrosadgurebSi
fiqsirebuli aqtivebis SenarCunebisaTvis. eleqtrogadamcemi xazebi aseve saWiroebda
SekeTebas (danakargebi maRali Zabvis xazebze iyo 6.29 procenti 2004 wels). mravali
welia saxelmwifo biujetidan Tanxebi ar yofila gamoyofili SesakeTebeli
samuSaoebisTvis energetikis sferoSi. 2004 wlidan, rogorc niSani mTavrobis
dainteresebisa gadaWras problemebi energetikis sferoSi, saxemwifo biujetSi
gaTvaliswinebuli iqna 18 milioni lari am mimarTulebiT.
cxrili 3.2: saxelmwifo
energetikis sferoSi
saqmianoba
biujetis
SesakeTebeli samuSaobebi
hidroeleqtrosadgurebSi da
gamricxvelianobis
gasaumjobeseblad
samuSaobebi eleqtro gadamcemi
xazebis SesakeTeblad
SesakeTebeli samuSaoebi gazis
gamanawilebeli qselis da
gamricxvelianobis mosawesrigeblad
danaxarjebi
SesakeTebeli
wliuri
gegma
(milioni
lari)
Afaqtiuri
(milioni
lari)
samuSaoebisaTvis
Dfaqtiuri
(procenti)
8.997
8.780
97.6
3.500
3.470
99.1
5.819
5.814
99.9
wyaro: energetikis saministro
mTavrobam gaugrZela eleqtroenergiis gaerTianebuli gamanawilebeli kompaniis
marTvis kontraqti ori wliT amerikuli kompania PA Consulting-s. kontraqti dadebuli
iqna 2003 wlis maisSi 18 TviT. gaerTianebuli gamanawilebeli kompania Seiqmna
28
saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi myofi eleqtroenergiis gamanawilebeli regionaluri
kompaniebis erT kompaniad dajgufebis Sedegad.
energiis tranziti
2004 wels satranzito Semosavali baqo-sufsis navTobsadenidan iyo 9.3 milioni
dolari, 47.1 milioni bareli navTobi iqna gatarebuli da satranzito gadasaxdeli
iyo 0.19-0.20 dolari barelze (Tavdapirveli gadasaxdeli 0.19 Secvlili iqna 0.20-iT
pirveli ivnisidan).
savaraudod baqo-Tbilisi-jeihani (bTj) navTobsadenis mSenebloba damTavrdeba 2005
wels. navTobsadeni iqneba mTavari saeqsporto gza azerbaijanuli azeri-SiraqguneSli (aSg) navTobis sabadosaTvis. 4 miliardi amerikuli dolaris investicia
aSg navTobis sabadosaTvis gazrdis warmoebas dRevandeli 0.1 milioni barelidan
dReSi 1 milion barelamde dReSi (2010 wlisaTvis). Tumca aSg navTobis sabados
warmoeba 1 milioni bareli dReSi SenarCundeba mxolod ramdenime weli da Semdeg
daiklebs am raodenobis naxevramde. bTj-is operator British Petroleum-isaTvis saWiro
gaxdeba
gamoZebnos
navTobis
sxva
wyaroebi
navTobsadenis
optimalurad
gamoyenebisaTvis. yazaxuri navTobi iqneba udavo kandidati savaraudo warmoebiT 3
milioni bareli dReSi 2015 wlisaTvis.
samxreT kavkasiuri gazsadeni (skg) transportirebas gaukeTebs azerbaijanul gazs
TurqeTSi saqarTvelos gavliT. saqarTvelo miiRebs 5 procents transportirebuli
gazisa. saqarTvelos eqneba mogeba aseve uflebisagan Seisyidos gazi SeRavaTian
fasebSi.
roca sagadasaxado Semosavlebi qveyanaSi rCeba Zalze dabali (gadasaxadebis mSpsTan Sefardebis koeficienti 2004 wels mxolod 18 procenti iyo) energiis
tranzitisgan Semosavlebi SesamCnev wvlils Seitans qveynis biujetis formirebaSi.
es da sxva sakiTxebi detalurad aris ganxiluli ssf-s samuSao werilSi WP/04/209
(www.imf.org). Tumca satranzito Semosavlebi ver Seedreba
navTobis eqsportiori
qveynebis Semosavlebs, energiis tranzits gaaCnia mniSvnelovani upiratesobebi
grZelvadiani makroekonomikuri stabilurobis kuTxiT (ix. CanarTi 3.1).
3.1: Semosavlebi araganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebidan
Semosavlebi araganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebidan: daskvnebi fiskaluri
politikisaTvis
fasebis cvalebadoba: maSin roca fasebis cvalebadobas SeuZlia didi gavlena
moaxdinos mTlian samTavrobo Semosavlebze navTobis mwarmoebel qveynebSi,
Semosavlebis cvalebadoba ar emuqreba navTobis satranzito qveynebs - saqarTvelos
satranzito Semosavlebi fiqsirebulia da ar aris damokidebuli navTobis fasebis
dinamikaze. Sedegad, navTobis mwarmoebeli qveynebis fiskaluri instrumentebi
fasebis cvalebadobis sapasuxod, rogoricaa riskis dazRveva da Semosavlebis
stabilizaciis fondebi, naklebad saWiro meqanizmebia navTobis satranzito qveynebSi.
29
Semosavlebis wyaroebis gamolevadoba: saqarTvelos magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom
specifikur SemTxvevebSi es aris ufro mniSvnelovani problema navTobis mwarmoebel
wveynebSi, vidre navTobis satranzito qveynebSi. aSg navTobis sabados mwarmoeblobis
savaraudo daqveiTeba mkveTrad Seamcirebs Semosavlebs azerbaijanis mTavrobisaTvis,
magram saqarTvelos satranzito Semosavlebi ar Semcirdeba, Tu moxerxdeba
navTobsadeniT yazaxuri navTobis tranziti. rogorc fasebis cvalebadobis
SemTxvevaSi, fiskaluri politikis instrumentebi, romelic pasuxobs Semosavlebis
wyaroebis gamolevadobas (rogoricaa, magaliTad navTobis Semosavlebis danazogebis
fondebi) naklebad gamosayenebeli meqanizmebia navTobis satranzito qveynebSi.
realuri gacvliTi kursis cvalebadoba da holandiuri davadeba: aRniSnuli
fenomeni ufro naklebad seriozuli problema iqneba navTobis satranzito
qveynebisaTvis, rameTu finansuri nakadebi SesamCnevad mcirea. saqarTvelos
SemTxvevaSi savaraudo navTobis satranzito Semosavlebi 2008 wlisaTvis iqneba
mxolod 2 procenti am wlis eqsportisa da aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovani
gavlena gacvliT kursze naklebad savaraudoa. Aazerbaijanis SemTxvevaSi ki
navTobis eqsporti mTliani exportis 90 procents Seadgens da arsebobs maRali
albaToba imisa, rom gacvliTi kursis gaZvireba, gamowveuli navTobis eqsportiT,
Caayenebs ekonomikis sxva seqtorebs uaryofiT fardobiT upiratesobaSi (holandiuri
davadeba). Sedegad, gacvliTi kursis gaZvirebis Sesakavebeli instrumentebi,
rogoricaa, magaliTad bunebrivi resursebis fondebi (aqtivebi sazRvargareT ucxour
valutaSi denomirirebul fasian qaRaldebSi) ar iqneba gamarTlebuli fiskaluri
meqanizmebi saqarTvelosaTvis.
wyaro: ssf 2004, saqarTvelos navTobis da gazis satranzito Semosavlebi
transporti
saqarTveloSi transportis dargis oTxive mimarTuleba (sagzao, sarkinigzo,
sahaero da sazRvao) sakmaod ganviTarebulia. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro
dakavebulia seqtoris maregulirebeli saxelmwifo politikis SemuSavebiT da
axorcielebs mis gatarebas. saavtomobilo transportis administracia, samoqalaqo
aviaciis
administracia
da
sazRvao
transportis
administarcia
dargis
maregulirebeli saqmianobiT arian dakavebulni.
adgilmdebareobidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo asrulebs satranzito qveynis
funqcias. traseka-s proeqtSi monawileoba satranzito potencialis realizebis
karg saSualebas iZleva. alternatiuli satransporto marSrutebis saSualebiT
saqarTvelosTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba evropuli da sxva regionaluri
bazari.
2004 weli ar iyo xelsayreli saqarTveloSi transportis seqtoris
funqcionirebisTvis. politikurma daZabulobam aWaraSi, iseve rogorc sarkinigzo
transportiT tvirTvbis tranzitTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelosa da azarbaijanis
mTavrobebs Soris gaugebrobam, uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia seqtoris ganviTarebaze.
30
2004 wels gadaziduli tvirTis moculoba gaizarda 0,1 procentiT, xolo
tvirTbrunva Semcirda 11,2 procentiT. gadaziduli tvirTis moculobaSi didi
xvedriTi wili, daaxloebiT 62,5 procenti, modis saavtomobilo gadazidvebze, xolo
tvirTbrunvaSi udidesi wili modis sarkinigzo gadazidvebze – daaxloebiT 88,2
procenti. 2004 wels sahaero transportiT gadayvanil mgzavrTa raodenoba gasul
welTan SedarebiT gaizarda 22,6 procentiT.
2004 wels baTumisa da foTis portebis mier gadamuSavebuli iqna 13,4 milioni
tona tvirTi, rac gasuli wlis maCvenebelze 7,6 procentiT naklebia.
nax 3.4. transportis seqtoris zrdis tempi eSp–is struqturis mixedviT, 1997-2004
wlebi.
60
50
40
30
51.7
20
42
10
13.9
5.4
0
1997
1998
1999
1.6
2000
2001
9.7
2002
4.4
5.8
2003
2004
tvirTbrunvis statistika mianiSnebs, rom saqarTvelo xdeba satranzito
qveyana, es exeba gansakuTrebiT navTobproduqtebs, romlebic azarbaijanidan da
TurqmeneTidan saqarTvelos gavliT evropis qveynebisken miemarTeba. aRsaniSnavia,
rom im dros, rodesac aRmosavleT-dasavleTis satransporto koridori viTardeba,
samxreT-CrdiloeTis
marSrutebis
datvirTva,
romlebic
sabWoTa
periodSi
funqcionirebda, mcirdeba. im sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo gzebis gadaketvam,
romlebic saqarTvelos afxazeTis gavliT ruseTis federaciasTan akavSirebda,
uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia vaWrobisa da zogadad ekonomikis ganviTarebaze.
problemis mogvareba da afxazeTze gamavali marSrutebis amoqmedeba saSualebas
miscemda regionis sxva qveynebs (somxeTs, TurqeTs da irans) gamoeyenebinaT ruseTTan
damakavSirebeli mokle gza da regionSi Semavali qveynebis ekonomiur ganviTarebas
axal perspeqtivas Seuqmnida. mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelos rkinigzaSi igegmeba
axli investiciebi da proeqtebi, maTgan umniSvnelovanesia saqarTvelosa da
TurqeTis damakavSirebeli rkinigzis mSenebloba. es proeqti axal perspeqtivebs
gaxsnis evropidan momavali tvirTis momsaxurebisTvis.
mosalodnelia, rom TRACECA–s proeqtis Semdgomi ganviTareba gazrdis
saqarTvelos satransporto sistemis datvirTvas. eraysa da avRaneTSi humanitaruli
tvirTebis
transportirebis
aucilebloba
aseve
karg
perspeqtivebs
uqmnis
saqarTvelos satransporto momsaxurebas.
31
imisaTvis, rom momavalSi saqarTvelos transportis seqtori ganviTardes,
aucilebelia gatardes RonisZiebebi Semdegi mimarTulebiT:
•
fizikuri infrastruqtura: amJamindeli mdgomareoba aferxebs qveynis
(regionis) satranspoto potencialis srulad gamoyenebas da zrdis
transportiT momsaxurebis fass saqarTveloSi;
•
usafrTxoeba:
satransporto
ubedur
SemTxvevaTa
raodenoba
saqarTveloSi aris gacilebiT meti, vidre saSualod evrokavSiris wevr
qveynebSi;
•
administracia: jer-jerobiT saqarTvelos rkinigzaze ar momxdara
saxelmwifo menejmentisa da regulaciebis funqciebis diferencireba.
bolos saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi transportis seqtoris,
satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTareba erTmniSvnelovnad did wvlils Seitans
investiciebis mozidvasa da ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi.
telekomunikaciebi
2003-2004 wlebSi telekomunikaciebis seqtoris gamoSveba gaizarda 373 milioni
laridan
500
milion
laramde.
saxelmwifo
sawarmoebis
wili
saerTo
telekomunikaciebis seqtoris gamoSvebaSi 2004 wels iyo 12 procenti. Cveulebrivi
satelefono
qselis
abonentTa
raodenobam
Seadgina
596
aTasi
(pirveli
oqtombrisaTvis). SesamCnevi zrda iqna dafiqsirebuli mobiluri satelefono
momsaxurebis abonentTa Soris. pirveli ianvris (2005 weli) monacemebiT, abonentTa
raodenobam Seadgina 800 aTasi, rac 42.7 procentiT metia wina wlis Sesabamisi
periodTan SedarebiT.
32
Tavi meoTxe. saxelmwifo finansebi
2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis kanonis Tanaxmad wlis bolosaTvis
Semosavlebs 1742.3 milioni larisTvis unda mieRwia.
faqtiurma Semosavlebma 1773
milioni lari Seadgina rac saprognozo maCvenebels 31 milioni lariT aRemateba.
gegmis gadaWarbeba ZiriTadad aixsneba mosalodnelze maRali sagadasaxado
SemosavlebiT.
gadasaxadebis akrefa sagrZnoblad, 64 procentiT, gaumjobesda wina
welTan SedarebiT. TiTqmis yvela gadasaxadidan miRebuli Tanxebi mniSvnelovnad
aRemateboda 2003 wlis Semosavlebs. saxelmwifo biujetis faqtiuri xarjebi 1924
milioni lari iyo, rac wina wlis Sesabamisi periodis xarjebs 59 procentiT
aRemateba. xarjebis ZiriTadi elementebia socialuri uzrunvelyofa, valis
momsaxureba da saxelmwifos marTva. saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis dafinansebam
150 milioni lari Seadgina.
konsolidirebuli biujetis Semosavlebi
konsolidirebuli
biujetis
Semosavlebi
2004
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
2216.2 milioni lari unda yofiliyo.
faqtiurad miRebulma Semosavlebma
2282.3 milioni lari Seadgina, rac gegmiT gaTvaliswinebulize sami procentiT metia.
bolo wlebSi es pirveli SemTxvevaa, roca moxerxda gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli
maCveneblebis miRweva. mkiTxvels SevaxsenebT, rom konsolidirebuli biujeti
aerTianebs centralur biujets, specialur saxelmwifo fondebs da adgilobriv
biujetebs.
Tavisi universaluri bunebis gamo konsolidirebuli biujetis
maCveneblebi yvelaze Sesaferisia globalur tendenciebze daskvnebis gasakeTeblad
da mSp-sTan Sesadareblad.
konsolidirebuli biujetis mTliani Semosavlebi 73
procentiT aRemateba wina wlis Semosavlebs da mSp-s 23.3 procenti Seadgina (2003-Si
15 procenti). sagadasaxado Semosavlebma konsolidirebuli biujetis 79.4 procenti
Seadgina. sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdis tempma 53 procents miaRwia da mSp-s 18.5
procenti Seadgina (14 procenti 2003 wels). fardobiTi maCveneblebis aseTi cvlileba
axali administraciis mier Semosavlebis mobilizebis gaumjobesebaze miuTiTebs.
saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi.
2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujeti iTvaliswinebda 1424.4 milion lars
Semosavlebis nawilSi. Tumca wlis ganmavlobaSi naTeli gaxda, rom faqtiuri
Semosavlebi am maCvenebelze meti iqneboda. Sesabamisad mTavrobam orjer gadaxeda
Semosavlebis gegmis maCvenebels gazrdis mimarTulebiT. axali sagegmo maCvenebeli
1742.3 milion lars Seadgenda, rac 22.316 procentiT aRemateboda Tavdapirvel
maCvenebels. faqtiurma Semosavlebma 1772.9 milion lars miaRwia, rac 2 procentiT
aRemateba gazrdil gegmur maCvenebels. biujetis Semosavlebis nominalurma zrdam 90
procenti Seadgina.
es miuTiTebs saxelmwifo finansebis menejmentis realur
gaumjobesebaze saqarTveloSi da aCvenebs axali administraciis mier gaweuli
Zalisxmevis Sedegebs.
33
saxelmwifo
cxrilSi 4.1
biujetis
Semosavlebis
ZiriTadi
maCveneblebi
moyvanilia
qvemoT
cxrili 4.1 saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi, 2004 weli
(milioni lari)
faqtiuri
Semosavlebi
gansxvaveba
1742.3
1772.97
31
102
190
100
1293
1322.08
29
102
164
75
246.59
259.94
13
105
333
15
81.4
67.01
-14
82
413.3
437.03
24
106
174
25
121.269
123.94
3
102
256
7
wlis
gegma
sul Semosavlebi da
grantebi
sagadasaxado Semosavlebi
arasagadasaxado
Semosavlebi
kapitaluri Semosavlebi
specialuri saxelmwifo
fondebis Semosavlebi
grantebi
zrdis
tempi wina
welTan
SedarebiT
(procenti
gegmis
Sesruleba
procenti
wili mTlian
SemosavlebSi
(procenti)
4
wyaro: sem-is gamoTvlebi finansTa saministros monacemebze dayrdnobiT.
sagadasaxado Semosvlebis gegma 1293 milioni lariT ganisazRvra rac
Tavdapirvel gegmas 8 procentiT aRemateba. faqtobrivad miRebuli 1322 milioni lari
ori procentiT aRemateba damtkicebul gegmas. Tumca ufro mniSvnelovani is aris,
rom faqtiuri sagadasaxado Semosavlebi wina wlis Semosavlebze 64 procentiT metia.
saxelmwifo specialuri fondebis Semosavlebma, romlebic ZiriTadad zemoT
moyvanil sagadasaxado SemosavlebSi Sedis, 437 milioni lari Seadgina rac
gazrdili gegmis 106 procentia.
aq gadasaxadebis mobilizacia mniSvnelovnad, 74
procentiT, gaumjobesda
arasagadasaxado Semosavlebma mTliani saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebis 14.7
procenti Seadgina. arasagadasaxado Semosavlebis ZiriTadi komponentebia erovnuli
bankis mogeba, saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi myofi sawarmoebis dividendebi da sxvadasxva
mosakreblebi da jarimebi. am muxliT saxelmwifom miiRo 259.9 milioni lari. wina
wlis maCveneblebTan Sedareba cxadyofs, rom am muxlSi zrda yvelaze maRali iyo
(233 procenti).
sagareo grantebi miRebul iqna 123.9 milioni laris odenobiT. miRebuli
Tanxebi 2.5 jer aRemateba wina wlis maCvenebels. imis gamo, rom wina administraciam
dakarga saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis ndoba, grantebis da SeRavaTiani kreditebis
miReba Zalian gaZnelebuli iyo 2002-2003 wlebSi.
centraluri biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi ufro detalurad moyvanilia
cxrilSi 4.2
34
cxrili 4.2 centraluri biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi 2004 wlis cxra Tve.
(milioni lari)
wili mTlian
SemosavlebSi
(procenti)
faqtiuri
Semosavlebi
gansxvaveba
890.78
901.483
11
101
162
100
16.38
16.39
0
100
82
2
wlis
gegma
centraluri biujetis
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi
zrdis
tempi wina
welTan
SedarebiT
(procenti)
gegmis
Sesruleba
procenti
mogebis gadasaxadi
11.31
11.31
0
100
96
1
dRg
589.6
598.68
9
102
162
66
adgilobrivi
importi
257.1
258.99
2
101
119
29
aqcizi
adgilobrivi
importi
332.5
339.69
7
102
226
38
164.53
161.91
-3
98
182
18
62.8
62.00
-1
99
283
7
101.73
99.91
-2
98
149
11
sabaJo gadasaxadi
86
88.05
2
102
157
10
sxva gadasaxadebi
22.96
25.15
2
110
246
3
centraluri biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi wina welTan SedarebiT 62
procentiT maRali iyo, gegmur maCvenebels ki 1 procentiT gadaaWarba.
rogorc
cxrilidan Cans, mogebisa da saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi zustad wliuri gegmis
Sesabamisad aris Sesrulebuli. amis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom 2004 wlis mesame
kvartlidan am gadasaxadebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi mTlianad adgilobriv
biujetebSi midis.
Sesabamisad es Semosavlebi aRaraa CarTuli centraluri
biujetis gegmisa da faqtiuri Semosavlebis maCveneblebSi, wliuri gegma ki wlis
pirvel naxevarSi faqtiurad miRebuli Semosavlebis Sesabamisad damtkicda.
konsolidirebul biujetSi pirdapiri gadasaxadebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi
mniSvnelovnad
gaizarda.
mogebis
gadasaxadidan
miRebuli
Semosavlebi
mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda 2002 wlidan, xolo saSemosavlo gadasaxadisaTvis wels
pirvelad dafiqsirda mniSvnelovani zrda.
rogorc Cans, es asaxavs biznes
saqmianobisa da piradi Semosavlebis legalizaciis zogad suraTs.
arapirdapiri
gadasaxadebis
amoRebis
mdgomareobac
mniSvnelovnad
gaumjobesda. dRg-dan miRebuli Semosavlebis miReba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda wina
welTan SedarebiT da zrdam 62 procenti Seadgina, aqcizis amoReba ki 82 procentiT
gaizarda. dRg-s Semosavlebis zrda importirebul produqciaze 126 procenti iyo,
xolo adgilobriv produqciaze dRg-s Semosavlebi mxolod 19 procentiT gaizarda.
sul dRg-s xaziT 598 milioni lari Semovida, rac gegmas 2 procentiT aRemateba.
aqcizis muxlidan saxelmwifo biujetma 162 milioni lari miiRo, ramac gegmis 98
procenti Seadgina. rogorc importirebuli, aseve adgilobrivi produqciisaTvis
aqcizis amoReba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda, Sesabamisad 49 da 183 procentiT. sabaJo
gadasaxadidan miRebuli Semosavlebi dagegmilze 2 procentiT maRali iyo da wina
welTan SedarebiT 57 procentiT gaumjobesda.
sxva gadasaxadebidan miRebulma
Semosavlebma gegmis 110 procenti Seadgina, Tumca wina welTan SedarebiT es
maCvenebeli 146 procentiT gaumjobesda.
35
gadasaxadebis akrefis zogadi suraTi iseTivea, rogorc wina kvartlis
bolos. TiTqmis yvela gadasaxadidan miRebuli
Tanxebi 2003 welTan SedarebiT
mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda. miRebuli Semosavlebis mkveTri zrda SesabamisobaSia
Semosavlebis legalizaciis zogad suraTTan. importidan miRebuli gadasaxadebisa
da
aqcizidan
Semosavlebis
zrda
sabaJo
da
sagadasaxado
samsaxurebis
administraciuli reformis da korufciis Semcirebis Sedegia. adgilobrivi dRg-s
Semosavlebi mxolod 19 procentiT gaizarda. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom adgilobrivi
firmebis didi ricxvis gakontroleba ufro rTuli amocanaa, vidre SedarebiT
mcirericxovani saimporto da saaqcizo produqciis mwarmoebeli firmebisa.
2004 wlis dekemberSi parlamentma miiRo axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi. axalma
kodeqsma gaauqma zogierTi mcireSemosavliani gadasaxadi, ramac gadasaxadebis
saerTo raodenoba 21-dan 8-mde Seamcira. dRg-s ganakveTi 20-dan 18 procentamde
Semcirda, socialuri gadasaxadis ganakveTi ki – 33-dan 20 procentamde. saSemosavlo
gadasaxadisTvis dawesda erTiani 12 procentiani ganakveTi nacvlad safexurobrivi
12-20 procentiani ganakveTisa.
mTavroba imedovnebs, rom ganakveTebis gamo
Semcirebul sagadasaxado Semosavlebs Seavsebs aqcizis ganakveTis gadidebiT,
sagadasaxado
bazis
gazrdiT
(sagadasaxado
SeRavaTebis
SemcirebiT)
da
administrirebis gaumjobesebiT.
axali kodeqsis meore principuli mxarea
administraciuli nawili, romelic ukeTesad gansazRvravs SesaZlo sagadasaxado
darRvevebsa da pasuxismgeblobas aseTi darRvevebisaTvis. administraculi nawili
aseve iZleva sagadasaxado davebis gadawyvetis ufro moqnil meqanizmebs arbitraJis
CaTvliT. gadasaxadebis administrireba Zveli kodeqsis pirobebSic mniSvnelovnad
gaumjobesda.
es sagadasaxado organoebSi mimdinare reformebis Sedegia.
gaumjobesebuli institucionaluri SesaZleblobebi daexmareba mTavrobas axali
sagadasaxado kodeqsis swored amuSavebaSi. sagadasaxado departamentSi gatarebuli
reformis zogadi suraTi moyvanilia CanarTSi 4.1
CanarTi 4.1 reformebi sagadasaxdo sistemaSi
I etapi
ianvari
II etapi aprili
III etapi
mais-ivlisi
Statebis gauqmeba (gauqmda
vadiani SromiTi
xelSekrulebebi)
Statebis gauqmeba (operatiuli
samsaxuris likvidaciis
gamo)
gauqmebulia-18 erTeuli
Statebis gadmocema (sagzao
fondis likvidaciis
gamo)
Statebi gaizarda 162
erTeuliT
aqcizis gadamxdelTa inspeqciis
Seqmna
Statebi gaizarda 150
erTeuliT
atestacia gaiara 864-ma pirma
dawinaurebas imsaxurebda123
Statebi Semcirda 150
erTeuliT
CamoqveiTda99
36
IV etapi
agvistoseqtemberi
2004 wlis
ganmavlobaSi
struqturuli reorganizacia
Semcirda inspeqciebis
raodenoba
72-idan 12-mde
Semcirda Statebi 421
erTeuliT
gauqmda miwis gadasaxadis
amkrefis Stati
mimdinareobda TanamSromelTa
treiningebi
Statebi Semcirda 988
erTeuliT
zogadi treiningi gaiara 120ma pirma
menejmentis treiningi gaiara
3-ma pirma
wyaro: finansTa saministro
saxelmwifo biujetis deficiti
2004 wels saxelmwifo biujetis deficiti 184 milioni lariT unda
dafinansebuliyo. faqtiuri dafinanseba naklebi iyo da 150 milioni lari Seadgina.
am Tanxidan 21.5 milioni lari erovnuli bankidan iqna miRebuli, xolo 129.1 milioni
lari sxva wyaroebidan iqna moziduli, ZiriTadad, saerTaSoriso safinanso
organizaciebis investiciuri kreditebidan da saxazino valdebulebebidan. Tumca
unda aRiniSnos, rom wlis bolos gamoSvebuli saxazino valdebulebebis odenoba
naklebi iyo wlis dasawyisSi gamoSvebul valdebulebebze.
Sesabamisad, saxazino
valdebulebebiT wliuri biujetis dafinansebis maCvenebeli uaryofiTia.
saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi
2004 wels saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebma 1,924 milioni lari Seadgina. es
maCvenebeli 59.4
procentiT aRemateba 2003 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebs.
saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi funqcionaluri dayofiT mocemulia qvemoT cxrilSi
4.3
37
cxrili 4.3 saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi funqcionaluri klasifikaciiT, 2004 weli
(milioni lari)
301.1
158.8
239.6
65.3
54.8
450.8
2.8
39.2
78.4
29.2
procenti
mTlian
xarjebSi
15.7
8.3
12.5
3.4
2.8
23.4
0.1
2.0
4.1
1.5
272.9
60.4
107.6
41.0
10.3
287.8
3.1
25.0
36.8
14.7
procenti
mTlian
xarjebSi
22.6
5.0
8.9
3.4
0.9
23.8
0.3
2.1
3.0
1.2
1.5
0.1
0.7
0.1
203.7
68.0
3.5
47.9
4.0
142.0
4.3
430.0
0.2
22.4
2.5
296.2
0.2
24.5
170.6
145.1
1923.6
100.0
1207.1
100.0
159.4
2004 wlis
xarjebi
saxelmwifos marTva
Tavdacva
kanoniereba da wesrigi
ganaTleba
jandacva
socuzrunvelyofa
sabinao meurneoba
kultura sporti religia
energetika
soflis meurneoba
mSenebloba da wiaRiseulis
mopoveba
transporti da
kavSirgabmuloba
sxva ekonomikuri saqmianoba
sxva xarjebi
sul
2003 wlis
xarjebi
wliuri
zrda
110.3
262.9
222.6
159.3
530.7
156.6
89.0
156.8
213.2
198.1
saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis yvelaze didi kategoria aris socialuri
uzrunvelyofa. am muxlSi wliuri zrda iyo 56 procenti. Tumca unda aRiniSnos,
rom es maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba socuzrunvelyofis sxvadasxva
komponentebisTvis. Sesyidul iqna 363 milioni laris Rirebulebis saqoneli da
momsaxureba, rac wina wlis Sesabamis xarjebs 474 procentiT aRemateba, xolo
xarjebma subsidiebsa da mimdinare transfertebze wina wlis 38 procenti Seadgina
(85 milioni lari).
rogorc Cans es aixsneba garkveuli cvlilebebiT aRricxvis
meTodologiaSi.
xarjebis meore udidesi kategoria iyo sxva xarjebi, ramac mTliani xarjebis
22.4 procenti Seadgina. am kategoriaSi daixarja 430 milioni lari. wliurma zrdam
45 procenti Seadgina. am muxlis xarjebSi Sedis saxelmwifo valze procentebis
gadaxda – 141 milioni lari (mliani xarjebis 7.3 procenti); subsidiebi da mimdinare
transfertebi adgilobrivi biujetebisaTvis – 129 milioni lari da saxelmwifo
valis ZiriTadi Tanxis dafarva - 150 milioni lari.
saxelmwifos marTvaze gaweulma xarjebma mTliani xarjebis 15.7 procenti
Seadgina. es muxli aerTianebs saxelmwifo struqturebis mimdinare xarjebs
(ZiriTadad Sromis anazRaureba da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZena), da
saerTaSoriso finansuri organizaciebis dafinansebul proeqtebs. aq wliuri zrda 10
procenti iyo, rac saSualo zrdaze naklebia.
xarjebi kanonisa da wesrigis muxliT 2004 wels mTliani xarjebis 12.5
procentamde gaizarda 2003 wlis 8.9 procentTan SedarebiT.
es dakavSirebulia
samarTaldamcav struqturebSi mimdinare reformasTan da policiisaTvis axali
38
aRWurvilobis SeZenasTan. am muxliT daxarjulma 240 milionma larma wina wlis
xarjebis 223 procenti Seadgina.
xarjebi sxva funqcionalur kategoriebSi mTliani xarjebis 10 procents ar
aRemateboda.
saSualoze maRali zrda aRiniSneboda Tavdacvis, ganaTlebis,
jandacvis, kulturis, energetikis, soflis meurneobis, mSeneblobisa da sxva
ekonomikuri saqmianobebis dafinansebaSi.
saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi ekonomikuri klasifikaciiT moyvanilia qvemoT
cxrilSi 4.4
cxrili 4.4 saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi ekonomikuri klasifikaciiT
(milioni lari)
1923.6
procenti
mTlian
xarjebSi
100.0
1207.1
procenti
mTlian
xarjebSi
100.0
200.3
10.4
138.5
11.5
145
32.3
1.7
6.9
0.6
466
2004 wlis
xarjebi
sul xarjebi
Sromis anazRaureba
mivlinebebi
socialuri Senatanebi
2003 wlis
xarjebi
wliuri
zrda
159
9.7
0.5
29.9
2.5
32
sxva saqoneli da
momsaxureba
604.2
31.4
218.2
18.1
277
procentebis gadaxada
140.9
7.3
168.7
14.0
84
subsidiebi da
mimdinare
transfertebi
538.3
28.0
394.7
32.7
136
kapitaluri xarjebi
wminda dakrediteba
166.7
8.7
9.1
0.7
1842
231.106
12.0
241.133
20.0
96
sxva saqoneli da momsaxurebis muxliT 604 milioni lari daixarja 2003 wels
daxarjul 218 milion larTan SedarebiT.
am Tanxis ori mesamedi daixarja
socuzrunvelyofis miznebisTvis. am kategoriaSi xarjebis 177 procentiani zrda
mniSvnelovnad maRalia xarjebis saSualo zrdasTan SedarebiT.
saxelmwifo
biujetis xarjebis 28 procenti subsidiebma da mimdinare transfertebma Seadgina. am
muxliT daxarjuli 538 milioni lari 36 procentiT aRemateba wina wlis maCvenebels.
transfertebi ZiriTadad socialuri xasiaTisa iyo (adgilobriv biujetebSi da
socuzrunvelyofis fondSi), Tumca am muxlidan mniSvnelovani Tanxebi daixarja
saxelmwifos
marTvis,
kanonierebisa
da
wesrigis,
da
soflis
meurneobis
saWiroebebisTvis. 77 milioni lari Seadgina energetikis subsidirebam.
saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis 12 procenti wminda dakreditebam Seadgina.
daxarjuli 231 milioni lari 4 procentiT naklebia 2003 wlis analogiur xarjebze.
am Tanxidan 81 milioni lari moxmarda saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebis
programebis dafinansebas, xolo 150 milioni lari saxelmwifo valis ZiriTadi
Tanxis gadaxdas. procentebis gadaxdaze 141 milioni lari daixarja, rac mTliani
xarjebis 7.3 procents Seadgens.
wina wels igive maCvenebeli 14 procenti iyo.
gadaxdili Tanxa 16 procentiT naklebi iyo 2003 wels gadaxdil Tanxaze. erovnuli
valutis gamyarebam xeli Seywyo saprocento gadasaxdelebis Semcirebas.
39
2005 wlis saxelmwifo biujeti
parlamentma daamtkica 2005 wlis saxelmwifo biujeti. saSemosavlo nawilSi
gegma 1,946 milioni lariT ganisazRvra xolo xarjebi 2,261
milioni lari unda
iyos. mTavroba imedovnebs, rom 9.7 procentiT met Semosavlebs miiRebs, vidre 2004
wels.
xarjebis dagegmili zrda metia, 17 procenti.
saxelmwifo biujetis
mosalodneli deficiti 314 milioni laria, romelic ZiriTadad saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis grZelvadiani kreditebiT unda Seivsos.
40
Tavi mexuTe.
fuli da finansebi
2004 weli saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvis metad mniSvnelovani weli iyo.
statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT, mSp-s wliurma zrdam, realur
gamosaxulebaSi 8,4 procenti Seadgina. 2004 wels miRweul iqna sagadasaxado
disciplinis gaumjobeseba da Sesabamisad, sabiujeto Semosavlebis zrda. Crdilovani
ekonomikis wilis Semcirebas bankebs gareT arsebuli fulis masis nawilis sabanko
arxebSi da depozitebze akumulireba mohyva. 2004 wlis ganmavlobaSi, larSi
denominirebuli depozitebi 168 procentiT gaizarda.
aseve 2004 wlis niSandoblivi movlena iyo laris revalvacia (nominaluri
kursis zrda) aSS dolarTan mimarTebaSi, romelic saqarTveloSi danazogebisa da
kapitalizaciis ZiriTad valutas warmoadgenda. aRniSnulma faqtorma Seamcira
inflaciuri zewola da aseve gavlena moaxdina sabanko saqmianobaze.
sabanko seqtorSi 2004 wlis erT-erTi mTavari movlena iyo saqarTvelos bankis
mier “Tbiluniversalbankis” SeZena. savaraudoa, rom saqarTvelos bazarze bankebis
gamsxvilebis tendencia momdevno wlebSic SenarCundeba.
fulis miwodeba
sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrda da Crdilovani ekonomikis nawilis
legalizeba mniSvnelovnad aisaxa sabanko depozitebSi. 2004 wlis manZilze, larebSi
denominirebuli depozitebi 168 procentiT gaizarda, maSin rodesac dolarebSi
denominirebuli depozitebi - 25 procentiT. wina wlebis ganmavlobaSi, depozitebis
zrda aSS dolarebSi yovelTvis ufro maRali iyo, rogorc absolutur, aseve
procentul gamosaxulebaSi (ix. sem-is wina gamocemebi). aseve, sagadasaxado da
arasagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdis Sedegad mTavrobis angariSebze arsebuli
Tanxebi mkveTrad gaizarda (samTavrobo depozitebis wliurma zrdam 256 procenti
Seadgina).
amasTan,
vinaidan
2004
wlis
biujetiT
Tavdapirvelad
ar
iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli gazrdili Semosavlebi da xarjebi, xdeboda amoRebuli Tanxebis
angariSebze akumulireba, magram xarjva mxolod biujetis axlidan gadaxedvis
Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli (ix. sem-is wina gamoSvebebis saxelmwifo finansebis Tavi).
2004 wels saqarTvelom miiRo 58.6 milioni lari msoflio bankis struqturuli
gardaqmnis krediti (13,8 milioni lari martSi da 44,8 milioni lari agvistoSi). unda
momxdariyo am Tanxebis erovnul valutaSi konvertireba. zemoTaRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, Sida bazarze gaizarda larze moTxovna da Seiqmna misi ukmarisoba,
ramac laris nominaluri kursis zrda gamoiwvia. gaizarda komerciuli bankebis mier
Tbilisis bankTaSoriso savaluto birJaze miwodebuli ucxouri valutis odenoba.
bazris moTxovnis dasaymayofileblad seb-i awarmoebda ucxouri valutis
Sesyidvas, Tumca arsebobda didi albaToba, rom mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli laris masa
inflaciur zewolas moaxdenda. aRniSnuli problemis gadasaWrelad, ivlisSi,
erovnulma bankma larebSi moziduli depozitebis savaldebulo rezervebis done 13dan 2 procentamde Seamcira, xolo ucxour valutaSi depozitebisaTvis 13 procentis
41
fuli da finansebi
doneze datova. amis Sedegad sarezervo angariSebze arsebuli fulis masa gaSvebuli
iqna mimoqcevaSi.
amave dros, 2004 wlis dasawyisidan, erovnuli banki iyenebda sakredito da
mogvianebiT, sadepozito auqcionebs fulis masis regulirebisaTvis.
2004 wlis manZilze larze maRali moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad seb-ma
Tbilisis bankTaSoriso savaluto birJaze 373 milionamde lari gayida da amasTanave
mimoqcevidan amoiRo 24 milionamde lari.
nax 5.1:
fulis miwodeba, 2001 w. dekemberi – 2004 w. dekemberi
1,600,000
depozitebi ucxour valutaSi
M3
aTasi lari
1,400,000
1,200,000
depozitebi erovnul
valutaSi
1,000,000
erovnuli valuta bankebis
gareT
M2
800,000
M0
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
dek- Teb apr
01
ivn
agv
oqt dek- Teb apr
02
ivn
agv oqt dek- Teb apr
03
ivn
agv oqt dek04
wyaro: GEPLAC-is gamoTvlebi saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monacemebze dayrdnobiT.
2004 wlis ganmavlobaSi M0 fulis multiplikatori gaizarda 39,5 procentiT,
M1 – 44,3 procentiT M2 - 60,4 procentiT, M3 ki – 42,6 procentiT.
cxrili 5.1: monetaruli koeficientebi
2003
2004
2004
2004
dek
mar
ivn
ivl
agv
seq
oqt
noe
dek
depozitebis dolarizaciis
koeficienti %
86.13
83.17
82.27
81.21
78.27
77.89
78.00
76.68
74.32
fulis multiplikatori(M2)
0.91
0.92
0.91
0.96
0.94
0.95
0.99
0.93
1.01
fulis multiplikatori (M3)
1.83
1.88
1.81
1.93
1.77
1.77
1.86
1.74
1.81
MO/ laris depozitebi
5.14
3.73
3.68
3.26
3.06
3.10
3.03
2.77
2.68
wyaro: GEPLAC-s gamoTvlebi saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monacemebze dayrdnobiT.
larSi denominirebuli depozitebis swrafi zrdis Sedegad, depozitebis
dolarizaciis done Semcirda. aseve M3 fulis multiplikatoris done 1.83-dan 1.81-mde
Semcirda. M2 fulis multiplikatori gaizarda da 1-ze meti gaxda, rac imis
momaswavebelia, rom laris depozitebi axali fulis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba.
niSandoblivia, laris gacvlisa da gadaxdis saSualebis susti rolis gamo, adre
komerciul bankebSi ganTavsebuli depozitebidan ar iqmneboda axali fuli. Tumca,
sabanko sistemis gareT mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis masis bankebSi gadanacvleba da
bankebs Soris konkurenciis zrda erovnul valutaSi sesxebis gazrdis winapirobas
qmnis.
42
fuli da finansebi
fulad-sakredito instrumentebi1
bankTaSoriso sakredito da sadepozito auqcionebi
sakredito auqcionebi warmoadgenen mniSvnelovan sakredito resursebs
komerciuli bankebisaTvis da imavdroulad, am meqanizmis meSveobiT xdeba Warbi
fulis mimoqcevidan amoReba. 2004 wlis ganmavlobaSi, sakredito auqcionebi farTod
gamoiyeneboda moklevadiani likvidurobis dasaregulireblad fulis bazarze.
larze mzardi moTxovnis pirobebSi, seb-ma mimoqcevaSi CauSva fuli komerciul
bankebze gacemuli kreditebis meSveobiT.
2004 wlis ivlisSi sarezervo moTxovnebis donis Semcirebis Sedegad
komerciul bankebSi likvidurobis done gaizarda. 13 procentis nacvlad bankebis
mier larebSi moziduli depozitebidan mxolod 2 procenti eqvemdebareboda
darezervebas erovnuli bankis angariSze. amis Sedegad moTxovnam sakredito
resursebze iklo da ivlissa da agvistoSi sakredito auqcionebi ar Catarebula.
2004 wlis agvistodan ki, komerciuli bankebis mxridan 7 da 28-dRiani sakredito
resursebis miwodeba ganaxlda. komerciuli bankebis mier miwodebuli 174 milioni
laridan seb-ma 137 milioni lari sakredito auqcionebis meSveobiT amoiRo
mimoqcevidan.
2004 wels fulis mimoqcevis regulirebis mizniT seb-ma sadepozito
auqcionebi SemoiRo. fulis masis regulirebis garda, es auqcionebi bankebisaTvis
axal sainvesticio SesaZleblobas warmoadgendnen. Tavdapirvelad es iyo erTdRiani
depozitebi, seqtembridan ki SemoRebul iqna ufro grZelvadiani depozitebi. maTi
vadianoba 27-dan 70-dRemde meryeobda da saSualo wliuri saprocento ganakveTi 10
procents Seadgenda. sul, seb-ma vadiani depozitebis saxiT komerciuli bankebidan 58
milioni lari moizida. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bankebi am SesaZleblobas gamoiyeneben
laris
depozitebis
farTod
ganTavsebisaTvis,
vinaidan
isini
investirebis
garantirebul saSualebas warmoadgenen. maTi vadianoba savaraudod kidev gaizrdeba.
saxazino valdebulebebi
2004 wels, saxazino valdebulebebis (sv-s) vadianoba gaizarda da saprocento
ganakveTebi Semcirda. bolo ramodenime wlis ganmavlobaSi seb-i da finansTa
saministro axorcielebdnen politikas, romelic mimarTuli iyo mTavrobis pirdapiri
dakreditebis saxelmwifo saxazino valdebulebebiT srul Canacvlebaze. ekonomikuri
da kerZod fiskaluri mdgomareobis gajansaRebam, ganapiroba ufro grZelvadiani svebis gamoSveba. 2004 wels finansTa saministros mier gamoSvebuli sv-ebis
maqsimalurma vadianobam 364 dRe, xolo minimalurma – 140 dRe Seadgina. saSualo
Sewonili wliuri saprocento ganakveTi ianvrSi arsebuli 40 procentidan dekemberSi
14 procentamde Semcirda. savaraudoa, rom sagadasaxado Semosavlebis matebam da
laris nominaluri kursis gamyarebam gazarda saxelmwifos mier gamoSvebuli fasiani
qaRaldebis saimedoba. unda aRiniSnos, rom 2004 wlis ivlisSi, savaldebulo
1 saqarTvelos erovnuli banki axorcielebs
politikis mimarTulebebze dayrdnobiT. es
parlamentis mier. fulad-sakredito politikis
nominaluri gacvliTi kursis stabilurobisa
SenarCuneba.
fulad-sakredito politikas wliuri fulad-sakredito
mimarTulebebi yovelwliurad mtkicdeba saqarTvelos
ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens erovnuli valutis (laris)
da wliuri inflaciis donis 5-6 procentis farglebSi
43
fuli da finansebi
rezervebis donis 13-dan 2 procentamde dayvanis gamo, bankebs ufro meti Tavisufali
saxsrebi
gauCndaT.
Warbi
fuladi
saxsrebi
ganTavsebul
iqna
saxazino
valdebulebebSi. swored amitom, wliuri saprocento ganakveTebis Semcirebis
tendencia gagrZelda. saprocento ganakveTebis Semcirebis pirobebSi, komerciuli
bankebis pirvelad bazarze monawileobis wili savaraudod Semcirdeba da
Canacvldeba arasabanko investorebiT. noemberSi finansTa saministrom sv-is
gadauxdeli davalianeba emisiiT dafara, dekemberSi ki saxazino valdebulebebis
auqcionebi ar gamarTula. sabiujeto Semosavlebis maRali donis gamo, sabiujeto
deficitis sv-iT dafarvis aucilebloba ar arsebobda (ix. Tavi saxelmwifo
finansebis Sesaxeb). 2005 wels sv-is emisia damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ra Sedegs
moaxdens axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi sagadasaxado Semosavlebis da, Sesabamisad,
biujetis deficitis dafinansebis aucileblobaze.
Sida inflacia
cxrili 5.2: samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi da inflacia
(2003 wlis dekemberi=100)
fasebis
indeqsi
iflacia wina
TvesTan
SedarebiT
2004 ian
100.40
0.4
Teb
100.80
0.4
mar
apr
100.90
0.1
100.70
-0.2
mai
100.74
0.04
ivn
99.13
-1.6
ivl
99.92
0.8
agv
99.32
-0.6
seq
100.81
1.5
oqt
102.43
1.6
noe
103.76
1.3
dek
107.39
3.5
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti da GEPLAC-is gamoTvlebi
2004 wels wliuri inflacia 7,5 procents Seadgenda. inflaciis done aRemateboda
dagegmil maCvenebels (5-6 procenti), rac ori mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli: erTi mxriv
importis, benzinisa da sawvavis, fasebis matebiT da meore mxriv, wlis bolosTvis
laris nominaluri gacvliTi kursis decemiT. warmatebuli antikorufciuli
RonisZebebis Sedegad gaumjobesda gadasaxadebis administrireba da gaizarda
Semosavlebi. Crdilovani ekonomikis garkveuli wilis legalizebam importis
gaZvireba gamoiwvia. aRiniSneboda saaqcizo saqonlis fasebis mateba. axali
sagadasaxado kodeqsi 2005 wlis pirveli ianvridan benzinze, sawvavsa da Tambaqos
nawarmze saaqcizo gadasaxadis zrdas iTvaliswinebda, rac aseve fasebis zrdas
ganapirobebs. am faqtorma 2004 wlis bolos inflaciuri molodini gamoiwvia. Tu
laris nominaluri kursis gamyareba fasebis zrdas amuxruWebda pirvel-mesame
kvartalSi, 2004 wlis meoTxe kvartalSi laris nominaluri kursis mcireodenma
dacema fasebis zrdaSi aisaxa. sawvavis fasebis gazrda gamoiwvevs sxva saxis
44
fuli da finansebi
saqonelsa da momsaxurebis fasebis zrdas, Tumca fulis emisiaze mkacri kontroli
uzrunvelyofs inflaciuri procesis marTvas.
Sida savaluto bazari.
nax 5.2: aSS dolari/laris nominaluri gacvliTi kursi, 2004 w.
2.1500
2.0500
yidvi s kursi
USD/GEL
gayi dvis kursi
1.9500
1.8500
1.7500
/2
00
4
7/
20
04
5/
11
/2
00
4
5/
25
/2
00
4
6/
8/
20
0
4
6/
22
/2
00
4
7/
6/
20
04
7/
20
/2
00
4
8/
3/
20
04
8/
17
/2
00
4
8/
31
/2
00
4
9/
14
/2
00
4
9/
28
/2
00
10
4
/1
2/
20
04
10
/2
6/
20
04
11
/9
/2
00
11
4
/2
3/
20
0
4
12
/7
/2
00
12
4
/2
1/
20
04
13
4/
4/
2
4
04
30
/2
0
3/
04
00
20
2/
16
/2
3/
3/
04
00
4
20
/2
3/
17
2/
2/
6/
1/
1/
20
20
04
/2
00
4
1.6500
wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki
2004 wels aRiniSneboda stabiluri moTxovna erovnul valutaze. seb-i
axorcielebda laris miwodebas bazarze da amavdroulad ucxouri valutis
rezervebis zrda SeZlo. amis Sedegad, ucxouri valutis rezervebi, 2004 wlis
ganmavlobaSi, 77 procentiT gaizarda. 2004 wlis 1 ianvridan 7 seqtembramde periodSi
laris nominaluri kursi gamyarda 19,1 procentiT, rac aisaxa oficialuri kursis 1
aSS dolari/2,10 laridan 1 aSS dolari/1,70 laramde dawevaSi. 7 seqtembers
dolari/laris sabazro kursi iyo 1,69. amgvar garemoebebSi, seb-ma miiRo
gadawyvetileba daewyo aSS dolaris miwodeba bazarze da seqtemberSi axorcielebda
aSS dolaris gayidvas Tbsb-ze laris kursis Semdgomi gamyarebis SesaCereblad.
seb-is mier bazarze ucxouri valutiT intervencia 1998 wlis dekembridan ar
ganxorcielebula, vinaidan es ewinaaRmdeboda savaluto politikas. am nabijiT seb-ma
savaluto
bazris
subieqtebs
aCvena,
rom
savaluto
da
makroekonomikuri
stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad mzad aris Secvalos xangrZlivi politika. Tbsb-is
meSveobiT seb-ma gayida 3.4 milioni aSS dolari seqtemberSi da 9 milioni aSS
dolari - dekemberSi. am RonisZiebaTa Sedegad laris nominaluri kursi
TandaTanobiT daeca da 2004 wlis meoTxe kvartalSi aSS dolari/lari-s
oficialuri kursi meryeobda 1.7700-1.875 farglebSi. 2004 wels laris kursis wliurma
matebam 12 procenti Seadgina. winaswari gaTvlebiT 2005 wels laris kursis amgvar
gamyarebas adgili ar eqneba, vinaidan 2005 wels gauTvaliswinebeli sabiujeto
Semosavlebi naklebad mosalodnelia da laris fuladi masis moTxovna-miwodebis
procesi ufro prognozirebadi iqneba. savaraudoa, rom seb-i fulis miwodebisa da
45
fuli da finansebi
nominaluri
gacvliTi
kursis
instrumentebis farTod gamoyenebas.
dasaregulireblad
gaagrZelebs
fuladi
sabanko seqtori
2004 wels mTavrobam miaRwia sagadasaxado disciplinis gaumjobesebasa da
sabiujeto Semosavlebis mniSvnelovan zrdas. Crdilovani ekonomikis garkveulwilad
Semcirebis Sedegad moxda fulis gadanacvleba sabanko seqtorSi, ramac sabanko
depozitebis zrda gamoiwvia.
2004 wlis mniSvnelovani movlena iyo erovnuli valutis kursis aSS
dolarTan mimarTebaSi gamyareba. qarTuli bankebi umTavresad sesxebs aSS dolarSi
gascemen, vinaidan ucxouri sakredito xazebi da grZelvadiani depozitebi
dolarebSi bankebis sakredito resursebis mTavar wyaros Seadgens. Tumca, 2004 wels,
myari erovnuli valutis pirobebSi, aSS dolarSi gacemul sesxebze SedarebiT
dabali Semosavlebi aqna miRebuli.
2004 wlis erT-erTi mTavari movlena iyo Tbiluniversalbankis saqarTvelos
bankis mier SeZena. savaraudoa bankTa gamsxvilebis tendenciis gagrZeleba momdevno
wlebSi.
2004 wels bankebi axorcielebdnen samomxmareblo sesxebis segmentis
ganviTarebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2004 wels, grZelvadiani samomxmareblo kreditebis
wili mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, maSin rodesac amave periodSi gacemuli moklevadiani
kreditebis odenoba Semcirda. am sesxebis saSualo wliuri saprocento ganakveTebi
2002 wlis dekemberSi arsebuli 20,5 procentidan Semcirda 19,3 procentamde 2004
wlis dekemberSi.
2004 wlis dekemberSi 2003 wlis bolosTan SedarebiT, bankebSi fizikuri
pirebis depozitebis moculoba larebSi 96 procentiT, aSS dolarebSi ki - 23
procentiT gaizarda. es miuTiTebs ara mxolod komerciuli bankebis mimarT
mosaxleobis ndobis amaRlebaze, aramed aseve klientebis mosapoveblad bankebs
Soris arsebul konkurenciazec.
2004 wels, laris gamyarebis pirobebSi, bankebma
meti depozitebi moizides erovnul valutaSi. kompaniebis mimdinare angariSebi ufro
swrafad izrdeboda (40 procentiT amave periodis ganmavlobaSi), magram es
Crdilovani
ekonomikis
garkveulwilad
legalizebisa
da
sagadasaxado
administrirebis gaZlierebis Sedegi iyo. komerciuli bankebis konsolidaciis
procesSi msxvili bankebis mimarT ndoba kidev ufro gamyardeba, rac gazrdis
fizikuri pirebis
depozitebis wils sabanko valdebulebebSi. amasTan, fizikuri
pirebis depozitebi gaizrdeba im msxvil bankebSi, sadac samomxmareblo kreditebi
sakredito politikis erT-erT prioritetad iqneba dasaxuli.
zogierT komerciul banks ukve aqvs danergili plastikuri baraTebisa da
swrafi gzavnilebis momsaxureba. magram am momsaxurebis ganviTareba moiTxovs
inovaciebis danergvas da axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebas, rac Tavis mxriv
SeuZlebelia
bankebis
saTanado
doneze
kapitalizaciis
gareSe.
bankebis
kapitalizaciis zrda SeuZlebelia arsebuli bankebis gamsxvilebis gareSe.
