religia - Iverieli

ISSN 1512-1623
religia
samecniero-saRvTismetyvelo Jurnali
Tbilisi
2011
saredaqcio sabWo:
mitropoliti sergi (CekuriSvili)
gigla
abdalaZe
(p. mg. mdivani)
rismag
gordeziani
irine
darCia
nikolae
dura (rumineTi)
anastasia
zaqariaZe
guram
TevzaZe
katerina
ierodiakonus
saberZneTi
irakli
kalandia
zurab
kiknaZe
irma
ratiani
viqtor
rcxilaZe
zaza
sxirtlaZe
dodo (mariam) Rlonti
elguja
xinTibiZe
demur
jalaRonia
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viqtor rcxilaZis TaosnobiT
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Rismag
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Dura (Constanta)
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Zakariadze (Tbilisi)
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Tevzadze (Tbilisi)
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Ierodiakonus (Athens)
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Zurab
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Zaza
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Kalandia (Tbilisi)
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The magazine was established by the
initiative of Viktor Rtskhiladze in 1992
Our address:
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0164 Tbilisi, Georgia
Tel.: (+995 32) 957334
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E-mail: [email protected]
religia #3, 2011
Sinaarsi
RvTismetyveleba
zurab kiknaZe - sauli da daviTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
dodo (mariam) Rlonti - qristesmieri Rirsyofa da uRirsoba . . . . . 15
Teimuraz fanjikiZe - qristianuli eTika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria
mRvdeli aleqsi qSutaSvili - saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis samociqulo statusis istoriul-kanonikuri
principebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
eldar bubulaSvili - saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq efrem II
(sidamoniZe) mogoneba wm. daviT da konstantine mxeiZeebis
wminda nawilebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
religia da filosofia
mixeil maxaraZe - grigol nazianzelis msoflmxedveloba da
areopagituli moZRvreba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
anastasia zaqariaZe - pasuxismgeblobis fenomeni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
irakli braWuli - azrovnebis paradigma mxatvrul TeologiaSi . . . . . 72
religia da sociologia
kaxa qecbaia - leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi postTanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi religiuri cxovrebis virtualizaciis
kritikuli gaazrebisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
robert nil bela - religiis klasifikacia
(Targmna da SeniSvnebi daurTo givi rogavam) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
wignebis mimoxilva
ioanes heseni - platonizmi da profetizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
garekanis pirveli gverdi
wmida dimitri da wmida Tevdore (`iloris wmida giorgi“ – karedi, zugdidi).
RELIGION #3, 2011
SCIENTIFIC-THEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE
CONTENTS
THEOLOGY
Zurab Kiknadze – Saul and David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Dodo (Mariam) Glonti – Christian worthiness and unworthiness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Teimuraz Panjikidze – Christian Ethics Thomas a Kempis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF GEORGIA
Priest Aleksi Kshutashvili – Georgian Orthodox Church apostolic status
historical-canonic principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Eldar Bubulashvili – Recollection of Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia Eprem II
(Sidamonidze) about Sacred Remains of Saint Great Martyrs, David and
Konstantine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Lali Osepashvili – From history of Cross of Vine, in the view of
Georgian and Armenian historic sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY
Mikheil Makharadze – Theory of Gregory of Nazianzus and the Areopagitical
Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Anastasia Zakariadze – Phenomenon of Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Irakli Brachuli – Paradigm of thinking in artistic theology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
RELIGION AND SOCIOLOGY
Kakha Ketsbaia – On Critical Interpretation of Virtualization of Religious Life in
Post-modern Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Robert Nil Beli – Clafication of Religion
(Translation and Comments by Givi Rogava) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
REVIEW OF BOOKS
Ioanes Hessen – Platonizm and Profetizm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
RvTismetyveleba
zurab kiknaZe
sauli da daviTi
Seiqmna paradoqsuli viTareba: qveyanaSi ori cxebulia – erTi cxadi,
romelic mefobas axorcielebs, meore – faruli, romelic nabi-nabij uaxlovdeba mefobas. boroti sulisgan Sepyrobili da marTuli sauli kvlav
cxebulad rCeba. ufali ganudga Tavis cxebuls, daviTi ki, Tavadac cxebuli, misi morCilia. magram am nabijebs mefobisken daviTi Segnebulad ar
dgams. mas bevrjer mieca SemTxveva saulis mokvlisa, magram pieteti cxebulis winaSe xels aRamarTvinebs masze. daviTi devnilia saulisgan, magram
mTeli es periodi misi cxovrebisa siwrfeliT da cxebulis winaSe Tavis
damdablebiT aris aRbeWdili. `vis winaaRmdeg gamovida israelis mefe? vis
devni? mxolod mkvdar ZaRls, mxolod rwyils rasme~ (1mef. 24:15). israeliani am eniT mxolod ufals SeiZleba elaparakebodes, mxolod uflis
winaSe aRiarebdes Tavis araraobas (`xolo me matl var da ara kac~, fsalm.
21:7). magram daviTi Tavadac xom cxebulia? cxebuli cxebulis winaSe acamtverebs Tavs, Tavisi cxebuleba daviwyebuli aqvs.
magram providencia daviTs mefobisTvis amzadebs. amisaTvis, SesaZloa,
gangeba Tavad daviTs yvelaze naklebad iyenebdes. daviTi bunebrivad miyveba Tavis Sinagan Zaxils, sindisis xmas, mowodebas. paradoqsia, rom yvelaze mets daviTis gamefebisTvis sauli akeTebs. saulis uneburi nabijebi
daviTis gamefebisa da misi avtoritetis gazrdis gzaze simboluric aris
da pragmatulic – arc erTi gacnobierebuli ar aris. mis xels gangeba warmarTavs.
I. mefis mkurnali. Tavad sulierma mdgomareobam saulisa ganapiroba Wabuki daviTis, ukve cxebulis, miwveva samefo karze im funqciiT, romelsac
araferi saerTo mefobasTan ara aqvs. magram, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom Tumca qnari boroti suliT Sepyrobili saulis SavnaRvlianobis gasafantavad
aqvs momarjvebuli daviTs, es musikaluri instrumenti, SesaZloa, beladis
xelSi xalxze zemoqmedebis arqauli saSualebis gamoZaxili iyos. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, qnari igi Sors ar aris winaswarmetyvelebasTan. mas vxedavT
winaswarmetyvelTa gundis xelSi, romelic samuelis mier axlad cxebul
sauls Seeyreba (1mef. 10:5). musika winaswarmetyvelebis arsebiTi elenentia. winaswarmetyveli moiTxovs mas, rogorc winaswarmetyvelebis pirobas.
`axla, momiyvaneT meCange, – ambobs elise, romelic orma mefem – israelis
da iudas – moiwvia sawinaswarmetyvelod, – da, roca ukravda meCange, uflis xeli iyo eliseze” (4mef. 3:15). Cans, qnaris hangi is arxia, romlis meSveobiT uflis suli eufleba adamians da `sxva kacad” gardaqmnis mas. igive
dasawyisi wina nomerSi.
6
zurab kiknaZe
arxia gaxsnili, roca hangiT saulis SavnaRvlianoba ifanteba, anu uflis
suliT boroti suli ganidevneba. pirvel xanebSi asec xdeboda:
`da roca Semoawveboda boroti suli RvTisagan sauls, aiRebda daviTi
qnars da ukravda xelSi, da amoisunTqavda sauli da kargad xdeboda, da
gaecleboda mas boroti suli” (1mf. 16:23).
II. mxsneli. ukve saulis karze myofi daviTi, romelsac keTili TvaliT
Sexeda saulma, ufro zustad, rogorc dedanSia, `madli hpova saulis TvalSi”, Seeswro filistimeli goliaTis gamosvlas da mis mier israelianebze da maT RmerTze Tavslafis dasxmas. am epizods omebis warmoebis Zvel
praqtikaSi rom ar hqondes analogiebi, gveleSapisgan gmiris mier soflis
gadarCenis miTologemad miviCnevdiT. Tundac miviCnioT, es saqmis viTarebas ar Secvlis: yoveli realur-istoriuli xdomileba SegviZlia romelime miTologemaSi movaqcoT da tipologiurad ganvazogadoT. amiT mis
istoriul avTenturobas araferi daakldeba. saulis saSvelad beTlemidan
mosuli daviTi axla israels moevlina mxsnelad. winamZRoli – mefis Tu
mTavris – misia swored xsnaa, ramac gamoiwvia istoriaSi mefe-mxsnelis instituti. Sumereli mefe – lu-gal `did kaci” qalaqis, Temis, mxsneli unda
yofiliyo krizisul viTarebaSi. Zveli aRTqmis sazRvrebSi rom davrCeT,
msajuli (ebr. Sofet) sxva aravinaa, Tu ara yoveli konkretuli gasaWiridan xalxis mxsneli (moSiay), romelic mxsnelobis saqmes uflismieri xarizmiT axorcielebs. im realobas, rasac dRes Cven am berZnuli sityviT
(qarisma) gamovTqvamT, Zveli aRTqmis enaSi Seesabameba xSirad naxsenebi
formula `da iyo uflis suli masze~, `da moicva igi uflis sulma~. (SumerulSi am formulis Sesatyvisia: `rodesac ningirsum Tavis qalaqs madliani TvaliT gadmoxeda, gudea qveynis mwyemsad amoarCia, samoc sar (216 000)
kacs Soris xeli daado...~). da, rac sagulisxmoa, is, viszec uflis sulia
gadmosuli, erTaderTia mocemul viTarebaSi. mxsneli erTaderTia, da es
iyo daviTi am orTabrZolaSi, romelic gadamwyveti aRmoCnda israelisTvis. israels mefe ukve hyavda – sauli, magram gamoCnda daviTi, romelmac
goliaTis damarcxebiT, rogorc mxsnelma, mefobaze pretenzia ganacxada.
es faruli pretenzia, romelic wlebis Semdeg unda epova da hpova kidec
ganaRdeba, daviTma metaforulad gamoTqva saulTan saubarSi, vidre goliaTTan sabrZolvelad gavidoda:
`da uTxra daviTma sauls: nuravis guli nu Sedrkeba mis winaSe. wava Seni
msaxuri da SeebrZoleba am filistimels.
da uTxra saulma daviTs: ver gaxval sabrZolvelad mag filistimelTan,
radgan Sen jer bavSvi xar, is ki mebrZolia siyrmiTganve.
da uTxra daviTma sauls: mwyesavda Seni msaxuri Tavisi mamis faras da,
roca daecemoda lomi an daTvi da gaitacebda faridan cxvars,
gavekidebodi, vklavdi da piridan gamovglejdi. ybaSi Cavavlebdi xels
da vklavdi.
lomsac da daTvsac amarcxebda Seni msaxuri. am winadaucveTel filistimelsac igive daemarTeba, radgan sircxvilSi agdebs cocxali RvTis razmebs.
sauli da daviTi
7
da Tqva daviTma: ufali, romelic damixsnida xolme lomisagan da daTvisagan, axlac damixsnis am filistimelisagan. da uTxra saulma daviTs: wadi,
ufali iyos SenTan!~ (1mef. 17:32-37).
Tumca es metaforaze metia: xalxis winamZRolisTvis, mxsnelisTvis,
mwyemsis saqmianoba arsobrivad mefobis igiveobrivia. amitomac mwyemsi
mefis sinonimi iyo rogorc aRmosavleTis, ise dasavleTis Zvel xalxebSi, Cvens saukunes ki sasulieri winamZRolis titulad SemorCa. uris III
dinastiis damaarsebeli urnamu ganmadidebel himnSi moixsenieba rogorc
`mwyemsi (sipa) urnamu~, `mwyemsi WeSmariti urnamu~; xamurabi Tavisi kanonebis prologSi acxadebs: `xamurabi var, enlilisgan dadgenili mwyemsi~. es
wodeba aSurel mefeTa titulaturaSi mkvidrdeba... agamemnonis titulia
`xalxTa mwyemsi~ (poimen laon)... mose, romelic faraonis saxlidan iyo gamosuli, midiamis mwyemsi gaxda da misi mwyemsoba xalxis winamZRolobad
gardaiqmna. yvelaze mkafiod es gardaqmna ezekielma Camoayaliba erT-erT
winaswarmetyvelebaSi:
`me Tavad gadavarCen Cems cxvars da aRar iqneba datacebuli. me viqnebi
msajuli cxvarsa da cxvars Soris.
erT mwyemss davuyeneb da is damwyesavs maT. daviTs, Cems msaxurs, davuyeneb; Tavad is damwyesavs maT da is iqneba maTi mwyemsi~ (ez. 34:22-23).
saulTan sityvisgebaSi daviTi ambobs sruliad aSkarad da daufaravad,
rogorc iosebi Tavis momaval didebaze (da am gulaxdilobis msxverpli
Seiqna kidec), rom Tu adre is mamiseul faras ixsnida lomis xaxisgan, axla
israels ixsnis is goliaTis mZlavrebisagan. advili amosacnobis vin aris
is mama, romlis farasac daviTi mwyesavda da ixsnida: erTi, yofiTi, ganzomilebiT es mama, cxadia, iesea, misi miwieri mama, meore ganzomilebiT, igi
ufalia, romlis samwysos – israelis – mwyemsad emzadeba daviTi. sauli
iRebs am cnobas, rom is adre mamis faras mwyesavda, rogorc informacias
daviTis biografiidan da masSi providencialur sazriss ver xedavs. magram
misi sityvebi: `ufali iyos SenTan!~ providencialuria.
III. samefo da mefis asuli. mivaqcioT yuradReba imas, rom ukidures gasaWirSi, romelic adgas israels da mis mefes goliaTisagan, sauli mxsnels
Tavis asuls sTavazobs colad: `mis mZlevels dovlaTiT aavsebs mefe da
Tavis asuls miaTxovebs colad, da mamamisis saxls gaaazatebs israelSi~
(1mef. 17:25-b). daviTi razmebSi Soris trialebs da, ufrosi Zmis fiqriT (1
mef. 17:28), Tavisi ampartavnobiT zedmet interess iCens am jildos mimarT:
`hkiTxa daviTma axlos mdgar kacebs: ra bedi eweva kacs, vinc am filistomels daamarcxebs da sircxvils moxocavs israels? vin aris eg winadaucveTeli, filistimeli, aseT sircxvilSi rom agdebs dRes RvTis razmebs?~
(1mef. 17:26).
am sam jildoTagan – dovlaTi, mefis asuli, gaazateba – mefis asuli umTavresia, romelsac moaqvs dovlaTic da Tavisuflebac. amitom es ori saxsenebelic ar iyo. maTi xseneba imaze migviTiTebs, rom sauli Tavis asulSi,
romelsac sTavazobs, im Sinaarss ar debs, romelsac daviTi Tavisi winaswarmetyveluri gumaniT, Tundac bundovnad, unda xvdebodes. xolo sauls
am SeTavazebas, unda vifiqroT, Tavad gangeba STaagonebs. siRrmiseulad es
8
zurab kiknaZe
winadadeba ase gamoiTqmis: vinc goliaTs Zlevs, misi iqneba samefo. radgan mefis asuli samefos gansaxierebaa, masSi, rogorc ganZSi, ganivTebulia
samefo. sauli am miTologemiT misda uneburad ambobs, rom samefo mis
mxsnels ekuTvnis, samefo misia, vinc mas gamoixsnis. aseT vinmed daviTi, qnaris xmaze mefis SavnaRvlianobis ukumyreli, gamoCnda.
SeniSvna 1. analogiisTvis msoflio sityvierebas rom ar gamovedevnoT,
nestanis magaliTic kmara, romlis gareSe tarielisTvis indoeTis taxti
miuRwevelia. Tumca afeqtis mdgomareobaSi is miaZaxebs farsadans:
`Seni qali arad minda, gaaTxove, gamaride!
indoeTi Cemi aris, arvis mivscem Cemgan kide~ (569/566).
magram, rogorc momavalma aCvena, sastikad motyuvda am sityvebi mTqmeli. swored mefis qalis `garidebam~ daabrkola misi gamefeba. poemis avtorma yvela xdomileba nestanis dasatyveveblad da indoeTis mtris xelSi
Casagdeblad warmarTa, raTa mefobis mosapoveblad tarieli ufliswulisa
da qveynis mxsneli gamxdariyo.
mefis asulis motivi rCeba haerSi gamokidebul miTologemad, romelsac
ar hqonia realizacia. saulma sxva miaTxova Tavisi ufrosi asuli merobi,
daviTs ki miqali (LXX-Si melqol) SesTavaza, roca Seityo, rom igi daviTis
mimarT ar iyo gulgrili, ifiqra, `mivaTxoveb, rom maxed eqces mas~ (1mef.
18:21). motivi, rogorc vxedavT, aratradiciulia. magram es SeTavazebac
xsnasTan aris dakavSirebuli: sauli urvadis sanacvlod asi filistimelis
CuCas moiTxovs (1mef. 18:25) im imediT, rom mas `miswvdeboda filistimelTa
xeli~ (1mef. 18:21). es e. w. Zneli davalebaa, romelsac zRaprebSi sasimamro avalebs sasiZos im ganzraxviT, rom vaJi ver Seasrulebs davalebas da
daiRupeba, magram, rogorc wesi, sasiZo warmatebiT Zlevs `Znel amocanas~.
aseve daviTma warmatebiT Seasrula es kuriozuli davaleba, risTvisac miiRo miqali. magram saulma miqali ver gamoiyena daviTis samtrod.
asea Tu ise, daviTi mainc gaxda mefis siZe, rac mas gamefebas uqadis.
providenciam aq miqalis siyvaruli CarTo: daRupvis nacvlad, rasac sauli
moeloda, miqalis siyvarulma ixsna daviTi. roca mefisgan safrTxe aSkarad
daemuqra, miqalma gaapara daviTi. (1mef. 19:11-12).
Tavad daviTs cxebulis siZeobisTvis `Tavi ar eRirseboda~. mefis winadadebaze, Cems asuls mogaTxovebo, pasuxobs: `vin var me, ra aris Cemi
cxovreba an mamaCemis gvari israelSi, rom mefis siZe gavxde?~ (1mef. 18:18),
an roca mefis gamogzavnilebi eubnebian, `daesiZeo mefes~, pasuxobs: `advili ggoniaT mefis siZeoba? me xom erTi upovari da ubiri kaci var~ (18:23).
ar axsovs am “ubirs”, rom Tavadac cxebulia? magram daviTma xom icis, rom
goliaTTan sabrZolvelad misi gasvlis erT-erTi motivi jildoTi (mefis
asuliT) daintereseba iyo: amaod ar kiTxulobs amis Sesaxeb gamudmebiT
(1mef. 17:26, 30), risTvisac ufrosi Zmis kicxvas imsaxurebs. `risTvis Camoxvedi aq? vis dautove is mcire fara udabnoSi?.. mxolod brZolis sayureblad xar Camosuli~ (1mef. 17:28).
cota xnis Semdeg daviTi saulis winaSe siamayiT axsenebs Tavisi mamis
faras, Zmam abuCad aigdo igi simciris gamo. Tumca am sityvebiT imis Tqmac
sauli da daviTi
9
surs, rom daviTis adgili samwyesurSia da ara omSi. daviTi ki, rogorc
davinaxeT, am or sferos Soris gansxvavebas ver xedavs.
IV. ionaTani. mefis asulebis garda arsebobs ionaTani, romelsac gansakuTrebuli roli aqvs dakisrebuli im procesSi, romelsac daviTi gamefebamde mihyavs. ionaTani, memkvidre ufliswuli, ganudgeba mamas da Tmobs
ufliswulobas daviTis siyvarulisaTvis. mxolod siyvarulisTvis, radgan
ar Cans, rom man icis raime daviTis cxebulebis Sesaxeb.
1 `da roca moaTava saulTan laparaki, Seekra ionaTanis suli daviTis
suls, da Seiyvara igi ionaTanma rogorc sakuTari Tavi.
2 da waiyvana igi (daviTi) saulma im dRes da ar misca neba dabrunebuliyo misi mamis saxlSi.
3 da dades aRTqma ionaTanma da daviTma, radgan Seiyvara igi rogorc
sakuTari Tavi.
4 da gaiZro ionaTanma mosasxami, masze rom iyo, da misca daviTs, da Tavisi Sesamoseli, da Tavisi maxvilic da Tavisi Svildic, da Tavisi sartyelic.
5 da yvelgan dadioda daviTi, sadac ki gaagzavnida mas sauli~ (1mef.
18:1-5).
vxedavT, rogor aris SeWrili ionaTani saulsa da daviTs Soris, ufro
sworad siyvaruli saulisa da daviTis urTierTobaSi, is-is iyo mefis eWvianoba, SiSi da siZulvili unda dawyebuliyo. ionaTani Cadga maT Soris,
rogorc mxsneli. SesaZlebelia is, rac aRwerilia me-4 muxlSi, roca erTi
meores Tavis samosels da nivTebs gadascems, Zmad gaficvis rituali yofiliyo (Tumca wesis srulyofisTvis nivTebis gacvla iqneboda upriani,
rasac daviTis mxridan ver vxedavT). am calmxrivi gadacemiT xiluli xdeba
is, rac pirvel da mesame muxlebSia naTqvami: `da Seiyvara igi ionaTanma
rogorc sakuTari Tavi~. am nivTebTan erTad, misi pirovnebis atributebs
rom Seadgens, ioanaTanis suli Seekvris daviTis suls. da mainc ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom aq xdeba ufliswulis mier samefo insiniebis gadacema
farul cxebulze. Tumca realurad arc erTia mefe da arc meore memkvidre. es TamaSia TiTqos, Crdili imisa, rac unda moxdes: daviTi daikavebs
memkvidris adgils.
V. saulis siSmage. daviTis qnari yovelTvis ar Sveloda sauls. daviTis
avtoritetis zrdis kvalobaze izrdeboda saulis Suri, eWvi da SiSi, radgan grZnobda, rom RvTis suli daviTze iyo gadmosuli. Suri da SiSi ki
mxolod borot suls kvebavda. qemoT damowmebuli epizodi mas Semdeg
moxda, rac brZolaSi gamarjvebul daviTs saulze upiratesoba mianiWes:
`Semusra saulma Tavisi aTasi, xolo daviTma Tavisi aTi aTasi!” ganawyenebulma da eWviT Sepyrobilma saulma amaze dasZina: `mefobaRa aklia” (1 mef.
18:7-8).
`meore dRes Seipyro uflis borotma sulma sauli da gaSmagda saxlSi da
daviTi [qnars] ukravda xeliT, rogorc yovelTvis, da Subi iyo saulis xelSi. da moisrola saulma Subi, ifiqra, gavatareb Subs daviTsa da kedels
Soriso, da gaeqca mas daviTi orgzis” (1mef. 18:10-11).
aq aSkaraa kontrastuli paralelizmi mSvidobian, keTilismyofel qnarsa da sisxlian Subs Soris. sauls Subi eWira xelSi da daviTi qnarze uk-
10
zurab kiknaZe
ravda xeliT (an xelSi). amieridan, rogorc Cans, daviTi Tavisi qnariT ukve
veRar asrulebs im misias, risTvisac miwveuli iqna saulis karze. qnaris
hangebs Subma gadauRoba gza. es incidenti ganmeorda:
`da iyo boroti suli uflisagan saulze da ijda Sin da Subi eWira xelSi, daviTi ki qnarze ukravda xeliT. da undoda sauls gaetarebina Subi
daviTsa da kedels Soris, magram gausxlta sauls da Subi kedels moxvda”
(1mef. 19:9).
SeniSvna 2. `gaSmagda~. zmnis forma iTnabbe’, romelic, Cveulebriv, iTargmneba rogorc `winaswarmetyvelebs~, am adgilas gamoxatavs saulis eqstatur mdgomareobas, romelic boroti sulis SepyrobiT aris gamowveuli
da mas kavSiri ara aqvs winaswarmetyvelebasTan, romelsac igi, rogorc
cxebuli, axorcielebda winaswarmetyvelTa gundTan Sexvedrisas, roca masze uflis suli gadmovida (1mef. 10:10). am dros siSmage RvTiuria, magram
boroti suliT Sepyrobili saulis siSmage siSmagea yofiTi azriT, romlic
gamoxatuleba da Sedegi agresiaa. am siSmagiT esxmis Tavs sauli daviTs.
rogorc winaswarmetyvelebis siSmageSi adamiani ara sakuTari nebiT, aramed uflis suliT moqmedebs, agresiis siSmageSi boroti sulia adamianis
warmmarTveli. am dros sauli, roca is Subs esvris daviTs, `sxva kacia~, rogorc `sxva kaci~ iyo maSin, roca winaswarmetyvelTa gundTan erTad winaswarmetyvelebda. erT `sxva kacs~ uflis suli unaTebs gonebas, meore `sxva
kacs~ boroti suli `aSmagebs~.
tipologiisTvis: sokrate platonis dialog `fedrosSi~ ambobs, `yvelaze
didi sikeTeebi sikeTeTa Soris CvenTvis siSmages (mania) moaqvso~. berZnebSi
oTxi saxis mania arsebobs, romelTagan erTi profetulia. aris erotuli
(trfialebis), telesturi (ritualuri), poeturi siSmageebi. yvela maTganSi SeSlilobis, siSmagis, sxvagvarad, iracionalobis momentia gadamwyveti.
SeniSvna 3. daviTis SemTxvevaSi `xeliT” an `xelSi” (ebr. beÕad) SegveZlo sintaqsur da Sinaarsobriv xarvezad (Tu zedmetobad) migveCnia, magram
avtorma am simetriiT gaawonaswora moqmed pirTa poziciebi. rasac isini
akeTeben, xeliT akeTeben.
VI. mosasxamis kide. devnilebaSi myof daviTs, romlis gamudmebuli Zaxili iyo `saul, saul, risTvis mdevni me~, orgzis mieca SemTxveva, moekla
misi samkvdro-sasicocxlod mdevneli sauli. sauli iqceva rogorc avazaki,
daviTi ki – rogorc mefe. aqac providenciis xeli Cans. daviTs saSualeba
eZleva saulis mokvlis, magram gangeba dandobis aqtiT simbolur qmedebas
Caadeninebs mas.
`da rogorc ki dabrunda sauli filistimelTagan, Seatyobines, engadis
udabnoSiao daviTi.
da aiyvana saulma mTeli israelisgan gamorCeuli sami aTasi kaci da wavida daviTisa da misi kacebis saZebrad saniamore kldeebSi.
da mivida cxvris sadgomebTan gzis napiras, sadac gamoqvabuli iyo, da
Sevida Sig sauli saWiro saqmeze. xolo daviTi da misi kacebi gamoqvabulis
SigniT isxdnen.
sauli da daviTi
11
da uTxres daviTs misma kacebma: aha, is dRec, romelzec giTxra ufalma,
aha, xelSi Cagigdebo Sens mtrebs da uyavi maT, rac geneboso. da wamodga
daviTi da Cumad moaWra kide saulis mosasxams.
amis Semdeg stkioda guli daviTs, rom moaWra kide saulisas.
da uTxra daviTma Tavis kacebs: RmerTma damifaros, rom aseTi saqme vuyo Cems batons, uflis cxebuls! xels rogor aRvmarTav masze, radgan uflis cxebulia igi~ (1mef. 24:2-7).
mefis mosasxamis kidis anaWeri sammagi samxilia daviTis xelSi:
a) es anaWeri niSania daviTis erTgulebisa da siwrfelisa cxebulisadmi:
`Sexede, mamaCemo da daakvirdi Semi mosasxamis kides, xelSi rom miWiravs...
amaze mixvdi, rom ara aris CemSi boroteba...~ – es gadasZaxa sauls gamoqvabulidan gamosulma, roca sauli karga manZilze iyo moSorebuli (1mef.
24:12);
b) es anaWeri niSania gulistkivilisa imis gamo, rom cxebulis da mamis
mimarT, miuxedavad imisa, rom daindo igi, esodeni kadniereba gamoiCina,
Seexo ra mis intimur sakuTrebas.
g) es anaWeri niSania imisa, rom Tavis droze daviTi daepatroneba samefos, romelic axla sauls uWiravs. anaWeris simbolika gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu
gaviazrebT samefo samoselis, rogorc regaliis, mniSvnelobas. goliaTTan
sabrZolvelad gasvlis win sauli mosavs mas Tavisi, rogorc mebrZoli mefis, sakuTari SesamoseliT (1mef. 17:38) da amiT TiTqos gadaabarebs mefobas (an fiqrobs, rom daviTs am uTanasworo brZolaSi cxebulis samoseli
daicavs, an, gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, masac wili eqneba Tavisi samoselis
meoxebiT gamarjvebaSi). magram daviTi uars ambobs mefis samoselze im motiviT, rom naCvevi ar aris msgavsi samoselis tarebas. daviTs Tavisi gza
aqvs da Tavisi samoseli da saWurveli.
aris epizodi Zvel aRTqmaSi, sadac samoslis simboluroba ufro reliefuria da damajerebeli. winaswarmetyvelis enaSi samosels samefos mniSvneloba aqvs.
`ise moxda imxanad, rom gasuli iyo ierusalimidan ieroboami da Semoxvda gzad siloameli winaswarmetyveli axia, romelsac axali mosasxami esxa.
am oris meti aravin iyo mindvrad.
da aiRo axiam axali mosasxami, mosxmuli rom hqonda, da Tormet nawilad
daglija.
da uTxra ieroboams: aiRe SenTvis aTi nagleji, radgan ase brZana ufalma, israelis RmerTma: gamovglej samefos xelidan solomons da Sen mogcem
aT Stos.
da erTi Sto mas darCeba Cemi msaxuris, daviTis, gulisaTvis da ierusalimis gulisaTvis, qalaqisa, romelic avirCie me israelis yvela Stodan~
(3mef. 11:29-32).
xSirad winaswarmetyvelebis sityvierad gadacemas winaswarmetyvelTa
praqtikaSi cvlis moqmedeba. ase iqceoda hosia, ieremia, ezekieli da sxvanic, roca amis saWiroeba dadgeboda. hosia colad irTavs garyvnil, magram
sayvarel qals imis saCveneblad, rom ufals dacemulnic uyvars da Seiwynarebs yvela maTgans, Tu daubrundebian mas (osia, 3); ieremia uRels id-
12
zurab kiknaZe
gams qedze da ase dadis ierusalimis quCebSi xalxis dasawmuneblad, rom
aitanon babilonis uReli (27:211); ezekieli ltolvilis gudas moikidebs
zurgze da galavnis nangrevidan stovebs qalaqs imis saCveneblad, Tu ra
moelis xalxs (12:3-11).
ieroboamisTvis axias winaswarmetyveleba damajerebeli rom yofiliyo,
axiam ar daindo axali mosasxami da or da aT naglejad aqcia igi imis saCveneblad, ra daemarTeba mokle xanSi israelis erTian sxeuls. winaswarmetyvelis Tormet nawilad gaglejilma mosasxamma israelis gaglejili
sxeulis simbolika itvirTa.
axias es moqmedeba – mosasxamis dagleja – winaswarmetyveluri siSmagea,
rasac saRi azri ver gaamarTlebs, magram paradoqsulad swored am ugnurebas aqvs damarwmunebeli Zala, ufro metad, vidre gonivrul saqciels an
racionalurad warmoTqmul sityvebs, romlebic esmiT, magram ver xvdebian.
Tumca daviTis xelSi saulis mosasxamis kidis anaWers ganzraxuli winaswarmetyvelebis niSnad ver miviCnevT (rogorc zemoTCamoTvlil epizodebSia), magram saulma masSi swored is dainaxa, rac gangebas hqonda Cafiqrebuli, saxeldobr, dinastiis Secvla. mas Semdeg, rac daviTma Soridan daanaxa
mas es niSani, sauls stovebs (oRond droebiT) boroti suliT gamowveuli
siSmage, aRiarebs daviTis simarTles da Tavis siaves, da mniSvnelovan sityvebs warmoTqvams:
`vin aris iseTi, rom daWerili mteri gauSvas gzaze? ufalma gadagixados
sikeTiT imis sazRaurad, rac dRes miyavi.
axla ki mjera, rom namdvilad imefeb da ganmtkicdeba Sens xelSi israelis samefo (1mef. 26:20-21).
`axla ki mjera...“ ram daajera? iman, rom SefarebulSi saWiroebisTvis
umweod Camuxvlili mteri, daindo? es namdvilad mefuri saqcielia, ase
mxolod mefe Tu moiqceva. am kerZo SemTxvevaSi ki cxebulma cxebuli daindo.
VI-a. Subi da maTara. kidev erTxel mieca daviTs Tavis mdevnelze Surisgebis da mefobis xelSi Cagdebis Sansi.
`da mividnen RamiT daviTi da abiSai xalxTan da, aha, xedaven, wevs mZinare sauli Suagul banakSi da misi Subi sasTumalTan aris CarWobili...
da uTxra abiSaim daviTs: RmerTma Cagagdebina dRes xelSi Seni mteri.
axla erTi dakvriT davaklav miwas, meore aRar damWirdeba.
da uTxra daviTma abiSais: „nu daRupav mas, radgan uflis cxebulze xelis aRmmarTveli dausjeli ver gadarCeba...
da aiRo daviTma Subi da maTara saulis sasTumlidan da wavidnen TavisTvis...“ (1mef. 26:11-12).
es ori samxilic – Subi da maTara mefis, rogorc mebrZolis da rogorc
cocxali adamianis aucilebeli sagnebia. Subis xelSi Cagdeba misi patronis
ganiaraRebis, xolo maTarisa misi sicocxlis wyarodan mowyvetis niSania.
magram daviTi ubrunebs maT Tavis patrons. daviTi ar xelyofs saulis Zalauflebas da sicocxles.
VII. geTeli goliaTi. vin iyo igi? misi zomebi STambeWdavia: `eqvsi wyrTa
da erTi mtkaveli iyo misi simaRle“ (1mef. 17:4-b). cxadia, saWurvelic ta-
sauli da daviTi
13
nis Sesaferisi gabaritebis hqonda. igi filistimelad aris dasaxelebuli
teqstSi, warmoSobiT ki, fiqroben, gadaSenebul refaelTa naSieri unda
yofiliyo, rogorRac SemorCenili filistimelTa Soris da maT samsaxurSi Camdgari mtris Tavze zaris dasacemad. meore rjulis wignis mixedviT,
isini `didi, mravalricxovani da tanmaRali xalxi iyo“ (rjl. 2:20-21). mefeTa wignSi, daviTis matianis nawili, inaxavs xsovnas rafas sxva naSieris
Sesaxeb, `romelsac xelebze da fexebze eqvs-eqvsi TiTi eba...“ (2mef. 21:22).
eqvs-eqvsi TiTi xel-fexze, rogorc anomalia, sakvirveli ar aris, arc sami
metris tania maincdamainc daujerebeli – palestinis amave epoqis arqeologiur fenaSi dadasturebulia am sididis ConCxi. magram tipologiuria,
rom TiTqmis yvela xalxis folklori winaremosaxleobas bumberazebad miiCnevs, romelTa naSTebs TanamedroveobaSic xedaven an eCvenebaT.
