Prof. Paolo De Stefani_03.02.2012
Transcript
Prof. Paolo De Stefani_03.02.2012
3 febbraio 2012 Diritti umani – Unione Europea (trattazione parziale) Paolo De Stefani UE e diritti umani Trattati Progressiva integrazione dei diritti umani nel sistema giuridico dell’UE Trattati – da Maastricht (1992) in avanti Non binding: Declaration of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs on Human Rights of 21 July 1986, the Community Charter on the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers, on 9 December 1989; The Luxemburg Council of Europe Declaration on Human Rights on 29 June 1991; the Declaration of Vienna on the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, on 10 Dec. 1998 2000: Carta di Nizza (Costituzione per l’Europa) Trattato di Lisbona Giurisprudenza della CGE: principi comuni alla tradizioni costituzionali degli stati membri CEDU e giurisprudenza CtEDU Trattati Trattato di Lisbona TUE: Preambolo e art. 2 (founding values) art. 3 (peace and human rights among the essential aims) art. 21 (foundation of the EU’s international action) art. 6 (Nice Charter and EU’s accession to the ECHR) see TFEU art. 218, paragraphs 6 and 8) I diritti fondamentali, garantiti dalla CEDU e risultanti dalle tradizioni costituzionali comuni degli stati membri, fanno parte del diritto dell’UE in quanto principi generali. art. 7 (serious and persistent breach of the EU values) artt. 9-12 (democracy) art. 11 (iniziativa dei cittadini) Lisbona Trattato di Lisbona TFUE: artt 18-25 (cittadinanza europea – si aggiunge a quella nazionale – senza discriminazioni) right to move and reside freely; right to vote and stand as candidates in European and municipal elections in the State of residence; the right to diplomatic and consular assistance; the right to file petitions to the European Parliament and apply to the European Ombudsman. The fight against any form of discrimination is assumed as a possible area of EU measures Lisbona Ambiti del diritto dell’UE in cui i diritti umani sono rilevanti TFUE Title V, space of freedom, security and justice (TFEU art. 67-89) (placed under the jurisdictional supervision of the ECJ) - abolition of controls on persons when crossing the internal borders (art. 77), asylum and subsidiary or temporary protection (art. 78), immigration (art. 79); - judicial cooperation in civil matters: mutual recognition of judgments, cross-border service of judicial and extrajudicial documents, cooperation in unadevelopment piccolaofintroduzione the taking of evidence, alternative methods of dispute settlement, etc.; - judicial cooperation in criminal matters: recognition of judgments, cooperation among prosecutor’s offices, definition of “European” offences and relative sanctions (a European Prosecutor’s Office is envidaged; this is an area for enhanced cooperation; EUROJUST); - police cooperation: this includes data collection, treatment and analysis; training, etc. EUROPOL has been qualified as an EU Agency since 1 January 2010. Università di Padova Lisbona Ambiti del diritto dell’UE in cui i diritti umani sono rilevanti TFUE Title VII (TFEU art. 101 ff.) (domestic market): legislations must harmonise in the field of intellectual property rights. Title X (on social policy): recognition of the fundamental social rights as defined by the 1961 European Social Charter and the 1989 Communitarian Carter of Fundamental Social Rights of Workers. Areas of intervention by the EU include improvement of the working environment and conditions, information unaequality piccola introduzione and consultation of workers, between men and women and combating social exclusion. Linked to the EU’s competence in the social field is the functioning of the European Social Fund (Title XI, TFEU art. 162 ff.). Employment (TFEU art. 145-150), education, vocational training, youth and sports (both introduced by the Lisbon Treaty: TFEU art. 165-166), consumer protection (TFEU art.169), energy policies (TFEU art. 194), and civil protection (TFEU art. 196). Università di Padova Lisbona Ambiti del diritto dell’UE in cui i diritti umani sono rilevanti TUE + TFUE Human rights dimension in the Union’s external action (see TEU art. 21), which encompasses the common foreign and security policy of the Union (TEU art. 23-46). The principles and goals of democracy, rule of law, universality and indivisibility of human rights, as well as the eradication of poverty, the preservation of peace (in line with the United Nations aims), environmental protection, development piccola introduzione cooperation, etc., must una be respected both in external action and in relation to the external aspects of any other Union policy. As regards cooperation with third Countries, and humanitarian aid, the Union acts to complement and reinforce the action of States Parties, pursuing, in particular, the goal of reducing and eradicating poverty (TFEU art. 208). Università di Padova Carta dei diritti fondamentali EU Charter of Fundamental Rights •same legal value as the Treaties. •Some provisions already existed in the TEU and TFEU, while others replicate provisions of the ECHR. •six headings: dignity, freedom, equality, solidarity, citizenship, justice. •art. 51 : Charter’s norms apply to institutions, bodies and offices and agencies of the EU, and to its member States only as far as they are implementing EU law.una The provisions not modify limits of EU law nor piccola do introduzione establish any new powers to the