46
fuli da finansebi
am gamocemaSi, sabanko saqmianobis Sesaxeb qveTavTan erTad warmogidgenT
qarTuli komerciuli bankebis mimoxilvas. es gamowveulia am seqtorisadmi
mkiTxvelTa didi interesi. am gamocemaSi Cven gTavazobT saaqcio sazogadoeba
“saqarTvelos bankis” mimoxilvas.
saaqcio sazogadoeba “saqarTvelos banki”
zogadi mimoxilva.
“saqarTvelos banki” 1993 wels daarsda, saxelmwifo “binsocbankis” bazaze da
gaxda filialebis erT-erTi udidesi qselis memkvidre rogorc TbilisSi, aseve
regionebSi. saqarTveloSi komerciuli sabanko sistemis Camoyalibebis procesSi, igi
erT-erT umsxviles bankad rCeboda aqtivebisa da kapitalis mixedviT. “saqarTvelos
bankis”
warmatebulma
TanamSromlobam
ucxour
safinanso
institutebTan,
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa misi saqmianobis ganviTarebaSi da finansuri
stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi. mogvianebiT, aRniSnuli safinanso institutebi bankis
mTavari aqcionerebi gaxdnen.
1998 wels, “saqarTvelos bankma” xeli moawera xelSekrulebas evropis
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankTan 7 milioni aSS dolaris sakredito xazis
gamoyofis Sesaxeb mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa dafinansebasa da mikrosesxebis
gacemaze. 1999 wels, xeli moewera axal SeTanxmebas 7 milion aSS dolaris
gamoyofis Sesaxeb, romelic iTvaliswinebda “saqarTvelos bankis” mier gacemuli
grZelvadiani
akreditivebis
uzrunvelyofas
evropis
rekonstruqciisa
da
ganviTarebis bankis mier. 2000 wels, warmatebuli TanamSromlobis Sedegad, evropis
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankma gamoxata survili bankis erT-erTi mTavari
aqcioneri gamxdariyo. 2003 wels evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankma
gamoyo 4 milioni aSS dolari mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa dasafinanseblad.
1999 wels “saqarTvelos bankma” xeli moawera xelSekrulebas germaniis
investiciebisa da ganviTarebis kompaniasTan (DEG)2 1,5 milioni evros gamoyofaze
saSualo da mcire sawarmoTa ganviTarebisTvis. 2002 wels, amave miznisTvis
gamoyofil iqna 3 milioni evro. garda amisa, 2000 wels, “saqarTvelos bankma” xeli
moawera xelSekrulebas DEG-Tan 2 milioni evros sakredito xazis gaxsnis Sesaxeb,
ipoTekuri sesxebis programis SemuSavebisaTvis. 2001 wels, DEG-ma “saqarTvelos
bankis” aqciaTa 12 procenti SeiZina.
2000 wels, saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciam gamoyo 3 milioni aSS
dolari ipoTekuri sesxebis programisTvis da 5 milioni aSS dolari – ipoTekuri
sesxebisa da mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa ganviTarebis programebisaTvis.
2
Deutsche Investitions und Entwicklungsgesellschaft
47
fuli da finansebi
2000 wels, Savi zRvis vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis bankma3 gauxsna 1,5 milioni
aSS dolaris sakredito xazi savaWro garigebebis dasafinanseblad. “saqarTvelos
bankma”, 2003 wels, xeli moawera SeTanxmebas germaniis “AKA Export Finance Bank-Tan” 5
milioni evros gamoyofaze germaniidan eqsportis dasafinanseblad da 2004 wels,
CexeTis saeqsporto bankTan 2 milioni aSS dolaris gamoyofaze CexeTis
respublikidan eqsportis dasafinanseblad.
2004 wlis bolos, “Firebird Republic Fund-i”4 “saqarTvelos bankis” mesame msxvili
mewile gaxda ergb-sa da DEG-sTan erTad.
“saqarTvelos banks” aqvs filialebi, romlebic Seadgenen “saqarTvelos bankis
jgufs”. arsebobs “Georgian Card”, “galt&Taggart siqiuriTis”, saqarTvelos
salizingo kompania, britaneTi-kavkasiis sadazRvevo kompania5. banks aseve aqvs wili
“erovnul sakredito-sainformacio biuroSi” – sakredito biuroSi, romelic
dafuZnda 2004 wels rigi qarTuli bankebisa da ucxoeli partniorebis mier.
bankebis gaerTianeba
sabanko seqtorSi bolo wlebSi mimdinare procesebma saqarTveloSi
komerciuli bankebis Semdgomi gamsxvilebis procesi ganapiroba. kerZod, seb-is mier
dawesebuli sabanko sazedamxedvelo kapitalis TandaTanobiT gazrda 12 milion
laramde, aseve
klientebis mier momsaxure bankebisadmi gazrdili moTxovnebis
dakmayofileba SeuZlebelia bankebis kapitalis gamsxvilebis gareSe. arsebobs aseve
gare faqtoric, romelic aseve xels uwyobs bankebis gamsxvilebas. aRmosavleT
evropis komerciuli bankebis bazari ukve maqsimalurad aTvisebulia investorebis
mier. am pirobebSi, dsT-s qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, sabanko seqtorSi
kapitaldabandeba warmoadgens axal sainvesticio SesaZleblobas. xolo “gasayidi”
bankebis finansuri mdgomareoba da gamWirvaloba investorebis moTxovnebs unda
akmayofilebdes, rac SeuZlebelia dabali kapitalizaciis pirobebSi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bankebis gamsxvelebis axali etapi 2004 wlis noemberSi,
“saqarTvelos bankis” mier “Tbiluniversalbankis” aqciebis 100% SeZenis Sesaxeb
gancxadebiT daiwyo. es procesi dasruldeba 2005 wlis aprilis bolos.
“Tbiluniversalbankis” xvedriTi wili komerciul bankebSi, sesxebis portfelis
mixedviT, 2,3 procenti iyo, depozitebi – 3 procenti, aqtivebi – 2,4 procenti. 2004
wlis pirveli cxra TvisTvis, bankis wminda mogebam 1,5 milioni lari Seadgina. bankis
3 Savi zRvis vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis banki (BSTDB) saerTaSoriso safinanso institutia, romlis
damfuZneblebi arian albaneTi, somxeTi, azerbaijani, bulgareTi, saqarTvelo, saberZneTi, moldova,
rumineTi, ruseTi, TurqeTi da ukraina.
4
“Firebird Republic Fund-i” daarsda 1997 wlis aprilSi, ZiriTadad axorcielebs investiciebs im kompaniebis
sajarod gayidvis aqciebSi, romlebic moRvaweoben SerCeul yofil sabWoTa respublikebsa da dasavleT
evropis bazrebze, romlebic ganviTarebis sawyis etapze imyofebian; maT Soris bulgareTsa da rumineTSi.
5 qarTuli baraTi – Tavdapirvelad, es iyo frangul-qarTuli gadamuSavebis centri “qarTuli baraTi”. Sps
“galt&Taggart siqiuriTis” daarsda 2000 wels. erT-erTi damfuZnebeli iyo “Tbiluniversalbanki”. amJamad
sruli momsaxurebis sainvesticio-sabanko kompaniaa.
saqarTvelos salizingo kompania Tavdapirvelad daarsda “Tbiluniversalbankis” da amerikeli mewileebis
mier.
britaneTi-kavkasiis sadazRvevo kompania (BCI) saqarTvelos sadazRvevo bazarze erT-erTi umsxvilesi
kompaniaa.
48
fuli da finansebi
specializacias
kreditebi.
warmoadgenda
mcire
da
saSualo
biznesisa
da
samomxmareblo
“Tbiluniversalbankis” specializaciam da “saqarTvelos bankis” filialebis
farTo qselma Seqmna samomxmareblo da ipoTekuri sesxebis warmatebuli
ganviTarebis winapiroba. amasTan, “Tbiluniversalbanks” ukve gaaCnda finansuri
infrastruqtura, romelic moicavda sainvesticio-sabanko da salizingo kompaniebs.
es Zalze xelsayreli piroba iyo bankis Semdgomi universalizaciisaTvis. orive banks
erTi da igive programuli uzrunvelyofa hqonda, rac amcirebda Serwymis risks.
saqmianobis maCveneblebi.
saqmianobis maCveneblebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos banki erT-erTi umsxvilesi
bankia saqarTvelos sabanko sistemaSi. 2004 wlis oqtombris bolos mdgomareobiT,
saqarTvelos bankis mier gacemuli sesxebis wili saerTo sabanko sistemaSi 20,7
procents, moziduli depozitebis wili ki - 20,2 procents Seadgenda.
sesxebis udidesi wili gacemulia kerZo pirebze (38 procenti), vaWrobisa da
momsaxurebis seqtorze - 32 procenti, mrewvelobis seqtorze – 18 procenti da sxva
seqtorebze – 12 procenti. banki pirvel adgilzea individualuri sesxebis mixedviT,
vinaidan saSualo maCvenebeli mTeli sabanko sistemisTvis 24 procents Seadgenda (30
seqtembris mdgomareobiT).
banks
dasaqmebuli
hyavs
960
TanamSromeli
(filialebisa
da
Tbiluniversalbankis CaTvliT). 80 TanamSromeli dasaqmebulia kompaniebSi, romlebic
saqarTvelos bankis jgufs Seadgens. es saqarTvelosaTvis dasaqmebis sakmaod didi
maCvenebelia.
saqarTvelos banki erTaderTi saaqcio kompaniaa, romelic registrirebulia
saqarTvelos safondo birJaze. aqciebi kotirebulia da eqvemdebareba sajaro
gayidvas sabrokero kompaniebis meSveobiT. 2004 wels bankis mier darezervebis
xarjebis gawevis gamo, wliuri maCvenebeli mogebas ar asaxavda. magram, miuxedavad
amisa, potenciurma investorebma bankis saqmianoba sakmaod gamWvirvaled da
perspeqtiulad CaTvales. amitom aqciebis fasi 2004 wlis ganmavlobaSi 2 laridan 5,6
laramde gaizarda. 2005 wlis dasawyisSi aqciebis fasi 6 lars aRemateboda, rac
qarTuli kompaniisTvis Zalze maRali maCvenebelia. saqarTvelos bankis mimdinare
amocanaa, rom igi 2007 wlisaTvis Tavisi saqmianobiTa da gamWirvalobiT axali
msxvili investorebis mozidvisaTvis yvela aucilebeli winapirobas akmayofilebdes.
inovaciebi.
sacalo sabanko momsaxurebis ganviTareba “saqarTvelos bankis” erT-erT
prioritets warmoadgens. dReisaTvis, banks 17 bankomati aqvs (erT-erTi udidesi
qseli saqarTveloSi), saidanac 15 ganlagebulia TbilisSi. 2004 wlis maisis
bolosaTvis dagegmilia arsebuli bankomatebis axliT Secvla. 2005 wlis bolosTvis,
maTi saerTo raodenoba 40-mde unda gaizardos. sacalo sabanko operaciebis
49
fuli da finansebi
ganviTarebis farglebSi “saqarTvelos banki” gascems ipoTekur, samomxmareblo da
mikro sesxebs. banki gascems eqspres sesxebs 3 aTass aSS dolaramde giraos gareSe
oficialuri stabiluri Semosavalis mqone klientebisaTvis.
sacalo sabanko operaciebis ganviTareba aseve iTvaliswinebs sacalo
klientebis mier sadazRvevo momsaxurebis gawevas. britaneTi-kavkasiis sadazRvevo
kompania, 2005 wels iwyebs sicocxlis dazRvevis momsaxurebas.
sacalo momsaxurebis mniSvnelovan segments warmoadgens sabanko operaciebi
internetiT da realur droSi mobiluri telefoniT gaweuli momsaxureba. bankis
biujeti 2005 wels, iTvaliswinebs 14 milioni laris investiciebs qselis
modernizebasa da sainformacio teqnologiebSi.
korporatuli sabanko saqmianoba iTvaliswinebs sesxebis SeTavazebas msxvili
kompaniebisaTvis, mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis da aseve sainvesticio sabanko
saqmianobas, aqtivebis marTvas, kerZo sabanko operaciebs da salizingo da
sadazRvevo momsaxurebas kompaniebisaTvis.
dResdReobiT ucxouri safinanso institutebis mier daSvebuli sakredito
xazebi, bankTaSoriso sesxebi da grZelvadiani depozitebi saqarTvelos komerciuli
bankebisaTvis sakredito resursebis mTavar wyaros warmoadgens. USAID-Tan
SeTanxmebis xelmoweriT, “saqarTvelos bankma” SemoiRo sesxebis axali instrumenti
korporatiuli obligaciebis gamoSvebis meSveobiT. banki gamouSvebs obligaciebs 3
milioni aSS dolaris odenobiT. SeTanxmebis mixedviT, 1,5 milioni aSS dolari
USAID-is mier iqneba garantirebuli. moziduli fuli dabandebuli iqneba mcire da
saSualo energogadamuSavebis sawarmoebSi – ekonomikis strategiul seqtorSi.
wyaro: saaqcio sazogadoeba “saqarTvelos banki”
50
Tavi meeqvse: saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri
urTierTobebi
2004 wlis ganmavlobaSi, registrirebulma sagareo vaWrobis brunvam 2,495
milioni aSS dolars miaRwia, saidanac eqsportma Seadgina 648 milioni aSS dolari,
importma ki 1,715 milioni aSS dolari. eqsporti gaizarda 40 procentiT, xolo
importi 62 procentiT. 2004 wlis manZilze, vaWrobis mTliani moculoba, saSualod,
mSp--s 47 procents Seadgenda. savaWro brunvis amsaxvel maCveneblebSi esoden
mniSvnelovani mateba saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mzardi legalizaciis Sedegia.
ssd-is monacemTa Tanaxmad, dsT-s qveynebi saqarTvelos mTavar savaWro
partniorebad rCebian (kerZod, ruseTi, azerbaijani, TurqmeneTi, ukraina da somxeTi),
magram maTi wili drois ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba. sxva qveynebTan savaWro brunva
zrdis tendenciis amsaxvelia.
sagadamxdelo balansis monacemTa Tanaxmad, 2004 wels momsaxurebis
registrirebuli eqsportis 46,6 procenti transportirebidan Semosavlebis wilad
modioda. mgzavroba momsaxurebis saerTo moculobis 34 procentamde Seadgenda.
savaWro brunva, savaWro balansi da vaWrobis mimarTulebebi
ssd-is monacemTa mixedviT, 2004 wlis ganmavlobaSi, registrirebulma sagareo
vaWrobis brunvam miaRwia 2,495 milion aSS dolars, saidanac eqsportma Seadgina 648
milioni aSS dolari, xolo importma 1,715 milioni aSS dolari. eqsporti gaizarda
40 procentiT, importi ki 62 procentiT. 2004 wlis ganmavlobaSi vaWrobis saerTo
moculoba, saSualod, mSp-is 47 procents Seadgenda.
cxrili 6.1: saqarTvelo: savaWro balansi, 1994-2002 w.w.
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
eqsporti
(milioni aSS
dolari)
152
199
240
192
238
330
320
348
444
648
importi
(milioni aSS
dolari)
395
687
942
880
602
651
684
731
1058
1847
savaWro
balansi
(milioni aSS
dolari)
-243
-488
-702
-688
-364
-321
-364
-383
-614
-1199
mSp-i (milioni
aSS dolari)
1909
3072
3576
3620
2804
3043
3210
3302
3948
5300
8
6
7
5
8
11
10
10.5
11.2
12.2
29
29
33
30
30
32
31
32.6
38
47.1
12.8
15.9
19.6
19
13
10.5
11.3
11.6
15.5
22.6
eqsporti/ mSp-i
vaWroba/ mSp-i
savaWro balansi/
mSp-i
51
savaWro brunvaSi amgvari mniSvnelovani zrda ganapiroba saqarTvelos
mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli antikorufciuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad importisa
da eqsportis legalizaciam. aRsaniSnavia, rom sarfis sabaJo amJamad centraluri
mTavrobis kontrols eqvemdebareba, rac SesaZlebels xdis aralegaluri importis
Tavidan acilebasa da centralur biujetSi sagadasaxado da sabaJo Semosavlebis
gadaricxvas.
amave dros, 2004 wels, mSp-i gaizarda 8,4 procentiT, ramac aseve xeli Seuwyo
vaWrobas. zemoaRniSnuli cvlilebebis miuxedavad, gaizarda uaryofiTi savaWro
balansi da Sesabamisad, aRricxvis periodSi, wina welTan SedarebiT, importis
eqsportiT gadafarvis koeficienti 42-dan 35 procentamde Semcirda.
saqarTvelos ekonomika mezobel qveynebzea orientirebuli. saqarTvelos
yvelaze mniSvnelovani savaWro partniorebi arian evrokavSiri, dsT da TurqeTi.
saqarTvelos aTi umsxvilesi savaWro partnioris wili registrirebuli savaWro
brunvis mTlian moculobaSi, 72,2 procents Seadgenda.
rogorc cxrili 6.2 gviCvenebs, 2004 wels mTavari savaWro partniorebi iyvnen
ruseTi, TurqeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, azerbaijani da germania. am qveynebis
erToblivi wili saqarTvelos registrirebul savaWro brunvaSi 50 procentamde
Seadgenda. ara dsT-s qveynebTan vaWrobis wili izrdeba da aq wamyvani adgili ukavia
TurqeTs, romelic warmoadgens mniSvnelovan wyaros samomxmareblo saqonlis
importisaTvis. TurqeTSi eqsporti, 1996 wlis 13 procentidan, 2004 wels 18,3
procentamde gaizarda. aseve izrdeboda eqsporti aratradiciul bazrebze,
rogoricaa evrokavSiri (gaerTianebuli samefo, germania da italia), Sveicaria da
aSS.
52
cxrili 6.2: registrirebuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobis tvirTbrunva da vaWrobis
mimarTulebebi, 2004 wlis (aSS dolari)
saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis
tvirTbrunva
eqxporti (FOB)
savaWro brunva
importi (CIF)
aTasi aSS
dolari
procenti
aTasi
aSS
dolari
sul
648.8
100
1 847
ZiriTadi partniori
qveynebi (sul)
513.9
79.2
ruseTi
104.6
TurqeTi
procenti
aTasi
aSS
dolari
procenti
100
2 495.8
100
1 313.2
71.1
1827.1
73.2
16.1
257.8
14.0
362.4
14.5
118.7
18.3
202.3
11.0
321.0
12.9
gaerTianebuli
samefo
31.6
4.9
171.4
9,3
203.0
8.1
azerbaijani
25.4
3.9
157.7
8.5
183.1
7.3
germania
ukraina
15.9
15.3
2.5
2.4
151.1
142.4
8,2
7.7
167.0
157.7
6.7
6.3
5,9
TurqmeneTi
115.1
17.7
32.7
1.8
147.8
aSS
21.3
3.3
111.0
6.0
132.2
5.3
somxeTi
54.5
8.4
25.4
1.4
79.9
3.2
italia
sxva
11.6
1,8
61.5
3.3
73.1
2.9
134.9
20.8
533.8
28.9
668.7
26.8
2004 wels, dsT-dan da evrokavSiridan Semotanili saqoneli Seadgenda
saqarTvelos registrirebuli importis 69 procents. TurqeTis wilma 11 procenti
Seadgina. SedarebiT mcire iyo aSS-s wili.
nax. 6.1:
2004 w. saqarTvelos registrirebuli importi regionebis/qveynebis mixedviT
sxva
20%
dsT
36%
TurqeTi
11%
evrokavSiri 25
33%
dsT
evrokavSiri
TurqeTi
sxva
rac Seexeba eqsports, qarTuli produqciis ZiriTad bazrad kvlavac dsT
rCeba. TurqeTi warmoadgenda eqsportis mxolod 18 procentis daniSnulebis bazars.
evrokavSiris wili daaxloebiT 17 procents Seadgenda.
53
nax. 6.2: 2004 w.saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsporti regionebis/qveynebis mixedviT
sxva
14%
TurqeTi
18%
dsT
51%
evrokavSiri
17%
dsT
evrokavSiri
TurqeTi
sxva
registrirebuli eqsportis struqtura
cxrili 6.3 gviCvenebs registrirebuli eqsportis ZiriTad saxeobebs
harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis mixedviT. 2004 wels, 12 sasaqonlo jgufi
Seadgenda qarTuli eqsportis daaxloebiT 73,5 procents.
cxrili 6.3: saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis struqtura,
harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HS96) mixedviT, 2004 w.
aTasi aSS
dolari
eqsporti - sul
648 756
procenti
100
Savi liTonebis jarTi - 7204
95 948
14.8
samxedro TviTmfrinavebi -8802
83 686
12.9
yurZnis Rvino naturaluri - 2204
48 719
7.5
feroSenadnobebi - 7202
42 510
6.6
Saqari- 1701
34 288
5.3
wyali, maT Soris naturaluri an mineraluri - 2201,
2202
33 379
5.1
spilenZis madani da koncentratebis - 2603
31 825
4.9
azotis sasuqebi 3102
28 756
4.4
xorbali-1001
22 817
3.5
spirti-2208
18 911
2.9
daumuSavebeli oqro -7108
18 830
2.9
Txili-0802
sxva
17 691
2.7
171 396
26.4
saqarTvelos
registrirebuli
eqsportis
struqtura
bolo
wlebis
ganmavlobaSi Seicvala. Savi liTonis jarTis eqsporti (sasaqonlo kodi: 7204) ukve
ramodenime welia pirvel adgils ikavebs da 2004 wels 95,9 milioni aSS dolari
Seadgina. wina wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT, am saqonlis eqsporti gaizarda
36 milioni aSS dolariT. Savi liTonebis jarTis eqsportis 85 procenti gadis
TurqeTSi. aRricxul periodSi samxedro TviTmfrinavebis eqsportma (sasaqonlo kodi
54
8802) 83,6 milioni aSS dolari Seadgina. feroSenadnobebis eqsporti (sasaqonlo kodi:
7202) 42,5 milioni aSS dolari iyo, rac mTliani eqsportis 6,6 procentia.
saqarTvelos feroSenadnobebis eqsportis mTavari bazrebia aSS (35 procenti),
ruseTi (29 procenti) da TurqeTi (11 procenti).
kvebisa da sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis kategoriis mixedviT, Rvino,
Txili, mineraluri wylebi da ualkoholo sasmelebi saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani
saeqsporto produqciaa. 2004 wels, Rvinis eqsporti Tormetjer gaizarda 1995 wlis
4 milioni aSS dolaridan 48,7 milion aSS dolaramde. qarTuli Rvinis eqsportis 74
procentamde gadis ruseTSi, 9,5 procenti ukrainaSi. saqarTvelom aseve daiwyo Rvinis
eqsportireba sxva qveynebSic, Tumca umniSvnelo moculobebiT.
sxva mniSvnelovani saeqsporto saqonelis nusxaSi Sedian: Saqari, wylebi (maT
Soris mineraluri da bunebrivi), spilenZis madani da koncentratebi; oqro,
mineraluri da qimiuri sasuqebi.
registrirebuli importis struqtura
cxrili 6.4 gviCvenebs umsxviles saimporto sasaqonlo jgufebs, romlis
saerTo wilma 2004 wels registrirebul importSi daaxloebiT 43,6 procenti
Seadgina. ZiriTadi saimporto sasaqonlo jgufebi iyo:
bunebrivi airi da
navTobproduqtebi, xorbali da fqvili, medikamentebi, Saqari. navTobproduqtebisa da
xorblisa da fqvilis registrirebuli importis wili klebulobs.
cxrili 6.4: saqarTvelos registrirebuli importis struqtura, harmonizebuli
sasaqonlo sistemis (HS96) mixedviT, 2004 w.
aTasi aSS
dolari
importi - sul
1 847 038
procenti
100
navTobi da navTobproduqtebi – 2710
186 450
10
msubuqi avtomobilebi - 8703
116 553
6.3
xorbali- 1001
80 080
4.3
bunebrivi gazi - 2711
80 048
4.3
milebi -7305
77 955
4.2
samkurnalo saSualebebi –3004
75 022
4.0
lerwmis an Warxlis Saqari - 1701
50 801
2.7
fqvili -1101
48 756
2.6
eleqtroenergia – 2716
32 277
1.7
sxvadasxva danadgarebi - 8411
28 150
1.5
Tambaqo da Tambaqos nawarmi - 2402
27 793
1.5
1 043 153
56.4
sxva
55
momsaxurebis eqsport/importi
cxrili 6.5: momsaxurebis registrirebuli eqsporti da importi, I kv. - III kv. 2004 w.
(aTasi aSS dolari)
QI kv. –QIII kv.,
eqsporti
%
2004 w.
importi
%
momsaxureba, sul
390932.5
100
352014.5
100
transportis
seqtorSi
182205.2
46.6
144353.5
41.0
- sazRvao
transporti
42688.4
10.9
46532.2
13.2
- sahaero
transporti
36539
9.3
46971.9
13.3
-sarkinigzo
transporti
65175.8
16.7
18818.7
5.3
-avtotransporti
11880.9
03.0
32030.7
9.1
- milsadenebi
mogzauroba
komunikaciebi
dazRveva
sxva
25921.1
06.6
0
0
132595.8
33.9
110057.8
31.3
13433.7
3.4
11440.4
3.2
7535.2
1.9
28950.6
8.2
55162.6
14.1
57212.2
16.3
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, sagadasaxado balansi
momsaxurebis aramaterialuri bunebis gamo, momsaxurebis wilis zustad
gansazRvra sakmaod rTulia. saqonliT vaWrobisagan gansxvavebiT, momsaxurebiT
vaWrobaSi ar iyeneben saerTaSoriso sasaqonlo kodis amsaxvel dokumentacias.
momsaxurebiT vaWrobis SefasebasTan dakavSirebuli bunebrivi sirTuleebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, aRuricxavi vaWrobis wili momsaxurebiT vaWrobaSi ufro maRalia,
vidre saqonliT vaWrobis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, momsaxurebiT vaWrobis Sefaseba
ramdenadme gaumjobesda, magaliTad, wina wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT, 2004
wlis I kv. – III kv. momsaxurebis eqsporti 18,1 procentiT gaizarda, importi ki – 22
procentiT, rac garkveulwilad momsaxurebiT vaWrobis SefasebaSi momxdari
gaumjobesebis Sedegia.
sagadamxdelo balansis monacemTa1 Tanaxmad (ix. cxrili 6.5), 2004 wels
momsaxurebis
registrirebuli
eqsportis
46,6
procenti
transportirebidan
Semosavlebis wilad modioda. mogzaurobis wili momsaxurebis saerTo moculobis 34
procents Seadgenda. momsaxurebiT vaWrobis monacemebis gaanalizebis Sedegebi
gviCvenebs, rom 2004 wlis ganmavlobaSi, momsaxurebiT vaWrobis wili 60 milioni aSS
dolariT gaizarda wina wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT.
1
im droisaTvis, rodesac sem-is es gamocema mzad iyo gamoqveynebisaTvis, erTaderTi xelmisawvdomi
monacemebi iyo 2004 wlis I-III kv. monacemebi.
56
CanarTi 6.1
evrokavSiris savaWro politika
evrokavSiri gamoexmaura aziaSi cunamiT gamowveul ubedurebas da gadawyvita
ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis evrokavSiris axali SeRavaTiani savaWro reJimis ZalaSi
Sesvlis daCqareba. axali SeRavaTebis ganzogadoebuli sistema (GSP) ukve 1 aprils
unda amoqmeddes. axali reJimi mimarTuli iqneba im ganviTarebad qveynebze,
romlebsac SeRavaTebi yvelaze metad esaWiroeba (maldivis kunZulebi, Sri lanka,
tailandi da indonezia). evrokavSiris preferenciebis ganzogadoebuli sistema,
romelic msoflioSi yvelaze didi SeRavaTebis sistemaa, uzrunvelyofs Semdgom
satarifo daTmobebs, gansakuTrebiT tansacmlisa da TevzWeris seqtorebSi. misi
upiratesobebi gavrceldeba cunamiT dazaralebul yvela qveyanaze.
paralelurad, evrokomisia muSaobs adgilwarmoSobis maregulirebeli wesebis
gamartivebaze da SeZlebisdagvarad, Semsubuqebaze, rameTu qveynebs sistemis
upiratesobebis ufro srulad gamoyenebis saSualeba mieceT.
vaWrobis dargSi evrokomisiis warmomadgenelma piter mendelsonma aRniSna:
“ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis bazarze daSvebasTan dakavSirebiT procesis daCqarebis
Sedegad, evrokavSirma swrafi reagireba moaxdina cunamis Sedegad dazaralebuli
qveynebis
dasaxmareblad.
Raribi
qveynebisaTvis
tarifebis
SemcirebiT,
Cven
vuzrunvelyofT SeRavaTebis gavrcelebas yvela ganviTarebad qveyanasTan mimarTebaSi.
zogadi mimoxilva
evrokavSiris preferenciebis ganzogadoebuli sistema warmoadgens SeRavaTian
reJims, romelic bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi .evrokavSiris mier daSvebul iqna yvela
ganviTarebadi qveynisaTvis. igi aRemateba 52 milion evros savaWro brunvaSi da
msoflioSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani upiratesi xelSewyobis savaWro reJimia, romelic
ganviTarebadi qveynebis bazarze daSvebis TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT did SeRavaTebs
uzrunvelyofs, vidre SeerTebuli Statebis, iaponiisa da kanadis SeRavaTiani
reJimebi erTad. 2004 wlis cunamis Semdeg, evrokomisiam miiRo gadawyvetileba
evrokavSiris axali GSP-is saswrafod amoqmedebis Taobaze stiqiuri ubedurebiT
dazaralebuli qveynebis dasaxmareblad. komisiis mier SemoTavazebul iqna misi
ZalaSi Seyvana 3 TveSi - 2005 wlis pirveli aprilisTvis. procesis daCqarebas mxari
dauWires evrokavSiris wevrma qveynebma da evroparlamentma.
satarifo daTmobebis meSveobiT, axali reJimi uzrunvelyofs daaxloebiT 3
miliardi evros odenobis sagareo vaWrobis brunvas cunamiT dazaralebuli
qveynebisaTvis. axali GSP iTvaliswinebs tarifebis Semcirebas Tevzeulze. Sri
lanka isargeblebs aseve damatebiTi SeRavaTebis sqemiT, romelic gamiznulia
mdgradi ganviTarebisa da kargi marTvis xelSewyobaze (GSP+). es niSnavs, rom
eqsportis 90 procenti, maT Soris tansacmeli, evrokavSirSi nulovani ganakveTiT
daibegreba. tailandTan mimarTebaSi, axali daTmobebi gavrceldeba gansakuTrebulad
mgrZnobiare produqtebze (mag. xamanwka). indonezia da indoeTi isargebleben axali
satarifo daklebebiT Sesabamisad teqstilis nawarmsa da fexsacmelze.
57
tarifebi tailadnis xamanwkebze Semcirdeba 12 procentidan (upiratesi
xelSewyobis reJimiT) 4,2 procentamde. indur qsovilebsa da tansacmelze tarifebi
dafiqsirdeba 9,5 procentze nacvlad 12 procentisa, romelic upiratesi xelSewyobis
reJimiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. tarifebi fexsacmelze indoneziidan da tailandidan
17 procentidan 13,5 procentamde iqneba Semcirebuli.
wyaro: evrokomisia
evropis samezoblo politika: TanamSromloba vaWrobis dargSi
evropis samezoblo politika gansazRvravs miznebs mezobel qveynebTan
partniorobisaTvis, romelic emyareba erTobliv Rirebulebebsa da ekonomikur
reformebTan dakavSirebiT nakisr valdebulebebs. es moicavs, magaliTad, vaWrobis
liberalizacias, romelic uzrunvelyofs Sida bazarze TandaTanobiT monawileobis
miRebas da pirTa, saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da kapitalis Tavisufal moZraobas.
evropis samezoblo politika, vmo-s principebis Sesabamisad, iTvaliswinebs
bazris ufro farTod gaxsnas. evropis samezoblo politika uzrunvelyofs
saSualebebs
vaWrobis
liberalizaciisa
da
regionaluri
integraciis
gaRrmavebisaTvis.
aRmosavleTis
mezobel
qveynebTan
mimarTebaSi
(rogoricaa
magaliTad, saqarTvelo), ekonomikuri reformis paralelurad, prioritetad rCeba
samezoblo politikis vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli debulebebis ufro srulad
ganxorcieleba.
saqarTvelo vmo-s wevri gaxda 2000 wlis ivnisSi. vmo-s wevrobam xeli Seuwyo
saqarTvelos evropasTan integracias. saqarTvelos savaWro da savaluto sistemebi
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze liberaluria. saqarTvelos
liberaluri savaluto sistema aqvs, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs SezRudvebs
gadasaxadebsa da gadaricxvebze mimdinare saerTaSoriso garigebebisaTvis. ssf-is
vaWrobis SezRudvis indeqsi saqarTvelosTvis, masStabis mixedviT, amJamad 1-dan 10mde Seadgens. saimporto saqonlis umetesobaze tarifebis Semcireba moxda e.w.
“seqtoruli iniciativebis” safuZvelze, romelSic saqarTvelo aris CarTuli.
aRniSnuli iniciativebi moicavs qimiur produqtebs, xe-tyisa da qaRaldis nawarms,
rezinis, foladis, sasoflo-sameurneo da samedicino aRWurvilobas, sainformacio
teqnologiebs, samoqalaqo aviacias, avejs, Tevzsa da Tevzeulis nawarms da
bostneuls.
bazarze SeRwevasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelo rogorc vmo-s wevri,
sargeblobs upiratesi xelSewyobis erovnuli reJimiT. amas garda, evrokavSirs, aSS-s,
iaponias, kanadas, Sveicariasa da TurqeTs saqarTvelos nawarmTan mimarTebaSi
daSvebuli aqvT SeRavaTebis ganzogadoebuli sistema (GSP).
saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris
partniorobisa
da
TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb
SeTanxmeba ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wels. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze,
saqarTvelo
sargeblobda
evrokavSirTan
upiratesi
58
xelSewyobis erovnuli reJimiT jer-kidev vmo-Si gawevrianebamde. 2000 wlis ivnisSi
vmo-Si gawevrianebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos mieniWa mudmivi, upirobo, upiratesi
xelSewyobis erovnuli reJimis statusi vmo-s yvela wevri qveynis mier.
evrokavSiris gafarToebis Semdeg, evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos partniorobisa da
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba avtomaturad gavrcelda evrokavSiris axal wevr
qveynebze.
saqarTvelom, romelic sargeblobs evrokavSiris ganzogadoebuli SeRavaTebis
sistemiT, moiTxova GSP-is damatebiTi socialuri SeRavaTebis sqemaSi CarTva.
saqarTveloSi GSP-is utilizaciis done 2000 wlis 52 procentidan 2003 wels, 67
procentamde gaizarda, rac saSualoze metia.
saqarTvelom xeli moawera Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb ormxriv SeTanxmebebs
dsT-is qveynebTan. dRes, saqarTvelo, Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb eqvsi SeTanxmebis
wevria somxeTTan, azerbaijanTan, yazaxeTTan, ruseTTan, TurqmeneTsa da ukrainasTan.
dsT-is farglebs gareT, saqarTvelo Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb arc erT
SeTanxmebaSi ar monawileobs. saqarTvelo CarTulia suuam-is Tavisufali vaWrobis
Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebSi ukrainasTan, moldovasa da azerbaijanTan.
vaWrobis sferoSi TanamSromlobis programa
evropis samezoblo politikis gegmebi unda Seefardebodes Sesabamis finansur
da teqnikur daxmarebas. konkretuli nabijebis Semdgomi programa SeiZleba
SemoTavazebuli iqnes rogorc instrumenti momavalSi evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos
TanamSromlobisaTvis vaWrobis dargSi:
(1) konkretuli nabijebi, romelic unda gadaidgas imisaTvis, rom rogorc
evrokavSirma, aseve saqarTvelom srulad isargeblon im savaWro
debulebebis upiratesobebiT, romelsac Seicavs partniorobisa da
TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb
arsebuli
SeTanxmeba.
sakanonmdeblo
da
maregulirebel sferoebSi Sesabamisobis miRweva unda moxdes erToblivad
SeTanxmebuli prioritetebis safuZvelze; imavdroulad, aqcenti unda
gakeTdes vaWrobisa da ekonomikuri integraciis acquis-is yvelaze arsebiT
elementebze, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT.
(2) saqonliT vaWrobas rac Seexeba, unda gakeTdes yvelaferi imisaTvis, rom
saqarTvelo CarTuli iqnes axal specialur GSP+ sqemaSi2. igi moicavs
7,200-mde dasaxelebis produqts, romlebic SeiZleba evrokavSiris ubaJo
saqonlis siaSi iqnes Setanili. saqarTvelom unda daakmayofilos mTeli
rigi kriteriumebisa, maT Soris moaxdinos stabiluri ganviTarebisa da
kargi marTvis Sesaxeb 27 ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso konvenciis ratifikacia
da efeqturad gamoiyenos isini. garda amisa, saqarTvelom unda daamtkicos,
rom GGSP-is mcire beneficiari qveyanaa da, rom misi ekonomika sustad
aris diversificirebuli - anu ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebuli daxmareba
2
2004 wlis 20 oqtombers , evrokomisiam daamtkica winadadeba, romelic detalurad gansazRvravs
evrokavSiris ganzogadoebuli SeRavaTebis sistemas vaWrobis dargSi, 2006-2008 w.w. periodisaTvis.
59
esaWiroeba. damatebiTi SeRavaTebi dauyovnebliv eniWeba ganviTarebad
qveynebs, romelTac ratificirebuli aqvT da efeqturad axorcieleben
adamianisa da Sromis uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb 16 ZiriTad konvencias da
karg marTvasa da garemos dacvasTan dakavSirebul 7 konvencias (11-dan).
imavdroulad, beneficiarma qveynebma unda ikisron valdebuleba im
saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmebebis
ratifikaciasa
da
ganxorcielebasTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebic jer ratificirebuli ara aqvT. nebismier
SemTxvevaSi, beneficiari qveynebis mier, 2008 wlis 31 dekembramde, 27
konvenciis ratificireba unda moxdes.
saqonliT
vaWrobis
sferoSi,
SeiZleba
xeli
moeweros
ormxriv
SeTanxmebebs, magaliTad meRvineobis, bunebrivi da mineraluri wylebis
dargSi da sxva. erT-erTi maTgani SeiZleba iyos RviniT vaWrobis Sesaxeb
ormxrivi SeTanxmeba. amgvari SeTanxmeba SeiZleba moicavdes warmoebis
teqnologiebsa da procesebs, Rvinis Semadgenlobisadmi moTxovnebs, Rvinis
dasaxelebebis
urTierTdacvas,
dakavSirebul
debulebebsa
da
sertificirebis moTxovnebs.
aucilebelia TanamSromlobis gaumjobeseba administrirebis sferoSi da
arasatarifo savaWro barierebis TandaTanobiT gauqmebisa da saTanado
infrastruqturis
ganviTarebis
uzrunvelyofis
kuTxiT.
samrewvelo
produqciis gadaadgilebas SesaZloa xeli Seewyos evrokavSiris kanonebsa
da maregulirebel struqturebTan Sesabamisobis miRwevis Sedegad.
amisaTvis mizanSewonili iqneboda
evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris
Sesabamisobis sertifikatis da samrewvelo saqonlis urTierTcnobis
Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebis gaformeba, xmelTaSua zRvis auzis qveynebis mimarT
mimdinare iniciativasTan dakavSirebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze.
(3) Semdgomi sakanonmdeblo Sesabamisobis miRweva sabaJo sferoSi, resursebis
zrdasTan erTad (kompiuterizaciis CaTvliT) aseve Seuwyobs xels
vaWrobis waxalisebas.
(4) sasoflo-sameurneo nawarmisTvis, evrokavSiris standartebTan Sesabamisoba
sanitaruli
da
fitosanitariuli
kontrolisTvis
mniSvnelovnad
waaxalisebs ormxriv vaWrobas partnior qveynebsa da evrokavSirs Soris.
informaciis gacvla da mWidro TanamSromloba im saerTaSoriso
organizaciebSi, romelTa funqciaSi Sedis cxovelTa da mcenareTa
daavadebebze kontroli da momxmareblis dasacavad ukeTesi sanitaruli
pirobebis uzrunvelyofa, prioritetebs warmoadgens. saqarTvelom unda
gaaumjobesos
administrireba
sakvebi
produqtebis
usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelsayofad, rac SesaZlebels gaxdis evrokavSiris bazarze SeRwevas.
Sesabamisoba vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli mTavari wesebis daregulirebis
sferoSi ekonomikuri upiratesobebis momtania, rogorc saqarTveloSi reformebis
gatarebis, aseve sainvesticio klimatis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. kerZod,
inteleqtualuri da samrewvelo sakuTrebis uflebebis efeqturi dacvis donis
amaRleba, iseve rogorc amgvari uflebebis efeqturi ganxorcieleba, maregulirebel
60
sferoSi Sesabamisobisa da saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis dargSi bazarze daSvebis
pirobebis gaumjobesebasTan erTad, savaraudod mniSvnelovan zegavlenas moaxdens
ekonomikur ganviTarebisa da investiciebis doneebze. aseve mizanSewonili iqneboda
statistikuri sistemebis harmonizaciisa da mdgradobis donis amaRleba. amgvari
nabijebi xels Seuwyobs adgilobrivi bazrebis ganviTarebasa da aseve vaWrobis
stimulirebas.
61
Tavi meSvide. privatizacia
axalma mTavrobam saqarTveloSi reformebis axali etapi daiwyo da
privatizacia am procesis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. igi gansakuTrebul rols
asrulebs qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. 1992 wels saqarTveloSi privatizebis
procesis dawyebis Semdeg, privatizebulia 15,000-ze meti sawarmo. saxelmwifos
mflobelobaSi darCenilia sawarmoTa sakmaod didi raodenoba – daaxloebiT 1,800
mcire, saSualo da strategiuli mniSvnelobis sawarmo, romlebSic saxelmwifos
wili aqvs da romelSic 180,000-ze meti adamiania dasaqmebuli. mimdinare privatizebis
politikis mTavari tendenciebia darCenil sawarmoTa swrafad gadacema kerZo
sakuTrebaSi da ekonomikis deregulireba kerZo investiciebis mobilizebisaTvis.
axali mTavroba gegmavs ucxoeli investorebis mozidvas da biznesisaTvis ufro
xelsayreli garemos Seqmnas qveyanaSi.
aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi momxdari cvlilebebi, sadac gasul wlebSi
privatizacia Zalze mcire masStabiT xorcieldeboda, dadebiT Sedegs iqoniebs
mTlianad privatizaciisa da ekonomikuri reformebis procesebze. 2005 wels, axali
sagadasaxado kodeqsis parametrebis dawesebis kvalobaze, saqarTvelo ufro
momzidveli qveyana gaxdeba rogorc Sida, aseve gare investorebisaTvis. ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis saministrom gamoaqveyna 372 sawarmos sia, romelSic saxelmwifos wilis
gayidva SeTavazebulia auqcionis wesiT. aRniSnuli privatizebis procesi 18 TveSi
unda ganxorcieldes. privatizebis procesis obieqturobis, gamWvirvalobisa da
msoflios masStabiT informaciis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelsayofad, ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis saministro avrcelebs informacias privatizebis Sesaxeb sakuTari
oficialuri beWdviTi organosa da sxva gazeTebis meSveobiT da aseve internetis vebgverdze (www.privatization.ge).
saSualo da msxvili sawarmoebis privatizeba
saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi darCenili saSualo da msxvili sawarmoebis
privatizacia kvlavac problematur sakiTxad rCeba. ganvlili wlebis gamocdilebam
naTelyo, rom saqarTveloSi msxvili sawarmoebis privatizebis xerxebs Sedegi ar
moaqvs. msxvili sawarmoebi metad didi zomisaa, maTi aqtivebi cud mdgomareobaSia;
didi davalianebebi, samuSao Zalis siWarbe da sawarmoSi dainteresebis mqone
jgufebis gavlena kidev ufro arTulebs situacias.
aSkaraa, rom msxvili
sawarmoebis privatizebisaTvis seriozuli zomebia misaRebi. iseT seqtorebSi,
rogoricaa energetikis, satelekomunikacio, mrewvelobisa da transportis seqtorebi,
bevri aqtivi ekonomikisaTvis mZime tvirTad gadaiqca da saswrafod saWiroebs
restruqturizacias, reabilitacias an likvidacias.
2004
wels
adgili
hqonda
zogierTi
saSualo
da
msxvili
saxelmwifo/municepaluri
sawarmos
privatizebas.
sawarmoTa
masStabidan
da
mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare yvelaze sainteresoa Semdegi obieqtebis privatizeba:
TbilaviamSenis – TbilisSi arsebuli 60 wliani istoriis mqone saaviacio teqnikis
mwarmoebeli qarxana; elmavalmSeneblis, saqarTvelos telekomis, sastumroebis
61
privatizacia
iveriisa da inturistis gayidva. 2004 wlis bolo periodSi saprivatizacio tenderSi
wardgenili iyo WiaTurmanganumi, varcixis hidro-eleqtro sadguri da saqarTvelos
saokeano sanaosno kompania, romelTa gayidvac jer-jerobiT ar aris dasrulebuli.
TbilisSi mdebare 330 oTaxiani sastumro iveria gaiyida germanul investorze
2,3 milion aSS dolarad. sastumro privatizebamde ifarebda aTasamde ltolvils.
TiToeulma ltalvilma ojaxma miiRo 7 000 aSS dolari kompensirebis saxiT.
londonSi arsebulma salfordis fondma gamoxata interesi sastumro aWaris mimarT,
romelSic aseve Sesaxlebulia 239 ltolvili ojaxi da romlebis aseve miiReben
7 000 aSS dolars kompensaciis saxiT.
TbilaviamSenis sawarmi iyo 100 procentiT saxelmwifo sakuTreba. Tumca 2003
wels sawarmo samarTavad gadaeca kompanias, romelic dafuZvnebuli iyo sawamos
Zveli menejmentis mer. mosalodneli iyo, rom aqciebis udidesi wili Sesyiduli
iqneboda mmarTveli kompaniis mier. zogierTi saxis qoneba, romelic pirdapir ar
ukavSirdeba sawarmos, magaliTad saparkingo teritoria da sasawyobo Senobebi
gamoiricxa sawarmos ZiriTadi kapitalidan da damoukideblad gaiyideba. 2004 wlis
3 noembers sawarmo TbilaviamSeni mieyida Sps TbilaviamSens, romelmac gadaixada 67
milioni aSS dolari mis SesaZenad.
orma rusulma da erTma qarTul-rusulma kompaniam gamoxates survili
elmavalmSenebeli sawarmos SesaZenad. saxelmwifom tenderze gamoitana aqciaTa 51
procenti. darCenili 49 procenti aqciebisa gayidul iqna yofili qonebis marTvis
saministros mier. daimonti, dema kompiutersi da radoqsi monawileobdnen tenderSi.
gamarjvebulma dema kompiutersma 132 milioni aSS dolari gadaixada sawarmos
aqciebis SesaZenad.
oTxi kompania iyo dainteresebuli WiaTurmanganumis da varcixe-hesis aqciebis
SesyidviT. kerZod, ukrainuli kompania inter-paipi, rusuli – evrazia holdingi,
qarTuli – fero da britanuli moravia-jorjia korporacia. tenderSi gamarjvebuli
aRmoCndnen evrazia holdingi da qarTuli fero, es kompaniebi gadaixdnian 132 milion
aSS dollars sawarmoTa aqciebis SeasaZenad da maT samarTavad Seqmnian holdingur
kompanias.
bevr sawarmoSi Sefasebisa da auditoruli Semowmebis procesi dasrulebuli
ar aris. aucilebelia mkafiod ganisazRvros TiToeul saprivatizacio aqtivze
pasuxismgebeli
organo.
yovel
sawarmoze
pasuxismgebeli
organos
dadgena
gamoricxavs momavalSi sxvadasxva mxareebisagan SesaZlo pretenziebis warmoSobas,
rac Seaferxebda privatizebis procesis uproblemod Catarebas.
mTavrobam
ufro
energiulad
unda
ganaxorcielos
sawarmoTa
restruqturizacia da gakotreba/likvidaciis procedurebi, raTa es sawarmoebi
mimzidveli gaxdnen ucxoeli investorebisaTvis. gakotrebis saqmis warmoeba iwvevs
valauvali sawarmos reorganizeba/reabilitacias an likvidacias. sicocxlisuunaro
da aramimzidveli sawarmoebis likvidacia xSirad privatizaciis mtkivneuli
procesis
logikur
dasasruls
warmoadgens
da
masac
moaqvs
sargebeli
ekonomikisaTvis: sagadasaxado da sxva davalianebebis nawili daifareba. miuxedavad
62
privatizacia
imisa, rom zogierT sawarmoSi dawyebulia likvidacia da gakotrebis saqmis warmoeba,
arc erTi msxvili sawarmos likvidacia ar dasrulebula.
zog sawarmoSi
mimdinareobs sareabilitacio programis ganxorcieleba. Tu ki reabilitacia
warmatebiT
iqna
ganxorcielebuli,
sawarmoebi
SeZleben
dafaron
valebi,
mTlianobaSi gaiumjobeson mdgomareoba da amgvarad ufro efeqturebi gaxdnen.
efeqturi sawarmoebis privatizeba gacilebiT advili iqneba da saxelmwifos ufro
did Semosavals moutans. zogierT SemTxvevaSi efeqturobis miRweva ararealuria,
Tumca, aqtivebis likvidaciis gadawyvetilebis misaRebad ufro mtkice politikuri
nebaa saWiro.
msxvili sawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi saWiroa TiToeuli konkretuli obieqtis
ukeTesad Seswavla, raTa moxdes am saprivatizacio obieqtebis miyidva Zlieri
investorisaTvis, romelsac eqneba unari da survili marTos esa Tu is sawarmo,
ganaxorcielos saWiro investiciebi da miiRos mogeba. msxvili sawarmoebis
likvidacia gadaarCens sawarmos sicocxlisunarian aqtivebs da SeaCerebs valebis
dagrovebas. orive Sedegi mTlianobaSi sargebels moutans qveynis ekonomikas.
`2005 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad,
centralur biujetSi privatizebidan Semosasvleli Tanxebis odenoba Seadgens 94.2
milion lars. navaraudebia, rom 2005 wlis ganmavlobaSi privatizaciidan misaRebi
Semosavlebi daaxloebiT 200,0 mln lariT gadaaWarbebs biujetiT prognozirebad
maCvenebels, romelic mimarTuli iqneba Semdegi mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebis
dasafinanseblad1. kerZod:
_ TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis dafinansebisaTvis 80,0 milioni lari;
_ ganaTlebis RonisZiebebis dafinansebisaTvis 17,0 milioni lari;
_ energetikis seqtoris dafinansebisaTvis _ 40,0 milioni lari;
_ sapensio reformis RonisZiebebisaTvis _ 24,0 milioni lari;
_ sagareo valdebulebebis momsaxurebisaTvis _ 39,0 milioni lari.
mcire sawarmoTa privatizacia
mcire sawarmoTa privatizacia saqarTveloSi 1993 wels daiwyo. msxvili
sawarmoebis privatizeba jer kidev mimdinareobs (telekomunikaciebis, energetikis,
mrewvelobis seqtorebSi) da savaraudoa, rom restruqturizaciis Sedegad axali
mcire sawarmoebi warmoiSveba. maSasadame, mcire sawarmoTa privatizaciis procesi
SesaZloa kidev gagrZeldes. sawarmoTa Sesyidva insaiderebis mier kvlavac
gavrcelebulia, rac bevr SemTxvevaSi amcirebs saxelmwifos Semosavlebs da xels
uSlis mcire sawarmoTa efeqtur funqcionirebas. Tumca, rogorc Cans, arsebuli
meoradi bazari sakmaod warmatebulad funqcionirebs imisaTvis, raTa uzrunvelyos
sawarmoTa ukeTesi mepatroneebis xelSi gadasvla, xolo mzardi konkurencia
kompaniebze zewolas axdens efeqtianobis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT.
privatizebis regionaluri samsaxurebis reorganizaciis gamo, mcire sawarmoTa
privatizebis Sesaxeb sruli da zusti informacia ar mogvepoveba. monacemTa
1
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programis ganxorcielebis
amsaxveli angariSi, 2005 wlis ianvari. (saqarTvelos ekonomikis saministro).
63
privatizacia
dazustebas arTulebs is faqtic, rom mcire sawarmoTa umravlesoba aris
municipalur sakuTrebaSi da am monacemebis Segroveba da gaerTianeba erTian
monacemTa gadamuSavebis sistemaSi damatebiT Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.
energetikis seqtori
2004 wels energetikis seqtoris sawarmoTa privatizebis mxriv progresi ar
dafiqsirebula.
energetikis
saministro
saprivatizaciod
amzadebs
5
eleqtroenergiis generaciis kompanias imereTSi,. 29 gazis gamanawilebel kompaniasa
da zogierT sxva aqtivs. yvela es aqtivi CarTuli iqneba saprivatizacio nusxaSi.
privatizeba dagegmilia 2005 wlisTvis; Tumca, mosamzadebeli samuSao ukve
dawyebulia.
igi
moicavs
aqtivebis
lotebad
dajgufebas,
rac
aqtivebs
investorisaTvis ufro mimzidvels gaxdis. magaliTad, dasavleT saqarTvelos 5
eleqtrogeneraciis kompania erT iuridiul pirad iqneba reorganizebuli. mTavroba
ganixilavs Tbilgazis privatizebis sakiTxs.
sawarmos gasayidad aucilebelia
amoRebis sakiTxSi ukeTesobis miRweva. amJamad Tbilgazis teqnikuri da komerciuli
danakargebi moxmarebuli gazis daaxloebiT 75 procents Seadgens.
energetikis saministro muSaobs mokle-saSualo vadian samoqmedo gegmaze,
romelmac sistema krizisidan unda gamoiyvanos. gegma 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi unda
ganxorcieldes da misi warmatebiT ganxorcieleba sistemis Semdgomi ganviTarebis
sawindari iqneba.