Zveli aRTqmis am epizodis – fizikurad uTanasworo Serkinebis – CanafiqriT, romelic sxvaganac gvxvdeba, magaliTad, gideonis SemTxvevaSi,
roca msajulma samasi meomriT sZlia mravalricxovan filistimelTa razmebs (msaj. 7), gamarjveba araadamianur Zalaze mxolod xerxiT da uflis
SewevniT (`ara maxviliTa da SubiT ixsnis ufali“, 1mef. 17:47) miiRweva. daviTis saxiT aq goneba, erTaderTi adamianuri Zala, Zlevs fizikur stiqias,
goneba, romelsac SeuZlia gamoigonos axali iaraRi. daviTi axali formaciis adamiania, man ara mxolod goliaTs, aramed Tavis Tanamedroveebsac
gauswro. man Camoixsna saulis SeTavazebuli tradiciuli saWurveli – spilenZis muzaradi, javSani da maxvili, da TiTqmis SiSvlad mwyemsis iaraRiT – kombliT xelSi da mwyemsis gudiT, raSic xuTiode riyis qva ido, da
yvelasaTvis ucnobi SurduliT gavida sabrZolvelad. `maxvili ar sWeria
xelSi daviTs“ (1mef. 17:50-b).
Surduli, romelsac pirvelad xedavs goliaTi, ar aris mis TvalSi sabrZolo iaraRi. ufro metic, misTvis Seuracxmyofelic aris, daviTma daamcira igi, arad Caagdo rogorc metoqe. kombali da es ucnobi Surduli,
maTraxs rom Camohgavs, mxolod ZaRlis mosagerieblad Tu gamodgeba. mowinaaRmdegis TvalSi ZaRlad gamoCnda goliaTi.
kombali daviTs ar gamouyenebia am brZolaSi, ise elvis siswrafiT, SurduliT erTaderTi qvis gasrolaze dasrulda Serkineba. kombali ki, unda vifiqroT, misi mwyemsobis niSnad darCa, romelic Tavis droze samefo
kverTxad gardaiqmneba.
SeniSvna 4. goliaTis figuris tipologiuria `odiseas“ personaJi bumberazi polifemi, romelsac odisevsi WkuiT Zlevs, da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis bumberazi devebi, romlebsac RvTisSvilebi asparezobaSi
amarcxeben moxerxebulobiT, an RvTis SewevniT. niSandoblivia, rom arc
odisevsi da arc RvTisSvilebi fizikuri ZaliT ar imarjveben. maTi iaraRi
xerxia. daviTi, odisevsi, Tundac Cveni komikuri nacarqeqia, axali formaciis adamianebi arian.
VIII. devnileba. israelis istoria pirveli mxsnelis devnilebiT daiwyo.
(gam. 2:11-15). mose eris winamZRolis paradigmuli figuraa. faraonis karze gazrdili da, unda vifiqroT, faraonobis pretendenti, ormoci wlis
ganmavlobaSi devnilia faraonis mier, es ormoci weli mwyemsobis welic
14
zurab kiknaZe
aris, romelic mas amzadebs winamZRolobisTvis. mose msaxurobda mwyemsad
midianel mRvdelTan da, sinas mTaze gamocxadeba rom ara, albaT sabolood damkvidrdeboda midianis tomSi. daviTs ki Tavis devnilebaSi ar hqonia
usafrTxo TavSesafari, yvelgan swvdeboda mas saulis xeli, sauli sastikad uswordeboda mis SemfarebelT, mRvdeli iqneboda, winaswarmetyveli
Tu rigiTi israeliani (1mef. 22:6-19). erTxans filistimelebTanac gadavida, israelis mterTan, kinaRam SeuerTda maT Tavisi mcirericxovani razmiT
saulis winaaRmdeg. erTxans Tavic ki moigiJiana usafrTxoebis mizniT. da
ufro metic, rogorc Tavad ambobda, igi idevneboda Tavisi qveynidan, rom
wili ar hqonoda uflis samkvidroSi, eubnebodne, wadi, ucxo RmerTebs emsaxureo (1mef. 26:19). am sasjeliT – absoluturi gankveTiT damnaSaveebs
sjidnen israelSi. magram roca devnileba (an gankveTa) providenciulia,
gandevnili brundeba Tavis qveyanaSi da imarjvebs.
Zurab kiknadze
Saul and David
Summary
In the article are analyzed some signs and acts which aquiere symbolic meaning with
regard to David’s person as a potential king. These are: putting by Saul and Jonathan
on David their own garment; overcoming of Goliath by David as act of deliverance, the
main function of king; the princess as a reward of the deliverer; "the border of Saul's
robe", his spear and water jug in David’ hand as a signs of his royal authority and source
of life; persecuting and exile as a providential status of the future king.
dodo (mariam) Rlonti
qristesmieri Rirsyofa da uRirsoba
sakvirveli ram aRsrulda qristes jvarcmis dRes, vnebis kviris paraskevs:
erT sikvdilmisjil `Zïrismoqmed“ codvils, yvelasgan uaryofilsa da moZulebul avazaks, saukuno cxovrebis Rirsyofa mieniWa meore sikvdilmisjilis – ufali ieso qristes wyalobiT.
sakvirveleba iyo isic, rom am avazaks sasikvdilo ganaCeni ganuCina pilatem, romelsac ufalma, wmida ioane oqropiris TqmiT, aseve udidesi
Rirsyofa arguna.
I. pilates uRirsoba
qristes Sobidan 25-36 wlebSi pontoeli pilate iudeisa da samariis
provinciebs marTavda, igi am provinciebis romael prokuratorad iyo
dadginebuli. iudeveli mRvdelmTavrebis mier damnaSaved aRiarebul iesoze pilatem aRniSna: `veraviTar brals ver vpoulob masSi“ (ioane 19, 4).
wmida ioanes saxarebaSi pilate orgzis eubneba amas iudevel mRvdelmTavrebs: `waiyvaneT igi da jvars acviT, radgan me ver vpoulob masSi brals“ (ioane
19, 6).
galileis mefe imJamad iyo herode didis vaJi, herode antipa. galileveli ieso qriste pilatem masTan gagzavna. herode dResaswaulze Camosuliyo
ierusalimSi. wmida luka maxarebeli SeniSnavs: herodem `rodesac naxa ieso,
gaixara Zlier, radgan didi xania, undoda misi naxva, vinaidan esmoda mis Sesaxeb
da imedi hqonda, rom ixilavda raime saswauls, mis mier aRsrulebuls“, magram
ufalma `araraé miugo mas“ (luka 23, 8-9).
wmida maxarebeli dasZens, rom swored im dRidan damegobrdnen pilate
da herode, romlebic manamde erTmaneTs mtrobdneno. netari Teofilaqte
bulgarelis ganmartebiT, maTi damegobreba saeSmako saqme iyo, vinaidan
qristes sikvdilisTvis moswrafe eSmaki mtrebsac ki Searigebs xolme. es
dauZinebeli mtrebi (pilate da herode) qristem gaaerTiana, da gana sircxvili ar aris, – sinanuliT mogvmarTavs netari mama, – rom Cven, Cvenive
xsnisTvis, megobrebs araTu veZebT, aramed imaTac vkargavT, vinc gvyavs!
meore mxriv, uaRresad sagulisxmoa, rom ufali iesos udanaSaulobas,
mis ubraloebas, wmida saxarebaSi amowmeben mmarTveli xelisufali (pilate) da mefe (herode).
herodem ukan rom gaugzavna ieso, pilatem kvlav mimarTa mRvdelmTavrebs, aseve sxva iudevelebs, da uTxra:
`momiyvaneT me es kaci, rogorc macdunebeli erisa, da aha, me Tqven winaSe
davkiTxe da ver vpove am kacSi veraviTari brali, raSic bralad sdebdiT mas,
– verc herodem, radgan gavugzavne igi mas;. da aha, araferi, Rirsi sikvdilisa,
ar gaukeTebia mas. davsji mas da gavaTavisufleb“ (luka 22, 14-15).
diax, Cveni ufali dasasjelad msajuls mihgvares, msajulma ki aRiara,
rom ieso udanaSaulo iyo da sasikvdilo ganaCeni ar daumsaxurebia. magram
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dodo (mariam) Rlonti
Zlierni ama soflisani – iudeveli Teokratiis maRali ierarqebi da maTi
amala – codvis simZimes ar SeuSindnen da gaiZaxodnen: `jvars acvi!.. sisxli
magisi Cvenze da Cvens Svilebze“ (maTe 27, 25).
ufali ieso ki dumda.
netari Teofilaqte bulgareli Cvens yuradRebas pilates simxdaleze
miapyrobs. marTalia, pilatem ramdenimejer scada, iesosTvis sasikvdilo
ganaCeni aecilebina, magram es ar iyo iesos gadarCenis surviliT aRZruli
mcdeloba. wmida luka maxarebeli sagangebod SeniSnavs, rom pilates iesos
gaSveba surda, magram mainc mRvdelmTavarTa xmam imZlavrao (luka 23, 23).
wmida ioane maxarebeli pilates mcdelobis warumateblobis namdvil
mizezs asaxelebs: pilates `ufroés SeeSina“ (ioane 19, 8). risi SiSi gauCnda
pilates? es iyo SiSi keisris winaSe, SiSi sakuTari reputaciis Selaxvisa
keisris TvalSi.
wmida saxarebaSi gaismis mravlismetyveli SekiTxva: `raé ars WeSmaritebaé?“ (ioane 18, 38). es SekiTxva pilatem dausva iesos da gareT gavida.
wmida ioane oqrpiris TqmiT, ufalma iesom pilates udidesi Rirsyofa
mianiWa da WeSmaritebis raobaze daafiqra, raTa `aswavlos da aRumaRlos mas
gonebaé“. am SekiTxvis dasmis Semdeg, – ganagrZobs netari mama, – pilate im
mizeziT gavida gareT, rom mixvda, `friadi Jami uÕms“ – didi dro da Zalisxmeva sWirdeboda iesos sityvis (WeSmaritebis) Secnobas.
raé ars WeSmaritebaé? – es SekiTxva imis maniSnebelicaa, rom imJamindeli
mZvinvare urwmunoebis, uzneobisa da uRmerTobis gamo ukve aRar axsovdaT
WeSmaritebis namdvili Sinaarsi da mniSvneloba.
meore mxriv, is, rom pilatem es SekiTxva dasva da survili aReZra, dafiqrebuliyo WeSmaritebaze – ieso qristes sityvis udides Zalazec metyvelebs. ufalma scada, – brZanebs wmida ioane oqropiri, – rom pilates
yuradReba Tavis RTaebriv sityvaze gadaetana. amitom ar ganumarta WeSmaritebis namdvili mniSvneloba da pasuxi gasca meore SekiTxvaze: `Sena xara
meufe huriaTaé?“ (ioane, 18, 33).
ufali Seecada, pilate imaze daefiqrebina, rac ver gulisxmayves iudevelebma. man kvlavac Rirs-yo romaeli prokuratori da RvTaebrivi saidumlo amcno, rom igi, ieso qriste, litoni kaci ki ara – RmerTia, Ze
RmrTisaa: `meufebaé Cemi ara amis soflisagani ars“, – eubneba ufali pilates
(ioane 18, 36).
pilatem ki ra qna? – `ubadrukman ara ineba mciredisaca sibrZnisa Õmarebaé“, arc Tavisi colis sizmari iRo yurad, am sizmrisac ar SeeSinda, da
`arca aRixilna zecad“, – ganagrZobs wmida ioane oqropiri, – aramed misca
maT, `raéTa juars-acuan“ igi (ioane 19, 16).
diax, Tavisi simxdalis, SiSisa da ugulisxmobis gamo, pilate ver gaxda
Rirsi, mieRo qriste – WeSmariti sit yva, da igi qrites uarmyofel iudevelebs SeuerTda. wmida ioane oqropiri ambobs:
`qvelis moqmedeba da saTnoeba ukeTurTa da ugunurTaTvis aris mavnebeli. ebraelebsac hqondaT Tavdapirvelad madli da Sewevna RvTisa, magram
warmarTTa monoba arCies, `udabnos mananaésa wil niorisa guli uTqumida“,
qristes meufeba uaryves da keisris monamorCiloba daimxes Tavze: `ara
gvyavs mefe garda keisrisa“ (ioane 19, 15) – ase SesZaxes pilates, romelic
madliereba da umaduroba
17
amis gamo mTlad moicva SiSma da dauyovnebliv gadasca maT ieso jvarze
sacmelad.
magram imave dRes, roca ufalTan myofma pilatem Tavisi ugulisxmobiT
moimko uRirsoba, uzenaesi Rirsyofa miiRo golgoTaze jvarcmulma avazakma,
romelsac mxneobac eyo, sibrZnec da rwmenac, imisaTvis, rom exila da Seecno uzenaesi WeSmariteba – masTan erTad jvarcmuli ufali ieso qriste.
II. avazakis Rirsyofa:
wmida basili didi ambobs:
`yovelni wignni saRmrTo werilisa rom daikargos, maSin erTi mxolod
cxovreba, vneba da sikvdili uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi sakmaod gvaswavlis Cven, ra aris qristianoba, vinaidan golgoTis jvarze aRwerilia
yoveli, rac saWiroa CvenTvis cnobad RvTisa da Cveni Tavisa“.
wmida episkopos gabrielis TqmiT, `jvari qristesi aris TviT Suaguli
adgili, romelsa zeda Seikribebian da SeerTdebian yovelni swavlani da
WeSmaritebani Cvenisa wmidisa sarwmunoebisani: Cveni dacema da aRdgineba,
codva da madli, marTlmsajuleba da mowyaleba – ese yoveli waikiTxeba jvarsa
zeda“.
netari mama avgustine brZanebs, rom jvari aris saswavlebeli, sadac maswavlebeli usityvod gvaswavlis Zelidan, jvridan, `romelsa zeda damokidebulia“ igi. Tumca arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom igive jvari Cveni samsjavroc aris.
cnobilia, rom jvari qristemde dasasjeli iaraRi iyo, gansjisa da dasjis simbolos warmoadgenda. wmida ioane oqropiri Tavis ubadlo qadagebaSi `jvarisa da avazakisa gamo“ brZanebs:
`dRes (vnebis kviris paraskevs) ufali Cveni ieso qriste jvarzea gakruli, Cven ki vdResaswaulobT, radgan jvari dResaswaulia da sulieri zeimi.
sasjelad saxeldebuli – dRes pativsagebad iqca, gansjis simbolo – dRes
cxonebis niSania“.
wmida mociquli pavle ambobs: `zatikad (dResaswaulad) Cuenda, CvenTïs
daikla qriste“ (1 korinTelTa mimarT 5, 7) da `qriste erTgzis Seiwira mravalTaTïs, aÕocad codvaTa“ (ebraelTa mimarT 9, 28).
maSasadame, jvari samsxverploa, sadac qristem Tavad Seswira sakuTari
Tavi msxverplad, raTa Cveni samyaros, mTeli dedamiwis arawmideba da codvani aRxociliyo.
da radganac ar moipoveba imaze ufro didi msxverpli, vidre msxverpli
ieso qristesi, amitom qristes jvarcmis Semdeg mTeli dedamiwa gaxda wmida – ufro wmida, vidre ZvelaRTqmiseuli wmidaTawmida iyo.
amitomaa jvari dResaswauli, – daaskvnis wmida ioane oqropiri. wmida mama gabriel episkoposi sagangebod gviTiTebs imaze, Tu ras iswavlis
jvarcmuli maswavleblisagan is, vinc jerovnad umzers golgoTis jvarsa
da masze jvarcmuls:
`jvarcmuli qriste gvaswavlis srul moTminebas, imgvar moTminebas, rogoriTac ufalma usaSinlesi tanjva miiRo – tanjva xorciTac da suliTac,
sxeulis yoveli nawiliT, saxsriT da im SeuracxyofiT, rac maSin mas miayenes“.
qristes jvari aseve gvaswavlis srul siyvaruls: amgvari usaSinlesi tan2. „religia“ π 3
18
dodo (mariam) Rlonti
jvis miuxedavad, Cvenma tkbilma ufalma siyvaruliT miuteva Tavis jvarmcmelebsa da Seuracxmyofelebs. man Tavis gverdiT jvarcmuli avazakic
anugeSa – dRes CemTan iqnebi samoTxeSio. mzrunvelma Svilma mSobeli dedisTvisac izruna da Tavis sayvarel mowafes, ioanes Caabara igi: `aha, Ze
Seni; aha, deda Seni“, – uTxra orives.
jvari qristesi imasac gvaswavlis, rom Cvenc qristesTan unda vacvaT
jvars xorcni Cuenni da sakuTari vnebebi da codvebi ganvagdoT. Tavmdablobasac gvaswavlis qristes jvari, romelic ampartavnebis uebari wamali
da madlia – jvarman qristesman Cveni codvebis nusxa daxia da RmerTTan
Segvariga, mSvidoba moitana kacTa Soris, maT gulebsa da ojaxebSi.
wmida gabriel episkoposi SesaniSnavi xatovani eniT warmogviCens Cveni
macxovris ukidegano mowyalebas, siyvarulsa da Tavganwirvas:
`macxovars xelebi aqvs ganpyrobili, raTa moexvios yovelTa codvilTa
da monanulTa... xmamaRla qadagebs jvari: yoveli kaci miiRebs amier Sendobasa, madlsa, mSvidobas, Tu moitans sinanuls“.
da ai, uflis jvarcmis dRes ori avazaki acves jvars: erTi – mis marcxniv da meore – mis marjvniv.
marcxniv jvarcmuli borotmoqmedi gmobda mas da eubneboda: `Tu Sen
xar qriste, ixseni Cveni Tavi da Senc“ (luka 23, 39).
wmida gabriel episkoposs moesmis uflis sityva, romliTac igi mimarTavs am avazaks da yoveli codvilis Sesagoneblad TiTqos amas ambobs:
`me Tqven SegiyvareT. Tqven ki momiZuleT, mdevnidiT, mkicxavdiT, mgmobdiT; Tqven ar daafaseT Cemi siyvaruli da momageT me umaduroba. umisodac
Rirsi iyaviT sasjelisa, viTarca codvilni, magram aw brali Tqveni udidesia, radganac Tqven Seracx-hyaviT Cemi ganuzomeli siyvaruli. visac ar
gaaRviZebs es siyvaruli, igi jojoxeTisTvis aris ganmzadebuli.
me davanTxie sisxli. erTi wveTi Cemi sisxlisa sakmao iyo ganbanad mTeli Tqveni codvisa. advilad SegeZloT ganTavisufleba codvaTagan, magram
Tqven ar uyurebdiT Cems ofls, Cems cremls, Cems sisxls. axla rogor fiqrobT, romeli sasjelis Rirsi xarT Tqven?
me movkvdi TqvenTvis, raTa Tqvenc mokvdeT codvisaTvis. magram codva
yovelTvis cocxali iyo Tqven Soris. amisTvis Tqven miecemiT saukuno sikvdils.
me viqmen dafluli. Tqven ki, nacvlad imisa, rom dageflaT codvani
Tqvenni, me damfaliT. aw jojoxeTi iqneba Tqveni saukuno saflavi“.
`ase rom“, – gvafrTxilebs wmida episkoposi gabrieli, – `visTvisac jvari qristesi ar aris saswavlebeli, misTvis igi gardaiqceva samsjavrod,
sasjelad. meoresa saSinelsa mosvlasa qriste gamoCndeba jvariTa TvisiTa.
monanulni iqnebian cxonebulni da gaixareben; codvilni ki iqnebian zarganxdilni, mowylulni. amin“.
swored aseve, jvari sasjelad darCa marcxniv jvarcmul avazaks, romelmac ganikiTxa ufali da umaduroba gamoiCina.
magram imave jvarze aRsrulda didebuli saswauli. wmida ioane oqropiris ganmartebiT, jvarcmis dRes daaxloebiT xuTi aTasi wlis manZilze
daxSuli samoTxis kari gangveRo, radgan swored am dRes da am wuTs man,
ieso qristem, iq, samoTxeSi, avazaki Seiyvana – mis marjvniv jvarcmuli avazaki, romelmac marcxniv jvarcmul avazaks sayveduriT uTxra:
madliereba da umaduroba
19
`aRarc RvTisa geSinia Sen, radgan imave sasjelSi xar dasjili. da Cven
samarTlianad, Rirsi imisa, rac gavakeTeT, mogvegeba, xolo aman `araraé
ujeroé qmna“, – vkiTxulobT wmida lukas saxarebaSi.
marjvniv jvarcmulma avazakma axla ufals mimarTa da uTxra:
`momiÕsene me, ufalo, odes moxïde sufeviTa SeniTa. xolo iesu hrqua mas:
amen getyï Sen: dRes Cem Tana iyo samoTxesa“ (luka 23, 41-43).
ai ras unda vumzerdeT jvarcmis mxilvelni – ara jvris bunebas, aramed
jvarcmulis Zlevamoislebas da im saswauls, romelic cxadyofs mis siZlieres (igulisxmeba samoTxis karis ganReba).
wmida ioane oqropiris ganmartebiT, Cveni uflis Zlevamosileba imiTac
sacnaurdeba, rom man – jvarcmulma, danerwyvilma, damcirebulma da Seuracxyofilma – mkvdari ki ar aRadgina, zRva da qariSxali ki ar daacxro,
demonebi ki ar ganagdo, aramed avazakis codvili suli gardaqmna da pativis Rirsad Seracxa avazakis suli, romelic qvaze metad ugrZnobi iyo.
wmida mama ioane oqropiri sagangebod gvafrTxilebs:
avazakis SesvliT zeciuri sasufeveli ar SebRalula, piriqiT – samoTxe ganidida, radgan misma meufem avazakic ki samoTxis netarebis Rirsad aqcia!!!
ufalma xom mezvereni da codvilni Seiyvana samoTxeSi (maTe 21, 31), da
arc maSin Seulaxavs samoTxis pativi, piriqiT – pativi miago mas da amiT
sasufevlis meufis usazRvro Zlevamosileba gviCvena.
ase rom, rasac Seuracxyofad miiCnevs wuTisofeli – pativia samoTxisaTvis!
es sakvir veli uzenaesi pativi mxolod uflismieri Rirsebisaebr mieniWeba
kacs.
magram ra Rirsebebis mqonea avazaki? rogor miiRo saswaulebrivi Rirsyofa uflisagan iman, romelsac arc mkvdreTiT aRmdgari micvalebuli
uxilavs, arc gandevnili demonebi da arc qristes qadageba mousmenia sasufevelsa da jojoxeTze?
wmida ioane oqropiri avazakis yvela Rirsebas CamogviTvlis da gvirCevs, vkiTxoT Cvens Tavs: am avazak ze ukeTesi riTi var?
wmida mamis TqmiT, Cven ar unda Segvrcxves, did maswavleblad viyolioT
jvridan zecad gadasaxlebuli avazaki, romelic yvela qmnilebaze adre gaxda
zecaSi cxovrebis Rirsi.
avazakma:
* rwmeniT ganWvrita qriste;
* zecier meufed, RmerTad Seicno da Tavis mxsnelad aRiara ieso;
* sibrZne da RvTismosaoba gamoiCina;
* mxneoba ar dakarga tanjvis Jams;
* sakuTari codvebi ganicada da moinania;
* sakuTari uRirsoba srulad aRiara;
* srulyofili aRsarebiTa da sinanuliT maRali suliereba SeiZina;
* sxvaze izruna da meore avazakis gadarCena scada;
* mTlianad miendo qriste macxovars;
* SemarTeba gamoiCina da samoTxe iTxova Semdgom avazakobisa.
wmida ioane oqropiri mravlismetyvelad daaskvnis:
`Tavad es jvaria sasufevlis simbolo“!
wmida pavle mociqulis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT:
`mobaZav veqmneT“ am avazaks, viTarca igi – qristes!
20
dodo (mariam) Rlonti
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
axali aRTqumaé. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamomcemloba, Tbilisi,
1995.
bibliis ganmar teba a. p. lopuxinisa, I t., 1904-1907; II t., III t., 1910,
1913, peterburgi, (rusul enaze).
b.i. gladkovi, saxarebis ganmarteba, sankt-peterburgi, 1913 (rusul
enaze)
netari Teofilaqte bulgareli (bulgareTis arqiepiskoposi), saxareba
maTesi, markozisa, lukasi da ioanesi, moskovi, 2000 (rusul enaze).
wmida ioane oqropiri, Targmanebaé ioanes saxarebisa, Targmani wm. efTvime mTawmidelisa, Tbilisi, I, II, 1993.
wmida ioane oqropiri, Targmanebaé maTes saxarebisaé, Targmani wm. efTvime mTawmidelisa, Tbilisi, I, 1996.
maTes saxarebis ganmar teba, wmida mamaTa swavlebis mixedviT masalebis
Semkrebi, mTargmneli da gammarTveli wilkneli mTavarepiskoposi zosime, wilknis eparqiis gamocema, Tbilisi, 2000.
qadagebani imereTis episkopos gabrielisa, I, II, quTaisi, 1913.
Medea Glonti
Christian worthiness and unworthiness
Summary
On the day of the Christ's crucifix one evildoer sinner who had been condemned
to death was given the grace for eternal live thanks to the other who had been also
condemned to death – the lord Jesus Christ. Surprising was the fact that this robber
was passed sentence on death by Pilate to whom according to St. Joan Chrysostom,
the Lord gave the great grace.
Pilate tried to avoid a death verdict to the Christ for several times but it was not an
attempt of the hope raised for saving the Jesus. It was the fear before the Caesar, the
fear of humiliating his own reputation in the Caesar's eye.
By the robber's entering the Heavenly Kingdom was not humiliated, on the contrary
– the Paradise was enhanced for its Lord God had made the robber worthy for the
Paradise happiness. This wondrous highest honor was given to a man according to the
God's grace.
Teimuraz fanjikiZe
qristianuli eTika
(werili meore)
Toma kempeli
... amjerad gvinda visaubroT meTxuTmete saukuneSi moRvawe germanel
mistikosze Toma kempelze (1379-1471 ww). mis gaxmaurebul wignze `mibaZva
qristesi“, romelic mogviwodebs yvelaferSi, siyvarulsa Tu tanjvaSi magaliTad, aviRoT Cveni macxovris, gankacebuli RmerTis cxovreba. radgan
es aris erTaderTi, WeSmariti, Seuryvneli, gauxunari da ZirsdauSvebeli
droSa, romelic yovelTvis win unda gviZRodes.
RvTismetyvelTa azriT, dacemuli kacobriobis umTavresi valia davZlioT codva, codvis azri ki mdgomareobs sakuTari `me-s“ mtkicebaSi, damkvidrebasa da TviTnebobaSi. amitom, am senisagan zneobrivi ganwmenda, maTi
azriT, pirvel rigSi eyrdnoba adamianis mier Tavisi sulieri siRatakis
aRiarebas da mokrZalebas.
Toma kempelis wigni `mibaZva qristesi“, specialistTa azriT, dawerili
unda iyos 1427 wels. igi gankuTvnilia ara RvTismetyvel-sqolastikosebisaTvis, aramed rigiT morwmuneebisadmi. igi mimarTulia da ufro zemoqmedebs adamianis grZnobebze, vidre gonebaze. avtori efeqturad mimarTavs
literaturuli qadagebis formas da masSi yuradRebas amaxvilebs adamianur saTnoebaze, TavSekavebasa da asketizmze.
Toma kempels Tavisi xangrZlivi moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi dawerili
aqvs asze meti Txzuleba, magram maT Soris gamorCeuli da warCinebuli
swored es wigni – „mibaZva qristesi“ aris. specialistTa SeniSvniT, miuxedavad imisa, rom wignSi gamoTqmulia zogierTi kritikuli SeniSvna qristianuli eklesiis organizaciis mimarT, mainc, qristianuli sasuliero
wreebi xels uwyoben am wignis gavrcelebas da popularizacias.
Sesabamisad, es wigni metad popularulia mTel qristianul samyaroSi,
Targmnilia msoflios mraval enaze, maT Soris ramdenjerme Targmnilia
qarTul enazec.
Tomas kempelis wignis pirveli qarTveli mTargmnelebis saxelebi samwuxarod ucnobia, meore Targmani ki ekuTvnis kaTolike mRvdels mama a.
mRebriSvils.
rogorc mTargmneli gvamcnobs igi SeZra am Txzulebis wakiTxvam. wignis
winasityvaobaSi igi wers:
22
Teimuraz fanjikiZe
`hkiTxulobT am wigns da misi simSvenieriT aRtacebulma aRar iciT ras
miaqcioT umTavresi yuradReba – azrTa siRrme-siuxves, Tu maRal grZnobaTa sitkboebas, poeziis didebulebas, Tu enis sinarnares...!“*1
mTargmneli Tavmdablurad SeniSnavs, rom: `. . . es didebuli wigni ufro
metad momzadebulis da niWieris mTargmnelis Rirsi iyo. guli mewoda, rodesac vxedavdi, rom mTlad dedamiwis zurgze TiTqmis aRar aris imisTana
qristiani eri, romelsac Tavis samSoblo enazed ar hqondes moxsenebuli
es Txzuleba. imaTac ki, romelnic qristes mcnebiT ganaTlebulan axlos
xanebSi. ukve ori Tu sami Targmani am wignisa SeuZeniaT, da Cven ki, Zvelis droidganve qristesTvis tanjulT da wamebulTa, ver SeviZeliT Cvenis RvTismetyveluris literaturis gamdidreba am wignis mimatebiTa; am
garemoebam gamabedvina Sevsdgomodi Targmansa, yvelaferi cotcotaobiT
iwyoba“...2
rogorc irkveva, mama a. mRebriSvils es wigni ramdenjerme uTargmnia.
TiToeul jerze mas ar stovebda daukmayofileblobis grZnoba, radgan
kargad xedavda, rom mis Targmans originalis silamazesTan jer kidev bevri ram aSorebda. amitom, ver isvenebda, Cioda nakleb niWierebasa da qarTuli enis cud codnaze. bolo cdaze man daxmarebisaTvis uxmo cnobil
qarTvel mwerals niko lomours, romelsac a. mRebriSvili didi madlierebiT ixseniebs.
es wigni bolo Targmanis saxiT gamovida 1890 wels. 2007 wels amierkavkasiis laTinuri wesis kaTolikeTa samociqulo administraciam gaimeora
es gamocema. xelaxali gamocemis redaqtoria a. WeliZe.
* * *
„romelic Semomidges me, ara vidodes bnelsa, aramed aqvndes naTeli
cxovrebisa“ (ioane 8:12). am citatiT ioanes saxarebidan iwyebs Tavis wigns
Toma kempeli da Semdeg agrZelebs:
1. „eseni arian qristes sityvebi, romlebiTac gvirCevs igi, rom cxovrebasa da znesa missa mivebaZoT, ukueTu gvnebavs viqmneT WeSmaritad
ganaTlebulni da yoveli sibnelisagan gulisa Tavisufalni. maS, umTavresi mecadineoba Cveni unda iyves miqceuli maszed, rom maradis
qriste iesos cxovrebaze vfiqrobdeT.
2. moZRvreba qristesi uaRres-ars yvela wmidanebis moZRvrebazed; da
igi, romelsac eqmneba WeSmariti suli qristesi, dafarulsa mananas
hpovebs mas Sina. magram moxdeba xolme, rom mravalni Tumca xSirad
ismenen saxarebasa, xolo mcired aRiZvrian misgan, radgan ara aqvT
maT suli qristesi. romelsa hnebavs sruliad gulisxma-hyos sit*
aq da SemdgomSic citirebisas daculi iqneba mTargmnelis stili.
1
Toma kempeli: `mibaZva qristesi“ 2007. gv. 11.
2
iqve, gv. 11-12.
qristianuli eTika
23
yvani qristesi, da STahxvdes maT, misTvis saWiroa mTeli cxovreba
Tavisi cxovrebasa missa miamsgavsos...
3. maS, amao ars Zieba warmavalisa simdidrisa da sasoebis damyareba
maszed. amao aris kvlavad Zieba pativisa da maRali xarisxisa. amao
ars Sedgoma xorcielTa wadilTa da ndoma imisTana risame, romlisTvisac SemdgomSi ficxelad unda davisajnoT. amao ars, rom kaci
dRegrZelobas natrobdes da saTnoian cxovrebazed ki ar zrunavdes. amao ars zrunva mxolid awmyo cxovrebazed da uyuradRebod
datoveba momavalisa. amao aris Seyvareba mswrafl warmavalisa, da
ar miswrafeba iqiT, sadac ars sixaruli saukuno.
4. xSirad moigonebde am sityvebs: „ver gaZReba Tvali cqeriTa da arca
yuri aRivseba smeniTa (ekl. 1:8). maS ecade moaSoro Seni guli yovelsave xilulsa, da miaqcio igi uxilavTaken. vinaidgan, romelnic
mihyvebian gramnobaTa, igini gaabiwiereben sindissa Tvissa da hkaragven madlsa RvTisasa.“1
ai, aseTi suliskveTebiTaa dawerili mTeli wigni, romelic gvaswavlis
Tu rogor unda moviZuloT soflis amaoebani, rogor unda viyoT Tavmdabalni, rogori WeSmariti moZRvrebiT da mofiqrebiT unda iqceodes adamiani, rogor unda ikiTxos saRmrTo werili, rom ar unda gauCndes urigo
survilebi, rogor unda eridebodes ampartavnebas da amao sasoebas, rogor
unda eridebodes adamiani daaxloebas xalxTan.
wignSi laparakia morCilebasa da qveSevrdomobazed, imaze, Tu rogor
unda eridebodes adamiani zedmet laparaks, an Tu rogor unda veZiebdeT
mSvidobasa da guls vmodgineobdeT warmatebisaTvis; rogori sasargeblo arian, winaaRmdegi SemTxvevani adamianisaTvis, Tu ramdenad aris saWiro moTmineba sacdurebaSi, Tu rogor unda eridebodes adamiani sxvebzed
umarTebulo msjelobas; saubaria imazec, Tu rogori siyvaruliT unda
vakeToT yvelaferi. rogori SewynarebiT unda vucqerdeT sxvebis naklovanebebs. Seqebulia monoznuri cxovrebis sikeTe, wminda mamaTa samagaliTo
cxovreba, mocemulia darigeba, Tu rogor unda wvrTnides Tavis Tavs keTili monazoni, rogor unda gviyvardes ganmartoebiTi cxovreba da mdumareba, rogor unda SevinanoT WeSmariti guliT, rogor unda vfiqrobdeT
marad Cvens sabralo da umweo mdgomareobazed, sikvdilze, gankiTxvasa Tu
codvilTa sasjelze, mTeli Cveni cxovrebis gasworebaze.
wignis meore nawilSi gadmocemulia darigebani, Tu rogori unda iyos
adamiani Sinagan cxovrebaSi. yuradReba maxvildeba Tavmdablad morCilebaze, keTilsa da mSvidobis moyvarul kacze, gulis siwmindeze da azris
umankoebaze, Tavis Tavis ganxilvaze, keTili sindisis mxiarulebaze, imaze,
Tu rogor unda Segiyvardes yvelaze metad ieso qriste da rogor unda
vimegobroT masTan. wigni gvaswavlis, Tu rogor unda vumadloT RmerTs
misi mravali mowyalebisaTvis da imaze, rogor mcirea jvaris moyvareTa
ricxvi wmida jvaris samefo gzaze.
1
Toma kempeli, „mibaZva qristesi“, Tb., 2007, gv. 15-18.