Union. •rights already guaranteed by the ECHR are considered protected to the degree established by the ECHR itself. •principles of the Charter may be a source of inspiration for EU bodies and institutions, as well as for State legislators and Governments, when they implement EU law. •Charter’s norms may be invoked at the judicial level only in order to interpret acts in the sphere of EU law, or to verify their legality. Università di Padova Diritto derivato Esempi di atti recenti adottati dall’UE in cui i diritti umani hanno rilevanza: •Regolamenti che aggiornano la lista di persone o enti soggetti a sanzioni in esecuzione delle risoluzioni del CdS contro i talebani e contro la rete al-Qaeda •Altre misure contro le persone incriminate dal TIPJ, o sottoposte a smart sanctions del CdS in relazione alle situazioni in Somalia, Liberia, Zimbabwe, Costa d’Avorio, RdCongo, introduzione Libano, Corea del Nord, una piccola Myanmar-Birmania, Guinea, Eritrea, Bielorussia. •Misure restrittive dei rapporti politici e commerciali Iran, con la regione della Trans-Dnistria •Lotta al terrorismo: agreement with the United States on the processing and transfer of Financial Messaging Data from the European Union to the United States for purposes of the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program (“Official Journal of the EU”, 27 July 2010). Università di Padova Diritto derivato Esempi di atti recenti adottati dall’UE in cui i diritti umani hanno rilevanza: •Regolamento 1259/2010 (laws applying to divorce and separations) •Direttiva 2010/64/EU (right to interpretation and translation in criminal trials) •Decisione del Consiglio 2010/252/EU, 26 April 2010, (on FRONTEX) •Comunicazione della Commissione : Action Plan on unaccompanied minors for the period 2010-2014 (COM(2010)213 final) •Comunicazione della Commissione : A Global Approach to the Protection of una piccola introduzione Personal Data in the European Union (COM(2010) 609 final) •Comunicazione della Commis. : body scanners in airports (COM(2010) 311) •Comunicazione della Commissione : European Strategy on Disability 20102020 (COM(2010)636 final) (In December 2009 the EU acceded to the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) •Comunicazione della Commis. : social and economic integration of the Roma in Europe (COM (2010)133 final), •Women's Charter, a Declaration by the European Commission Università di Padova Giurisprudenza recente The European Court of Justice applied the Charter of Fundamental Rights in various judgments •Case C-555/07 of 19 January 2010 (Kücükdeveci) concerns age discrimination against a woman worker •cases C-92/09 and C-93/09, 9 November 2010 (right to privacy of those benefiting of financial contribution from the una piccola introduzione European Agricultural Fund and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development) •judgments on conformity to EU law of norms imposing restrictions affecting persons linked to terrorist organisations or regimes violating International Law (Kadi cases) Università di Padova Giurisprudenza recente The European Court of Justice applied the Charter of Fundamental Rights in various judgments •At the end of 2010, approximately 140 suits were pending against Italy for infraction; in 2009 the number had reached 153. •In the case C-297/08, of 4 March 2010, the European Court of Justice recognised that Italy has failed to fulfil its obligations deriving from directive 2006/12 of the European Parliament and the Council, on waste, since it has not unadisposal piccola introduzione adequately managed waste in Naples and Campania. •In case C-491/08, the Court ascertained the Italian State’s failure to comply with directive 92/43/CEE (“habitat directive”) relative to the site Is Arenas, in the province of Oristano •In case C-379-/10 (claim submitted on 29 July 2010), the Commission sued the Italian State alleging the incompatibility with EU law of Italian legislation (law 13 April 1988, no. 117) which excludes any responsibility by the State towards a citizen in case of miscarriage of justice in applying EU law, except in cases of criminal intent or gross negligence on the part of the judge Università di Padova Giurisprudenza recente The European Court of Justice applied the Charter of Fundamental Rights in various judgments •“Dublin cases”: C-411/10, C-493/10, 21 dicembre 2011. “L’art. 4 della Carta deve essere interpretato nel senso che gli stati membri … sono tenuti a non trasferire un richiedente asilo verso lo stato membro competente ai sensi del regolamento n. 343/2003 quando non possono ignorare che le carenze sistemiche nella procedura di asilo e nelle condizioni di accoglienza … in tale una stato costituiscono motivi seri epiccola comprovatiintroduzione di credere che il richiedente asilo corra un rischio reale di subire trattamenti inumani o degradanti” •Embrione umano e dignità Causa C-34/10, 18 ottobre 2011: “costituisce un "embrione umano" qualunque ovulo umano fin dalla fecondazione … L'esclusione dalla brevettabilità relativa all'utilizzazione di embrioni umani a fini industriali o commerciali enunciata all'art. 6, n. 2, lett. c) della direttiva 98/44 riguarda altresì l'utilizzazione a fini di ricerca scientifica … L'art. 6 esclude la brevettabilità di un'invenzione qualora l'insegnamento tecnico oggetto della domanda di brevetto richieda la previa distruzione di embrioni umani o la loro utilizzazione come materiale di partenza … Università di Padova