64
Tavi merve. samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri
uzrunvelyofa
Sromis bazari
saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da biznes garemos garkveulwilad
gaumjobesebis miuxedavad, ramac rigi axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna ganapiroba,
Sromis bazris mdgomareoba kvlavac arasaxarbielo da arastabiluri rCeba. maSin
roca umuSevrobis maCveneblebi zogadad Seesabameba gardamavali ekonomikis mqone
qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebel maCveneblebs da TavisTavad, Sromis bazris tendenciebis
Sesaxeb optimisturi daskvnebis safuZvelsac SeiZleba iZleodes, saerTo suraTs
auaresebs arasruli dasaqmeba, farTod gavrcelebuli faruli da SeniRbuli
umuSevroba da xelfasebis donis CamorCena minimalur saarsebo donesTan SedarebiT.
Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis umetesoba arasrulad dasaqmebuli an umuSevaria.
axali stabiluri samuSao adgilebi iSviaTad iqmneba da Zalze cotaa SedarebiT
stabiluri samuSao adgilebi. Sromis bazarze Warbobs soflis meurneobaSi
TviTdasaqmebis wili. dasaqmebulTa didi nawili dakavebulia araoficialuri da
araregistrirebuli saqmianobiT, romelic dabalanazRaurebadia da metwilad
TviTdasaqmebas warmoadgens. Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis mxolod 20
procentamde iRebs xelfass, aqedan dasaqmebulTa didi nawili Zlivs irCens Tavs.
umuSevroba
qvemoT moyvanili mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis analizi emyareba ssd-s
mimdinare
SinameurneobaTa
gamokvlevis
monacemebs1.
aRniSnuli
maCveneblebi,
romlebic gaangariSebulia Sso-s principebisa da meTodologiis safuZvelze (mag.
registrirebuli umuSevrobis monacemebi, saerTaSoriso standartebiT - anu Sso-s
2
ganmartebebis Tanaxmad, ar SeiZleba informaciis karg wyarod CaiTvalos) gvaZleven
bevr saintereso informacias Sromis bazarsa da SinameurneobaTa biujetebis Sesaxeb.
gamokvlevis monacemTa safuZvelze gakeTebuli Sefasebebi xelsayrelia samuSao
Zalis, dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis, samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficientebsa da
samuSao Zalis miRma darCenili mosaxleobis maCveneblebSi cvlilebebis asaxvisaTvis.
ssd-s gamokvlevis Sedegebs udaod arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs Sromis bazarze saerTo
tendenciebisa da SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebis aRricxvis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca,
bevri ram rCeba mocemuli maCveneblebisa da gamokvlevebis miRma. msoflioSi
gamoyenebuli meTodologiis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli gamokvleva ar iTvaliswinebs
anazRaurebis odenobas. amasTan, igi ar moicavs araformalur ekonomikaSi
dasaqmebulTa wils da srulad ar asaxavs arasruli dasaqmebisa da siRaribis
mdgomareobas.
1
mimdinare SinameurneobaTa gamokvlevas ssd-i awarmoebs 1996 wlis mesame kvartlidan, msoflio bankis
finansuri mxardaWeriTa da kanadis statistikis departamentis daxmarebiT. 1998-1999 wlebSi ssd awarmoebda
samuSao Zalis gamokvlevas, Sso-sa da gaeros ganviTarebis programis daxmarebiT da im periodis
monacemebi eyrdnoba samuSao Zalis gamokvlevis monacemebs (ix. statistikuri danarTis cxrili A7.1).
2
Sso-s ganmartebis Tanaxmad, dasaqmebulad iTvleba is, vinc ganxilvis periodSi (erTi kvira) Tundac
erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda.
65
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
ssd-s gaerTianebuli kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, Sso-s “mkacri” meTodiT
gaangariSebuli erovnuli umuSevrobis done, 2004 wlis mesame kvartlis bolos
mdgomareobiT (sem-is am gamocemaze muSaobis periodSi, bolo xelmisawvdomi
monacemebiT), wina welTan SedarebiT, gaizarda 0,2 procentuli punqtiT 13,1
procentamde, xolo “Serbilebuli” meTodiT gaangariSebuli umuSevrobis done sul
2,3 procentuli punqtiT gaizarda da 15,2 procenti Seadgina. maSasadame, am ori
meTodiT gaangariSebul umuSevrobis doneebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba, wina welTan
SedarebiT, Semcirda, Tumca Zalze umniSvnelod. tendencia, romelic bolo wlebSi
gamoikveTa, migvaniSnebs samuSaos aqtiur maZiebelTa ricxvis zrdaze, anu maT
dabrunebaze samuSao Zalis rigebSi.
2003 wlis meoTxe kvartalSi da 2004 wlis pirvel kvartalSi, axal reformebTan
dakavSirebiT umuSevarTa mxridan samuSaos Sovnis aSkarad ufro didi imedi da
molodini iyo, rac wliur gamosaxulebaSi, monawileobis koeficientis ufro maRal
maCveneblebSi aisaxa. Tumca, vinaidan arc SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli kvlevis
monacemebi, da arc praqtikuli dakvirvebis Sedegebi ar miuTiTebs Sromis bazarze
samuSaos Sovnis SesaZleblobaTa masobrivad gaumjobesebaze da aRniSnuli
molodinis mxolod umniSvnelo nawili Sesrulda, 2004 wlis meore da mesame
kvartlebSi, gasul welTan SedarebiT, monawileobis koeficientma daiwyo Semcireba
da umuSevrobis donis zrda ganaxlda. imavdroulad, samuSao adgilebis dakargvas
adgili hqonda rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve araformalur seqtorSic. yofili
saxelmwifo moxeleebi, romelTac samuSao dakarges bolo periodSi mTavrobis mier
ganxorcielebuli restruqturizaciis Sedegad, 2003 wlis bolos da 2004 wlis
dasawyisSi, samuSaos aqtiuri maZieblebi unda gamxdariyvnen iseve, rogorc yofili
TviTdasaqmebuli movaWreebi, romlebic Tbilisis mTavari bazris mimdebare
teritoriaze vaWrobdnen da romelTac axali moTxovnebis Tanaxmad unda
daekanonebinaT TavianTi saqmianoba.
marTalia, samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficientma, 2004 wlis pirvel
kvartalSi vardnis Semdeg, 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi zrda ganaaxla, umuSevrobis
done ki piriqiT daeca, es mxolod sezonuri cvlilebebi iyo da erTi wlisaTvis
Sedarebis Sedegebi miuTiTebs samuSaos maZiebelTa ricxvis klebaze anu imaze, rom
samuSao Zalas umuSevarTa garkveuli raodenoba gamoaklda. Tumca, mesame kvartalSi
samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficienti, kvartalur gamosaxulebaSi ucvleli
rCeboda da wliur gamosaxulebaSi, 1,9 procentuli punqtiT daeca 65,8 procentamde;
umuSevrobis
done
mkveTrad
gaizarda,
rogorc
kvartalur,
aseve
wliur
gamosaxulebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es sakmaod mniSvnelovani vardnaa, igi
Seesabameba gasuli wlebis tendencias da monawileobis koeficienti saqarTveloSi
mainc SedarebiT maRalia. es SeiZleba sxvadasxva procesebis amsaxveli iyos: erTis
mxriv, rodesac Sinameurneobebis ukiduresad mZime ekonomikur mdgomareoba ubiZgebs
samuSao Zalis miRma darCenil adamianebs daiwyon samuSaos Zebna da meores mxriv,
rodesac Sromis bazarze samuSaos Sovnis ukeTesi perspeqtivebi warmoiSveba, rac
gavlenas axdens yofili “imedgacruebuli” muSakebis gadawyvetilebaze kvlav
CaerTon samuSaos aqtiurad ZebnaSi. da bolos, is faqti, rom pensiebis zrdis
miuxedavad, mimdinare sapensio ganakveTi (ix. paragrafi mocemul TavSi) metismetad
dabalia saarsebo minimumis uzrunvelsayofad da monawileobis koeficienti izrdeba
aseve samuSaos maZiebeli pensionerebis xarjze.
66
cxrili 8.1: ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, 2000 w. I kv. – 2004 w. III kv.
(aTasi kaci)
2003 w.
I kv.
sul, 15 welze ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, sul (samuSao Zala )
(1)
(2)
dasaqmebuli
daqiravebuli
TviT-dasaqmebuli
umuSevari (1)
umuSevari (2)
mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT (1)
umuSevrobis done (procenti ) (1)
samuSao Zalis monawileobis
samuSao Zalis monawileobis
TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian
TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian
koeficienti (1)
koeficienti (2)
samuSao ZalaSi
dasaqmebaSi
II kv.
2004 w.
III kv.
Q IV
I kv.
II kv.
III kv.
3, 082
3, 060
3, 132
3, 134
3, 143
3, 122
3, 181
1, 941
2, 037
2, 120
2, 103
2, 007
2, 054
2, 093
2, 025
2, 095
2, 170
2, 160
2, 089
2, 106
2, 146
1, 679
1, 805
1, 897
1, 877
1, 746
1, 809
1, 819
594
1, 083
604
1, 200
640
1, 255
637
1, 240
620
1, 125
608
1, 201
578
1, 239
262
345
1,141
1,057
233
290
1,023
965
223
273
1,002
952
226
283
1, 028
971
260
342
1, 130
1,047
245
298
1, 065
1,013
274
327
1, 086
1,032
13.5
17.1
11.4
13.9
10.5
12.9
10.7
13.1
13.0
16.4
11.9
14.1
13.1
15.2
63.0
65.7
55.8
64.5
66.6
68.5
58.9
66.5
67.7
69.3
59.2
66.2
67.1
68.9
59.0
66.1
63.9
66.5
56.1
64.4
65.8
67.5
58.5
66.4
65.8
67.5
59.2
68.1
wyaro: ssd-s SinameurneobaTa gamokvlevis monacemebi
SeniSvna: (1 ) Sso-s standartiT (an “mkacri” kriteriumiT), "imedgacruebul" muSakTa ricxvis gareSe
(2 ) Sso-s ,,Serbilebuli” kriteriumiT, "imedgacruebul" muSakTa ricxvis CaTvliT
•
sem-is am gamocemaze muSaobis dros, monacemebi 2004 wlis III kvartlisTvis bolo xelmisawvdomi
monacemebi iyo.
•
ufro detaluri cxrili da 1998-2000 w.w. cifrebi ixileT statistikuri danarTis cxrilSi A7.1.1 da
A7.1.2
umuSevrobis done soflad, Cveulebriv, bevrad ufro dabalia, vidre
umuSevrobis done qalaqad (2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi, TiTqmis 8-jer) da mTlianad
qveyanaSi (daaxloebiT 4-jer). damkvidrebuli tendenciisamebr, 2004 wlis mesame
kvartalSi, qalaqad umuSevrobis done Zalze gansxvavdeboda soflad umuSevrobis
donisagan: 26,8 da 30,4 procenti, Sesabamisad, “mkacri” da “Serbilebuli”
standartebiT (TbilisSi, Sesabamisad, 28 da 30,8 procenti). soflad umuSevrobis
done, rogorc yovelTvis, bevrad dabali iyo, vidre qalaqad da erovnuli
maCveneblebi ararealurad iyo warmodgenili – 3,5 procenti Sso-s “mkacri” meTodiT
da 4,2 procenti Sso-s “Serbilebuli” meTodiT. dasaqmebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kanoni,
romelic asaxvas hpovebs gamokvlevis kiTxvarebSi, xels uwyobs soflad da, aseve
mTlianad qveyanaSi, dasaqmebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb araswori warmodgenis Seqmnas.
imis gamo rom,
sasoflo-sameurneo miwis 1 an meti heqtaris mflobeli da misi
ojaxis wevrebi dasaqmebulad iTvlebian, soflis macxovrebelTa umetesoba
avtomaturad gamoiricxeba umuSevarTa kategoriidan. amasTan, soflis bevri
macxovrebeli dakavebulia saojaxo sawarmoSi, sadac usasyidlod muSaobs da
TviTdasaqmebulad iTvleba – anu miekuTvneba im kategorias, romelic mTliani
dasaqmebis udides nawils Seadgens. amgvarad, es iwvevs rogorc soflad, aseve
mTlianad qveyanaSi, umuSevrobis maCveneblebis xelovnurad Semcirebas, monawileobis
koeficientis zrdasa da Sromis bazarze saerTo mdgomareobis arasworad asaxvas.
sinamdvileSi, Tu miwis nakveTi Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens soflad
SinameurneobaTa umetesobisaTvis da uzrunvelyofs maT saarsebo minimumiT, soflis
bevri macxovrebeli, gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc arc Tu ise didi nakveTis mflobelia
67
da visac saSualeba ara aqvs daamuSaos sakuTari nakveTi, Zlivs axerxebs Tavis
rCenas.
soflad mosaxleobis udidesi nawili xandazmulebi arian, xolo axalgazrdebi
samuSaos saZebnelad qalaqSi miemarTebian. maSin, roca zogierTi maTgani axerxebs
samuSaos Sovnas da zogjer sofelSi naTesavebsac ki exmareba, sxvebi qalaqad
umuSevarTa ricxvs ematebian. qalaqad “imedgacruebul” muSakTa raodenoba aseve
aRemateba qalaqad umuSevarTa maCvenebels da, Tu zogierTi soflis macxovrebeli
mainc axerxebs Tavis rCenas, qalaqad “imedgacruebul” umuSevrebs Semosavali
saerTod ar gaaCniaT.
rogorc wesi, umuSevarTa mxolod mcire nawili iwuxebs Tavs registraciis
gavliT: 2004 wlis mesame kvartlis bolos mdgomareobiT, registrirebulma
umuSevrobam
(53,400
aTasi
umuSevari)
“mkacri”
standartiT
gaangariSebuli
umuSevrobis donis 16,5 procenti da “Serbilebuli” standartiT gaangariSebuli
umuSevrobis donis 14 procenti Seadgina (47,900 aTasi umuSevari 2004 wlis meoTxe
kvartlis bolos mdgomareobiT). umuSevarTa umravlesoba registraciis proceduris
gavliT Tavs ar iwuxebs, vinaidan registraciis Sedegad samuSaos Sovnis albaToba
mainc mcirea da miuxedavad imisa, rom cota xnis win umuSevrobis Semweoba TveSi 14
laridan 20 laramde gaizarda, es kvlavac susti stimulia umuSevarTaTvis
registraciis gasavlelad. amavdroulad, SesaZloa, rom zogierTi registrirebuli
umuSevari araoficialuri saqmianobiTaa dakavebuli. maSasadame, es maCvenebeli
naklebad saimedoa.
miuxedavaT imisa, rom praqtikuli dakvirveba axal reformebTan dakavSirebiT
dasaqmebis ukeTes perspeqtivebze miuTiTebs, jer-kidev xSiria arasrulad dasaqmebis,
xangrZlivi umuSevrobisa da dabali anazRaurebis SemTxvevebi, soflis meurneobaSi
TviTdasaqmebis Warbi wili da sapensio asakis muSakTa didi ricxvi, romlebic
iZulebulni arian imuSaon TavianTi momatebuli, magram mainc Zalzed dabali,
pensiebis kompensirebisTvis.
iseT pirobebSi, rodesac umuSevrebi ar arian daculi umuSevrobis efeqturi
sadazRvevo programebiT an nebismieri sxva formis daxmarebiT, rac Tundac saarsebo
minimums uzrunvelyofda, isini rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve socialuri TvalsazrisiT,
gansakuTrebuli riskis winaSe dgebian. umuSevrobis xangrZliv periods moaqvs ara
mxolod Semosavlis dakargva, aramed igi amcirebs aseTi samuSaos maZiebelTa
dasaqmebis SesaZleblobas. xangrZlivi umuSevroba grZeldeba da samuSaos gareSe
yofnis
Sedegad, umuSevrebi kargaven
kvalifikacias
da maTTvis
naklebad
xelmisawvdomi xdeba informacia samuSao adgilebis Sesaxeb. igi xels uwyobs
siRaribis zrdas da Sedegad mohyveba socialuri izolacia da socialuri gariyva.
aRniSnuli xangrZlivi da seriozuli problemis rogorc ekonomikur, aseve
socialur aspeqtebs uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvs da moiTxovs specialuri
RonisZiebebisa da programebis ganxorcielebas, romlebic gamiznuli iqneba
xangrZlivad umuSevrebis dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis amaRlebaze da maT dabrunebaze
Sromis bazarze.
68
dasaqmeba
daqiravebul muSakTa maCveneblebSi, 1998 wlidan klebis Semdeg, 2004 wlis pirvel
kvartalSi, wina welTan SedarebiT, wliur gamosaxulebaSi, mateba aRiniSna da 2004
wlis meore kvartalSi es maCveneblebi praqtikulad ucvleli rCeboda. amave dros
2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi, daqiravebiT dasaqmebis wliur maCveneblebSi kleba
dafiqsirda, rac erTis mxriv saxelmwifo seqtorSi wlis ganmavlobaSi masobrivad
ganxorcielebuli sakadro Semcirebebis, xolo meores mxriv, formalur seqtorSi
Senelebuli zrdisa da samuSao adgilebis naklebobis amsaxvelia. miuxedavad imisa,
rom saqmiani garemos gaumjobesebis mizniT ukve ganxorcielda konkretuli
RonisZiebebi da mzaddeba Sesabamisi reformebi (mag. axali liberaluri sagadasaxado
kodeqsis miReba, ix. Tavi IV), kerZo seqtorSi didi raodenobiT samuSao adgilebis
Seqmnis procesis stimulirebas didi dro dasWirdeba, vinaidan arasaxarbielo biznes
garemos gamo, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba jer-jerobiT SezRudulia.
yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, 2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi, xelfasze momuSave
muSakTa ricxvma saerTo dasaqmebis TiTqmis 32 procenti Seadgina; aqedan 21 procenti
saxelmwifo seqtoris muSakTa wilad modioda. marTalia, saxelmwifo seqtori
Semcirda, magram 2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebis 65 procentze
meti mainc am seqtorze modioda da xelfasze momuSave muSakebis udidesi nawili
mainc saxelmwifo seqtorSi iyo dasaqmebuli. raoden mizanSewoniladac ar unda iyos
miCneuli saStato Semcirebebi, romelic mTavrobis reorganizaciasTan dakavSirebiT
ganxorcielda
saxelmwifo
moxeleTa
muSaobis
efeqtianobis
asamaRleblad,
dakarguli samuSao adgilebi sxva seqtorebSi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis xarjze
unda
anazRaurdes. Sesabamisad,
daqiravebiT dasaqmebaSi
klebis
tendenciis
kompensaciis mizniT, Semdgomi nabijebi unda gadaidges, raTa saqmiani garemo ufro
saxarbielo gaxdes da gaxdes winapiroba kerZo seqtorSi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisa.
daqiravebiT dasaqmeba, romelic saerTo dasaqmebis erT mesamedsac ki ar
Seadgens, ZiriTadad ganixileba, rogorc tradiciuli “mudmivi dasaqmeba”, miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
calkeuli
SemTxvevebis
mixedviT,
bevri
daqiravebuli
muSaki,
gansakuTrebiT ki saxelmwifo seqtorSi, sadac metwilad dabali xelfasebia, aseve
dakavebuli iyo TviTdasaqmebiT an meoradi saqmianobis saxiT sxva alternatiuli
dasaqmebiT, ZiriTadad araformalur seqtorSi. aqtiuri dasaqmebis politika,
romelic moicavs kadrebis momzadeba-gadamzadebas da sxva specialur RonisZiebebs,
saWiro
iqneba
im
yofili
saxelmwifo
moxeleebis
samuSao
adgilebiT
uzrunvelsayofad, romlebic ver moaxerxeben dasaqmebas kerZo seqtorSi, umTavresad
Sromis bazris mkacr pirobebSi maTi dabali konkurentunarianobis gamo.
Tumca, Cveulebrivi aRmavlobis tendenciisagan gansxvavebiT, 2004 wels
TviTdasaqmebis amsaxveli cifrebi, iseve rogorc daqiravebiT dasaqmebis maCveneblebi,
pirvel kvartalSi zrdis Semdeg, meore kvartalSi stabiluri rCeboda, xolo mesame
kvartalSi aseve daeca wliur gamosaxulebaSi. TviTdasaqmeba (umetesad araformalur
seqtorSi) mudmivad Warbobs rogorc dasaqmebaSi, aseve samuSao ZalaSi. mis wilad
2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi, pirvelis 68,1 procenti, xolo meoris 59,2 procenti
modioda. TviTdasaqmebaSi, Tavis mxriv, Warbobs TviTdasaqmeba soflis meurneobaSi:
2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi - 82 procenti. aRniSnuli 82 procenti Semdegnairad
nawildeba: 40 procenti – soflad saojaxo sawarmoSi usasyidlod momuSaveebi, 35
69
procenti – soflad TviTdasaqmebulebi, daaxloebiT 6 procenti – ara soflis
meurneobaSi TviTdasaqmebulebi da mewarmeTa mcireodeni procenti.
TviTdasaqmeba soflis meurneobaSi umeteswilad winaswar gansazRvruli
statusia, radgan, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, sasoflo-sameurneo miwis farTobis 1
heqtaris mflobeli da misi ojaxis wevrebi, dasaqmebis Sesaxeb kanonSi mocemuli
ganmartebis safuZvelze, TviTdasaqmebulad iTvlebian. Tumca, vinaidan miwis nakveTi
bevri ojaxisTvis, gansakuTrebiT soflad, ZiriTad saarsebo wyaros warmoadgens,
sakamaTo sakiTxad rCeba is, sakmarisia Tu ara 1 heqtari sasoflo-sameurneo
savarguli, raTa uzrunvelyos saSualo oTxsuliani ojaxi saarsebo minimumiT mainc.
bevri aseTi TviTdasaqmebuli soflis meurneobis seqtorSi, savaraudod, siRaribis
zRvarzea. miuxedavad amisa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom umuSevrebsa da arasrulad
dasaqmebulebs qalaqad saerTod ara aqvT miwis nakveTi, romelsac daamuSavebdnen,
unda vivaraudoT, rom siRaribis mxriv, isini gacilebiT uares mdgomareobaSi
imyofebian, vidre TviTdsaqmebulebi soflad. maSin roca soflad siRaribe ufro
fuladi Semosavlebis naklebobas ukavSirdeba, qalaqad siRaribe ZiriTadad
arasakmaris kvebaSi gamoixateba.
TviTdasaqmebis Warbi wili miuTiTebs iseT viTarebaze Sromis bazarze, sadac
matulobs im adamianTa ricxvi, vinc umuSevaria an dakavebulia mcireSemosavliani,
naklebad produqtiuli da arastabiluri saqmianobiT, umetesad araformalur
seqtorSi. ssd-s SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom 2004
wlis mesame kvartlis bolos mdgomareobiT, dasaqmebulTa sul mcire 56 procenti
momuSave Raribebi arian da aqedan 28 procentze meti soflad ojaxur sawarmoSi
usasyidlod momuSaveebi (romlebic TviTdasaqmebulebad iTvlebian), TiTqmis 16
procenti sabiujeto organizaciebis muSakebi da kidev 12 procenti ara soflis
meurneobaSi individualurad momuSave TviTdasaqmebulebi.
saqarTvelos Sromis bazrisTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia farTod gavrcelebuli
arasruli ganakveTiT dasaqmeba da droebiT dasaqmeba, ZiriTadad alternativis
uqonlobis gamo. dasaqmebis amgvari modelebi tipiuria yvela gardamavali ekonomikis
mqone qveynebisaTvis da miuTiTebs imaze, Tu rogor cdiloben adamianebi moergon
samuSao Zalaze dabal moTxovnas da stabiluri samuSaos xelmiuwvdomlobis gamo,
arCeven dasjerdnen moklevadiani xelSekrulebebis pirobebs da naxevari ganakveTiT
imuSaon. samuSao Zalis arasrulad gamoyenebis maCvenebelia e.w. “garedan mowveuli
jgufebi”, saagentos an firmis droebiTi muSakebisa da subkontraqtorebis CaTvliT,
anu moklevadiani kontraqtis safuZvelze daqiravebuli muSakebi, romlebic
daqiravebiT dasaqmebis sakmaod mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgenen. marTalia amgvari
daqiravebiT dasaqmebis Sedegad saerTo dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi matulobs, magram
aseTi samuSao adgilebi Cveulebriv, ver uzrunvelyofs socialur dacvas da/an
zRudavs
Tanmimdevruli
profesiuli
zrdis
SesaZleblobebs:
dasaqmebis
TvalsazrisiT, arasruli ganakveTiT momuSaveebi ufro daucvelni arian karieris
susti perspeqtivebisa da Sromis bazarze dabali konkurentunarianobis gamo da
anazRaurebis, upiratesobebis, usafrTxoebisa da samuSao adgilze profesiuli
momzadebis mxriv.
70
nax. 8.1: dasaqmebis maCveneblebi 15 wels zemoT mosaxleobisTvis, 2004 w. III kv.
samuSao
Zalis miRma,
34%
saxelmwifo
seqtorSi
dasaqmebuli,
12%
kerZo
seqtorSi
dasaqmebuli,
6%
TviTdasaqmebuli,
39%
umuSevari, 9%
wyaro: ssd-s SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli gamokvlevis monacemebi
SeniSvna: samuSao Zalis miRma darCenili mosaxleobis wili mocemulia Sso-s “mkacri” standartiT
Sefasebis mixedviT, anu “imedgacruebul” muSakTa ricxvis CaTvliT
Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis saerTo modeli
bolo wlebis manZilze, ZiriTadad, stabiluri iyo. aRniSnuli modelis mixedviT,
2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi, 15 wels zemoT mosaxleobis umetesoba ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis safuZvelze or udides jgufad daiyo: TviTdasaqmebulebi - 39
procenti da samuSao Zalis
miRma darCenili muSakebi - 34 procenti (ix. zemoT
moyvanili nax.8.1). samuSaos gareSe sul 43 procenti iyo (samuSao Zalis miRma
darCenilebi da umuSevrebi). saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa wili TiTqmis
orjer aRemateboda kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa wils da TviTdasaqmebulTa wili
TiTqmis orjer meti iyo, vidre xelfasze momuSaveTa. samuSao adgilebis Semcirebas
adgili aqvs ara mxolod kerZo seqtorSi, rac kerZo biznesis arastabilurobis
amsaxvelia, aramed aseve saxelmwifo seqtorSic. 2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi,
saxelmwifo seqtoris muSakTa wili Semcirda 1 procentuli punqtiT, rogorc
sezonur aseve wliur gamosaxulebaSi. amavdroulad, umuSevarTa wili imave 1
procentuli punqtiT gaizarda gasul welTan SedarebiT. savaraudoa, rom kerZo
seqtorSi bevri samuSao adgili, msxvili kerZo kompaniebis gamoklebiT, daucveli,
arastabiluri da dabalanazRaurebadia da aseve savaraudoa, rom bevri aseTi samuSao
adgili araformalur seqtorSia. amave dros, saxelmwifo seqtoris muSakTa didi
umravlesoba saxelmwifo samoqalaqo moxeleebi iyvnen (2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi
76 procentze meti) da rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 2004 wels ganxorcielebuli sakadro
reformebis Sedegad maTi ricxvi Semcirda. maSin roca maRalCinosani saxelmwifo
moxeleebis xelfasebi mkveTrad gaizarda, saxelmwifo moxeleTa umetesobas kvlavac
dabali xelfasebi aqvT da ojaxebis sarCenad iZulebulni arian damatebiTi
Semosavlis gzebi gamonaxon.
71
samuSao adgilebis umetesoba, gansakuTrebiT qalaqad, araformalur seqtorSi
iqmneba. araformaluri seqtori, romelSic, iseve rogorc mTlianad ekonomikaSi,
dominirebs
arastabiluri
TviTdasaqmeba,
warmodgenilia
mciremasStabiani
saqmianobiT, romelic metwilad ar aris cnobili, aRricxuli da daregulirebuli.
arasrulad dasaqmeba, faruli da SeniRbuli umuSevroba farTodaa gavrcelebuli.
dasaqmebulTa umetesoba dakavebulia Sromis bazris dabalanazRaurebad da daucvel
segmentebSi, sadac cudi samuSao pirobebia Seqmnili. stabiluri, grZelvadiani,
sruli ganakveTis samuSao adgilebi iSviaTobas warmoadgens rogorc formalur,
aseve araformalur seqtorSic. xangrZlivi umuSevroba aferxebs samuSao Zalis
ricxvis zrdas da Sesabamisad, umuSevrobis donis amsaxveli maCvenebelic realurze
dabalia. ekonomikuri mdgomareobis maCveneblebi srulad ver asaxaven realuri
viTarebis mTel simwvaves imis gamo, rom Sso-s umuSevarTa ricxvis gaangariSebis
meTodi ugulvelyofs Sromis anazRaurebis odenobasa da mis Sesabamisobas saarsebo
minimumTan.
donori
organizaciebis
mier
axali
mTavrobisaTvis
gansaxilvelad
warmodgenili ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa mTavar
amocanebs Soris iTvaliswinebs siRaribis daZlevas ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobis
xarjze, rasac axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna mohyveba (ix. qvemoT).
xelfasebi
ssd-s SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli kvlevis monacemTa Tanaxmad, 2004 wlis
mesame kvartalSi3, daqiravebul muSakTa saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasi, mTeli
qveynis masStabiT, 125,7 lari iyo. saSualo wliuri xelfasis wili oTxsuliani
ojaxis saarsebo minimumSi, wina welTan SedarebiT 5 procentuli punqtiT gaizarda
da 2004 wlis mesame kvartlis bolos 53 procents Seadgina. Sinameurneobis fuladi
Semosavlis anazRaurebis wili 36 procenti iyo, xolo Sinameurneobis mTlian
SemosavalSi 28 procentamde Seadgenda.
2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi sabiujeto organizaciebis4 muSakTa (muSakTa
saerTo ricxvis 50 procentamde) xelfasi, TveSi, saSualod, 81,3 lars Seadgenda.
saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da dawesebulebebis muSakTa (daqiravebul muSakTa TiTqmis
16 procenti) saSualo xelfasi TveSi 141,1 lars Seadgenda. kerZo seqtoris muSakTa
(sxva kategoriis daqiravebul muSakTa 31 procentamde) Tviuri anazRaureba,
saSualod, 153,1 lari iyo. ucxouri organizaciebisa da erToblivi sawarmos muSakTa
(daqiravebul muSakTa 3 procenti) Tviuri xelfasi saSualod 334,3 lars Seadgenda
da sxva kategoriis muSakTa (0,4 procentamde) xelfasebi, TveSi, saSualod 125,7 lari
iyo.
3
sem-is am gamocemaze muSaobis dros, SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli kvlevis monacemebi 2004 wlis mesame
kvartlisTvis bolo xelmisawvdomi monacemebi iyo.
4
sabiujeto organizacia ewodeba saxelmwifo organizacias, romlis dafinanseba saxelmwifo biujetis
subsidiebiT xdeba.
72
saxelmwifo seqtoris muSakTa xelfasebi (daqiravebul muSakTa 65,6 procenti),
iseve rogorc kerZo seqtoris muSakTa didi nawilis anazRaureba, kvlavac bevrad
Camouvardeba saarsebo minimums. maSin, roca qalaqad daqiravebiT dasaqmeba
SinameurneobaTa Semosavlis mTavar wyarod rCeba, igi iseTive arastabiluria,
rogorc qveyanaSi SinameurneobaTa Semosavlis nebismieri sxva wyaro. miuxedavad
imisa, rom daqiravebul muSakTa saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasebi, absolutur
gamosaxulebaSi TiTqmis 15 procentiT gaizarda wina welTan SedarebiT, realur
gamosaxulebaSi xelfasebis mateba inflaciis gamo ar momxdara (ix. mexuTe Tavi).
daqiravebul muSakTa anazRaureba, ZiriTadad, saxelmwifo moxeleTa Semcirebuli
samuSao adgilebis xarjze gaizarda. 2005 wlis ianvridan, saxelmwifo moxeleTa
minimaluri saxelfaso ganakveTi 115 larze dafiqsirda.
minimaluri saarsebo done
ssd-is Tanaxmad, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi SemoRebuli Zveli meTodis
safuZvelze gaangariSebuli "oficialuri" saarsebo minimumi, 2004 wlis mesame
kvartalSi Seadgenda 118,8 lars saSualo momxmareblisTvis, 135,5 lars momuSave
kacisTvis da 235,7 lars saSualo oTxsuliani ojaxisTvis (2004 wlis meoTxe
kvartlis bolos mdgomareobiT, Sesabamisad 132, 150,5 da 261,8 lari). ssd-s ukve didi
xania mzad aqvs saarsebo minimumis donis gaangariSebis axali meTodi, romelsac igi
am ukanasknel dromde aqveynebda rogorc "alternatiul" saarsebo minimums5. Tumca,
aRniSnuli
meTodebidan
romeli
ukeT asaxavs
realur
kalaTas,
romelic
mizanSewonil saarsebo minimums uzrunvelyofs, SeiZleba sakamaTo sakiTxi iyos.
axali "alternatiuli" meTodis safuZvelze gaangariSebuli minimaluri saarsebo
doneebi ufro axlosaa qveyanaSi saSualo xelfasis doneebTan, anu "oficialur"
doneze bevrad dabalia.
rogorc ssd-is gaerTianebuli kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, 2004 wlis mesame
kvartalSi qveynis masStabiT daqiravebul muSakTa mxolod 3 procentis (ucxouri
organizaciebis an erToblivi sawarmoebis muSakTa) anazRaureba aRemateboda
oTxsuliani ojaxis saarsebo minimums. momuSave kacisTvis saarsebo minimumze maRali
xelfasebi hqonda daqiravebul muSakTa TiTqmis 35 procents (kerZo sawarmoebis,
ucxouri organizaciebisa da “sxva” kategoriis muSakebs) da, zemoaRniSnuli 35
procentis garda, kidev 16 procents (saxelmwifo sawarmoebis muSakebs), anu 51
procentis anazRaureba aRemateboda saarsebo minimums saSualo momxmareblisTvis
(anu umuSevari momxmareblisTvis). daqiravebul muSakTa kidev 50 procentis
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi) saSualo Tviuri anazRaureba aRniSnul donesac ki bevrad
Camouvardeboda da qveynis masStabiT Tanabari ganakveTis pensiebma saSualo
momxmareblisTvis aRniSnuli donis 15 procentamde Seadgina. oTxsuliani ojaxisTvis
TveSi 236 lariT Tavis rCena ioli amocana ar aris. Tumca praqtikuli dakvirvebis
Tanaxmad, arsebobs bevri iseTi ojaxi, romelic aRniSnulze bevrad naklebi TanxiT
5
1999 wlis agvistoSi mTavrobis mier miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba "gaangariSebis meTodSi cvlilebebis
Setanisa da minimaluri saarsebo donis gadaangariSebis" Taobaze da agreTve SemuSavda prezidentis
dadgenilebis proeqti "saarsebo minimumis gansazRvrisa da gamoyenebis" Sesaxeb da mas Semdeg, aranairi
nabijebi ar gadadgmula.
73
irCens Tavs, gansakuTrebiT isini, visac mxolod erTi marCenali hyavs. amave dros,
oTxsuliani ojaxic, sadac mxolod erTi wevri muSaobs, danarCenebi ki mis kmayofaze
arian, yvelaze gaWirvebul ojaxTa kategorias ar miekuTvneba da, Sesabamisad,
saxelmwifo socialuri daxmareba ar ekuTvnis (ix. qvemoT), vinaidan am kategoriaSi
mosaxvedrad, ojaxi unda Sedgebodes mxolod umuSevari pensionerebisa da/an oboli
bavSvebisgan. cxadia, aRniSnuli problema unda mogvardes iseve, rogorc sxva
problemebi, romlebic prioritetebis nusxaSia da gansakuTrebiT, meti dasaqmebis
SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofiT.
socialuri politika da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema
vinaidan
saqarTvelos
ekonomikis
mniSvnelovani nawili
araformalur
seqtorze modis, mosaxleobis udides nawils, araformaluri seqtoris muSakTa,
TviTdasaqmebulTa da umuSevarTa CaTvliT, iseve rogorc maTi ojaxis wevrebs,
saerTod araviTari socialuri dacva ar gaaCniaT da daxmareba, romelsac
socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema iTvaliswinebs, garkveulwilad simboluria.
saxelmwifo socialuri dacvis sistema Zireul restruqturizacias saWiroebs
imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas ekonomikurad sicocxlisunariani, xelmisawvdomi da Tanabari
socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs siRaribis warmatebiT
daZlevas, da gansakuTrebiT, yvelaze gaWirvebuli mosaxleobis daxmarebas.
araadeqvaturi sapensio daxmarebis pirobebSi, xandazmul asakSi myofi mosaxleobis
siRaribis daZlevis problema metad mniSvnelovania. socialuri politika da
reformebi mTavrobis mTavar prioritetebs Sorisaa da, marTalia am mimarTulebiT
garkveuli nabijebi ukve gadaidga, jer kidev bevri ram aris gasakeTebeli.
socialuri daxmarebis sistemis reforma
mTavrobam
garkveuli
cvlilebebi
Seitana
da
Sesabamisad,
ganaaxla
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa. programa aqcents akeTebs
imaze, rom siRaribiT gamowveuli socialuri uTanabrobis donis Sesamcireblad
reformebi efeqturad unda iqnes gatarebuli (ix. Tavi II, CanarTi 2.1). ekonomikuri
ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa aRiarebs, rom siRaribis erT-erTi
gamomwvevi mizezi umuSevrobaa da xazs usvams im faqts, rom marTalia siRaribis
donis Sesamcireblad da mis aRmosafxvrelad aucilebelia swrafi da stabiluri
ekonomikuri zrda, es erT dReSi ver miiRweva. maSasadame, axlo momavalSi, RaribTa
saarsebo saxsrebis gazrda mxolod saxelmwifo transferebis meSveobiT iqneba
SesaZlebeli6.
mTavrobis mier ukve dawyebuli socialuri daxmarebis sistemis reformis
mTavari principia (ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programis
ganaxlebuli versiis Tanaxmad), socialuri daxmarebis monetarizacia (anu fuladi
daxmarebis
gacema).
kategoriebze
dafuZnebuli
socialuri
daxmarebisagan
6
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa, Sedegebis amsaxveli angariSi, 2005 wlis
ianvari.
74
gansxvavebiT, romelic dRemde moqmedebs7, reformirebuli socialuri daxmarebis
sistema,
romelic
sabolood
SemoRebuli
iqneba
wlis
bolos,
emyareba
individualuri moTxovnilebebis Sefasebis (an saarsebo saxsrebis Semowmebis)
meTods. ZiriTadi sxvaoba am or midgomas Soris mdgomareobs SemdegSi: maSin roca
kategoriaze
dafuZnebuli
sistema
gulisxmobs
cxovrebis
donis
saerTo
gaumjobesebas
socialuri
daxmarebis
mimRebTa
kategoriebis
mixedviT,
moTxovnilebebis Sefasebaze damyarebuli sistemis mizania ukiduresi siRaribis
donis Semcireba.
axali socialuri daxmarebis sistema iTvaliswinebs yovelTviurad fuladi
daxmarebis gacemas im ojaxebze, romlebic siRaribis zRvars qvemoT cxovroben.
amJamad, ssd muSaobs qulebis sistemaze dafuZnebuli kiTxvarebis SemuSavebaze,
romlis meSveobiTac unda moxdes kandidatebis gamokiTxva socialuri daxmarebis
mimRebTa gansazRvris mizniT. ojaxis siRaribis riskis SefasebisaTvis, kiTxvarSi
gamoyenebuli iqneba Sewonili faqtorebi. gamoyenebuli iqneba rogorc statistikuri
aseve arastatistikuri maCveneblebi (arastatistikuri maCvenebelia, magaliTad,
mosazrebebi daxmarebis mimRebTa potenciur jgufebTan dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa
oboli bavSvebi, martoxela pensionerebi, mravalSviliani ojaxebi da sxva).
ekonomikuri zrdisa da siRaribis daZlevis programis Tanaxmad, saidentifikacio
strategia da kiTxvarebi sabolood mzad unda iyos 2005 wlis pirveli kvartlis
bolosTvis da axali socialuri daxmarebis sistema warmodgenili unda iqnes 2005
wlis meoTxe kvartalSi. winaswari SefasebiT, TiToeuli ojaxisaTvis gadasaxdeli
fuladi daxmarebis odenoba 60-dan 125-mde lars Seadgens, rac damokidebuli iqneba
Sesabamisi kategoriis ojaxis sidideze.
zemoT aRniSnuli saxelmwifo socialuri daxmarebis garda, socialurad
daucveli mosaxleobisTvis socialuri daxmarebis kidev ori forma arsebobs:
umuSevrobis Semweoba da Tanabari ganakveTis pensiebi.
standartuli Tviuri umuSevrobis Semweoba, romelic registrirebuli
umuSevrobis pirveli eqvsi Tvis manZilze gaicema, “umuSevarTa socialuri
uzrunvelyofis damatebiTi zomebis Sesaxeb” prezidentis a.w. 28 agvistos
gankargulebis Tanaxmad, 6 lariT gaizarda da amJamad 20 lars Seadgens umuSevrobis
mTeli periodisaTvis. am daxmarebis mimRebTa statusis misaRebad, umuSevarma unda
gaiaros registracia da Sesabamisad, unda iqonios formalur seqtorSi muSaobis
garkveuli staJi. amis gamo, im umuSevarTa ricxvi, romelic Tavs iwuxebs
registraciis gavliT, Cveulebriv, realurze bevrad dabalia da Sesabamisad,
daxmarebis mimRebTa ricxvi umniSvneloa.
7
saxelmwifo socialuri daxmareba socialurad daucveli ojaxebisTvis mimarTulia ojaxebze, romlebic
Sedgeba mxolod da mxolod "gaWirvebuli umuSevari pensionerebisgan" an oboli bavSvebisagan, an
invalidi bavSvebisa da Sromisuunaro wevrebisagan, da mravalSvilian ojaxebze, romelTac minimum 7
Svili hyavT. faqtobrivad, es daxmareba warmoadgens erTgvar damatebas, romelic yvelaze Raribi
xandazmuli mosaxleobis nawilma simbolur pensiebTan erTad unda miiRos da mcireoden bavSvTa
daxmarebas yvelaze Rataki ojaxebisTvis. saxelmwifo socialuri daxmareba 22 lars Seadgens Sesabamisi
erTsuliani ojaxisaTvis an TiToeuli meurveobaSi myofi oboli bavSvisTvis, 35 lars mravalSviliani
ojaxisaTvis.
75
sapensio sistema
moqmedi pay-as-you-go saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis Tanaxmad, fiqsirebuli
ganakveTis xandazmulobis pensia, romelsac qveyanaSi pensionerTa umetesoba
Rebulobs, prezidentis brZanebulebis safuZvelze, 2004 wlis maisSi, 14-dan 18
laramde gaizarda; aqedan 14 lari fiqsirebuli ganakveTis sapensio daxmarebis
ZiriTadi nawilia da 4 lari gaTvaliswinebulia wina periodSi dagrovebuli
sapensio davalianebis dasafaravad. (vinaidan, 2003 wlis aprilidan, TbilisSi
pensionerebi damatebiT 3 lars iReben qalaqis biujetidan, maTi pensia 21 lars
Seadgenda).
sapensio davalianebebis etapobrivad dasafaravad is pensionerebi,
romelTac erTi Tvis pensiaze meti ekuTvnodaT, damatebiT yovelTviurad 2 lars
iRebdnen. 2005 wlis ianvridan, sapensio ganakveTi 28 laramde gaizarda. sapensio
davalianebebis dagroveba Sewyda da daiwyo Zveli davalianebebis dafarva, rac
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programis Sedegebis amsaxveli
angariSis Tanaxmad, sapensio reformis ganxorcielebis mimarTulebiT pirveli
gadadgmuli nabijia. Tumca, kerZod ra reformebi unda gatardes sapensio sistemaSi,
Sedegebis amsaxvel angariSSi mkafiod gansazRvruli ar aris.
Tanabari ganakveTis xandazmulobis pensia ar iTvaliswinebs arc samuSao
staJs da arc xelfasis odenobas da momatebis miuxedavad, erTis mxriv, susti
stimulia gadasaxadebis gadaxdisTvis (axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tanaxmad,
romelic ZalaSi Sevida 2005 wlis dasawyisidan, damqiraveblis mier gadasaxdeli
socialuri gadasaxdi xelfasis 20 procents Seadgens, xolo muSakebi am gadasaxadiT
saerTod ar ibegrebian) da meores mxriv, bevrad Camouvardeba saarsebo minimumis
dones (2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi, saSualo momxmareblis oficialuri saarsebo
minimumis daaxloebiT 15 procenti).
Pay-as-you-go
saxelmwifo
sapensio
sistema
sapensio
asakis
mTeli
mosaxleobisaTvis, didi xania mTeli rigi problemebis winaSe dgas. iseT pirobebSi,
rogoric iyo mwiri sagadasaxado baza, didi masStabis araformaluri seqtori da
gadasaxadebis Segrovebisa da gadaxdis mudmivad dabali done, socialuri
gadasaxadis SemosavlebiT8 pensiebis dafinanseba ver xerxdeboda da sistema
ramodenime wlis manZilze agrovebda davalianebas. maSin roca dabali xelfasebi da
mimdinare Senatanebsa da momaval pensiebs Soris kavSiris ar arseboba susti
stimuli iyo muSakebis mier socialuri gadasaxadis gadasaxdelad, kanonis
aRsrulebis dabali donisa da xelfasidan gadasaxadis SedarebiT maRali ganakveTis
gamo, muSakebi cdilobdnen Tavi aeridebinaT gadasaxadis gadaxdisaTvis.
mas Semdeg, rac parlamentis mier damtkicebuli iqna axali sagadasaxado
kodeqsi, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 2005 wlis dasawyisidan, xelfasidan gadasaxadis
ganakveTis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli imedebi gaCnda. savaraudod,
8
Zveli sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tanaxmad, Senatanebi muSakTa xelfasidan, romelic Seadgenda
socuzrunvelyofis erTiani saxelmwifo fondis Semosavals mTliani xelfasis 26 procents Seadgenda
sabiujeto organizaciebisaTvis da 27 procents sxvebisaTvis, romelsac ixdida damqiravebeli, xolo 1
procents, ixdida muSaki; axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tanaxmad, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 2005 wlis
dasawyisidan, damqiraveblis mier gadasaxdeli socialuri gadasaxadi xelfasis 20 procents Seadgens,
maSin roca muSakebi am gadasaxadiT saerTod ar ibegrebian.
76
zemoaRniSnulma axalma ganakveTma xeli unda Seuwyos gadasaxadebis Segrovebisa da
Sesabamisad, pensiebis dafinansebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas. axali mTavrobis
ZalisxmeviT aseve miRweuli iqna mniSvnelovani warmateba gadasaxadebis Segrovebis
mxriv, iklo gadasaxadebis Tavidan acilebisa da dafarvis SemTxvevebma da
Sesabamisad, sagadasaxado bazac sagrZnoblad gafarTovda. amave dros, 2004 wels,
socuzrunvelyofis erTianma saxelmwifo fondma daiwyo pensionerebis xelaxali
registracia, ris Sedegadac pensiebis realur mimRebTa ricxvma odnav iklo.
Tumca,
PAYG-is
(pay-as-you-go)
sapensio
sistemis
gamarTulad
funqcionirebisaTvis unda arsebobdes sxva aucilebeli winapirobebic iseT
viTarebaSi, rodesac igi mTlianad gadasaxadebis Segrovebis donezea damokidebuli.
magaliTad, damokidebulebis koeficienti9 dRes Zalze dabalia 1:1,4, rac daqiravebul
muSakTa ricxvis klebisa da araformaluri seqtoris didi masStabebis amsaxvelia;
amis Sedegad, fondSi Senatanebis gadamxdelTa ricxvic ukiduresad dabalia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom axali mTavrobis mier ukve miRebuli iqna konkretuli zomebi
mimdinare sapensio ganakveTis gazrdis mizniT da mas sxva RonisZiebebic aqvs
SemuSavebuli, moqmedi PAYG-is sapensio sistema kvlavac ver axerxebs Tavisi
ZiriTadi funqciis Sesrulebas - uzrunvelyos pensionerebi minimaluri sabazo
pensiebiT. Tumca, maSin roca dasabegri saSualo xelfasis dabali ganakveTis gamo
PAYG-is universaluri sapensio sistema dabali Canacvlebis koeficientiT10
xasiaTdeba, wlis dasawyisidan, pensionerTa umravlesobis saSualo fiqsirebuli
ganakveTis pensiebi izrdeba: Tu 2001 wlis pirvel kvartalSi sapensio ganakveTi
daqiravebul muSakTa Tviuri xelfasis daaxloebiT 12 procents Seadgenda, 2004 wlis
mesame kvartalSi 14 procentamde gaizarda. Tumca, jer kidev grZeli gzaa gasavleli,
vidre pensiebi daakmayofileben pensionerTa minimalur moTxovnebs. dRes-dReobiT ki
pensionerTa umetesobas Tavi gaaqvs ojaxis daxmarebiT an cdilobs iSovos
nebismieri samuSao, romelic saarsebo minimums uzrunvelyofs.
sapensio sistemis reforma mTavrobis prioritetebs Sorisaa, radgan moqmedi
sapensio sistemis krizisiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri
Sedegebi siRaribis riskis winaSe ayenebs umweo pensionerebs, rasac SemdgomSi
SeiZleba mohyves socialuri dezintegracia, gamijvna da socialuri gariyva.
9
pensionerTa
ricxvis
gadamxdelTa
ricxvTan
procentuli
Sefardeba
(Sesatanebis
gadamxdelTa
da
daxmarebis mimRebTa procentuli Sefardeba).
10
saSualo pensiis Sefardeba saSualo xelfasTan.
77
Tavi mecxre. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
saqarTvelos vaWroba evrokavSirTan
saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis 2004 wlis monacemebis mixedviT,
saqarTvelos vaWrobam evrokavSiris qveynebTan (25 qveyana) Seadgina 727,7 milioni aSS
dolari, rac 42,1 procentiT metia wina wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT.
saqarTvelos eqsportma evrokavSiris bazarze Seadgina 111,6 milioni dolari (wina
wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelze 36,7 procentiT meti). evropulma importma saqarTveloSi
Seadgina 616,2 milioni aSS dolari (43,1 procentiT meti). saangariSo periodSi
evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis wilad modis saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvis 29,2
procenti, maT Soris eqsportis 17,2 procenti da importis 33,4 procenti.
2004 wels saqarTvelos umsxvilesi savaWro partniorebis pirvel aTeulSi
Sedis evrokavSiris 3 qveyana – gaerTianebuli samefo, germania, italia da plus
TurqeTi da maTi savaWro brunva Semdegnairad Camoyalibda: ixileT cxrili 9.1.
cxrili 9.1 saqarTvelos vaWroba evrokavSiris 3 qveyanasTan da TurqeTTan 2004 wels
(aTasi aSS dolari)
2004 weli
eqsporti
importi
brunva
gaerTianebuli
samefo
31,6
171,4
203,0
germania
15,9
151,1
167,0
italia
11,6
61,5
73,1
TurqeTi
118,7
202,3
321,0
sul:
177,8
586,3
764,1
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti
78
cxrili 9.2. saqarTvelos vaWroba evrokavSiris qveynebTan 2004 weli
(aTasi aSS dolari)
2004 weli
brunva
avstria
importi
eqsporti
Bbalansi
22582
22265,0
317,0
-21948,0
20621.2
15546,5
5074,7
-10471,8
9189,3
8434,7
754,6
-7680,1
72963,2
63230,4
9732,8
-53497,6
167037,0
151118,2
15918,8
-135199,4
saberZneTi
21817,3
14485,2
7332,1
-7153,1
irlandia
2240,6
2184,9
55,7
-2129,2
73064,5
61470,8
11593,7
-49877,1
591,1
471,0
120,1
-350,9
44457,5
34594,8
9862,7
-24732,1
143,0
belgia
dania
safrangeTi
germania
italia
luqsemburgi
niderlandi
portugalia
2301,5
2158,5
fineTi
6337,5
6337,5
espaneTi
15901,5
6405,6
9495,9
3090,3
SvedeTi
4913,6
4850,2
63,4
-4786,9
203004,2
171425,4
31578,8
-139846,6
gaerTianebuli
samefo
-2015,5
-6337,5
estoneTi
1318,4
445,0
873,4
428,4
kviprosi
8487,1
8056,2
430,9
-7625,3
latvia
3936,0
2906,1
1029,9
-1876,2
litva
4424,2
3554,2
870,0
-2684,2
malta
455,4
1,1
454,3
453,2
poloneTi
9957,6
8429.6
1528,0
-6901,6
slovakeTi
3964,5
1336,4
2628,1
slovenia
3970,1
3970,1
1291,7
-3970,1
ungreTi
10237,1
10152,8
84,3
-10068,5
CexeTi
13977,2
12348,4
1628,8
-10719.6
727749,6
616178,6
111571
-504607,6
sul
cxrili 9.3 saqarTvelos vaWroba evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis kandidat qveynebTan 2004
weli
(aTasi aSS dolari)
2004 wlis
brunva
importi
eqsporti
Balansi
bulgareTi
54427,2
38875,2
15552,0
-23323,2
TurqeTi
321034,3
202290,7
118743,6
-83547,1
rumineTi
15309
14020,1
1288,9
-12731,2
390770,5
255186
135584,5
-119601,5
sul
saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris urTierTobebis momavali perspeqtivebi
gasuli naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi evrokavSirma TvalsaCino warmatebebs
miaRwia. man Tavis wevr saxelmwifoebs mSvidoba, xolo Tavis moqalaqeebs _
79
keTildReoba moutana.
evrokavSirma Tavis farglebSi gaaerTiana saxelmwifoebi,
romelnic naxevari saukunis ukan sisxlismRvrel omSi CarTulni or mowinaaRmdege
banaks warmoadgendnen. ukve dRes maTi suverenuli uflebebi moqceulia zeerovnuli
institutebis
farglebSi,
romlebic
urTierTTanamSromlobis
meSveobiT
Tanamegobrobis wevr qveynebs Soris warmoSobili uTanxmoebebis gadasawyvetad
urTierTxelsayrel gzebsa da gadawyvetilebebs eZeben.
am kavSiris
daarsebis
dRidan mis udides miRwevasa da mizans warmoadgens daamyaros mSvidoba da
uzrunvelyos keTildReoba, rogorc masSi gaerTianebul qveynebisaTvis, aseve mTels
msoflioSi. aqedan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar aris, rom evrokavSiri warmoadgens
erT-erT udides donors msoflio maStabiT.
evrokavSiri Tavisi istoriis manZilze xuTjer gafarTovda. yoveli
gafarToeba garkveulwilad axal amocanebs saxavda gadasawyvetad evrokavSiris
winaSe. mexuTe 2004 wlis gafarToebis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi dadga aRmosavleT da
centraluri evropis qveynebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, ramdenadac,
es qveynebi sakmaod CamorCebodnen TavianTi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniT
evrokavSiris danarCen qveynebs.
aRniSnuli
gafarToebiT, evrokavSiris sazRvari kidev ufro dauaxlovda
samxreT kavkasias. gafarToebis Semdegi etapis, bulgareTisa da rumineTis
gawevrianebiT, saqarTvelo iqneba dakavSirebuli am qveynebTan Savi zRvis auziT.