24
Teimuraz fanjikiZe
wignis mesame nawilSi saubaria Sinagan nugeSis cemazed; qristes Sinagan
saubarze morwmune sulTan, imaze, Tu rogor saubrobs WeSmariteba sulTan,
rogori krZalviT unda ismendes kaci RvTis sityvebs, romelsac, samwuxarod, mravalni yuradRebas ar aqceven; rogori simdabliT (TavmdablobiT)
da WeSmaritebiT unda viaroT RvTis winaSe, rogori sakvirvelmoqmedia
RvTiuri siyvaruli; saubaria im niSnebze, romliTac icnobeba WeSmariti
misiyvarule adamiani, rogori TavmdablobiT unda hfaravdes kaci RvTisgan miniWebul madls, saerTod, rogori TavmdablobiT unda viqceodeT
RvTis winaSe, rogor unda mivaweroT RmerTs yvelaferi, rac migviRia,
radgan igia yvelafris dasabami da bolo wertili.
wigni mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor tkbilia RvTis samsaxuri imaTTvis, vinc
sofels moiZulebs. rogor unda vikvlevdeT da vazomierebdeT Cveni gulis wadierebas, rogor unda viswavloT moTmineba da rogor vebrZoloT
borots gulis-TqmaTa, rogor unda vfiqrobdeT RvTis miuwvdomel gankiTxvaze, raTa Cveni keTilis moqmedebiT ar gaavmpartavndeT. miTiTebulia
imaze, Tu rogor unda moviqceT da ras unda vambobdeT, rodesac rame guliT gvwadia. WeSmarit nugeSiscemas mxolod RmerTSi rom unda veZiebdeT,
rogor moTminebiT unda vitvirToT qristesaviT am qveyanaze yvelanairi
ubedureba, rogor unda avitanoT Seuracyofa, romliTac icnoba WeSmariti moTmineba, rogor unda vcnobdeT da vaRiarebdeT sakuTar uZlurebas
da cxovrebis sivaglaxes; rom marto RmerTSi unda veZebdeT gansvenebas da
ara ama qveyniur sikeTesa da siamovnebaSi. maradis rogor unda gvaxsovdes
RvTis uTvalavi keTilis yofani.
wignis am nawilSi saubaria im oTx mniSvnelovan saSualebazed, romliTac SeuZlian kacs moipovos didi mSvidoba:
1. „ecade, rom ufro sxvisi neba Seasrulo, vidre Seni;
2. yovelTvis cota amjobine bevrs;
3. yovel dros bolo adgili irCie, rom yvelaze ukan iyve;
4. marad imas natrobde da is iTxove, rom sruliad aRsruldes Senze
RvTis neba.“1
Semdeg Toma kempeli gvmoZRvravs, Tu rogor unda moveridoT sxvebis
yofa-qcevis gamoZiebas da Tu raSi mdgomareobs gulis namdvili mSvidoba,
sulis WeSmariti warmateba. aseve, saubaria sulis Tavisuflebis uaRresobazed, romelic SeiZleba moipovos kacma ufro gulmodgine locviT, vidre
wignebis kiTxviT da rogor gvakargvinebs bednierebas Cveni Tavmoyvareoba.
wigni gvafrTxilebs, rom ar vidardoT imaze, Tu vinmes Cvenze boroti
azri Seeqmneba; Tu sulierad icxovreb yuradRebas aRar miaqcev qarisaviT
warmaval sityvebs. radgan Seni bedniereba kacTa sityvebisagan ar Sesdgeba;
imaT, Tugind cudi sTqvan Senzed, Tugind kargi. Sen mainc isev is iqnebi,
rac xar. gaxsovdes, rom WeSmariti bedniereba da namdvili dideba marto
RmerTSia da rom gulis mousvenroba da gonebis dafantva mxolod siyvarulisgan da usafuZvlo SiSisagan warmosdgebian.
1
Toma kempeli, „mibaZva qristesi“, Tb., 2007, gv. 251.
qristianuli eTika
25
amitom, mogviwodebs Toma kempeli, rom unda vevedroT da vadidoT
RmerTi gansacdelsa da SewuxebaSic. rogorc ioane maxarobeli ambobs: „mixsen me Jamisa amisagan“ (ioane, 12:27).
wignSi saubaria imaze, Tu rogor unda viTxovdeT RvTis Sewevnas da
moTminebiT davelodoT misi madlis dabrunebas. imisaTvis, rom vipovoT
yovelTa dambadebeli, uari unda vTqvaT pirad siamovnebaze da vizrunoT gulis TqmaTa mokvdinebaze, radgan ver endobi Seni gulis grZnobebs,
mis daudgromlobas; amitom, yovel saqmeSi miznad RmerTi unda viyolioT,
radgan misi moyvaruli kacisaTvis RmerTi yvelaze ufro tkbilia. adamians
mxolod misi imedi unda hqondes.
SeuZlebelia ise icxovro, rom SiSi arafrisa ar gqondes da Tu guliT
RmerTTan maradis ar iqnebi, ver gauZleb Sens ficxel oms da ver daimsaxureb netarebis gvirgvins. amisaTvis unda daiTmino yovelive: Sroma, mwuxareba, sacduroba, devniloba, Sewuxeba, siRatake, sneuleba, usamarTlod
mopyroba, Seuracxyofa, cilis wameba, damcireba, yvedreba, mxileba da moZuleba. ai, yovelive amis Sesruleba aZlevs adamians saTnoebas.
Tu RmerTis moSiSi da umankoa adamiani, maSin kacTa gankiTxvis ar unda
SeeSindes. guliT mTlianad RmerTs unda miendos, umizezod nu ganrisxdeba, raTa mouTmenlobiT sasyideli ar Seimciros, bolomde miendos RmerTs
da igi miagebs yvela kacs maTis moqmedebisamebr.
Tu adamiani uaryofs sakuTar Tavs, mxolod maSin ipovnis RmerTs, amitom nurafers nu indomebs, nuraviTar sakuTrebas nu iqoniebs da am SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis mets SeiZens.
garegan saqmeSi da SromaSi adamiani unda iyos patroni Tavisi saqmisa da
daicvas sakuTari guli, xolo gansacdelis Jams mimarTos ufals.
Tavis saqmeSi kaci ar unda aCqardes, yvela saqme RmerTs unda miandos,
radgan is, vinc uaryofs sakuTar Tavs, swored is aris WeSmaritad Tavisufali da mosvenebuli.
adamiani yovelmxriv uZluri da glaxakia, xolo RmerTi maradis erTi
da igive, romelic yovelTvis ganagebs keTilad, simarTliT da siwmindiT.
gmadlob, wyarov yovlis sikeTisao, romelsac mouvlen adamians.
unda movikloT yovelive Jamieri pativi, nu SevwuxdebiT Tu sxvebs aqeben da pativs scemen, da Sen ki dagamcireben da Seuracxgyofen. guliT mimarTe zecas da maSin aRar Sewuxdebi. cudia rom: „brmani varT ufalo da
soflis amaoebiT advilad vstyuvdebiT“.
mSvidobas kacTagan, naTqvamia wignSi, ar unda movelodeT. RmerTis gareSe megobroba araferSi ar aris gamosadegi da verc didxans gastans da arc
SeiZleba, rom siyvaruli iyves wminda. ar unda movtyuvdeT kacTa mSvenieris da tkbili sityvebiT, radgan mWevrmetyvelebiT ki ver movigebT sasufevels RvTisa, aramed keTili moqmedebiT (1 kor. 4:20).
kaci didad ar unda iyos garTuli garegani sagnebiT, bevri rame sjobia
ar icodes da ufro mometebulad unda fiqrobdes Tavis Sinagan mosvenebaze.
26
Teimuraz fanjikiZe
yvela kacs ar unda verwmunoT, ramdenjer movtyuebulvarT imaTgan,
visganac didi imedi gvqonda da bevrjer visi imedic srulad ar gvqonda –
nugeSiscema migviRia.
rodesac vinme gvkicxavs, ar unda SegveSindes, RmerTis sasoebis imedi
unda gvqondes... „sityvisa rogor unda SegeSindes? – gvaswavlis Toma kempeli, - ubralo qaria, romelic Tumca ki haerSi grialebs, magram qvasac ki
veras aklebs. Tu rameSi damnaSave xar, ecade, rom es Secdomileba rogorme
gaisworo... kacTa mowmoba xSirad Semcdaria, magram RvTis samarTali WeSmaritia da maradis Seucvleli darCeba“.1
saukuno sasoebisTvis yvelaferi unda moviTminoT, - agrZelebs Toma,
- cota kidev moiTmine da male bolo moeRebaT mag Sens ubedurebaT...
RmerTi iqneba adamianis sasyideli. sikvdili daiTrguneba Tu ara, maSinve
dadgeba saukuno cxovreba, gaqreba yvela mwuxareba da mis adgils daiWers
sanatreli sixaruli...
zeciurni moqalaqeni, naTqvamia wignSi, grZnoben raoden sasixaruloa is
dRe: xolo evas gamodevnili Svilebi ki godeben, radgan mware da dauTmenelia maTTvis es cxovreba, rodis unda ganvTavisufldeT biwierebis uwyalo monebisagan. rodis moeReba bolo amodena ubedurebas. rodis iqneba,
rom mxolod Sen gvaxsovde ufalo?
imisTvis, rom SeviZinoT saukuno cxovreba, unda ganvTavisufldeT xorcis tyveobisagan, raTa daubrkoleblad vumzerdeT naTels. adamianma unda iTxovo ara is, rac SenTvis sasiamovno da sasargebloa, aramed is, rac
RmerTisTvis mosawonia da mis didebas Seefereba.
wigni gvaswavlis, rom kacma mwuxarebaSi RmerTs unda miandos Tavisi Tavi. Tuki mainc vcodavT: „sceme beWTa CemTa da qedsa Cemsa, raTa gavasworo
simrude Cemi ise, rogorc ufals surs“.
sanam adamiani mokvdav sxeulSia mowyinebas da mwuxarebas ver aicilebs
Tavidan. amitom zogjer saWiroa adamianma RmerTs mosvlamde mdabali saqcielic ikadros da unda Tu ar unda mwuxarebiT zidos amqveyniuri tvirTi.
adamiani ufro sasjelis Rirsad Tvlis Tavs, vidre nugeSiscemis, radgan
amqveyniuri cxovrebiT ar daumsaxurebia RmerTis nugeSi, amitom, WeSmaritis guliT Senaneba codvilebisa didad mosawonia uflis winaSe.
RvTis madlis moTavseba saqveyniero sitkboebasTan SeuZlebelia, radgan buneba mzakvaria: bevrs izidavs Tavisken da maxeSi abams, bevrs atyuebs.
mas miznad yovelTvis Tavis Tavi aqvs. xolo RvTis madli wrfelad moqmedebs: igi borotis yovel aCrdilsac ki erideba.
adamians didi madli sWiria imisaTvis, raTa sZlios borot bunebas, radgan kacis buneba, raki pirvelSive adamis mier daeca da gaixrwna, da am codvis brali yvela kacT naTesavzed gadmovida.
amitom, saWiroa uarvyoT Cveni Tavi da mivbaZoT qristes jvaris tvirTvaSi. nu geSiniaT, Zmebo, erTad warvideT win da iesoc CvenTan iqneba, is
iomebs Cvens magivrad.
1
Toma kempeli, „mibaZva qristesi“, Tb., 2007, gv. 320-324.
qristianuli eTika
27
rodesac kacs raime Secdoma mouva metis metad ar unda daRondes, imedi
ar unda dahkargos. sruliad daRupuli nu hgonia sakuTari Tavi. moixsene
ufali da SesTxove swor gzaze dagayenos.
adamiani unda eridebodes maRali sagnebis da RvTis dafarul gankiTxvaTa gamokvlevas, radgan amas kacis Wkua ver miswvdeba. adamianebi imas ufro
unda ecadon gulmodginebiT, rom sul ukanasknelis adgilis Rirsi mainc
gaxdnen sasufevelSi.
mTeli Cveni imedi da sasoeba mxolod RmerTze unda gvqondes damyarebuli. man unda daifaros da gadaarCinos daRupvisagan adamianis suli am
gamxrwnel cxovrebaSi da miiyvanos saukuno brwyinvalebis mamulSi.
Toma kempelis meoTxe wigni uwmindes ziarebis saidumlos exeba. adamiani madlobas uxdis keTil iesos, saukuno mwyemss Cvensas, romelmac Rirsi
gaxada glaxakni da gandegilni Tavisi daufasebelis xorciTa da sisxliT
gamozrdisa da miwvevisa am saidumlos (ziarebis) misaRebad: „movediT Cemda
yovelni maSuralni da tvirT mZimeni, da me gangisveno Tqven“ (maTe, 11:28).
es saidumlo gviCvenebs RvTis yovlad dids gulkeTilobas da siyvaruls kacTa mimarT. xSirad ziareba Zalze sasargebloa. isini, vinc xSirad
eziarebian gulmxurvalebiT, did sikeTes miiReben. Semosili mRvdeli, romelic am saidumlos asrulebs da mxurvale guliT evedreba RmerTs (rogorc TavisTvis, ise mTeli erisaTvis), qristes warmomadgenelia.
arsebobs mosamzadebeli locva maziarebelTaTvis, raTa adamiani amiT
cxondes. xolo mwirveli mRvdeli didi TavmdablobiT wardges RvTis winaSe, Seswiros usisxlo msxverpli, aiRos da eziaros. unda Seswuxdes da
itiros imisaTvis, rom jer isev xorcisa da qveynisaken aris midrekili;
xolo vnebani jer ar arian mokvdinebulni da uweso gulis Tqmani jer kidev adamianze ufloben.
da Tu ieso qristem Tavisi movaleoba pirnaTlad Seasrula, igi aResrula Cveni codvebisaTvis, gana Cven ar unda mivbaZoT mas! – ai ras mogviwodebs wigni: „me xeleb gapyrobili da SiSveli jvars vecvi Senis codvebisTvis da nebiT Sevswire Cemi sicocxle RmerTs, mamas Cemsa ise, rom aRaraferi davzoge, raTa dametkbo Senzed ganrisxebuli RmerTi: ai Senc unda
amgvaradve Semomwiro xolme Senis nebiT yoveldRe wirvazed Seni Tavi da
wmida da ubiwo msxverplad, yovlis Senis ZaliTa, suliTa da gonebiT. me
mxolod imasa gTxov Sena, rom Tavi Seni mTlad me Semomwiro. Senis Tavis
garda sxva rac unda momce, me verasodes ver damakmayofileb, radgan me
Sens Tavsa gTxov da ara sxva raime pativiscemas“.1
iseve, rogorc yovelive, Cveni Tavic unda RmerTs SevwiroT da yvelasaTvis unda vilocoT. „RmerTo amoxoce Cveni gulidan yvelanairi eWvianoba, gulgriloba, mrisxaneba, uTanxmoeba, da yovelive, rac rom siyvarulis
winaaRmdegia da romelic Zmurs erTgulebas Seasusteben“.2
1
Toma kempeli, „mibaZva qristesi“, Tb., 2007, gv. 427-428.
2
iqve, gv. 434.
28
Teimuraz fanjikiZe
umiznod ar unda vTqvaT uari saidumlos miRebaze, aseTi rCevaa: „wirvas
nurc auCqareb da nurc Zalian gaagrZeleb, aramed sazogado rCevebs mihyevi
da rogorc sjobdes wirvazed damswreTaTvis, imnairad moiqec. ise ar unda
moiqce, rom sxvebi gaabrazo da moawyino, aramed im sazogado gzas daadeqi,
romelzedac Zveladve uvliaT mamebs da ufro sxvebis sargeblobas emsaxure, vidre Sens sakuTars gulmxurvelebasa da survilebs“.1
morwmune sulisaTvis metad saWiroa qristes xorci da saRmrTo werili. adamiani gulmodgined unda moemzados am xorcis misaRebad (ziarebazea
saubari, – T. f.) da yovlis guliT unda natrobdes morwmune suli qristesTan SeerTebas ziarebis saidumlos Sesrulebis Semdeg. adamians xom
gulmxurvale natvra aqvs qristes uwmidesis xorcis miRebisa da Tu Cven
gvinda gulmxurvalebis madli SeviZinoT, unda davimdabloT da uarvhyoT
Cveni Tavi, gavacnoT iesos Cveni saWiroebani da moviTxovoT misgan madli.
mgznebare siyvaruliT unda vnatrobdeT qristes miRebas.
kaci unda eridebodes wminda ziarebis gamoZiebas, simdabliT qristes
baZavdes da Tavis gonebas umorCilebdes wminda sarwmunoebas.
da bolos, Toma kempeli askvnis: „saukuno, ganuzomeli, dausrulebeli
da yovlis SemZlebeli RmerTi hyofs didTa sakvirvelebaTa casa da qveyanazed da gamoukvlelvel da sakvirvelni arian saqmeni misni. magram ukueTu moqmedeba RvTis imgvarisa Tvisebisa yofil iyo, rom adamianis gonebas
advilad SesZleboda misi gageba, maSin xom igi aRarc sakvirveli iqneboda
da aRarc gamouTqmeli“.2
* * *
Cven SemTxveviT ar SevCerebulvarT ase vrclad Toma kempelis wignze
„mibaZva qristesi“. igi marTlac rom aris SesaniSnavi, maRalmxatvruli literaturuli Sedevri da amave dros TvalsaCino magaliTi imisa, Tu ra zneobrivi kriteriumebi iyo prioritetuli imdroindel qristianul eTikaSi,
rogori pirovnuli ideali iqna dayenebuli kacobriobis winaSe. es iyo monanie da gamomsyidveli RmerTi, romelic Camovida codvil miwaze, raTa gamoesyida kacobriobis codvebi, Seerigebina dacemuli adamianebi RmerTTan.
iesos Semdeg yvela adamians, vinc qristianobas aRiarebda, unda miebaZa
misi cxovrebisaTvis, misi zneobrivi kriteriumebiT ecxovra, misi magaliTebiT ganesazRvra Tu ra aris sikeTe da ra aris boroteba, raSi mdgomareobs sicocxlis azri da raSia adamianebis daniSnuleba, ra aris samarTlianoba da kacobriobis saboloo mizani.
marTalia, adamianebi yovelTvis sakmaod Sors idgnen im zneobrivi
mwvervalebisagan, rac maT iesom uCvena (kacTa modgma samwuxarod, yovelTvis scodavda da axlac scodavs), magram qristes orientiri isev rCeba
im miuwvdomel zneobriv simaRled, riskenac unda iswrafvodes adamiani,
1
iqve, gv. 440.
2
Toma kempeli, mibaZva qristesi, Tb., 2007, gv. 474.
29
qristianuli eTika
qristianuli gagebiT xom swored am gzis gavlis Semdeg moxvdeba adamiani
RmerTis mier aRTqmul sasufevelSi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
biblia.
Toma kempeli – `mibaZva qristesi“ Tbilisi 2007 w.
norman geizleri – „qristianuli eTika“, Tb., 2003;
Teimuraz fanjikiZe – „ieso qriste – legenda Tu sinamdvile“, Tb.,
1987;
Teimuraz fanjikiZe – „religiur rwmenaTa kvaldakval“, Tb., 1986;
Христианская этика – http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/13/2010.
Teimuraz Panjikidze
Christian Ethics
Thomas a Kempis
Summary
The paper analyzes “Imitation of Christ”, a well-know book by the 15th century German
mystic Thomas a Kempis and identifies its role in the development of Christian ethics.
saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria
mRvdeli aleqsi qSutaSvili
RvTismetyvelebis doqtori kanonikur samarTalSi
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
samociqulo statusis istoriulkanonikuri principebi
istoriulad msoflio marTlmadidebeli eklesiis dogmatur-kanonikur
azrovnebaSi arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli gageba imisa, Tu romel adgilobriv eklesias SeiZleba ewodos samociqulo:
I. patristikul periodSi, anu I-VIII ss-Si, rodesac romelime adgilobriv
eklesiaze ambobdnen, rom is samociquloa, gulisxmobdnen, rom iq daculia
wminda marTlmadidebeli samociqulo swavleba. magaliTad, iseTi mwerlebi,
rogorebic iyvnen wminda irineos lioneli, hegesipi, tertuliane, evsebi
kesarieli da sxvebi, TavianT naSromebSi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen garkveuli adgilobrivi eklesiebis uSualod mociqulebisgan warmomavlobis
demonstrirebas. xolo amas akeTebdnen imis dasamtkiceblad, rom maT mier
naxseneb eklesiebSi uwyvetad gadmoicema mociqulTa mier naqadagebi WeSmariti sarwmunoeba. maTi TqmiT, mwvaleblebi tyuilad acxadeben pretenzias
da sakuTar Tavs samociqulo eklesiebs uwodeben, radgan maTTan araa Semonaxuli WeSmariti aRmsarebloba.1 sxva sityvebiT, patristikul periodSi
samociqulod iwodeboda yvela is adgilobrivi eklesia, sadac iqadageboda
WeSmariti sar wmunoeba.
aq sakmarisia gavixsenoT marTlmadidebeli eklesiis simbolos (mrwamsis) me-9 wevri – erTi wmida kaTolike da samociqulo eklesia – saidanac
naTlad Cans, rom yvela adgilobrivi avtokefaluri eklesia erTobliobaSi da cal-calke aRebuli aris erTi, kaTolike da samociquloc, xolo
zedsarTavi `samociqulo“ gansazRvravs zustad mociqulTa mier naqadageb
WeSmarit sarwmunoebas.2
II. SedarebiT ufro gvian, X-XII s-ebSi, ganviTarda sxva swavleba, romlis mixedviTac samociqulo eklesiad iwodeboda mxolod is adgilobrivi
eklesia, romlis teritoriazec uqadagia romelime wminda mociquls. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu eklesia ver axerxebda amis demonstrirebas, SeiZleboda
damdgariyo misTvis avtokefaliis an romelime sapatio rangis CamorTmevis
sakiTxi. aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT wminda giorgi aTonelis saubari antioqiis patriarq TeodosisTan XI s-is Sua wlebSi, roca aRmosavleTis eklesiis
saWeTmpyrobelma scada CamoerTva saqarTvelos eklesisTvis avtokefalia
1
Pr. Prof. Dr. Liviu Stan, Succesiunea Apostolică, în "Studii Teologice", 1955, N. 5-6, p. 310-311.
2
wminda mRvdelmTavari filareti (drozdovi), vrceri marTlmadidebeli katexizmo,
gamomcemloba „anTimoz iverieli“ Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 89.
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia
31
imis sababiT TiTqos saqarTveloSi ar uqadagia arcerT mociquls.1
imis gamo, rom zedsarTav `samociqulos“ aqvs aseTi mniSvnelovani dogmaturi da kanonikuri datvirTva, Cveni mizania, moviyvanoT yvela argumenti imis dasamtkiceblad, rom saqarTvelos eklesia namdvilad imsaxurebs
samociqulo statuss:
rac Seexeba pirvel gansazRvrebas, aq eWvgareSea, rom saqarTvelos eklesia aris msoflio marTlmadidebeli eklesiis nawili, inaxavs mociqulTa
mier naqadageb WeSmarit sarwmunoebas da yvela sxva adgilobriv avtokefalur eklesiasTan icavs dogmatur, kanonikur da liturgikul erTobas.
ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis dadgenilebaSi weria: `amisTvis Semokrba
kreba (...) garna ara Tu ubiwoebasa qarTvelTa sarwmunoebisasa biwi raime
Sehxeboda, nu iyofin ese, ara gecruvneT Sen, wmidao mSobelo Cveno kaTolike eklesiao, arca gangceT Sen, siqadulo Cueno marTlmadideblobao,
romlisa arca gamcemel qmnil varT, vinaiTgan Semecnebasa Sensa Rirs qmnul
varT, mowame ars WeSmaritebai (...).“2 maSasadame, aqedan gamomdinare saqarTvelos avtokefaluri eklesia samarTlianad iwodeba samociqulod.
rac Seexeba meore gansazRvrebas, aq ukve mogviwevs ufro safuZvliani
argumentebis moyvana, radgan, rogorc aRniSnavs meufe anania jafariZe,
`axal droSi, gansakuTrebiT XX s. dasawyisSi, wminda andrias saqarTveloSi
qadageba legendad gamocxadda“.3
upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom aucilebelia sakiTxis arsebiTad
axleburad ganxilva. qarTuli eklesiis mociqulTa mier daarsebis problematika aqamde saerTod ar ganixileboda kanonikuri samarTlis kuTxidan.
aman ganapiroba is, rom qarTul eklesiad miCneuli iyo mxolod is qristianuli Temebi, romlebic uSualod Sediodnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
sazRvrebSi. istorikosebis yuradReba mTlianad imis dadgenaze iyo fokusirebuli, uqadagia Tu ara romelime mociquls uSualod saqarTvelos saxelmwifos – iberiis teritoriaze. aseTi midgoma sakiTxisadmi calmxrivi
da arasrulyofilia. kanonikuri samarTlis mecnierebis mixedviT, erovnulnacionaluri eklesia ar SemoisazRvreba mxolod erT romelime saxelmwifos
sazRvrebSi moqceuli mrevliT, aramed gulisxmobs konkretuli erovnebis yvela mor wmunes sadac ar unda cxovrobdes is.4
1
giorgi mcire, cxovreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cvenisa giorgi mTawmindelisa, krebulSi saqarTvelos samoTxe, peterburgi, 1882, gv. 462-463.
2
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, tomi III, gv. 114.
3
mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, tomi
I, gv. 20.
4
Nicolae V. Dura, Biserica crestina in primele patru secole. Organizarea si bazele ei canonice, in „Ortodoxia“
XXXIV, 1982, N. 2, p.300;
Nicolae V. Dura, Comunitatile ortodoxe romane de peste hotare, o preocupare permanenta a Bisericii
Ortodoxe Romane, in „Studii Teologice“ XXXVIII, 1986, N. 1, p. 10;
Nicolae V. Dura, Principiile canonice fundamentale de organizare si functionare a Bisericii Ortodoxe
si reflectarea lor in legislatia Bisericii Ortodoxe Romane, in „Marturie Ortodoxa“. Revista Comunitatii
Ortodoxe Romane din Olanda, Haga, VI, 1987, N. 10, p. 129;
Dumitru Gaina, Ortodoxia romaneasca in Australia, în volumul „Omagiu Profesorului Nicolae V. Dură
32
mRvdeli aleqsi qSutaSvili
mociqulTa 34-e kanoni brZanebs, rom: `yoveli eris episkoposebi unda cnobdnen pirvels maT Soris, aRiarebdnen mas, rogorc Tav episkoposs
da TavianT Zalauflebaze aRmatebuli araferi moimoqmedon misi nebarTvis gareSe (...)“.1 moyvanili kanonis pirveli ori sityva berZnul dedanSi
gadmocemulia sityvebiT εκάστου έθνους (singularium gentium – laTinurad), rac
zogadad mosaxleobis ki ara, naciis aRmniSvnelia. es imas niSnavs, rom qristianuli eklesiis cxovrebis organizeba da marTva-gamgeoba pirvelive saukuneebidanve xdeboda erovnul-nacionaluri principis gaTvaliswinebiT.2
anu, pirvelive qristianuli Temebi ukve gamoirCeodnen Sesabamisi nacionaluri niSan-TvisebebiT: liturgikuli ena, tradiciebi, adgilobrivi erovnuli ierarqia da a.S. karTagenis 50-e da sardikis me-6 kanonebis mixedviT,
episkoposis arCeva xdeboda konkretuli provinciis mRvdelmTavrebisa da
daqvrivebuli eparqiis mrevlis mier, rac gamoricxavda TemisTvis ucxo
adamianis Camoyvanasa da kurTxevas. es kidev erTi damamtkicebeli argumentia, rom pirvel saukuneebSi yvela qristianuli Temi gamoirCeoda Tavisi
adgilobrivi erovnul-nacionaluri xasiaTiT. am kanonikuri principidan
gamomdinare naTeli xdeba, rom iq, sadac cxovrobdnen qarTuli tomebi da
yalibdeboda adgilobrivi qristianuli Temi, eklesias yovelTvis eZleoda
Sesabamisi qarTuli erovnuli niSan-Tviseba. mravali istoriuli da eTnografiuli wyarodanaa cnobili, rom romis imperiis pontosa da kapadokiis
provinciebis ZiriTad adgilobriv mosaxleobas, sxva erovnebebTan erTad,
yovelTvis qarTuli tomebic warmoadgendnen – lazebi da mesxebi.3 amitom
qarTuli eklesiis daarsebaze saubrisas mxedvelobaSi aucileblad unda miviRoT mociqulebis qadageba ara mxolod saqarTvelos saxelmwifos – iberiis
sazRvrebSi, aramed romis imperiis pontosa da kapadokiis provinciebSic.
la 60 de ani“ Editor şi coordonator, Prof. Univ. Dr. Teodosie Petrescu, Editura Arhiepiscopiei Tomisului,
2006, p. 627.
1
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis kanonebi episkopos nikodimis (milaSi) ganmartebebiT,
tomi I, gv. 75
2
Arhidiacon prof. dr. Ioan N. Floca, Canoanele Bisericii Ortodoxe, note și comentarii, Sibiu, 1992, p. 26
3
g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1962;
g. gozaliSvili, ori etiudi pontosa da kapadokiis cxovrebidan, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1965;
g. gozaliSvili, kvlav „sami didi kapadokielis“ vinaobis irgvliv, gamocemulia JurnalSi „mnaTobi“ 1971, N. 6 ivnisi, gv. 88-104;
g. gozaliSvili, pontos samefos mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis sakiTxisaTvis,
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis macne. istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa
da xelovnebis istoriis seria, Tbilisi, 1980, N. 3, 169-190;
e. xinTibiZe, basili didis sadaurobisaTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis
sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis moambe, 1962, N. 3, gv. 125-151;
e. xinTibiZe, bizantiur-qarTuli literaturuli urTierTobani, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1969;
v. goilaZe, qarTuli eklesiis saTaveebTan, gamomcemloba „saqarTvelo“ Tbilisi,
z. batiaSvili (darejanaSvili), kapadokia, gamomcemloba „artanuji“ 2010, gv. 37-45.
1991, gv. 23-34;
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia
33
qvemoT moviyvanT ramodenime romaul, bizantiur da qarTul wyaros,
saidanac mtkicdeba, rom kapadokiisa da pontos provinciebis mkvidr mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen xsenebuli qarTuli tomebi:
pirveli saukunis romaeli istorikosi ioseb flaviusi bibliuri noes
SviliSvilebis STamomavlebze saubrisas ambobs – `Tobelma daafuZna Tobelebi, romlebsac axla iberebi ewodebaT; mesxebi dafuZnebuli arian mesxis
mier, axlaxan maT kapadokielebi ewodaT.“1
evstaTi antioqieli (IV s.) – `obeli, romlisagan arian Teobelebi, dRes
iberebi ewodebaT; osoxi, romlisagan arian mesxenebi, dRevandeli kapadokielebi arian“2
amave informacias sxva istorikosebic adastureben. magaliTad, Teodorite kvireli (V s.),3 konstantine porfirogeni (X s.)4 da leon gramatikosi
(X s.), romelic wers: `Tobelisagan –Tobelebi, romelTac axla iberebi ewodebaT, mesxisgan – mesxebi, romelTac axla kapadokielebi ewodebaT“.5
pontos provinciisa da misi dedaqalaqis – trapizonis mkvidr mosaxleobasTan dakavSirebiT mogvepoveba Semdegi werilobiTi wyaroebi:
qarTlis cxovrebis informaciiT, qalaqi trapizoni megrelTa sofeli
(qveyana) ariso.6
epifane kvipreli (IV s.) Tavis erT-erT naSromSi wers, rom trapizoni
lazeTis qalaqiao.7
gelasi kesarieli (IV s.) mogviTxrobs: `pontos gaswvriv miwa-wyalze
cxovroben iberebi da lazebi“.8
sokrate sqolastikosi (IV-V s.) wers: `iberebi cxovroben evqsinis pontosTan“.9
Turanius rufinusis (IV-V s.) TxzulebaSi naTqvamia: `amave xanebSi iberTa
tommac, romelic cxovrobs pontos mxareSi, miiRo RvTis mcnebis kanonebi“.10
epifane konstantinepolelis cnobiT: `trapizoni lazeTis qalaqia“.11
bizantiuri wyaros noticie episkopatuumis mixedviT lazeTis mitropoliis sataxto qalaqi sxvadasxva saukuneSi gadadioda xan fazisSi (foTi),
xan ki trapizonSi, rac Savi zRvispireTis samxreT-aRmosavleTisa da aRmo-
1
georgika, tomi I, gv. 271-273.
2
georgika, tomi I, gv. 35.
3
georgika, tomi I, gv. 221-223.
4
georgika, tomi IV, nakveTi 2, gv. 299.
5
georgika, tomi V, gv. 3.
6
qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, gv. 38.
7
georgika, tomi I, gv. 40-42.
8
georgika, tomi I, gv. 186.
9
georgika, tomi I, gv. 230.
10
georgika, tomi I, gv. 201.
11
georgika, tomi IV, nakveTi 1, gv. 58.
3. „religia“ π 3
34
mRvdeli aleqsi qSutaSvili
savleTis mosaxleobis eTnikuri identurobis maniSnebelia.1
faqti, rom pontos provinciis mkvidr mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen qarTvelebi, mtkicdeba IV saukunis cnobili moRvawe-asketis evagri pontoelis
cxovrebidanac, sadac naTqvamia, rom: `is iyo naTesaviT pontodan, iberTa
qalaqidan“.2
pontoelebisa da kapadokielebis qarTvelobis Sesaxeb Zalze sainteresod werda profesori g. gozaliSvili: `ponto da kapadokia erTi da imave
samyaros organuli nawilebia. orive teritoria ekuTvnoda erTsa da imave eTnikur elements –Zvel qarTul tomebs“;3 `ponto-kapadokia eTnikuri
TvalsazrisiT ganuyofelni iyvnen qarTuli samyarosgan (...). kapadokia-ponto-kolxida-iberia, esaa erTiani eTnikuri samyaro, romelSic cocxlobda
erTi da igive kulturuli cxovreba (...)“.4
mas mere, rac moviyvaneT sakmarisi argumentebi imis dasamtkiceblad,
rom qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen ara marto saqarTvelos saxelmwifos – iberiis, aramed romis imperiis pontosa da kapadokiis provinciebis teritoriebze, gadavdivarT im istoriuli wyaroebis moyvanaze, saidanac mtkicdeba, rom yvela am teritoriaze qristianoba uSualod mociqulebis mieraa
gavrcelebuli.
Tavdapirvelad moviyvanT ramodenime ZiriTad qarTul wyaros:
qarTlis cxovreba mogviTxrobs, rom `aderkis mefobasa Sina movides
aTormetTa wmidaTa mociqulTaganni andria da svimon kananeli afxazeTs
da egriss. da mun aResrula wmida svimon kananeli qalaqsa nikofsiasa,
sazRvarsa berZenTasa. xolo andria moaqcivna megrelni da warvida gzasa
klarjeTisasa. (...)
movida andria qalaqad trapizonad, romel ars sofeli megrelTa, sada
igi dahyo Jami mciredi. (...) ganvida mier da Sevida qveyanasa qarTlisasa,
romelsa did-aWara ewodebis, da iwyo qadagebad saxarebisa... vidremdis
yovelnive moaqcivna da moiyvanna sarwmunoebad... da Semokrbes yovelnive
yovliT-kerZo mkvidrni mis queyanisani, da naTel-sca yovelTa saxeliTa
mamisaTa, da ZisaTa, da sulisa wmidisaTa, da daadginna mRudelni da diakonni, da daudva wesi da sazRvari sarwmunoebisa. da aRaSenes eklesia Suenieri saxelsa zeda yovlad-wmidisa RvTismSoblisasa. (...)
STavlo xevi oZraxisa da movida sazRvarTa samcxisaTa, daivana sofelsa,
romelsa ewodebis zaden-gora...“ iq kerpebis damxobis Semdeg `wmida mociquli warmoemarTa da moiwia awyvers. (...) da hrwmena yovelTa ufali Cueni
ieso qriste da sixaruliT naTel-iRes yovelTa saxeliTa mamisaTa, da ZisaTa, da sulisa wmidisaTa. (...) da aswava maT yoveli wesi sjulisa da sarwmunoebisa. da daudginna episkoposi, mRudelni da diakonni.“
qarTlis cxovreba gvauwyebs, rom wmida andria mociqulma meoredac
1
georgika, tomi IV, nakveTi 2, gv. 180, 184, 185.
2
Paladie, Istoria Lausiacă (Lavsaicon), p. 84.
3
g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, Tbilisi, 1962, gv. 237.
4
g. gozaliSvili, ori etiudi pontosa da kapadokiis cxovrebidan, Tbilisi, 1965, gv
42, 43.
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia
35
imogzaura saqarTveloSi, kerZod: `viTarca aResrula dResaswauli martvilisa, warmovida muniT didebuli andria sxuaTa maT Tana mociqulTa, movidodes qalaqiTi-qalaqad da sofliTi-soflad, aswavebdes erTa
da iqmodes saswaulTa, da esreT miiwivnes queyanasa qarTlisasa. da merme
warvles taos kerZi queyana da vidre mdinared Woroxadmde, yoveli igi
soflebi mis kerZisa movles, da daucadebelad qadagebdes saxelsa RvTisasa. da esreT qadagebiTa miiwivnes svaneTisa queyanasa (...) mier warvides
da Sevides queyanasa afxazeTisasa da sevaste qalaqad mivides, romelsa aw
ewodeba cxumi. da uqadages sityva RvTisa, da mravalTa Seiwynares.
da mun dauteva netarman andria svimon kananeli sxuaTa Tana mowafeTa
da Tavadi jiqeTisa queyanad aRvida.“1
meore qarTul wyarod unda vaxsenoT giorgi mcires Txzuleba – cxovreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cvenisa giorgi mTawmindelisa, sadac wminda giorgi mTawmindeli eubneba antioqiis patriarqs: `wmidao meufeo, Sen ityvi, viTarmed Tavisa mis mociqulTasa petres saydarsa
vzio, xolo Cuen pirvelwodebulisa da Zmisa Tvisisa mwodebelisa nawilni
varT da samwysoni da mis mier moqceulni da ganaTlebulni. da erTi wmidaTa aTormetTa mociqulTagani – simon vityvi kananelsa – queyanasa Cuensa
damarxul ars, afxazeTs, romelsa nikofsi ewodebis. amaT wmidaTa mociqulTa ganaTlebulni varT.“2
cnobili moRvawe efrem mcire berZnul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT werda,
rom qristes saxareba saqarTveloSi iqadaga ara marto andriam, aramed
mociqulma barTlomemac: `iTqumis CuenTvisca mimosvlasa Sina wmida mociqulTasa – andria pirvelwodebulisa mier qadageba Soris avazgiasa, romel ars afxazeTi, da mier warvsla oseTad, da kualad barTlomes mier
mimovla CrdiloeTisa, romel ars qarTli.“3
dabolos, moviyvanT citatas ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis dadgenilebidan, sadac naTqvamia: `pirvelwodebuli andria, Zma Tavisa mociqulTasa petresi, vidre Cuendamdeca moiwia da qadaga sacxorebeli qadagebai
saxarebisai yovelsa queyanasa saqarTveloisasa; da uricxuni simravleni
erTani ganaSorna sacTurisagan mrCobl eSmakeulebisa; da erTisa RmrTisa da qristes misisa TanaarsiT maTiT suliTurT rwmunebiT Tayvaniscemai
aswava.“4
rac Seexeba romaul-bizantiur wyaroebs, mociqulTa qadagebis Taobaze
uZveles informacias gvawvdis mesame saukunis cnobili qristiani mwerali
– origene (185-255): `wminda mociqulebi da mowafeebi [ieso qristesi] mTel
msoflioSi gaifantnen, Tomas, rogorc gadmocema gviambobs, parTia xvda
wilad, andrias skviTia, ioanes asia, xolo petrem uqadaga gafantulebaSi
1
qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, gv. 38-42.
2
giorgi mcire, cxovreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cvenisa giorgi
mTawmindelisa, krebulSi saqarTvelos samoTxe, gv. 462-463.
3
qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa, tomi I, gv. 34.
4
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, tomi III, gv.109.
36
mRvdeli aleqsi qSutaSvili
myof iudevelebs pontoSi, galatiaSi, biTviniaSi, kapadokiaSi da asiaSi.“1
pirvel rigSi, vamaxvilebT Cvens yuradRebas im informaciaze, rom uZvelesi wyaroebis Tanaxmad, petre mociquli moRvaweobda pontosa da kapadokiaSi. usafuZvlo iqneba imis fiqri, rom mociquli uqadagebda mxolod
`gafantulebaSi myof iudevelebs“. axali aRTqmidan Cven kargad viciT,
rom mociqulebis qadageba ar iyo SemosazRvruli mxolod sinagogebiT da
RvTis sityvis mimRebni ZiriTadad xdebodnen adgilobrivi warmarTebi.
mociqulTa krebaze ierusalimSi zustad petre mociquli iyo is pirovneba, romelic amtkicebda, rom eklesiis kari Ria unda iyos ara marto iudevelebisTvis, aramed warmarTebisTvisac (saqme 11, 1-18: 15, 1-29). wminda
petres, iseve rogorc danarCen mociqulebs, ra Tqma unda, kargad axsovda
macxovris sityvebi: `warvediT da moimowafeniT yovelni warmarTni da naTel-scemdiT maT saxeliTa mamisaTa da ZisaTa da sulisa wmidisaTa“ (maTe
28, 19). maSasadame, zemod citirebul wyaroze dayrdnobiT unda davaskvnaT,
rom wminda petre pontosa da kapadokoaSi mcxovrebi ara mar to iudevelebis,
aramed yvela erovnebis da maT Soris qarTvelebis mociqulic iyo da Sesabamisad im teritoriaze qarTuli eklesiis erT-erTi damaarsebelic.
informacia, rom petre mociquli kapadokiasa da pontoSi mcxovrebi
qarTvelebisTvis qristianobis mqadagebeli iyo ar aris axali qarTuli
istoriografiisTvis. marTalia gakvriT, magram amis Sesaxeb jer kidev XX
saukunis dasawyisSi werda dekanozi meliton kelenjeriZe,2 xolo Cvens
droSi, mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe.3 amisdamiuxedavad vTvliT, rom
samwuxarod, qarTul arc saeklesio da arc samecniero wreebSi ar xdeba
am Zalzed mniSvnelovani istoriuli faqtis saTanado popularizacia da
aRiareba, rom petre mociquli qarTuli eklesiis erT-erTi damaarsebelia.
im dros, rodesac sxva erebi saeWvo wyaroebiTa da argumentebiT weren TavianT istorias da ase imkvidreben Tavis adgils Tanamedrove samyaroSi,
Cvens SemTxvevaSi, aseTi mniSvnelovani faqtebis ugulebelsyoba ar aris
sapatio.
aqve gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas im detalze, rom petre mociqulTan dakavSirebiT sworeia ixmarebodes termini qarTuli eklesiis da ara saqarTvelos eklesiis damaarsebeli, radgan sityva „qarTuli“ miuTiTebs
eTnikur Semadgenlobaze, xolo, „saqarTvelos“ konkretul saxelmwifos
sazRvrebSi moqceul eklesiaze. radgan wminda petre ar Semosula saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi, Sesabamisad is unda iwodebodes qarTuli
eklesiis damaarseblad da ara saqarTvelosi.
zemoT moyvanili citata aseve Zalze mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis
andria mociqulis skviTiaSi moRvaweobazec. wyaroebis Seswavlisas naTeli
xdeba, rom antikuri da bizantieli mwerlebi skviTiasa da skviTur tomeb1
Istoria Bisericeasca si Viata lui Constantin cel mare de Eusebiu Episcop de Cezareea, Bucuresti, Tipografia
,,Cartilor Bisericesti“ 1896, p. 60; georgika, tomi I, gv. 29.
2
m. kelenjeriZe, saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso eklesiis mokle istoria, gv. 5.
3
mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, tomi
I, gv. 42.
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia
37
ze werisas arc Savi zRvis CrdiloeT sanapiros gulisxmobdnen, rogorc
amas rusuli saeklesio tradicia miiCnevs1 da arc Savi zRvis dasavleT sanapiros, rogorc amas rumineli istorikosebi fiqroben,2 aramed qarTuli
tomebiT dasaxlebul Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros. magaliTad:
plutarqosi werda: `fasisi skviTeTis mdinarea, igi qalaqs (e.i. fasiss)
Camoudis.“3
libaniosi (314-393) Tavis `progimnasmatasaSi“ kolxTa qveyanas uwodebs
skviTTa qveyanas, aiets skviTTa mefes, xolo medeas skviTTa mefis asuls.4
stefane bizantieli (V s.) Tavis geografiul leqsikonSi, romlis saTauricaa `eTnika“, werda: `skviTuri tomebi arian afsilebi, sanigebi da lazebi.“5
sxva bizantieli mwerali, ioane cecesi (1110-1180) mowmobs: `kolxebs,
romelTac lazebs eZaxian (...) azieli skviTebica da levoskirebic hqviaT,
isini cxovroben aziis im nawilSi, romelic mdinare fasisTanaa.“6
maSasadame, origenes mier gadmocemul informaciaSi, andria mociqulis
skviTiaSi qadagebis Taobaze, nagulisxmevia dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriebi.
qarTvelebs Soris andria mociqulis moRvaweobaze mowmoben sxva bizantieli mwerlebic. magaliTad, epifane konstantinepoleli, romelic VIII
s-is meore naxevarSi konstantinepolSi ,,kalistratTa“ monastris moZRvari iyo. misi erT-erTi nawarmoebia `andria mociqulis cxovreba“, romlis
dasawerad man gamoiyena im droisTvis arsebuli yvela wyaro. ufro metic,
misive TqmiT, is ar dakmayofilda mxolod werilobiTi wyaroebis (klementi romaelis, evagre sicilielisa da epifane kviprelis) gamoyenebiT da
moiara zogierTi is adgili, sadac andria mociquls umoRvawia. igi wers:
`kviprosis episkoposi epifane ambobs, rom netarma mociqulma andriam
damoZRvra skviTebi da sogdianebi da gorsinebi dids sevastopolSi7 (dRevandeli soxumi), sadac aris afsaris cixe8 (dRevandeli gonio), hissos navsadguri da mdinare fazisi, iq mosaxleoben iberielebi (...).“9
`ase damoZRvra andriam mravali qalaqi da sofeli da moaqcia isini
qristesaken.
1
www.ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Русская_православная_церковь.
2
Pr. Prof. Dr. Mircea Pacurariu, Istoria Bisericii Ortodoxe Romane, p. 12.
3
mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, tomi
I, gv. 48.
4
georgika, tomi I, gv. 68.
5
georgika, tomi III, gv. 272.
6
georgika, tomi VII, gv. 37.
7
sevastopoli – `qarTlis cxovrebis“ mixedviT – sevaste, anu igive soxumi. ixile:
qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, gv. 38-42.
8
VI s-is mwerlis, prokopi bizantielis cixe afsari igive gonios cixea. ixile:
* * *, saqarTvelos istoriis istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, gv. 549-550.
9
georgika, tomi IV, nakveTi 1, gv. 57.
38
mRvdeli aleqsi qSutaSvili
amisodan wamosvlis Semdeg is mivida trapezuntSi, lazeTis qalaqSi (...),
iqidan is wavida iberiaSi. mas Semdeg, rac man zRvis piras mcxovrebni mravalni gananaTla, is Cavida ierusalimSi.“1
mesame mogzaurobis dros andria mociquli ukve svimon kananelTan, mataTasa da TadeozTan erTad `Cavida iberiaSi da fazisSi, xolo ramdenime
dRis Semdeg su(s)aniaSi (anu svaneTSi) (...). mataTa mowafeebiTurT darCa
im qveyanaSi, qadagebda da saswaulebs axdenda. xolo svimoni da andria (...)
wavidnen abazgiaSi (afxazeTSi). did sevastopolSi rom Cavidnen, iqadages
RmrTis sityva. andriam dastova iq svimoni da mowafeebiTurT wavida jiqeTSi.“2
saqarTveloSi mociqulTa qadagebis Sesaxeb laTinuri wyaroebic mowmoben. XVII s-is italieli misioneri da mkvlevari arqanjelo lamberti
Tavis wignSi `wminda kolxeTi“ wers: `mociqul andrias skviTia Sexvda da
amasTanave, is mxare, sadac abaskebi (rogorc ortelo Tavis `geografiul
ZvirfaseulobaSi“ ambobs) cxovrobdnen. abaskebi (afxazebi) kolxebis mosazRvreebi arian.
barTlomes ki somxeTi ergo. aqedan unda vigulisxmoT, rom andria abaskebidan kolxeTSi gadavida, xolo barTlome – somxeTidan iberiaSi. am ori
mociqulis saqarTveloSi yofnis aSkara damadasturebeli niSnebi zustadaa Semonaxuli, rogorc erT, ise meore mxareSi. magaliTad, abaskebs Soris
im adgilas, romelsac biWvinTa hqvia, Cven vxedavT umSvenieres taZars, romelic mociqul wm. andriasadmia miZRvnili.
amboben, TiTqos es taZari imitom aSenda, rom xsenebulma mociqulma am
mxareSi qristianoba iqadagao (...).
qarTlSi, samcxis provinciaSi, aris eklesia, romelic miZRvnilia wm.
barTlmomesadmi. am ukanasknelma, xalxuri gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Tavisi qadagebiT am mxareSi qristianoba gaavrcela. am saepiskoposo eklesiis episkoposs iSxnels uwodeben.
darwmunebuli unda viyoT, – wers arqanjelo lamberti, – rom am ori
mociqulis qadagebiT dainerga sarwmunoeba am qveyanaSi (kolxeTsa da iberiaSi)“.3
saqarTveloSi IV saukuneze bevrad ufro adre qristianobis arsebobaze
mowmobs `qarTlis cxovrebac“. II saukunis bolosa da III saukunis dasawyisSi
moRvawe mefe rev marTlis Sesaxeb moTxrobisas, matiane wers: `ese rev mefe
daRacaTu iyo warmarTi, aramed iyo mowyale da Semwe yovelTa WirveulTa:
rameTu smenil iyo misda mciredi rame saxareba uflisa Cuenisa ieso qristesi, da aqunda rame siyuaruli qristesi“.4 moyvanili citatidan naTlad
Cans, rom II saukunis meore naxevarSi qristianoba saqarTveloSi imdenad
gavrcelebuli da kargad organizebuli religia iyo, rom man samefo kar1
georgika, tomi IV, nakveTi 1, gv. 57-58.
2
georgika, tomi IV, nakveTi 1, gv. 58.
3
ilia tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi (XIII-XVI ss.), tomi I, gv.
55-56.
4
qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, gv. 58.
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia
39
sac miaRwia da Tavad mefec ki nawilobriv eziara mas. es yvelaferi imaze
metyvelebs, rom saqarTveloSi eklesias Zalian Rrma, mociqulTa droindeli fesvebi unda hqonoda.
dabolos, saqarTveloSi I-III saukuneebSi qristianuli Temebis arsebobas
arqeologiuri masalac amtkicebs. magaliTad, TeTriwyaros raionSi, sofel daReTis maxloblad, muguTis qvabebSi aRmoCenilia katakomburi eklesia, romelic specialistTa TvalsazrisiT, qarTlSi qristianobis oficialur religiad gamocxadebamdea gamokveTili.1
arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis Seswavlis safuZvelze mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe wers: `unda davaskvnaT, rom qarTuli eklesia daarsebulia
TviT mociqulebis mier da qarTuli qristianuli Temebi saqarTveloSi
sakmao gavleniTac sargeblobdnen, rogorc amas mefe rev marTalis reforma uCvenebs. CvenSi qriastianuli eklesia da mrevli (qristianuli Temebi)
uwyvetad arsebobda I saukunidan IV saukunemde. amas arqeologiuri masalac
amtkicebs. magaliTad, arqeologebis mier mikvleulia CvenSi jer kidev
wminda ninomde qristianuli mosaxleobis arsebobis damadasturrebeli
kvali, qristianuli samarxni (mcxeTis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi) da II-III saukuneTa
qristianuli eklesia (nastakisSi). II-III saukuneTa qristianuli eklesiis da
agreTve imdroindeli qristianuli dakrZalvis wesis arseboba adasturebs
im azrs, rom saqarTveloSi qristianuli saeklesio organizacia uwyvetad
arsebobda I-II saukuneebidan (mociqulTa droidan) wminda ninos qadagebamde
(IV saukunemde)“.2
Cven migvaCnia, rom aqamde moyvanili istoriuli wyaroebi sakmarisia
imis dasamtkiceblad, rom qarTuli eklesia, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi Tu mis gareT, wminda mociqulebis mieraa daarsebuli.
Sesabamisad, iqidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTvelos eklesia: 1) icavs WeSmarit marTlmadidebel sarwmunoebasa; da 2) daarsebulia uSualod wminda
mociqulebis mier, is samarTlianad atarebs samociqulo eklesiis statuss.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1.
2.
3.
4.
didi sjulis kanoni, gamosacemad moamzades e. gabiZaSvilma, e. giunaSvilma, m. dolaqaZem, g. ninuam, gam. „mecniereba“ Tbilisi, 1975.
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis kanonebi episkopos nikodimis (milaSi) ganmartebebiT, tomi I, gamomcemloba `alilo“, Tbilisi, 2007.
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis kanonebi episkopos nikodimis (milaSi) ganmartebebiT, tomi II, gamomcemloba `alilo“, Tbilisi, 2011.
qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti dadgenili yvela Ziritadi xelnawe-
1
artanuji, saistorio Jurnali, 1999, N. 8-9, gv 38.
2
mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, tomi
I, gv. 55.
40
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
mRvdeli aleqsi qSutaSvili
ris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, gamomcemloba „saxelgami“ Tbilisi
1955.
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, tomi I, vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignTa krebuli, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi,
1963.
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, tomi II, saero sakanondeblo Zeglebi (X-XIX
ss.), teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, gamomcemloba „mecniereba“ Tbilisi, 1965.
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, tomi III, saeklesio sakanondeblo Zeglebi
(XI-XIX ss.), teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i.
doliZem, gamomcemloba `mecniereba“, Tbilisi, 1970.
georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, tomi I,
teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo al.
gamyreliZem da simon yauxCiSvilma, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1961.
georgika, bizantiis mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, tomi II, teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniturT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo simon
yauxCiSvilma, gamoncemloba „mecniereba“ Tbilisi 1965.
georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, tomi III,
berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo simon yauxCiSvilma, tfilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, tfilisi, 1936.
georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, tomi IV,
nakveTi 1, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo simon yauxCiSvilma, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa
akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1941.
georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, tomi IV,
nakveTi 2, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo simon yauxCiSvilma, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa
akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1952.
georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, tomi V,
berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo simon yauxCiSvilma, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1963.
georgika, bizantiis mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, t. VI, teqsti
qarTuli TargmaniturT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo simon yauxCiSvilma, gamoncemloba „mecniereba“ Tbilisi, 1966.
georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, tomi VII,
berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo simon yauxCiSvilma, gamomcemloba `mecniereba“, Tbilisi, 1967.
qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa, tomi I, Sekrebili, qronologiurad dawyobili, axsnili da gamocemuli T. Jordanias mier,
tfilisi, 1892.
giorgi mcire, cxovreba da moqalaqoba wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cve-
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
41
nisa giorgi mTawmindelisa, krebulSi saqarTvelos samoTxe, peterburgi, 1882, gv. 462-463.
tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi (XIII-XVI ss.),
tomi I, gamomcemloba `mecniereba“, Tbilisi, 1984.
wminda mRvdelmTavari filareti (drozdovi), vrceri marTlmadidebeli katexizmo, gamomcemloba „anTimoz iverieli“ Tbilisi, 2010.
* * *, saqarTvelos istoriis istoriis narkvevebi, t. I, tomis redaqtori akademikosi SoTa mesxia, gamomcemloba `samWoTa saqarTvelo“,
Tbilisi, 1973.
batiaSvili (darejanaSvili) z., kapadokia, gamomcemloba „artanuji“
2010.
gozaliSvili g., miTridate pontoeli, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1962.
gozaliSvili g., ori etiudi pontosa da kapadokiis cxovrebidan, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1965.
gozaliSvili g., kvlav „sami didi kapadokielis“ vinaobis irgvliv, gamocemulia JurnalSi „mnaTobi“ 1971, N. 6 ivnisi, gv. 88-104.
gozaliSvili g., pontos samefos mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis
sakiTxisaTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis macne. istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, Tbilisi, 1980, N. 3, 169-190.
goilaZe v., qarTuli eklesiis saTaveebTan, gamomcemloba „saqarTvelo“
Tbilisi, 1991.
kelenjeriZe m., saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso eklesiis mokle istoria,
mTavriSvilis da amx. wignis maRaziis gamocema, quTaisi, 1918.
xinTibiZe e., basili didis sadaurobisaTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis moambe,
1962, N. 3, gv. 125-151.
xinTibiZe e., bizantiur-qarTuli literaturuli urTierTobani, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1969.
jafariZe anania mTavarepiskoposi, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis
istoria, tomi I, gamomcemloba `merani“, Tbilisi, 1996.
Paladie, Istoria Lausiacă (Lavsaicon), Scurte biografii de pustnici, Traducere, introducere şi note de Pr. Prof. Dr. Dumitru Stăniloae, Editura Institutului Biblic şi de Misiune al
Bisericii Ortodoxe Române, Bucureşti, 1993.
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Bucuresti, Tipografia ,,Cartilor Bisericesti“ 1896.
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Dura Nicolae V., Comunitatile ortodoxe romane de peste hotare, o preocupare permanenta a Bisericii Ortodoxe Romane, in „Studii Teologice“ XXXVIII, 1986, N. 1.
Dura Nicolae V., Principiile canonice fundamentale de organizare si functionare a Bisericii Ortodoxe si reflectarea lor in legislatia Bisericii Ortodoxe Romane, in „Marturie
Ortodoxa“. Revista Comunitatii Ortodoxe Romane din Olanda, Haga, VI, 1987, N. 10.
Gaina Dumitru, Ortodoxia romaneasca in Australia, în volumul „Omagiu Profesorului
42
37.
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40.
mRvdeli aleqsi qSutaSvili
Nicolae V. Dură la 60 de ani“ Editor şi coordonator, Prof. Univ. Dr. Teodosie Petrescu,
Editura Arhiepiscopiei Tomisului, 2006.
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Floca Ioan N., Canoanele Bisericii Ortodoxe, note şi comentarii, Sibiu, 1992.
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Galati, 1996.
eleqtronuli enciklopedia:
www.ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Русская_православная_церковь.
Priest Aleksi Kshutashvili
Georgian Orthodox Church apostolic status
historical-canonic principles
Summary
In the present article the author explains the meaning of “apostolic status” for local
Orthodox Church and how it corresponds with Georgian autocephaly church reality. It
is shown that historically there have been formed two meanings of this term:
I. In patristic period, i.e. in I-VIII cc, when some church was said to be apostolic, it meant
that there was kept holy orthodox apostolic doctrine. Holy fathers wrote much that
heretics in vain declared their pretences and named themselves as apostolic churches,
as there was not kept true confession. In other words, in patristic period all local
churches where true religion was preached were named as apostolic.
II. Comparatively later, in X-XII cc, the other doctrine was developed, according to
which only that local church was named an apostolic church, on the territory of which
some of holy apostles had preached. In case church could not demonstrate this, a
question of deprivation of autocephaly or some honorable title was raised.
In the article there are provided all the major historical sources, proving that Georgian
Orthodox Church was founded directly by apostles on the territory of Iberia- Georgian
state at that time as well as in Roman Empire provinces of Pontus and Cappadocia, in
which Georgians represented the most part of aboriginal population.
In the conclusion is said that as the Georgian church: 1) has been keeping true
Orthodox religion and 2) is founded directly by holy apostles; it rightly bears the status
of apostolic church.
eldar bubulaSvili
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq efrem
II (sidamoniZe) mogoneba wm. daviT da
konstantine mxeiZeebis wminda nawilebis
Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs efrem II-s (1960-1972 ww.) mZime periodSi mouxda moRvaweoba.1 igi pataraobidanve eziara qristianul rwmenas. pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba man jer goris sasuliero saswavlebelSi
miiRo, xolo 1918 wels daamTavra Tbilisis sasuliero seminaria. 1921
wels, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg igi berad
aRikveca da gamZvinvarebuli bolSevikuri aTeisturi reJimis dros aqtiur sasuliero moRvaweobas eweva. 1925 wels ayvanili iqna arqimandritis
xarisxSi da masobrivi aTeisturi moZraobis dros daniSnuli iqna aRmosavleT saqarTvelos monastrebis mTavarxucesad.2 1927 wlis martSi igi
xeldasxmuli iqna jer manglisis, Semdgom ki ninowmindis episkoposad. erTxans igi saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis qristefore III-is (1927-1932
ww.) qorepiskoposis movaleobas asrulebda da SeTavsebiT cxum-afxazeTis
eparqiasac ganagebda.
episkopos efrem II-is moRvaweoba miuRebeli aRmoCnda sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis, ris gamoc igi 1937 wlis 10 dekembers gadaasaxles cimbirSi,
sadac 8 wlis ganmavlobaSi sakoncetracio banakebSi mRvdelmTavrisaTvis
Seuferebel da damamcirebel sxvadasxva mZime samuSaos iZulebiT asrulebda. gaTavisuflebis Semdeg (1944 wlis 21 ivnisi) igi dabrunda saqarTveloSi da saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma kalitrate cincaZem (1932-1953
ww.) mitropolitis xarisxiT quTais-gaenaTis eparqiis mmarTvelad gaamwesa. aRniSnul eparqias igi 1953 wlamde marTavda. 1953 wlidan ki saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis melqisedek III-is locva-kurTxeviT baTum-Semoqmedis eparqias ganagebda. 1960 wlis 20 Tebervals efrem II gardacvlili
kaTolikos-patriarqis melqisedek III-is nacvlad meaTe saeklesio krebaze
arCeuli iqna saqarTvelos eklesiis mwyemsmTavrad. rTuli periodisa da
mZime reJimis miuxedavad kaTolikos-patriarqi efrem II aqtiurad ibrZoda im dros arsebul kanonmdeblobis farglebSi eklesiisa da morwmune
mrevlis uflebebis dacvisaTvis. misi ZalisxmeviT daxurvas gadaurCa TbilisSi mTawmindaze arsebuli mamadaviTis eklesia. efrem kaTolikosis iniciativiT 1963 wels, mTavrobis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, 5000 tiraJiT
daibeWda `axali aRTqma.“ misive damsaxurebiT 1963 wels mcxeTaSi, samTavros taZris ezoSi gaixsna orwliani saRvTismetyvelo-samoZRvro saswavlebeli, romelic Semdgom sasuliero seminariad gadakeTdda. aRniSnuli
saswavleblis pirveli reqtori iyo imxanad axladnakurTxi episkoposi da
44
eldar bubulaSvili
baTum-Semoqmedis eparqiis mmarTveli saqarTvelos eklesiis dRevandeli
patriarqi ilia II.3
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi efrem II didad zrunavda eklesiamonastrebSi daculi wminda nawilebis gamSvenierebisaTvis. man TeklaTis
monasterSi daculi ioane naTlismcemlis ceri TiTis Sesanaxi axali luskuma gaakeTebina.4 aRniSnuli luskuma siwmindesTan erTad dResac daculia
TeklaTis dedaTa monasterSi.
Cvens mier saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis efrem II-is pirad arqivSi moZiebuli da qvemoT warmodgenili masala exeba misi quTais-gaenaTis
eparqiaSi moRvaweobis periods. quTaisSi, ise rogorc saqarTvelos sxva
kuTxeSi, eklesia-monastrebis umravlesoba daxuruli iyo. quTaisSi misi
moRvaweobis dros mxolod ori eklesia iyo moqmedi, magram xelisuflebis SiSiT xalxi wirva-locvas ver eswreboda. saeklesio siwmindeebi XX
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi masobrivi aTeisturi moZraobis dros ganadgurda
an kidev quTaisiis istoriul muzeumSi iqna gadatanili. maT Soris iyo
mowameTas monastridan 1923 wels sxva siwmindeebTan erTad waRebuli VIII
saukuneSi arabebisagan wamebuli da saqarTvelos eklesiis mier wmindanad
Seracxuli wm. didmowame argveTis mTavrebis daviTisa da konstantine mxeiZeebis wminda nawilebi.
meore msoflio omis Semdgom eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierToba erTgvarad daTba. saxelmwifos mmarTveli organoebi garkveul
loialobas iCendnen eklesiis mimarT. ruseTSi gaixsna sasuliero saswavleblebi, eklesias gadaeca muzeumSi daculi saeklesio siwmindeebi da sxva.
Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi saxelmwifos mxridan eklesiis mimarT gatarebuli loialuri politika naklebad ganxorcielda. quTaTelgaenaTis eparqiis mitropolit efrem II-s surda im droisaTvis Seqmnili
politikuri viTareba gamoeyenebina eklesiis sasargeblod. man 1947-1952
wlebSi saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis kalistratesa da imdroindeli xelisuflebis moxeleTa winaSe araerTxel aRZra sakiTxi quTaisis muzeumSi daculi wm. didmowame argveTis mTavrebis daviT da konstantine
mxeiZeebis wminda nawilebis eklesiisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb.
aRniSnulis Sesaxeb efrem II gadmogvcems:
`Sevityve Tu ara, rom ruseTis eklesias daubrunes wm. neSTni: kievis siwmindeebi mTavarmowame barbaresi, moskovis mitropolitis aleqsisa,
konstantinopoleli patriarqis aTanase damjdaris, sergi radonoJelisa
da sxvaTa... 1947 wels mivmarTe mis uwmindesobas, kaTolikos-patriarqs
kalistrates dagvesva sakiTxi saqarTveloSi erTad-erT zemdgom neStTa
wm. mowame daviT da konstantines dabrunebis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb
TaTbiris Semdeg mivmarTeT ministrTa sabWos rwmunebuls b-n kote qadagiSvils. b-n kotem es sakiTxi gadasca Rrma pativcemuls saganmanaTleblo
kulturul dawesebulebaTa komitetis Tavmjdomares b-n xatiaSvils, radgan wm. daviT da konstantines neStni muzeumSi inaxebodnen, xolo muzeumi
eqvemdebareboda b-n xatiaSvils. (daviT da konstantines neStni quTaisSi
inaxeboda 1923 wlis 18 Tebervlidan. mowameTadan wamoiRes antireligiuri propagandis mizniT da gadamales muzeumSi). xatiaSvili dagvpirda sakiTxis Seswavlas. dro gadioda. rwmunebuli k. qadagiSvili Sescvala b-nma
v. d. bujiaSvilma. xelaxla gaimarTa miwer-mowera. muzeumebi gadavidnen
xatiaSvilis gamgeobidan saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gankar-
saarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis efrem II mogoneba
45
gulebaSi. b-nma v. d. bujiaSvilma aRZra sakiTxi, SeuTanxmda visTanac jer
ars da gaTavda miT, rom miswera mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidents akademikoss niko musxeliSvils. es miweriloba me TviTon momca xelSi da me
kaTolikos-patriarqis kalistrates manqaniT wavedi akademiaSi. Rrma TavazianobiT migviRo akad. n. musxeliSvilma. gamoixmo vice-prezidenti akad.
akaki SaniZe. akaki SaniZe SemobrZanda, me fexze wamovdeqi. man RimiliT xelis CamorTmeviT momikiTxa, SemomTavaze `dabrZandiTo.“ prezidentma aCvena ministrTa sabWos rwmunebulis moweriloba wm. daviTisa da konstantines neStis dabrunebis Sesaxeb da uTxra, rom exlave dauwere gankarguleba
quTaisiis muzeumis direqtoris saxelze, rom mitropolit efrems gadasceno. b-ma akakim SesTavaza prezidents – biuros moviwvev exlave da formalur dadgenilebas gamovitano. prezidentma upasuxa, rom am saqmisaTvis
ar aris saWiro biuros mowvevao. maSinve akakim dawera TviTon miweriloba
quTaisis direqtoris m. gogsaZis saxelze neStis gadacemis Sesaxeb. manam
qaRaldi daibeWdeboda, akakim gamarTa CvenTan saubari, rogor vcxovrob,
sad vmsaxurob, kmayofili var Tu ara samsaxuriT. SeniSna: `erTxans sadRac
miimaleo, veRara gxedavo.“ movaxsene – `ierusalimSi gaxdi codvebis mosananieblad meTqi.“ qaRaldi Semoitanes, orivem xeli moawera, konvertSi
Cades da keTili sityvebiT: `Tu kidev SeviqneT saWiro mogvakiTxeTo, xeli
CamovarTviT, dabla Tavi davukariT da wamovedi gaxarebuli...“
quTaisSi Cavutane es miweriloba direqtors. man waikiTxa da naxa vinc
awerda xels da wamoiZaxa nametnavad mkvaxed da dacinviT: `hm, jer ar CaubarebiaT muzeumi da exlave amas Cadiano.“ mTlad gavkvirdi – `batono
minago es gankarguleba akademiis prezidentis n. musxeliSvilis da viceprezidentis akaki SaniZisaa meTqi. – mere ra aris, visic ginda iyoso! adgilobrivi partiuli komitetis nebarTvis gareSe araviTari prezidenti
da vice-prezidenti ar vicio.“ daminiSna dro sami dRis Semdeg modio.
adgilobrivi qalaqkomi b-ni grigol narsia im dros quTaisSi ar brZandeboda. igi isvenebda kislovodskSi. quTaisSi iyvnen narsias moadgile
kopaliani da aRmaskomis Tavmjdomare boris lomiZe. amaT saqmis Sesaxeb
araferi icodnen. me-3 dRes mivedi xsenebul pirTa saxeliT uari miTxres.
es uari ecnoba patriarqs, b-n bujiaSvils da akademias. kvlav Sevxvdi muzeumis gamges da araoficialurad miTxra: `Tu mowameTas monasters iTxovT
da gaxsniTo, maSin dagibrunebT neStebso.“ me es mas xumrobad CamovarTvi.
arc vfiqrobdi mis Txovnas, radgan quTaisis wm. giorgis eklesia gvqonda
axlad Cabarebuli. igi SigniT mTlad dangreuli da mosawyobi iyo, jibe ki
carieli gvqonda. amitom mowameTas gaxsna SeuZlebeli iyo.