TurqeTis gawevrianebis SemTxvevaSi ki saqarTvelos ukve saxmeleTo sazRvari eqneba
evrokavSirTan.
saqarTvelom evrokavSirTan urTierToba damoukideblobis mopovebis dRidan
daiwyo. maT Soris urTierTobis samarTlebriv safuZvels wamoadgens partniorobisa
da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wlidan.
evrokavSirTan TanamSromlobaSi kidev erT wingadadgmul nabijs warmoadgens
evropis samezoblo iniciativaSi saqarTvelos CarTva (somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan
erTad).
didi mniSvneloba aqvs
aRniSnul regionTan mWidro ekonomikuri da
politikuri urTierTobebis im gziT ganviTarebas, romelic saqarTvelosaTavis,
rogorc samxreT kavkasiis Semadgeneli nawilisaTvis, momgebiani da warmatebuli
iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi saxeze gveqneba regioni, romlis ekonomikuri potenciali
mimzidveli gaxdeba dasavleTisa da evrokavSirisaTvis, ara marto energoresursebisa
da “satransporto derefnis” funqciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aramed Tundac turizmis
ganviTarebis perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT radgan samxreT kavkasiis sam qveyanas am
sferoSi mWidro da efeqturi TanamSromlobisTvis didi potenciali gaaCnia.
saerTaSoriso
sazogadoeba
regions
ganixilavs
rogorc
erTiani
geopolitikur da ekonomikur sivrces. samxreT kavkasiisadmi aseTi midgoma
ZiriTadad
ganpirobebulia,
upirvelesad,
evropul
da
evro-atlantikur
struqturebTan ganviTarebuli urTierTxelsayreli TanamSromlobiT. aRsaniSnavia,
rom evrokavSirTan sawyisi urTierTobidanve saqarTvelo ZiriTadad ganixileboda
regionalur aspeqtSi. Sesabamisad evrokavSiris politika saqarTvelos mimarT
yovelTvis rCeboda regionis, anu samxreT kavkasiis mimarT evrokavSiris politikis
80
nawilad. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelosaTvis ufro ukeTesi iqneboda gaerTianebis
mxridan qveynisadmi individualuri midgomis arseboba, upirveles yovlisa, qveynis
gamTlianebisaTvis xelSewyobis TvalsazrisiT, rac qveyanas saSualebas miscemda
daemyarebina ufro mWidro regionuli urTierToba saqarTvelosTan mosazRvre
gawevrianebis kandidat qveynebTan. samxreT kavkasiis erTian regionad Camoyalibeba
iseTi saxiT, rogorc es moxda balkaneTsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi, metad
problematur sakiTxs warmoadgens. saqarTvelos, azerbaijans da somxeTs sakmaod
gansxvavebuli politikuri kultura, sazogadoebis
ganviTarebisa da demokratiis
araerTgvarovani doneebi gaaCniaT. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, regionis integraciis
maRali donis miRweva erTob Zneli amocanaa.
regionalur iniciativebSi monawileobasTan erTad, saqarTvelom TviTon
unda
gadadgas
evrokavSirTan
daaxloebis
praqtikuli
nabijebi.
Tumca
gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom saqarTvelos am mxriv didi arCevani ar aqvs;
evrokavSiri, rogorc wesi, Tavs ikavebs Tavis rigebSi calke aRebuli qveynis
gawevrianebisagan (saberZneTi gamonaklisi SemTxvevaa). mizezi imisa Tu ratom
amjobinebs evrokavSiri regionul midgomas, aris is rom, aseTi midgoma ubiZgebs
erTi regionis qveynebs gaiziaron erTmaneTis ganviTarebis magaliTebi da
gamocdileba da daaCqaron is reformebi, romlebic aucilebelia kopenhagenis
kriteriumebis dasakmayofileblad. swored amis gamo Sevidnen wels evrokavSirSi
erTmaneTisagan
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
mxriv
ise
gansxvavebuli
qveynebi,
rogorebicaa CexeTi, malta, litva, kviprosi da estoneTi.
saqarTvelosTvis, regionul aspeqtSi, mniSvnelovania Savi zRvis ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis
organizaciasa
(BSEC)
da
evrokavSirs
Soris
mWidro
TanamSromlobis mxardWera. xmelTaSuazRvisa da Savi zRvis qveynebis regionuli
TanamSromloba momavalSi xels Seuwyobs regionis ekonomikur ganviTarebas da
uzrunvelyofs mis politikur da ekonomikur stabilurobas. aRniSnul iniciativaSi
monawileobisas,
saqarTvelo
SesaZlebelia
CarTuli
iyos
evrokavSiri
xmelTaSuazRvispireTis partniorobiT gaTvaliswinebul sxvadasxva ekonomikuri
proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi. saqarTvelos aqtiuri TanamSromloba da monawileoba
xmelTaSuazRvis regionis proeqtebSi, iseve rogorc ormxrivi urTierTobebi mis wevr
saxelmwifoebTan, SemdgomSi xels Seuwyobs qveynis integracias evrokavSiris
struqturebTan. evrokavSirSi integracia mniSvnelovani da rTuli amocanaa,
romelsac sWirdeba udidesi Zalisxmeva da pasuxismgebloba.
realurad Savi zRvis auzis yvela qveyanas (ruseTis garda, romelsac Tavad
ar gaaCnia aseTi mizani) aqvs perspeqtiva gaxdes evrokavSiris wevrobis kandidati.
rumineTi da bulgareTi 2007 wlisaTvis unda gaxdnen evrokavSiris wevrebi, TurqeTi
albaT 2014 wlis Semdeg, 2007 wlamde saqarTvelom, iseve rogorc moldovam da
ukrainam, romelTac am SemTxvevaSi analogiuri interesebi amoZravebT, unda
moaxdinon Savi zRvis regionis gardaqmna evrokavSirTan integraciis WrilSi.
gansakuTrebiT mniSnelovania ukrainaSi ganviTarebuli bolodroindeli
politikuri movlenebi, rasac saqarTvelosa da ukrainas Soris urTierToba axal
fazaSi gadahyavs. aRniSnuli cxadhyofs, rom saqarTvelosa da ukrainis ufro mWidro
81
TanamSromloba sasikeTod waadgeba am or qveyanaSi reformebis
gatarebas, rac wingadagmuli nabiji iqneba evropis Tanamegobrobisaken.
warmatebiT
iseve, rogorc ukrainis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo unda Seecados TurqeTTan
maqsimalur daaxloebas. am drois ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelom unda gaagrZelos
aqtiuri muSaoba ramdenime mimarTulebiT. gansakuTrebiT saWiro iqneba TurqeTTan
gamartivebuli savizo reJimis SenarCuneba da sxvadasxva ekonomikur proeqtebSi
TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba (maT Soris baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis proeqtSic), raTa ori
qveynis ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba Seuqcevadi xasiaTis gaxdes.
magram mxolod es ar iqneba sakmarisi. saqarTvelo unda iswrafodes
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da politikuri stabilurobisaken, radgan TurqeTi,
rumineTi Tu bulgareTi ar moisurveben “zedmet tvirTad” hyavdeT iseTi qveyana,
romelic
Tavs
ver
arTmevs
elementarul
ekonomikur
problemebs,
gaaCnia
mougvarebeli konfliqtebi, ver axerxebs sazRvrebis dacvas, korufciasTan efeqtur
brZolas da siRaribis zRvarze hyavs mosaxleobis didi nawili. ukanasknel xans
dawyebuli reformebi gvaZlevs imis imeds, rom uaxloes momavalSi am problemebis
aRmofxvra nawilobriv mainc moxerxdeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi axali xelisuflebis
mier am problemebTan brZolis dawyebam evrokavSirSi sakmaod imediani ganwyobis
Seqmna ganapiroba.
Cvenma mezoblebma da strategiulma partniorebma unda dainaxon, rom
saqarTvelosTan siaxlove da TanamSromloba maTTvis problemebis Semqneli ki ara,
piriqiT, momgebiani iqneba.
saqarTvelo srulad iziarebs evropuli integraciis yvela im principsa da
mizans,
romlebic
Camoyalibebulia
evropul
SeTanxmebebSi.
saqarTveloSi
ganviTarebuli politikuri movlenebis fonze qveynis integracii done da perspeqtiva
evropasa
da
evro-atlantikur
struqturebSi
damokidebulia
demokratiuli
Rirebulebebisa da sabazro ekonomikis principebis damkvidrebaze, kanonis da
adamianis uflebebis dacvis universaluri principebis uzenaesobaze. evrokavSirSi
gawevrianeba warmoadgens saqarTvelos sagareo politikis ZiriTad prioritets.
umniSvnelovanesi amocana, romelic dRes dgas saqarTvelos winaSe, aris
evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis sazogadoebebisa da politikuri elitis darwmuneba,
rom saqarTvelo warmoadgens stabilur qveyanas, romelic
aris evropuli
tradiciebsa da kulturis matarebeli. qveynis demokratiuli sazogadoeba mudmivad
aRniSnavs politikur mzadyofnas da adasturebs Tavis survils miRebul iqnas
evropul ojaxSi. amasTanave, Tu sazogadoeba srulyofilad gaTviTcnobierebulia
mis winaSe mdgari valdebulebebis Sesaxeb, mas unda hqondes sruli informacia
evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos integraciis yvela perspeqtivaze
- politikuri,
samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT.
amieridan saqarTvelo sruliad axal samarTlebriv sivrceSi ganagrZobs
saxelmwifoebriv
aRmSeneblobas
da
mis
saxelmwifoebriobas
usafrTxoebis
Tvisobrivad axali garantiebi uzrunvelhyofen. amasTan erTad, saqarTvelo iRebs
82
yvela im valdebulebas, romelsac mas demokratiuli faseulobebi akisrebs da
mTlianad samxreT kavkasiaSi sruliad axal politikur realobas ayalibebs.
xazi unda gaesvas ara marto saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis
evropulobas, aramed politikuri kulturis evropul xasiaTsac. es didad Seuwyobs
xels evrokavSirSi saqarTveloze arsebuli warmodgenis gaumjobesebas da sabolood
darwmunebas evrokavSirs, rom saqarTvelos survili evrokavSirTan daxloebisa ara
marto ekonomikuri da politikuri miznebiTaa ganpirobebuli, aramed ufro imitomac,
rom “Cvenc evropelebi varT”.
saqarTvelom unda gaagrZelos svla ekonomikuri da demokratiuli reformebis
gziT, rac Cveni qveynisaTvis evrokavSirTan integraciis, qveynis usafrTxoebis,
keTildReobisa da politikuri stabilurobis miRwevis ualternativo gzaa.
83
kalendari
ianvari 2004
4
arCevnebi/ saqarTveloSi Catarda saprezidento arCevnebi. mixeil
saakaSvili saqarTvelos prezidentad iqna arCeuli.
6
aSS-saqarTvelo/6
ianvars
aSS-s
saxelmwifo
departamentma
gamosca dadgenileba, romelic mouwodebs saqarTvelos ufro
mWidro TanamSromloba daamyaros saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondTan (ssf-i). dadgenilebaSi naTqvamia, rom “saqarTvelom unda
SeaTanxmos ssf-sTan konkretuli programa, Tu ki qveyanas surs
rom valebis gadavadebis sakiTxi ganxiluli iqnes parizis
klubSi”.
dadgenilebaSi
naTqvamia
“Cven
mzad
varT
viTanamSromloT saqarTvelos axal xelisuflebasTan, rameTu
davexmaroT qveyanas Tavisufali bazris ganviTarebasa da
demokratiuli
reformebis
ganxorcielebaSi.
samwuxarod,
saqarTvelos
yofilma
xelisuflebam
ver
SesZlo
ssf-is
siRaribis Semcirebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis donis amaRlebis
kriteriumebis dakmayofileba”.
7
sabaJo/ saqarTveloSi 2004
tarifi xorbalis importze.
11
sabanko saqmianoba/ sabanko sistemis stabiluri da mdgradi
funqcionirebis
uzrunvelyofis
mizniT,
erovnulma
bankma
daafiqsira adgilobrivi komerciuli bankebisa da ucxouri
komerciuli bankebis filialebisTvis sawesdebo kapitalis
minimaluri odenoba 12 milion larze, rac sawesdebo kapitalis
TandaTanobiT zrdis xarjze unda iqnes miRweuli. amrigad, 2004
wlis 31 dekembrisTvis sawesdebo kapitalis minimalurma odenobam
unda Seadginos aranakleb 6,4 milioni larisa, 2005 wlis 31
dekembrisTvis – aranakleb 78 milioni larisa, 2006 wlis 31
dekembrisTvis – aranakleb 9,2 milionisa, 2007 wlis 31
dekembrisTvis – aranakleb 10,6 milionisa, 2008 wlis 31
dekembrisTvis – aranakleb 12 milionisa. sawesdebo kapitalis
zrda unda moxdes fuladi saxiT da mxolod erovnul valutaSi.
12
sainvesticio
klimati/
saqarTvelos
prezidentma,
mixeil
saakaSvilma, ganacxada rom apirebs brZolas saqarTveloSi
farTod gavrcelebuli korupciisa da oligarqebis winaaRmdeg
da sagareo valebiT damZimebuli qveynis kavSirebis aRdgenas
saerTaSoriso finansur organizaciebTan.
“Cven gvsurs normaluri sainvesticio garemos Seqmna, raTa
davarwmunoT investorebi, rom saqarTvelo dRes sxva qveyanaa. maT
84
wlis
1
ianvridan
gauqmda
sabaJo
kalendari
unda icodnen, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo daicavs maT
investiciebsa da uflebebs da ar gaZarcvavs maT”, ganacxada
mixeil saakaSvilma.
14
parlamenti/ parlamentis mier 14 ianvris riggareSe sxdomaze
erTxmad
iqna
miRebuli
kanonproeqti
“ganviTarebisa
da
reformirebis fondis Sesaxeb” samive wakiTxviT. dokumenti
warmodgenili iqna iusticiis ministris, zurab adeiSvilis mier.
misi sityvebiT, amgvari fondis daarsebis Semdeg saxelmwifo
moxeleebi SeZleben Sesabamisi xelfasebis miRebas fondis
resursebidan. b-ni adeiSvili acxadebs, rom saerTaSoriso
donorma organizaciebma ukve gamoTqves mzadyofna gadaricxon
finansuri resursebi aRniSnul fondSi. fondi aseve daafinansebs
sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miRebisa da saxelmwifo moxeleTa
profesiuli momzadebis RonisZiebebs.
13
evrokavSiri-saqarTvelo/ evrokavSiri gamouyofs saqarTvelos 28
milion evros 2004-2006 ww. indikaturi erovnuli programis
ganxorcielebisaTvis. 1992-2003 wlebSi evrokavSiris daxmarebam
saqarTvelosTvis 285 milioni Seadgina da aqedan, 84 milioni
evro gamoyofili iqna “tasis”-is erovnuli programis farglebSi.
programa, romelsac xeli moewera 13 ianvars, TbilisSi,
gansazRvravs zogad amocanebsa da meTodebs 2004-2006 wlebSi
saqarTvelosTvis
daxmarebis
uzrunvelsayofad.
programa
ganxorcieldeba evrokavSiris “tasis”-is programis farglebSi.
indikaturi programa mimarTuli iqneba evrokavSiris strategiis
ganxorcielebaze,
romelic
iTvaliswinebs
saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis
ganmtkicebas,
demokratiisa
da
sabazro
ekonomikis ganviTarebas.
“2004-2006
indikaturi
erovnuli
programa”
moicavs
rig
prioritetul sferoebs, rogoricaa instituciuri, sakanonmdeblo
da
administraciuli
reformis
mxardaWera,
romlisTvisac
gaTvaliswinebulia 11,5 milioni evros gamoyofa. biujetma 12,5
milioni evros odenobiT xeli unda Seuwyos gardamavali
periodis socialuri sirTuleebis Serbilebas, pirvel rigSi
jandacvis seqtorSi. 4 milioni evro gamoyofili iqneba
konfliqtis zonebis sareabilitacio programis ganxorcielebaze.
14
parlamenti/parlamentma erTxmad daamtkica irakli rexviaSvilis
kandidatura ekonomikis, mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis ministris
Tanamdebobaze.
14
parlamenti/saqarTvelos
parlamentma
14
ianvars
moaxdina
germaniis
rekonstruqciisa
da
ganviTarebis
banksa
da
saqarTvelos
mTavrobas
Soris
sakredito
SeTanxmebis
85
kalendari
ratifikacia.
SeTanxmeba
iTvaliswinebs
12
milioni
evros
kreditis gamoyofas saqarTveloSi energokrizisis dasaZlevad
18
daxmareba/germaniis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankma
gamoyo 8 milioni evro saqarTveloSi miwis kadastrisa da
registraciis sitemis ganviTarebis mizniT.
27
transporti/saqarTvelos sahaero transportis administraciis
informaciiT, saqarTveloSi moqmedebs 21 aviakompania da maT
Soris 7 qarTuli.
28
korupciis winaaRmdeg brZolis biuro/ gauqmda
prezidentTan
arsebuli
antikorupciuli
sakoordinacio biuro.
29
turizmi/saqarTvelos turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis
informaciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos ewvia 313,5 aTasi turisti,
rac 15,000 metia, vidre gasul wels. 2003 wels saqarTvelos
Semosavlebma turizmis xaziT 750 milioni lari Seadgina, rac 103
milioni lariT metia vidre 2002 wels.
30
turizmi/2004 wlis zafxulSi funqcionirebas daiwyebs bazaleTis
turistuli kompleqsi. bazaleTis tbaze kompleqsis mSenebloba
daiwyo oTxi wlis win, israeli-amerika-saqarTvelos kompania
“nova menejment jorjias” mier. am periodSi aSenda ramodenime
sastumro, sportuli da dasvenebis kompleqsi, pliaJi daifara
zRvis
qviSiT.
bazaleTis
turistuli
kompleqsi
1600
damsvenebelzea gaTvlili. mSeneblobis Rirebuleba 25 milion
aSS dolars Seadgens.
saqarTvelos
politikis
daxmareba/prezident mixeil saakaSvilis germaniis kancler
gerhard SroiderTan Sexvedraze mxareebma, saqarTvelosTvis
germaniis mier daxmarebis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxTan erTad,
ganixiles ormxrivi TanamSromlobis, saqarTveloSi arsebuli
mdgomareobisa
da
qveyanaSi
demokratiuli
cvlilebebis
ganxorcielebis sakiTxebi. Sexvedraze aRiniSna, rom germania
gamouyofs saqarTvelos axal mTavrobas 12 milion evros
energodeficitis dasafaravad da saqarTveloSi energosistemis
reabilitaciisaTvis.
Tebervali
4
86
evrokavSiri-saqarTvelo/hiugo mingarelma - aRmosavleTi evropis,
kavakasiisa da Sua aziis sakiTxebSi evrokavSiris saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis direqtorma, 4 Tebervlis pres-konferenciaze
ganacxada, rom evrokavSiri mzadaa gamouyos saqarTvelos 30
milioni evro qveynis dasaxmareblad gardamaval periodSi. misi
kalendari
sityvebiT aRniSnuli daxmareba ganawildeba Semdegnairad: 12
milioni evro gamoyofili iqneba struqturuli reformebis
ganxorcielebaSi teqnikuri daxmarebis saxiT, 12 milioni sasursaTo usafrTxoebis programaze, 4 milioni – konfliqtis
zonebSi sareabilitacio programaze da 2 milioni adamianTa
uflebebisa da demokratiis dacvvis iniciativaze.
6
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma daamtica konstituciuri
cvlilebebi, romlis Tanaxmadac prezidents ufleba aqvs
daiTxovos parlamenti, Camoayalibos mTavroba da SeiTavsos
sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos
funqciebis
nawili.
mTavroba
gardaiqmneba ministrTa kabinetad (romelic gauqmebul iqna 1995
wels), romlis muSaobas koordinirebas gauwevs premier ministri.
saqarTvelos prezidenti iTavsebs mTavrobis meTauris funqcias.
parlaments ufleba aqvs daiTxovos mTavroba parlamentarTa
xmebis sami mexuTediT. ministrTa kabinets, romelsac parlamenti
undoblobas gamoucxadebs, ufleba aqvs sami Tve gaagrZelos
muSaoba Zveli SemadgenlobiT. ministrTa postebze kandidaturebs
parlaments warudgens prezidenti.
12
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma 12 Tebervals miiRo kanoni
“mTavrobis saqmianobis struqturis, Zalauflebisa da wesis
Sesaxeb”. dokumenti gansazRvravs axali mTavrobis struqturas
da muSaobis wesebs. kanonis Tanaxmad, Seiqmneba ministrTa
kabineti,
gansazRvruli
iqneba
premier
ministris
posti,
ministrTa raodenoba Semcirdeba 17-dan 15-mde. yvela saxelmwifo
departameti gadava saministroebis daqvemdebarebaSi. ministrTa
kabinets
saTaveSi
Caudgeba
premier
ministri,
romelsac
konstituciaSi
Setanili
Sesworebebis
konteqstSi
da
prezidentTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, ufleba aqvs warudginos
parlaments momavali ministrebis kandidaturebi.
13
finansTa
saministro/finansTa
saministrom
moamzada
da
parlamentSi waradgina kanonproeqti, romelic miznad isaxavs
sawarmoTa finansuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas
da qveyanaSi xelsayreli sainvesticio garemos Seqmnas. aRniSnuli
kanonis Tanaxmad, sawarmos davalianebis gadavadebis ufleba aqvs
mxolod
erTxel
da
mxolod
im
pirobiT,
rom
misi
gadaxdisunarianoba
iqneba
aRiarebuli.
sagadasaxado
davalianebis gadavadebis vada ar aRemateba 3 weliwads.
sagadasaxado davalianebis gayinvis periodi ar aRemateba 12 Tves,
xolo dagvianebis vada - 24 Tves, valis gayinvis periodis
amowurvidan.
sagadasaxado
davalianebis
gayinvis
periodSi
davalianebaze ar iricxeba procenti an jarima. dagvianebis
periodSi gadauxdel Tanxaze yovelTviurad 0,5 procenti
iricxeba.
87
kalendari
13
qarTuli Rvino/ qarTuli Rvino “Tamada” (mwarmoebeli – kompania
“ji-vi-si”) dajildovda mTavari priziT nominaciaSi “dsT-s
qveynebis saukeTeso mSrali Rvino” konkursze “prodeqspo-2004”,
romelic 9-13 Tebervals gaimarTa moskovSi. aRniSnuli kompaniis
ramodenime markis Rvinom moipova oqros medali da maRali
xarisxis damadasturebeli sertifikati. dRes, kompania “ji-vi-si”
awarmoebs 28 dasaxalebis Rvinos. warmoebis moculoba Seadgens 4
milion boTls weliwadSi, saeqsporto warmoebis wili – 90
procentze mets. kompania aseve awarmoebs brendsa da WaWas.
15
mTavroba/parlaments
dasamtkiceblad
gadaeca
mTavrobis
saqmianobis programa da ministrobis kandidatTa sia. mTavrobas
eyoleba oTxi uportfelo saxelmwifo ministri. konfliqtebis
mogvarebis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministri iqneba giorgi
xaindrava, saqarTvelos evropaSi integrirebis koordinirebis
dargSi – Tamar beruCaSvili, mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa
sakiTxebSi – jambul bakuraZe, erovnuli Tanxomobis saiTxebSi –
guram absnaZe.
saxelmwifo ministri zurab Jvania gaxdeba premier ministri.
ministrTa postebze wardgenili kandidatebidan eqvsi amJamad
uZRveba am samsaxurebs rogorc moqmedi ministrebi. esenia: Tedo
jafariZe – sagareo saqmeTa ministri, gela beJuaSvili –
Tavdacvis ministri, giorgi baramiZe – Sinagan saqmeTa ministri,
zurab noRaideli – finansTa ministri, irakli rexviaSvili –
ekonomikis, mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis ministri, eTer astemirova
– ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis ministri. saxelmwifo uSiSroebis
saministros saTaveSi Caudgeba zurab adeiSvili, amJamad moqmedi
iusticiis ministri.
mTavrobaSi axali pirebi arian: giorgi papuaSvili – iusticiis
ministri, daviT ServaSiZe – soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis
ministri, giorgi wereTeli – jandacvis ministri, Tamar suluxia
– infrastruqturis ministri, nikoloz gilauri – saTbobenergetikisa da komunikaciebis ministri, kaxa lomaia –
ganaTlebis ministri, giorgi gabaSvili – kolturisa da sportis
ministri, Tamar lebaniZe – garemos dacvis ministri.
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, premier ministrisa da sami
Zalovani
ministris kandidaturebi (Tavdacvis, Sinagan saqmeTa
da saxelmwifo uSiSroebis) parlamentSi prezidentis mier iqna
wardgenili. premier ministri waradgens ministrobis sxva
kandidaturebs.
17
parlamenti/ parlamentma Caatara riggareSe sxdoma, romelzec
moismina mTavrobis saqmianobis 5-wliani programa da daamtkica
ministrTa kabinetis Semadgenloba.
88
kalendari
19
TanamSromloba/fabricio romanom, saqarTveloSi italiis elCma
da Tedo jafariZem, saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma xeli
moaweres TbilisSi “italiis respublikisa da saqarTvelos
mTavrobebs Soris Semosavlebisa da kapitalis ormagi dabegvris
Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb” konvenciis protokolis ratifikacias.
20
sagadasaxado sfero/ prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili gamovida
iniciativiT
sisxlis
samarTlis
pasuxismgeblobisgan
im
biznesmenTa ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romlebic 2004 wlis 1
aprilamde gaacxadeben sagadasaxado deklaraciaSi TavianT
Semosavlebs, romlebsac adre saxelmwifosgan malavdnen da
gamoTqvamen mzadyofnas gadaixadon gadasaxadebi aRniSnuli
Tanxebidan.
marti
1
momsaxurebis sfero/ TbilisSi, Tavisuflebis moedanze
sastumro “qorTiard mariotma” pirveli stumrebi miiRo.
4
TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos ministrTa kabinetma pirvel marts
gamarTul
Sexvedraze
37
donori
organizaciisa
da
qveynis
warmomadgenlebis winaSe warmoadgina qveynis ganviTarebisa da
saxelmwifo marTvis sitemaSi reformebis ganxorcielebis axali
xuTwliani programa (2004-2009 wlebisTvis). donorebTan Semajamebeli
Sexvedra,
romelzec
miRebuli
iqneba
gadawyvetileba
saqarTvelosTvis
finansuri
daxmarebis
gamoyofis
Taobaze,
gaimarTeba 2004 wlis ivnisSi, q. bruselSi.
5
energetika/
ruseTis
ucxoeTis
ekonomikuri
asociacia
“teqnopromeqsportma” moigo saerTaSoriso tenderi enguris hes-s
sareabilitacio samuSaoebis ganxorcielebaze. “teqnopromeqsportma”
aiRo
valdebulebebi
17,3
milioni
aSS
dolaris
proeqtis
ganxorcielebaze. aRniSnuli Tanxis 80 procents afinansebs ergb-i,
xolo 20 procents – saqarTvelos mxare. kontraqtis Tanaxmad,
rusuli
kompania
2
weliwadSi
ganaxorcielebs
samSeneblo
samuSaoebs, romlebic iTvaliswinebs dambis TaRovani kaskadis
gamagreba-Cacementebas
da
sareabilitacio
samuSaoebs
hidroeleqtrosadguris saderivacio arxSi.
5
TanamSromloba/ TbilisSi Catarda SvedeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris
SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos sakoordinacio
centris
gaxsnis
Taobaze
samTavrobaTaSorisi
SeTanxmebis
xelmoweris ceremonia. dokuments xeli moaweres saqarTvelos
mxridan saxelmwifo ministrma Tamar beruCaSvilma, xolo SvedeTis
mxridan - saagentos generaluri direqtoris moadgilem jerker
mdebare
89
kalendari
Tanbergma. regionul sakoordinacio centrs uxelmZRvanelebs b-ni
erik jonsoni.
saagentos daxmarebis programa samxreT kavkasiis regionis qveynebSi
miznad isaxavs demokratiasa da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis
procesSi sainstitucio reformebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyobas.
saagentos
daxmarebis
mTavari
mimarTulebebi
2005
wlamde
periodisTvis iqneba marTvis demokratiuli sistemis SemuSaveba,
socialuri da jandacvis seqtoris reformebis xelSewyoba, Sidsis
winaaRmdeg brZola, socialurad daucvel ojaxTa daxmareba,
bunebrivi resursebis marTva da mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa
ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.
9
TanamSromloba/ prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili Sexvda safrangeTis
prezident Jak Siraks parizSi. safrangeTis prezidentma gamoTqva
mzadyofna
mxardaWera
aRmouCinos
saqarTvelos
evrokavSirTan
integrirebisa da daaxloebis procesSi. saqarTvelos prezidenti
aseve Sexvda safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa, Sinagan saqmeTa da
ekonomikis ministrebs da sxva oficialur pirebs.
12
TanamSromloba/ prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili vizitiT ewvia somxeTs
da Sexvda prezident qoCarians. prezidentebma daadastures TavianTi
mzadyofna ufro aqtiurad iTanamSromlon Savi zRvis ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis organizaciis farglebSi da xazgasmiT aRniSnes
ufro
mWidro
TanamSromlobis
mniSvneloba
iseT
regionul
proeqtebSi, rogorebicaa TRACECA da INOGATE-i. mxareebma xazi
gausves
ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis
saqarTvelo-somxeTis
samTavrobaTaSorisi komisiis saqmianobis gaZlierebis saWiroebas.
14
soflis meurneoba/ TbilisSi ixsneba gaero-s soflis meurneobisa da
sursaTis
organizaciis
(FAO)
warmomadgenloba.
FAO-s
warmomadgenlobis gaxsna TbilisSi SesaZlebels gaxdis saqarTvelos
mTavrobis
am
organizaciis
saTao
ofisTan
urTierTobebis
gamartivebas da aseve saqarTveloSi meti proeqtebis ganxorcielebas.
amJamad, FAO saqarTveloSi ramodenime proeqts axorcielebs, kerZod
subtropikuli kulturebis, msxvili rqosani pirutyvis moSenebis,
fermerebisTvis
sakonsultacio
centrebis
Seqmnis,
sanerge
meurneobebis reabilitaciisa da aseve saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
raionebSi xilisa da Txilis axali sanerge meurneobebis Seqmnis
proeqtebs.
15
sabaJo/ gaimarTa saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis sazRvarze axali, wiTeli
xidis
sabaJo
gamSvebi
punqtis
mSeneblobis
dawyebasTan
dakavSirebuli ceremonia. samSeneblo samuSaoebi xorcieldeba
amerikis “saqarTvelos sazRvrebis usafrTxoebisa da kanonis
aRsrulebis xelSewyobis” programis farglebSi.
90
kalendari
18-19
konferencia/ TbilisSi Catarda saerTaSoriso konferencia navTobis,
bunebrivi airis, energetikisa da infrastruqturis sakiTxebze
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso navTobkorporaciis, britaneTis kompania
ITE-Group-s,
saqarTvelos
saTbob-energetikis
ministrisa
da
saqarTvelos erovnuli navTobkompania “saqnavTobi-s” iniciativiT da
xelSewyobiT. konferenciaze ganxiluli sakiTxebi exeboda baqoTbilisi- jeihanis mTavari saeqsporto milsadenis, samxreT kavkasiis
baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumis milsadenis, evropis satransporto derefnis
proeqtebis SemuSavebas da navTobisa da bunebrivi airis saqarTvelos
teritoriaze gadazidvis tendenciebsa da SesaZleblobebs.
22
sabaJo/ giorgi godabreliZe dainiSna finansTa saministros sabaJo
departamentis ufrosad.
31
mTavroba/
saqarTvelos
premier
ministris
zurab
Jvanias
gankargulebis Tanaxmad, Camoyalibda samuSao jgufi, romelmac unda
moamzados axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi da warudginos igi mTavrobas
gansaxilvelad maisSi. axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi ZalaSi Seva 2005
wlis ianvridan.
aprili
7
daxmareba/
evrokavSiris
mier
saqarTvelosTvis
ekonomikuri
daxmarebis saxiT 30 milioni evros gamoyofis Sesaxeb gancxadeba
gakeTda saqarTvelos prezidentis, mixeil saakaSvilis evrokavSiris
uzenaes komisar - xavier solanasTan Sexvedris Semdeg, romelic
gaimarTa 7 aprils q. bruselSi. gamoyofili Tanxa unda moxmardes
gzebis infrastruqturis gaumjobesebas; penitencialuri sistemis
obieqtebis mSeneblobas; xorblis SeZenas da aseve zogierTi sxva
proeqtis ganxorcielebas.
8
mTavroba/ saqarTvelos premier ministrma, zurab Jvaniam, xeli
moawera samTavrobo brZanebulebas (#23) investorTa momsaxurebis
gaerTianebuli
centris
Seqmnis
Sesaxeb,
romelic
SeiZleba
Camoyalibdes vaWrobisa da investiciebis xelSewyobis saagentos
farglebSi.
centris
mTavari
amocanebia:
sainformacio,
sakonsultacio da analitikuri momsaxurebis gaweva arsebuli da
potenciuri
investorebisaTvis;
sainvesticio
saqmianobebis
xelSewyoba licenzirebasa da nebarTvebze da saregistracio
procedurebze ganacxadebis mxardaWeris meSveobiT; samarketingo,
samarTlebrivi da finansuri kvlevebi; sainvesticio barierebis,
investorTa
problemebis
gaanalizeba
da
maTi
daregulireba;
saqarTveloSi investorTa potencialisa da perspeqtivebis gamovlena
da ganviTarebis xelSewyoba; adgilobrivi da ucxoeli investorebis
erToblivi proeqtebisaTvis SesaZleblobaTa gansazRvra da maTi
91
kalendari
xelSewyoba; mTavrobisTvis sainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebasTan
dakavSirebiT SeTavazebebis SemuSaveba.
10
wyalmomarageba/ Tbilisis sakrebulom SeTanxmebas miaRwia frangul
kompania
Generale
des
Eaux-Tan
Tbilisis
municipaluri
wyalmomaragebisa da kanalizaciis kompania “Tbilwyalkanali-s”
lizingze. am mizniT Tanabari uflebebis principze Camoyalibdeba
erToblivi kompania. kompania Generale des Eaux-i saqarTveloSi
udidesi Tbilisis wyalmomaragebisa da sakanalizacio sistemis Sps “Tbilwyalkanalis”- 10-wlian marTvaSi gadacemaze gamarTuli
tenderis erTaderTi monawile iyo.
11
mTavroba/ saqarTvelos premier ministrma zurab Jvaniam xeli moawera
brZanebas baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis (bTj-s) navTobsadenis proeqtis
dauyovnebliv ganxorcielebis uzrunvelmyofeli zomebis Sesaxeb.
15
transporti/ tudor draganelma, saqarTveloSi rumineTis saelCos
warmomadgenelma ekonomikis sferoSi, ganacxada, rom 2004 wlis
maisidan axali ruminuli samgzavri borani daiwyebs muSaobas
konstanca-odesa-novorosiiski-baTumi-stambulis marSrutze.
19
transporti/ saxelmwifo kompania Sps “saqarTvelos rkinigza”-m,
romelsac
sargeblobs
ramodenime
saerTaSoriso
finansuri
organizaciis, kerZod ergb-s, KfW-sa da msoflio bankis, mxardaWeriT
daiwyo
rigi
proeqtebis
SemuSaveba
saqarTvelos
rkinigzis
infrastruqturis ganviTarebisaTvis. aRniSnul proeqtebs Soris aris
rkinigzis mSenebloba axalqalaqi (saqarTvelo) – yarsis (TurqeTi)
seqtorze, rkinigzis cxinvalis seqtoris reabilitacia, sarginigzo
sadguri foTSi, xaSuris salokomotivo deposa da Tbilisis
sarkinigzo vagonebis depos modernizeba, baTumi-konstancas saborne
gzis
mowesrigeba,
sarkinigzo
vagonebis
ganaxleba;
amasTan
SemuSavebis procesSia proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos
sarkinigzo sistemis sainstitucio reformas. arsebuli proeqtebis
dafinanseba unda ganxorcieldes grantebisa da kreditebis saxiT. es
iqneba grZelvadiani kreditebi 10-30 wlis vadiT, saprocento
ganakveTi savaraudod 1,5-6 procents Seadgens.
22
socialuri dacva/ mTavrobis
rezolucia wina wlis sapensio
davalianebebis TandaTanobiT dafarvisa da mosaxleobis socialuri
dacvisaTvis damatebiTi RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, ZalaSia Sesuli.
sapensio davalianebebis TandaTanobiT gadaxdis Sesaxeb dokumentis
Tanaxmad, 2004 wlis aprilidan umuSevari pensionerebisTvis pensiebi
gaizrdeba 3 lariT 17 laramde da 2004 maisidan – kidev erTi lariT.
92
kalendari
maisi
2
daxmareba/ zurab Jvaniam, saqarTvelos premier ministrma da en
venmanma, SeerTebuli Statebis soflis meurneobis ministrma, xeli
moaweres SeTanxmebas, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelosTvis 50,000
tona xorblis gamoyofas aSS-dan humanitaruli daxmarebis saxiT.
3
sabanko saqmianoba/ saaqcio sazogadoeba “saqarTvelos banki”,
vaWrobis dafinansebisa da dokumentebTan dakavSirebuli operaciebis
ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT, 2003 wlis Sedegebis safuZvelze,
evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis mier aRiarebulia
rogorc dsT-s saukeTeso banki.
4
transporti/ parlamentma did britaneTsa da TurqeTTan sahaero
mimosvlis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ratifikacia moaxdina. parlamentarebma
xazgasmiT aRniSnes amgvari gadawyvetilebis mniSvneloba.
4
gamofenebi/ TbilisSi pirvelad gaimarTa saerTaSoriso gamofena
telkomunikaciebis
sferoSi
“saqarTvelos
telekomi
–
2004”.
gamofenaSi monawileoba miiRo 20-ze metma
kompaniam: ATDI
(safrangeTi),
“delta
kom-i”
(saqarTvelo),
“eleqtrokavSiri”
(saqarTvelo), “jeoseli” (saqarTvelo), “jeoneTi” (saqarTvelo),
“global erTi” (ruseTi), “grinneT-i” (saqarTvelo), “hesfibel-i”
(TurqeTi), “huavei teqnolojiz” (CineTi), “iberiaTel” (saqarTvelo),
“sagem-i”
(safrangeTi),
“simens
mobili”
(germania),
“teleneTi”
(saqarTvelo), ZTE (CineTi).
6
turizmi/ TbilisSi Catarda VI-e saerTaSoriso turistuli gamofenagayidva “kavkasiis turizmi gamofena-gayidva 2004”. RonisZiebaSi
monawileobda turistuli kompaniebi 9 qveynidan, kerZod ki
avstriidan, italiidan, aSS-dan, ruseTidan, iranidan, TurqeTidan,
somxeTsa da saqrTvelodan.
7
mTavroba/ saqarTvelos premier ministrma, zurab Jvaniam, Camoayaliba
specialuri komisia, romelmac unda Seiswavlos aWaris avtonomiuri
respublikis ekonomikuri potenciali.
7
daxmareba/ saqrTvelo aris 16 uRaribes qveynebs Soris (somxeTi,
benini, bolivia, vanua, gana, saqarTvelo, hondurasi, kabo-verde,
lesoto, madagaskari, mali, mozambiki, monRoleTi, senegali, Srilanka,
nikaragua),
romelTac
aSS
exmareba
ekonomikuri
da
demokratiuli refromebis ganxorcielebaSi. qveynebma, romlebic
miiReben daxmarebas, unda Seasrulon sami ZiriTadi moTxovna:
efeqturi demokratiuli marTva, xalxis keTildReobaze zrunva,
Tavisufali ekonomika.
93
kalendari
8
transporti/ holandiis aviakompania “KLM Royal Dutch Airlines-i” 2004
wlis 16 ivniss iwyebs regularuli reisebis Sesrulebas Tbilisis
mimarTulebiT. boingi 737-900 Seasrulebs reisebs Tbilisi-amsterdamiTbilisis mimarTulebiT kviraSi samjer.
11
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma, plenarul sxdomaze, daamtkica
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujeti 2004 wlisTvis.
14
TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos prezidenti, mixeli saakaSvili, Sexvda
rumineTis prezidents ion ilieskus, rumineTSi oficialuri vizitiT
Casvlisas. Sexvedraze ganxiluli iqna or qveyanas Soris momavali
politikur-ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi.
TanamSromloba/ saqarTveloSi amerikis savaWro palatam Caatara
arCevnebi direqtorTa sabWos, sabWos prezidentisa da generalur
asambleaSi
sxva
postebze
kandidaturebis
asarCevad.
axalma
direqtorTa
sabWom
daasaxela
Tavis
prioritetebi:
wevrTa
interesebis lobireba, sagadasaxado da sabaJo kodeqsebis xelSewyoba
da liberalizacia, saqarTveloSi megobruli sainvesticio klimatis
xelSewyoba da palatis wevrebisaTvis regularuli debatebis
organizeba. amerikis savaWro palata, romelic ukve eqvsi welia
aqtiurad
moRvaweobs
saqarTveloSi,
miznad
isaxavs
biznesis
xelSewyobas saqarTvelos, amerikasa da saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso
gaerTianebas Soris.
1
16
daxmareba/ ergb-is (EBRD) iniciativa, romelSic monawileobs yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris 7 ganviTarebadi qveyana (azerbaijani, somxeTi,
saqarTvelo, yirgizeTi, moldova, tajikeTi da uzbekeTi) gegmavs maTi
dafinansebis gazrdas weliwadSi 30 milioni evroTi amjamindeli 10
milioni evrodan.
21
mTavroba/ saqarTvelos mTavrobis gankargulebis Tanaxmad, 21
maisidan
saqarTvelos
mTel
teritoriaze
SemoRebuli
iqneba
moratoriumi tyis gaCexvaze erTi Tvis manZilze. mocemuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi unda gatardes seriozuli RonisZiebebi tyis sruli
ganadgurebis procesis SesaCereblad.
21
biznesi/ ergb-i axorcielebs 1,2 milioni aSS dolaris investirebas
Telianis
velSi
–
saqarTvelos
Rvinis
gadamamuSavebeli,
Camosasxmeli da sadistribucio kompaniis
aqciebis SesaZenad, rac
miznad isaxavs misi sawarmoo simZlavris gazrdis, samarketingo
iniciativebis gaumjobesebis da maRali xarisxis Rvinoebis gayidvebis
gazrdis xelSewyobas.
bankis monawileoba SesaZleblobas miscems kompania “Telianis velis”
mflobelebs aRadginon TelavSi axlad SeZenili Senoba im naxevrad
dangreuli qarxnis nacvlad, romelic kompanias amJamad ijariT aqvT
aRebuli. dafinansebis nawiliT kompania SeZlebs muxis kasrebisa da
94
kalendari
sxva aRWurvilobis SeZenas Rvinis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad.
dafinansebas uzrunvelyofs ergb-is pirdapiri sainvesticio programa,
romelic iTvaliswinebs pirdapiri investiciebis dabandebas kerZo
seqtoris
saSualo
sawarmoTa
saaqcionero
kapitalSi.
ergb-i
kompaniis aqciaTa sakontrolo paketis mflobeli ar aris. igi
monawileobas miiRebs kompaniis mmarTvelobaSi.
22
sabanko saqmianoba/ saqarTvelos erovnuli
qveyanaSi 23 komerciuli banki moqmedebs.
bankis
informaciiT,
25
TanamSromloba/ ruseTma da saqarTvelom xeli moaweres oqms
ruseTis federaciis msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi gawevrianebaze
ormxrivi molaparakebebis dasrulebis Sesaxeb. 28 maiss dokuments
xeli moawera german grefma, ruseTis federaciis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebisa da vaWrobis ministrma da irakli rexviaSvilma,
saqarTvelos ekonomikis ministrma. oqmi afiqsirebs molaparakebebis
dasrulebas
saqonlis,
momsaxurebisa
da
soflis
meurneobis
sakiTxebze. dokumenti asaxavs sistematur sakiTxebs (ruseTis
federaciis kanonmdeblobisa da savaWro-ekonomikuri politikis
Sesabamisobas vmo-s normebTan). mxareebi SeTanxmdnen gamoiCinon
maqsimaluri Zalisxmeva, raTa umokles vadaSi moagvaron is savaWro
da ekonomikuri sakiTxebi, romlebic jer-jerobiT daregulirebuli
ar aris. ministrebma aseve xeli moaweres “mxareTa Soris problemebis
mogvarebis
Sesaxeb”
oqms
da
“ori
qveynis
ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis
gafarToebis
Sesaxeb”
saqarTvelo-ruseTis
SeTanxmebas.
28-29
biznes-konferencia/
TbilisSi
gaimarTa
saqarTveloSi
rusuli
biznesis pirveli konferencia. ruseTis delegacias xelmZRvanelobda
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da vaWrobis ministri german grefi.
forumis monawileebma ganixiles perspeqtiuli proeqtebi rusuli
kapitaldabandebebisaTvis. saqarTvelos mxaris mier gamoxatuli iyo
gansakuTrebuli interesi rus biznesmenTa monawileobis mimarT
saqarTvelos energetikisa da agrosamrewvelo seqtorSi. saqarTvelos
mxarem SesTavaza rus mewarmeebs sainvesticio winadadebebis paketi,
romlis sruli Rirebuleba ramodenime miliard dolars Seadgens.
ivnisi 2004
7
daxmareba/
ssf-ma
daamtkica
axali
samwliani
finansuri
daxmarebis programa saqarTvelosTvis programa “aTaswleulis
amocanis” farglebSi. es programa gamoirCeva ara mxolod
gamoyofili resursebis odenobiT, aramed imiTac rom resursebs
gankargavs daxmarebis mimRebi qveynis mTavroba. saqarTvelos
eZleva
SesaZlebloba
aTaswleulis
programis
farglebSi
95
kalendari
miRebuli Tanxebi moaxmaros im sferoebs, romlebic moiTxovs
problemebis dauyovnebliv gadaWras. programa “aTaswleulis
amocanis” umTavresi mizania waaxalisos ekonomikis swrafi da
dinamiuri ganviTareba im qveynebSi, romlebic monawileoben
programaSi. axali samwliani programis daxmarebiT (144 milioni
aSS dolari) ssf-i apirebs xeli Seuwyos saqarTvelos siRaribis
daZlevisa
da
ekonomikuri
zrdis
erovnul
programis
ganxorcielebas.
8
privatizacia/
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
ministris,
kaxa
benduqiZis mier SemoTavazebuli ”totaluri privatizaciis”
programas mxari dauWira premier ministrma zurab Jvaniam.
“agresiuli
saprivatizacio politikis fundamentaluri principi niSnavs, rom
nebismieri
saxelmwifo
qoneba
unda
gaiyidos,
garda
im
obieqtebisa,
romlebic
saqarTvelos
xelisuflebis
gadawyvetilebis
safuZvelze
darCeba
saxelmwifos
an
sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis obieqtebad”.
9
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministrma,
kaxa benduqiZem qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programa
warudgina safinanso-sabiujeto, dargobrivi ekonomikisa da
ekonomikuri politikis saparlamento komitetebs.
11
TanamSromloba/ TbilisSi Catarda ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis
saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis samTavrobaTaSoriso komisiis pirveli
sxdoma, romelic win uZRoda azerbaijanis prezidentis, ilham
alievis vizits saqarTveloSi.
11
daxmareba/ saqarTvelos finansTa ministris, zurab noRaidelisa
da germaniis rekonstruqciisa da sakredito bankis (KfW)
direqtorTa sabWos wevris ingrid maTeus-meieris mier TbilisSi
xeli moewera SeTanxmebebs 5,8 milioni evros gamoyofaze. pirveli
SeTanxmebis farglebSi saqarTvelo miiRebs 3,3 milion evros,
romelic unda moxmardes energetikis seqtorSi mravalmilioniani
sesxis dafarvis meqanizmis SemuSavebas da, aseve energetikis
seqtorSi valebis momsaxurebis saagentos Seqmnasa da amuSavebas.
kerZod,
germaneli
eqspertebi
daexmarebian
saqarTvelos
mTavrobas saagentos mmarTveli kompaniis SerCevaze tenderis
momzadebasa da CatarebaSi. eqspertTa samuSaosa da tenderSi
gamarjvebuli kompaniis saqmianobis dafinanseba moxdeba zemoT
xsenebuli grantis meSveobiT ori wlis manZilze.
meore SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs 2.5 milioni evros odenobiT
grantis gamoyofas saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis. aRniSnuli Tanxa
unda moxmardes im eqspertTa jgufis mier ganxorcielebuli
samuSaos
dafinansebas,
romelic
gansazRvravs
mTavar
96
kalendari
prioritetebs saqarTveloSi
proeqtebis dasafinanseblad.
14
germaniis
KfW
bankis
sxvadasxva
TanamSromloba/
saqarTveloSi
azerbaijanis
prezidentis
oficialuri vizitis dros saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil
saakaSvilma
da
azerbaijanis
prezidentma
ilham
alievma
ganixiles
or
qveyanas
Soris
momavali
TanamSromlobis
perspeqtivebi.
saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis mTavrobebs Soris xeli moewera
SeTanxmebas sarkinigzo transportis koordinirebis Sesaxeb. aseve
xeli moewera energetikis seqtorSi TanamSromlobis gafarToebis
SeTanxmebas. saqarTvelos finansTa saministrom da azerbaijanis
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebis
saministrom
xeli
moaweres
TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis SeTanxmebas. xeli
moewera saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis aviakompaniebs Soris
samoqalaqo
aviaciis
sferoSi
TanamSromlobis
Semdgomi
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb protokols da saqarTvelos satelevizio
da
radio
mauwyeblobis
korporaciasa
da
azerbaijanis
saxelmwifo satelevizio da radio mauwyeblobis kompanias Soris
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas.
saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
saministrom
da
azerbaijanis
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
saministrom
unda
SeimuSaon
or
qveyanas
Soris
grZelvadiani
ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebis proeqti.
16
daxmareba/ donori qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso safinanso
institutebis briuselis konferenciaze, romlis organizatorebi
iyvnen
evrokavSiri
da
msoflio
banki,
miRebul
iqna
gadawyvetileba saqarTvelosTvis 1 miliardi aSS dolaris (850
milioni evros) gamoyofis Sesaxeb. es usasyidlo daxmarebaa,
romelic miznad isaxavs qveynis axali mTavrobis mxardaWeras mis
mier
ekonomikuri reformebis
gatarebasa da
demokratiis
damkvidrebaze mimarTul ZalisxmevaSi. konferenciis muSaobaSi
monawileoba miiRo saqarTvelos mTavrobis delegaciam, premier
ministr zurab Jvanias xelmZRvanelobiT.
saqarTvelos mTavroba apirebs aRniSnuli finansuri daxmareba
moaxmaros saxelmwifo marTvis sistemis, ekonomikis, energetikis,
infrastruqturis ganviTarebas, ekonomikuri zrdisa da siRaribis
daZlevis programis ganxorcielebas da sxva. Tanxebis xarjvis
monitorings ganaxorcieleben evrokomisia da saerTaSoriso
safinanso institutebi.
16
transporti/ holandiis aviakompania KLM-ma daiwyo regularuli
reisebis ganxorcieleba amsterdamsa da Tbiliss Soris. reisebi
97
kalendari
Sesruldeba orSabaTs, xuTSabaTsa da paraskevs 737-900 tipis
boingiT.
17
safinanso seqtori/ Tbilisi pirvelad maspinZlobda gamofenas
“finanseqspo”. gamofena organizebuli iyo momavali Taobis
iniciativis kavSiris mier saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis, qarTul
bankTa asociaciis, finansTa saministrosa da saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis monawileobiT. gamofenis dros
gamarTul konferenciaze monawileebma warmoadgines TavianTi
produqtebi da momsaxureba. amgvari gamofenebis Catareba
dagegmilia yovelwliurad. gamofenebis mizania saqarTvelos
finansuri bazris mimdinare mdgomareobisa da misi ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobaTa demonstrireba.
18
agroindustria/
TbilisSi
gaimarTa
saerTaSoriso
agroindustriuli gamofena. 100-ze metma (maT Soris 70-ma
ucxourma) kompaniam msoflios 11 qveynidan (azerbaijani, avstria,
somxeTi, germania, saqarTvelo, indoeTi, italia, ruseTi, aSS,
TurqeTi
da
safrangeTi)
warmoadgina
sakuTari
nawarmi:
alkoholuri da ualkoholo sasmelebi, rZis nawarmi, konservebi,
sakonditro
nawarmi,
teqnologiebi
gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobisaTvis da sxva.
19
daxmareba / niderlandebis mTavrobam gamoyo 178 aTasi aSS
dolari “SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli kvlevis warmoebisaTvis
statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis daxmarebis” proeqtis
gansaxorcieleblad. proeqtis dafinansebaSi monawileobas iRebs
saqarTvelos
mTavrobac.
SinameurneobaTa
gaerTianebuli
gamokvleva qveyanaSi siRaribis donis monitoringis mTavari
instrumentia, romelic asaxavs siRaribis daZlevisa da misi
zegavlenis Sefasebis programis ganxorcielebaSi miRweul
winsvlas.
24
parlamenti/
parlamentma
miiRo
gadawyvetileba,
romlis
Tanaxmadac iqmneba droebiTi saparlamento komisia, romelmac
unda
Seiswavlos
saqarTvelos
energoseqtorSi
arsebuli
darRvevebi. komisiis SemadgenlobaSi parlamentis 15 wevria.