1951 wels vimyofebodi kalistratesTan erTad moskovSi. moskovSi yofnis dros yovelTvis vnaxulobdiT ministrTa sabWos rwmunebuls g. g. karpovs. igi Cven did pativs gvcemda. 1951 wlis ivlisSi yofnis dros movaxsene, rom saqarTveloSi erTad-erTi neStia daviTisa da konstantinesi da
isic muzeumSia meTqi. `gindaT, rom mogceTo?“ rogor ara meTqi da uambe
rac zemoT aRvwere yvelaferi. dResve gavcem gankargulebas, rom dagibrunono. maSin mivxvdi, rom Cveneburi rwmunebuli damoukidebeli ar iyo,
Tumca Tavi eWira (ase gvaCvenebda Cven) damoukideblad.“5
motanili masala friad sainteresoa. marTlia, mogonebaSi araferia
naTqvami, magram wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom mitropolit efrem II-is quTais-gaenaTis kaTedridan gadayvanis Semdeg eparqiis mmarTveli gaxda mitro-
46
eldar bubulaSvili
politi gabriel CaCaniZe (1953-1956 ww.). mitropolit gabriel CaCaniZis,
dekanoz naomi SavianiZis da mRvdel trifon sulakaZis ZalisxmeviT 1954
wels wirva-locva aRdga mowameTas monasterSi.6 imave wlis ivlisSi ki quTaisis istoriuli muzeumidan gadaasvenes mowameTas taZarSi, sadac dResacaa daculi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq efrem II-is Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT
ixileT s. vardosaniZis naSromi `sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqi uwmindesi da unetaresi efrem II (1960 – 1972 ww.),“ Tb., 2007.
z. Jvania, saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqni da mRvdelmTavarni 1917
wlidan, quTaisi, 1994, gv. 36.
s. vardosaniZe, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi uwmindesi
da unetaresi efrem II (1960 – 1972 ww.), gv. 98.
Jurnali `jvari vazisa,“ 1982, #2, gv. 19; Sdr. e. bubulaSvili,
saqarTvelos eklesiis siwmindeebi, Tb., 2007, gv. 218.
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme #2449.
l. tyeSelaSvili, mowameTa, quTaisi, 2010, gv. 56.
Eldar Bubulashvili
Recollection of Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia
Eprem II (Sidamonidze) about Sacred Remains of
Saint Great Martyrs, David and Konstantine
Summary
The Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia Eprem II (1960-1972) left an interesting recollection
about sacred remains of Saint Great Martyrs, David and Konstantine. Sacred remains
of Argveti Lords, David and Konstantine, tortured by Arabians in the 8th century,
were buried in Motsameta church which is situated near Kutaisi. During the period
of Bolshevik regime in 1923 the above-mentioned church was closed and the sacred
remains, kept there, were placed in the Historic Museum of Kutaisi. After World War II
Kutatel-Gaenatian Metropolitan of that time Eprem II initialed the question before the
government for several times about returning sacred remains of St. Konstantine and
David, kept in the museum, to the church. Eprem II gives us detailed information about
this issue.
In 1954, by the decision of the government, sacred remains of David and Konstantine
were returned to newly-opened Motsameta church where they still remain.
religia da filosofia
mixeil maxaraZe
grigol nazianzelis msoflmxedveloba da
areopagituli moZRvreba
kapadokiis eklesiis „sami didi mnaTobis“ saxeliT cnobili RvTismetyvelebis: basili didis (330-379), grigol nazianzelisa (329-390) da grigol
noselis (331-394) saRvTismetyvelo da filosofiur memkvidreobas didi
roli aqvs Sesrulebuli qarTveli xalxis sulier cxovrebaSi.
grigol nazianzelis Semoqmedeba sxvadasxva kuTxiT aris ganxiluli
qarTul mecnierebaSi [1, gv. 15-21, 4, gv. 196-205, 2, gv. 124-126].
grigol nazianzeli saqarTveloSi didi popularobiT sargeblobda, razedac metyvelebs erTi aseTi faqti – daviT aRmaSenebeli erT-erTi laSqrobis win ise garTula grigol nazianzelis naSromis kiTxviT, rom Tavisi
jari kinaRam gansacdelSi Caugdia [2, gv. 271-272].
grigol nazianzelis Txzulebebi Zveli droidan iTargmneboda qarTulad. mTargmnelebi ki iyvnen: grigol oSkeli, daviT tbeli, efTvime mTawmideli. Semdegi etapi efrem mcires saxels ukavSirdeba, mas rogorc k.
kekeliZe aRniSnavs, grigol nazianzelis 29 iseTi naSromi uTargmnia, romelic manamde saerTod ar yofila Targmnili [2, gv. 254]. efrem mcires
aseve uTargmnia adre qarTulad Targmnili Sromebi, maT Soris, efTvime
mTawmidlis. amis erT-erTi mizezi iyo efremis mcdeloba, rom grigol nazianzelis Sromebi uSualod berZnuli dednidan gadmoRebuliyo[iqve].
grigol nazianzelis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb simon yauxCiSvili aRniSnavs,
rom „...aq mocemulia SeduReba antikurobisa da qristianobisa“ [5, gv.93].
amave avtoris SeniSvniT grigol nazianzelis saxiT Cven saqme gvaqvs klasikuri ganaTlebis mqone pirovnebasTan, romelic „klasikur normebs qristianul samoselSi hxïevs“. CvenTvis swored es momentia sayuradRebo, ramdenadac masSi, am „SeduRebasa“ Tu kalsikuri normebis „qristianul saburvelSi“ gaxvevaSi iqneb filosofiuri azrebi aRmovaCinoT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom grigol nazianzelis azrebi gadmocemulia mis sityvebsa da leqsebSi. misi leqsebi or jgufad iyofa: Teologiurad da istoriulad [5, gv. 95]. filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa misi Teologiuri leqsebi, romelic eTikuri Sinaaarsis Semcvelia da maTSi ganxilulia
moralis sakiTxebi [iqve].
s. yauxCiSvili SeniSvniT, grigol nazianzelis samebze moZRvrebaSi neoplatonizmis gavlenaze aRniSnavda i. drezeke [iqve].
grigol nazianzelis msoflmxedveloba neoplatonizmis gavlenas ganicdis. kapadokieli mamebis Semoqmedebisadmi miZRvnil specialur naSromSi
g. florovski ganixilavs zogierT sakiTxSi neoplatonizmTan grigol nazianzelis msoflmxedvelobis damokidebulebas. avtoris azriT, grigol
nazianzeli samebaze msjelobisas mimarTavs neoplatonuri filosofiis
xerxebs [12]. grigol nazianzelisTvis sameba aris RvTaebrivi erTianobis
48
mixeil maxaraZe
wrebrunva da aq igi imeorebs plotines azrs, kerZod: „RmerTi erTianobidan gadmovida (gadmoiRvara) siWarbis gamo da gaorda, radganac is materiasa da formaze maRla dgas da iqca samebad srulyofilebis gamo, raTa ar
yofiliyo Raribi da ar yofiliyo usasrulo gadmoRvra; pirvel SemTxvevaSi iqneboda arafris mTqmeli, xolo meoreSi uwesrigoba“ [iqve].
g. florovskis azriT, es pirdapir plotines Tvalsazrisis gameorebaa,
Tumca grigol nazianzeli iqve akeTebs SeniSvnas, romlis Tanaxmad ver
vityviT, rom es aris sikeTis gadmoRvra, rogorc es miiCnia erTma mofilosofoso elinma (e.i. plotinem), roca msjelobda pirvel da meore sawyisze,
pirdapir aseTi Sedareba gaakeTa: „rogorc Tasis napiridan gadmoiRvreba“
(plotine. V eneada. me-2 wigni, § 1) [12].
Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoriis cnobili mkvlevari etien Jilsoni aRniSnavs, rom grigol nazianzeli Teologiis poziciidan akritikebs
filosofias. magram es sulac ar niSnavs rom igi uars ambobs filosofosobaze. piriqiT, is iTxovs, rom ikamaTon samyaroze, materiaze, arsebulebze, sikeTeze, borotebaze da a.S. [8,gv.48]. magram yvelaferi es, amis gansja
grigol nazianzelis Tanaxmad, unda gakeTdes zomierad saRvTo werilis
mixedviT.
filosofiis TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas imsaxurebs grigol nazianzelis
moZRvreba RmerTze, romelic moicavs RmerTis daxasiaTebas, misdami adamianis miswrafebas, RmerTisa da mzis analogias, samebis sakiTxs. nazianzelis
sityvebSi ganxilulia agreTve, eTikuri problematika. es sakiTxebi ZiriTadad gadmocemulia sityvebSi – RvTismetyvelebis Sesaxeb kerZod, 27-e da
28-e da agreTve me-20 da 25-e sityvebSi.
1. moZRvreba RmerTze
grigol nazianzelis moZRvreba RmerTze ZiriTadad imeorebs epoqis sayovelTao religiur-filosofiur azrs RmerTis arsis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxze nazianzelis Sexedulebebi TiTqmis yvela sityvaSi, qadagebaSi gvxvdeba,
magram filosofiis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT, sainteresoa misi Sexedulebebi, romlebic ZiriTadad gadmocemulia 28-e sityvaSi, sadac igi aRniSnavs, rom RmerTSi sityva da saqme erTi da igivea [7,28-e sityva].
amasTan, grigol nazianzelis azriT, RmerTze brZensityvaobis ufleba
yvelas rodis aqvs. amis ufleba aqvT adamianebs, romlebmac mTeli cxovreba WvretaSi gaatares da, pirvel rigSi, ganiwmindes sakuTari suli da
sxeuli. uwmindurTaTvis ki, ganwmendilebTan Sexeba arc Tu ise usafrTxoa,
rogorc sustmxedvelTaTvis mzis sxivi [iqve, 27-e sityva].
evnomi aRiarebda RmerTis srul miRwevas adamianuri gonebiT. mis winaaRmdeg mimarTul 27-e sityvaSi, grigol nazianzeli moiTxovs zomierebis
dacvas RmerTze saubrisas. igi kategoriulad krZalavs RmerTis xsenebas
im SemTxvevaSic ki, ra gind ra RvTismosavobiT ar unda keTdebodes es.
akrZalvebi exeba agreTve, im SemTxvevebs, roca es udrood aris Sesrulebuli da arc zomierebaa daculi.
zomierebaze Tavisi azris gansamtkiceblad, grigol nazianzeli saintereso paralelebs mimarTavs. misi azriT, zomierebis dacvis gareSe, yvela4. „religia“ π 3
grigol nazianzeli da areopagituli moZRvreba
49
feri kargavs azrs, „mSvenieric ki ar ar aris mSvenieri, Tuki is urigod
aris nawarmoebi, rogorc, magaliTad, sruliad Seusabamoa yvavilebi zamTarSi, mamakacis tansacmeli qalze da qalisa mamakacze, tirilis dros raRac Tanmimdevrobis dacva da nadimis dros cremlebi“ [iqve].
28-e sityvaSi grigol nazinzeli mimarTavs msmenels, rom is miiswrafoda
RmerTis misawvdomad. am mizniT igi CamoSorda sagnebsa da sagnobriobas,
ramdenadac SeeZlo CaiZira Tavis TavSi, roca adioda mTaze, roca mzera
miapyra, TiTqmis dainaxa RmerTi. is, rac RmerTis ukanaa da rac RmerTis
Semdegaa – eseni RmerTis Semecnebis saSualebas gvaZleven, ise rogorc mzis
asaxva wyalSi warmodgenas gviqmnis mzeze. magram es aris mzis xilva susti
mzeriT, radganac mzis mcxunvare sinaTles pirdpair rom SevxedoT mxedvelobas gagvifuWebs [iqve, 28-e sityva]. asevea RmerTis mzeris SemTxvevaSic.
ese igi, grigol nazinzelis azriT, RmerTze warmodgenas viqmniT imis meSveobiT, rac mis ukan da mis Semdegaa. nazianzelis am sityvebSi igulisxmeba
RmerTis mier Seqmnili arsebebi.
RmerTis gonebiT wvdoma, gageba Znelia, xolo misi gamoTqma SeuZlebeli – ase brZensityvaobda erTi elini RvTismetyveli (platoni), SeniSnavs
grigol nazianzeli. igi platonis am azrs arc uaryofs da arc Rebulobs.
samagierod, platonis am Tvalsazrisis aseT interpretacias iZleva: RmerTis gamoTqma SeuZlebelia, xolo misi gonebiT codna, gageba ufro metad
SeuZlebeli [iqve].
grigol nazianzelis azriT, adamians ar SeuZlia RmerTis srulad Semecneba, raSic mas xels uSlis sxeuli, xorci [iqve]. aq erT mxriv SeiZleba
paralelis gavleba plotinesTan, xolo meore mxriv fsevdo-dionisesTan.
Tumca rogorc plotines filosofiaSi, ise areopagitul moZRvrebaSi es
azri ufro gamokveTili da logikurad dasabuTebulia.
Semdeg grigol nazianzeli iwyebs RmerTis daxasiaTebas. RmerTi aris
yvelafris SemoqmedebiTi da Sinaarsobrivi mizezi [iqve]. aqve, nazianzeli
erTgvari ironiiT saubrobs imaT Sesaxeb, vinc fiqrobs, rom gaigo RmerTi,
aqvs masze codna.
grigol nazianzelis gansjis sagani xdeba sakiTxi – RmerTs sxeuli aqvs
Tu ara. RmerTi aris usasrulo, romelsac ara aqvs sazRvari, Semoweriloba, mas ver vxedavT da a.S. gana aseT rames SeiZleba gaaCndes sxeuli? maSasadame, RmerTs ara aqvs sxeuli.
RmerTze grigol nazianzelis msjeloba axlos dgas neoplatonikosebis,
kerZod, plotines TvalsazrisTan. nazianzeli RmerTis warmodgenas, rogorc sxeulis mqones, uxeS cnebad miiCnevs. RmerTi rom sxeulis Semcveli
iyos, maSin is iqneba simravle. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki is simravlea, maSin is
elementebis Semcveli iqneboda. amasTan, simravle brZolis dasawyisia, xolo brZola – dayofis safuZveli, dayofa – daSlis, xolo daSla araa damaxasiaTebeli RmerTisTvis [iqve]. ase rom, RmerTSi ar aris dayofa, sxva
SemTxvevaSi gveqneboda daSla, rac RmerTis bunebisTvis SeuTavsebelia.
aq SeiZleba garkveuli paralelis gavleba grigol nazianzelis msoflmxedvelobasa da areopagitul moZRvrebas Soris. fsevdo-dionises mixedviT, Tuki RmerTi ar aris erTi, maSin igi simravlis Semcveli da Ta4. „religia“ π 3
50
mixeil maxaraZe
visTavis damSleli iqneba [3, gv. 29]. rogorc vxedavT, nazianzelTanac da
fsevdo-dionisesTanac RmerTi SeuZlebelia iyos simravle.
g. maiorovis azriT, grigol nazianzelis TeologiaSi, rogorc terminologiurad, ise arsebiTad siaxlovea neoplatoniksoebTan. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans RmerTze, rogorc erTze moZRvrebaSi.
amasTan, aRniSnavs g. maiorovi, neoplatonizmTan am siaxlovis miuxedavad, am moZRvrebebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa. magaliTad, pirveli erTi
(RmerTi) neoplatonikosebTan, romelic mTeli sinamdvilis safuZvelia, miekuTvneba TviT am realobas. maSin, roca grigol nazianzelis mier gagebuli erTi samyaros gareTaa, transcendenturia [10, gv. 157-158].
g. maiorovi saintereso Sedarebas akeTebs, kerZod: Tuki neoplatonikosebTan erTisgan gadmoRvrili sinaTle aris samyaros Signidan momdinare,
grigol nazianzelTan – es sinaTle imqveyniuria; neoplatonikosebis erTi
aRemateba gonebas, ris gamoc goneba uZluria gamoxatos igi, „sadac mTavrdeba goneba, iq iwyeba sruli mdumareba, usityvoba“ [iqve, gv. 158].
grigol nazianzelis msoflmxedvelobasTan areopagituli moZRvrebis
mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa g. florovskis naSromis is adgili,
sadac saubaria adamianuri cxovrebis arssa da mizanze, rac gulisxmobs
RvTaebasTan namdvil gaerTianebas – „gaRmrTobas“. es SesaZlebelia ara imdenad adamianSi arsebuli „mbrZaneblobis“ RvTaebasTan msgavsobiT, aramed
„RmerTis adamianurobis“ meSveobiT [12].
grigol nazinzelis mixedviT, RmerTi daubadebelia, usawyisoa, ucvlelia, ukvdavia. RmerTi raxan usxeuloa is ar gamoxatavs da ar moicavs arsebebs, iseve rogorc sityva ar moicavs arsebebs [7, 28-e sityva].
grigol nazianzeli RmerTis mimarT ufro marTebulad miiCnevs imis
Cvenebas Tu ra ar aris is, vidre ra aris, „radganac yvela xedavs, rom gacilebiT advilia is, rac arsebobs imis saSualebiT avxsnaT is, rac ar aris is,
vidre gamovricxoT, rac is ar aris da am gziT vaCvenoT ra aris is“ [iqve].
mas Semdeg, rac gairkveva, rom RmerTi usxeuloa, grigol nazianzeli
gansjis sagnad ixdis sakiTxs RmerTis sadme an arsad myofabaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom grigol nazianzelis msjelobebi da daskvnebi gansaxilvel
sakiTxze neoplatonizmis, kerZod, plotines filosofias miyveba da misi
avtoris filosofiur msoflmxedvelobasTan siaxlovis maCvenebelia [11, V
eneada, me-5 wigni, § 8,9].
aq ufro mniSvnelovania nazianzelis TvalsazrisTan areopagituli moZRvrebis siaxlove. zeciur ierarqiaSi fsevdo-dionise aRniSnavs, rom RmerTis gamosaxatavad adamianis sityva da goneba uZluria, amitomac mis Sesaxeb ukeTesia iTqvas, Tu ra ar aris is, vidre is – Tu ra aris is: „...SeusazRvrebel da ganuzomel da dautevnel uwodden mas, romelTagan ara raé
igi ars, aramed raé igi ara ars, esoden moeswavebis, romeli ese usakuTres
mgonies misTïs“ [3, gv. 106].
ufro adre, msgavsi azri gvxdeba plotinesTan. aq, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
fsevdo-dionise areopageli TiTqmis imeorebs grigol nazianzelis azrs.
grigol nazianzelis azriT, Tuki vityviT, rom RmerTi arsad ar arsebobs, SeiZleba Zalze cnobismoyvarem ikiTxos – maSin rogorRa arsebobs?
grigol nazianzeli da areopagituli moZRvreba
51
radganac Tu raime ar arsebobs, is arsad ar aris; xolo is, rac arsad ar
aris, saerTod ar arsebobs; Tuki RmerTi sadmea, maSin is an samyaroSia, an
masze maRla.
Tuki RmerTi samyaroSia, maSin is an sadmea an yvelgan. Tuki sadmea, maSin is SemosazRvruli iqneba mcire raRaciT; Tuki yvelgan iqneba RmerTi,
maSin is simravliT (mravali raRaceebiT) iqneba SemosazRvruli. am SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom RmerTi, rogorc yvelafris momcveli, am yvelafriT
SemosazRvruli iqneba. „ase rom mTlianad RmerTi mTel samyaroSi iqneba
SemosazRvruli da masSi arcerTi adgili ar darCeba SemousazRvreli“ [7,
28-e sityva]. es aris siZnele, aRniSnavs grigol nazianzeli, Tuki davuSvebT, rom RmerTi aris samyaroSi.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom grigol nazianzeli am logikuri siZnelis aRniSvnis Semdeg Riad tovebs sakiTxs da sxva mimarTebiT agrZelebs msjlobas, kerZod svams kiTxvas: sad iyo adre RmerTi, vidre samyaro warmoiSoboda? aqac siZneleebTan gveqneba saqme, SeniSnavs nazianzeli. Tuki RmerTi
samyaros maRlaa, nuTu ar aris raime, romelic gamoacalkevebda RmerTs
maRla [iqve]. rogor warmovidginoT aRmatebuli da is, razec aRmetebulia,
Tuki ar arsebobs zRvari, romelic sazRvars daudebda erTsac da meoresac? an kidev aucileblad unda iyos wre, romliTac SemosazRvruli iqneboda samyaro da is, rac samyaros zeviTaa? aqac siZnelesTan gvaqvs saqme,
aRniSnavs nazianzeli [iqve].
aqve grigol nazianzeli SeniSnavs, rom RmerTi aucileblad SemosazRvruli iqneba, Tuki mas gonebiT miRwevadad miviCnevT, radganac cnebac
SemosazRvrulobis saxea [iqve].
grigol nazianzeli RmerTis arsebobas, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, samyaroSi arsebuli wesrigisa da kanonzomierebiTac xsnis. samyaroSi, kerZod,
dedamiwaze arsebuli yureebi, tyis silamaze, wyaros wylebi, qari, zRva,
mTebi, amdeni mravalferovneba da a.S. saidan yvelaferi es? am kiTxvaze gonebas sxva pasuxi ar gaaCnia, garda RmerTis nebisa.
grigol nazianzeli SeniSnavs – Tu ratom dauTmo amdeni dro RmerTze
msjelobas. mxolod imis gamo, rom eCvenebina „adamianuri azrovnebisTvis
RmerTi miuRwevelia da Cven mas mTeli sisruliT ver warmovidgenT“ [iqve].
1) RmerTis wvdoma. Sua saukuneebis religiur-filosofiur azrovnebaSi,
RmerTis daxasiaTebisas erT-erTi ZiriTadi – RmerTis wvdomis, RmerTTan
gaerTianebis sakiTxia, rasac mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia grigol nazianzelis SemoqmedebaSi.
me-20 sityvas grigol nazianzeli RmerTTan adamianis mimarTebiT iwyebs
da aRniSnavs, rom ukeTesad miaCnia sxeulisa da samyarosgan CamoSoreba,
grZnobebis Caketva da ukiduresi aucileblobebis gareSe ar hqondes Sexeba adamianTan; sakuTar TavTan da RmerTTan saubriT, xilulze amaRlebulad cxovreba, yovelTvis wminda, macdur STabeWdilebebTan Seureveli
RmerTis saxeebis aRiareba iyo da ganuxrelad warmoadgens RmerTisa da
RvTaebis daubnelebel sarkes, sinaTles SesZinos sinaTle, naklebad naTels – Saravandedi [7, 20-e sityva].
52
mixeil maxaraZe
yvelaferi es grigol nazianzelis aRniSvniT, saWiroa RmerTis wvdomisTvis. sxvanairad SeuZlebelia Sen Tavze aiRo sulebze mzrunveloba da
miece RvTismetyvelebas [iqve].
didi saqmeebis keTebamde grigol nazianzeli upirvelesad aucileblad
miiCnevs sakuTari Tavis ganwmendas da amis Semdeg wmidasTan (RmerTTan)
saubars.
Semdeg grigol nazianzeli saubrobs im siZneleebze, rac Tan axlavs adamians sxeulebrivisgan ganTavisuflebisas da amas Tavs ver daaRwevs igi,
vidre ar SeeSveba imis ganxilvas, rac mis Zalebs aRemateba [7, 28-e sityva].
grigol nazianzeli aRniSnavs, rom yovelgvari gonieri buneba miiswrafvis RmerTisa da pirvelmizezisken, magram ver aRwevs mas axla ganxiluli
mizezis gamo. es mizezi, rogorc vnaxeT aris is, rom adamiani imis ganxilvas
cdilobs, rac mis Zalebs aRemateba.
adamiani, grigol nazianzelis azriT, TiTqos winasasikvdilo tanjvaSi
imyofeba da ver uZlebs am tanjvas, eSveba axal morevSi, raTa mzera miapyros xilulebs da amisgan Seqmnas raRac RvTismagvari an kidev xilulis
mSvenierebasa da keTilmowyobisgan Seimecnos RmerTi, [amisTvis] mxedveloba gamoiyenos uxilavis saxelmZRvanelod, magram xilulis SesaniSnaobaSi
mxedvelobidan ar dakargos RmerTi [iqve].
grigol nazianzelis azriT, rom zemoaRniSnuli gaugebrobebis gamo adamianebma, rogorc RmerTs ise dauwyes Tayvaniscema: zogierTma – mzes, zogierTma – mTvares, zogierTma varskvlavebs, zogierTma TviT cas Tavis
mnaTobebiT da sxv.
zogierTma ki, miwis, wylis, haerisa da cecxlis Tayvaniscema daiwyo,
radganac isini yvelasTvis saWiro iyo da maT gareSe adamianis sicocxle
da cxovreba SeuZlebelia; zogierTebi RmerTebad miiCnevdnen TviT adamianebis naxatebs, qandakebebs da warmoidgineT moiazrebdnen mkvlelobis,
simTvralis, risxvis da sxva RmerTebs. amiT, es adamianebi Tavisi codvebis
gamarTlebas cdilobdnen. zogierTisTvis RmerTebi miwaze iyo, zogierTisTvis – qvesknelSi, zogierTisTvis ki – caSi [iqve].
saqme iqamdec mivida, rom RmerTis saxels ukavSirebdnen zRvis urCxulebs – oTxfexa mcocavebs. mokled, am TayvaniscemaSi Zneli iyo imis gageba
Tu romeli iyo ufro aRmatebuli: Tayvanismcemeli Tu rasac Tayvans scemdnen [iqve].
bolos grigol nazianzeli kiTxulobs Tu vin aris samyaroSi arsebuli
wesrigis wyaro, mizezi? is xom ara, vinc Seqmna da arsad aqcia isini? es xom
ar aris SemTxveviTi momxdari? ra Tqma unda ara da es sxva aravinaa Tu ara
RmerTi [iqve].
grigol nazianzelis aRniSvniT, aravis ar unaxavs RmerTis buneba [iqve].
aq erTgvari araTanmimdevrulobaa nazianzelis azrebSi. sxvagan igi amis SesaZleblobebs uSvebs. saerTod, grigol nazianzelis sityvebSi, RmerTisken
adamianis miswrafeba gamokveTili ar aris da Sorsaa antikuri neoplatonizmis (mag., plotine) da qristianuli neoplatonizmis (mag., fsevdo-dionise areopageli) warmomadgenelTa amgvari Tvalsazrisebisgan, romlebic
filosofiur-inteleqtualuri xasiaTisaa.
grigol nazianzeli da areopagituli moZRvreba
53
2) RmerTisa da mzis analogia. grigol nazianzeli RmerTze msjelobisas
ganixilavs ciur sinamdviles da rogorc dedamiwis, ise ciuri movlenebis
axsnisTvis biblias mimarTavs [iqve].
grigol nazianzeli saubrobs mzeze, romelic samyaros centrSia da mTvareze, mis moZraobaze. igi sagangebod Cerdeba mzeze, msjelobs mzis saocar
Tvisebebze, rom is sxva varskvlavebisgan gamoirCeva Tavisi sinaTliT, is
mSvenieria, rogorc sasiZo; didi da swrafia, igi samyaros erTi bolodan
meoremde aTbobs yvelafers; amasTan, is aTbobs, magram Tavisi uvnebeli
keTilSobilebiTa da mowesrigebuli moZraobiT ar wvavs, yvelasTvis Riaa da yvelafers moicavs. erTi, araCveniani, SeniSnavs nazianzeli, ambobda,
rom grZnobadobaSi mze iseTivea, rogorc azrovnebaSi RmerTi. „ise rogorc
RmerTi gonebas, ise mze anaTebs mzeras“ [iqve].
RmerTisa da mzis analogiis areopagituli Tvalsazrisi, rogorc areopagituli filosofiis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, azrTa
sxvadasxvaobas iwvevda. es imis gamo, rom RmerTisa da mzis areopagituli
analogiisas RmerTisgan arsebaTa warmoSobis aucileblobazea saubari [3,
gv. 29-31]. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom RmerTisa da mzis areopagituli analogia agrZelebs neoplatonuri, kerZod, plotines Tvalsazriss da sakiTxs
ufro filosofiuri kuTxiT warmoaCens. rac Seexeba grigol nazianzelis
pozicias am sakiTxSi. igi agrZelebs qristianul tradicias, romlis msgavsi
gvxdeba sxvadasxva RvTismetyvelTan (mag., ioane oqropirTan).
RmerTisa da mzis zemoaRniSnuli Sedarebisas, grigol nazianzeli svams
kiTxvas – ram moiyvana pirvelad mze moZraobaSi? riT axerxebs mze – es
namdvili mniSvnelobiT uZravi, maradiul moZraobasa da brunvas, rogorc
amas marTebulad umRerian poetebi; rogor axerxebs Seuwyvetel moZraobasa, rogor qmnis dRes da Rames, rogor xdeba dRisa da Ramis momateba
da kleba, rogor icavs Tanabrobas am araTanabrobaSi? rogor awesrigebs
weliwadis droTa mimarTebas? [7, 28-e sityva].
grigol nazianzeli aq mzesa da mTvares Soris paralels mimarTavs. erTi batonobs dReze (mze), meore Rameze (mTvare); erTi mxecebs Zalas matebs,
meore – adamianebs Zalas aRudgens muSaobisTvis da a.S.
rogorc vxedavT, grigol nazianzeli mzeze da mis gamovlinebebze laparakobs, rogorc ciur movlenebze, romelic RmerTis mier aris Seqmnili.
yvela is kiTxva, romelsac svams nazianzeli mzis misamarTiT, pasuxad gulisxmobs RmerTis Zalauflebas mzeze.
2. samebis Sesaxeb
marTalia samebaze moZRvreba filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT nakleb mniSvnelovania, magram grigol nazianzelis msoflmxedvelobasa da areopagitul moZRvrebas Soris raime kavSiri Tu arsebobs, aseTad erT-erTi swored samebis sakiTxia.
e. Jilsonis azriT, grigol nazianzelis 45 sityvidan xuTSi („xuTi sityva Teologiis Sesaxeb“) gadmocemulia samebis dogmati, romelic „qristianuli Teologiis istoriaSi iqca klasikurad da cxadad gamoxataven im in-
54
mixeil maxaraZe
teleqtualur atmosferos, romelSic cxovrobdnen qristianebi – epoqaSi,
rodesac warmoiTqva es qadagebani“ [8, gv.47].
e. Jilsoni aRniSnavs, rom grigol nazianzeli Teologiis poziciidan
akritikebs filosofias. magram es sulac ar niSnavs, rom igi uars ambobs
filosofosobaze. piriqiT, is iTxovs, rom ikamaTon samyaroze, materiaze,
arsebulebze, sikeTeze, borotebaze da a.S. [iqve, gv. 48]. magram yvelaferi
es, amis gansja grigol nazianzelis Tanaxmad, unda gakeTdes zomierad, saRvTo werilis mixedviT.
a. losevis azriT, nikea-konstantinepolis simboloSic ki gaurkveveli
xdeba samebis ipostasebis zearsebiToba da zeSemecnebadoba; kapadokielebi
mudam xazs usvamdnen RvTaebis zearsebiTobas, Seumecnebadobas, adamianuri
Semecnebisa da azrovnebisTvis miuRwevlobas da a.S. [9, gv. 58]. amas filosofiisa da Teologiis istoriaSi apafotizmi ewodeba. kapadokielebTan es
apofotizmi mxolod pirvel ipostass (mamaRmerTs) ukavSirdeba.
trinitaruli sakiTxis sruli sicxadisTvis aucilebeli iyo am apofatizmis gavrceleba danarCen or ipostaszec, radganac yoveli maTgani gagebuli da ganmartebuli iyo, rogorc namdvili RmerTi am sityvis namdvili
da erTpirovnuli mniSvnelobiT [iqve, gv. 59].
es sakiTxi konstantinepolis krebaze gadawyda, magram saqme amis iqiT
aRar wasula.
am sakiTxSi, a. losevis azriT, sruli sicxade Seitana fsevdo-dionise
areopagelma naSromSi – „saidumlod RmrTis-metyuelebisaTïs“, romelSic
mxoldo imazea saubari – Tu ra ar aris RmerTi. amiT ki, areopagituli
apofatizmi vrceldeba ara mxolod pirvel ipostasze, aramed danarCen
orzec [iqve]. es zearsebiTi, zeyofieri da zeSeumecnebeli RmerTi, areopagitikaSi, mJRavndeba Tavis gamovlinebebsa da gamomdinareobebSi. swored
zearsebul gamovlinebaSi unda gavigoT samive ipostasi. „yvelani isini –
zearsebulni, zemoazrebadi da zeSeumecnebelni arian“
.
zearsebuli gamovlinebisas pirvel ipostass vimecnebT, rogorc erTians,
sawyissa da wyaros, meores – rogorc dayofil simravles, xolo mesames –
rogorc madlian gamosvlas [iqve].
a. losevis azriT, samebis kapadokiuri Teoria aris antikuri neoplatonizmis sami ipostasis dialeqtika, emanaciis, an ierarqiuli subordinaciis
gamoklebiT.
a. losevis am SeniSvnebs sicxade Seaqvs aRniSnul sakiTxSi grigol nazianzelis msoflmxedvelobasa da areopagitul moZRvrebas Soris mimarTebaSi.
grigol nazianzeli me-20 sityvaSi samebaze saubars iwyebs imiT, rom
samebis wevrebis – sami ipostasis meSveobiT gvTavazobs RmerTis Sesaxeb,
rogorc TviTon SeniSnavs – mokle moZRvrebas. igi aRniSnavs, rom Cven qeds
vixriT mamaRmerTis, ZeRmerTisa da suliwmidas mimarT. ar vurevT erTmaneTSi sam ipostass, raTa savles aRtyinebaSi ar aRmovCndeT; rom erTi ar
iyofa samze (sam arsebaze) – erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebaze da erTmaneTisTvis
ucxoze, raTa ar mivideT arianelTa ugunurebamde.
grigol nazianzeli da areopagituli moZRvreba
55
grigol nazianzeli Tavisi azris gansamtkiceblad saubrobs „Suagulze“
da aRniSnavs, rom aq mxedvelobaSi aqvs WeSmariteba, romelic aris erTi
da romelic uaryofs rogorc uadgilo da Seusabamo Serevas, ise, da ufro
metadac – brma dayofas [7, 20-e sityva].
aRniSnulidan cxadi xdeba, rom grigol nazianzelisTvis miuRebelia samebis wevrebis, rogorc uadgilo da Seusabamo gaerTianeba, ise maTi brma
dayofa, radganac „erT SemTxvevaSi, mravalRmerTianobis SiSiT RmerTis
cneba Semcirebuli saxiT iqneba erT ipostasSi da darCeba mxolod misi
SiSveli saxeli. amiT aRiarebuli iqneba, rom erTi da igive aris mamaRmerTic, Zec da suliwmidac; amasTan, amiT vasabuTebT ara imdenad imas, rom
yvela isini – samive ipostasi aris erTi, ramdenadac imas, rom TiToeuli
maTgani araferia, radganac erTmaneTSi gadasvliTa da SenacvlebiT – aRar
iqnebian is, rac isini TavisTavad arian“ [iqve].
meore SemTxvevaSi, ese igi, RvTaebis sam arsebad brma dayofisas, saxeze
gveqneba erTmaneTisTvis ucxo, araTanabari da dacalkevebuli, usawyiso,
araTanadaqvemdebarebuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, RvTis sawinaaRmdego arsebebi
da a.S. am dayofiT RvTaebas SemovsazRvravT erTi TvisebiT – daubadebeli,
riTac iseTive borotebas CavdivarT, rogorc ipostezebis uadgilo gaerTianebiT. metic, sami sawyisisa da sami RmerTis meSveobiT gaerTianebaze
met ugunurebas CavdivarT [iqve].
grigol nazianzeli eZebs swored im „Suaguls“ (oqros Suaguls?), romelic erTarseba samebis dasaxasiaTeblad da Sesafaseblad yvelaze misaRebi
iqneba. igi aRniSnavs, rom mamaRmerTs ar unda CamovaciloT imis Tviseba
rom iyos mama, Ze-s rom hqondes Ze-s Tviseba. ar unda CamovaciloT mamaRmerTs mamobis Rirseba, sawyisis da mSoblis funqcia. sxva SemTxvevaSi is
– Ze-sa da suliwmidaSi ganWvretili RvTaebis mizezi ki ar iqneba, aramed
ufro dabalisa da Seufereblis sawyisi. amitomac araa saWiro erTi RmerTis rwmenasTan erTad, iqadago sami ipostasi anu sami saxe, amasTan yoveli
maTgani RmerTis TvisebiT [iqve].
Cemi rwmeniT, aRniSnavs grigol nazianzeli, unda davicvaT erTi RmerTis rwmena, roca Ze-ca da suliwmidac miekuTvnebian mizezs (magram arc Sekrebili da arc Sereuli saxiT), rogorc RvTaebis moZraobasa da survils,
ise arsis igiveobis mixedviT [iqve].
grigol nazianzeli, roca msjelobs RmerTze, rogorc erTze, plotines filosofiisa da areopagituli moZRvrebisgan gansxvavebiT, masTan, ver
vxdebiT imis damajerebel dasabuTebas – Tu ratom aris RmerTi erTi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am sakiTxSi, kapadokiel mamebTan, kerZod, grigol nazianzelTan SedarebiT, areopagitul moZRvrebaSi filosofiuri tendenciis
arseboba eWvgareSea.
grigol nazianzeli aRniSnavs, rom Tuki davuSvebT sami ipostasis rwmenas, yovelgvari Sefasebisa da Serwymis gareSe, romelTa Sedegadac imaze
metia pativiscema, vidre saWiroa, yvelaferi moispoba; roca daculi iqneba pirovnuli Tvisebebi, roca mamaRmerTs warmovidgenT usawyisod da
sawyisad (sawyisad, rogorc mizezs, rogorc wyaros), xolo ZeRmerTs – sruliad usawyisod, magram amasTan, yovelgvaris sawyisad [iqve].
56
mixeil maxaraZe
RmerT-samebaze, sawyisze msjelobisas, grigol nazianzeli, kategoriulad moiTxovs drois faqtoris gamoricxvas, ar unda vigulisxmoT raime
saSualo dambadebelsa da dabadebuls Soris, buneba ar unda davyoT maradiulad da droSi arsebulad. amasTan, „Tuki dro ZeRmerTze ufrosia,
maSin ueWvelia, rom mamaRmerTi ZeRmerTze ufro adre yofila drois mizezi“ [iqve].
sxva SemTxvevaSi grigol nazianzeli xedavs winaaRmdegobas, kerZod: rogor SeiZleba drois Semqmneli iyos is (mamaRmerTi), romelic TviTon aris
droiT gansazRvruli? rogor SeiZleba yvelasa da yvelafris mizezi iyos
is (mamaRmerTi), romelzec dro batonobs? ase, rom mamaRmerTi usawyisoa,
radganac aravisgan, maT Soris, Tavisi Tavisganac ki, ara aqvs aRebuli arsi,
yofiereba1. aq, mTargmnelis SeniSvnaSi marTebuli komentaria gakeTebuli:
RmerTs Tu TavisTavidan eqneboda yofiereba, maSin RmerTi ori gamovidoda, rac dauSvebelia.
rac Seexeba ZeRmerTs, Tuki mis mizezad warmovidgenT mamaRmerTs, is
usawyisoa (radganac misi sawyisi aris mamaRmerTi, rogorc mizezi); Tuki
ZeRmerTs ganvixilavT drosTan mimarTebiT, is maSinac usawyisoa, radganac
drois meufes, gamgebels ara aqvs sawyisi droSi [iqve].
aqve SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom grigol nazianzelis axla ganxilul TvalsazrisebSi yovelTvis ar aris sicxade, kerZod: namdvilad ar Cans Tu ra
gadaulaxavi siZnelea sami ipostasis aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi. pirvel rigSi
es exeba cal-calke warmodgenil samebis ipostasebs yovelgvari Serevisa
da Sekrebis gareSe.
grigol nazianzeli saubrobs RmerTze, rogorc yvelafris dambadabelze, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba adamianuri dabadebisgan. igi aRniSnavs, rom RmerTSi survili da moqmedeba erTmaneTs emTxveva [iqve]. aqedan,
cxadia, rom sxvanairad qmnis adamiani da sxvanairad yvelafris Semqmneli
– RmerTi.
RmerTi, grigol nazianzelis azriT, adamianisgan gansxvavebiT, arsad,
arsebulad aqcevs imas, rac adre ar arsebobda. me, ganagrZobs nazianzeli,
ar vambob imas, rom mamaRmerTisgan ZeRmerTi warmoiSva, rogorc masSi – mamaSi adre arsebuli da Semdeg gaxda arsebuli; me ar vambob imas, rom ZeRmerTi adre iyo arasrulyofili da Semdeg gaxda srulyofili.
grigol nazianzeli aRniSnavs, rom is qadagebs RmerTis (mamis) daubadeblobaze (arasodes dauSvebs goneba, rom is odesme ar arsebobda), amasTan,
qadagebs, rom ZeRmerTi dabadebulia. ase rom, erTmaneTs emTxveva mamRmerTis arsi da misgan mxolodSobili arsebuli da ara mis Semdeg dabadebuli; gana davuSvebT erT sawyisze warmodgenaSi, sawyiss da agreTve mizezs,
SeniSnavs nazianzeli.
grigol nazianzeli RvTaebrivi dabadebis arsis gasagebad aseT magaliTs
mimarTavs: adamiani, romelic yvelafris danaxvas cdilobs, mas mxedveloba
ufuWdeba. ar unda ecado imis gagebas, rasac verasodes gaigeb. RvTaebrivi
dabadebis Sesaxeb nu ecdebi icode am dabadebis saxeze. „gaige, rom suliw1
iqve.
grigol nazianzeli da areopagituli moZRvreba
57
mida momdinareobs mamaRmerTisgan: nu gamoiCen cnobismoyvareobas icode,
rogor momdinareobs“ [iqve].
rogorc vxedavT, roca grigol nazianzeli saubrobs mamaRmerTTan ZeRmerTisa da suliwmidis mimarTebaze, pirvel SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavs „dabadebas“, meoreSi – „gamomdinareobas“.
grigol nazianzeli samebis sakiTxs exeba 25-e sityvaSic, sadac ZiriTadad ganxilulia me-20 sityvaSi gamoTqmuli azrebi. aqac aRniSnulia, rom
RmerTi badebs RvTaebrivad, da ara adamianurad, radganac misi arsi ar
aris adamianuri [iqve, 25-e sityva].
aqve ZeRmerTisa da suliwmidis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom isini usawyisonia
arian mizezTan (e.i. mamaRmerTis mimarT), radganac ise rogorc mzisgan sinaTle, aseve isini RmerTisgan arian, magram ara mis Semdeg [iqve].
ganvixiloT samebis sakiTxi areopagitul moZRvrebaSi. romelic ganxilulia traqtatebSi – „saRmrToTa saxelTaTïs“ da „saidumlod RmrTismetyuelebisaTïs“.
areopagituli filosofiis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, rom aq mTavaria moZRvreba pirvel erTze, RmerTze da yvela danarCeni sakiTxi pirdapir Tu
ara pirdapir masTan aris kavSirSi. asea samebis sakiTxSic. sayuradReboa,
rom am wminda religiur sakiTxs fsevdo-dionise exeba Tavis SedarebiT
filosofiur naSromSi – „saRmrToTa saxelTaTïs“ da isic maSin, roca axasiaTebs pirvel erTs, RmerTs.
„saRmrToTa saxelTaTïs“ me-2 TavSi fsevdo-dionise aRniSnavs, rom Seurevlad da Seurwymelad (Sdr. nazianzeli) imyofeba pirveli erTi, romelic aris zeSTaarsebuli da aris zeSTaarsebiT RvTaebaTa (e.i. samebis
wevrTa – m.m.) wyaro. RvTaebaTa wyaro aris mamaRmerTi da ara ZeRmerTi
da mTel sinamdvileze vrceldeba RmerTis batonoba – „aramed mxolo zeSTaarsebisa RmrTeebisa wyaro ars mamaé da ara ars mamaé Ze, arca Ze mamaé
aramed samaradisod scavs TiToeuli guami RmerT-mTavrobisaé mravalsagalobelsa TïTebasa Tïsisa saxelisasa keTilad siwmidiT da ucvalebelad“
[3, gv.18]. aq, rogorc vxedavT, naTqvamia, rom mTeli sinamdvilis mizezi da
wyaro aris mamaRmerTi da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ZeRmerTi. am aRniSvniT
fsevdi-dionise agrZelebs qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis tradicias aRniSnul sakiTxSi.
a. losevi, rogorc vnaxeT, areopagituli moZRvrebis damsaxurebad miiCnevs sruli apofatizmis Tvaslazrisis gatarebas da agreTve, samebis ipostasebis TanabarZalovnad, zeSTaaRmatebulad warmodgenas. marTlacda,
„saRmrToTa saxelTaTïs“ me-2 Tavis $8-Si, sadac aRniSnulia, rom yoveli
saRmrTo mamoba da Zeoba momdinareobs uzeSTaesi, zeaRmatebuli mamaRmerTisa da ZeRmerTis meufobisgan, „da mamaé da Ze yovlisa saRmrToésa mamobisa da Zeobisa zeSTaaRmatebulad aRmaRlebul arian“ [iqve, gv. 21].
Tuki fsevdo-dionise axla ganxilul adgilas saubrobs mamaRmerTisa da
ZeRmerTis, SeiZleba iTqvas, TanabarZalovan zeSTaaRmatebulobaze, amave
traqtatSi, cota qvemoT wers saerTod samebis zeSTaaRmatebulobaze, „rameTu yovlad wmindani igi da umoxucebulesni Zalni namdvélve zeSTa arian
58
mixeil maxaraZe
da reca Tu winabWeTa arsebaTa uzeSTaesisa samebisaTa damyarebul arian“
[iqve, gv. 63].
es imis gamo, rom ganagrZobs fsevdo-dionise – misagan aqvT arsi da
RvTaebrivi arsic udaresTa Soris TviT yvelaze cud („udaresTa udaresi“)
arsebebs da ukanasknelTa Soris ukanasknelebs.
sainteresoa, rom traqtatSi – samebis sakiTxis ganxilvas fsevdo-dionise iwyebs im TaviT, romlis saTauric aris „saRmrTo nislis Sesaxeb“ („viTarmed raé ars saRmrToé nisli“). dasawyisSive fsevdo-dionise mimarTavs
samebas – RmerTs, rogorc umaRles arsebas, umaRles erTsa da umaRles
sikeTes, rogorc qristianTa RvTaebrivad brZen zedamxevels da a.S. [iqve,
gv. 224].
areopagitikis am adgilidan cxadi xdeba aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sefasebisas
a. losevis Tvalsazrisis marTebuloba, kerZod: aq sameba warmodgenlia ganuyoflad, rogorc umaRlesi arseba, umaRlesi RmerTi da umaRlesi sikeTe, razedac miuTiTebs a. losevi da rasac wingadadgmul nabijad miiCnevs
kapadokieli mamebis RvTismetyvelebasTan SedarebiT, sadac cxadad ar Cans
sami ipostasis zearsebiToba da zeSemecnebadoba [9, gv. 58].
fsevdo-dionise amave traqtatSi saubrobs RmerTze, romlis Sesaxeb dadebiTi RvTismetyuveleba gveubneba, kerZod: igi aris RvTaebrivi da keTili bunebis, aris erTi, rogorc sami („erTarseba sami“), igi iwodeba mamad
da Zed, usxeulo da ganuyofelia da a.S. [3, gv. 226]. aqac cxadad Cans, rom
fsevdo-dionisesTan sameba erTia, umaRlesi arseba da umaRlesi siekTea;
sakmarisia areopagitikis es adgili SevadaroT grigol nazianzelis Tvalsazriss aRniSnul sakiTxSi da cxadad davinaxavT gansxvavebas maT Soris,
romelzedac miuTiTebs a. losevi.
aRniSnuli traqtatis dasasruls fsevdo-dionisesTan, rogorc amas a.
losevi aRniSnavs, sruliad zeimobs apofatizmi – RmerTis absoluturi negacia [9, gv. 58]. fsevdo-dionises es sruli apofatizmi erTi mxriv winamdebare naSromSi gamoyenebulia RmerTis absoluturi negaciis ganxilvisas,
meore mxriv ki – samebis sakiTxSi, kerZod, swored amgvari absoluturi negaciiT, sruli apofatizmiT areopagituli moZRvrebis RmerTi-sameba ganxvaveba kapadokielTa, Cven SemTxvevaSi grigol nazianzelis RmerTi-samebisgan.
3. eTikis sakiTxebi
grigol nazianzelis sityvebSi gvxdeba saubrebi sikeTis Sesaxeb. Tumca,
am sityvebSi igi ufro praqtikul-religiuri CarCoebiT ifargleba da sakiTxs ar ixilavs ontologiuri kuTxiT, Tundac, rogorc es basili didis
msoflmxedvelobaSia.
sikeTesTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi upiratesad ganxilulia 25-e sityvaSi, romlis dasawyisSi nazianzeli saqeb sityvebs ar iSurebs WeSmariti
filosofiisadmi da gansjis sagnad ixdis keTilSobilebis cnebas. aRniSnavs, rom mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs ara brbos gagebuli keTilSobileba. Sors
Cvengan da filosofiisgan iseTi keTilSobileba, romelic saTaves iRebs
zRaprebsa da yoyoCobaSi. piriqiT, agrZelebs nazianzeli da mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs keTilSobileba, romlis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia: RvTismosavoba,
grigol nazianzeli da areopagituli moZRvreba
59
keTili zneoba da miswrafeba pirveli sikeTisken – Cveni sawyisisken [7,
me-20 sityva].
grigol nazianzeli fufunebas, simdidresa da Zlevamosilebas did borotebad Tvlis da maT uarsayofad miiCnevs, radganac fufuneba pirveli
borotebaTagania, simdidre – siRaribes ganapirobebs, xolo Zlevamosileba
sxvaTa uZlurebas [iqve, 25-e sityva].
am konteqstSi grigol nazianzeli dadebiTad moixseniebs filosofias,
romelic Tokavs emociebs da gmobs sxeulebrivs, ebrZvis xiluls da bunebrivi Zalebis yvela medidurobas, yvela TviTnebobas, romelic maradiulis
winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli.
am gzaze Semdgari filosofia saWirod ar Tvlis gansajos Tu romeli
sibrZne airCios: garegani, romelic WeSmaritebis aCrdilia Tu garegnulad
Semguebluri, magram Sinaganad amaRlebuli da RmerTisken mimavali [iqve].
grigol nazianzeli filosofiisa da filosofosebisadmi gansxvavebul
damokidebulebas amJRavnebs da es sulac ar miuTiTebs misi msoflmxedvelobis araTanmimdevrulobaze am sakiTxSi. igi amgvari Sefasebisas sxvadasxva skolis filosofosebs gulisxmobs. misTvis misaRebia kinikosebis pozicia, miuRebelia platoni, nawilobriv misaRebia neoplatonikosebi da a.S.
heroni, grigol nazianzelis azriT, irCevs maT gzas (Sinaganad amaRlebuli da RmerTisken mimavali) da sulac ar uwevs angariSs berZen filosofosebs, romlebic did yuradRebas uTmobdnen sityvis silamazes. misTvis
upirvelesi aris is, „gaigos, Cveni gzebidan romelia upirvelesi da sasargeblo, rogorc misTvis, ise nebismieri qristianisTvis, radganac is sulis
niSnad yvelaze srulad da brZnulad Tvlida imas, rom yovelgvar saqmeSi,
kerZoSi mocemuli iyos zogadi; imitom, rom yovel CvenTagans yofiereba
mocemuli aqvs ara mxolod Tavis TavisTvis, aramed sxvebisTvisac, romlebic misi bunebisani arian da gaCenili arian erTi Semoqmedis mier erTi
miznisTvis“ [iqve].
grigoln nazianzeli exeba saTnoebis sakiTxs da saubrobs taZarSi misasvlel gzaze. misi aRniSvniT, arsebobs cxovrebisa da arCevanis sxvadasxva
saxe da maTgan romelime Tu emsaxureba rwmenas da ratom vuwodebT Cven
maT gzebs. kiTxva aseTia – yvelam am gzaze unda viaroT Tu romelime maTganze? ramdenime gza SeiZleba arsebobdes an kidev upiratesoba romel
gzas unda mieniWos?
grigol nazianzeli svams kiTxvas – ra igulisxmeba sityvaSi, romlis
Tanaxmadac gza erTia da amasTan, viwro? aq igulisxmeba, saTnoebasTan mimarTeba, radganac is aris erTi, Tumca mraval saxeebad iyofa. viwroa im
gagebiT, rom bevrisTvis gauvalia. kerZod im mravalricxovani mowinaaRmdegeTaTvis, yvela imaTTvis, vinc biwierebis gziT dadis. es erTaderTi
– saTnoebis gza aris marTebuli, romelic taZarTan migviyvans da aq imowmebs pavle mociquls – „yvela gana mociqulia? yvela gana winaswarmetyvelia? da a.S.“ (I korinTelTa, 12:29) [iqve, 27-e sityva].
grigol nazianzelis es azri ase unda gavigoT: aris sakiTxebi, romlebic
pirdapir unda miviRoT da gansjas ar eqvemdebareba. Cven SemTxvevaSi es
exeba saTnoebis gzas, romelic erTaderTia da taZrisken mivyavarT.
60
mixeil maxaraZe
saintereso azri aqvs gamoTqmuli grigol nazianzels gandegilobaze.
igi aRniSnavs, rom sakuTari TvaliT hyavs nanaxi udabnoSi mcxovrebi gandegilebi. TavisTavad es movlena maRali rangis da mniSvnelovania da aRemateba adamianur Zalebs. magram amasTan, es movlena CaketilobiT xasiaTdeba da moklebulia siyvarulis Tvisebebs – gulRiaobasa da Semwynarblobas
[iqve]. siyvaruli ki, rogorc cnobilia iyo da aris erTi-erTi pirveli
saTnoebaTagani. amasTan, nazianzelis azriT, gandegiloba saqmesTan daSorebuli cxovrebaa, romlis Semowmeba da sxva saxis cxovrebasTan Sedareba
SeuZlebelia.
SeiZleba iTqva, rom grigol nazianzelisTvis miuRebelia asketizmi da
gandegiloba. samagierod, igi aqebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, roca adamianebi erTmaneTs uaxlovdenian, emsaxurebian saTnoebas da avrceleben amas
sxvebze, axlos midian RvTis saxlis mSeneblobasTan da Cveni gvari (adamTa
modgma), mas Semdeg, rac codvebSi CavardniT dakarga Tavisi sikeTe, CvenTan
SeerTebiT da Cvendami momarTviT, kvlav gvevedreba [iqve].
aq SeiZleba visaubroT grigol nazianzelis Tvalsazrisis siaxloveze
plotines filosofiasTan, erTi mxriv da, sakuTriv, nazianzelis Tvalsazrisidan areopagituli moZRvrebis momdinareobaze. rogorc cnobilia,
plotine da fsevdo-dionise Sors iyvnen asketizmisgan da maTi msoflmxedveloba am mimarTebiT filosofiur-inteleqtualuri xasiaTis iyo, radganac rogorc plotine, ise fsevdo-dionise RvTis mistikuri Wvretis gzaze,
uaryofdnen asketizms.
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan yuradRebas imsaxurebs grigol nazianzelis
is Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tuki yvela saRi gonebis mqone dakavebuli iqneboda logikiT, geometriiT, astronomiiT da ar iqneboda saTnoeba, es araviTar sikeTes ar moitanda. maSin yvelgan da yvelaferSi aucileblobiT daisadgurebda uwesrigoba da dabneuloba [iqve].
aq sayuradRebo aris is, rom IV saukunis RvTismetyveli (grigol nazianzeli) fiqrobs, rom mxolod astronomiis, geometriisa da logikis SeswavliT saqmes ar eSveleba, Tuki saTnoeba (e.i. zneoba) ugulebelyofili iqneba. es Sexeduleba exmaureba Tanamedroveobas da masSi, garkveuli azriT,
SeiZleba antisciencisturi Tvalsazrisis Canasaxi davinaxoT.
eTikis sakiTxebs grigol nazianzelis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. magram am sakiTxSi raime siaxlove, antikur neoplatonizmTan da
qristianul neoplatonizmTan (fsevdo-pdionise areopageli) ar SeiniSneba.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kapadokiel mamaTagan areopagituli moZRvrebas yvelaze naklebi Sexeba aqvs grigol nazianzelis SexedulebebTan, Tumca zogierT sakiTxebSi (RmerTze moZRvreba, RmerTis wvdoma,
samebis Sesaxeb) SeiZleba amovikiTxoT areopagituli moZRvrebis mxridan
grigol nazianzelis msoflmxedvelobis ganviTareba spekulaturi TvalsazrisiT.
grigol nazianzeli da areopagituli moZRvreba
61
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1.
grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa Semcvel qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. xelnawerebi aRwera, Sesavali da saZiebeli daerTo Tamar
bregaZem. Tbilisi, 1988
2. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1980, I t.
3. petre iberieli (fsevdo-dionise areopageli) Sromebi. gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daerTo samson enuqaSvilma. Tbilisi, 1961
4. qristianuli eklesiis istoria. Seadgina gvanca koplataZem. meoTxe
gamocema. Tbilisi, 2010
5. s. yauxCiSvili. bizantiuri literaturis istoria. Tb., 1973, III t.
6. Sua saukuneebis filosofiis istoriis problemebi. Tbilisi 1981, I
nawili.
7. Григорий Богослов. Собрание творений в 2-х томах. Мн., Харвест, М., АСТ, 2000,
28-e sityva.
8. Э. Жильсон. Философия средние века. М., 2004.
9. А. Лосев. История античной эстетики. М., 1992, книга I.
10. Г. Майоров. Формирование средневековой философии. М., 1979.
11. Плотин. Эннеады. „Вера и Разум“, Харъков, 1998, V энеада, книга 5, §8,9.
12. Г. Флоровскии. Сввятой Григорий Богослов
http://antology.rchgi.spb.ru/Gregory_ofNazianzus/research_1.htm.
Mikheil Makharadze
Theory of Gregory of Nazianzus and the
Areopagitical Doctrine
Summary
Gregory of Nazianzus (329-390) occupies a special place among the theologians of the
middle Ages. His multi-aspect activities are studied well enough though many aspects
and issues need further analysis. Relation of the Areopagitical doctrine to the heritage
of Gregory of Nazianzus is among these issues.
When certain crucial issues (theory of God, problem of Trinity, ethical problems, etc.) in
theories of Gregory of Nazianzus and Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite are discussed,
it becomes clear that there are certain points, which draw these thinkers close to each
other, and there are issues, which draw them apart.
The foundations of differences between the world outlooks of Gregory of Nazianzus
and Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, relation of the world outlooks of these two
thinkers to Neo-Platonism and other philosophical systems are shown in the work.
anastasia zaqariaZe
pasuxismgeblobis fenomeni
pasuxismgeblobis zogad cnebaSi erTmaneTisagan sazrisulad gansxvavebuli mravali aspeqtis, sakvlevi sagnis gamoyofa SeiZleba. pirvel rigSi,
sainteresoa, romelma mecnierebebma unda ikvlios pasuxismgeblobis fenomeni da ramdenad aqtualuria am Temaze muSaoba saerTaSoriso, Tu qarTul
inteleqtualur sivrceSi.
„pasuxismgeblobis“ cnebaSi SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva aspeqtis Tematizeba.
pasuxismgebloba sakmaod rTuli, mravaliarusiani da mravalplaniani fenomenia. amdenad misi kvleva mravali dargis farglebSi SeiZleba moxdes.
misi garkveuli aspeqtebis gaxsna iuristebisa da samarTaldamcavTa, Teologebisa da sociologebis saqmea, SeiZleba fsiqologebisac. sxvadasxva
aspeqtebi SesaZlebelia ganaTlebis mecnierebebmac ikvlion. magram ZiriTadad da upirvelesad es fenomeni tradiciulad iyo da dResac rCeba
filosofosebis, ufro zustad eTikosebis, ganxilvis saganad. rac Seexeba
pasuxismgeblobis Temis aqtualobas Tanamedrove inteleqtualur sivrceSi, sakmarisia mivuTiToT amerikeli filosofosebis mark bouvensi, joel
feinbergi, merion smaili, didi frangi postmodernisti filosofosi pol
rikeris naSromebi (ix. Bovens, Mark The Quest for Responsibility: Accountability and
Citizenship in Complex Organizations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998.Feinberg, Joel Doing and Deserving: Essays in the Theory of Responsibility, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1970.Ricoeur, Paul “The concept of responsibility: an essay in semantic
analysis“ University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992 .Smiley, Marion Moral Responsibility
and the Boundaries of Community: Power and Accountability from a Pragmatic Point of
View, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992)
rac Seexeba qarTul samecniero sivrces, aq namdvilad ver davikvexniT
didi miRwevebiT. magram garkveuli nabijebi uTood gadaidga, romelzec
qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT mogaxsenebT. aq ki mokled vityvi, rom Tanamedrove swrafad cvalebad garemoSi adamianis pasuxismgeblobaTa Teoriuli
da praqtikuli aspeqtiT kvleva qarTuli samecniero sivrcisTvis axal
perspeqtivebs gaSlis. vgulisxmob pasuxismgeblobaTa mTel wyebas adamianis moRvaweobis sxvadasxva sferoebSi, institucionalur da individualur pasuxismgeblobaTa analizs sicocxlis, bunebis da socialuri garemos
mimarT. gansakuTrebiT saSuria pasuxismgeblobis fenomenis konceptualuri safuZvlebis Seswavla, samoqalaqo omgamovlili, eTnokonfliqtebis,
politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri Zvrebis da mudmivad cvlad procesSi myof sivrceSi, pasuxismgeblobis funqcionirebis TaviseburebaTa gamokvleva.
pasuxismgeblobis cneba sul ufro did rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi? ra aris amis mizezi?
mesame aTaswleulis mijnaze kacobrioba aRmoCnda axali gamowvevebis
winaSe, gaizarda sicocxlis TviTmospobis safrTxe. atomuri katastrofis
pasuxismgeblobis fenomeni
63
safrTxes daemata gacilebiT ufro maRali registris, „SeniRbuli“safrTxeebi:adamianis sicocxlis industriad qcevis safrTxe; axali, manamde
ucnobi tipis konfliqtebi, romlebic sul ufro iReben civilizaciuri
omebis saxes, sociumis polarizacia da marketizacia , ekologiuri katastrofebisa da globaluri daTbobis safrTxe, genurad modificirebuli
sakvebis mravlferovneba da masTan dakavSirebuli axli nozologiebis gaCena, industriis arealis sul ufro gafarToveba aucilebeli sasicocxlo
sivrcis Semcirebis xarjze; cxovelTa mravali saxeoba gaqroeba, zogi maTganis gadaSeneba xdeba ise, rom adamiani verc ki aswrebs maT gacnobas. garemos dabinZurebis masStabebis prognozireba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.
garemo iqca swrafadcvalebadi. yvela sferoSi swrafad Zveldeba yvela
saxis informacia da modeli, male albaT adamianic moZvelebul modelad
iqceva.
daiwyo situaciidan gamosavali gzebis Zieba. amgvarad warmoiSva pasuxismgeblobis axali ganzomileba. pasuxismgebloba sul ufro iqceva im
RerZad, romelzeckacobriobam unda ganaxorcielos Semobruneba. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom msoflioSi ukve praqtikulad mimdinareobs pasuxismgeblobis
zrdis procesi. modiT gavixsenoT yvelasaTvis cnobili ambavi, romelic
Cveni azris ilustraciad gamodgeba.
arc Tu ise didi xnis win, msoflios yuradRebis centrSi moeqca, did
britaneTSi samkurnalod myofi, Ciles yofili diqtatoris augusto pinoCetis espaneTSi eqstradiciis sakiTxi. ra saxis pasuxismgebloba unda
dakisreboda Rrmad moxuc da mZime seniT daavadebul generals misi 18
wliani mmarTvelobis periodze? am kiTxvaze gacemuli pasuxebi ar iyo erTgvarovani; pinoCetis sasamarTlo procesi faqtiurad Tanamedrove samyaroSi pasuxismgeblobis fenomenis analizis procesad gadaiqca.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas mraval gaxmaurebul faqtze, romelnic konfliqtebs, terorizms, ekologiuri, socialuri, anTropologiuri, Tu bioeTikuri sakiTxebis mogvarebas ukavSirdeba.
filosofiis istoriaSi pasuxismgeblobis idea dakavSirebulia Tavisuflebis(nebis Tavisufleba, gadawyvetilebis miRebis, moqmedebaTa da qcevis
Tavisufleba), danaSaulisa da danaSaulad Seracxadi moqmedebis TemebTan.
klasikur filosofiaSi pasuxismgebloba mxolod am konteqstebSi ganixileba, da umetes SemTxvevebSi terminologiuradac araa gaformebuli.
pasuxismgeblobis gageba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor gvesmis Tavisufleba. magaliTad determinizmSi pasuxismgeblobis SesaZleblobac ki gamoricxulia(mag.ix. b. skineris biheviorizmi). Tavisufleba pasuxismgeblobis erTerTi pirobaa, pasuxismgebloba-Tavisuflebis erTerTi gamovlenaa,
kerZod rogorc avtonomiisa. adamiani aqvs ufleba miiRos gadawyvetileba
da moiqces sakuTari Sexedulebebisa da survilebis Sesabamisad, magram igi
valdebulia pasuxi agos qcevis Sedegebze, xolo sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis SedegebiT gamowveuli negatiuri rezultatebisaTvis sxva ar unda
daadanaSaulos. gaixseneT, rom amaze miuTiTebs aristotelec.miuxedavad
imisa, rom aristotelesTan ver vipovniT specialur termins „pasuxismgebloba“, igi sakmaod srulad xsnis pasuxismgeblobis fenomenologias. adamians, aristoteles mixedviT, xelewifeba Caidinos rogorc amaRlebuli, ise
64
anastasia zaqariaZe
samarcxvino saqcieli; maszea damokidebuli ra xasiaTis qcevas airCevs ras
moimoqmedebs,Sesabamisad mas an sjian, an xotbas asxaven imis mixedviT Tu
rogor moiqceva.
pasuxismgebloba varaudobs adamianis informirebulobas qcevis pirobebsa da im moTxovnebze, romelic mas waeyeneba. magram ucodinrobac, razec
aseve miuTiTebs aristotele, SesaZlebelia mas braleulobaSi CaeTvalos.