24
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma litvasTan “Semosavlebisa
da kapitalis ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb”
SeTanxmebis ratifikacia moaxdina. SeTanxmebas xeli moewera 2003
wlis seqtembers saqarTveloSi litvis prezidentis vizitis
dros. SeTanxmeba exeba erTi an orive xelmomweri qveynis
moqalaqeebs.
ormagi
dabegvris
Tavidan
acilebis
reJimis
moqmedeba moicavs mogebaze gadasaxads, kapitalur Semosavlebs,
uZravi qonebis Semosavlebs, saerTaSoriso operaciebs, kreditebs,
kompaniebis
xelmZRvanelTa
xelfasebs,
profesorebis,
98
kalendari
maswavleblebis, mecnierebis, studentebis stipendiebs; pensiebsa
da a.S.
24
daxmareba/ msoflio bankis direqtorTa sabWom daamtkica
saqarTvelosTvis sami kreditis gamoyofis sakiTxi (sul, 47,6
milioni aSS dolaris odenobiT). aRniSnuli Tanxidan 24 milioni
aSS dolari Seadgens kredits reformebis mxardasaWerad, 3,6
milioni aSS dolari – energetikis seqtorisTvis da 20 milioni
aSS
dolari
–
Sida
daniSnulebis
gzebis
mSeneblobis
proeqtisaTvis.
aRniSnuli
proeqtebis
mTavari
miznebia:
ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyoba korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolisa
da marTvis sistemis gaumjobesebaze mimarTuli Zalisxmevis
meSveobiT; saxelmwifo seqtoris efeqturobis donis amaRlebis
xelSewyoba da aseve, misi CarTva siRaribis daZlevisa da
ekonomikuri zrdis programis ganxorcielebis procesSi.
30
privatizacia/ ekonomikis ministrma kaxa benduqiZem, samTavrobo
sxdomaze
warmoadgina
saprivatizacio
politikis
mTavari
mimarTulebebi. ministrma ganacxada, rom amJamad saxelmwifos
ekuTvnis aqciebi 1800 saaqcio da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis
kompaniaSi, romlebSic muSaobs 180,000 adamiani. samrewvelo
sawarmoTa privatizacia ZiriTadad e.w. “saerTaSoriso gayidvebis”
formiT moxdeba. sawarmoebi gasxvisdeba Ria auqcionebze an
pirdapiri miyidvis wesiT rac SeiZleba maRal fasad.
privatizaciis procesSi saqarTvelos mTavrobas daxmarebas
gauweven evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki (ergb) da
saerTaSoriso
safinanso
korporacia
(ssk).
kerZod,
gaTvaliswinebulia qarTuli komerciuli bankebisaTvis pirdapiri
sakredito xazebis gaxsna, romlis daxmarebiTac saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebi SesZleben monawileobis miRebas mcire da saSualo
sawarmoTa privatizaciaSi. ergb-i da ssk-i daxmarebas gauweven
saqarTvelos mTavrobas msxvil sawarmoTa restruqturizaciasa
da maT momzadebaSi saprivatizaciod.
ivlisi
6
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentSi gaimarTa biznesisa da
parlamentis saerTaSoriso asociaciis saqarTvelos erovnuli
programis (IABP) prezentacia da misi saorganizacio komitetis
pirveli sxdoma. saorganizacio komitetis SemadgenlobaSi arian
10-ze meti parlamentis wevri da daaxloebiT 20 cnobili
qarTveli biznesmeni, romlebic warmoadgenen rogorc sakuTar
kompaniebs, aseve biznes-asociaciebs.
parlamentis spikerma
erovnuli programis
nino burjanaZem aRniSna,
dafuZnebis mizania, rom
rom “IABP-s
parlamentSi
99
kalendari
warmodgenil yvela politikur partiasa da saqmian wreebs
mWidro
TanamSromlobis
SesaZlebloba
hqondeT,
rameTu
parlamentis mier miRebulma kanonebma SesaZlebeli gaxados
maqsimalurad xelsayreli pirobebis uzrunvelyofa biznesis
ganviTarebisaTvis”
6
TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos prezidentma, mixeil saakaSvilma da
iranis islamuri respublikis prezidentma, mohamed haTamim,
saqarTvelos prezidentis iranSi oficialuri vizitiT yofnis
dros, ganixiles or qveyanas Soris samomavlo TanamSromlobis
perspeqtivebi.
prezidentebma imsjeles iransa da saqarTvelos Soris vaWrobisa
da ekonomikis, transportis, kulturisa da sxva sferoebSi
TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebze. miRweul iqna
SeTanxmeba iranis mier saqarTvelosTvis 2 milioni dolaris
gamoyofis Taobaze.
7
daxmareba/
aTaswleulis
amocanis
korporaciis
(Millennium
Challenge Corporation, MCC) saqarTvelos komitetis Tavmjdomarem,
saqarTvelos
premier-ministri
zurab
Jvaniam
programis
prezentaciaze
ganacxada,
rom
“programa
miznad
isaxavs
ganviTarebadi qveynebis daxmarebas ekonomikuri zrdisa da
siRaribis
daZlevis
uzrunvelyofaSi,
ekonomikuri
da
sakanonmdeblo
reformebis
gatarebaSi”.
saqarTvelosTvis
daxmarebis zusti moculobis gansazRvra moxdeba warmodgenili
proeqtebis
damtkicebis
Semdeg.
programis
farglebSi
saqarTvelos mTavroba gegmavs prioritetulad gamoacxados
infrastruqturis ganviTarebis proeqtebi, kerZod ki gzebis,
xidebis, sakanalizacio sistemebis da a.S. rekonstruqcia da
mSenebloba. meore prioriteti iqneba soflis meurneobis dargis
ganviTareba, romlisTvisac Seiqmneba specialuri sainvesticio
fondi, romelic daafinansebs proeqtebs saqarTvelos regionebSi.
8
soflis meurneoba/ daarsda xorblisa da puris nawarmis
mwarmoebelTa asociacia “global agro”. asociaciis mTavari
mizania konkurenciuli garemos Seqmna da am sferoSi rogorc
mwarmoebelTa,
aseve
momxmarebelTa
interesebis
dacva;
mTavrobisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva qveyanaSi xorblisa da fqvilis
kontrabandasTan
brZolis
RonisZiebebisa
da
meqanizmebis
SemuSavebasa da am dargSi sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli bazis
SemuSavebaSi.
12
daxmareba/ Sveicariis mTavrobam gamoyo finansuri daxmareba
(800,000 Sveicaruli franki) saqarTvelos socialurad daucveli
mosaxleobisaTvis.
aRniSnuli
Tanxa
daixarjeba
pensiebze
martoxela pensionerebisa da ojaxebisaTvis, romlebic ori an
100
kalendari
meti pensionerisgan Sedgeba.
gaTvaliswinebulia erTjeradi daxmareba 100 laris odenobiT
mosaxleobis Raribi nawilisTvis.
13
daxmareba/ germaniis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki (KfW)
gamohyofs
10
milion
evros
saqarTvelos
energosistemis
reabilitaciisaTvis, kerZod ki “alaverdis” eleqtrogadamcemi
xazis, romelic akavSirebs saqarTvelos energosistemas somxeTis
energosistemasTan da zogierTi qvesadguris (lisis, marneulis,
gardabnisa da didubis) sruli reabilitaciisaTvis.
15
privatizacia/ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministris,
kaxa benduqiZis mier warmodgenil iqna 372 saprivatizacio
sawarmos sia.
es mxolod nawilia im obieqtebisa, romelTa gayidvac dagegmilia
2004-2006 wlebSi, im obieqtebisa, romlebTan
dakavSirebiTac
samarTlebrivi samuSaoebi dasrulebulia da romlebic mzad
arian
sajaro
procedurebis
dasawyebad.
saprivatizacio
obieqtebis Semdgomi sia gamoqveyndeba 3-4 Tvis Semdeg.
17
energetika/
”saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo
eleqtrosistemam”
(kontrolisa da eleqtroenergiis gadamcemi samsaxuri) xeli
moawera SeTanxmebas germaniis sakonsultacio kompania “Lahmeyer
International-Tan”
sakonsultacio
momsaxurebis
gawevaze
saqarTvelos
energosistemis
reabilitaciis
procesSi.
kontraqtis Rirebuleba Seadgens 1,3 milion evros. kompania
“Lahmeyer International-ma” moigo tenderi, romelic gaimarTa
“saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiis sabiTumo bazris xelSewyobis”
proeqtis farglebSi. proeqts afinansebs msoflio banki da
germaniis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki KfW.
18
transporti/
qarTulma
aviakompaniam
“airzena-saqarTvelos
aviaxazebi” moipova erToblivi aviaciis samsaxuris evropis
organizaciis (JAA) sertifikati, “boing 737-500”, “boing 737-400”
da“boing 737-300” tipis aparatebisaTvis teqnikuri momsaxurebis
samuSaoebis ganxorcielebaze.
23
daxmareba / TbilisSi muSaoba daiwyo ssf-s regularulma misiam.
ssf-s misiis mizania ganixilos mTavrobasTan saqarTvelosTvis
siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri zrdis farglebSi samwliani
finansuri
daxmarebis
programa,
romelic
damtkicda
am
saerTaSoriso finansuri organizaciis aRmasrulebeli sabWos
mier 2004 wlis 4 ivniss.
101
kalendari
25
TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelom da ukrainam xeli moaweres
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis memorandums. memorandums xeli
moewera premier ministr zurab Jvanias kievSi vizitis dros.
30
TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelosa da niderlandebis mTavrobebis
warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres memorandums “axladwarmoqmnil”
bazrebTan TanamSromlobis programis Sesaxeb”.
programis
farglebSi
holandiis
mTavroba
yovelwliurad
gamohyofs
500,000
evros
orive
mxaris
kompaniebs
Soris
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis 2-3 erToblivi proeqtisaTvis.
gamoyofili Tanxa proeqtis Rirebulebis 50 procents Seadgens.
proeqtebi
unda
gamoirCeodes
sakorporacio
socialuri
pasuxismgeblobis maRali standartiT.
proeqtebis dawyeba moxdeba specialuri tenderebis meSveobiT,
romlebic weliwadSi erTxel gaimarTeba holandiis mTavrobis
EDV saagentos mier, romelic ganaxorcielebs programas
saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi
niderlandebis
saelCosTan
konsultaciebis gziT.
saqarTvelos
mxridan
programas
koordinirebas
gauwevs
saxelmwifo ministri evrointegraciis sakiTxebSi q-ni Tamar
beruCaSvili. programa gaTvlilia or welze da SesaZlebelia
gagrZeldes, Tu ki orive mxaris mier urTierTsasargeblod iqneba
miCneuli.
agvisto
2
mTavroba/
ssf-s
misiam,
saqarTveloSi
morigi
vizitis
dasrulebisas, dadebiTad Seafasa saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier
ganxorcielebuli
samuSao.
misiam
gamoxata
kmayofileba
saqarTvelos
mTavrobis
mier
biujetSi
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebis zrdasa da Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos 2004 wlis
saxelmwifo biujetSi cvlilebebis gegmasTan dakavSirebiT.
9
TanamSromloba/ israelis mTavrobam aiRo valdebuleba Tavisi
qveynis biznesmenebs winaSe da dahpirda maT saxelmwifo
garantiebis
micemas
saqarTveloSi
ganxorcielebuli
investiciebis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi.
israelis mTavroba srulad aanazRaurebs israelis biznesmenTa
savaraudo
danakargebs
saqarTveloSi.
“aRniSnuli
gadawyvetilebis
wyalobiT
riskis
faqtori
israelis
biznesmenebisaTvis,
romlebic
mzad
arian
saqarTvelos
ekonomikaSi daabandon TavianTi kapitali - nulovania”.
11
102
TanamSromloba / saqarTvelos ewvia TurqeTis samTavrobo
delegacia. delegacias meTaurobda TurqeTis premier ministri
resep erdogani, romelsac Tan axlda 120 Turqi biznesmeni.
kalendari
TurqeTis mTavrobis meTauri Sexvda saqarTvelos prezident
mixeil saakaSvils da qveynis premier ministr zurab Jvanias. maT
ganixiles
qarTul-Turquli
ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis
gafarToebis sakiTxebi.
aRniSnuli
vizitis
dros
Tbilisi
qarTveli
biznesmenebis biznes forums maspinZlobda.
12
da
Turqi
energetika/ amerikis sakonsultacio kompania “PA Consulting Groupma” da saqarTvelos bankma xeli moaweres sagarantio SeTanxmebas,
USAID-s programa “saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis iniciativis”
farglebSi, PA Consulting-i axorcielebs soflis meurneobebis
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis proeqts, romelic iTvaliswinebs
saqarTvelos regionebSi energetikuli proeqtebis xelSewyobas.
SerCeul meurneobebs, romelsac proeqti moicavs, grZelvadiani
(7-wliani)
da
iafi
8-12
procentiani
kreditebis
miRebis
SesaZlebloba eZleva. proeqtis damfinanseblebi arian USAID-i
(600,000 aSS dolari) da saqarTvelos banki (120,000 aSS dolari).
15
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma daamtkica saqarTvelos
2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetSi cvlilebebis Setana. aRniSnuli
cvlilebebis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos 2004 wlis saxelmwifo
biujetis saSemosavlo nawili, grantebis CaTvliT, 1,655,030 aTas
lars Seadgens, xolo saxelmwifo biujetis xarjviTi nawili
1,926,174 aTas lars.
centraluri biujetis Semosavlebi da grantebi ganisazRvreba
1,257,330 aTasi laris odenobiT, xarjebi ki 1,426, 974 lariT.
seqtemberi
1
TanamSromloba/
SeerTebuli
Statebis
saerTaSoriso
ganviTarebis saagentom da saqarTvelos sawarmoTa ganviTarebis
proeqtma gegi-m, 271,965 aSS dolaris grantebi gasces Svid
qarTul arasamTavrobo organizaciasa da biznes-asociaciaze
(saqarTvelos tvirTis gadamzidvelTa asociacia, saqarTvelos
profesionalur
buRalterTa
da
auditorTa
asociacia,
ekonomikuri politikisa da kvlevis centri, arasamTavrobo
organizacia
“konstituciis
muxli
42”,
arasamTavrobo
organizacia partnioroba socialuri iniciativebis dargSi,
saqarTvelos damzRvevTa asociacia, qarTvel eqsportiorTa
asociacia) saqarTvelos kerZo seqtorSi reformebis xelSewyobis
proeqtebis
gansaxorcieleblad
da
samewarmeo
garemos
gaumjobesebisaTvis.
103
kalendari
2
sabanko seqtori/ lado gurgeniZe dainiSna saqarTvelos bankis
generalur direqtorad.
2
transporti/ Sps “saqaeronavigaciam” xeli moawera kontraqts
italiur kompaniasTan “alenia markoni sistems”, romelmac
Tbilisis aeroportSi unda daamontaJos damxmare sanavigacio
sistema DMG-i, romelic Seesabameba saerTaSoriso standartebs.
6
TanamSromloba/ finansuri kontrolis umaRlesma organoebma,
astanaSi Catarebul dsT-s qveynebis finansuri kontrolis
samsaxurebis xelmZRvanelTa yovelwliuri Sexvedris dros,
ikisres
valdebuleba
uzrunvelyon
TavianTi
saqmianobis
gamWvirvaloba da xeli moaweres memorandums.
9
turizmi/ 2004 wlis 9 seqtembridan, ZalaSi Sevida cvlilebebi
saqarTvelos kanonSi “sakonsulo gadasaxdelebis Sesaxeb”,
romelic
iTvaliswinebs
saqarTvelos
vizebis
gacemas
Semcirebuli tarifiT. cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi erTjeradi vizis safasuri Seadgens 10 aSS dolaris eqvivalents
erovnul valutaSi erTTviani vizisTvis da 30 aSS dolaris
eqvivalents samTviani vizisTvis. orjeradi vizis Rirebuleba
Sesabamisi periodisTvis, erTjeradi vizis Rirebulebis 150
procents Seadgens. mravaljeradi viza, erT wlamde vadiT, Rirs
100 aSS dolari. erTjeradi tranzituli vizis safasuria 5 aSS
dolari, orjeradis ki 10 aSS dolari.
savizo reJimis gamartivebis erT-erT mizezs warmoadgens
qveyanaSi turizmis seqtoris ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.
9
mTavroba/ saqarTvelos prezidentma xeli moawera gankargulebas
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso navTobkorporaciis prezidentis,
giorgi Wanturias Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.
12
soflis
meurneoba/
Tbilisi
maspinZlobda
saerTaSoriso
gamofenas “interfud jorjia, 2004”. gamofena organizebuli iyo
britaneTis
sagamofeno
kompania
“ITE
Group
Plc-is”
da
saqarTveloSi misi eqskluziuri partnioris “iteka kavlasia-s”
mier, saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministros, saqarTvelos
fermerTa asociaciisa da saqarTvelos meRvineoba-mevenaxeobis
kavSiris oficialuri mxardaWeriT. monawileoba miiRo 30-mde
kompaniam
msoflios
9
qveynidan.
gamofenili
iyo
kvebis
produqtebi, danamatebi, alkoholuri da ualkoholo sasmelebi,
aRWurviloba da teqnologiebi kvebisa da gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobisaTvis da sxva.
19
kavSirgabmuloba/ fiWvuri kavSiris kompania “megakom-ma” Sewyvita
funqcionireba. kavSirgabmulobis erovnulma komisiam gauuqma
kompania “megakom-s” licenzia fiWvuri satelefono kavSiris
104
kalendari
momsaxurebaze, licenziis vadis amowurvisa
kompaniis valis droulad argadaxdis gamo.
da
komisiisaTvis
22
mTavroba/
saqarTvelos
mTavrobas
Semoaqvs
saxelmwifo
monopolia
latariis
gaTamaSebaze.
Sesabamisi
cvlilebebi
“latariebisa
da
sxva
azartuli
TamaSebis
Sesaxeb”
da
“samewarmeo
saqmianobisaTvis
licenziebisa
da
nebarTvebis
Sesaxeb” kanonebSi, momzadda kulturisa da sportis saministros
mier. mTavrobam daamtkica warmodgenili kanonproeqtebi.
29
privatizacia/ baTumis sastumro “inturisti” auqcionze 3,02
milion aSS dolarad gaiyida. momavalSi “inturisti” xuTvarskvlavian sastumrod unda gadakeTdes.
30
daxmareba/ niderlandebis mTavrobam saqarTvelos 3 milioni
evros granti gamouyo. aRniSnuli Tanxa unda moxmardes
saxelmwifo marTvis reformebis xelSewyobas, antikorufciuli
zomebis gatarebas, finansuri stabilurobis miRwevasa da
siRaribesTan brZolas.
oqtomberi
1
TanamSromloba/
TbilisSi
gaimarTa
biznesis
sferoSi
TanamSromlobis somxeTi-saqarTvelos asociaciis damfuZnebeli
Sexvedra, romelSic monawileobdnen parlamentis, mTavrobis,
saqmiani
wreebis
warmomadgenlebi
da
sazogado
pirebi.
saqarTvelos mxridan asociaciis Tavmjdomare aris parlamentis
wevri da maJoritarTa fraqciis Tavmjdomare beso juReli,.
saqarTvelos mxridan sapatio Tavmjdomarea saqarTvelos premier
ministri b-ni zurab Jvania,.
noembris dasawyisSi, msgavsi Sexvedra gaimarTeba erevanSi, sadac
asociaciis Tavmjdomare da sapatio prezidenti somxeTis mxridan
iqneba dasaxelebuli. damtkicebuli struqturis Sesabamisad,
asociaciaSi iqneba 9 komisia TiToeuli mxridan: komisiebi
biznesis, komunikaciebis, socialuri sakiTxebis, kulturisa da
mecnierebis, sportisa da turizmis, jandacvis dargebSi da sxva,
romelmac xeli unda Seuwyos saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi
Sesabamis sferoebSi arsebuli problemebis daregulirebas.
8
mTavroba/ 8 oqtombris samTavrobo sxdomaze ganixilavdnen
kanonproeqts “aradeklarirebuli sagadasaxado valdebulebebis,
Tanxebisa da qonebis legalizaciis Sesaxeb”. qarTvel mewarmeebs
SesaZlebloba eZleva moaxdinon aradeklarirebuli sagadasaxado
valdebulebebis, Tanxebisa da qonebis legalizacia. kanonis
ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, makontrolebeli da kanonis aRsrulebis
organoebs ekrZalebaT im samewarmeo saqmianobis Semowmeba,
romelic mewarmeebis mier xorcieldeboda 2004 wlis 1 ianvramde.
105
kalendari
kanonproeqti gadaecema parlaments, romelic man 20 oqtombramde
unda ganixilos. kanonis amoqmedebis Semdeg, mewarmeebs 12 Tvis
vada eZleva finansuri da qonebrivi deklaraciebis warsadgenad.
8
daxmareba/ TbilisSi Catarebul aSS-saqarTvelos biznes-sabWos
farglebSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebas aSS-s kerZo sainvesticio
korporaciis (OPIC) mier saqarTvelos salizingo kompaniisaTvis 1
milioni aSS dolaris kreditis gamoyofaze. krediti gacemulia
10 wlis vadiT. saqarTvelos salizingo kompania gegmavs
moaxmaros igi salizingo portfelis gafarToebas mcire da
saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis, umTavresad soflis meurneobisa da
momsaxurebis seqtorSi da daexmaros maT modernizebisa da
aRWurvilobis ganaxlebis procesSi.
12
sabanko saqmianoba/ sainvesticio fondma “fairberd avrora
fandma”, romelic moRvaweobs dsT-sa da aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebSi, Seisyida saqarTvelos bankis 512,248 aqcia. saqarTvelos
safondo birJaze ganxorcielebuli garigebis mTlianma Tanxam
3,07 milion larze meti Seadgina. Sesabamisad, 1 aqciis
Rirebuleba 6,0 lari iyo, rac yvelaze maRali ganakveTia,
romelic dafiqsirda bolo 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi birJaze sabanko
aqciebis SeTavazebisas.
14
energetika/
germanuli
kompania
“lahmeier
interneSenal-i”
daiwyebs SCADA-s (sameTvalyureo, kontrolisa da monacemTa
mopovebis) sistemis damontaJebis samuSaoebis ganxorcielebas
oqtombris bolosTvis. specialistebis azriT, mocemul proeqts
didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelosTvis, radganac SCADA-s
sistemis SemoRebis Sedegad, energosistemis marTva mniSvnelovnad
gaumjobesdeba.
19
mTavroba/ nikoloz vaSakiZe dainiSna saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso
navTobkorporaciis prezidentad.
22
TanamSromloba/
prezidenti
mixeil
saakaSvili
Sexvda
saqarTveloSi oficialuri vizitiT myof somxeTis prezident
robert qoCarians. Sexvedris dros ganxilul iqna sakiTxebis
farTo wyeba, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo ori qveynis
TanamSromlobasTan
energetikis,
transportis,
sabaJos,
kanonmdeblobaTa SesabamisobaSi moyvanis sferoebSi. gaimarTa
ori qveynis mTavrobaTa warmomadgenelebis erToblivi Sexvedra,
romelsac eswrebodnen prezidentebi; Sexvedraze ganixiles
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi.
23
milsadeni/ kompania “briTiS petroliumma” ganacxada samxreT
kavkasiis gazsadenis mSeneblobis dawyebis Sesaxeb, romelic
miznad
isaxavs
“Sah-denizis”
sazRvao
sabadodan
gazis
106
kalendari
transportirebas.
mSenebloba
daiwyo
milebis
SeduRebiT
gazsadenis 213 km sigrZis monakveTze, azerbaijanis centralur
nawilSi. milebis SeduRebasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebi 10
TveSi unda dasruldes. am periodSi unda SeduRdes 39,000 mili
milsadenis azerbaijanis seqtorze da 22,000 mili – saqarTvelos
seqtorze. mSeneblobis dasruleba dagegmilia 2005 wlis meoTxe
kvartlisTvis.
24
energetika/ saqarTvelos mTavrobam erTi wlis vadiT gaagrZela
xelSekruleba, romlis safuZvelzec amerikuli kompania “PA
Consulting” axorcielebs gaerTianebuli sadistribucio kompaniis
(UDC) marTvas. energetikis ministrma aRniSna, rom “ukve
dawyebulia molaparakebebi, ra drosac gansazRvruli unda iqnes
SeTanxmebis detalebi. arsebuli xelSekrulebis vada, romliTac
“PA Consulting”
axorcielebs gaerTianebuli sadistribucio
kompaniis marTvas, mimdinare wlis noemberSi iwureba. USAID-s
ukve
gaTvaliswinebuli
aqvs
biujetSi
“PA
Consulting”-is
dasafinanseblad saWiro Tanxebi (USAID-i afinansebs kompaniis
muSakTa
xelfasebs
da
faravs
yvela
xarjebs,
romelic
dakavSirebulia
gaerTianebuli
sadistribucio
fondis
marTvasTan).
25
soflis
meurneoba/
saqarTvelos
mTavrobam,
specialuri
samTavrobo gankargulebiT, 1,005,626 lari gamoyo mosaxleobisgan
yurZnis Sesasyidad. aRniSnuli Tanxa gadanawilda Svid Rvinis
qarxanaze,
esenia:
Sps
“winandali”,
“saqarTvelos
Rvinis
saganZuri”, “Wandari”, “xirsa”, “alTasi”, “sameba”, “alazan-irgsi”,
“qinZmarauli”.
26
teqnologiebi/
saqarTvelom
daiwyo
“nouTbuqis”
tipis
kompiuterebis gamoSveba. saqarTveloSi, kompania “maqstop”-is
(kompania “intel”-is partniori saqarTveloSi) mier, intelis
teqnologiis safuZvelze awyobili pirveli aseTi kompiuterebi
gayidvaSi iqneba noembris pirveli naxevridan. qarTuli warmoebis
nouTbuqis tipis kompiuterebi, ZiriTadad, adgilobriv bazarze
iqneba orientirebuli.
27
mTavroba/ saqarTvelos prezidentis gadawyvetilebiT, 2005 wlis
ianvridan, minimaluri sapensio ganakveTi mTeli qveynis masStabiT
unda gaormagdes.
28
parlamenti/ parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze, pirveli wakiTxviT
miiRes sagadasaxado kodeqsis kanonproeqti. axal sagadasaxado
kodeqsSi, saqarTveloSi moqmedi 22 saxis gadasaxadis nacvlad
iqneba mxolod 8 saxis gadasaxadi: dRg (ganakveTi mcirdeba 20-dan
18 procentamde), saSemosavlo gadasaxadi (15-dan 20 procentamde
107
kalendari
progresulad mzardi ganakveTi Seicvleba fiqsirebuli 12
procentis gadasaxadiT), mogebaze gadasaxadi (ganakveTi Seadgens
20 procents, iseve rogorc amJamad) da socialuri gadasaxadi
(ganakveTi mcirdeba 33-dan 20 procentamde). amasTan, axali
sagadasaxado
kodeqsi
iTvaliswinebs
navTobproduqtebze,
Tambaqos nawarmze, avtomobilebze da alkoholur sasmelebze
saaqcizo gadasaxadisa da bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobaze,
qonebaze da azartul TamaSebze dawesebuli gadasaxadis
SenarCunebas.
28
TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi
gaimarTa saqarTvelosa da saberZneTs Soris ekonomikuri da
teqnikuri
TanamSromlobis
erToblivi
samTavrobaTaSoriso
komisiis
meore
sxdoma.
saqarTvelos
delegacias
xelmZRvanelobda q-ni Tamar beruCaSvili, saxelmwifo ministri
evropasTan integraciis sakiTxebSi, saberZneTis delegacias ki
evripidis stiliandisi, saberZneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris
moadgile. sxdomaze ganixiles soflis meurneobis, transportis,
komunikaciebis, turizmis, energetikisa da sabanko sferoebSi
ormxrivi
savaWro-ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis
arsebuli
mdgomareoba. mxareebma aseve ganixiles evrokavSiris axali
iniciativis “evropis samezoblo politikis” farglebSi ormxrivi
urTierTobebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi.
29
daxmareba/ saqarTvelos samTavrobo delegacia, evropasTan
integraciis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministris, q-ni Tamar
beruCaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, vizitiT ewvia germanias. bonSi,
samTavrobo doneze gamarTuli Sexvedris dros, ganxilul iqna
saqarTvelosTvis finansuri da teqnikuri daxmarebis gawevis
sakiTxebi.
mxareebi
SeTanxmdnen
2004-2005
wlebisTvis
TanamSromlobis programisa da proeqtebis paketis Taobaze,
romlis saerTo Tanxa 26 milion evros Seadgens.
noemberi
1
108
transporti/ 18-Tviani pauzis Semdeg, 1 noembers britanulma
aviakompania “briTiS mediteranian earveiz-ma” (“briTiS earveizis”frenCaizuli partniori) ganaaxla reisebi saqarTveloSi.
londonis hitrous aeroportidan TbilisSi reisebi Sesruldeba
paraskevobiT da kviraobiT, 13.20 saaTze. TviTmfrinavi daeSveba
TbilisSi
21.30
saaTze,
adgilobrivi
droiT.
Tbilisidan
londonis mimarTulebiT reisebi Sesruldeba orSabaTobiT da
SabaTobiT, 10.30 saaTze. TviTmfrinavi Cafrindeba londonSi 13.15
saaTze, adgilobrivi droiT. reisebi Tbilissa da londons
Siris Sesruldeba A320 da A321 tipis aerobusebiT.
kalendari
3
TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos bankma xeli moawera SeTanxmebas
aSS-s saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentosTan (USAID) erTiani
sakredito sistemis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. dokumentis Tanaxmad, saaqcio
kompania
“saqarTvelos
banki”
gamouSvebs
pirvel
kerZo
obligaciebs saqarTvelos safinanso bazarze 3 milioni aSS
dolaris moculobiT, USAID-i ki uzrunvelyofs 50 procentis
garantias (1,5 milioni aSS dolari). obligaciebis gayidvidan
miRebuli Tanxebi moxmardeba mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis
energetikis
dargSi
proeqtebis
dafinansebas.
proeqtis
ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli gaxda USAID-is teqnikuri daxmarebis
wyalobiT da aseve kompaniebis “PA Consulting Group”, “vinroq
interneSenal-i”, Sps “galt&Taggart siqiuriTis” da saaqcio
kompania “saqarTvelos banki-s” mier erToblivi ZalisxmeviT.
proeqti
xorcieldeba
USAID-is
“saqarTvelos
energousafrTxoebis
iniciativis”
farglebSi,
romelic
”ganviTarebis kreditis” proeqtis Semadgeneli nawilia. “PA
Consulting Group” monawileobs proeqtis administrirebaSi.
3
sabanko
saqmianoba/
”Tbiluniversalbanki”
gaerTianda
“saqarTvelos bankTan”. am bankebis aqcionerebi SeTanxmdnen imaze,
rom saqarTvelos banki Seisyidis “Tbiluniversalbankis” aqciebis
80,011 procents. saqarTvelos bankma aseve miaRwia SeTanxmebas
evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankTan (ergb-i)
“Tbiluniversalbankis”
aqciebis
19,99
procentis
Sesyidvis
Taobaze. Sesabamis memorandums xeli ukve moewera da aRniSnuli
gadawyvetileba unda damtkicdes aqcionerTa krebis mier,
romelic dagegmilia 2004 wlis dekemberSi.
3
privatizacia/ saqarTvelos mTavrobam daamtkica ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis saministros gegma saaqcio kompania “TbilaviamSenis”
privatizebasTan dakavSirebiT. gadawyda, rom saaqcio kompania
“TbilaviamSenis” privatizeba moxdeba pirdapiri miyidvis wesiT.
sawarmo gasxvisebuli iqneba Sps “TbilaviamSenze”, romelic
Seiqmna sawarmos amJamindel xelmZRvanelTa sainiciativo jgufis
mier. aviamSeni qarxana gaiyideba 67 milion aSS dolarad. Tanxis
naxevari Cairicxeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetSi mimdinare
wlis
bolos.
privatizebis
ZiriTadi
pirobebia:
sawarmos
profilis SenarCuneba, pirvel rigSi saxelmwifo SekveTebis
Sesruleba. sami wlis Semdeg, sawarmos xelmZRvanelobam unda
uzrunvelyos Statis gazrda 20 procentiT da xelfasebis
momateba 10 procentiT.
5
energetika/ Cinurma kompania “siCuan eleqtrik pauer import end
eqsport
korporeiSn-ma”
(saqarTveloSi,
xadoris
hes-is
mSeneblobis investorebi) xeli moawera Sualedur SeTanxmebas
energoresursebis
sabiTumo
bazarTan,
romelsac
marTavs
109
kalendari
espaneTis kompania “iberdrola”, sadguris eqspluataciis Taobaze
2004 wlis 15 noembridan. xadori hesis mSenebloba mdinare
alazanze pirveli proeqtia energetikis dargSi, romelic CineTis
mxarem ganaxorciela saqarTveloSi. samSeneblo samuSaoebi
daiwyo 2001 wlis gazafxulze. sainvesticio proeqtis mTliani
Rirebuleba 25 milionamde aSS dolars Seadgens. sadguris
saproeqto simZlavrea 24 mvt: ori obieqti - TiToeuli 12 mvt
simZlavriT.
sruli
datvirTviT muSaobisas,
xadori
hesi,
praqtikulad SesZlebs srulad daakmayofilos kaxeTis regionis
moTxovna eleqtroenergiaze.
11
TanamSromloba/
londoni
maspinZlobda
konferencias
“investiciebis
dabandeba
saqarTveloSi”.
konferencia
organizebuli
iyo
saqarTvelos
mTavrobisa
da
evropis
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis mier. konferenciaSi
monawileoba miiRes saqarTvelos premier ministrma zurab Jvaniam,
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministrma kaxa benduqiZem, finansTa
ministrma zurab noRaidelma, erovnuli bankis prezidentma
irakli managaZe, sxva oficialurma pirebma da qarTvelma
biznesmenebma. konferencias aseve daeswro 250-ze meti biznesmeni
didi britaneTidan da aSS-dan. biznes-konferencia londonSi,
yvelaze didi ekonomikuri RonisZiebaa, romelic odesme yofila
organizebuli saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier. konferencia miznad
isaxavda saerTaSoriso politikuri da saqmiani wreebisaTvis
qveyanaSi ekonomikuri da politikuri reformebis kursis,
biznesis mdgomareobis gacnobas, qarTvel da ucxour mewarmeebs
Soris ndobisa da saqmiani kavSirebis xelSewyobas, investiciebis
mobilizebas saqarTvelos ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqtorebSi.
16
kavSirgabmuloba/
“magTikomma”
SesTavaza
Tavis
abonentebs
saqarTveloSi axali tipis momsaxureba – “magTineti”, romelic
SesaZlebels xdis internetis SeuzRudavad gamoyenebas nebismieri
adgilidan,
sadac
danergilia
Sesabamisi
teqnologiebi:
aeroportebSi, sastumroebSi, kafeebSi, ofisebSi, saxlebSi da a.S.
eqsperimentis
saxiT,
“magTikomma”
ukve
SesTavaza
Tavis
momxmareblebs
“magTinetis”
gamoyeneba
TbilisSi,
kafe
“batonebSi”. pirveli sami Tvis manZilze, momsaxureba ufaso
iqneba.
22
biznesi/
saqarTvelos
bankma
ganacxada
britaneTi-kavkasiis
sadazRvevo kompaniis – saqarTvelos sadazRvevo bazarze erTerTi wamyvani kompaniis - SeZenis Sesaxeb. bankma ukve Seisyida
kompaniis aqciaTa 45 procenti (1,767,150 larad) da aseve xeli
moawera
aRniSnul
sadazRvevo
kompaniasTan
savaldebulo
iuridiuli Zalis mqone urTierTgagebis memorandums, romliTac
bankma unda Seisyidos sadazRvevo kompaniis darCenili aqciebi (55
procenti)
110
kalendari
24
TanamSromloba/
saqarTvelos
sagareo
saqmeTa
ministris
moadgilem, kaxa sixaruliZem, da italiis sagareo saqmeTa
ministris moadgilem, margarita boniverma, xeli moaweres
SeTanxmebas ekonomikis, mrewvelobisa da safinanso sferoebSi
TanamSromlobis sabWos - sakonsultacio forumis Seqmnis
Sesaxeb. sabWos mizania qveynebs Soris ekonomikur urTierTobaTa
koordinireba.
25
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma, mesame mosmeniT, daamtkica
kanonproeqti
“Zvirfasi
liTonebisa
da
Zvirfasi
qvebis
saxelmwifo kontrolis, analizisa da standartizaciis Sesaxeb”
saqarTvelos 1998 wlis seqtembridan moqmedi kanonis gauqmebis
Sesaxeb. miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi,
Zvirfasi liTonebisa da Zvirfasi qvebis sferoSi saqmianoba
TviTregulirebadi
xdeba.
uqmdeba
saxelmwifo
struqtura
(saministros Zvirfasi liTonebisa da Zvirfasi qvebis finansuri
ganyofileba), romlis funqciaSi Sedioda, zemoaRniSnuli kanonis
safuZvelze, standartze kontrolis ganxorcieleba; Sesabamisad,
aRniSnuli saqmianoba: standartizacia, eqspertiza, Zvirfasi
nakeTobebis sertificireba da sxva, ganxorcieldeba im kerZo
laboratoriebis mier, romelTac kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli
piris
statusi
eqnebaT
(asociaciebi,
SezRuduli
pasuxismgeblobis kompaniebi da sxva).
26
TanamSromloba/ saqarTveloSi italiis saelCom moawyo italiasaqarTvelos
erToblivi
proeqti
“italia-saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri
partniorobis
programis”
(isepp)
prezentacia;
proeqti
gamiznulia
mrewvelobisa
da
vaWrobis
dargebSi
italiisa
da
saqarTvelos
TanamSromlobis
ganviTarebis
xelSewyobaze. igi moicavs mSeneblobis, soflis meurneobisa da
sasoflo-sameurneo nawarmis gadamuSavebis seqtorebs. proeqti
gagrZeldeba 18 Tve da misi Rirebuleba Seadgens 500,000 evros.
proeqtis dafinansebas uzrunvelyofs italiis mxare.
29
TanamSromloba/
Tbilisi
maspinZlobda
biznes-forums
“
saqarTvelosTan TanamSromlobisa da investirebis potenciali
italiuri
sawarmoebisaTvis”,
romelic
organizebuli
iqna
saqarTveloSi italiis saelCosa da savaWro-samrewvelo palatis
mier.
30
biznesi/ TbilisSi gaixsna saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisi
Rvinis
xarisxis
kontrolis
laboratoria.
laboratoria
aRWurvilia Tanamedrove germanuli aparaturiT da SeuZlia
Caataros Rvinis xarisxis sruli analizi 6 parametris mixedviT.
111
kalendari
dekemberi
5
sabanko saqmianoba/ germaniis ganviTarebis bankma, sakredito
garantiis fondis Seqmnis proeqtis farglebSi, xeli moawera
partniorobis SeTanxmebas saqarTvelos bank “respublikasTan”.
fondis mizania mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis sakredito
resursebis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba.
6
biznesi/
saqarTvelos
gadamxdelTa
kavSiri
gardaiqmna
biznesmenTa federaciad. biznesmenTa federaciis Tavmjdomared
arCeul iqna badri patarkaciSvili.
9
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma, meore mosmeniT, daamtkica
axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis proeqti.
10
daxmareba/ SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis
saagentos ufrosma deni robertsonma da saqarTvelos Sromis,
janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministrma lado WipaSvilma
xeli
moaweres
urTierTgagebis
memorandums,
romelic
iTvaliswinebs 3 milioni aSS dolaris gamoyofas saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis
mier
zamTris
periodSi
moxmarebuli
eleqtroenergiis safasuris gadaxdis programisaTvis.
10
transporti/
saqarTvelos
aviaxazebis
(yofili
“airzenas”)
prezidentma Tamaz gaiaSvilma xeli moawera SeTanxmebas amerikul
kompania ILEFC-sTan, ori boing-737 tipis TviTmfrinavis lizingze.
amJamad, kompanias lizingiT aRebuli aqvs 5 avialaineri, kerZod:
sami boing –737 –500 tipis TviTmfrinavi germaniis kompania “Hapag
Lloyd-isgan” da ori axali TviTmfrinavi, romelic dubaisa da
milanis mimarTulebiT Seasrulebs reisebs.
12
biznesi/ aSS-s kompania “frontera risorsis” 2005 wels apirebs 37
milioni
aSS
dolaris
dabandebas
saqarTveloSi,
navTobsabadoebis aTvisebis saqmeSi.
15
mTavroba/ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrom
Caatara
Sexvedra
saqarTvelos
donori
qveynebisa
da
organizaciebis
warmomadgenlebTan
da
warudgina
angariSi
“siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis” programis
ganxorcielebaSi miRweuli Sedegebis Sesaxeb.
19
transporti/ aviakompania saqarTvelos erovnulma aviaxazebma
(yofili “Air BISEC-i") da ruseTis aviakompania “sibirma”
gaaerTianes reisebi Tbilisi-moskovi-Tbilisis mimarTulebiT da
erToblivad ganagrZoben saqmianobas.
112
kalendari
20
daxmareba/ ssf-ma daamtkica saqarTvelosTvis meore sakredito
tranSi, daaxloebiT 21,5 milioni aSS dolaris odenobiT,
romelic gamoyofil unda iqna saqarTvelosTvis 3-wliani
daxmarebis programis farglebSi, siRaribis daZlevisa da
ekonomikuri zrdis programisaTvis.
22
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma, mesame mosmeniT, daamtkica
axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi, romelic ZalaSi Seva 2005 wlis 1
ianvridan.
24
parlamenti/ sagangebo sxdomaze parlamentis wevrebma kenWi
uyares “aministiis, qonebis legalizaciisa da 1992 wlidan 2003
wlamde argacxadebuli sagadasaxado valdebulebebis Sesaxeb”
kanonproeqtis miRebas meore da mesame mosmeniT. kanoni ZalaSi
Seva 2005 wlis 1 ianvridan.
24
TanamSromloba/
saqarTvelos
parlamentma
moaxdina
“didi
britaneTisa gaerTianebul samefosa da CrdiloeT irlandiasa da
saqarTvelos Soris Semosavlebis da kapitalis ormagi dabegvris
Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis” ratifikacia; SeTanxmebas
xeli moaweres 2004 wlis 13 ivliss, londonSi salome
zurabiSvilma – saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma da jek
stroum – didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa samsaxuris ufrosma.
24
sabanko saqmianoba/ saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma miiRo ufleba
ganaxorcielos ormxrivi savaluto intervenciebi. seb-s amgvari
ufleba mieniWa 23 dekembers “erovnuli bankis fulad-sakredito
politikis mTavari mimarTulebebis” Sesaxeb miRebuli dokumentis
safuZvelze. erovnulma bankma miiRo ufleba momdevno wlidan
ganaxorcielos ara mxolod ucxouri valutis Sesyidvis, aramed
gayidvis operaciebic. amgvarad, seb-s SesaZlebloba eqneba
efeqturad
daareguliros
erovnuli
valutis
kursi
da
SeinarCunos misi stabiluroba.
ianvari
8
mTavroba/ daarsda prezidentTan arsebuli ekonomikuri sabWo.
sabWos mTavari amocana iqneba qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan
dakavSirebiT winadadebebisa da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.
sabWos Tavmjdomareobas gauwevs prezidenti.
10
TanamSromloba/
azerbaijanis
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
saministrom SeimuSava saqarTvelosTan “mcire da saSualo
sawarmoTa
seqtorSi
TanamSromlobis
samTavrobaTSoriso
SeTanxmebis proeqti.
113
kalendari
17
TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma, salome
zurabiSvilma, da SvedeTis elCma saqarTveloSi, Stefan Stekma,
xeli moaweres “SvedeTis mTavrobasa da saqarTvelos mTavrobas
Soris”
SeTanxmebas
teqnikur,
safinanso
da
humanitarul
sferoebSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb.
18
privatizacia/
satendero
komisiam,
saaqcio
kompania
“WiaTurmanganumis” aqciebis saxelmwifo paketis, manganumis
sabadoebisa
da
varcixe-hesis
(hidroeleqtrosadguris)
(kaskadebTan
erTad)
privatizaciaze
gamarTul
tenderSi
gamarjvebulad gamoacxada rusuli kompania “Euraz Holding-i”
qarTul-avstriuli kompania “DCM fero”- sTan erTad (DCM DECO
metal interneSenal treiding-is filiali). am kompaniebis mier
warmodgenili iqna saukeTeso sainvesticio winadadebebi da
SemoTavazebul iqna yvelaze maRali fasi.
18
sabanko
saqmianoba/
rusulma
“vneStorgbankma”
SeiZina
‘gaerTianebuli qarTuli bankis’ aqciaTa sakontrolo paketi (7
milioni aSS dolari).
21
privatizacia/ ruseTis kompaniam “dema kompiuters Sps” gaimarjva
saaqcio kompania “elmavalmSenis” (Tbilisis lokomotivebis
mSeneblobis qarxana) 51 procentis privatizaciaze gamarTul
tenderSi.
23
transporti/ Zravianma navma “kometam” daiwyo
mimosvla baTumsa da TurqeTis qalaq hofas Soris.
25
kanonmdebloba/ kanoni “argacxadebuli Semosavlebisa da qonebis
amnistiisa da legalizebis Sesaxeb” saqarTveloSi moqmedebs 25
ianvridan.
25
privatizacia/ britaneTi-avstriis konsorciumma moigo tenderi
saqarTvelos saokeano-sanaosno kompaniis (OSCO) privatizebaze
27
mTavroba/ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrom da
saaqcio
kompania
“Tbilisis
saerTaSoriso
aeroportma”
gamoacxades saerTaSoriso tenderi, Tbilisis saerTaSoriso
aeroportis teritoriaze axali aeroportis mSeneblobisa da
misi
infrastruqturis
ganaxleba-rekonstruqciis
saukeTeso
proeqtis SeTavazebaze.
28
partniorobisa
da
TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebis
ganxorcieleba
–
inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis
uflebebi/parlamenti/ GEPLAC-is saqmianoba/ sastumro “qorTiard
mariotSi”
gaimarTa
seminari
“inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis
uflebebi”, romelic organizebuli iyo dargSi parlamentis
114
regularuli
kalendari
evrointegraciis komitetisa da GEPLAC-is mier. seminarze
warmodgenili iqna rigi kanonproeqtebisa inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis uflebebis dacvis sferoSi (SemuSavda “saqpatentis”
mier
harmonizaciis
erovnuli
programis
rekomendaciebze
dayrdnobiT),
romlebic
unda
gadaeces
parlaments
gansaxilvelad. seminarSi monawileoba miiRes saqarTvelos
parlamentis, mTavrobis, evrokavSiris, donorTa Tanamegobrobis,
saqmiani, samrewvelo da profesiuli jgufebis, saqarTvelos
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da
mediis warmomadgenlebma.
28
sabaJo/
qarTul-Turquli
sabaJo
samsaxurebis
ormxrivi
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas xeli moewera sarfSi,
giorgi godabreliZis, saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sabaJo
departamentis Tavmjdomarisa da riza Turagais, TurqeTis sabaJo
samsaxuris ufrosis mier.
30
kavSirgabmuloba/ saqarTvelos kavSirgabmulobis erovnulma
komisiam gamoacxada komerciuli tenderi fiWuri satelefono
kavSiris operatoris licenziis mopovebaze. sawyisis fasi
licenziisTvis 5,807,00 laria (daaxloebiT 3 milioni aSS
dolari).
30
turizmi/ saqarTvelos turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis
Tavmjdomaris, saba kiknaZis, iranSi vizitis dros, xeli moewera
saqarTvelosa
da
irans
Soris
turizmis
sferoSi
TanamSromlobis programas.
Tebervali
1
daxmareba/ ergb-ma gamouyo Tbilisis merias 5,5 milioni evro
municipaluri transportis ganviTarebisaTvis.
2
sabanko saqmianoba/ Savi zRvis vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis bankma
saqarTvelos saaqcio kompania “prokreditbanks” gauxsna 5
milioni aSS dolaris sakredito xazi mikro, mcire da saSualo
zomis sawarmoTa dafinansebisaTvis – es aRniSnuli bankis
saqmianobis mTavar mimarTulebas warmoadgens. “prokreditbanki”
saqarTveloSi 1999 wlidan funqcionirebs. am drois ganmavlobaSi
kreditebi
gaica
12,000
mewarmeze,
romlebic
moRvaweoben
saqarTveloSi.
5
transporti/ aviakompania “saqarTvelos aviaxazebma” daiwyo
regularuli Sida reisebis ganxorcieleba “Tbilisi-baTumiTbilisis” mimarTulebiT.
115
kalendari
7
daxmareba/
amerikis
prezidentma
jorj
buSma,
waradgina
SeerTebuli
Statebis
kongresSi
2006
wlis
biujetis
kanonproeqti,
romelSic
man
sTxova
kanonmdeblebs
saqarTvelosTvis 80,2 milioni aSS dolaris gamoyofa sami
ZiriTadi programisaTvis, maT Soris ekonomikuri daxmarebis,
momsaxurebis sferos muSakTa specialuri momzadebisa da aSS-dan
Tavdacvis
sferosTvis
gamoyofili
saSualebebisa
da
momsaxurebis dafinansebisaTvis.
7-14
SeTanxmeba partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb/ GEPLAC-is
saqmianoba/ GEPLAC-is mier organizebuli iqna 6-dRiani mrgvali
magida fasiani qaRaldebis sferoSi evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobis
ukanasknel
cvlilebebTan
dakavSirebiT,
GEPLAC-is
eqspertebisaTvis, erovnuli fasiani qaRaldebis komisiis, da
saqarTvelos safondo birJisa warmomadgenelTaTvis. mrgval
magidaze
ganixiles
saqarTvelos
finansur
bazrebze
ganviTarebuli bolo movlenebi da am sferoSi moqmedi
kanonmdebloba, iseve rogorc evrokavSiris axali direqtivebisa
da
fasiani
qaRaldebis
bazris
maregulirebeli
sxva
samarTlebrivi dokumentebis SemoRebis sakiTxi, romelic ZalaSi
2003 wels iqna Sesuli. SemuSavebuli iqna rekomendaciebi am
dargSi arsebuli kanonmdeblobis srulyofasTan dakavSirebiT.
16
privatizacia/ saxelmwifos wili “saqarTvelos telekomSi”
mieyida amerikis kompanias “telsel interneSnal ink.” (51
procenti 5 milion aSS dolarad).
17
parlamenti/
parlamentis
riggareSe
sesiaze
daamtkices
saqarTvelos axali ministrTa kabineti, premier ministr zurab
noRaidelis xelmZRvanelobiT da samTavrobo programa 2005-2009
wlebisTvis.
22
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma moaxdina saqarTvelosa da
latvias Soris Semosavlebisa da kapitalis ormagi dabegvris
Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ratifikacia.
23
mTavroba/
saqarTvelos
ministrTa
kabinetma
ganixila
da
daamtkica
kanonproeqti
“saxelmwifo
sakuTrebaSi
myofi
sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis privatizebis Sesaxeb”. aRniSnuli
kanonproeqti gansaxilvelad waredgineba parlaments uaxloes
momavalSi. mTavrobis es iniciativa xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi
miwis bazris formirebasa da soflis meurneobaSi investiciebis
mozidvas.
profkavSiri/ saqarTvelos profkavSirma sakuTrebis 90 procenti
saxelmwifos gadasca.
25
116
danarTi I:
(euTo-s regionalur monacemebze dayrdnobiT)
daniel linoti, ufrosi mrCeveli ekonomikis sakiTxebSi, euTo-s samdivno
Sesavali
euTo-s (evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis) yvela
qveyana monawileobs regionaluri integraciis sxvadasxva programebSi, romelTa
ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens vaWrobis xelSewyoba da ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis
gaRrmaveba.
yvelaze ambiciuri da progresuli regionaluri ekonomikuri integraciis
(rei) programa aris evrokavSiri, romelsac safuZveli Cauyara 1951 wels, 6
saxelmwifos mier evropis ‘foladisa da naxSiris’ Tanamegobrobis Seqmnam. evropis
saintegracio procesis damfuZnebelTa mizani iyo misi gamoyeneba omis Semdgom
periodSi Serigebisa da politikuri stabilurobis misaRwevad ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis
gziT.
isini
agreTve
iziarebdnen
saerTo
fundamentalur
Rirebulebebs demokratiis, politikuri da ekonomikuri Tavisuflebebisa da
uflebebis TvalsazrisiT. iniciativa warmatebuli aRmoCnda. wevr qveynebs Soris
satarifo da arasatarifo savaWro barierebis Semcirebam da Semdgomma gauqmebam
xeli Seuwyo maTi ekonomikis gafarToebas da amis Sedegad, am qveynebSi cxovrebis
maRali donis damkvidrebas. evropuli integraciis proeqti gadaizarda evropis 25
wevri qveynis kavSirSi, rogori saxiTac igi dRes gvevlineba. bulgareTi da rumineTi
SeuerTdebian evrokavSirs 2007 wels, xolo sxva qveynebi emzadebian evrokavSirSi
gasawevrianeblad Semdeg etapebze. mimdinare aTwleulis bolosTvis, evropis didi
nawili erTian ekonomiur sivrceSi moeqceva da gaiziarebs saerTo xedvasa da
politikas. garda amisa, aRmosavleTiT da dasavleTiT mdebare arawevr qveynebTan
kavSirebis gasamyareblad SemuSavda “axali samezoblos” koncefcia.
evrokavSiris iniciativas mibaZaven sxva qveynebic, romelTac wamoiwyes msgavsi
praqtika, romlis erT-erTi magaliTia eTvS-a (evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis
SeTanxmeba – EFTA). mogvianebiT dafuZnda CaTvS-a (CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali
vaWrobis SeTanxmeba – NAFTA), romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada didi Tavisufali
savaWro zonis Seqmna aSS-s, kanadasa da meqsikas Soris. gardamavali ekonomikis mqone
qveynebi, ganviTarebis, vaWrobisa da ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis xelSewyobis
mizniT, aseve CarTuli arian regionaluri integraciis iseT programebSi, rogoricaa
dsT da dsT-is farglebSi sxva qveregionaluri integraciis programebi (mag. ruseTbelorusis saxelmwifo kavSiri, evraziis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba, suuam-i, saerTo
ekonomikuri sivrce da sxva).
rei-is zogierT SemTxvevaSi, politikuri gancxadebebisa da formaluri
valdebulebebis miuxedavad, winsvla SeiZleba Senelebuli iyos, rac xazs usvams
vmo-s
mniSvnelobas
vaWrobis
liberalizaciisaTvis
da
vaWrobis
efeqturi,
wamaxalisebeli RonisZiebebis aucileblobas.