Tanamedrove amerikeli filosofosi jon roulzi exmianeba aristoteles
da miaCnia, rom dasja, romelic Tan unda sdevdes moTxovnebis darRvevas
ar aris misagebeli, igi warmoadgens sanqcias, romelic uzrunvelyofs uflebebisa da movaleobebis balanss.
adamianis Tavisuflebis sawyavi misi pasuxismgeblobis sazomiT dasturdeba. rac ufro metad izrdeba im adamianTa wre, vis winaSec da visTvisac
Tvlis pasuxismgeblad Tavs sakuTari TavisuflebisaTvis adamiani, miT ufro metad scildeba igi sakuTari arsebobis pirobiTobis, Tu nawilobrivobis viwro sazRvrebs. potenciurad adamianis pasuxismgebloba usazRvroa.
qristianobaSi qristes saxiT misi universaluri masStabia dasaxuli.beqsistencializmSi igi „mTels kacobriobaze vrceldeba“ (J.-p. sartri); moqmedebs ra garkveuli saxis qceviT, adamiani irCevs sakuTar TavSi adamians,
romelic iswrafvis bolomde aRasrulos dakisrebuli movaleoba, an gamovlindes rogorc sruliad Tavisufali adamiani.
neoprotestantul TeologiaSi aqcenti keTdeba pasuxismgeblobis esqatologiur aspeqtze; v. huberis mixedviT, adamiani pasuximgebelia araoden sakuTari Tavis, garSemo myofTa da mTeli kacobriobis winaSe, aramed
RmerTis-misi esqatologiuri nebis winaSec; da esaa mTavari. adamiani cxovrebis pasuxismgebliani wesis dafuZnebiT, sasoebs RmerTis mowyalebas da
elis mis sufeviT mosvlas.
individualisturi koncepciebis mixedviT adamiani upirveles yovlisa pasuxismgebelia sakuTari Tavis mimarT. igi unikaluria, gaucxoebulia
sxvebisagan, Tavisufalia garegani gavlenebisagan.
socialur filosofiaSi (erih fromTan) adamiani pasuxismgebelia mxolod sakuTari sindisis winaSe, romelic orientirebulia rogorc sakuTar,
ise sazogadoebis keTildReobaze; sxvaTa interesebis dacva adamianis bunebrivi miswrafebaa. adamianis azri da grZnoba ganapirobeben mis qcevas.
adamiani atarebs pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari pirovnebis sulieri da qcevTi mxareebis erTianobaze. Tanamedrove adamians, fromis mixedviT, amZimebs pasuxismgebloba da igi cdilobs Tavi aaridos mas. fromi gamoyofs
meqanizmebs, romlebsac socialur doneze acileben adamians Tavisuflebas,
romelic aseve mZime tvirTia, da mis Tanmdev pasuxismgeblobas. esaa totalitaruli reJimi, romlis drosac mmarTvel belads, „Zlier pirovnebas“
sakuTar Tavze aqvs aRebuli pasuxismgebloba sazgadoebisa da misi wevrebis mimarT da“avtomatizirebuli konformizmi“rodesac xdeba sxvisi azrebis(masmedia da sxv.) arakritikuli miReba, sazogadoebrivi azris sakuTar
azrad qceva.
qcevis subieqtidan gamomdinare ganasxvaveben– individualur da jgufur, koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobas.
pasuxismgeblobis fenomeni
65
xolo miyenebuli sanqciebis rogorobidan gamomdinare ganasxvaveben moralur, politikur, socialur, iuridiul, da a.S. pasuxismgeblobebs.
magaliTad aviRoT socialuri pasuxismgebloba. igi arsebobs imgvar viTarebaSi, sadac socialur agents/subieqts gacnobierebuli aqvs socialuri moTxovnebis aucilebloba, moqalaqeobrivi movaleobebi, socialuri
amocanebi, normebis da Rirebulebebi. mas aseve srulad esmis, Tu ra Sedegebi mohyveba mis qcevebs garkveuli socialuri jgufebisa da pirovnebebisaTvis. arsebobs cneba „konstituciuri pasuxismgebloba“ – esaa socialuri pasuxismgeblobis saxeobas da gulisxmobs konkretulad moqalaqis,
rogorc socialuri piris mier moqalaqeobrivi movaleobebis aRsrulebas.
rac Seexeba iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobas, mkiTxvelisaTvis albaT saintereso iqneba rom, termini“pasuxismgebloba“ pirvelad iuridiul diskursSi alfred benma Semoitana, misi mxolod erTaderTi, „dasjadoba-is“ (punishability), aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT. es aspeqti gulisxmobs pasuxis-gebas
sakanonmdeblo normebiT nagulisxmevi valdebulebebis darRvevisaTvis. am
tipis samarTlebriv urTierTmimarTebaSi orive mxare valdebulia pasuxi
agos sakuTar qcevebze sapirispiro mxaris, saxelmwifos,Tu sazogadoebis
winaSe. magram pasuxismgeblobis fenomeni xom gacilebiT met aspeqts moicavs, esaa; .pasuxisgebis dawesebuloba (liability), pasuxisgebisunarianoba (answerability),gonivruloba, (reasonability), garkveuloba, gansazRvruloba (precision), daqvemdebareba, Sepirobeba (dependability). sxvaTaSoris Tanamedrove
samarTlis TeoriebSi iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis ori – pozitiuri da
negatiuri saxeobas ganarCeven. pozituri pasuxismgebloba wamoiSoba sazogadoebisaTvis dadebiTi, sasargeblo funqciebis Sesrulebis afuZvelze da
realizdeba regulaturi samarTlebriv-uflebrivi urTierTobiT, negatiuri-ukavSirdeba kanonis darRvevas, romelsac Sesabamisi sanqciebi moyveba.
iuridiul pasuxismgeblobas Tavisi specifikuri principebi, miznebi da
funqciebi aqvs. iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba monawileobas iRebs sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis dacviTi
funqciis realizaciaSi. am mimarTebiT igi xasiaTdeba prevenciuli, kompensaciuri, regulaciuri, aRmzrdelobiTi, funqciebiT. iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba xelmZRvanelobs iseTi principebiT, rogoricaa: kanoniereba,
samarTlianoba, sanqciaTa individualizacia, mizandasaxuleba, humanuroba
da sxv.
iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis saxeebia administraciuli, disciplinauli, materialuri, moqalaqeobriv-samarTlebrivi da saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba; substituciuri pasuxismgeblobac samarTalis cnebaa, am tipis pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs, imgvar
viTarebas, rodesac pasuxismgebloba ekisreba ara uSualod damnaSaves,
aramed pirs, romelic sakuTar Tavze iRebs braleulobas.
arsebobs e.w. statusiT ganpirobebuli,rogorc bunebrivi, ise kontraqtuli pasuxismgeblobebi, pirvel SemTvevaSi statusi an bunebrivadaa mopovebuli, an SemTxveviT, aseTia magaliTad, mSoblis statusi, sxva SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs socialur statusTan, romelic gacnobierebulad aris
miRebul-mopovebuli, amgvaria administraciul-Tanamdebobrivi piris sta5. „religia“ π 3
66
anastasia zaqariaZe
tusi, kidev arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli, xelSekrulebiT ganpirobebuli statusi, aseTia daqiravebuli moxeles statusi.
pirvel SemTvevaSi bunebrivi statusiT ganpirobebuli pasuxismgebloba adamianis mier moiazreba, rogorc daniSnuleba, SeTanxmebiT ganpirobebuli pasuxismgebloba-rogorc valdebuleba. romelic Tavis mxriv SesaZlebelia orgvari iyos: a)korporatiuli, jgufuri,samsaxurebrivi, an sxva
lokaluri movaleobebiT ganpirobebuli, romelic Tavisi arsiT angariSvaldebulebas uaxlovdeba . b) pirovnebis mier damoukideblad miRebuli
piradi da universalizebuli movaleobis saxiT, magram am SemTxvevaSic
saxezea pasuxismgeblobis is ganzomileba, romelic fiqsirdeba modalobiT
„pasuxismgebloba mimarT“, gansxvavebiT modalobisa“pasuxismgebloba Tvis“
kidev erTi detali, romelic ar minda, rom gamomrCes: ekologiuri azrovnebis dabadebam da Sesabamisad ekomoZraobis gaZlierebam iuridiul
diskursSi, pasuxismgeblobis axali saxis gaCenis aucilebloba warmoSvapasuxismgebloba ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis.
pasuxismgeblobisa da valdebulebis cnebaTa nivelireba Secdoma iqneba.
am cnebaTa gansxvaveba emyareba Semobruneba eTikur azrovnebaSi. meoce saukunis pirveli naxevri adaamianis uflebaTa da movaleobaTa eTikis xana
iyo. 60-iani wlebidan daiwyo TandaTanobiTi gadasvla eTikis axal etapze.
mas Cemi azriT, SeiZleba pasuxismgeblobis era ewodos.
qarTuli enis geniaSi araCveulebrivad aris gaxsnili am ori cnebis Sinaarsi. sityva „valdebuleba“ sxvisTvis valis gadaxdaze, garegan faqtorze,
konrtaqtul ganzomilebaze miuTiTebs; xolo „pasuxismgebloba“–migvaniSnebs imaze, rom Sinagan samyaroSi mimdinareobs sindisis samsjavro, kiTxva–
pasuxis uxilavi dialogi, romelSic ibadeba pirovneba(Person) – zneobrivi
subieqti.
rac Seexeba „valdebulebas“, igi farTe gagebiT movaleobis sinonimia.
filosofiis istoriaSi es cneba saTaves iRebs terminidan“jerovani“. terminis ganmartebis pirveli mcdeloba stikosebTan gvxvdeba, „marTebuli“
(Zv. berZ.καΰήκον Zv. bernuli sityvidan καυήκει) maT esmodaT, rogorc „jerovani“, anu is, rac bunebrivia, moTxovnebisadmia Sesabamisi. am terminis
laTinuri eqvivalentia „officium“, igi pirvelad ixmara ciceronma; masTan
am sityviT aRiniSneba adamianis,rogorc romis moqalaqis, saxelmwifos wevris valdebuleba. i.kantis marTebuli SeniSvniT, ciceronidan moyolebuli,
zneobis Sesaxeb swavlebas (eTikas) uwodeben swavlebas movaleobis Sesaxeb.
terminma "officium" mkvidrad moikida fexi evropul filosofiaSi. f. bekoni ganarCevda swavlebas zogadi valdebulebebis Sesaxeb da specialuri,
anu pirobiTi valdebulebebis (igulisxmeba profesiuli, socialuri fena,
statusi) Sesaxeb. T. hobsis mixedviT esaa kanoniT determinirebuli valdebuleba. j. lokTan bunebiTi kanonis (law of nature) gamovlenaa. kanonisa,
romlis kanonmdebelia RvTaebrivi msajuli. valdebulebis Sesrulebis safuZveli lokis mixedviT samarTlianobis gagebaa da ara dasjis SiSi. kanti
safuZvlianad azustebs valdebulebis ganmartebas.kanons Seesabameba mxolod „iuridiuli valdebulebebi“(officia juris), gansxvavebiT „keTilmosilebis valdebulebebisagan“(officia vir-tutis),maTTvis ar arsebobs
garedan Tavs moxveuli, anu garegani kanoni, ramdenadac isini mimarTulni
pasuxismgeblobis fenomeni
67
arian miznisken, romelic Tavad aris movaleoba. hegeli azustebs, rom adamians aqvs uflebebi radganadac aqvs valdebulebebi, da valdebulebebi,
ramdenadac aqvs uflebebi. magram es urTierTmimarTeba gansxvavebulia
samarTlisa da moralis sferoSi. moralis sferoSi.
yoveldRiurobaSi arsebul SemTxveviTobaTa morevSi, dilemuri eTikuri situaciebis pirispir myofi adamianisaTvis pozitiuri RirebulebiTi
reorientacia urTulesi saqmea. aq aucileblad unda CaerTos nebeloba,
valdebulebis SegrZneba.
SeiZleba araCveulebrivad kargad gqondes gacnobierebuli, rom raRaca
ar aris saTanadod warmodgenili, igi aucileblad sxvagvarad unda yofiliyo saxeze, rom safuZvliani cvlilebebi aucileblad saWiroa da a. S.,
magram Tavad araferi gaakeTo am aucileblisa da savaldebulos wesrigSi
mosayvanad. ufro metic, ar, Tu ver xedavde saqmeSi Carevis aucileblobas.
valdebuleba afiqsirebs, rom savaldebulos Sesaxeb zogad warmodgenebs
konkretuli moTxovnebis forma mieces. am WrilSi aucileblis aRsruleba
adamianisaTvis gadaudebel praqtikul davalebad iqceva. eTikur diskursSi samyaro warmodgeba arsebulisa da jerarsulis saxiT.
kidev sxvagvaradac SegviZlia vTqvaT, adamianma unda SeigrZnos subiequri Tanaziaroba savaldebulos/aucilebelis realizaciis saqmeSi, unda
gaacnobieros, rom pirovnuli mizanmimarTuli Zalisxmevis gareSe, mizani ver ganxorcieldeba. diax, SesaZlebelia gulwrfelad vwuxdeT garemos dabinZurebis, ekologiuri katastrofebis Taobaze. mTeli sisavseobiT
vacnobierebdeT, rom viTareba Zalian Sorsaa imisagan, rogoric unda iyos,
magram WeSmaritad moraluri diskursi Seiqmneba iq da maSin, rodesac adamiani daiwyebs imis realur gacnobierebas, rom bunebis gadarCena moiTxovs
TviToeuli CvenTaganis konkretul Zalisxmevas, rodesac mzrunveli damokidebuleba garemosadmi adamianis uSualo sasicocxlo amocanebis rangSi
amaRldeba.
arsebobs sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi, profesiuli da msgavsi valdebulebebi da moraluri valdebuleba. adamians SeuZlia da unda Seuxamos moqalaqeobrivi da profesiuli valdebuleba moralurs, es ukanaskneli unda
iqces mis orientirad, Suqurad. magram arc Tu iSviaTia, profesiul valdebulebebs, moralurad sanqcionirebul sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebebsa
da pirovnul moralur movaleobas Soris warmoiSvas konfliqti. adamianis
yofiereba savsea konfliqturi da dilemuri situaciebiT; maTi gadawyveta
pirovnebas mxolod Tavad SeuZlia. am SemTxvevSi moraluri valdebulebis
aRsruleba gadaizrdeba pasuxismgeblian qcevaSi.
pasuxismgebloba, rogorc moralurobis gamoxatva da qcevis safuZveli,
gansxvavdeba darwmunebulobisgan. gavixsenoT, rom maqs veberma ganasxvava
ra „ rwmenis eTika“ (aq igulisxmeba ara religiuri rwmena, aramed darwmuneba) „pasuxismgeblobis eTikisgan“, qceviTi orientaciis ori tipi dasazRvra. veberis mixedviT, normatiul-qceviTi orientaciebi ki ar upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, aramed urTierT Sevsebadni arian. am fonze maT Soris
principuli gansxvavebebi arsebobs.
rwmenis eTika-srulyofisaken ukidegano swrafvis absoluturi eTikaa.
am eTikis mimdevari miznebis amaRlebulobiTaa moculi da ar apirebs pasu-
68
anastasia zaqariaZe
xi agos Sedegebze. pasuxismgeblobis eTikaSi adamiani samyaros iRebs mTeli
mravalferovnebiT-naklovanebebiTaca da negatiuri mxareebiTac, amitomac
am eTikis momxre gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs miznebis realizaciis
saSualebebs da srulad aris mzad pasuxi agos sakuTar qcevebze. praqtikuli xasiaTi, obieqtur rezultatebze orientacia ganapirobeben pasuxismgeblobis eTikis gansakuTrebul aqtualobas politikuri, an sameurneo
saqmianobis farglebSi.
zemoT Tqmuli exeba e.w. „pirovnuli pasuxsmgeblobis“ problemas.
sagulisxmoa, rom Tanamedrove socialur Teoriasa da samarTlis filosofiaSi ismis „korporaciuli pasuxismgeblobis“ sakiTxic. am cnebaSi igulisxmeba pasuxismgebloba im qcevebze, romelnic marTalia konkretulad
erTeuli individis mieraa Cadenili, magram misi qceva winaswarganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom igi miekuTvneba garkveul institucias, an organizacias, anda sulac saxelmwifos.
pasuxismgebloba Tandayolilia, Tu SeZenili adamianisaTvis? adamianuris arsSi Cawvdoma, misi srulyofili gaxsna SeuZlebelia, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT im viTarebas, rom adamianSi, rogorc „xatebasa da msavsebaSi“,
potenciuri mocemulobis saxiT warmodgenilia sindisi, romlis Tanmdevia
movaleobisa da pasuxismgeblobis SegrZneba. sociumTan komunikaciis Sedegad xdeba misi formireba pirovnul donezec da sazogadoebriv donezec.
pasuxismgeblobebi dakavSirebulia Cvens, anu kacobriobis axlandel,
momaval da warsul qmedebebTan. kacobriobis mier aragonivruli, arahumanuri saqmianobiT gamowveuli negatiuri Sedegebis tvirTi unda gadanawildes yvela individze, ganurCevlad erovnebisa da rasisa da kanis ferisa.
vfiqrob, rom Tuki saqme sakacobrivo, globalur doneze Cvens qarTul
„wilze“ midgeba, aq tradiciuli Rirebulebebis Senaxvisa da mofrTxilebis
Tema unda iyos prevalirebuli.
eTikuris sferodan esTetikaSi rom gadavinacvloT... gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa SemoqmedebiTi, inteleqtualuri pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb
sakiTxi samecniero literturaSi miRebuli definiciiT, postmodernuli
epoqis xelovneba Tavisi bunebiT antiutopiuria, igi daibada, rogorc pasuxi utopizmze-momavlis inteleqtualur avadmyofobaze, aq araa momavlis
perspeqtiva, sufevs imeddakarguloba. awmyos mxatvruli suraTi, postmodernizmSi warmodgenilia rogorc udidesi ironia, romelic arasdros uSvebs sakuTari Tavis analizs. TqvenTvis cnobilia, rom es fenomeni socrad
araerTgvarovania. erTis mxriv esaa imitacia – mkvdari stilebis imitacia,
yvala mkvdari epoqis saxeliT saubari, „mniSvnelobaTa usazRvro gaurkvleblobis“ demonstracia, meores mxriv konceptualizmis, parodiis, gaucxoebis, citaturobisa da sxv. erTad win wamoiwia kiCma, hibridulobam,
aq upairvelesia grZnobadis fermentis Warbad warmodgena. dasavleTSi,
da ukve CvenTanac, popularulia yovelnairi hepeningi, hepeningSi xdeba
instinqtTa gaTavisufleba, sxeulis kultivireba, nebsmieri personaJiT
manipulireba, rac saboloo jamSi warmoSobs „fristails“ – Tavisufal
stilizebas, romelic adaptirebulia mxatvruli cnobierebis masobriv
formebTan. mxatvruli fristaili aSkara gamoxatulebas povebs klasikuri
siuJetebis „disneilendur“ versiebTan misadagebis teqnologiebSi, aseve
pasuxismgeblobis fenomeni
69
satelevizio serialebad qceul „rimeiqebis“ tiraJirebaSi, avtors SeuZlia
daweros sakuTari, gaaagrZelos sxva siuJetebi, miuyenos sakuTari teqsti
da siuJeti klasikurs. Cvens literaturaSi mxatvrulad sainteresod gveCveneba giorgi margvelaSvilisa da aka morCilaZis nawarmoebebi. situacia,
romelSic mxatvruli dasesxebis xerxebi, eqsperimenteba, Zieba, ironia erTadaa dazvinuli Tanamedrove kulturis laboratoriuli mdgomareobis
ucilobeli maxasiaTebeli da atributia. Ria, Cauketavi xelovnebis mgavsi
magaliTebi, sadac xelovanma icis dasawyisi, magarm ar aqvs ganWvretili
dasasruli, adrec arsebobda. xolo „mdare, uSinaarso, zedapiruli, komerciul interesebze gaTvlili“ xelovnebis nawarmoebi nebismier epoqaSi
SegviZlia moviZioT.
mxatvruli Semoqmedebis velze xelovanisa da mkiTxvelis piradi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dgas. es velic Zalze dinamiuria, icvlebian aqtiorebi da bestselerebi, „TamaSis“ wesebi“, stilebi da Rirebulebebi, magram
xelovneba Tavis uRrmes tendenciaSi imis molodinia, rom „mSveniereba ixsnis kacobriobas“.
pirovnebisa da sociumis leqsikonidan amovarda iseTi frazebi da sityvebi, rogoricaa „patiosan sityvas gaZlev“ da mas Caenacvla bilwsityvaoba, didebul qarTul sityvas „qvelmoqmedeba“/qvel-moqmedeba, sikeTis qmna
– Caenacvla ucxo sityva „sponsoroba“, patriotizmi da patriotuli qceva
– saerTod anaqronizmadaa qceuli.
farTod gavrcelda ormagi moralis praqtikebi, moraluri nihilizmi,
Semguebloba totaluri sicruisa da Zalmomreobisadmi. erTi SexedviT,
moraluri gaucxoeba SeiZleba iseTi TvalSisacemi ar aris, rogorc social-ekonomikuri, magram igi ufro Rrma da damangrevelia, rogorc pirovnul, ise sazogadoebriv doneze, globaluri krizisis pirobebSi da am krizisis daZlevis gzebis Ziebisas Tanamedrove eTikuri xedva morals miiCnevs
umniSvnelovanes saSualebad adamianis, rogorc socialuri arsebis gadarCenis gzaze. am gzaze xelovneba aris is „sayviri“, romelsac evaleba gaaxmovanos yvela is mtkivneuli sakiTxi, romlis winaSe dRes dgas adamiani.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bovens, Mark The Quest for Responsibility: Accountability and Citizenship in Complex
Organizations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998.
Feinberg, Joel Doing and Deserving: Essays in the Theory of Responsibility, Princeton
University Press, Princeton 1970.
Ricoeur, Paul “The concept of responsibility: an essay in semantic analysis“ University
of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992 .
Smiley, Marion Moral Responsibility and the Boundaries of Community: Power and
Accountability from a Pragmatic Point of View, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
1992.
70
anastasia zaqariaZe
Anastasia Zakariadze
Phenomenon of Responsibility
Summary
pasuxismgeblobis fenomeni
71
irakli braWuli
azrovnebis paradigma mxatvrul
TeologiaSi
„WeSmaritad geubnebiT Tqven, Tu ar moiqceviT da
ar iqnebiT rogorc bavSvebi, ver SexvalT sasufevelSi... da vinc miiRebs erT amnair bavSvs Cemi saxeliT, me mRebulobs“ (maTe, 18. 3-5).
„me meSinia didebs ar davemsgavso...“
(antuan de sent-egziuperi „patara ufliswuli“).
azrovnebis istoriaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs bavSvis mxatvrulTeologiuri paradigma. Tu bavSviviT ar iazrovneb da ar moiqcevi, ver
Sexval sasufevelSi – amas ambobs macxovari.
bavSvis motivi JRers pirveladi Tu sawyisuri berZnuli azrovnebis (e.
w. winaresokratesuli filosofiis) wiaRSic. heraklite efeselze mogviano gadmocema gveubneba, rom yofierebasa da WeSmaritebas bavSvis TamaSs
uaxlovebda elinTa es udidesi filosofosi. mas ase esmoda dasabamisieri „cecxli“ – sikvdil-sicocxlis Zireuli TamaSi, maradqmnadi xdimileba,
„romelic „kanonzomierad enTeba da qreba“. TamaSiseburi kanonzomierebis
fundamenturoba anaTesavebda azrovnebis stiqions (logoss), WeSmaritebas
da bavSvs. uRrmesi heraklitizmi, heraklitesiseburi azrTawyobis gamomamJRavnebeli cnobili ambavi, Semogvinaxa filosofiis istoriam: heraklitem
miatova yvela seriozuli saqmianoba da artemides taZrisaken wavida bavSvebTan kenWaobis saTamaSod. roca brZenis saqcieliT gakvirvebuli efesos moqalaqeni gars Semoertynen uCveulo saqmianobiT garTul filosofoss, maT ase mimarT haraklitem: „ras momSterebixarT briyvebo! iqneb ara
sjobs es vakeTo, vidre TqvensaviT polisis saqmeebs gadavego“ [5. 48]. didi
moazrovne bavSvur TamaSs TamaSobs artemides taZris wminda SemogarenSi. bavSvebTan TamaSi uCveulosTan, samyaros diad dasabamTan siaxloves
moaswavebs. ra saerTo aqvs Zveli elinuri azrovnebis am cnobil figuras
qristes mier CvenTvis gacxadebul WeSmaritebasTan: vinc bavSvs miiRebs, me
mRebulobs. ras niSnavs es? ra upiratesoba aqvs bavSvis azrovnebis wess
zrdasrulis azrovnebis wesTan SedarebiT?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisaTvis zRva literatura arsebobs Teologiasa da filosofiaSo, aseve usasrulod bevri artefaqtia Seqmnili xelovnebaSi. termini „mxatvruli Teologia“ iseTive pirobiTi terminia, rogorc
„qristianuli xelovneba“. amgvari xelovnebis mizania Seqmnas mxatvruli saxeebi, romelSic pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gziT moxdeba wmindas fenomenis mxatvruli gamosaxva, gamomJRavneba, aResruleba sakraluris gamomxatveloba [1. 187]. cnobilia, rom swored es iyo Sua saukuneebis xelovnebisa
azrovnebis piradigma mxatvrul TeologiaSi
73
da saerTod azrovnebis mTavari motivi. gonebis moqcevis, gaqristianebis
masStaburi gamocdilebaa netari avgustines „aRsarebani“.
es motivi imemkvidreva renesansulma xelovnebamac. mTeli epoqa swored
am memkvidreobis modernizebas warmoebs. amgvari modernizeba gagrZelda
axali da uaxlesi epoqebis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSic. mxatvruli Teologiis klasikur qmnilebebad iTvleba dantes „RvTaebrivi komedia“, renesansuli xelovnebis bibliuri variaciebi, migel de servantesis „don kixoti“,
Teodor dostoevskis da fridrih nicSes mxatvrul-filosofiuri da mxatvrul-Teologiuri meditaciebi da koncenpt-personaJebi; T. manis, h. heses,
borxesis, egziuperis, haidegeris da „saukunis yvelaze ufro gavleniani“
moazrovneebis qmnilebebi; antipozitivisturi Tu antiteqnokratuli motivebi Tanamedrove poeziaSi, musikaSi, ferweraSi, arqiteqturaSi, kinematografiaSi.
cxadia, erT statiaSi msjelobis sagani ver gaxdeba usasrulod didi moculobis azrovnebiTi gamocdileba. mxolod erT paradigmaze gvinda SevaCeroT yuradReba. qristianuli xelovnebis (da azrovnebis) mTavari simbolo xdeba RvTismSobeli Cvili an yrma iesoTi. es aris mTavari mxatvruli
idea – paradigma da koncept-personaJi; deda-Sviluri siyvaruli, rogorc
siyvarulis religiis ideali [3. 57]. uangaro da wmindaa dedis siyvaruli
Cvilisadmi. aseve is aris erTi adamianis mier meore adamianisadmi Sewirvis, yvelafris gacemis, miZRvnis mimarTeba, romelic sanacvlod arafers
ar moiTxovs. meore mxriv, ubiwo, wrfeli miamitobiT aRsavse Cvili, romelic dedas mindobilia uzrunvelad da imediT. samyaros fundamenturi
harmoniis da sikeTis sasufevlis imedia gamoxatuli am mxatvrul-Teologiuri paradigmaSi. aq TiTqos igulisxmeba, rom samyaro, romelSic Cvilma
Semoabija, iseTive udardeli, uboroto, ucodveli unda iyos, rogoric
TviTonaa. wmindas, RvTaebrivis vlenis yvelaze pirdapiri da adeqvaturi
forma xdeba bavSvi.
qristianulma xelovnebam arsebiTad aRmoaCina axali adamiani Cvilis
saxiT. qristianulma religiam biZgi misca am axal aRmoCenas da azrovnebis
im paradigmas, romlis gamoxatulebaa yrma ieso. antikurobaSi gabatonebuli tradicia dasaSvebad Tvlida bavSvTa seleqcias. cnobilia, magaliTad,
platonis „saxelmwifoSi“, rogor msjeloben axalSobilebze, rogorc mcenareebze da cxovelebze. TiTqos bavSvi Cveulebrivi nivTia, romelic imis
mixedviT fasdeba, Tu ramdenad gamoadgeba saxelmwifos. bavSvi daxasiaTebulia, rogorc boroti midrekilebebis mqone arseba; amitom saWiroa, maTi
mkacri aRzrda1. qristianulma azrovnebam ki bavSvSi ganWvreta adamianis
srulyofilebis uzenaesi ideali, srulfasovani da pirveladi RvTaebrivi
xatis matarebeli sulieri arseba.
qristianobam bavSvs mianiWa wmindanis statusi. TviT gulqva avazakebic
ki uZlurni xdebian bavSvis fenomenis winaSe. gavixsenoT o. henris „wiTelkanianebis beladi“, hemingueis „moxuci da zRva“, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi fenia moxucisa da mozardis megobroba. antuan de sent egziuperis „pa1
1980 w. Tsu-Si moewyo Sexvedra herman heses vaJiSvilTan. SekiTxvaze: rogori aRmzrdeli iyo mamaTqveni? man upasuxa: is cudi azris iyo saerTod aRzrdazeo.
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tara ufliswuli“; kinoxelovnebidan (da ara kinoindustriidan): Caplinis,
felinis, antonionis, Zefireris da sxvaTa Sedevrebi, romelTa warmateba
didad gansazRvra bavSvis mxatvrulma fenomenologiam.
antikuri gagebiT zrdasrulma unda aRzardos bavSvi; qristianuli gagebiT ki – piriqiT, bavSvma unda aRzardos kacobrioba. pirveli bibliuri
bavSvi adamia, romlis „zrda“ – bavSvobis dakargva dakavSrebulia codviT
dacemasTan, romlis Semdeg is aRar aris bavSvi, misTvis dakargulia bavSvuri samoTxe. bavSvi uSualobis, siwrfelis da harmoniis simboloa. am
bibliuri tradiciis mxatvruli gamoZaxilia vaJa-fSavelas „Svlis nukris
naambobi“, akakis himnebi „iavnanas motivebze“, ilias „bazaleTis tba“, i. gogebaSvilis „iavnanam ra hqmna?“, galaktionis
„qalaqSi, mtverSi waiqca bavSvi,
nukris TvalebiT, TmiT – mimozebiT
da mwuxarebis maleniavSi
mofrindnen lurji angelozebi“.
akaki wereTeli werda: „msoflios geniosma mxatvarma rafaelma, romelsac mSvenierebis gamoxatva undoda, ukeTesi rom vera moaxerxa ra da mSvenier madonas misca xelSi umSvenieresi yrma“. T. dostoevski ambobs: „Tu
civilizaciis istoriis saZirkvelSi udanaSaulo bavSvis erTi kurcxalic
ki CaewveTa, iqidan mxolod borotebis imperia aRmocendeba da bibliuri
babilonis godolis beds gaiziarebs, romelic „daingra, vidre aRSebamde“.
saxareba gveubneba, rom sasufevelSi ver Seva, vinc bavSviviT ar iazrovnebs. aq laparakia azrovnebis qristianuli wesze, romelic principulad
gansxvavdeba sxva tipis azrovnebisagan. adamianis moqceva gonebis moqcevaa,
gonebis fericvalebaa, Teologiuri brunia azrovnebis aRnagSi. paskali
laparakobs ori tipis azrovnebaze, or gonebaze – erTia gamomTvleli goneba, „evkliduri Wkua“, meorea – „gulis logika“. is ambobs, rom rogorc
gamomTvlel gonebas hyavs Tavisi geniosebi, aseve gulis logikas hyavs Tavisi geniosebi. „gulis logikis“ yvelaze didi geniosia ieso qriste.
bavSvisgan gansxvavebul, zrdasrulTa azrovnebas, ganviTarebul azrovnebas, zogjer „kritikuls“ an „analitirkurs“ uwodeben. mravalnairad SeiZleba maTi ganmartebac. ar aris aucilebeli bolomde erTmniSvnelovnad
gairkves maTi Sinaarsi. analitikuri azrovneba aris gonebis kritikuli
Teoria da meTodi. es aris adamianuri goneba, romelsac Segnebuli aqvs
Tavisi ganmaTavisuflebeli da momwesrigebeli roli. es niSnavs pasuxismgeblobis aRebas sakuTar Tavze da samyaroze. pasuxismgeblobis gaziareba
sicocxlis fundamentalur Rirebulebebze dReisaTvis ukve gulisxmobs
sicocxleze eqsperimentirebis, da sicocxlis, samyaros kolonizaciis kontrols [13-63 ]. kritika niSnavs sakuTari sazRvrebis gacnobierebas, sakuTari Secdomebis aRmoCenas da gamosworebas. amisaTvis ki saWiroa varaudebis
Semowmeba, uSualo dakvirvebiT gamoTvla-gamoZieba; sxvisi azris mosmena;
kritikisaTvis aucilebelia mocile mxareebi – gansxvavebuli azrebis Widili anu bWoba; mcdari varaudebis darRveva; iseTi varaudebis da ideebis
wamoyeneba, romelic ufro migvaaxlovebs WeSmaritebasTan. amgvarma azrov-
azrovnebis piradigma mxatvrul TeologiaSi
75
nebam gamocdilebiT icis misTvis gadasaWreli da gadauWreli problemebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb. arsebobs kiTxebi, romlebzedac ar arsebobs erTaderTi
swori pasuxi. „me is vici, rom araferi vici“ – yvelaze brZeni elian filosofosTa Soris – sokrate ambobs amas. ratom iyo is „yvelaze brZeni“? man
icoda, rom „adamianuri codna arcodnaa RvTaebrivTan SedarebiT“. swored
am gansxvavebaze gaakeTa man aqcenti. kritikulma azrovnebam icis Tavisi
sazRvrebi da Tavgadasavali, romelic savsea triumfaluri gamocdilebiT
da tragikuli SecdomebiT.
Tanamedrove mecnierebis, kerZod asakobrivi fsiqologiis (J. piaJe, d.
uznaZe da sxv.) monacemebiT 7 wlamde bavSvi cxovrobs da imecnebs ZiriTadad TamaSiT. 7 wlis asakSi xdeba gardatexa. am asakSi Sesuli mTeli
arsebiT mimarTulia garesamyaroze. mis winaSe iSleba obieqturi samyaros
farTo gasaqani. qcevis ZiriTadi wesi da ganviTarebis (Tavisi Tavis gaxsnis) faqtori xdeba swavla. am asakSi bavSvebi ZiriTadad Teogoniur da
filosofiur kiTxvebs svamen. ainteresebT samyaros warmoSoba, sagnebis da
procesebis raoba, arsi – ra? saidan? k. iaspersis mixedviT, bavSvebi yvelaze ufro filosofiur kiTxvebs svamen. aristotelesa da kantis mixedviT
azrovnebis bunebaSia metafizikuri kiTxvebis dasma. azrovnebis sawyisia
gakvirveba. swored aq iCens Tavs adamianuri azrovnebis sawyisuri (Tandayolili) interesi. „Seicani WeSmariteba da WeSmariteba gaganTavisuflebT
Tqven“ – ambobs macxovari. maSasadame azrovnebas akisria ganmaTavisuflebeli misia. magram WeSmariteba aravis miecema TavisiT. Ziebis rTuli gzis
gavlaa saWiro. amaze mravali miTi da legendaa Seqmnili. sibrZnis saZebnad
Soreul da saxifaTo mogzaurobaSic midian. saxarebaSic asea: „eZiebdeT sasufevels“, „gamoiZie uflis neba“, „ese ars naTesavi, romelic eZiebs ufals,
eZiebs xilvad pirsa RvTisa iakobisasa“. aq mTavaria CarTva, Cabma, gzaze
Sedgoma. azrovneba, rogorc gza, arsebiTad aris dakavSirebuli TamaSTan.
TamaSi adamianuri yofierebis uRrmes Zirebs ukavSirdeba. ase svams sakiTxs
iohan hoizinga: „bavSvi sruli dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, sakraruli
seriozulobiT TamaSobs... aseve sporcmenic, msaxiobic, mevioline... TamaSebrivi xasiaTi SeiZleba yvelaze amaRlebul saqmianobas mieweros. SegviZlia
Tu ara es xazi sakulto moqmedebamde gavagrZeloT... Tu amas davuSvebT,
maSin ritualis, magiis, liturgiis, RvTiuri kurTxevisa da misteriis cnebebi erTianad moxvdebodnen TamaSis cnebis mniSvnelobis areSi“ [2. 41]. es
cnobili avtori sabolood daaskvnis: „TamaSis samefos“ arsi imaSia, rom
„yoveldRiuri cxovrebis“ sferodan gadavyavarT sxva samyaroSi, im samyaroSi, romelic miuwvdomelia logikuri gansjisaTvis, analitikuri azrovnebisaTvis, paskalis termini rom vixmaroT evkliduri WkuisaTvis.
Zireuli azrovneba, rogorc bavSvobasTan dakavSirebuli gza da TamaSi
demonstrirebulia haidegeris „TemSaraSi“, romelsac 1949 wlis gamocemaSi
erqva „TemSaris rCeva“. es is periodia, rodesac msoflios inteleqtualebi
laparakoben didi filosofosis „did Secdomaze“, faSizmTan TanamSromlobaze. haidegeri aq ubrundeba (da Tanamedrove azrovnebasac mouwodebs
daubrundes) azrovnebis pirvelad gamocdilebas. „adamianebi Tavisive warmomavlobis gamgoni arian... TemSaraze uWvreten erTmaneTs yrmis TamaSi da
moxucis sibrZne... maT SexmatkbilobaSi „iSleba azrovneba, romelic „karib-
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irakli braWuli
Wea maradisobis [6. 18]“. azrovnebis kvlavdabruneba bavSvobis gamocdilebasTan exmianeba azrovnebis transformaciis gzas, romelic nicSem aqlemis,
lomis da bavSvis figurebSi gamoTqva. aqlemi movaleobis tvirTiT damZimebuli azrovnebaa. misi principia: „Sen unda!“ lomiseburi azrovnebis
principia: „me msurs!“, es meamboxe, mngreveli azrovnebaa. mxolod mesame
safexuriT, – bavSviT iwyeba Tavisufali, TamaSiseburi Semoqmedeba sicocxlis wreSi. „bavSvis Tavisufleba aris Tavisuflebis is done, rodesac SeZalbelia RirebulebaTa Seqmna“ [8. 228]. zekacis idea, romelic bavSvis motivs ukavSirdeba k. iaspersma gamoiyena imisaTvis, rom nicSes meditaciebSi
qristianobis aRorZinebis faruli motivebi daenaxa. Tomas manis mixedviT
nicSe evropul kulturaSi igive rols TamaSobs, rasac hamleti daniis mefis sasaxleSi. is sigiJes igonebs, raTa uazrovnebis sizaramaceSi Cafluli
„evkliduri Wkuis“ evropuli kultura gamoafxizlos [14. 218]. nicSes da
dostoevskis azrovnebis saerTo qristianul motivebze bevrs werdnen XIXXX saukuneebis rusuli religiur-filosofiuri skolis warmomadgenlebi.
egziuperi ambobda: saidan var? Cemi bavSvobidan! ise movedi bavSvobidan,
rogorc romelime qveynidan. am msjelobis Teologiuri modelia bibliuri ambavi adamianis pirvelad, samoTxisebur yofierebaze da Semdeg mis
dakargvaze. bavSvobis samyaro ufro realuri meCveneba, vidre romelime
sxva samyaro – ambobda egziuperi. „didebis samyaro“ aris adamianis gaucxoebuli azrovneba. Tanamedrove kulturis institutebi adamians aviwyeben
bavSvobas. egziuperi SeniSnavs: darwmunebuli ara var, namdvilad vcxovrobdi Tu ara, „rac bavSvobam gaiara“.
egziuperisaTvis RvTaebrivis gamovlenis ukanaskneli imedi aris bavSvi.
kamius mixedviT Tanamedrove moazrovneebs axasiaTebT „naxtomi imedSi“. amgvar naxtomSi brali edeba egziupersac. „bavSvi“ egziuperTan aris azrovnebis im wesis gamovlena, romelic RmerTis rwmenas emyareba da am rwmenis
gamovlenis formaa. is gansakuTrebiT iCens Tavs „sasazRvro situaciebSi“,
gamZafrebuli istoriuli kataklizmebis viTarebaSi. „me vwvdebi im sarwmunoebis erT-erT saidumloebas, romelSic Cveni kultura warmoiSva“ [9.