117
mocemuli mokle mimoxilva warmogvidgens zogierT mTavar mosazrebasa da
analitikur instruments regionul ekonomikur integraciasTan dakavSirebiT. igi
analizs ukeTebs rei-is mTavar gamocdilebas, kerZod ki evrokavSirs, mesame
qveynebTan urTierTobebsa da evrokavSiris gafarToebis mniSvnelobas. igi ganixilavs
rei-is sxva SemTxvevebs OSCE-is regionSi (EFTA, NAFTA, dsT, suuam-i. saerTo
ekonomikuri sivrce da sxva). bolo paragrafSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia vmo-s
wesebisa da vaWrobis xelSewyobis mniSvnelobaze.
ganixilavs ra regionaluri integraciis sakiTxebze mravlad arsebul
xelmisawvdom masalebs, mocemuli dokumenti emyareba SerCeviT informacias, romelic
miznad isaxavs mTavari sakiTxebis gamokveTas da Semdgomi diskusiebis iniciirebas.
dokuments ara aqvs pretenzia “sruli WeSmaritebisa”
esoden rTul da zogjer
winaaRmdegobriv sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi.
I. mosazrebebi rei-is sqemebTan dakavSirebiT
1. istoria da bolo periodis tendenciebi
rei-is SeTanxmebebi siaxles ar warmoadgens. “sabaJo kavSirebis daarsebis
istoria me-17 saukunidan iRebs saTaves, magram 1947 wels GATT-is sistemis
dafuZnebamde, sabaJo kavSirebi Cveulebriv Tavs iyrida erTi hegemonuri saxelmwifos
irgvliv”.1 istoriulad erTi aseTi cnobili regionaluri integraciis programa aris
prusiis mier 180 wlis win wamowyebuli germaniis “zolverainis” programaa.2 avstriaungreTis imperia aseve warmoadgenda sabaJo kavSirs, romelze SeTanxmeba yovel 10
weliwadSi erTxel unda yofiliyo ganaxlebuli da a.S..
mzardi tendencia
bagvatisa da panagarias mixedviT, regionaluri savaWro SeTanxmebebis
Camoyalibeba or etapad moxda: pirveli gagrZelda 1958-dan 1970 wlamde da
iniciirebuli iyo romis konvenciiT, romelmac daafuZna evrogaerTianeba; meore etapi
daiwyo 1980-iani wlebis Sua periodSi (da gaZlierda 90-an wlebSi), umTavresad,
3
erTiani evropis aqtis safuZvelze.
nax. 1. regionaluri savaWro SeTanxmebebi msoflioSi, 1948-2002 ww.
vmo-s daarseba
wyaro: vmo-s samdivno
1
e. mahanTi, “regionaluri ekonomiuri integracia – faseulobebis dabruneba”, gamoc. globalizaicia da
savaWro politikis politikuri ekonomia, c. parakevopolusi et.al., APF Press, toronto, 2000w., gv.42.
2
me-18 saukuneSi, frederik viliam I-is mefobis periodSi, prusiam Tavad ganicada Zireuli
administraciuli reformebi, imdroindeli SexedulebiT, Tanamedrove da samodelo saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis procesSi.
3
j. bagvaTi da a. panagaria, “upiratesi savaWro zonebi da mravalmxrivoba”, preferenciuli savaWro
SeTanxmebebis ekonomika, redaqtorebi j. bagvaTi da a. panagaria, AEI Press, voSingtoni, 1996 w., gv. 1-78.
118
2003 wlis maisisTvis, vmo-Si (da winamorbed GATT-Si) 265-ze meti SeTanxmebis
Sesaxeb iqna Setyobineba miRebuli; aqedan, 138 SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb 1995 wlis ianvarSi
vmo-s Seqmnis Semdeg. amJamad moqmedebs 190-ze meti SeTanxmeba; unda amoqmeddes kidev
60, Tumca maT Sesaxeb gacxadebuli jer ar aris. vmo-s informaciis Tanaxmad,
regionaluri savaWro SeTanxmebebis saerTo ricxvma, 2005 wlis bolosTvis, SeiZleba
300 miaRwios.
2. ganxilvis kategoriebi da koncefciebi
savaWro blokebis kategoriebad dayofa
rogorc miTiTebulia cxrilSi 1, romelic gvTavazobs savaWro blokebis
klasifikacias, regionaluri ekonomikuri integracia kompleqsuri movlenaa, romelic
sxvadasxva situaciebs ukavSirdeba. farTo gagebiT, igi Seesatyviseba qveynebis
jgufSi mzard vaWrobasa da ekonomikur kavSirebs, romelic ufro swrafad
viTardeba vidre danarCen msoflioSi. amgvari procesi SeiZleba partniorebs Soris
formaluri SeTanxmebis Sedegi iyos4.
CanarTi 1. bela balasa, 1928-1991 ww.
iakob vainerTan erTad, amerikelma ekonomistma (warmoSobiT ungrelma), xeli Seuwyo
axali tipis regionuli integraciis saqmianobis wamowyebas. 1961 wels, man gamoaqveyna
cnobili wigni “ekonomikuri integraciis Teoria”. balasas mixedviT, regionaluri
integraciis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi Cveulebriv gamiznulia ucxour da samamulo
saqonels, momsaxurebasa da warmoebis faqtorebs Soris diskriminaciis aRmofxvraze.
teritoriuli siaxlove aseve xdis qveynebs bunebriv partniorebad. saerTo
sazRvris faqtori Cveulebriv unda iyos stimuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
gacvlisa da qveynebs Soris mimosvlisaTvis, maSinac ki, rodesac formaluri
SeTanxmeba ar arsebobs. dacilebis manZili xSirad ganixileba rogorc dabrkoleba
vaWrobisaTvis. amasTan, formaluri SeTanxmebis arseboba ar gulisxmobs imas, rom
igi efeqturad xorcieldeba.
cxrili 1: savaWro blokebis kategoriebi
araformaluri
ganviTarebuli da/an mzardi vaWroba, SeTanxmebis gareSe
formaluri
partniorebs Soris:
- efeqturi
- araefeqturi SeTanxmeba
bunebrivi
geografiuli siaxlove, mezoblebi
arabunebrivi
didi
manZiliT
dabrkolebebi
wyaro: d. linoti da l. aune,”
suuam-i,
dacilebuli
partniorebi;
bunebrivi
ivlisi, 2000w. Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba: winaswari
Sefaseba”, centraluri azia da kavkasia, socialuri da politikuri kvlevis centri (SvedeTi), #1(9), 2003w.
4
formaluri da araformaluri savaWro blokebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis mizniT ix.: savaWro blokebi?
regionaluri integraciis momavali, redaqtorebi v. qeibli da d. hendersoni, saerTaSoris saqmeTa samefo
instituti, londoni, 1994w.
119
regionaluri integraciis done/intensivoba
rac Seexeba formalur regionalizms, me-2 cxrilSi
mocemulia pirobiTi
CamonaTvali. yvelaze dabali donea SeRavaTiani savaWro SeTanxmeba minimum or
qveyanas Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi, importze dawesebuli ormxrivi tarifebis done
mcirdeba im tarifebis donesTan SedarebiT, romelic dawesebulia “danarCeni
msofliosaTvis”. Semdegi safexuria partniorebs Soris tarifebis mTlianad gauqmeba,
rac pasuxobs Tavisufali savaWro zonis pirobebs, romelSic wevri qveynebi
inarCuneben erovnul satarifo doneebs importze am zonis farglebs garedan. sabaJo
kavSirSi, wevr qveynebs SemoaqvT erTiani sagareo tarifebi, rac moiTxovs tarifebis
doneebis ganxilvasa da SeTanxmebas (ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes vmo-s wesebs rei-is
monawile qveynebisaTvis, romelic am organizaciis wevrebi arian). integraciis
umaRlesi safexuria erTiani politikuri erTeulis Camoyalibeba. es SeiZleba
moiTxovdes
savaluto,
ekonomikuri
da
komerciuli
institutebis
Seqmnas
federaluri, konfederaciis tipis an centralizebuli politikuri sistemis
farglebSi.
cxrili 2: ekonomikuri da komerciuli integraciis doneebi
SeRavaTiani savaWro SeTanxmeba
satarifo
barierebi
Semcireba
monawile mxareebs Soris
Tavisufali savaWro zona (Tsz-i)
satarifo (da arasatarifo) barierebis gauqmeba
sabaJo kavSiri (sbk-i)
Tsz-i + erTiani sagareo tarifis SemoReba
saerTo bazari (sb-i)
sbk-i
+
samuSao
Zalisa
Tavisufali gadaadgileba
savaluto kavSiri (sk-i)
sb-i + erTiani valutis SemoReba
ekonomikuri
kavSiri (esk-i)
sk-i + centralizebuli saxelmwifo finansebis
sistema
da
savaluto
politikuri kavSiri (pk-i)
da
SeTanxmebis
kapitalis
erTiani
politikuri
erTeuli
Sesabamisi
ekonomikuri da savaWro institutebiT
wyaro: ix. cxrili 1.
3.
rei da ekonomikuri analizi
rei-is ekonomikuri analizi sakmaod rTuli procesia. igi moiTxovs
kompleqsur analitikur instrumentebsa da kompiuterul modelebs, romlebic xSirad
emyarebian specifiur varaudebs, da yovelTvis ar Seesabamebian realobas.5 miuxedavad
amisa, am instrumentebma SeiZleba uzrunvelyon savaWro liberalizaciis Sedegisa da
sxva politikuri RonisZiebebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb garkveuli azris Camoyalibeba da
maTi raodenobrivi gansazRvra. SeZlebisdagvarad, isini vinc gansazRvraven
politikas, unda Seecadon, rom sakuTari daskvna daafuZnon am Sefasebebze. am mizniT,
aseve arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs adeqvaturi eqspertizisa da institutebis
Camoyalibebas.
5
unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonometrikuli modelirebis sferoSi erTmaneTs metoqeobas uweven sxvadasxva
skolebi. romelime konkretuli meTodologiis SemoRebas SeiZleba metad specifiuri Sedegebi mohyves. sxva
sityvebiT rom iTqvas, raodenobriv SedegebTan mimarTebaSi garkveuli sifrTxilea saWiro. ix. devid f.
hendri, “ekonometrika: alqimia Tu mecniereba? – eseebi ekonometrikis meTodologiaSi”, oqsfordis
universiteti, 2000 w.
120
vaWrobis Seqmna da vaWrobis diversifikacia
j. vaineris mier ganxorcielebuli mniSvnelovani kvlevis Tanaxmad, romelic
inspirirebuli iqna beneluqsis gamocdilebiT (ix. CanarTi 2), regionuli integraciis
SeTanxmebebis ekonomikur analizSi Tavdapirvelad yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo
qveynebis mogebasa da danakargebze, gamomdinare statikuri TvalTaxedvidan (anu
dinamiuri aspeqtebis ugulvebelyofiT), gansakuTrebiT im qveynebisaTvis, romlebic
monawileobdnen amgvar programebSi6.
rei-is farglebSi adgili aqvs vaWrobis Seqmnas maSin, rodesac dabalxarjiani
importiT xdeba maRalxarjiani eqsportis Canacvleba. amgvari viTareba gulisxmobs
materialur mogebas importiorebisaTvis da/an momxmareblebisaTvis, imitom, rom
isini naklebs ixdian. vaWrobis diversifikaciis SemTxvevaSi, regionaluri savaWro
SeTanxmebis Sedegad, importis ZviradRirebuli wyaros mier xdeba iafi wyaros
Canacvleba, rasac mohyveba danakargebi importirebis qveyanaSi.
realur samyaroSi, vaWrobis Seqmnisa da vaWrobis diversifikaciis Sedegebi
xSirad kombinirebulia. zogierTi bazrisTvis, es mogebis momtania, sxvebisaTvis ki
wamgebiania. mogeba-danakargebis gadanawileba qveynebs, mosaxleobas, momxmarebelsa da
mwarmoeblebs Soris aseve uTanabrod warmoebs.
mTlianobaSi, qveynisaTvis rei-is SeTanxmeba sargeblis momtania, rodesac
vaWrobis Seqmnis Sedegebi vaWrobis diversifkaciis Sedegebs aRemateba. qveyanam
SeiZleba
zarali
naxos
aseTi
SeTanxmebis
Sedegad,
rodesac
vaWrobis
diversifikaciis Sedegebi sakmaod mniSvnelovania. keTildReobis TvalsazrisiT, es
niSnavs, rom vaWrobis liberalizacia rei-is SeTanxmebis farglebSi SesaZloa
saboloo jamSi materialuri danakargebis momtani iyos da ar warmoadgendes e.w.
“saukeTeso arCevans”, maSin roca rogorc ekonomikuri Teoria miuTiTebs, sruli
calmxrivi liberalizacia mainc iqneba wminda materialuri mogebis momtani,
gansakuTrebiT mcire qveynebisaTvis.7
CanarTi 2: beneluqsi
belgias, niderlandebsa da luqsemburgs Soris TanamSromloba daiwyo 1944 wels,
meore msoflio omis dros. mTavari mizani iyo am sam qveyanas Soris adamianebis
gadaadgilebisa da saqonliT da momsaxurebis vaWrobisaTvis dabrkolebebis
aRmofxvra, da moicavda politikur da administraciul TanamSromlobas. beneluqsis
SeTanxmeba aseve mxars uWers evropis integracias. beneluqsis Camoyalibeba SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnes, rogorc pirveli konkretuli nabiji evropis integraciis ufro
farTo proeqtis mimarTulebiT. garkveulwilad, beneluqsis qveynebs Soris
integracia kvlavac win uswrebs evrokavSiris integrirebis process.
wyaro: beneluqsis veb-gverdi.
6
ix. j. vaineri, sabaJo kavSiris publikacia, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, niu-iorki, 1950 w.
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, mcire qveyanas vaWrobis pirobebis Secvla ar SeuZlia. (ToT= eqsportis
fasi/importis fasi)
7
121
efeqturobis analizi
regionaluri savaWro SeTanxmebebis efeqturobis analizi, am SeTanxmebebidan
gamomdinare upiratesobaTa sworad gaTvlisaTvis, unda iTvaliswinebdes yvela saxis
saqonels (da momsaxurebas), rac realurad sakmaod rTuli amocanaa. agregirebul
monacemebze dayrdnobiT, socialur keTildReobaze sxvadasxva savaWro politikis
reJimebis zegavlenis imitirebisa da Seswavlis mizniT, gamoiyeneba e.w. “gamoTvladi
zogadi wonasworobis modelebi”. es modelebi emyareba SemzRudav gaTvlebs
ekonomikuri agentebis preferenciebsa da qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT da saSualebas
iZlevian wagebulTa da mogebulTa gamovlenisa.
sakompensacio sqemebi
rei-is
SeTanxmebis
Sedegad
wagebulTa
kompensaciisaTvis
SeiZleba
gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes sakompensacio gadaricxvebis (an Semosavlis gadanawilebis)
sqemebi. kompensaciisaTvis SeTavazebuli iyo ramodenime kriteriumi, romelic
sxvadasxva midgomis amsaxveli iyo: mniSvnelobas aniWebda wagebulebs an mogebulebs
an orives erTdroulad. socialuri keTildReobis, erToblivi arCevanisa da
sakompensacio gadaricxvebis ganxilvisas, xSirad mimarTaven iseT saxelebs
rogoricaa kaldori, hiksi da skitovski. sakompensacio kriteriumebi dafuZnebulia
potenciur qmedebebze, romelic sxvadasxva faqtorebis gaTvaliwinebiT, SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes droTa ganmavlobaSi, maT Soris politikosebis/gadawyvetilebis
mimRebTa
keTil
nebasa
da
potenciur
wagebulTa
da
mogebulTa
unarze
molaparakebebis sakuTari interesebis maqsimalurad dacviT warmarTvaSi. is faqti,
rom zogierT qveyanaSi umuSevrebi iReben umuSevrobis Semweobas, miuTiTebs imaze,
rom resursebis xelmisawvdomobis pirobebSi, sakompensacio sqemebi wagebulTaTvis
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes.8
konkurenciisa da masStabis ekonomiis gavlenis done
rei-is ori ZiriTadi dinamiuri Sedegi aris konkurencia da masStabis
ekonomia. urTierT satarifo da arasatarifo barierebis gauqmebiT rei-is programis
wevrebi axdenen TavianTi bazrebis srul Serwymas. amis Sedegad, konkurencia
SeiZleba gaizardos. amasTan, ufro didi zomis bazrebma SesaZloa masStabis
ekonomiis arseboba ganapirobon, rodesac xangrZlivi warmoebis saSualo xarji
Semcirdeba sawarmoo simZlavreebis gazrdis Sedegad da a.S. momxmarebels amgvarma
cvlilebebma sargebeli unda moutanos.
saxelmwifo finansebis sakiTxi
satarifo
barierebis
gauqmebas
aqvs
uSualo
uaryofiTi
Sedegebi
gadasaxadebis Segrovebaze, ramac SeiZleba azaralos saxelmwifos finansuri sistema
da SemdgomSi mohyves saxelmwifo xarjebis Sekveca an damatebiTi sesxebi da valebi.
es exeba im qveynebs, romelTac zRvruli pirdapiri da arapirdapiri (brunvisa da
damatebuli Rirebulebis) gadasaxadebi aqvT, miT ufro gardamavali ekonomikis
qveynebSi, romelebic xasiaTdebian Crdilovani ekonomikis farTo masStabiTa da
9
arasakmarisi institucionaluri resursiT gadasaxadebis SegrovebisaTvis.
8
ix. m. olsoni, “koleqtiuri moqmedebis logika: sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da jgufebis Teoria, harvardis
universitetis presa, kembriji, 1971 w.
9
ix. a. eilati da q. zinesi “Crdilovani ekonomika gardamavali periodis qveynebSi: mowinaaRmdege Tu
megobari?”, harvardis universiteti, 18 dekemberi, 2000 w.
122
vaWrobis pirobebi
regionaluri savaWro blokis Seqmnam SeiZleba aseve imoqmedos regionis
vaWrobis pirobebze danarCen msofliosTan mimarTebaSi. vinaidan savaWro bloki
SeiZleba warmoadgendes did erTeuls saerTaSoriso bazrebze, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,
mas savaraudod SeuZlia Secvalos msoflio fasebi da gaiumjobesos savaWro
pirobebi. ganmartebis Tanaxmad mcire qveynebisaTvis, savaWro pirobebis arguments
Zala ara aqvs.
“xelSemwyobi” da “xelSemSleli” blokebis Sedareba
bagvatis
mier
rei-isTan
dakavSirebiT
ganxorcielebul
samuSaoSi
“xelSemwyobi blokebi” da “xelSemSleli blokebi” erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavdeba.10 es
cnebebi dagvexmareba, raTa pasuxi gavceT Semdeg SekiTxvas: savaWro bloki yvela
qveynis keTildReobis donis amaRlebas uwyobs xels Tu mxolod im qveynebisa,
romlebic am bloks miekuTvneba? “xelSemwyobi” blokebi yvela “Sida” Tu “gare”
qveynis keTildReobis donis amaRlebas uzrunvelyofs. “xelSemSleli” bloki
dadebiT Sedegs axdens mxolod blokis “Sida” qveynebze, sxvebisaTvis ki zaralis
momtania.
ganviTarebis doneebi
praqtikuli dakvirveba didi albaTobiT imaze miuTiTebs, rom ganviTarebadi
qveynebi ufro did sargebels miiReben “CrdiloeTi-samxreTis” Tavisufali vaWrobis
Sesaxeb SeTanxmebidan vidre “samxreTi-samxreTis” SeTanxmebis Sedegad. amasTan,
mcireSemosavlian
qveynebs
Soris
integracias
xSirad
mohyveba
uTanabroba
regionalur blokSi Semaval qveynebs Soris, rac gamoricxulia mdidar qveynebs
Soris savaWro blokebis formirebis SemTxvevaSi.11
dominos efeqti
rei-is kidev erT aspeqts warmoadgens e.w. “dominos efeqti”, rac gulisxmobs,
rom savaWro blokis arsebobisas aRiniSneba tendencia, rodesac gare qveynebi
cdiloben gawevriandnen am blokSi im upiratesobebis gamo, romelsac igi
uzrunvelyofs wevri qveynebisaTvis da aseve xarjebis gamo arawevri qveynebisaTvis,
gansakuTrebiT, rodesac adgili aqvs dapirispirebas msxvil savaWro blokTan.12
4. rei-i OSCE-is regionis teritoriaze
rac Seexeba OSCE-is regions, rogorc cxrili 3 gviCvenebs, rei-is sxvadasxva
sqemebi arsebobs; zogierTi maTgani de jure da de facto ufro ambiciuria, efeqturi da
progresuli vidre sxvebi. rei-is ramodenime sqemas gardamavali ekonomikis mqone
qveynebSi safuZveli Caeyara yofili reJimis daSlis Semdeg. zogierT aseT sqemaSi
CarTulia OSCE-is arawevri qveynebi. OSCE-is zogierTi wevri qveyana rei-is
ramodenime SeTanxmebis monawilea, ramac SeiZleba daayenos Sesabamisobisa da
saimedobis sakiTxebi.
10
ix. bagvaTi, msoflio savaWro sistema riskis winaSe, prinstonis universitetis presa, prinstoni, 1991 w.
a.j. venablesi, “regionaluri integraciis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebis Sedegad mogebuli da wagebuli qveynebi”,
ganxilva 2528, ekonomikuri politikis kvleviTi centri, londoni, agvisto 2000 w.
12
ix. r. bolduini, “regionalizmis dominos efeqti, “NBER-is naSromi #4465, kambriji, 1993 w.
11
123
cxrili
3:
OSCE-is
regionSi,
liberalizaciis/vaWrobis
xelSewyobis
iniciativebi)
CrdiloeT amerika
NAFTA
(dasavleTi) evropa
evrokavSiri (15+10)
regionaluri
integraciis/savaWro
Sesaxeb
SerCeuli
SeTanxmebebi
(an
kanada, meqsika, aSS
avstria, belgia, dania, fineTi, safrangeTi, germania,
saberZneTi, irlandia, italia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi,
portugalia, espaneTi, SvedeTi, didi britaneTi, CexeTis
respublika,kviprosi, estoneTi, ungreTi, latvia, litva,
malta, poloneTi, slovenia, slovakeTi
EFTA
islandia, lixtenSteini, norvegia, Sveicaria
evropis ekonomikuri zona
evrokavSiri+EFTA (Sveicariis gamoklebiT)
baltiispireTis
qveynebis
regioni,
centraluri
da
aRmosavleTi evropa
baltiispireTis
TanamSromloba
qveynebis
estoneTi, latvia da litva
baltiispireTis qveynebis sabWo
dania, estoneTi, fineTi, islandia, germania, latvia, litva,
norvegia, poloneTi, ruseTi, SvedeTi
CETFA
bulgareTi,
CexeTis
respublika,
rumineTi, slovakeTi, slovenia
ungreTi,
poloneTi,
samxreT-aRmosavleTi
evropa/balkaneTi
stabilurobis Sesaxeb paqti
yofili sabWoTa
(baltiispireTis
gamoklebiT)
albaneTi,
bosnia-hercegovina,
bulgareTi.
xorvatia,
makedonia, moldova, rumineTi, serbia da montenegro
respublikebi
qveynebis
yvela yofili
qveynis garda
dsT-s qveynebi
sabWoTa
respublika,
baltiispireTis
3
belorusi-ruseTis kavSiri
saqarTvelo, ukraina, uzbekeTi, azerbaijani, moldova
suuam-i
evraziis
Tanamegobroba
ekonomikuri
belorusi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, tajikeTi, uzbekeTi
saerTo ekonomikuri sivrce
sxvebi
belorusi, yazaxeTi, ruseTi, ukraina
Savi
zRvis
TanamSromloba
albaneTi, somxeTi, azerbaijani, bulgareTi, saqarTvelo,
saberZneTi, moldova, rumineTi, ruseTi, TurqeTi, ukraina
124
ekonomikuri
ekonomikuri
organizacia
TanamSromlobis
avRaneTi, azerbaijani, irani, yazaxeTi yirgizeTi, pakistani,
tajikeTi, TurqeTi, TurqmeneTi da uzbekeTi
Sanhais
organizacia
TanamSromlobis
CineTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, ruseTi, tajikeTi da uzbekeTi
II. evrokavSiri
5. istoriuli faqtebi
evropis
integracia
umTavresad
ganpirobebuli
iyo
omis
gameorebis
SesaZleblobis Tavidan acilebisa da evropis saxelmwifoTa, kerZod ki safrangeTsa
da germanias Soris TanamSromlobis xelSewyobis surviliT. 1950 wlis 9 maiss,
safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri robert Sumani gamovida winadadebiT
dasavleTi evropis naxSirisa da foladis sawarmoTa gaerTianebasTan dakavSirebiT,
ramac safuZveli Cauyara naxSirisa da foladis evropuli gaerTianebis (ECSC-i)
Camoyalibebas eqvsi damfuZnebeli wevri qveynis mier, esenia: belgia, dasavleTi
germania, safrangeTi, italia, luqsemburgi da niderlandebi.13 am pirvel nabijs
mohyva kidev erTi warmatebuli iniciativa: 1957 wlis romis konvencia, romelmac
daafuZna evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba.
evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis mizani iyo 6 wevr qveyanas Soris saerTo
bazris formireba, romelsac safuZvlad daedo e.w. “oTxi Tavisufleba”: saqonlis,
momsaxurebis, kapitalisa da pirTa Tavisufali gadaadgileba. evropis atomuri
energiis gaerTianeba aseve Seiqmna wevri qveynebis arasamxedro daniSnulebis
birTvuli resursebis gaerTianebis mizniT. mas Semdeg evropis proeqti ganagrZobda
gafarToebasa da gaRrmavebas. sxva mniSvnelovani SeTanxmebebi 1957 wlis Semdeg
daido. es dokumentebi warmoadgens evrokavSiris sakonstitucio bazas.
cxrili 4: evrogaerTianebis/evrokavSiris mTavari SeTanxmebebi
TariRi
1951 w.
abreviatura
ESCC
1957 w.
EEC
EURTOM
1986 w.
1992 w.
1997 w.
dasaxeleba
parizis
konvencia
evropis
foladisa
da
naxSiris
Tanamegobrobis Sesaxeb
romis SeTanxmebebi
evropis
ekonomikuri
Tanamegobroba
evropis
atomuri
energiis
Tanamegobroba
erTiani evropis aqti
maastrixtis konvencia evrokavSiris
Sesaxeb
amsterdamis konvencia
funqcia
seqtoruli TanamSromloba
oTxi Tavisufleba
saerTo politika
seqtoruli TanamSromloba
erTiani bazari
Sida barierebis gauqmeba
esk-i/ evro
demokratiis xarisxis zrda
13
uinston CerCilis kidev erTi cnobili gancxadeba (romelmac man gaakeTa 1946 wlis 19 seqtembers,
ciurixis universtitetSi sityviT gamosvlisas) Seicavda mowodebas “evropis SeerTebuli Statebis”
SeqmnisaTvis, romelmac xeli Seuwyo evropis sabWos dafuZnebas.
125
2001 w.
nicis konvencia
axali sakonstitucio baza
gafarToeba
arCevnebSi
monawileobis
wesebi
adgilebi parlamentSi
2004 w.
evrokavSiris konstitucia
6. mTavari institutebi
evrokavSiris marTvas axorcielebs
wyeba,. aqedan yvelaze mniSvnelovania:
•
evroparlamenti
•
evrokavSiris sabWo
•
komisia
•
evropis sasamarTlo
•
auditorTa sasamarTlo
urTierTdakavSirebuli
institutebis
evroparlamenti
evroparlamenti wevri qveynebis moqalaqeTa mier arCeuli organoa. arCevnebi
yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel imarTeba. qalebi mxolod 20 procents Seadgenen.
evroparlaments SeuZlia zegavlena moaxdinos politikaze, magram misi SemoReba ar
SeuZlia.
-
parlaments Semdegi ZiriTadi funqciebi aqvs:
evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobis ganxilva da SemoReba. am Zalauflebas igi
ministrTa sabWosTan iziarebs;
evrokavSiris wliuri biujetis damtkiceba an ar damtkiceba;
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis damtkiceba (magaliTad, gawevrianebis/gafarToebis
Sesaxeb);
evrokomisiis daTxovnis ufleba da sxva.
evrokavSiris sabWo/ministrTa sabWo
sabWoSi gaerTianebulia wevri qveynebis mTavrobebis warmomadgenlebi. sabWo
ganixilavs da adgens wesebs evrokavSiris organoebis yvela saxis saqmianobisaTvis.
amtkicebs erovnul saxelmwifo moxeleTa da komisiis mier SemuSavebul saerTo
politikas.
1986 wlamde, gadawyvetilebebi jer-kidev eqvemdebareboda vetos. 1986 wels,
SemoiRes kvalificiuri umravlesobis mier arCevnebi, rac gulisxmobda rom
ekonomikuri politikis Camoyalibeba unda warmoebuliyo rogorc evrokavSiris, aseve
erovnul doneze. iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa evrokavSiris gafarToeba da
harmonizacia fiskalur sferoSi, xmaTa umravlesobiT wydeba.
126
evrokomisia
evrokomisia aris organo, romlis funqcionirebas uzrunvelyofs 24,000-mde
sajaro moxele. mis kompetenciaSi Sedis politikisa da kanonproeqtebis SeTavazeba.
igi uzrunvelyofs SeTanxmebebis saTanadod da srulad Sesrulebas da a.S..
evrokomisiis prezidents irCeven evrokavSiris mTavrobebi. sxva wevrebis
daniSvna xdeba Sesabamisi mTavrobebis mier. komisia iniSneba 5 wlis vadiT da
SeiZleba daTxovil iqnes parlamentis mier. komisiam unda imoqmedos wevri qveynebis
mTavrobebisagan damoukideblad.
evropis sasamarTlo
evropis
sasamarTlos
kompetenciaSi
Sedis
evrokavSiris
kanonebis
interpretacia da misi wesebis dacva savaldebuloa. igi uzrunvelyofs, rom evropis
kanonmdebloba erTnairad gasagebi iyos evrokavSiris mTel teritoriaze. igi
aregulirebs konfliqtebs, romlebic warmoiSveba kanonis interpretirebasTan
dakavSirebiT. calkeul pirebs SeuZliaT evrokavSiris romelime institutis
winaaRmdeg sasamarTloSi Seitanon sarCeli.
evropis auditorTa sasamarTlo
auditorebi uzrunvelyofen evrokavSiris fondebis sworad, kanonierad da
daniSnulebisamebr gamoyenebas.
sxva mniSvnelovani institutebi/organoebi arian evropis ekonomikuri da
socialuri sakiTxebis komiteti, regionaluri sakiTxebis komiteti, evropis
sainvesticio banki da sxva.
7. saerTo politika
regionaluri integracia gulisxmobs saerTo politikis SemoRebasa da
ganxorcielebas erovnul da evrokavSiris doneebze. evropis TanamSromlobisa da
integraciis procesis sawyis etapze arsebobda mxolod saerTo savaWro politika
naxSirsa da foladTan dakavSirebiT. danarCeni droTa ganmavlobaSi daemata. rogorc
cxrili 5 gviCvenebs, evrokavSiris saerTo RonisZiebebisa da politikis sfero
sakmaod vrcelia da warsulSi SeZenil gamocdilebas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
SesaZloa kidev ufro gafarTovdes. zogierTma politikurma kursma agreTve Secvala
miznebi da gafarTovda misi moqmedebis sfero. magaliTad, sasoflo-sameurneo
politikis SemTxvevaSi, axla ukve iTvaliswineben garemos dacvasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebs.
faqtobrivad,
garemosdacviTi
sakiTxebi
evrokavSiris
mTavari
prioritetebis nusxaSia Setanili.
cxrili 5: evrokavSiris saerTo politikis moqmedebis sferoebi
soflis meurneoba
audiovizualuri
biujeti
konkurencia
sagareo urTierTobebi
sagareo vaWroba
aramarTlzomieri qmedebebi
TevzWera
127
momxmareblebi
kultura
sabaJo
ganviTareba
ekonomiuri da finansuri sakiTxebi
ganaTleba,
specialuri
momzadeba,
axalgazrdobis sakiTxebi
dasaqmeba da socialuri sakiTxebi
energetika
gafarToeba
sawarmoTa ganviTareba
garemo
sakvebi produqtebis usafrTxoeba
sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika
humanitaruli daxmareba
sainformacio sazogadoeba
Sida bazari
samarTali da saSinao saqmeebi
jandacva
regionaluri politika
kvleva-Zieba da inovaciebi
sagadasaxado
transporti
wyaro: evrokavSiris veb-gverdi
8. evrokavSiris savaWro politika
savaWro
politika
ukavSirdeba
im
politikuri
instrumentebisa
da
RonisZiebebis gamoyenebas, romlebic miznad isaxavs zegavlenis moxdenas vaWrobis
doneze, mimarTulebasa da Semadgenlobaze, anu saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
eqsport/importze. evrokavSiris SemTxvevaSi, “saerTo bazris” Seqmna (sabaJo kavSiris
CaTvliT) niSnavda sawyis etapzeve saqonlis importze saerTo tarifebisa da sxva
instrumentebis SemoRebas wevri qveynebis ekonomikis, kerZod ki, soflis meurneobis
dasacavad.
rac Seexeba tarifebs, isini TandaTanobiT mcirdeboda GATT-is SeTanxmebis
farglebSi. amasTan, specialuri SeRavaTiani SeTanxmebebi daido SeRavaTebis saerTo
sistemis
safuZvelze.
aseve
Seiqmna
Tavisufali
savaWro
zonebic.
droTa
ganmavlobaSi, urugvais raundis dros da vmo-s farglebSi, molaparakebebis pakets
daemata sxva sakiTxebic. axali sferoebi moicavs soflis meurneobis, momsaxurebis,
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebs da investiciebTan
dakavSirebul RonisZiebebs. rogorc evrokomisia, aseve sabWo pasuxs ageben savaWro
politikaze.
lobireba
araformaluri
da
formaluri
savaWro
politikis
ganxorcielebis procesis maxasiaTebeli niSania.
saqonliT vaWrobis nakadebi
2002 wels, dasavleTi evropis (evrokavSirisa da EFTA-s qveynebi) saqonliT
vaWrobis saerTo moculobis ori mesamedi (67,3 procents) Sida vaWrobis wilad
modioda; Tavad evrokavSirisTvis Sesabamisi maCvenebeli 60 procenti iyo. vmo-s
statistikur monacemTa Tanaxmad, esoden maRali procenti damaxasiaTebelia
dasavleT evropisa da evrokavSiris savaWro urTierTobebisaTvis. es faqtebi asaxaven
dasavleT
evropaSi
regionaluri
ekonomikuri
integraciis
siRrmesa
da
xangrZlivobas. geografiuli da kulturuli manZilebi dasavleT evropis qveynebs
Soris, aseve mcirea da satransporto infrastruqtura kargad aris ganviTarebuli,
rac xelsayrelia saqonlisa da momsaxurebis intensiuri gacvlisaTvis.
128
9. gaRrmaveba
“erTiani bazari” da evro-s SemoReba integrirebis procesis gaRrmavebis
amsaxvelia.
“gaRrmaveba Tu gafarToeba?”
unda aRiniSnos, rom kamaTi evrokavSiris “gaRrmavebisa Tu gafarToebis”
sakiTxis Taobaze mravali wlis manZilze grZeldeboda. 1990-an wlebSi, im azrma, rom
SesaZlebeli iyo orive strategiis erTdroulad ganxorcieleba, ufro didi
mxardaWera moipova da ufro meti moqnilobis SesaZlebloba uzrunvelyo. am
konteqstSi, e.w. “ufro mWidro TanamSromloba” gamoxatavs mosazrebas, rom
evrokavSiris zogierTma wevrma qveyanam SeiZleba moisurvos integraciis procesis
Semdgomi ganviTareba evrokavSiris farglebSi konsensusis miRwevis gareSe.
“erTiani bazari”
evropuli saxelmwifoTa mier sabaJo kavSiris SemoReba maT Soris niSnavda
wevr qveynebs Soris satarifo barierebis gauqmebasac. Tumca, amas avtomaturad ar
mohyolia WeSmaritad erTiani Sida bazris Seqmna, arasatarifo barierebisa da oTxi
TavisuflebisaTvis arsebuli sxva dabrkolebebis SenarCunebis pirobebSi. erTiani
bazris Camoyalibeba mdgomareobis gamosworebis mizniT daiwyo.
erTiani bazris Seqmnaze evrokavSiris institutebi da wevri qveynebi, 1985
wlidan, Svidi wlis manZilze muSaobdnen. maT SeimuSaves da SemoiRes asobiT
direqtiva im teqnikuri, maregulirebeli, samarTlebrivi, biurokratiuli da
proteqcionisturi barierebis aRmosafxvrelad, romlebic aferxebdnen Tavisufal
vaWrobasa da Tavisufal gadaadgilebas kavSiris teritoriaze. erTiani bazris
dafuZnebis procesi formalurad dasrulda 1992 wlis bolosTvis, Tumca zogierT
sferoSi kvlavac saWiro iyo Semdgomi samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba (mag. pensiebis
sferoSi).
evro
Sida bazris dafuZnebam axali stimuli warmoSva erTiani valutis
SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT, vinaidan erovnuli valutis SenarCuneba gulisxmobs
konvertaciis xarjebsa da gacvliTi kursebis meryeobas, rac aferxebs vaWrobasa da
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis ganxorcielebas.
1998 wlis ivnisSi, hanoveris evropulma sabWom gamoitana Semdegi daskvna:
“erTiani aqtis SemoRebis dros, gaerTianebis wevrma qveynebma daadastures
ekonomikuri da finansuri kavSiris TandaTanobiT realizebis mizani”. komisiis
prezidenti jek deloris TavmjdomareobiT Camoyalibda komiteti, romelsac
“evaleboda sakiTxis Seswavla da kavSiris Seqmnis mimarTulebiT konkretuli
nabijebis SeTavazeba”.
deloris angariSma gansazRvra evropis savaluto kavSiris (esk) sam etapad
daafuZnebis gegma, romelic moicavda institucionalur bazas, rac Tavis mxriv,
uzrnvelyofda politikuri kursis gansazRvrisa da misi gatarebis SesaZleblobas
gaerTianebis doneze.
129
evropis monetaruli institutis dafuZnebis Semdeg, daarsda evropis
centraluri banki da sabolood, 2002 wlis 1 ianvars, evrokavSiris 12 qveyanaSi
SemoiRes evros kupiurebi da monetebi.
10. evrokavSiris gafarToeba
evrokavSirSi axali wevri saxelmwifoebis miReba 5-jer ganxorcielda.
eqspertul mosazrebaTa Tanaxmad, 2004 wels ganxorcielebuli gafarToeba
uprecendento iyo Tavisi specifikiT, “vinaidan manamde ar arsebobda msgavsi
precedenti masStabis, kandidatTa raodenobis, teritoriis (34 procentiT zrda),
mosaxleobis (105 milioniT zrda), da gansxvavebuli istoriuli da kulturuli
Rirebulebebis gaerTianebis TvalsazrisiT”;14 da Sesabamisad garkveul problemebTan
asocirdeba finansur da saerTaSoriso migraciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebTan
mimarTebaSi.
cxrili 6: gafarToebis Tanmimdevroba
weli
qveynebi
1973
1981
1986
1995
2004
dania, irlandia da gaerTianebuli samefo
saberZneTi
portugalia da espaneTi
avstria, fineTi da SvedeTi
kviprosi, CexeTis respublika, estoneTi, ungreTi, latvia, litva,
malta, poloneTi, slovakeTis respublika, slovenia
bulgareTi da rumineTi
2007(perspeqtivaSi)
11. evrokavSiris gafarToeba da mesame qveynebi
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
evrokavSiri da aSS msoflioSi yvelaze didi ekonomikuri erTeulebia.
erToblivad maTi wili msoflio ekonomikis saerTo moculobis naxevramde Seadgens.
evrokavSirsa da aSS-s ormxrivi savaWro da sainvesticio kavSirebi msoflioSi
udidesia. vaWrobisa da investiciebis transatlantikuri nakadebi dReSi, daaxloebiT,
1 miliard aSS dolars Seadgens, rac msoflio vaWrobis moculobis TiTqmis 40
procentia.
2002 wels, evrokavSiris saqonlis eqsportma aSS-Si 240 miliardi evro
(evrokavSiris eqsportis saerTo moculobis 24,2 procenti), xolo aSS-dan importma 175 miliardi evro Seadgina (evrokavSiris importis saerTo moculobis 17,7
procenti). rac Seexeba investiciebs, ormxrivi investiciebis saerTo moculoba 1,1
trilioni evros aRemateboda da TiToeul partniors meore qveyanaSi dasaqmebuli
hyavda 4 milionamde adamiani. evrokavSiris investiciebis xvedriTma wilma aSS-Si
evrokavSiris pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis 52 procentze meti Seadgina 1998-2001
w.w. periodSi (saSualod, weliwadSi 162,663 milioni evro). 1998-2001 w.w evrokavSirSi
14
evrogaerTianebis veb-saiti: . http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/intro/index_en.htm
130
SeerTebuli Statebis investiciebis xvedriTma wilma gadaaWarba evrokavSirSi
dabandebuli pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis 61 procents (saSualod, weliwadSi
72,041 milioni evro).15
aSS-is kompaniebs mniSvnelovani sainvesticio da savaWro wili hqondaT
evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis kandidat qveynebSi. evrokavSiris gafarToebis Sedegad,
evrokavSiri-aSS-s kavSirebi kidev ufro gaZlierdeba. Tumca, SeerTebul Statebs,
ufro Zlieri konkurencia, garkveuli periodis manZilze, savaraudod, problemebs
Seuqmnis.
ruseTi
evrokavSiris eqspertebis Tanaxmad, ruseTisaTvis evrokavSiris gafarToeba
dadebiTi Sedegebis momtani iqneba. evrosabWos SefasebebiT, ruseTs, axal wevr
qveynebSi tarifebis Semcirebidan weliwadSi 325 milion evromde sargebeli unda
hqondes. es ganamtkicebs ekonomikur da politikur stabilurobas ruseTis uSualo
mezobel qveynebSi, ramac vaWrobaze dadebiTad unda imoqmedos.
evrokavSiri ruseTis umsxvilesi savaWro partnioria da mosalodnelia
ormxrivi savaWro brunvis moculobis kidev ufro zrda. evrokavSiris gafarToeba,
ruseTs erTian did da harmonizirebul bazarze (450 milioni adamiani) SeRwevis
SesaZleblobas miscems. amis Sedegad, ruseTi isargeblebs erTiani savaWro wesebiT,
erTiani tarifiT da erTiani administraciuli procedurebiT, romelic amoqmeddeba
gafarToebuli evrokavSiris mTel teritoriaze. es niSnavs, rom ruseTis produqcia,
romelic daakmayofilebs evrokavSiris moTxovnebs, gaiyideba evrokavSiris bazris 25
wevri qveynidan nebismier qveyanaSi. amgvari gamartiveba gansakuTrebul upiratesobas
moutans mcire da saSualo bizness, romlTaTvisac savaWro procedurebTan
Sesabamisobis xarjebi SedarebiT maRalia.
makroekonomikuri kvlevebis Tanaxmad,
ruseTis mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeba.16
evrokavSiris
gafarToebis
Sedegad
kaliningardTan, ruseTis regionTan, dakavSirebiT evrokomisiis prezidentma
romano prodim, 2002 wlis 22 aprilze prezident putinTan Sexvedris Semdeg,
ganacxada, rom kaliningradsa da evrokavSiris gafarToebasTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis umetesoba mogvarebulia. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi detali
dasaregulirebeli darCa, prezidentma putinma xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom miRweul iqna
SeTanxmeba “rusuli saqonlis kaliningradamde gadaadgilebisa da evrokavSiris
saerTo sabaJo procedurebis daSvebis Sesaxeb”.17 am raionSi evrokomisia ukve aT
weliwadze metia axorcielebs aqtiuri daxmarebis programas regionaluri
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobis, sawarmoTa restruqturizaciis, mcire da
saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisa da kadrebis formirebis procesebis xelSewyobis
mizniT.18
15
evrogaerTianebis veb-gverdi: http://europa.eu.int/comm/trade/issues/bilateral/countries/usa/index_en.htm
ix. http://www.eur.ru/en/cis_7.htm.
17
rfa, 23 aprili 2004 w.
18
ix. http://www.eur.ru/en/cis_8.htm
16
131
ukraina
2004 wlis pirveli maisidan, ukrainas saerTo sazRvari aqvs evrokavSirTan.
axali viTarebis moklevadiani Sedegi SeiZleba iyos negatiuri, vinaidan ufro mkacri
arasatarifo barierebi meti iqneba, vidre ufro dabali tarifebi. ukraineli
eqspertebis azriT, uaresi scenaris SemTxvevaSi, moklevadianma danakargebma
(erToblivad antidepingis RonisZiebebi, sabazro danakargebi da teqnikuri barierebi)
SeiZleba 340 milion evros miaRwios weliwadSi. saSualovadian perspeqtivaSi meti
upiratesobebia mosalodneli, gansakuTrebiT Tu ukraina gawevriandeba vmo-Si.19
aRsaniSnavia, rom evrokavSiris ufro dabali saSualo tarifebi uzrunvelyofs
vaWrobis Seqmnisa da vaWrobis diversifikaciis efeqtebs. ukrainelma eqspertebma
gamoTvales, rom vaWrobis Seqmnis maCvenebeli yvelaze maRali iqneba poloneTSi,
Semdgom ki ungreTSi, slovakeTsa da CexeTiSi, yvelaze dabali ki baltiispireTis
sami qveynisTvis, sadac faqtobrivad iWarbebs vaWrobis diversifikaciis wili.
saSualovadian perspeqtivaSi, ukraina isargeblebs damatebiTi pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebiT: evrokavSiris bazari gafarTovdeba axlad gawevrianebuli da
gawevrianebis procesSi myof qveynebSi daCqarebuli ekonomikuri zrdis Sedegad, rac
dadebiT Sedegs iqoniebs ukrainis eqsportze; samuSao Zalis xarjebi am qveynebSi
imatebs, rac ubiZgebs firmebs ganaxorcielon TavianTi investiciebi evrokavSiris
teritoriis gareT; vmo-Si gawevrianebis Sedegad, ukrainas aseve eqneba SesaZlebloba
gaiumjobesos evrokavSiris bazarze SeRwevis pirobebi.
12. evrokavSiris sagareo urTierTobebi
mimoxilva
evrokavSiri aqtiurad monawileobs msoflio savaWro, finansur, savaluto da
ganviTarebis programebSi. evrokavSiris ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebebi
moicavs xuTive kontinentis yvela regionsa da qveyanas. demokratia, adamianis
uflebebi, kargi marTvis sistema da mdgradi ganviTareba, iseve rogorc
konfliqtebis Tavidan acilebisa da konfliqtis Semdgomi rekonstruqciis sakiTxebi
aseve Seadgens evrokavSiris saerTaSoriso daxmarebis nusxis nawils, romlis
gansaxorcielebladac evrokavSirs gaTvaliswinebuli aqvs sxvadasxva daxmarebis
programebi.
1)
2)
3)
sqematurad, evrokavSiris sagareo saqmeebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdegnairad:
sagareo urTierTobebi, rogorc aseTi
sagareo vaWroba da
specialuri kavSirebi (ganviTarebis daxmareba da vaWroba) afrikis, karibis auzisa
da wynari okeanis regionis qveynebTan (ACP), kotonus konvenciis safuZvelze.
urTierTobebi samxreT-aRmosavleT evropasTan
evrokavSiris
mTavari
amocana
samxreT-aRmosavleTi
evropis
mimarT
permanentuli mSvidobisaTvis pirobebis Seqmnaa da Sesabamisad udides Zalisaxmevas
iCens am miznis misaRwevad. 1999 wels evrokavSirma mxari dauWira stabilurobis
132
paqts
samxreT-aRmosavleTi
evropisaTvis,
raTa
xeli
Seewyo
regionis
saxelmwifoebisaTvis mSvidobis, demokratiis, adamianis uflebaTa dacvisa da
ekonomikuri keTildReobis damkvidrebaSi. evrokavSiris urTierTobebi samxreTaRmosavleTi evropis qveynebTan xorcieldeba e.w. “stabilizaciisa da asociaciis
procesis” (SAP) programis farglebSi, romelic amzadebs regionis qveynebs
evrokavSiris struqturebSi integrirebisaTvis. 2000 wels, feiras evropis sabWom
daadgina, rom SAP-is monawile yvela qveyana evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis potenciuri
kandidatia.
evrokavSiri erTaderTi msxvili donoria, romelic daxmarebas uwevs dasavleT
balkaneTis qveynebs da axorcielebs iseT programebs rogoricaa Phare, Obnova da
CARDS-i. evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi warmodgenilia aseve kosovoSic, sadac
ganlagebuli hyavs 30,000-ze meti samxedro mosamsaxure (mTeli saerTaSoriso
kontigentis 80 procenti) da asobiT samoqalaqo policieli.
partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebebi dsT-s qveynebTan
ruseTi da yofili sabWoTa respublikebi evrokavSirTan grZelvadian
urTierTobebs ageben partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze,
romelic moicavs vaWrobas, investiciebs, TanamSromlobas mecnierebis, energetikis,
garemos dacvis da sxva seqtorebSi da aseve politikur dialogsa da erTobliv
moqmedebas danaSaulis, narkotikebisa da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg. evrokavSiris
teqnikuri daxmareba am qveynebisTvis xorcieldeba tasis-is programis meSveobiT,
romlis moqmedeba 1991 wels daiwyo. tasis-is biujeti 2001-2006 w.w. periodisTvis 14
miliard evros Seadgens.
xmelTaSuazRvis regionis partniori qveynebi
evrokavSirisa da xmelTaSuazRvis regionis qveynebis sagareo ministrTa
konferenciam barselonaSi (27-28 noemberi, 1995 w.) aRniSna evrokavSirsa da misi
xmelTaSuazRvis
regionis
partnior
qveynebs
Soris
urTierTobebis
axal
“partniorobis” fazaSi gadasvla. amgvarad, barselonas deklaracia gamoxatavs
partniorTa ganzraxvas daafuZnon Tavisufali savaWro zona partniorebs Soris;
uzrunvelyon adamianTa resursebis ganviTareba da xeli Seuwyon kulturebs Soris
urTierTgagebas da sxva.
“evropis samezoblo politika”
2004 wlis gafarToebis Sedegad evrokavSirs axali mezobeli qveynebi Seemata.
amitom,
mniSvnelovania
ara
mxolod
axali
gamyofi
zRvrebis
warmoSobis
SesaZleblobis Tavidan acileba, aramed saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa xarisxis
gaumjobeseba axal konteqstSi. evropis samezoblo politikas safuZvlad udevs imis
rwmena,
rom
evrokavSiris
gafarToeba
2004
wlis
1
maiss,
warmoadgens
TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis gaZlierebis SesaZleblobas im
qveynebTan, romlebic axla evrokavSiris axali mezoblebi arian.
19
“2004 wels, evrokavSiris gafarToebis Sedegi ukrainis sagareo vaWrobaze”, mimoxilva, politikuri
kvlevebis saerTaSoriso centris angariSi, kievi, 2003 w.
133
evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi ar ganixileba potenciuri wevrobis
sakiTxi. igi gvTavazobs privilegirebul urTierTobebs mezobel qveynebTan, romelic
agebuli iqneba saerTo RirebulebaTa gaziarebaze, kerZod rogoricaa kanonis
uzenaesoba, kargi marTvis sistema, adamianis uflebebis, maT Soris umciresobaTa
uflebebis, dacva, kargi mezobluri urTierTobebis xelSewyoba, sabazro ekonomikis
principebi da mdgradi ganviTareba. evrokavSiris mezobel qveynebTan urTierTobebis
moculoba da done damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad efeqturad iqneba es
Rirebulebebi gaziarebuli. evropis samezoblo politikis amocanaa arsebuli
instrumentebis srulad gamoyeneba da axli, evropis samezoblo politikis
instrumentis
SemoReba
sasazRvro
da
transnacionaluri
TanamSromlobis
gansamtkiceblad.
III. rei-is sxva sqemebi
evrokavSiris gamocdilebam ubiZga sxva qveynebs, rom sakuTari rei-is
programebi SeemuSavebinaT. zogierTi maTgani mimarTuli aris mxolod savaWro
sakiTxebze. sxvebi ufro ambiciuria da gamiznulia saerTo bazrebis Seqmnaze.
warsulSi centralizebuli marTvis ekonomikis mqone qveynebi gamoxataven im
ekonomikuri kavSirebis gaumjobesebis survils, romlebic sagrZnoblad gauaresda
sabazro ekonomikis principebze gadasvlis procesSi da amitom, isini mxars uWeren
axal regionalur organizaciebs.
13. Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi
Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebze dafuZnebuli rei-is sqemebi udaod
naklebi moculobisaa, vidre evrokavSiris proeqti. miuxedavad amisa, wevr qveynebSi
vaWrobisa da eqsportze orientirebuli zrdis xelSewyobisaTvis isini SeiZleba
Zalze efeqtur instrumentebad Camoyalibdnen. aseve SeiZleba arapirdapiri efeqtebi
hqondes gamWvirvalobisa da kargi marTvis sistemis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT im
ganviTarebad qveynebSi, romlebsac Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi
dadebuli aqvs ufro mdidar qveynebTan.
evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba (EFTA)
evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis samarTlebriv bazas
warmoadgens e.w. “stokholmis konvencia”, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1960 wlis 3 maiss;
igi ganaxlda 2001 wlis 21 ivniss da axali “vanducis konvenciis” versiis saxiT
ZalaSi Sevida 2002 wlis 1 ivniss.
evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba gvTavazobs wesebis wyebas
savaWro urTierTobebis dasaregulireblad wevr qveynebs Soris, kerZod ki
islandias, lixtenSteins, norvegiasa da Sveicarias Soris. SeTanxmebis debulebebi
iTvaliswinebs samrewvelo saqonliT Tavisufal vaWrobas. debulebaTa umetesoba
ukavSirdeba importis gadasaxadisa da raodenobrivi SezRudvebis gauqmebasa da
akrZalvas da eqvivalentur RonisZiebebs rogorc importis, aseve eqsportis mimarT.
evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas mxardamWeri institutebi gaaCnia,
maT
Soris
samdivno,
romelic
dafuZnebulia
JenevaSi
(Sveicaria)
da
dakompleqtebulia eqspertebiT wevri qveynebidan.
134
CanarTi 3: evropis ekonomikuri zona
evropis ekonomikuri zonis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba ZalaSi Sevida 1994 wlis 1 ianvars.
amJamad, igi moqmedebs islandias, lixtenSteinsa da norvegias Soris, erTi mxriv da
evrokavSiris 25 wevr qveyanas Soris, meore mxriv. erTad warmoadgenen evropis
ekonomikuri zonis 28 wevr qveyanas. evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba aseve
warmoadgens SeTanxmebis mxares.
evropis
ekonomikuri
zonis
Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebis
mizania
saqonlis,
pirTa,
momsaxurebisa da kapitalis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis da aseve konkurenciis
Tanabari pirobebis da calkeul pirTa mimarTa aradiskriminaciuri midgomis
garantireba evropis ekonomikuri zonis 28 qveyanaSi. savaWro barierebis gauqmebiT da
450 milioni evropelisTvis axali SesaZleblobebis gaxsnis Sedegad, evropis
ekonomikuri zonis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebas axdens da
xels uwyobs evropis ekonomikuri zonis 28 qveynis konkurentunarianobas
saerTaSoriso asparezze.
wyaro: EFTA, veb-gverdi
CrdiloeTi amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba (NAFTA)
NAFTA ZalaSi Sevida 1994 wlis 1 ianvars. SeTanxmebis mTavari mizania sam wevr
qveyanas Soris (kanada, meqsika da aSS) saqonlis importze tarifebis gauqmeba. NAFTAs erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Sedegia maRalSemosavlian qveynebsa da ganviTarebad
qveyanas Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis SemoReba.
tarifebis donis Semcireba da maTi gauqmeba xdeba qveynebis maxasiaTeblebis,
anu ganviTarebis donis, gaTvaliswinebiT. meqsikam 2008 wlamde unda moaxdinos
importis gadasaxadis gauqmeba. SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadas gadasaxadebi 1990-ani
wlebis bolosTvis unda gaeuqmebinaT. NAFTA aseve xels uwyobs samarTliani
konkurenciis ganviTarebas, investiciebis ganxorcielebasa da inteleqtualuri
sakuTrebis uflebebis aRsrulebas. SeTanxmeba Sedgeba 9 nawilisgan, romelic 22
Tavs moicavs.
centraluri evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba (CEFTA)
yofilma Cexoslovakiam, ungreTma da poloneTma, 1991 wlis 21 dekembers, xeli
moaweres centraluri evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas. igi ZalaSi
Sevida 1993 wlis 1 marts. 1996 wels SeTanxmebaSi CaerTo slovenia, Semdeg ki
rumineTi da bulgareTi, Sesabamisad 1997 da 1999 wlebSi. 2004 wels SeTanxmebaSi
aseve gawevrianda xorvatiac.
14. damoukidebeli qveynebis Tanamegobroba
ekonomikis centralizebuli marTvis sistemisa da dakavSirebuli politikuri
da administraciuli struqturebis ngrevam gardamavali periodis mqone qveynebSi
seriozuli ekonomikuri krizisi gamoiwvia. aseve aRimarTa axali sazRvrebi, ris
Sedegadac tradiciuli (arasabazro!) ekonomika da savaWro kavSirebi faqtobrivad
moiSala. am problemebis dasaregulireblad Seiqmna dsT.
135
12 qveynis organizacia
dsT dafuZnda 1991 wlis 8 dekembers, minskSi (belorusSi) ruseTis,
belorusisa da ukrainis saxelmwifoTa meTaurebis mier xelmowerili SeTanxmebiT.
Semdeg maT ricxvs Seemata somxeTi, azerbaijani, saqarTvelo, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi,
moldova, tajikeTi, TurqmeneTi da uzbekeTi. dRes, am organizacias 12 wevri qveyana
hyavs da misi Stabbina ganlagebulia minskSi. dsT dafuZnebulia “suverenuli
Tanabrobis” principze da emsaxureba qveynebs Soris megobruli kavSirebis, kargi
mezobluri urTierTobebis, ndobis, urTierTgagebisa da TanamSromlobis Semdgom
ganviTarebasa da gamyarebas.
dsT-s institutebi
dsT
axorcielebs
saqmianobas
ramodenime
institutis
meSveobiT:
saxelmwifoebis meTaurTa sabWo, sxva sabWoebi, Tavdacvis ministrebi, sasazRvro
jarebis meTaurebi, saparlamentTaSoriso asamblea, aRmasrulebeli komiteti da sxva.
amJamad, seqtoruli TanamSromlobis xelSewyobis 60 organo da komiteti arsebobs.
regularulad gamarTul Sexvedrebze ganixilaven teqnikur da praqtikuli
ganxorcielebis sakiTxebs.
ekonomikisa da vaWrobis maCveneblebi
1993 wlis seqtemberSi, dsT-s qveynebma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas ekonomikuri
kavSiris dafuZnebis Sesaxeb. vaWrobis xelSewyobis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, igi
Tavdapirvelad emyareboda 1991-1993 w.w. xelmoweril ormxriv SeTanxmebebs. 1994 wels,
miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba mravalmxrivi urTierTobebis formatSi gadasvlis
Sesaxeb,
romelic
Sesabamisi
SeTanxmebebis
miRebis
Semdeg,
iTvaliswinebda
Tavisufali savaWro zonis Seqmnas.
2000 wlis 21 ivniss, saxelmwifoebis meTaurTa sabWom aseve daamtkica 2005
wlamde gansaxorcielebeli samoqmedo gegma. igi moicavs specialur RonisZiebebs,
romlebic dakavSirebuli arian administraciul da procedurul sakiTxebTan da a.S.
meore gegma (dsT-s ganviTarebis samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebaze mimarTuli
RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb) moicavs Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis aspeqtebs,
rogoricaa kerZo biznesis roli, specifiuri saxis produqtebi, ekonomikuri
proeqtebi da konkurenciis sakiTxebi.
mTlianobaSi, dsT ar ganixileba rogorc maRalefeqtiani organizacia da
saboloo jamSi, axlo momavalSi, SeiZleba gamoakldes is wevrebi, romlebic ufro
dainteresebuli arian demokratiuli da gafarToebuli evrokavSiriT, romelic
uzrunvelyofs keTildReobis maRal dones da Sesabamisad mzad arian SeimuSaon
strategiuli
poziciebi
samomavlo
sagareo
kavSirebsa
da
evrokavSirSi
gawevrianebasTan dakavSirebiT.
15. qveregionaluri integracia dsT-s farglebSi
136
sxvadasxva
(istoriuli,
kulturuli,
politikuri,
ekonomikuri
da
geografiuli) mizezebis gamo, dsT-qveynebi, formalurad mainc, CarTuli arian
qveregionaluri ekonomikuri da savaWro integraciis sqemebSi. amgvari nabijebis
saTanadod Sefaseba jer-jerobiT SeuZlebelia, vinaidan konkretuli miznebis
misaRwevad dro, resursebi da institutebia saWiro. unda gvaxsovdes, rom
evrokavSirSi Sida barierebis mospobas, TiTqmis naxevari saukune dasWirda da evro
sul cota xnis win SemoiRes.
belorusi-ruseTis kavSiris SeTanxmeba (1996 w.)
rogorc kavSiris SeTanxmebaSia aRniSnuli “ruseTis federacia da belorusis
respublika SeTanxmdnen Semdegze: muxli 1: ruseTisa da belorusis Tanamegobroba
gardaiqmneba kavSirSi, romlis teqnikuri davalebis gansazRvra moxdeba wesdebis
safuZvelze.
kavSiris
TiToeuli
wevri
qveyana
inarCunebs
suverenitets,
damoukideblobas, teritoriul mTlianobas da a.S.”20
ekonomikur sakiTxebs Tu ganvixilavT, erT-erTi mTavari nabiji gaerTianebis
procesSi aris orive mxaris mier saerTo valutis SemoReba. Tavdapirvelad, orive
mxare SeTanxmda imaze, rom 2005 wlis 1 ianvridan, aseT saerTo valutad rusuli
rubli gadaiqceoda. dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan, es TariRi ararealuri Cans,
vinaidan jer sxva ekonomikuri sakiTxebia mosagvarebeli.
mravali politikuri gancxadebis miuxedavad, efeqturi winsvla ekonomikuri
da monetaruli integraciis mimarTulebiT TiTqmis ar aRiniSneba.
saqarTvelo-ukraina-uzbekeTi-azerbaijani-moldova (suuam-i, 1997 w.)
1997 wels, oTxi qveynis (saqarTvelo, ukraina, azerbaijani da moldova)
liderebma gadawyvites suam-is Seqmna. 1999 wlis aprilSi, suam-s SeuerTda uzbekeTi
(da igi gaxda suuam-i), romelmac Semdgom, 2002 wlis ivlisSi, Sewyvita monawileoba
organizaciaSi.
Tavidanve, suuam-i ganixileboda rogorc politikuri, ekonomikuri da
strategiuli kavSiri, romelic miznad isaxavda erovnuli damoukideblobisa da
sruli suverenitetis gaZlierebas. ekonomikuri sakiTxebi gamoyofil iqna 1997 wlis
erTobliv komunikeSi, romelSic ZiriTadi aqcenti gakeTda e.w. “amierkavkasiis
satransporto derefansa” da “arsebuli ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis srulad
gamoyenebis” sakiTxze. Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba gaformda suuam-is
2002 wlis ivlisis ialtis samitze, romelic iTvaliswinebda Tavisufali savaWro
zonis Seqmnas, romelic moicavda oTx qveyanas: saqarTvelos, ukrainas, azerbaijansa
da moldavas. uzbekeTis momavlSi monawileobis sakiTxi gaurkveveli rCeba.21
SeerTebuli Statebi daxmarebas uwevs suuam-s vaWrobis xelSewyobis
sakiTxebSi. 2003 da 2004 w.w. momxdar radikalur politikur cvlilebebs, strategiul
20
http://idc.cis.lead.org/idc/arboretum/belarus/bel-rus-union-doc.html
detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. doq. linoti da l. aune, “suuami-i, 2002 wlis ivlisi. Tavisufali
vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba: winaswari Sefaseba”, centraluri aziisa da kavkasiis regioni, socialuri da
politikuri kvlevis centri (SvedeTi), #1 (19), 2003 w.
21
137
mniSvnelobasa da geo-politikur adgilmdebareobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, suuam-is
qveynebs ekonomikuri, politikuri da usafrTxoebis (Tavdacvis) TvalsazrisiT,
gacilebiT didi daxmareba unda gaewios.
evraziis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba (2000 w.)
2000 wlis 10 oqtombers, belorusma, yazaxeTma, yirgizeTma, ruseTis
federaciam da tajikeTma daarses axali saerTaSoriso organizacia “evraziis
ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba” (EAEC-i). am organizaciis erT-erTi mTavari amocana iyo
im miznebis miRweva, romelic dasaxuli iqna sabaJo kavSiris 1995 wlis SeTanxmebebSi,
ekonomikuri da humanitaruli sakiTxebis sferoSi integraciis gaRrmavebis Sesaxeb
1996 wlis SeTanxmebasa da sabaJo kavSirisa da gaerTianebuli ekonomikuri sivrcis
Sesaxeb 1999 wlis SeTanxmebaSi.
centraluri aziis TanamSromlobis organizacia (2002 w.)
yazaxeTsa, yirgizeTsa tajikeTsa da uzbekeTs Soris, 2002 wlis 28 Tebervals,
xeli
moewera
SeTanxmebas,
romelic
iTvaliswinebda
“centraluri
aziis
TanamSromlobis organizaciis” daarsebas. am organizacias sakmaod vrceli programa
aqvs, romelic moicavs regionalur ekonomikur integracias, vaWrobis gafarToebasa
da im dabrkolebebisa da barierebis gauqmebas, romelic aferxebs wevr qveynebs
Soris savaWro da ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganviTarebas.
saerTo ekonomikuri sivrce (2003 w.)
2003 wlis 18 oqtombers, ruseTis federaciam, ukrainam, yazaxeTma da
belorusma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas saerTo ekonomikuri sivrcis Sesaxeb (ses-i).
SeTanxmebis ratifikacia moxda am wevri qveynebis parlamentebis mier.
ses-is Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis mizania, koleqtiuri regulirebis gaerTianebuli
sabaJo teritoriis Seqmna, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis saqonlis, momsaxurebis,
kapitalisa da samuSao Zalis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas. amgvari sivrce moiTxovs
konkurenciis
wesebis
da
koordinirebis
garkveuli
donis
SemoRebas
makroekonomikuri politikis, sagadasaxado da savaluto sferoebSi. regionSi
vaWrobasa da investiciebs xeli Seewyoba vmo-s wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aseve
aRniSnul iyo saerTo valutis SemoRebis sakiTxic.
saorganizacio struqtura integraciis moTxovnilebaTa amsaxveli unda iyos.
Seiqmneba saxelmwifo meTaurTa sabWo da komisia. es ukanaskneli muSaobas daiwyebs
erTiani satarifo politikis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, rac gulisxmobs erTiani
satarifo ganrigis SemoRebas.
138
regionaluri TanamSromlobis sxva programebi, romelSic monawileobs dsT-s
qveynebi
dsT-s
qveynebi
aseve
monawileoben
regionaluri
TanamSromlobis
organizaciebSi euTo-s regionis gareT mdebare mesame qveynebTan erTad. amgvari
programebi moicavs Sanhais TanamSromlobis organizacias (STo-s) da ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis organizacias (eTo-s). es organizaciebi xels uwyoben wevr qveynebs
Soris savaWro da ekonomikuri kavSirebis gaRrmavebas.
IV: vmo-s wevrebi da vaWrobis xelSewyoba
16. regionaluri savaWro SeTanxmebebi da dsT-s qveynebi
rei-s sqemebis dafuZneba ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes vmo-s wesebs, romlebic
aregulireben regionalur savaWro SeTanxmebebs vmo-Si ukve gawevrianebuli
qveynebisaTvis an maTTvis visac vmo-Si gawevrianeba surT. vmo-s wesebis darRvevam
SeiZleba Seaferxos gawevrianebis procesi.
organizacia
informirebuli
unda
iyos
vmo-s
wevr
qveynebs
Soris
regionaluri savaWro SeTanxmebebis Sesaxeb. sul, 1948-1994 w.w. periodSi, 124 amgvari
Setyobineba gakeTda. zogierTi aseTi SeTanxmeba aRar moqmedebs an masSi Setanil
iqna Sesworebebi an Caenacvla xelaxla Sedgenili SeTanxmebebiT. marTalia, 1995
wlidan Setyobinebebi gakeTda 100-ze met axal SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT, magram
yvela maTgani jer-jerobiT srulad ar aris amoqmedebuli. vmo-s wevrebisTvis,
regionaluri savaWro SeTanxmebebi daSvebulia specialuri pirobebiT, romlebic
miTiTebulia gatt-isa da gats-is SeTanxmebebSi, rogorc qvemoT aris aRwerili.
Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi da gatt-i
gatt-is me-4 paragrafi “nebayofilobiTi SeTanxmebebis meSveobiT, amgvari
SeTanxmebebis wevr qveynebs Soris ufro mWidro integraciis ganviTarebis Sedegad
vaWrobis Tavisuflebis gazrdis survilze” amaxvilebs yuradRebas. amasTan, “sabaJo
kavSiris an Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis mizani unda iyos vaWrobis
xelSewyoba wevr qveynebs Soris da ara sxva qveynebisaTvis savaWro barierebis
gazrda”.
me-5 paragrafSi aRniSnulia, rom mocemuli SeTanxmebis ganxorcieleba xels
ar unda uSlides Tavisufali savaWro zonis formirebas, Tu: (a) savaWro zonaSi
dawesebuli gadasaxadi ar iqneba ufro maRali an ufro SemzRudavi; da (b)
Tavisufali savaWro zonis formireba moxdeba mizanSewonili drois ganmavlobaSi.
maqsimalur vadad miCneulia 10 weli, gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis garda, romlisTvisac
vrceli ganmarteba unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili. Tavisufali savaWro zonis mxareebma
unda Seatyobinon vmo-s wevr qveynebs urTierTSeTanxmebebis Sesaxeb da miawodon
saTanado informacia. gaTvaliswinebulia aseve kompensaciebic.
139
1994 wlis gatt-is me-XXIV muxlis interpretirebis gageba kidev erTxel
adasturebs “rom amgvari (Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb) SeTanxmebebi miznad unda
isaxavdnen vaWrobis xelSewyobas wevr qveynebs Soris da ara sxva qveynebisaTvis
savaWro barierebis gazrdas; da, rom aseTi SeTanxmebebis formirebis an gafarToebis
dros mxareebma yvelaferi unda iRonon sxva wevri qveynebis vaWrobis pirobebze
uaryofiTi Sedegebis Tavidan asacileblad”.
Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi da gats-i
gats-i (generaluri SeTanxmeba momsaxurebiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb) warmoadgens
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebas, romelic miRweul iqna 1994 wels gatt-is “urugvais
raundis” safuZvelze. gats-is me-V muxlis pirobebis Tanaxmad “aRniSnuli SeTanxmeba
xels ar SeuSlis romelime mis wevrs gaxdes mxareTa Soris iseTi ormxrivi an
mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebis wevri, romelic iTvaliswinebs amgvari SeTanxmebis
monawile mxareebs Soris momsaxurebiT vaWrobis liberalizacias, Tu: (a) aRniSnul
SeTanxmebas eqneba sakmaod farTo gavrcelebis areali (seqtorebis raodenobis,
vaWrobis moculobisa da miwodebis wesis TvalsazrisiT) da (b) aRniSnuli ormxrivi
an mravalmxrivi SeTanxmeba uzrunvelyofs wevr qveynebs Soris diskriminaciis ar
arsebobas an arsebiTad aRmofxvras...”
17. vaWrobis xelSewyobis mniSvneloba
rei-s sqemebis gamarTulad funqcionireba SeuZlebelia, rodesac erovnuli
sabaJo departamentebi ver uzrunvelyofen sabaJo formalobebis saTanadod da
swrafad Catarebas. sazRvrebis gadakveTis erTiani proceduris formireba dadebiT
Sedegs axdens rogorc vaWrobaze, aseve qveynis usafrTxoebaze.
ras niSnavs termini “vaWrobis xelSewyoba”
vaWrobis xelSewyobas xSirad ganmartaven rogorc “saerTaSoriso savaWro
procedurebis
gamartivebasa
da
harmonizebas”,
sadac
savaWro
procedurebi
warmoadgens “saerTaSoriso savaWro brunvaSi, saqonlis gadaadgilebisaTvis
aucilebeli monacemebis Segrovebis, wardgenis, gacvlisa da damuSavebis procesTan
dakavSirebul saqmianobas, praqtikasa da formalobebs”. aRniSnuli ganmarteba
ukavSirdeba saqmianobaTa farTo sferos, rogoricaa importisa da eqsportis
procedura (mag. sabaJo an licenzirebis procedurebi); satransporto formalobebi;
da gadasaxadebi, dazRveva da sxva finansuri moTxovnebi. ukve ramodenime aTeuli
wlis manZilze, samuSaoebi am dargSi xorcieldeba iseTi organizaciebis mier,
rogoricaa gaerTianebuli erebis konferencia vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebSi
(UNCTAD-i) da gaerTianebuli erebis evropis komisia ekonomikis dargSi (UNECE-i).
UNECE-i da vaWrobis xelSewyoba
UNECE-i did rols TamaSobs, rogorc organizacia, romelic ukve 40 welze
metia axorcielebs standartebis SemuSavebas vaWrobis xelSewyobisaTvis, esenia:
gaeros savaWro dokumentaciis ZiriTadi formati,
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi
vaWrobis
xelSewyobis
erovnuli
organoebisaTvis;
adgilmdebareobis
kodebi
140
(LOCODE), savaWro monacemTa elementebi (UN/TDED) da sxva kodebi; erTaderTi
msoflio standarti eleqtronul monacemTa gacvlisTvis (UN/EDIFACT) da aseve
mTavari eqspertiza vaWrobis xelSewyobis dargSi.
kiotos konvencia
msoflio sabaJo organizaciis 1973 wlis “kiotos konvencia” warmoadgens
saerTaSoriso instruments sabaJo meTodebis harmonizaciis dargSi, romelic sabaJo
kanonmdeblobis yvela aspeqts moicavs. 1973 wlidan, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis
moculobis matebam, miRwevebma sainformacio teqnologiebis dargSi da maRali
konkurentunarianobis saqmianma garemom, warmoSva garkveuli winaaRmdegobebebi
tradiciul sabaJo meTodebsa da procedurebTan. amitom, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis
mimdinare moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis uzrunvelsayofad, saerTaSoriso sabaJo
organizaciam gadaxeda Zvel kiotos konvencias da 1999 wels axali SemoiRo.
daskvnebi
•
msoflio ekonomika
integracia.
•
regionaluri ekonomikuri integraciis programebis ricxvi swrafad izrdeboda
bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.
•
rei-s SeTanxmebaTa moqmedebis sfero sakmaod farToa da xasiaTdeba sxvadasxva
donis siRrmiTa da zomiT.
•
rei-s ekonomikuri analizi bevr maCvenebels exeba. “vaWrobis Seqmnisa” da
“vaWrobis diversifikaciis” Sedegebi is koncefciebia, romelic farTod
gamoiyeneba rei-s/savaWro liberalizaciis programebis Sedegebis Sefasebisas da
iZleva saSualebas ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi momxdai cvlilebebis Sefasebisa.
•
rei-s dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebi qveynebs Soris araTanabrad nawildeba,
rac SesaZloa miuTiTebdes Semosavlebis kompensaciisa da gadanawilebis
politikis SemuSavebis aucileblobaze.
•
euTo-s regionis farglebSi, rei-s ganxorcielebis
arsebobs, gansakuTrebiT gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi.
•
rogorc yvelaze mowinave regionaluri integraciis programam, evrokavSirma
SeiZina unikaluri da seriozuli gamocdileba. evrokavSiris integraciis process
xels uwyobs sxvadasxva institutebi da specializebuli organoebi, romlebic
axorcieleben farTo speqtris saerTo politikasa da moqmedebebs.
•
evrokavSiri viTardeba rogorc gaRrmavebis, aseve gafarToebis mimarTulebiT.
gaRrmaveba niSnavs arsebuli politikis moqmedebis sferos zrdas da/an axlis
SemoRebas.
•
evrokavSirma gafarToebis 5 etapi gaiara. misi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, 2004
wlis maisis gafarToebis etapi ganixileba rogorc yvelaze rTuli etapi.
evrokavSiris gafarToebebi gavlenas axdens mesame qveynebze, magaliTad “vaWrobis
diversifikaciisa” da “Seqmnis” Sedegebisa da konkurenciis donis amaRlebis
kuTxiT. evrokavSiris istoriuli 2004 wlis gafarToebis etapis Sedegad
evrokavSiris sagareo urTierTobaTa sferoSi mosalodnelia axli kavSirebis
xasiaTdeba
ori
tendenciiT,
esenia:
globalizacia
ramodenime
da
magaliTi
141
damyareba mezobel qveynebTan, ramac SeiZleba gaaZlieros savaWro da ekonomiuri
urTierTobebi.
•
Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi ufro SezRuduli moqmedebis sferos
mqonea, vidre evrokavSiri. Tumca, rogorc NAFTA-s gamocdileba gviCvenebs, es
SeTanxmebebi
SesaZloa
mniSvnelovani
Sedegebis
momtani
iyos
vaWrobis,
ekonomikuri zrdisa da dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT ki ganviTarebadi
qveynebisaTvis (mag. meqsikisaTvis).
•
Zveli struqturebis gauqmebis Semdeg, gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebma xeli
Seuwyves regionaluri integraciis sxvadasxva programebis ganxorcielebas. dsT,
maT Soris, miznad isaxavs wevr qveynebs Soris savaWro da ekonomikuri kavSirebis
gaumjobesebas. amas mohyva iseTi qveregionaluri iniciativebi, rogoricaa
belorusi-ruseTis kavSiri, suuam-i, CES-i da sxva. maTi Sedegis Sefaseba am
etapze naadrevia. miuxedavad amisa, Sesabamisobis done saWiroebs detalur
Sefasebas, vinaidan am qveynebSi xorcieldeba ramodenime programa.
•
regionaluri integraciis SeTanxmebebi vmo-s wesebTan SesabamisobaSi unda iyos.
aucilebelia aseve vaWrobis waxaliseba. qveynebis ganviTarebis moTxovnaTa
gaTvaliswinebiT, vmo-Si gawevrianebasa da vaWrobis xelSewyobas, efeqtiani
integrirebis gareSec ki, prioritetuli mniSvneloba unda eniWebodes.
142
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisa da sxva milsadenebis marSrutebi
danarTi II:
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeni saqarTvelosa da regionSi:
uaxlesi informacia
ref digingsi, saqarTveloSi kompania “briTiS petroliumis” direqtori
Sesavali
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
milsadeni
umniSvnelovanesi
proeqtebis
rigs
ganekuTvneba. igi msoflios yvelaze grZeli navTobsadenia da energoseqtorSi odesme
ganxorcielebuli investiciebis mixedviT - erT-erTi yvelaze msxvili sainvesticio
proeqti. 2005 wlis bolomde, milsadeni daakavSirebs, mniSvnelovani energoresursis
axal wyaros msoflio bazrebTan, rac proeqtis investorebisaTvis da azerbaijanis,
saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis mTavrobebisaTvis didi erToblivi miRweva iqneba.
kompania
“briTiS
petroliums”
(BP)
ekuTvnis
navTobsadenis 30,1 procenti. igi uZRveba milsadenis mSeneblobas sxva 10 kompaniis
saxeliT. es proeqti WeSmaritad saerTaSoriso partniorobis magaliTia, romelSic
monawileobas iReben gaerTianebuli samefos, azerbaijanis, aSS-s, norvegiis,
TurqeTis,
italiis,
safrangeTisa
da
iaponiis
warmomadgenlebi.
proeqtis
Rirebulebis daaxloebiT 30 procents partniorebi daafinanseben, xolo darCenil
Tanxas dafaravs mesame mxare, romelic warmodgenilia iseTi organizaciebiT,
rogoricaa saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia, evropis rekonstruqciisa da
ganviTarebis banki, eqsportis dakreditebis Svidi saerTaSoriso saagento da 15
komerciuli bankis sindikati.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
navTobsadeni
“briTiS
petroliumisaTvis” aseTi profilis umsxvilesi sainvesticio proeqtia regionSi, 3
miliardi aSS dolaris samSeneblo xarji mxolod nawils warmoadgens im 20
miliardi aSS dolarisa, romelic “briTiS petroliumma”
da misma partniorebma
gamoyves kaspiis navTobisa da gazis resursebis aTvisebisaTvis. azerbaijanSi BP
muSaobs azeri-Siraqi-giuneSlis navTobsabadoebis aTvisebaze, romelic moamaragebs
navTobiT baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadens da agrTve giganturi Sah-denizis
bunebrivi airis sabados SemuSavebaze.
amJamad, Cven aseve vxelmZRvanelobT baqoTbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis tipis samxreT kaspiis gazsadenis proeqtis
mSeneblobas, romelic baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis paralelurad gaivlis
azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze. garda amisa, Cven ukve CavuSviT
eqspluataciaSi dasavleTis marSrutis saeqsporto milsadeni, romelic
baqodan
(azerbaijani)
gadis
Savi
zRvis
saqarTvelos
sanapiroze
mdebare
sufsis
terminalamde. saqarTveloSi, sadac Cven vmoRvaweobT 1996 wlidan, “Air BP”-s aqvs
saaviacio sawvavis msxvili biznesi. TurqeTSi, kompania aqtiur monawileobas iRebs
Savi zRvis Selfis aTvisebaSi.
143
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadeni saqarTvelosa da regionSi
aRniSnuli investiciebis moculoba da xangrZlivoba mWidrod ukavSirebs
Cvens momaval warmatebas regionSi stabilurobisa da keTildReobas dones. kompania
“briTiS
petroliumi”
aqcents
akeTebs
imaze,
rom
aucilebelia
“urTierTsargeblianobis” uzrunvelyofa im qveynebSi, romelSic kompania moRvaweobs.
Cveni saqmianoba regionSi amis kargi magaliTia. imedia, rom Cveni proeqtebi,
romlebsac Tan erTvis socialur investiciebTan dakavSirebuli farTo saqmianoba,
realur wvlils Seitans regionis samomavlo mdgrad ganviTarebaSi.
regionaluri konteqsti
istoriulad saqarTvelo cnobilia rogorc saerTaSoriso savaWro gzebis
gadakveTaze mdebare qveyana. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisa da samxreT kavkasiis milsadeni
kidev ufro gaaZlierebs qveynis rolsa da mdgomareobas regionSi. am TvalsazrisiT,
proeqti
gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobisaa,
vinaidan
igi
warmoadgens pirvel pirdapir kavSirs navTobiT mdidari, Caketili kaspiis zRvis
auzsa da msoflio bazrebs Soris, romelic gaivlis xmelTaSua zRvaze metismetad
gadatvirTuli bosforis srutis gverdis avliT. milsadeni xels Seuwyobs
ekonomikuri da politikuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebas azerbaijans, saqarTvelos,
TurqeTsa da dasavleT evropas Soris da uzrunvelyofs samTavroboTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis modelis damkvidrebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli statiis
mizani baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis proeqtis gaSuqebaa, unda aRiniSnos, rom samxreT
kavkasiis milsadeni analogiur rols asrulebs da saqarTvelos, TurqeTisa da sxva
potenciur evropul bazrebsac uzrunvelyofs bunebrivi airis miwodebis axali
wyaroTi.
am
qveynebisaTvis
xangrZlivi
periodiT
energousafrTxoebis
uzrunvelsayofis TavlsazrisiT, enrgoresursis miwodebis amgvari diversifikacia
mTavari strategiuli elementia.
iseve rogorc saqarTvelosTan, kompania “briTiS petroliums” gaaCnia
mniSvnelovani strategiuli urTierTobebi kavkasiis regionis sazRvrebs gareTac.
magaliTad, ruseTSi, Cveni wili gigantur “TNK-BP-s” sawarmoSi imis momaswavebelia,
rom am qveyanaSi kompanias grZelvadiani interesi gaaCnia. dRes, kompania navTobisa da
bunebrivi airis yvelaze msxvili mwarmoebelia SeerTebul StatebSi. evropaSi Cven
warmovadgenT yvelaze msxvil energokompanias, romlis kapitali, mimdinare wels, 35
miliard aSS dolars Seadgens da, romelsac 43,000 adamiani hyavs dasaqmebuli.
yoveldRiurad, kompania uzrunvelyofs navTobisa da bunebrivi airis miwodebas
evropis 5 milioni momxmareblisaTvis.
2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg, sul ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
msoflioSi energomiwodebis usafrTxoebis sakiTxs da gansakuTrebiT, kaspiis zRvis
auzis qveynebsa da kavkasiis regionSi. evropis sakuTari energomaragebi ver
akmayofilebs momxmareblis moTxovnebs. evropas, dRes ukve energoresursis dRiuri
moTxovnis naxevarze meti garedan Semoaqvs da eqspertTa prognozebis Tanaxmad, es
maCvenebli 2020 wlisTvis SesaZloa 60-70 procentamde gaizardos. miuxedavad imisa,
rom aleternatiuli energoresursebis SemuSavebis masStabi sul ufro izrdeba,
navTobi da bunebrivi airi, savaraudod, evropis energomomaragebis mTavari wyaro
iqneba mokle da saSualovadian perspeqtivaSi. maSasadame, evropam unda mimarTos gare
samyaros da CaerTos energiis gaTanabrebis procesSi, rac miiRweva magaliTad
144
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2005,weli, #1
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeni saqarTvelosa da regionSi
mSvidobis, usafrTxoebisa da efeqturi mmarTvelobis sistemis damkvidrebis Sedegad
enrgoresursebiT mdidar teritoriebze, rogoricaa kaspiis zRvisa da kavkasiis
regionis qveynebi. Sesabamisad, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis amoqmedeba
mniSvnelovania ara mxolod am regionisaTvis, aramed ufro farTo saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobrobis qveynebisTvisac. ufro martivad rom iTqvas, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
proeqti, 2005-2006 wlebisTvis, navTobze msoflios mzardi moTxovnis 25 procents
daakmayofilebs.
proeqtis ganxorcielebis mimdinare Sedegebi
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis proeqtis samarTlebrivi da fiskaluri reJimi maRali
standartis reJimia. SeTanxmebis doneze, igi moicavs samTavroboTaSoris SeTanxmebas
azerbaijans, saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs Soris da kidev sam SeTanxmebas mimRebi
qveynis mTavrobasa da baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis proeqtis investorebs Soris. amgvari
sistema gansazRvravs investorTa waxalisebisa da dacvis meqanizms; teqnikuri
usafrTxoebisa da garemosdacviT standartebs, romelic kompaniis mier daculi unda
iqnes; sagadasaxado bazas, romelic kompaniis mier unda iqnes gadaxdili da
formaluri urTierToebis yvela sxva aspeqts im qveynebTan, romlis teritoriazec
gadis baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeni.
dRes,
proeqti
TiTqmis
90
procentiT
aris
ganxorcielebuli da navTobis pirveli amoReba dagegmilia 2005 wlis meore
naxevarSi. dasrulebuli saxiT, igi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: rva saqaCi sadguri da
1,760 km sigrZis mili, romlis 248 km saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadis. milsadeni
gadis sangaCalis mimRebi terminalidan q. baqos samxreTiT (azerbaijanis
teritoriaze) axal sazRvao terminalamde jeihanis navsadgurSi (TurqeTis
teritoria). navTobsadenis minimaluri gamtarunarianoba, eqspluataciis pirveli 40
wlis manZilze, dReSi 1 milion barels Seadgens.
mSenebloba mimdinareobs Zalzed gansxvavebul teritoriebze, dawyebuli
zRvis donidan da zoggan 2,800 m. simaRleze. milsadeni mTel sigrZeze aris
Camarxuli miwaSi, minimum 1 metris siRrmeze da zedapirze mxolod saqaCi sadgurebi
da Camketi sarqvelebia datovebuli. ori saqaCi sadguris mSenebloba, romelic
ganlagebulia saqarTvelos teritoriaze, gardabansa da TeTriwyaroSi, TiTqmis
dasrulebulia. TiToeulis zoma xuTi safexburTo moednis tolia.
amas garda, aseve warmatebiT mimdinareobs samxreT kavkasiis milsadenis
mSeneblobac, romlis didi nawili (naxevarze meti) ukve dasrulebulia. samxreT
kavkasiis milsadenis mSenebloba mimdinare wels unda dasruldes da 2006 wlis
zamTris dawyebamde bunebrivi airis miwodeba ukve SesaZlebeli iqneba.
dadebiTi Sedegebi saqarTvelosTvis
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisa da saxmreT kavkasiis milsadenis mSeneblobis periodSi
kompaniis investiciebis mTliani moculoba saqarTveloSi 1 miliard aSS dolaramde
145
Seadgens, saidanac 200 milioni aSS dolari adgilobrivad iqneba moxmarebuli. dRes,
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisa da samxreT kavkasiis milsadenebis wili saqarTvelos
samSeneblo seqtorSi saerTo moculobis 60 procentze mets Seadgens. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, kompania BP da misi partniorebi qveyanaSi ucxouri investiciebis
udides wyaros warmoadgens. mSeneblobis procesSi dasaqmebuli iyo 6,000 adamiani
(maqsimaluri maCvenebli) da aqedan 75 procentze meti saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi
iyvnen. garda amisa, 3,000-ze met miwis mesakuTreze gaica 18 milion aSS dolarze meti
odenobis kompensacia.
saqarTvelo mniSvnelovani finansuri sargebels miiRebs baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
milsadenis eqspuataciasTan dakavSirebuli gadasaxadebisa da sxva saxelmwifo
Semosavlebis saxiT. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenis eqspluataciis Sedegad,
dadgenil moculobaze tranzitis gadasaxdidan Semosavali 700 milion aSS dolars
aRemateba da maqsimaluri wliuri Semosavali 50 milion aSS dolars Seadgens.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mSeneblobis dasrulebis Semdeg, muSakTa ricxvi
Semcirdeba, kompania BP saqarTveloSi darCenas varaudobs kidev mravali aTwleulis
manZilze. Sefasebebis Tanaxmad, mimdinare saoperacio xarji weliwadSi 35 milion
aSS
dolars
Seadgens,
adgilobrivi
Sesyidvebisa
da
300-mde
stabilurad
dasaqmebulTa CaTvliT.
mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba
milsadenis mSeneblobis Sedegad pirdapiri investiciebisa da Semosavlebis
garda, saqarTvelo, momdevno wlebis ganmavlobaSi, kidev 80 milion aSS dolars
miiRebs damatebiT socialuri da ekonomikuri investiciebis saxiT, kompania BP-sa da
misi partniorebis valdebulebaTa safuZvelze. pirvelad, 1990 wels, Cven daviwyeT
investiciebis ganxorcieleba kaspiis zRvis auzis regionSi, magram baqo-Tbilisijeihanisa da samxreT kavkasiis milsadenebis mSeneblobis Sedegad es saqmianoba kidev
ufro gafarTovda axali inovaciuri programebis SemoRebis saSualebiT.
saqarTveloSi es investiciebi moicavs: 5 milioni aSS dolaris sainvesticio
programas, romelic miznad isaxavs mgradi socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
xelSewobas milsadenis mimdebare teritoriis mosaxleobisaTvis; 3 milion aSS
dolars, romelic unda moxmardes gaumjobesebuli skolebis programas; 3 milion
aSS dolars garemosdacviT sainvesticio programisaTvis, romelic gamiznulia
bunebebrivi resursebisa da biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebaze; 3 milion aSS
dolars kulturuli memkvidreobis dasacavad; da 8 milion aSS dolarze meti
odenobis investiciebs borjomis regionSi garemos dacvis, turizmis xelSewyobisa
da sawarmoTa ganviTarebisaTvis.
Cven
aseve
ganvagrZobT
ufro
xangrZlivi
regionaluri
ganviTarebis
inciativaze muSaobas, romelic moicavs samive qveyanas da gamiznulia iseT
sferoebze, rogoricaa sawarmoTa ganviTareba, efeqturi mmarTveloba da energetika.
bevri progarama damokidebulia kerZo seqtors, maspinZeli qveynis mTavrobebsa da
saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebs Soris partniorobasa da arasamTavrobo
146
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeni saqarTvelosa da regionSi
organizaciebis ganviTarebaze, rac urTierTsasargeblo urTierTobis aucileblobis
kidev erT magaliTs warmoadgens.
2004
wlis
oqtomberSi,
partniorebma
ikisres
saqarTvelosTvis
axali
grantebis
programis
ganxorcielebis
valdebuleba.
programa, romlis saerTo Rirebuleba 2010 wlisTvis 40 milion aSS dolars
Seadgens, moxmardeba socialuri da ekonomikuri proeqtebis dafinansebas, romelic
iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos mosaxleobis daxmarebas. sawyisi Tanxa, 90 milioni aSS
dolaris odenobiT, ukve gadaricxulia da unda moxmardes studentebis stipendias,
ukiduresad gaWirvebuli studentebis dasaxmareblad da aseve sapensio ganakveTebis
gazrdas qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe javaxeTis regionebSi (ufro farTo samTavrobo
inciativis farglebSi). aseve, 2004 wlis oqtomberSi, kompania BP-m ganacxada, rom
apirebs socialuri sainvesticio programis saxiT 10 milioni aSS dolaris
gamoyofas,
romelic
unda
moxmardes
urTierT
SeTanxmebuli
proeqtebis
ganxorcielebas, romlebic moicavs iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa jandacva, ganaTleba
da saqarTvelosa da evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebs, sawarmoebsa da
samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris kavSirebis ganviTarebis xelSewyobas.
standartebis Camoyalibeba
regionaluri ganviTarebis iniciativisa da kompania BP-is zemoaRniSnuli
valdebulebebiT, Cven mizanmimarTulad vcdilobdiT socialuri investiciebis
programis moqmedebis sferos gafarToebasa da gaRrmavebas, iseTi sakiTxebis
gasaTvaliswineblad, rogoricaa mmarTveloba da politikuri reforma da aseve
mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, rasac udidesi mniSvneloba
eniWeba. vimedovnebT, rom evrokavSiris institutebTan TanamSromlobis xelSewobisa
da evrokavSirebis standartebis dacvis gziT, Cven SevasrulebT mcire, magram
mniSvnelovan rols, romelic daexmareba saqarTvilos evropasTan ufro mWidro
grZelvadiani urTierTobebis damyarebis miznis miRwevaSi.
yvelgan, sadac Cveni proeqti xorcieldeboda, umaRlesi standartebi srulad
daculi iyo. es moicavs kompania BP -is jandacvis, usafrTxoebisa da garemosdacviT
globalur politikas. usafrTxoeba Cveni kompaniis prioritetebis nusxaSi
yovelTvis pirveli rigis prioritets warmoadgens da am mxriv saqarTveloSi
yvelaferi wesrigSia: dasavleTis mimarTulebis saeqsporto milsadenze, romlis
eqspluataciis vada Seadgens eqvs milion adamian/saaTs, arc erTi incidenti
aRricxuli ar aris. kompania mudmivi srulyofis momxrea, romlis arsebiT moTxovnas
warmoadgens is, rom mTeli personali da kontraqtorebi unda gadiodnen specialuri
momzadebis programas, romelic uzrunvelyofs imave kompania BP-is standartebis
dacvas.
saqarTvelosa da proeqtis kreditorebis winaSe Cveni valdebulebebidan
gamomdinare, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis proeqtma SeimuSava msoflio klasis reagirebis
gegma navTobis daRvris naklebad savaraudo SemTxvevebisaTvis. garemos maqsimalurad
dacvis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, specialistebis jgufTan erTad, saqarTveloSi
dafuZnebuli iqneba navTobis daRvraze reagirebis sami baza.
147
rac Seexeba dasaqmebis sakiTxs, kompania axorcielebs samarTlian da
aradiskriminaciul politikas. amas garda, baqo-Tbili-jeihanis proeqtis adamianis
uflebebis dacvis programa, romelsac xeli mmoewera 2003 wlis seqtemberSi,
avaldebulebs baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis proeqts uzrunvelyos Sesabamisoba adamianis
uflebebis dacvis umaRles saerTaSoriso standartebTan. am valdebulebis Tanaxmad
Cven vanxorcielebT saswavlo programas adamianis uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebSi
specialuri saxelmwifo dacvis samsaxurisaTvis, romelmac unda daicvas milsadeni
eqspluataciis periodSi. adamianis uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso programebTan
Sesabamisoba baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis proeqtis saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan specialuri
saxelmwifo dacvis samsaxurisTvis adamianis sicocxlisTvis usafrTxo konkretuli
aRWurvilobis, obieqtebisa da operaciebis dafinansebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ZiriTad
komponents warmoadgens.
Cvens mier aseve gadaidga nabijebi gamWvirvalobis donis asamaRleblad,
‘mompovebel sawarmoebTa gamWvirvalobis iniciativis’ Sesabamisad, romlis Sesaxebac
gacxadebuli iqna mdgradi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb msoflio samitze iohanesburgSi, 2002
wlis seqtemberSi. am mizniT gamoqveynebuli iqna proeqtis SeTanxmebebi da
informacia maspinZeli qveynebis mTavrobebisaTvis gadaxdili Tanxebis Sesaxeb.
saqarTveloSi, kompania imedovnebs, rom amdagvari praqtika emsaxureba mTavrobis mier
saqmiani garemos gaumjobesebisa da meti pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis
amocanebis miRwevas.
daskvnebi
janmrTelobis, usafrTxoebis, garemosdacviTi da socialuri sakiTxebisadmi
seriozuli midgomidan gamomdinare, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis proeqtma SemoiRo mravali
saxis
standartebi
im
saerTaSoriso
proeqtebisaTvis,
romelic
momavalSi
ganxorcieldeba energetikis sferoSi. am da bevr sxva sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
kompaniam gaira uprecedento Semowmeba, romelic gare eqspertebis mier sxvadasxva
doneze ganxorcielda. am procesis dros gairkva, rom mimdinare saqmianobis
srulyofis kidev bevri sxva SesaZlebloba arsebobs da baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
proeqtis
gamocdileba,
udaod,
sasargeblo
iqneba
momavalSi
proeqtebis
ganxorcielebisas.
proeqtis
warmateba,
umTavresad,
damokidebulia
xangrZliv urTierTsasargeblo Sedegebze proeqtis investorebis, maspinZeli qveynis
mTavrobebis, mosaxleobisa da milsadenis mSeneblobiT dainteresebuli sxva
mxareebisaTvis. Cven Rrmad gvwams, rom aseTi urTierTsasargeblo Sedegebi arsebobs
da vimedovnebT, rom baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis proeqti da Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli
sxva investiciebi xels Seuwyoben da daexmarebian am uaRresad mniSvnelovani
regionis mdgrad da stabilur ganviTarebas.
148
absoluturi upiratesoba
(Absolute advantage)
qveynis unari awarmoos ufro meti saqoneli
vidre sxva qveyana awarmoebs resursebis igive
moculobisas (ix. fardobiTi upiratesoba)
arasruli dasaqmeba
(Under-employment)
ekonomikuri
situacia,
rodesac
miwodeba aWarbebs masze moTxovnas
auTsaideri (bankis)
(Outsider)
ara-insaideri
aqcia
(Share, Stock )
saxsrebis mopovebis mizniT saaqcio sazogadoebis
mier gamoSvebuli grZelvadiani fasiani qaRaldi.
aqciis myidveli gadaxdili fulis sanacvlod
xdeba kompaniis sruluflebiani TanamesakuTre,
anu monawileobs mis marTvasa da mogebaSi. (ix.
fasiani
qaRaldebi,
obligacia,
saxazino
valdebuleba)
muSaxelis
SeniSvna: zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad did britaneTSi, sityva
stock
gansxvavdeba
mniSvnelobiT sityva
share-sagan,
da
aRniSnavs
kompaniis
an
saxelmwifos
mier
gamoSvebul
grZelvadian sasesxo valdebulebas.
balansis aRricxvis
balansi
(Balance sheet)
furceli
-
dokumenti, romelic asaxavs firmis aqtivebisa da
valdebulebebis moculobas da struqturas.
biujeturi SezRudva
(Budget constraint)
xarjebis
SezRudva
gamowveuli
sxvadasxva
mizeziT, magaliTad, Semosavlebis simciriT.
gadasaxadebi
(Taxes)
begara dawesebuli saxelmwifos mier kerZo
pirebis an sawarmoebis Semosavalze an mogebaze
(pirdapiri gadasaxadi), saqonlis gamoyenebze an
momsaxurebiT sargeblobaze (iribi gadasaxadi) da
qonebaze.
saqarTveloSi arsebuli ZiriTadi
gadasaxadebia:
1. sawarmos mogebaze gadasaxadi (Profit tax);
2. kerZo pirebis Semosavalze gadasaxadi (Personal
income tax);
3. damatebul Rirebulebaze gadasaxadi _ dRg
(Value Added Tax).
misi bazaa iuridiuli Tu
fizikuri pirebis mier Seqmnili damatebuli
Rirebuleba
_
sxvaoba
saqonlis
an
momsaxurebis sarealizacio fassa da mis
149
warmoebasa da mowodebasTan dakavSirebuli
materialur xarjebisa;
4. sabaJo gadasaxadi (Customs duties) _ saxelmwifo
biujetSi savaldebulo Senatani saqarTvelos
sabaJo
sazRvarze
saqonlis
gadaadgilebisaTvis;
5. aqcizi (Excise) _ garkveuli saxis saqonlis
moxmarebaze
iribi
gadasaxadi,
romelic
CarTulia am saqonlis fasSi;
6. gadasaxadebi xelfasebis fondidan (Payroll
taxes) _ specialuri saxelmwifo fondebis
(jandacvis,
socuzrunvelyofis
da
a.S.)
mosakrebeli, romlis gadaxda damqiraveblisa
da muSakis mier xdeba sawarmos xelfasebis
fondidan, fiqsirebuli ganakveTiT.
(ix. sagadasaxado baza)
gamoSveba, warmoebis moculoba
(Output)
saqoneli da momsaxureba warmoebuli garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi.
depoziti
(Deposit)
kerZo piris an sawarmos angariSi komerciul
bankSi, romelzedac momxmarebels SeuZlia fulis
an Cekebis ganTavseba da maTi gamotana bankis
winaswar gafrTxilebis pirobiT.
deflatori (mSp-is deflatori)
(Deflator - GDP deflator)
fasebis indeqsi, romelic warmoadgens garkveul
wels
gamoSvebuli
saqonlis
Rirebulebis
fardobas sabaziso wlis fasebSi gamosaxul
RirebulebasTan. mSp-is deflatori gansazRvravs
damokidebulebas
nominalur
da
realur
(sabaziso wlis) mSp-s Soris.
deflacia
(Deflation)
fasebis saerTo donis daweva. (ix. inflacia)
ekonomikuri zrda
(Economic growth)
realuri gamoSvebis zrda.
erovnuli angariSebi
(National accounts)
drois garkveul periodSi (rogorc wesi, erTi
wlis
ganmavlobaSi),
erovnuli
ekonomikis
amsaxveli statistikuri monacemebis erToblioba.
kerZod, erovnuli angariSebi asaxaven qveyanaSi
warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mTlian
moculobas da qveynis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis
indikators warmoadgenen.
150
valdebuleba (pasivi )
(Liability)
vali;
pirovnebis
an
sawarmos
gankargvaSi
arsebuli saxsrebi da qoneba, romelzedac sxva
mxares garkveuli pretenzia SeiZleba gaaCndes.
qveynis
valutis
sxva
qveynis
valutaSi
gamosaxuli
fasi,
romelic
dadgenilia
am
valutebis
realuri
msyidvelobiTi
unaris
gaTvaliswinebiT.
valutis gamyareba (kursis zrda )
(Appreciation)
savaluto bazarze
valutis dacema)
valutis
valutis dacema (kursis dacema )
(Depreciation)
savaluto
bazarze
valutis
valutebTan SedarebiT.
fasis
zrda.
gaiafeba
(ix.
sxva
SeniSvna: ekonomikur literaturaSi sityvas “Depreciation’
SeiZleba hqondes sxva mniSvnelobac _ cveTa, cveTis
sabuRaltro asaxva, amortizacia.
investicia (kapitaldabandeba )
(Investment)
1. fizikuri qonebis, magaliTad qarxnis, manqanadanadgarebis, SesaZenad gaweuli xarji. (realuri
investicia)
2.
fasiani
qaRaldebis, magaliTad aqciebis,
SesaZenad gaweuli xarji. (finansuri investicia)
SeniSvna: realuri investicia qmnis axal aqtivebs, e. i. zrdis
qveynis sawarmoo potencials; maSin rodesac finansuri
investicia, ubralod, aqtivebis flobis uflebis gadacemaa.
insaideri (bankis )
(Insider)
bankis administraciuli muSaki an aqcioneri, misi
ojaxis wevri an masTan saqmiani interesebiT
dakavSirebuli piri. (sapir. - auTsaideri)
inteleqtualuri kapitali
(Human capital)
saerTo codna romelic gamoiyeneba warmoebaSi.
investiciebs inteleqtualuri kapitalis gazrdaSi, anu sxvadasxva saxis gamokvlevebSi, Sedegad
sdevs
axali,
teqnikurad
gaumjobesebuli
produqciis warmoeba da ekonomikis efeqturobis
zrda.
intervencia
(Intervention)
ama Tu im ekonomikuri subieqtis erTjeradi
intensiuri zemoqmedeba bazarze.
magaliTad
erovnuli bankis mier ucxouri valutis gayidvis
mkveTri gazrda.
151
inflacia
(Inflation)
fasebis saerTo donis aweva. (ix. deflacia)
kalaTa
(Basket)
ama Tu im sidideTa kompleqti, nakrebi, mag.:
1. samomxmareblo kalaTa _ pirobiTi momxmareblis mier moxmarebuli saqonlisa da misTvis
gaweuli momsaxurebis erToblioba;
2. savaluto kalaTa _ sxvadasxva qveynis valutis
ama Tu im wesiT Seqmnili nakrebi (ECU _ ekiu,
evropuli savaluto erTeuli; SDR _ sesxebis
specialuri ufleba; PPS _ msyidvelobiTi
unaris standarti).
kapitaldabandeba
(Investment)
ix. investicia.
kapitali
(Capital)
warmoebis
materialuri
(fabrikebi,
ofisebi,
manqana-danadgarebi) da aramaterialuri (“nouhau”) saSualebebis erToblioba.
kapitalis dena
(Capital flight)
fondebis moZraoba adgilobriv ekonomikasa da
gare samyaros Soris, dakavSirebuli fasiani
qaRaldebis
an
fizikuri
aqtivebis
yidvagayidvasTan da saerTaSoriso sesxebTan.
kapitaluri angariSi
(Capital account)
1. sagadamxdelo balansis nawili, romelic aRwers grZelvadiani aqtivebis yidva-gayidvasTan da
kerZo
seqtoris
sesxebTan
dakavSirebul
saxsrebis moZraobas (ix. mimdinare angariSi)
2. erovnuli
angariSebis
nawili,
romelic
moicavs mTavrobis mier saxelmwifo infrastruqturis sferoSi (gzebi, skolebi, saavadmyofoebi)
gaweul xarjebs da kerZo seqtoris realur
investiciebs.
likviduri aqtivebi (bankis )
(Liquid assets)
fuladi aqtivebi romlebic advilad SeiZleba
iqnas gamoyenebuli
angariSsworebisTvis: oqro,
bankis fuladi saxsrebi salaroSi (larebi da
ucxouri valuta), sakorespondento angariSebi
erovnul da ucxour valutaSi (maT Soris
sazRvargareTac),
savaldebulo
rezervebis
angariSze
arsebuli
saxsrebi
(Tu
isini
sakredito
auqcionze
nayidi
kreditis
uzrunvelyofas ar waroadgenen).
lorencis mrudi
(Lorenz curve)
raime
sididis,
magaliTad
ganawilebis amsaxveli mrudi.
152
Semosavlebis,
diagonalsa da lorencis mruds Soris moqceuli
farTobis
Sefardebas
diagonalis
qvemoT
moqceul
farTobTan
ewodeba
jinis
(Gini)
koeficienti.
igi
warmoadgens
ganawilebis
araTanabrobis sazoms da icvleba nolidan
(Tanabari ganawileba) erTamde (absoluturad
araTanabari ganawileba).
M0
sxvanairad
_
“viwro
fuli”.
monetarul
TeoriaSi fuladi maragis erT-erTi sazomi
(fuladi agregati), romelic moicavs fuladi
aqtivebis yvelaze likvidur nawils _ bankebis
gareT arsebul naRd fuls. (ar moicavs im naRd
fuls, romelic rezervebis saxiT komerciuli
bankebis sacavebSi inaxeba).
M2
sxvanairad _ “farTo fuli”, moicavs M0-sa da komerciul
bankebSi
arsebul
arasabanko
da
arasaxelmwifo depozitebs adgilobriv valutaSi.
ganisazRvreba
rogorc
fuli,
romelic,
garkveuli periodis amowurvis Semdeg, SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnas angariSsworebisTvis.
M3
aseve, xSirad moixsenieba rogorc “farTo fuli”;
moicavs M2-sa da mosaxleobis ucxour valutaSi
denominirebul anabrebs komerciul bankebSi.
makroekonomika
(Macroeconomics)
ekonomikuri
mecnierebis
nawili,
romelic
swavlobs ekonomikas rogorc erT mTlians da
cdilobs daadginos fundamenturi ekonomikuri
cnebebis _ warmoebisa da dasaqmebis donis,
fasebis saerTo donis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi
faqtorebi.
materialuri aqtivebi (bankis )
(Fixed assets)
Senoba-nagebobani, sameurneo inventari da maTze
gaweuli kapitaluri danaxarjebi
meoradi kapitali (bankis )
(Secondary capital)
materialuri
aqtivebis
gadafasebis
nawili,
miznobrivi fondebi, saimedo sesxebis SesaZlo
danakargebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnili rezervebi.
(ix. pirveladi kapitali)
mikroekonomika
(Microeconomics)
ekonomikuri
mecnierebis
nawili,
romelic
swavlobs momxmareblebisa da firmebis qmedebas;
aanalizebs sawarmoo faqtorebis, saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis sabazro fasebsa da moculobas.
agreTve, ganixilavs SezRuduli ekonomikuri
153
resursebis ganawilebis efeqturobas.
mimdinare angariSi
(Current account)
1. drois garkveul monakveTSi (rogorc wesi,
erTi
wlis
ganmavlobaSi)
qveynis
danarCen
msofliosTan
sasaqonlo
(xiluli)
da
samomsaxureo
(uxilavi)
vaWrobis
amsaxveli
angariSi. (ix. sagadamxdelo balansi; savaWro
balansi)
2. bankSi
fizikuri
piris
Tu
kompaniis
moTxovnamde angariSi.
mimdinare aqtivebi (bankis )
(Current assets)
likviduri aqtivebi da bankis mier dafarvis erT
Tvemde vadiT gacemuli sesxebi. agreTve bankis
sxva moTxovnebi dafarvis erT Tvemde vadiT.
moTxovnebi
(Claims)
finansuri
aqtivebi,
saxeldobr
gacemuli
kreditebi, saxazino da komerciuli Tamasuqebi.
monetaruli politika
(Monetary policy)
ix. fuladi politika.
mwarmoebelTa fasebis indeqsi
mfi
(Producer price index - PPI)
_
indeqsi romelic asaxavs adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebis mier sakuTar produqciaze dadebuli
fasebis
donis
saSualo
cvlilebas.
(ix.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi)
mep - mTliani erovnuli produqti
(GNP)
drois garkveul monakveTSi (rogorc wesi, erTi
wlis
ganmavlobaSi)
qveynis
mSp-sa
da
sazRvargareTidan miRebuli wminda Semosavlis
jami.
mSp - mTliani Sida produqti
(GDP)
drois garkveul monakveTSi, (rogorc wesi, erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi) adgilobrivad warmoebuli
saqonlisa da gaweuli momsaxurebis jamuri
fuladi Rirebuleba. (ix. erovnuli angariSebi)
nominaluri
(Nominal)
gazomili mimdinare fasebSi, inflaciis gauTvaliswineblad. (ix. realuri)
obligacia
(Bond)
rogorc wesi, mTavrobis an komerciuli organizaciis mier, sesxis aRebis mizniT gamoSvebuli,
myari saprocento ganakveTis mqone, grZelvadiani
fasiani qaRaldi. (ix. aqcia, saxazino Tamasuqi).
pirveladi kapitali (bankis )
(Primary capital)
aqciebis realizaciidan miRebuli kapitali, kapitaluri
rezervebi
(ganawilebuli
mogebis
nawili, romelic gankuTvnilia gauTvaliswinebe-
154
li zaralis dasafaravad), gaunawilebeli mogeba.
(ix. meoradi kapitali)
realuri
(Real)
gazomili namdvil (sabaziso wlis fasebTan
Sesadar) fasebSi, inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT.
sagadasaxdelo balansi
(Balance of payments)
wlis
ganmavlobaSi)
qveynis
danarCen
msofliosTan savaWro da safinanso urTierTobis
amsaxveli angariSi.
igi Sedgeba ori ZiriTadi
nawilisagan: mimdinare angariSi da kapitaluri
angariSi.
sagadasaxado baza
(Tax base)
mTliani fuladi fondi romelic eqvemdebareba
gadasaxadebis gadaxdas. magaliTad, saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis baza aris am gadasaxads daqvemdebarebuli mTliani Semosavlebi, xolo mogebis gadasaxadis baza aris yvela im mogebis jami,
romelic am gadasaxads eqvemdebareba.
sagadasaxado fardoba
(Tax wedge)
Tanafardoba
damqiraveblis
mier
gaweuli
mTliani xarjebisa daqiravebulis mier miRebul
wminda xelfasis odenobasTan.
savaWro balansi
(Balance of trade)
wlis
ganmavlobaSi)
danarCen
msofliosTan
qveynis sasaqonlo (xiluli) vaWrobis amsaxveli
angariSi. (ix. sagadamxdelo balansi; mimdinare
angariSi).
savaldebulo rezervebi
(Reserve requirements)
komerciuli
bankebis
saerTo
aqtivebSi,
rezervebis savaldebulo proporcia, romelsac
centraluri
banki
awesebs.
es
Tanxebi
uzrunvelyofen
momxmareblebis
yoveldRiuri
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas
da zRudaven
kreditebis gacemas. saqarTveloSi komerciuli
bankebis es rezervebi inaxeba seb-Si.
sakorespondento angariSebi
(Correspondent accounts)
bankebis angariSebi sxva bankebSi, romlebic
gamoiyeneba
klientTa
saxeliT
bankTaSoris
angariSsworebaSi.
maTi
moculoba
damokidebulia
saangariSsworebo
sistemis
moqnilobaze da bankebis survilze gascen sesxi.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi _
inflaciis sazomi indeqsi, romelic warmoadgens
155
sfi
(Consumer price index - CPI)
samomxmareblo saqonlis da momsaxurebis fiqsirebuli
kalaTis
nominaluri
Rirebulebis
fardobas amave kalaTis sabaziso wlis fasebSi
gamosaxul RirebulebasTan.
samuSao Zala
(Labour)
rogorc fizikuri (magaliTaT, manqanis awyoba),
ise
inteleqtualuri
(magaliTad,
maragis
aRricxvis
sistemis
Seqmna)
Sromis SenaZeni
sawarmoo procesSi.
saprocento ganakveTi
(Interest rate)
msesxeblis mier kreditorisTvis ZiriTadi valis
garda gadasaxdeli Tanxa, gamoxatuli ZiriTadi
valis procentebSi; fuladi resursebis gadacemis
sabazro fasi.
sarezervo fuli
(Reserve money)
aseve moixsenieba rogorc fulis baza an “Zlieri
saxazino Tamasuqi (valdebuleba )
(Treasury bill)
finansTa saministros an centraluri bankis mier
gamoSvebuli,
gansazRvruli
saprocento
ganakveTis
mqone,
moklevadiani
(erT
welze
naklebi) fasiani qaRaldi, romelic warmoadgens
mTavrobis mier Tamasuqis mflobelisagan sesxis
aRebis damamtkicebel sabuTs. saxazino Tamasuqi
erT-erTi
instrumentia,
romlis
meSveobiTac
centraluri
banki
akontrolebs
mimoqcevaSi
arsebuli fulis moculobas. (ix. obligacia)
socialuri
sistema
(Social Safety Net)
socialurad
naklebad
uzrunvelyofili
fenebisTvis _ mcireSemosavliani ojaxebisTvis,
umuSevrebisTvis, pensionerebisTvis, invalidebisTvis,
martoxela
mSoblebisTvis
da
a.S.
daxmarebis aRmoCenis sistema.
fuli”, Seicavs M0-sa da komerciul bankebSi
arsebul sxvadasxva rezervebs. sarezervo fulis
moculobas
uSualod
centraluri
banki
akontrolebs.
uzrunvelyofis
savaluto rezervebi
(Foreign currency (exchange) reserves)
ucxouri valutisa da oqros maragi, romelic
gamoiyeneba sagadamxdelo balansis deficitis
Sesavsebad.
sterilizacia
(Sterilisation)
ama Tu im eknomikuri RonisZiebis Tanmdevi
arasasurveli
efeqtis
gabaTileba
sxva
ekonomikuri RonisZiebiT. magaliTad, samTavrobo
dakreditebis gazrdis Sedegad fuladi maragis
zrdis Tavidan asacileblad, erovnuli banki
156
ucxouri valutis gayidviT amcirebs mimoqcevaSi
arsebuli adgilobrivi valutis moculobas.
uimedo sesxi
(Bad loan)
gasesxebuli Tanxa, romlis ukan dabruneba aRar
aris mosalodneli (magaliTad, mevale gakotrda).
aseTi sesxebi miekuTvneba xarjebs da Camoiwereba.
fardobiTi upiratesoba
(Comparative advantage)
qveynis
unari
ufro
naklebi
danaxarjebiT
awarmoos garkveuli saqoneli vidre meore
qveyanam. (ix. absoluturi upiratesoba)
fasiani qaRaldebi
(Securities)
kapitalis
mozidvis
finansuri
instrumenti.
ZiriTadi fasiani qaRaldebia: aqcia, obligacia,
Tamasuqi, saxazino valdebuleba.
faqtoruli resursebi,
faqtorebi
(Factors of production)
warmoebis
faqtoruli Rirebuleba
(Factor cost)
faqtoruli
Semosavali
erovnuli Semosavali
(Factor income or national income)
an
resursebi romlebic gamoiyeneba firmebis mier
saqonlis an momsaxurebis warmoebisas. gamoyofen
sawarmoo faqtorebis sam ZiriTad jgufs: miwa,
samuSao Zala da kapitali.
saqonlis an momsaxurebis Rirebuleba daxarjuli faqtoruli resursebis gamosaxulebaSi.
drois
mocemul
periodSi
SinameurneobaTa
saerTo
fuladi
Semosavali
miRebuli
biznesisTvis faqtoruli resursebis mowodebis
sanacvlod.
fiskaluri politika
(Fiscal policy)
sagadasaxado-sabiujeto politika. sagadasaxado
sistemisa da saxelmwifo xarjebis struqturis
saTanado
marTviT
qveynis
ekonomikur
aqtiurobaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmi.
fuladi baza
(Monetary base)
ix. sarezervo fuli
fuladi politika
(Monetary policy)
qveynis ekonomikur aqtiurobaze zemoqmedeba fulis moculobis, dakreditebisa da saprocento
ganakveTebis struqturis saTanado marTviT.
fulis mimoqcevis siCqare
(Velocity of money circulation)
indeqsi, romelic gviCvenebs Tu,
periodis ganmavlobaSi, saSualod
gamoiyeneba
angariSsworebisTvis
fuladi
erTeuli.
gamoiTvleba
V =
PY
M
, sadac, V
aris
fulis
garkveuli
ramdenjer
TiToeuli
formuliT:
mimoqcevis
siCqare; M _ fulis moculoba (M2 an M3); Y _
realuri mSp; P _ mSp-s deflatori.
157
fulis multiplikatori
(Money multiplier)
sabanko sistemas, sadepozito angariSebze miRebuli Tanxebis gasesxebiT, axali depozitebis
Seqmnis (anu fulis gamravlebis) unari gaaCnia.
fulis multiplikatori aris am gamravlebis
koeficienti.
sem-Si
fulis
multiplikatori
gamoiTvleba M2-is an M3-is sarezervo fulTan
SefardebiT.
arsebobs
misi
gamoTvlis
sxva
gzebic.
(ix.
sarezervo
fuli;
rezervebi;
savaldebulo rezervebi)
Sinameurneoba
(Household)
erT saerTo sacxovrebel farTobze da erTi
saojaxo
biujetiT
mcxovreb
adamianTa
erToblioba.
SeRavaTiani periodi
(Grace period)
kreditis
dabrunebis
periodi,
ganmavlobaSi mxolod saprocento
gadaxda xdeba.
Crdilovani ekonomika
(Black, grey, underground,
shadow economy)
faruli ekonomikuri garigebebis erToblioba,
romlis arsebobis safuZveli _ gadasaxadebisagan
Tavis
aridebis
an
aralegaluri
qmedebis
damalvis survilia.
centraluri banki
(Central bank)
qveynis mTavari banki, romelic moqmedebs rogorc
mTavrobisa da sxva bankebis banki da pasuxismgebelia qveyanaSi fuladi politikis ganxorcielebaze.
saqarTveloSi _ saqarTvelos erovnuli
banki (seb).
wminda adgilobrivi aqtivebi _ waa
(Net domestic assets - NDA)
rogorc wesi, jami ama Tu im sakredito
dawesebulebis
adgilobrivi
sakuTrebisa
da
ekonomikis
adgilobrivi
subieqtebis
mimarT
moTxovnebisa da valdebulebebis sxvaobisa.
sem-Si, rogorc wesi saubaria saqarTvelos
erovnuli bankis waa-ze (ix. aqtivebi,
wminda
ucxouri aqtivebi)
wminda ucxouri aqtivebi _ wua
(Net foreign assets - NFA)
rogorc wesi, jami ama Tu im sakredito
dawesebulebis ucxoeTSi mdebare sakuTrebisa da
sazRvargareT
ganlagebuli
ekonomikuri
subieqtebis
mimarT
moTxovnebis
da
valdebulebebis sxvaobisa.
jinis koeficienti
(Gini coefficient)
ix. lorencis mrudi.
158
romlis
ganakveTis
hiperinflacia
(Hyperinflation)
Zalian maRali inflacia. xSirad ganisazrvreba
rogorc inflacia romlis Tviuri done, drois
xangrZlivi monakveTis (eqvsi Tve da meti)
ganmavlobaSi, 50 procents aRemateba.
PAYG (Pay-as-you-go) sistema
am sistemis sapensio programebi mTels msopliosi
xorcieldeba.
PAYG
sistemis
safuZvelze
mTavroba momuSaveTagan agrovebs gadasaxadebs
pensionerTaTvis pensiebis gasacemad.
sistema
mdgrad
mistemad
iTvleba,
Tuki
muSakTa
Sesabamisi raodenoba sapensio valdebulebis
dasafarad
gadaixdis
gadasaxads,
romlis
ganakveTi damamZimebeli ar iqneba. es sistema
momuSaveTa
da
pensionerTa
individualur
sapensio angariSebs ar iTvaliswinebs; muSakis
mier Sesatani gadasaxadebis ganakveTi ar aris
dafuZnebuli
im
ganakveTze,
romelsac
konkretuli muSaki miiRebs pensiaze gasvlis
semdeg, xolo xandazmulTa pensiebi ar aris
dafuZnebuli
konkretuli
pensioneris
mier
Setanili gadasaxadebis odenobaze.
PAYG-is
sistema
gansazRvruli
odenobis
sapensio
daxmarebis sistemaa.
gansazRvruli ganakveTis
sapensio
daxmarebis
sistemebisTvis
damaxasiaTebalia pensionerebisTvis dabali riskfaqtori da amave dros dabali mogebac.
159
statistikuri danarTi
sarCevi *
cxrili A 4.1:
konsolidirebuli biujetis Semosavlebi, 2004 weli
cxrili A 4.2:
saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi ekonomikuri da funqcionaluri
klasifikaciiT, 2004 weli
cxrili A 5.1:
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis angariSebi, 2004 weli
cxrili A 5.2:
komerciuli bankebis angariSebi, 2004 weli
cxrili A 5.3:
monetaruli mimoxilva, 2004 weli
cxrili A 5.4:
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi da inflacia 2004 weli
cxrili A 6.1.1:
struqtura,
saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis da importis
harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HTS 96) mixedviT,
2004 weli
cxrili A 6.1.2:
struqtura,
saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis da importis
harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HTS 96) mixedviT,
2004 weli
cxrili A 8.1.1
ekonomikuri statusi, 1998 w. I kv. – 2000 w. IV kv.
cxrili A 8.1.2:
ekonomikuri statusi, 2000 w. I kv. – 2004 w. III kv.
* cxrilis nomris pirveli cifri miuTiTebs imaze, Tu romel Tavs ekuTvnis esa Tu is
cxrili.
160
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2005 weli,
#1
cxrili A4.1: konsolidirebuli biujetis Semosavlebi, 2004 weli
(milioni lari)
gegma
faqtiuri
Semosavlebi
gansxvaveba
gegmis
Sesruleba
wili
mTlian
wili mSp-Si
Semosaav
lebSi
wliuri zrda
Sul Semosavlebi da grantebi
2216.2
2282.3
66.0
103
173
100
23.3
sagadasaxado semosavlebi
centrtaluri biujetis
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi
mogebis gadasaxadi
dRg
1746.3
1811.2
64.9
104
153
79
18.5
890.8
244.4
154.0
619.9
261.7
358.2
166.4
62.8
103.6
98.0
124.7
901.5
268.7
161.6
628.2
262.6
365.5
163.8
62.0
101.8
100.1
134.1
10.7
101
162
39
9.2
24.3
7.6
8.3
0.9
7.3
-2.6
-0.8
-1.8
2.1
9.4
110
105
101
100
102
98
99
98
102
107
176
160
154
119
197
164
283
130
142
105
12
7
28
12
16
7
3
4
4
6
2.7
1.6
6.4
2.7
3.7
1.7
0.6
1.0
1.0
1.4
262.6
274.4
11.8
104
318
12
2.8
86.1
72.7
-13.4
84
3
0.7
349.9
371.2
21.3
106
163
16
3.8
284.8
65.2
121.3
296.4
74.9
123.9
11.6
9.7
2.7
104
115
102
164
159
256
13
3
5
3.0
0.8
1.3
adgilobriv produqciaze
importze
aqcizi
adgilobriv produqciaze
importze
sabaJo gadasaxadi
sxva gadasaxadebi
arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi
Semosavlebi kapitalis
operaciebidan
specialuri saxelmwifo
fondebis semosavlebi
socuzrunvelyofis fondi
sagzao fondi
grantebi
cxrili A 4.2: saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi ekonomikuri da funqcionaluri klasifikaciiT, 2004 weli
(milioni lari)
sul
xarjebi
saxelmwifos marTva
Tavdacva
kanoniereba da wesrigi
ganaTleba
jandacva
socuzrunvelyofa
sabinao meurneoba
kultura sporti religia
energetika
soflis meurneoba
mSenebloba da wiaRiseulis
mopoveba
sxva xarjebi
sul
mivlinebebi
socialuri sxva saqoneli procentebi
Senatnebi da momsaxureba s gadaxada
301.1
158.8
239.6
65.3
54.8
450.8
2.8
39.2
78.4
29.2
59.1
27.1
58.3
10.6
32.4
0.4
0.1
1.8
0.6
5.2
16.9
0.6
5.9
3.3
1.2
0.1
0.0
0.5
0.2
2.1
4.8
0.9
1.8
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.1
0.2
59.3
69.4
68.6
2.6
6.9
362.6
1.1
6.5
0.2
19.6
1.5
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.9
68.0
4.3
430.0
1923.6
0.7
0.2
0.0
0.1
2.1
1.4
200.3
0.7
0.4
32.3
0.1
0.9
9.7
0.8
5.5
604.2
transporti da kavSirgabmuloba
sxva ekonomikuri saqmianoba
Sromis
anazRaureb
a
subsidiebi da
mimdinare
transfertebi
72.6
8.5
71.3
48.3
13.7
85.9
1.0
29.8
77.2
1.1
kapitaluri
xarjebi
7.7
52.3
33.7
0.3
0.4
1.7
wminda
dakrediteb
a
80.7
0.6
0.2
0.9
0.0
140.9
140.9
0.1
66.9
0.4
128.6
538.3
0.1
1.7
166.7
150.4
231.1
cxrili A5.1: saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis angariSebi
(aTasi lari)
dek-03
wminda saerTaSoriso rezervebi
ian-04
Teb-04
mar-04
apr-04
mai-04
ivn-04
ivl-04
agv-04
seq-04
oqt-04
noe-04
dek-04
-311,364
-314,764
-286,372
-240,660
-189,578
-168,086
-115,378
-84,496
32,642
74,693
53,521
95,150
1,604
1,604
1,604
1,575
1,575
1,575
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,409
1,409
1,409
1,484
ucxouri valuta
395,678
403,388
395,274
422,750
429,559
442,047
526,236
535,531
611,591
670,113
634,713
676,420
698,690
ssf-s resursebis gamoyeneba
-593,162
-603,449
-571,041
-556,030
-515,900
-506,695
-539,196
-520,198
-484,754
-495,809
-478,836
-477,577
-481,758
sxva ucxouri valdebulebebi
-115,483
-116,307
-112,208
-108,955
-104,812
-105,013
-103,823
-101,234
-95,598
-101,021
-103,765
-105,102
-110,715
891,225
872,449
862,896
834,669
763,922
783,308
771,047
734,604
685,439
672,697
782,912
770,352
776,091
740,220
693,301
712,243
702,859
682,626
634,603
670,936
668,271
689,278
691,202
681,870
728,836
721,722
oqro
wminda adgilobrivi aqtivebi
wminda moTxovnebi samTavrobo seqtorisadmi
107,700
wminda moTxovnebi centraluri mTavrobisadmi
816,532
821,484
821,484
815,639
811,349
811,349
811,349
811,349
811,349
816,652
819,298
819,650
841,414
centralur mTavrobaze gacemuli sesxebi
701,125
707,497
707,497
701,125
701,125
701,125
701,125
667,702
667,702
621,952
621,952
621,952
625,132
-33,620
-51,132
-45,393
-75,419
-118,048
-99,106
-108,490
-128,723
-176,746
-145,716
-130,020
-137,780
-119,691
112,005
112,740
108,823
105,672
101,650
101,818
100,694
98,328
93,344
98,618
101,323
102,615
107,885
6,320
-1,051
0
8,200
0
3,900
0
0
0
-41,795
-65,219
-24,020
-41,000
-55,062
-57,111
-69,264
-59,772
samTavrobo seqtoris depozitebi
moTxovnebi ekonomikis sxva seqtorebisadmi
wminda moTxovnebi bankebisadmi
sxva aqtivebi (wminda)
-10,011
-9,593
-22,018
-19,424
-31,030
-34,654
-32,506
-46,350
-42,507
sarezevo fuli (M1)
579,862
557,686
576,525
594,008
574,344
615,221
655,670
650,108
786,352
836,536
fuli mimoqcevaSi
473,242
443,545
446,411
466,212
463,219
479,409
504,188
514,172
555,415
600,255
585,485
593,249
676,157
bankebis depozitebi
106,620
114,141
130,113
127,796
111,124
135,813
151,482
135,936
162,667
147,135
136,307
193,103
160,379
81,405
84,138
89,785
89,946
93,473
98,961
74,223
73,767
71,983
75,342
88,746
89,203
92,334
25,214
30,003
40,328
32,550
14,651
35,852
71,259
56,170
90,684
71,793
47,561
103,900
68,045
0
0
0
5,300
3,000
1,000
6,000
6,000
savaldebulo rezervebi
balansi sakorespondento angariSze
bankebis erTdRiani depozitebi
718,082
0
747,390
0
721,792
0
0
0
cxrili A5.2: komerciuli bankebis angariSebi
(aTasi lari)
dek-03
wminda ucxouri aqtivebi
ian-04
Teb-04
mar-04
apr-04
mai-04
ivn-04
ivl-04
agv-04
seq-04
oqt-04
noe-04
dek-04
42,456
80,082
84,491
85,595
50,965
67,816
66,743
91,115
76,765
19,311
45,522
35,019
2.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
0.0
242,456
276,156
269,808
275,537
245,912
252,679
254,241
269,925
247,179
206,663
236,539
223,516
265,003
ucxouri valdebulebebi
-200,002
-196,076
-185,319
-189,944
-194,949
-184,865
-187,501
-178,812
-170,416
-187,353
-191,019
-188,499
-210,408
576,396
587,167
580,138
600,354
615,810
659,741
649,842
687,766
688,222
764,206
760,802
794,420
841,345
747,413
748,757
725,463
751,088
778,370
758,731
783,998
834,183
833,884
880,643
910,434.5
901,223.4
965,615.7
-16,527
-18,252
-21,359
32,977
42,426
30,998
37,643
55,316
42,361
20,119
25,029
15,821
17,472
32,225
33,451
36,404
46,239
55,915
54,697
62,919
77,443
75,481
58,944
56,236
52,192
40,296
oqro
ucxouri valuta
adgilobrivi krediti
wminda moTxovnebi samTavrobo seqtorisadmi
wminda moTxovnebi centraluri mTavrobisadmi
54,595
kreditebi adgilobrivi mTavrobis dasafinanseblad
10,612
8,367
6,445
4,282
2,038
1,836
1,757
1,609
1,265
669
534
426
29
sxva moTxovnebi adgilobrivi mTavrobisadmi (wminda)
-54,530
-54,578
-55,354
-11,983
-11,263
-20,012
-19,289
-17,849
-26,257
-30,764
-24,993.3
-29,708.0
-17,268.6
sxva biujetgareSe fondebi (wminda)
-1,470
-1,364
-1,969
-1,330
-1,042
-1,254
-1,323
-1,210
-1,683
-1,759
-1,646
-1,911
-1,625
specialuri fondebi
-2,814
-3,127
-5,053
-2,241
-1,645
-2,309
-4,553
-2,920
-3,774
-3,885
-2,206.1
-2,272.6
-1,646.3
moTxovnebi ekonomikis sxva seqtorebisadmi
763,940
767,009
746,822
718,111
735,944
727,733
746,355
778,867
791,524
860,523
885,406
885,402
948,144
moTxovnebi iuridiuli pirebisadmi (wminda)
55,995
50,289
54,637
52,700
52,016
49,423
55,290
56,180
64,464
64,544
70,089
72,192
88,689
moTxovnebi fizikuri pirebisadmi (wminda)
37,829
36,671
39,962
37,651
39,109
33,802
32,851
35,617
36,547
38,302
40,254
40,094
46,917
670,115
680,049
652,223
627,761
644,819
644,508
658,213
687,069
690,513
757,677
775,062.4
773,116.4
812,537.0
-171,017
-161,591
-145,326
-150,735
-162,561
-98,989
-134,156
-146,417
-145,662
-116,437
-149,633
-106,803
-124,270
895,940.2
kreditebi ucxour valutaSi (iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebi)
sxva wminda aqtivebi
sadepozito valdebulebebi
618,852
667,249
664,628
685,948
666,774
727,558
716,584
778,881
764,987
783,517
806,323.6
829,438.9
depozitebi erovnul valutaSi
85,863
96,643
120,817
115,454
109,293
119,701
127,018
146,321
166,251
173,273
177,368
193,415
230,104
532,989
570,606
543,812
570,494
557,481
607,857
589,566
632,560
598,736
610,244
628,955.5
636,023.8
665,836.1
cxrili A5.3: monetaruli mimoxilva
(aTasi lari)
dek-03
oqro
ucxouri valuta
ucxouri valdebulebebi
ian-04
Teb-04
mar-04
apr-04
mai-04
ivn-04
ivl-04
agv-04
seq-04
oqt-04
noe-04
dek-04
-268,907
-234,681
-201,881
-155,065
-138,614
-100,270
-48,635
6,619
109,408
94,004
99,043
130,169
1,606
1,606
1,606
1,577
1,577
1,577
1,407
1,407
1,407
1,411
1,411
1,411
162,295
1,484
638,133
679,544
665,082
698,287
675,471
694,725
780,478
805,456
858,769
876,776
871,252
899,936
963,693
-908,647
-915,831
-868,569
-854,929
-815,661
-796,572
-830,519
-800,244
-750,768
-784,182
-773,620
-771,178
-802,882
1,329,295
1,318,263
1,288,982
1,272,158
1,239,195
1,273,438
1,232,969
1,249,972
1,164,023
1,227,176
1,244,705
1,235,821
1,349,637
1,642,329
1,631,850
1,610,377
1,596,981
1,573,322
1,572,792
1,587,551
1,615,137
1,561,831
1,650,196
1,701,035
1,685,709
1,795,223
wminda moTxovnebi samTavrobo seqto
766,385
752,100
754,732
773,197
735,727
743,240
740,503
737,942
676,963
691,055
714,307
697,692
739,194
wminda moTxovnebi centraluri mTav
837,692
835,833
838,584
823,147
786,084
817,582
806,803
813,049
769,495
803,681
809,023
810,094
829,816
adgilobrivi krediti
TREASURY OBLIGATIONS
44,750
46,433
49,586
58,915
67,682
66,242
73,288
83,631
81,765
65,248
61,989
57,888
45,823
-46,053
-49,183
-49,586
-14,413
-10,682
-29,248
-22,870
-20,265
-41,950
-45,801
-39,133
-54,927
-29,968
wminda moTxovnebi suesf-sadmi
-10,166
-15,469
-17,814
-23,454
-25,514
-29,890
-30,211
-32,793
-31,355
-47,418
-40,602
-34,929
-26,817
sxva arasabiujeto fondebi (wminda)
-10,692
-13,315
-7,277
-5,903
-12,113
-12,062
-8,770
-16,791
-12,233
-12,102
-7,919
-16,446
-28,381
moTxovnebi ekonomikis sxva seqtoreb
875,944
879,750
855,645
823,784
837,595
829,551
847,048
877,195
884,868
959,141
986,729
988,017
1,056,029
-313,034
-313,587
-321,396
-324,823
-334,127
-299,354
-354,582
-365,165
-397,808
-423,020
-456,330
-449,887
-445,586
1,060,388
1,083,581
1,087,101
1,117,092
1,100,581
1,173,168
1,184,334
1,256,591
1,273,431
1,321,181
1,343,748
1,365,991
1,511,933
527,398
512,976
543,289
546,598
543,100
565,311
594,768
624,031
674,695
710,937
714,792
729,967
846,097
wminda moTxovnebi adgilobrivi mTa
sxva wminda aqtivebi
farTo fuli (M3)
farTo fuli ucxouri depozitebis
erovnuli valuta bankebis gareT (
441,536
416,333
422,472
431,144
433,807
445,610
467,749
477,710
508,444
537,663
537,424
536,552
615,993
erovnuli valuta mimoqcevaSi
473,242
443,545
446,411
466,212
463,219
479,409
504,188
514,172
555,415
600,255
585,485
593,249
676,157
naRdi fuli k/b-is sacavebSi
-31,707
-27,212
-23,939
-35,069
-29,413
-33,798
-36,438
-36,462
-46,971
-62,592
-48,061
-56,697
-60,165
depozitebi erovnul valutaSi
85,863
96,643
120,817
115,454
109,293
119,701
127,018
146,321
166,251
173,273
177,368
193,415
230,104
532,989
570,606
543,812
570,494
557,481
607,857
589,566
632,560
598,736
610,244
628,955
636,024
665,836
cxrili A5.4:
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi da inflacia
periodi
inflacia (%)
fasebis indeqsi
wina
periodTan
SedarebiT
2000 dek
2001 ian
Teb
mar
apr
mai
ivn
ivl
agv
seq
oqt
noe
dek
2002 ian
Teb
mar
apr
mai
ivn
ivl
agv
seq
oqt
noe
dek
2003 ian
Teb
mar
apr
mai
ivn
ivl
agv
seq
oqt
noe
dek
2004 ian
Teb
mar
apr
mai
ivn
ivl
agv
seq
oqt
noe
dek
100.00
100.40
100.80
100.90
100.70
100.74
99.13
99.92
99.32
100.81
102.43
103.76
107.39
100.00
102.10
101.59
101.59
102.10
102.30
102.40
101.48
101.38
101.89
101.89
106.78
106.99
107.42
107.85
107.96
107.74
107.78
106.06
106.91
106.27
107.86
109.59
111.01
114.90
100.00
102.00
103.22
103.64
105.50
105.50
103.08
101.94
101.84
102.25
102.66
103.79
105.55
107.77
107.23
107.23
107.76
107.98
108.09
107.11
107.01
107.54
107.54
112.70
112.93
113.38
113.84
113.95
113.72
113.77
111.95
112.84
112.16
113.85
115.67
117.17
121.27
100.00
100.70
101.30
101.30
102.32
101.29
100.89
100.18
100.48
99.88
100.58
101.99
103.42
105.48
106.75
107.18
109.11
109.11
106.60
105.42
105.32
105.74
106.16
107.33
109.15
111.45
110.89
110.89
111.44
111.67
111.78
110.77
110.66
111.22
111.22
116.55
116.79
117.25
117.72
117.84
117.61
117.65
115.77
116.70
116.00
117.74
119.62
121.17
125.42
wyaro: GEPLAC -is gamoTvlebi statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebze dayrdnobiT
0.7
0.6
0.0
1.0
-1.0
-0.4
-0.7
0.3
-0.6
0.7
1.4
1.4
2.0
1.2
0.4
1.8
0.0
-2.3
-1.1
-0.1
0.4
0.4
1.1
1.7
2.1
-0.5
0.0
0.5
0.2
0.1
-0.9
-0.1
0.5
0.0
4.8
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.1
-0.2
0.04
-1.6
0.8
-0.6
1.5
1.6
1.3
3.5
cxrili A6.1.1: saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis da importis struqtura,
harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HTS 96) mixedviT, 2004 w.
(aTasi aSS dolari)
HTS
01 - cocxali pirutyvi
02 - xorci da xorcis subproduqtebi
03 - Tevzi, kiborCxalismagvari, moluskebi da sxv.
04 - rZe da rZis produqtebi, frinvelis kvercxi, naturaluri
Tafli,cxoveluri warmoSobis sxva sasursaTo produqtebi
05 -cxoveluri warmoSobis sxva produqtebi
06 -cocxali mcenare, mcenareebis bolqvebi da Zirebi, soko,
dakrefili yvavilebi da sxv.
07 -bostneuli
08 -nayofi da kakali, citrusebis an baRCeuli kulturebis kani
da qerqi
09 -yava, Cai, saneblebi
10 -pur-marcvleuli
11 -fqvil-burRuleulis mrewvelobis produqcia; qeri;
saxamebeli;
puris
webovana
12
zeTovaniinulini;
nayofi da
Tesli;
sxva Tesli, nayofi da marcvali;
samkurnalo da teqnikuri daniSnulebis mcenareebi; Cala da
furaJi
13 -fisebi da balzamebi, mcenareuli wvenebi da eqstraqtebi
14 -dawnuli nakeTobebis dasamzadebeli mcenareuli warmoSobis
masala; mcenareuli warmoSobis sxva produqtebi, romlebic ar
aris miTiTebuli sxva adgilas
15 -cxoveluri da mcenareuli warmoSobis cximebi da zeTebi;
maTi daSlis produqtebi; damzadebuli sakvebi cximebi;
cxoveluri an mcenareuli warmoSobis cvili
16 -xorcis, Tevzisa da kiborCxalasmagvarTa, moluskebisa da
zRvis sxva uxerxemloTa nawarmi
17 -Saqari da Saqris sakonditro nawarmi
18 -kakao da misi nawarmi
19 -puris marcvlis, fqvilis, kraxmalis da rZis nawarmi;
fqvilis sakonditro nawarmi
20 -bostneulis, nayofis, kaklis da mcenareTa sxva nawilebis
gadamuSavebis produqtebi
21 -sxva saxis sakvebi produqtebi
22 -alkoholiani da ualkoholo sasmelebi da Zmari
23 -gemo-kvebis mrewvelobis narCenebi; mza sakvebi
cxovelebisaTvis
24 -Tambaqo da Tambaqos samrewvelo Semcvlelebi
25 -marili; gogirdi; miwa da qva; sabaTqaSe masala; kiri da
cementi
26 -madani, wida da nacari
27 -mineraluri sawvavi, navTobi da maTi amoqaCvis produqtebi;
bitumizebuli nivTierebebi; mineraluri cvili
28 -araorganuli qimiis produqtebi; Zvirfasi da iSviaTi
liTonebis, radioaqtiuri elementebis an izotopebis organuli
da araorganuli SenaerTebi
29 -organuli qimiuri SenaerTebi
30 -farmacevtuli produqtebi
31 -sasuqebi
32 -saTrimlavi da saRebavi eqstraqtebi; tanini da misi
warmoebulebi; saRebavebi, pigmentebi da sxva saRebavebi
nivTierebebi; melani (topografiuli saRebavebi)
33 -eTerzeTebi da rezinoidebi; parfiumeriis, kosmetikisa da
tualetis saSualebani
34 -saponi, zedapirulad-aqtiuri organuli nivTierebebi,
sarecxi saSualebebi, sapoxi masalebi, xelovnuri da mza
sanTlebi, sawmendi da saprialebeli saSualeblebi, sanTeli da
misi msgavsi nawarmi, saZerwi pastebi, plastelini, kbilis
samkurnalo sanTlebi
35 -cilovani nivTierebebi; modificirebuli saxamebeli; webo;
fermentebi
36 -asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi; piroteqnikuri nakeTobebi; asanTi;
piroforuli Senadnobebi; sawvav nivTierebaTa zogierTi
saxeobebi
37 -foto da kino saqoneli
38 -Sereuli qimiuri produqtebi
39 -plasmasi da misgan damzadebuli nakeTobani
40 -kauCukisa da rezinis nawarmi
41 -tyavis nedleuli (garda bewvisa) da tyavi
42 -tyavis nawarmi; sasarajo-saunagire nawarmi da akazmuloba;
samgzavro nivTebi, qalis CanTebi da maTi msgavsi saqoneli;
cxovelebis tyavisagan damzadebuli nawarmi (garda naturaluri
abreSumis ketgutisa)
eqsporti
1
844
214
importi
790
16,686
4,326
4,432
-
22,047
79
472
1,128
952
3,674
21,284
5,151
22,997
5,273
5,673
77,463
594
55,343
1,028
85
1,039
356
42
95
709
23,595
102
35,607
1,571
6,942
59,005
20,006
96
14,113
2,181
1,289
101,377
7,687
11,401
11,402
149
1,089
4,514
38,293
5,336
39,922
12,003
1,275
22,801
318,631
6,236
1,752
2,622
6,343
3,358
90,406
28,854
1,182
368
10,018
3,775
22,990
271
13,633
0
1,712
76
11
246
830
1,263
2,581
839
12,379
31,681
21,446
1,562
635
141
2,262
cxrili A6.1.2: saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis da importis struqtura,
harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis ( HTS 96) mixedviT, 2004w.
(aTasi aSS dolari)
HTS
44 -merqani da misgan damzadebuli nawarmi; xis naxSiri
45 -korpi da misi nawarmi
46 -Calis nawarmi, mcenareuli da sxva warmoSobis dasawnavi
masala; kalaTis da sxva wnuli nakeToba
eqsporti
12,052
11
importi
7,615
2,857
1
12
47 -saqaRalde masa merqanis an sxva mcenareuli boWkovani
masalisagan; qaRaldisa da muyaos narCenebi da makulatura
-
57
48
da muyao;
qaRaldisa
da muyaos nawarmi
49 -qaRaldi
nabeWdi wignebi,
gazeTebi,
reproduqciebi
da poligrafiuli
mrewvelobis sxva nawarmi; xelnawerebi, nabeWdi teqstebi da
gegmebi
897
33,618
210
8,543
50 -abreSumi
51 -matyli, cxovelebis wminda da uxeSi bewvi; cxenis Zuis narTi
da qsovili
52 -bamba
v ce
eul
fe q
Wk e
q R ld
d
qsovilebi
54 -qimiuri Zafebi
55 -qimiuri Stapelis boWkoebi
56 -bamba, nabadi da uqsovadi masalebi; specialuri narTi;
bawari da Tokis nawarmi; bagiri da misi nawarmi
57 -xaliCebi da sxva safeiqro iatakis safenebi
-
130
15
7
-
525
473
56
1,783
2,989
15
4
960
732
-
58 -specialuri qsovilebi; qsovilebi xaoiani arSiiT; maqmani,
gobelini, mosarTavi masalebi; naqargebi
59 -safeiqro qsovilebi, gaJRenTili, gaormagebuli, safarveliT;
teqnikuri nawarmi misgan
60 -manqaniTa da xeliT naqsovi trikotaJis tilo
61 -trikotaJis tansacmeli
62 -naqsovi tansacmeli (garda trikotaJisa)
63 -sxva mza safeiqro nawarmi
-
181
1
73
869
979
353
800
1,223
5,924
20,002
8,009
64 -fexsacmeli, windebi da analogiuri nawarmi; maTi nawilebi
65 -Tavsaburebi da maTi nawilebi
122
5
8,789
449
-
149
66 -qolgebi, xeljoxebi, Soltebi, maTraxebi da maTi nawilebi
67 damuSavebuli bumbuli da misgan damzadebuli nawarmi;
xelovnuri yvavilebi; adamianis Tmisagan damzadebuli
nakeTobani
68 -nakeTobani qvis, TabaSiris, cementis, qarsisa da sxva msgavsi
masalisagan
69 -keramikis nawarmi
70 -SuSa da misi nawarmi
71 -bunebrivi an kultivirebuli margaliti, Zvirfasi an
naxevradZvirfasi qvebi, Zvirfasi liTonebi, Zvirfas liTonebSi
72 -Savi liTonebi
73 -Savi liTonebis nawarmi
74 -spilenZi da misi nakeTobani
75 -nikeli da misi nakeTobani
76 -alumini da misi nakeTobani
78 -tyvia da misi nakeTobani
79 -TuTia da misi nakeTobani
80 - kala da misi nakeToba
81 -sxvat araZvirfasi
liTonkeramika;
maTi nakeTobani
u e te , d liTonebi;
w
, k v e ,
gle
v f
liTonebisagan; maTi nawilebi araZvirfasi liTonebisagan
83 -araZvirfasi liTonebisagan damzadebuli sxva nakeTobani,
romlebic sxva adgilas ar aris miTiTebuli
84 -atomuri reaqtorebi, qvabebi, danadgarebi da meqanikuri
mowyobilobebi; maTi nawilebi
85 eleqtruli manqanebi da mowyobilobebi, maTi nawili; xmis
Camweri da xmis aRmdgeni aparatura; satelevizio
gamosaxulebisa da xmis Camweri da aRmdgeni aparatura; maTi
nawilebi da mowyobilobebi
86 -sarkinigzo lokomotivebi da moZravi Semadgenlobebi,
tramvai, maTi nawilebi; tramvais da rkinigzis qselis sagzao
mowyobilobani, maTi kvanZebi da detalebi; meqanikuri da
eleqtromeqanikuri signalizaciis mowyobilobebi
87 -miwiszeda satransporto saSualebebi, sarkinigzo da
tramvais moZravi Semadgenlobebis garda, da maTi nawilebi da
mowyobilobebi
88 -safreni aparatebi, kosmosuri aparatebi maTi nawilebi
89 -gemebi, navebi da sxva mcuravi saSualebebi
90 -optikuri, fotografiuli, kinematografiuli, sazomi,
sakontrolo, precizionuri, samedicino da qirurgiuli
mowyobilobebi da aparatebi; maTi nawilebi da mowyobilobebi
91 -saaTebi da maTi nawilebi
92 -musikaluri instrumentebi; maTi nawilebi
93 - iaraRebi da saomari saSualebebi; maTi nawilebi
analogiuri eavejis kuTvnilobani;
gasanaTebeli
e
d
tul
ve t mowyobilobebi
nawilebi
96 -sxvadasxva mza nawarmi
97- xelovnebis nimuSebi, sakoleqcio da antikvaruli sagnebi
-
18
141
624
1,646
9,370
14,239
13,670
20,270
140,692
6,486
8,377
129
11,131
177
67
146
1,339
27,549
115,894
2,406
3
4,772
162
182
14
118
129
4,124
128
7,573
15,925
192,432
6,361
125,862
6,146
2,730
7,659
85,465
156,673
20,860
61
1,595
1,897
35,087
24
33
263
279
157
177
40
558
76
23,057
27,799
4,606
3,334
58
cxrili A8.1.1: ekonomikuri statusi, 1998 w. I kv. - 2000 w. IV kv.
(aTasi kaci)
1998 w.
I kv.
(1)
(2)
dasaqmebuli
daqiravebuli
TviT-dasaqmebuli
umuSevari (1)
umuSevari (2)
II kv.
3, 099
2,332
3, 136
2,462
3, 194
IV kv.
3, 008
2,146
1,990
2,457
2,555
2,195
2,042
2, 101
2,283
1,887
1,741
714
1,387
737
1,546
786
1,092
741
990
231
356
179
272
260
309
249
301
1,162
1,108
1,054
1,019
975
937
9.9
14.5
7.3
10.6
78.5
81.5
62.8
67.7
samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficienti (1)
75.3
79.3
TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian samuSao ZalaSi
59.5
TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian dasaqmebaSi
66.0
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, samuSao Zalis gamokvleva
SeniSvna: (1 ) Sso-s standartiT (an “mkacri” kriteriumiT)
(2 ) Sso-s ,,Serbilebuli” kriteriumiT
1999 w.
III kv.
I kv.
II kv.
2000 w.
III kv.
IV kv.
I kv.
II kv.
III kv.
IV kv.
3, 032
3, 049
3, 092
3, 018
3, 123
3, 151
3, 133
3, 199
2, 018
2, 052
2, 058
1, 917
1, 951
2, 102
2, 064
2, 095
2, 058
2, 093
2, 106
1, 975
2, 087
2, 199
2, 181
2, 215
1, 725
1, 784
1, 792
1, 633
1, 705
1, 890
1, 890
1, 878
737
973
743
1, 023
741
1, 030
710
905
679
912
695
1, 087
675
1, 095
691
1, 080
1,039
980
292
333
1,110
1,000
268
308
1,078
997
266
314
1,049
962
284
342
1,158
1,044
246
382
1,172
1,035
212
309
1,048
952
174
292
1,069
952
217
337
1,104
985
12.1
14.1
12.5
14.7
14.5
16.2
13.0
14.7
12.9
14.9
14.8
17.3
12.6
18.3
10.1
14.0
8.4
13.4
10.4
15.2
67.2
68.7
50.9
57.9
66.2
67.9
49.7
56.9
66.6
67.9
48.2
56.4
67.3
68.6
49.8
57.3
66.6
68.1
50.1
57.5
63.5
65.4
47.2
55.4
62.5
66.8
46.7
53.5
66.7
69.8
51.7
57.5
65.9
69.6
53.0
57.9
65.5
69.2
51.6
57.5
cxrili A8.1.2: ekonomikuri statusi, 2000 w. I kv. - 2004 w. II kv.
(aTasi kaci)
2001 w.
I kv.
(1)
(2)
II kv.
2002 w.
III kv.
IV kv.
I kv.
II kv.
2003 w.
III kv.
IV kv.
I kv.
II kv.
2004 w.
III kv.
IV kv.
I kv.
II kv.
III kv.
3, 277
3, 269
3, 139
3, 083
3, 016
3, 033
3, 021
2, 971
3, 082
3, 060
3, 132
3, 134
3, 143
3, 122
3, 181
2, 066
2, 197
2, 144
2, 048
1, 912
1, 983
2, 003
1, 945
1, 941
2, 037
2, 120
2, 103
2, 007
2, 054
2, 093
2, 195
2, 314
2, 246
2, 165
1, 983
2, 036
2, 063
2, 015
2, 025
2, 095
2, 170
2, 160
2, 089
2, 106
2, 146
1, 818
1, 944
1, 913
1, 838
1, 659
1, 742
1, 768
1, 713
1, 679
1, 805
1, 897
1, 877
1, 746
1, 809
1, 819
681
1, 034
672
1, 189
636
1, 194
630
1, 127
625
1, 028
598
1, 141
597
1, 168
607
1, 102
594
1, 083
604
1, 200
640
1, 255
637
1, 240
620
1, 125
608
1, 201
578
1, 239
248
377
1,210
1,082
253
370
1,072
955
231
333
995
893
210
327
1,034
918
254
324
1,103
1,033
241
294
1,050
997
236
296
1,017
957
232
303
1,026
956
262
345
1,141
1,057
233
290
1,023
965
223
273
1,002
952
226
283
1, 028
971
260
342
1, 130
1,047
245
298
1, 065
1,013
274
327
1, 086
1,032
12.0
17.2
11.5
16.0
10.8
14.8
10.3
15.1
13.3
16.3
12.1
14.4
11.8
14.3
11.9
15.0
13.5
17.1
11.4
13.9
10.5
12.9
10.7
13.1
13.0
16.4
11.9
14.1
13.1
15.2
63.1
67.2
67.0
70.8
TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian samuSao ZalaSi
50.1
54.1
TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian dasaqmebaSi
56.9
61.2
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, samuSao Zalis gamokvleva
68.3
71.5
55.7
62.4
66.4
70.2
55.0
61.3
63.4
65.7
53.7
62.0
65.4
67.1
57.5
65.5
66.3
68.3
58.3
66.1
65.5
67.8
56.6
64.3
63.0
65.7
55.8
64.5
66.6
68.5
58.9
66.5
67.7
69.3
59.2
66.2
67.1
68.9
59.0
66.1
63.9
66.5
56.1
64.4
65.8
67.5
58.5
66.4
65.8
67.5
59.2
68.1
dasaqmebuli
daqiravebuli
TviT-dasaqmebuli
umuSevari (1)
umuSevari (2)
SeniSvna: (1 ) Sso-s standartiT (an “mkacri” kriteriumiT)
(2 ) Sso-s ,,Serbilebuli” kriteriumiT
abreviaturebi
gaero
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia
vmo
vaWrobis msoflio organizacia
vssk
vaWrobis saerTaSoriso standartuli klasifikacia
dsT
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba
dRg
damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi
epkc
ekonomikuri politikisa da kvlevis centri
Tbsb
Tbilisis bankTaSorisi savaluto birJa
kvt•sT
kilovatsaaTi (mgvt•sT - megavatsaaTi, gvt•sT - gigavatsaaTi)
mep
mTliani erovnuli produqti
mSp
mTliani Sida produqti
mfi
mwarmoebelTa fasebis indeqsi
sd
saxelmwifo sagadasaxado departamenti
seb
saqarTvelos erovnuli banki
sem
sesf
socuzrunvelyofis erTiani saxelmwifo fondi
sv
saxazino valdebuleba (Tamasuqi)
ssd
statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
sss
saxelmwifo sagadasaxado samsaxuri
sssf
saqarTvelos socialuri sainvesticio fondi
ssu
specialuri sasesxo uflebebi
ssf
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
sf
sarezervo fuli
sfi
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi
sqms
saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministro
Sso
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia
waa
wfi
warmoebis fasebis indeqsi
wmp
wminda materialuri produqti
wsr
wminda saerTaSoriso rezervebi
wua
ha
heqtari
ACDI
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis
organizacia
BSEC
Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromloba
171
abreviaturebi
BSTDB
Savi zRvis vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis banki
CAP
saerTo agraruli politika
CASE
socialuri da ekonomikuri kvlevis centri
CEFTA
centraluri evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba
EBRD
evropis rekonstruqciisa sa ganviTarebis banki
ECB
evropis centraluri banki
ECCC
evrokavSiris sabajo kodeqsi
EFSA
evropis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis administracia
EFTA
evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba
EMI
evropis monetaruli instituti
EMS
evropis monetaruli sistema
EMU
ekonomikuri da monetaruli kavSiri
ESAF
struqturul gardaqmnaTa gafarToebuli dafinansebis meqanizmi
EUR
evro
FTA
Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba
GATT
generaluri SeTanxmeba vaWrobasa da tarifebze
GEPLAC
ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTulevropuli sakonsultacio centri
GET
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi (ix. sem)
GSP
preferenciebis zogadi sistema
GUUAM
saqarTvelos, ukrainis, uzbekeTis, azerbaijanisa da moldovas mier
(suuam)
1997 wels Camoyalibebuli regionaluri organizacia
HS
harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistema
ICC
saerTaSoriso savaWro palata
IEA
energetikis saerTaSoriso saagento
IFAD
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso fondi
INOGATE
evropisaken navTobisa da gazis saxelmwifoTaSoriso
transportireba
ISIC
saerTaSoriso standartuli dargobrivi klasifikacia
MRAs
urTierTaRiarebis SeTanxmebebi
NTR
normaluri savaWro urTierToba
OECD
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia
OPEC
navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizacia
PREGP
saqarTvelos siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri zrdis programa
SAC
msofli bankis struqturul gardaqmnaTa krediti
SDR
is. ssu
SIS
TurqeTis statistikis saxelmwifo instituti
172
abreviaturebi
TEN
trans-evropuli qselebi
TRI
vaWrobis SezRudulobisi indeqsi
TRIMs
vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli sainvesticio RonisZiebebi
TRIPS
vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebi
TRACECA
satransporto koridori evropa-kavkasia-azia
UNCTAD
gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis konferencia
UNCITRAL
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis saerTaSoriso savaWro
kanonmdeblobis komisia
USAID
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis
saagento
USITC
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso vaWrobis komisia
USTR
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis savaWro warmomadgenloba
WTO
vaWrobis msoflio organizacia (ix. vmo)
WTO
msoflio turistuli organizacia
173

saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi

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