119]. qristem adamians aswavla pasuxismgebloba yvelas gamo. dostoevskis
„karamazovebidan“, stareci zosime anderZad utovebs Tavis morCils: „adamianTa codvebze... yvelaze da yvelaferze pasuxismgebloba sakuTar Tavze
aiRe ... xarbad da gaSmagebiT giyvardes yvela da yvelaferi“. azrovnebis
am wess „Tu erTxel Cawvdebi, ufro da ufro daiwyeb mis Secdnobas. mere
Segiyvardeba mTeli samyaro, sayovelTao msoflio siyvaruliT“. amgvari
azrovnebis koncept-personaJia egziuperis patara ufliswuli, romelsac
SeiZleba Sexvde udabnos SuagulSi. egziuperTan bavSvi qristes gamovlenis mxatvruli saxea. mxatvruli Teologia ki masTan Sexvedris horizontis
gaxsnas cdilobs. egziuperTan erTad Cven unda velodeT patara ufliswulis dabrunebas dedamiwaze.
kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II Tavis qadagebebsa da epistoleebSi aRniSnavs, rom arsebobs ori goneba – „mcire goneba“, adamianuri goneba, analitikuri azovneba da „didi goneba“, logosi, `guli gonieri“. am ori gonebis
TanamSromlobam unda Seqmnas jvris saxe. misi vertikaluri xazi RvTisken
swrafvaa, xolo vertikaluri adamianisaken. maTi daaxloeba da harmoni-
azrovnebis piradigma mxatvrul TeologiaSi
77
zeba aris sinergia – RvTiuri da adamianuri energiebis TanamSromloba.
sinergiuli gza aris azrovnebis qristianul-Teologiuri ideali. mcire
gonebam unda daTmos ampartavneba (avtonomiis principi), moidrikos, CaeSvas gulSi da iqidan aRavlinos locva RmerTisadmi.
bavSvis paradogma mxatvrul TeologiaSi azrovnebis im (`vertikaluri“)
veqtoris gamomxatvelia, rasac pirobiTad `didi goneba“, `gulis logika“
ewoda. xolo analitikuri wesiT azrovneba (`horizontaluri“) `mcire gonebad“ SeiZleba iwodos.
saxarebiseuli (maTe 18. 1-5, 19. 13-15, markozi 10. 13-16, luka 18-15-17.)
`yrmasTan mimsgavsebuli“ azrovneba wm. ioane oqropiris mier ganmartebulia rogorc `sulieri aznauroba“ (17. 134) ampartavnebisagan Tavisufali,
RvTis nebisadmi uangarod mindobili `ubraloeba“, simartove; ar axasiaTebs xrikebi, maxis dageba (hegelis mixedviT gonebas warmarTavs `absolutis eSmakoba“ (s: st, хитрост), `zurgs ukan mzakvroba“, sakuTari miznebisaTvis sxvisi gamoyeneba). ilia II ixsenebs erT qarTvel bers, romelic ambobda
rom RmerTi bavSvs gavs, bavSviviT mimtevebelia, ar icis gulSi wyenis
Cadeba, guliswyroma maleve gauvlis da iseTi siwrfeliT Segirigdeba da
geTamaSeba TiTqos araferi gewyeninebinos. bavSvi uzrunvelia, Tavisufalia vercxlismoyvareobisa da socialuri fetiSebisagan, arabunebrivad SeZenili garegani idolebisgan `arafers eZebs dedis ZuZus garda“ (18. 117).
saxarebis komentatorebis mixedviT, iesos sZags `SemsWvalvaé gonebisaé saqmeTa soflisaTa da didebisa kacobrivsa“. „amaoisa didebis trfiali“ mcire goneba unda moeqces azrovnebis im qargaze, romlis `saxed yrmaé igi
Cvilia“ dasaxuli. wminda ioane oqropiri Tavis ganmartebas mowodebad da
imperativad aqcevs: `aw ukve Zmano Cvenca vbaZavdeT maT“. mxolod am gziT
vxvdebiT Rirsni `sasufevlis mkvidradmyofel“. `ese ars cxovrebaé angelozisebri“, amitom Sehxaris qriste yrmaTa umankoTa. ieso bavSvebs daadebs
xels da ambobs: `eseviTaraé ars sasufeveli caTaé“. xolo vinc `yrmasTan
mimsgavsebuli“ morwmune, Seuracxyos an acdunos misTvis jobda wisqvilis
qva moebaT da zRvaSi gadaegdoT. ioane oqropiri iqve aRniSnavs, rom saxarebaSi ar aris laparaki gonebis gauqmebaze, gonebis gamoTiSvaze, `amputaciaze“, aramed mis `moqcevaze“,, feriscvalebaze, ganviTarebaze, srulyofaze
`xolo viyvneT gonebiTa srul“ (19. 178).
azrovnebis ori tipi – goneba da `guli“, `aTena da ierusalimi“, codna
da rwmena urTierTgaucxoebulia. amis Sedegia don kixoti, romelic migel
de unamunos mixedviT qristes espansiuri xalxuri warmodgenebis krebiTi
saxea. donkixotSi mocemulia azrovnebis meTodi, romelic axdens qristianuli rwmenis umTavresi elementis, – imedis postulirebas. don kixoti
`xmaa udabnoSi mRaRadeblisa“, romelic `mcire gonebis“ TvalsazrisiT absurdia. am `mcire gonebaze ambobda dostoevski: ум падлец“. amitom Wkuaze
myofi anu „kaci mzakvari ver Seva sasufevelSi“. meToduri wesi gulisxmobs
Wkuidan gadasvlis (с ума сошол, безумие); Wkuidan Semcdaria don kixoti, xolo dostoevskisTan qristes gamovlenis saxe – Tavadi miSkini `idiotia“,
dasacinia `mcire gonebisagan“..
risTvis ibrZoda donkixoti? dulsineasaTvis! anu sococxlis maradiuli gagrZelebisaTvis. da man gaimarjva – ambobs namuno, – miuxedavad imisa
rom bolos daWkvianda“, moinania Tavis udidesi `SeSliloba“, `ugunureba“;
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waago laSqroba `mcire gonebis“ batonobis winaaRmdeg, ver gaaTavisufla
`azrovnebis ierusalimi“, `aTenis“ (racionalizmis) batonobisagan. ver SesZlo mojadoebuli samyaros ganjadoeba. unamunos SeniSvniT, don kixotis
amocana arc iyo `gamarjveba“, miwaze, misi gamefebis, gabatonebis azriT. is
`moxetiale raindia“ – droSi da sivrceSi ara aqvs toposuri samkvidro.
gonebis dialeqtika aq aCvenebs erT mxriv gonebis moqcevas ugunurebaze
da Semdeg kvlav dabrunebas `mcire gonebis“ idialebze, romlis kulturpersonaJia salamankis universitetis bakalavri samson karasko. unamunos
mixedviT, karasko Tanamedrove sekularobas, samecniero orTodoqsiis inkvizicias gansaxierebs. don kixotma sikvdilis Semdeg datova sanCo pansa
(espaneli xalxi da azrovnebis tipi), romelic elis axali ugunuri mogzauri raindis gamoCenas, raTa gayves Tanamedrove evropuli scientizmis
winaaRmdeg jvarosnul laSqrobebSi [12.211].
igive ori gonebis dapirispirebaa `karamazovebSi“. `gulis logikas“ ganasaxiereben stareci zosime, alioSa da bavSvebis siluetebi. rogorc komentatorebi amboben, `TiTqmis bibliuri Zalis“ xdeba dostoevskis mxatvruli
Teologia im paragrafebSi, romlebSiac bavSvis sikvdilis fenomenologias
gvaZlevs. moZRvari zosima `sulieri mRelvarebis gareSe bavSvebs gverds
ver auvlida“. beri maTgan angelologiur gamocdilebas iRebda. zosimes
swavlebis mixedviT qristes rjulze moqceva SeuZlebelia amgvari gamocdilebis gareSe. beris anderZSi Tavia: `RmerTis siyvarulisa da sxva samyaroebTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb“. aq beri iZleva sulieri katarzisisaTvis arsebiT praqtikul rCevas: `gansakuTrebiT giyvardeT bavSvebi, rameTu isini
ucodvelni angelozebi arian, Tavisi arsebobiT CvenSi keTili grZnobebis
gamRviZebelni, Cveni gulebis ganwmendelni da magaliTis maCvenebelni“.
`mcire gonebis“ koncept-personaJebia ivane karmazovi, smerdikovi da didi inkvizitori. maTSi araorazrovnad aris gamoxatuli azrovnebis scientisturi tipi. azrovnebis am tips `Sinagani logikis“ ZaliT mivyavarT mkvlelobamde an TviTmkvlelobamde, msoflio omebamde, TviT qristes reviziamde, moralis SeuZleblobamde `Tu RmerTi ar aris yvelaferi dasaSvebia“.
amitomacaa naTqvami egziuperis „patara ufliswulSi“: me meSinia didebs
ar davemgvano“, romlebsac araferi ar ainteresebT cifrebis garda“. `didebi“ azrovneben rogorc karaskoebi, ivan karmazovebi, didi inkvizitarebi
da smerdiakovebi; aseTi azrovnebaa damkvidrebuli `patara ufliswulSi“
mefis, pativmoyvares, geografosis asteroidebze... da TviT planeta dedamiwaze. `ra ucnauri planetaa – gaifiqra patara ufliswulma... adamianebs
warmosaxvis natamalic ar gaaCniaT. rasac CasZaxeb, imasve amogZaxeben“. am
planetaze patara ufliswuli Seityobs mTavar saidumlos. `ai Cemi saidumlo, sul ubraloa: mxolod guli xedavs yvelafers. arsebiTi uxilavi rCeba
TvalisaTvis“. 9.31 `gulis xedva“ gulisxmobs azrovnebis wess, romelic SeuZlia imoZraos usasrulo srulyofis gzaze ise, rom ar gamovides adamianuri sazRvrebidan; adamians SeuZlia miwvdes da ganaxorcielos yofierebis
mTeli srulyofileba garkveul formatiSi – `bavSvis paradigmaSi“. araviTari sxva umaRlesi modgmis arsebani arc saWiroa da arc SesaZlebelia.
mTel msoflioSi mravali fani yavs `patara ufliswulsac“ da don kixotsac. `saqmiani adamianebis“ sacxovrebel saxlebSi Tu samuSao ofisebSi
azrovnebis piradigma mxatvrul TeologiaSi
79
xatebis kuTxesTan erTad maT kuTxeebsac xSirad SexvdebiT. pirdapir Tu
arapirdapir isini maT dabrunebas moelian dedamiwaze da „gulSi“ iziareben
kirkegoris azrs: „vinc poeturad an religiurad ar cxovrobs – sulelia“.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
romano guardini „religia da gamocxadeba“. Tbilisi2008
iohan haizinga "Homo Ludens" Tbilisi 2004
g. v. f hegeli – esTetika, tomi pirveli. Tbilisi 1981
d. uznaZe „zogadi fsiqologia“ Tbilisi 1974
g bramiZe „fantazia da msoflmxedveloba“ Tbilisi 1993
martin haidegeri „TemSara“ Tbilisi 1993
fridix nicSe „ese ityoda zaratustra“ Tbilisi 1993
v. ramiSvili „adamiani da xvedri“ Tbilisi 2002
antuan de sent-egziuperi „patara ufliswuli“ Tbilisi 2008
antuan de sent-egziuperi „samxedro mfrinavi“ Tbilisi 1977
Мирга элляге – Аспекти мифа, М. 1995.
Мигел де Унамуно – О трагическом чувсве жизни, 1997, Симбол
Elizabeth Bourguinot “Jan-Pierre Ribaut des animaux pourquoi Faince? approches.
interculturelles, interreligieuss, interdisciplinaires, 2003, Paris.
Томас Ман – Философия Ницше в свете Нашего опита соб. соч. т. 10, 1961, с. 359
Alber Camus, Ye Mihttle de sisiphe, calimap, 1962.
a. zaqaraZe, d. jalaRonia, i. braWuli – adamiani da diskursi, 2005 w.
Tbilisi.
wm. ioane oqropiri – Targmanebaé maTes saxarebisaé, 1996, Tb
maTes saxarebis ganmarteba wminda mamaTa swavlebis mixedviT, 1994,
Tbilisi
netari Teofilate bulgareli, maTes saxarebis komentarebi I, II t.
1996. Tbilisi.
Irakli Brachuli
Paradigm of thinking in artistic theology
Summary
"artistic theology" is the Conditional term. It's same as term "christian art". This art seeks
to express Truth of Christian religious end Bible. This art often uses face of child end a
game phenomenon. In this The article discusses the child paradigm, wich played a
huge role in the history of art, philosophy and theology. child paradigm is using as
alternative model of scientism.
religia da sociologia
kaxa qecbaia
leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi
postTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
religiuri cxovrebis virtualizaciis
kritikuli gaazrebisaTvis
Tanamedrove epoqis `postmodernul mdgomareobas,“ romlis Sesaxebac
dasavluri filosofiuri da sociologiuri azrovnebis warmomadgenelebi
saubroben (liotari, deliozi, bodriari, baumani, jeimsoni da sxv.) religiis enaze `apokalifsuri epoqa“ hqvia, romlis pirveli macne dasvlur kulturaSi fridrix nicSe iyo.1 Tumca egoizms, ampartavnebasa da materilur
1
socialuri TvalsazrisiT, postTanamedrove sazogadoeba igive momxmarebluri sazogadoebaa. misi ZiriTadi niSani pragmatizmi, merkantilizmi da cinizmia. `wminda
gonebis kritikis“ avtorisagan gansxvavebiT sloterdaikma `cinikuri gonebis kritikiT“ (1983w.) mianiSna, rom amJamindeli cinizmi ganmanaTleblobis idealebis gaufasurebiTaa gamowveuli. postmodernma adamianTa cnobierebaSi kulturuli paradigmebis cvlilebebi da transformireba gamowvia. postTanamedrove adamianma ara
mxolod uari Tqva WeSmaritebaze, aramed budovani da gaugebari gaxada misi statusi; man diadi da amaRlebuli moraluri da religiuri, egzistencialuri miznebisadmi interesi dakarga. kultura maskulturad, Sinaarsiani da sazrisiani cxovreba
cariel efemerul da virtulaur relobad gadaiqca, romelmac adamiani namdvil
sinamdviles moswyvita. sazogadoeba `speqtaklis sazogadoebad“ gadaiqca, romelic
reklamisa da mediis totalur Zalauflebazea damyarebuli. realuri politika polit-teqnologiebma, xolo sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTareba `Sou-xelisuflebam“ Secvala; am tipis sazogadoebaSi yvelaferi – seqsualuri cxovrebiT dawyebuli
fexburTiTa da politikiT damTavrebuli, Teatralizebulia. amieridan politika
aRar aris adamianis serizouli saqmianoba. igi Zalze xmauriani sanaxaoba da emociuri gantvirTvis adgilia, xolo namdvili politikosi is aris, romelic karg Sousa
da sanaxoabas moifiqrebs da dadgams. amitomac Tanamedrove politikuri bataliebi
revoluciebiT ar sruledba. garTobaze orientirebuli karnavaluri politika revoluciuri gardaqmnebisagan Sors dgas. aseT viTarebaSi politika transpolitikad,
sazogadoeba ki transazogadoebad gadaiqceva.
postmoderni inteleqtualTa sasaflaoa (liotari), radganac is cvlis inteleqtualTa mdgomareobas sazogadoebaSi. tradiciuli sazogadoebis inteleqtualTa fena
postmodernistul sazogadoebaSi gamousadegeri xdeba (`Carecxilebi“). postmodenma
maT yvlaferi waarTva da istoriis sanagveze moisrola. Semoqmedisa da moazrovnis
adgili e. w. eqspertma daikava. pirovneba ki zombiT iqna Canacvlebuli, romelic
yovelgvar pirovnul Rirsebasa da damoukidebel azrovnebas moklebulia da mxolod situaciebis Sesbamisi unar-Cvevebis amaraa darCenili. transformacias ganicdis iseTi myari da tradiciuli institutebi, rogorebicaa ojaxi da religia. amis
magaliTebia, e. w. `erTjeradi ojaxebis gaCena,“ `Tavisufali seqsualuri cxovrebis“
propagnda da sxva. religiis sferoSi adamianisa da sazogadoebis desakralizacia,
leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi
81
keTildReobas ayolilma `RmerTis mkvlelma kacobriobam“ nicSes naTqvami
yurad ar iRo da sabolood yovelive `adamianis sikvdiliT“ (bodriari)
dasrulda. Sedegad adamianisa da sazogadoebis axali tipi Camoyalibda
e. w. postTanamedrove adamiani, romlic absoluturad deskralizebulia.
misTvis sulerTia nebismieri religia. ZiriTadad amgvari adamianebisagan
Sesdgeba postTanamedrove sazogadoeba, romelSic warsuls Cabarda da sasacilo gaxda maRali eTikuri da religiuri idealebisadmi erTguleba.
Jan bodriaris TqmiT, am tipis sazogadoebaSi religia `politikuri makiaJis rols asrulebs“ anda, uares SemTxvevaSi, `igi warsulis reliqti da
samuzeumo eqsponatia.“ bodriars Tu davujerebT aseTia amerikis religiuri suraTi (ix. Jan bodriaris `amerika“). daaxloebiT aseTia religiuri
cxovrebis is gza, romelsac Tanamedrove adamiani `sakraluridan“ `profanulamde,“ tradiciuli sazogadoebidan sekularul da postsekularul
sazogadoebamde mihyavs. rac Seexeba sekularizacias, igi evropuli kulturis qristianuli sulieri safuZvlebisagan gandgomad unda miviCnoioT,
rac religiuri gagebiT tradiciuli qristianuli cxovrebis wesis mimarT
Ralatia da meti araferi. e. w. `postsekularul eraSi“ ki, romelsac `postkonfensiuri sazogadoeba“ Seesabameba adamianebi tradiciul religiebs
undoblobas ucxadeben da sulieri srulyofilebis miRwevis axal-axal
gzebsa da saSualebebs eZeben. religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacia anu e.
w. `virtulauri religia“ am saSualebaTagan erT-erTi uaxlesia. misi safuZvlebi postTanamedrove sazogadoebaSia mocemuli. saqme imaSia, rom postTanamedrove sazogadoeba sinamdvileSi virtualuri realobaa, namdvili
sinamdvilis yalbi surogati, romelmac realoba Caanacvla. is reluri sazogadoebis simulacias warmoadgens (bodriaris enaze es socialuris sikvdilia). Sesabamisad, adamianic simulirebulia. simulirebuli adamiani ki
simulaciur, virtualur sazogadoebaSi imyofeba da mas aRiqvams rogorc
realobas. bodriaris TqmiT, es yovelive Tanmedrove, uaxlesi kompiuteruli teqnologiebisa da media saSualebaTa arnaxuli ganviTarebis Sedegia, romlebic axal – virtualur realobas qmnian, amitom gasagebi unda
iyos, Tu saidan momdinareobs religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacia, rac
tradiciuli religiuri TvalsazrisiT fsevdoreligiurobas, religiuri
cxovrebis gadgvarebul formas warmoadgens.
religiis momavlis Sesaxeb pesimisturi da nihilisturi warmodgenebi
swored aqedan iReben saTaves. maT religiaze Tanamedrove, uaxlesi sainformacio teqnologiebis sul ufro mzardi gavlena udevs safuZvlad.
am mxriv religiis sferoSi mimdinare procesebis aRsaniSnavad religiis
sociologiaSi mravali axali termini gaCnda. maT Soris erT-erTi aw ukve SedarebiT moZvelebuli termini teleevangelizmia, rac saxarebiseuli
Temebis saqadageblad satelevizio da media teqnologiebis gamoyenebas
religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacia da sxva. Tuki msgavs viTarebas mecnierebis enaze postklasikuri, postTanamedrove epoqa hqvia, religiis enaze mas `apokalifsuri“
SeiZleba daerqvas.
6. „religia“ π 3
82
kaxa qecbaia
niSnavs. igi faqobrivad evangelisturi praqtikis amerikul-protestantuli versiaa (1.gv.563.). teleevangelizmis ultraTanamedrove versias am sferoSi vir tuluri – internetpraqtika warmoadgens. es yvelaze mtkivneul
da sakamaTo sakiTxTa rigs miekuTvneba dRes. mis Sesaxeb erTxel da samudamod Camoyalibebuli principuli pozicia ara Tu sociologebs, aramed
tradiciuli religiebis warmomadgenlebs Sorisac Znelad Tu moiZebneba.
azrTa sxvadasxaobaSi ori ZiriTadi poziciaa gamokveTili. erTni masSi religiis arnaxul transformacias, tradiciuli religiebis finalsa da `axali religiis“ – e. w. vir tualuri religiis dasawyiss xedaven. meoreni ki am
procesebSi religias veranair transformacias ver atyoben da mimdinare
procesebs ganixilaven mxolod, rogorc komunikaciis, informaciis gadacemis saSualebaTa efeqtur gamoyenebas religiur praqtikaSi. am Tvalsazrisis
mixedviT, religiis momavlis Sesaxeb nihilisturi sociologiuri Teoriebi saqmis viTarebas gangeb amuqeben anda ubralod rom vTqvaT, es yvelaferi maTi umecrebis Sedegia. Tumca religiuri cxovrebis virtualizacia
dRes ukve faqtia. rac Tavis mxriv mis momavls erTob pesimisturs xdis.
TiTqos araferi sagangaSo ar unda iyos imaSi, rom kompiuteruli teqnologiebi gamoyenebul iqnes Tundac qadagebebisaTvis. magram saqmes arTulebs misi gamoyenebis mcdeloba RvTaebrivi saidumloebebis Sesasruleblad. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs aRsarebis saidumlo. misi virtualizacia, romelsac dRes aqvs adgili, srulad axali da gaugonari fenomenia. swored
aqedan iRebs saTaves religiis finalobis problema. religiuri TvalsazrisiT, rac ar unda miuRebeli iyos am teqnologias dRes ukve Tavisi moxmarebeli hyavs (amis damadsturebel faqtebs dRes dainteresebuli mkiTxveli sociologiis nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi ixilavs). mravali sxvadasxva programa arsebobs, romelTa meSveobiT, Tundac binidan gausvlelad,
SesaZlebelia virtualuri eqskursia msoflios nebismieri taZaris dasaTvaliereblad. daTvalierebas kidev ara uSavs ra, rom ara aqamde gaugonari
iseTi faqti, rogoricaa virtualuri sanTlis danTeba. religiuri gagebiT,
es umZimesi codvaa, radganac am SemTxvevaSi usisxlo msxverpSewirvis religiuri aqtis SebRalvasTan gvaqvs saqme. magram desakralizebul sazogadoebaSi sadac `religia specefeqti gaxda“ aseTi ram savsebiT realuria
(2. gv.36.). Tanamedrove religiis sociologiaSi ukve aranair gakvirvebas
ar iwvevs `kibereklesiis,“ `virtualuri taZris“ da sruliad gaugonari da
warmoudgeneli `virtualuri rwmenis“ cneba.
informaciuli sivrce adamianis sulieri cxovrebis mxolod da mxolod
zedapiruli grsia. amitom vir taluri da kibereklesia verasodes ver Secvlis namdvil taZars. is realuri taZris parodia da simulaciaa mxolod. erTxelac iqneba adamiani gamoaRwevs am simulaciisa da virtualuri realobis tyveobidan da isev miubrundeba maradiul WeSmaritebasa da namdvil
religiur rwmenas. fsevdoreligiisa da fsevdorwmenis iluziiT gaTanguls
etyoba jer kidev didi gamocda elis win. didi mixvedra ar sWireba imas,
rom xelovnurad Seqmnil, virtualur sicrceSi konstruirebul fsevdoreligias ara aqvs momavali da, rom yovelgvari eqperimentebi am sferoSi
imTaviTve dasaRupavad ganwirulia.
leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi
83
religiuri cxovreba transcendentTan cocxali urTierTobaa, romelic
virtualizaciis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba. virtualuri eklesia verasodes ver
SeZlebs daexmaros Tudac im adamians, romelsac taZarSi siaruli janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo uWirs. aseT adamians locvis gamZfrebul
survils virtualuri eklesia ver daukmayofilebs. rac Seexeba aRsarebis
internetiT miRebis novacias, SesaZlebelia es dasaSvebi iyos, magram am
SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom aRsareba rogor SeiZleba anonimuri, upirovno iyos. garda amisa es saxifaToc SeiZleba iyos, miT ufro
maSin roca saqme adamianis sulier cxovrebas Seexeba. radganac yovelive es
im eqimis moqmedebas hgavs, romelsac avadmyofi TvaliT ar unaxia da ise
uniSnavs mkurnalobas. aRsarebis funqcia marto codvaTa miteveba rodia.
amasTan erTad misi mizania adamiani xelaxla gaxados eklesiis wevri. xolo
iq sadac eklesia ar aris, bunebrivia masSi Sesvlis survilic ar arsebobs.
vir tualuri eklesia, piriqiT, Trgunavs taZarSi siarulis sur vils. is aukuRmarTebs namdvil religiur grZnobebs. eklesia qristes sxeulia. imisaTvis, rom
am sxeulis nawili gaxde masTan cocxali kontaqtia saWiro, rasac internet-aRsareba xels uSlis. rac Seexeba qadagebas da RvTis sityvis gavrcelebas,
amisaTvis interneti kargi saSualeba SeiZleba iyos, magram qadageba xom
mxolod mp3 formatis audio an video Canaweri ar aris, is RvTis cocxali sityvaa, romelic ambionidan unda warmoiTvas. garda amisa gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom internets sakuTari metyvelebis wesi aqvs, romelic
RvTismsaxurebis enas ar Seesabameba (ix. 3). garda amisa religiis cifruli
gamosaxuleba xom absurdia da meti araferi.
am sakiTxebis analizisas gasaTvaliswinebelia is sayveduri, romelsac
Tanamedrove avtorebi tradiciis momxreTa misamarTiT gamoTqvamen. kerZod postsekularul epoqaSi usafuZvloa sekularuli sazogadoebis eniT
metyveleba (Sdr.4). es sayveduri, ra Tqma unda, gasaTvaliswinebelia, magram ara religiis misamarTiT, radganac religia marad axali da marad
cocxali fenomenia. igive sociologebis daskvnebiT veraferi ver Secvlis
RmerTTan adamianis pirovnul mimarTebas, romelic yvelaze kargad tradiciul religiur cxovrebaSia mocemuli. amitom aseT viTarebaSi zogadi
daskvna gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba aseTi iyos: sazoagdoebis trancformaciisa da virtualizaciis procesi faqtia, magram religiuri TvalsazrisiT, arc iseTi katastrofuli faqti, romelic msoflio
religiebis arsebobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenebs.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis racionalizacia, virtualizacia da inteleqtis safuZvelze marTvis (qseluri sazogadoeba) moTxovna savaraudoa, rom
tradiciul religiebSi bunebriv ukureaqcias gamoiwvevs da sazogadoeba
isev dadgeba iracoinalizmisa da mistikis moTxovnis winaSe. es ki desakralizebul sazogadoebas isev maradiuli RirebulebebTan daabrunebs ueWvelad da xels Seuwyobs masobrivi cnobierebis diskreditacias da yovlisSemZle teqnikis uZlurebas kidev ufro gamoaaSkaravebs.
84
kaxa qecbaia
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1.
2.
3.
4.
q. kalpuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri. sociologia, Tb., 2008. ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba. Tavi 13. religia.
Jan bodriari, amerika. sankt-peterburgi, 2000. (rus. enaze).
ix. internetresursi: Виртуальная религия. http:/www:ierei-karenev.ru/list/internet.html
Sdr. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gamowveva. iurgen habermasisa da iozef
ratcingeris werilebi. mTargmneli gia baramiZe. redaqtori gia xubua.
Tb., 2010.
KAKHA KETSBAIA
ON CRITICAL INTERPRETATION OF
VIRTUALIZATION OF RELIGIOUS LIFE
IN POST-MODERN SOCIETY
Summary
Nowadays nobody argues that a new type of society, transformed society, is being developed with globalization process, where every social institute is under alteration. For
example, during the last century economics, politics, system of values have changed
and likely religious life of society will change too. In modern society, which is based
upon high technologies and scientific approach of the universe, the role of religion has
been shifted to the background. For this reason, sociology of modern religion began
speaking of its annihilation. As sociologists say, globalization caused the origin of “civil
religion”. Everything this assists in developing of post-confessional society. According
to sociologists, concept of electronic, so-called cyber-church will arise in to the foreground of society of such type, which eventually will be considered as the origin of socalled “virtual religiousness”. In this case, the main line of development of society is the
motion from “sacral” to “civil”, during which “sacral” becomes weaker and weaker and
finally we get desacralized society. The process of secularization is the base of everything this, which in sociology of modern religion is not so groundlessly connected
with modernization process. Side by side with concept of “Virtual religion” a new term
“Religious innovations” has come into sociology of religion.
The main questions are: is the role of religion actually declined in modern society? If
culture has become mass-culture doesn’t the same threaten religion? If it is so and religion would really lose its importance, influence upon the society, what would be the
leqciebi religiis sociologiaSi
85
result of this process? Are not we going to unreligious society? If it happens other way
– everything this will cause contrary reaction and traditional religions will be filled with
new energy in new condition and will start full-blooded life.
The effect of modern latest informational technologies is the basis of pessimistic and
nihilistic ideas on the future of religion. Many new terms in sociology of religion have
appeared to denote the processes taking place in the sphere of religion. One of them,
comparatively old term, is TV-evangelism; it means using of TV and media technologies for preaching testament topics, which in fact is the American-protestant version of
evangelistic practice. Ultra modern version of TV-evangelism in this sphere is internet
practice. This question is the most painful and argumentative. There is no principal
position about it not only among sociologists, but among the representatives of traditional religions too. Two main positions have been brought to the light. Some see unprecedented transformation of religion, final of traditional religions and the beginning
of “new religion”, so-called virtual religion in it; others don’t see any transformation of
religion in these processes and consider it as an effective usage of means of communication and information in religious practice. According to this view, nihilistic sociological theories about the future of religion purposefully complicate the situation, or
otherwise it is the result of their ignorance. But the virtualization of religious life is a
fact today and it makes its future very pessimistic.
Informational space is only the upper layer of soul life. That’s why virtual and cyberchurch will never occupy the place of real temple. It is only parody and simulation of
real temple. But the time comes when man will get out of the captivity of this simulation and virtual reality, and will return to eternal truth and real religious faith. Artificially
made and constructed in virtual space Pseudo-religion has no future and every experiment in this sphere is born to death. Religious life is living contact with transcendent
which in the case of virtualization is lost. As for preaching, internet could be a good
mean, but preaching is not only audio and video recording of mp3 format, it is God’s
living word, which should be spread from ambo.
86
robert nil bela
religiis klasifikacia1
(mcireodeni SemoklebiT)2
religiuri sistemebis klasifikaciis erT-erTi sazomi, romelmac daviwyebis Semdeg am bolo dros axali sicocxle SeiZina, aris evoluciuri ganzomileba. Cems mier SemoTavazebuli iqna xuTetapiani klasifikacia, romlis safuZvlad me aviRe religiuri simboloebis sistemis diferenciaciis
xarisxi. amasTanave me srulebiTac ar vamtkiceb, rom ganviTareba am xuTi
etapis gareSe SeuZlebelia an kidev ufro adrindel etapebs ar SeuZliaT
iarsebon ufro gviandelTan erTad erTdaigive sazogadoebis CarCoebSi. ar
vxuWav Tvals me agreTve im Zalze mravalferovan etapebze, romlebic SeiZleba aRmoCndes sirTuleebis yovelgvar doneze. piriqiT, me yovelnairad
xazs vusvam sirTuleebs gansakuTrebiT imis Sesaxeb, romelic exeba unars
miRweul iqnas ganviTarebis procesSi diferenciaciis umaRlesi etapebis
gageba. Cems mier gamoyofil xuT etaps me miveci Semdegi dasaxeleba: pirimitiuli, arqauli, istoriuli, winaTanamedrove da Tanamedrove.
religiur-simboluri sistema primitiul doneze xasiaTdeba levi–briulis mier rogorc „miTebis samyaro“, xolo stenneri iyenebs avstralieli
aborigenebis sityvis pirdapir Targmans, xilvas RviZilSi. es ukanaskneli
aris dro drois gareSe, anu, stenneris sityvebiT, dro dasaxlebuli winaprebis figurebiT, naxevradmxecebiT – naxevradadamianebiT. Tumca isini
xSirad iZenen gmirul Tvisebebs, xasiaTdebian iseTi niSnebiT, romlebic
ufr maRla dganan adamianTa Tvisebebze, iTvlebian winaprebad da mravali sagnis Semqmnelad am samyaroSi, isini mainc ar arian RmerTebi – maT ar
miewerebaT Zalafuleba am samyaroze da ar arian Tayvaniscemis obieqtebi.
am miTiuri samyaros damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas warmoadgens is garemoeba, rom igi sakmaod Zlier aris dakavSirebuli realuri samyaros detalebTan. yoveli klani da yoveli adgilobrivi jgufi ganisazRvreba gvaris
winaprebis kategoriebiT da dasaxlebaTa miTiuri movlenebiT, TiTqmis,
yoveli goraki, yoveli qva, TviTeuli xe axsnas poulobs miTiuri arsebebis moqmedebaTa kategoriaSi. araZiliseul an cxadliv sizmarSi ganWvretilia yovelgvari adamianuri moqmedeba, maT Soris danaSauli da ugunureba,
sadac faqtiuri arseboba da paradigmuri miTebi mWidro azrovnebiTi kavSiriT gadaxlarTulia erTmaneTTan.
meore damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba, romelic ganpirobebulia konkretuli detalizaciisaken miswrafebiT, mdgomareobs miTiuri masalebis organizaciis cvalebadobaSi. avstralielebi TiTqmis Segnebulad miuTiTe1
Американская социология. Перспективы, проблемы, методы. М. 1972.
. Targmna da komentari daurTo givi rogavam.
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87
ben miTis cvalebad, meryev struqturaze, romlis aRsaniSnavad xmaroben
sityva „ocnebas“. am sityvis xmareba ar aris sufTa metaforuli xasiaTis,
imitom, rom rogorc es aCvena ronald berndtma, adamianebs araZiliseul
sizmrebis dros, sakulto ceremoniebisas namdvilad axasiaTebT CaZirva
ocnebebSi.
aseTi sizmrebis meSveobiT ocnebebs isini gardaqmnian sakulto simboloebad sakuTari sulieri miznebisaTvis, magram, rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, maT ocnebebs SeuZliaT gamoiwvion miTebis sxvagvari gaazreba, es
ki, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvevs ritualis ganaxlebas. rogorc konkretulobas,
aseve cvalebadobas SeuZlia axsnas kavSiri miTiur samyarosa da realur
samyaros Soris.
primitiuli religiuri moqmedeba xasiaTdeba ara RvTismsaxurebiT da
ara msxverplSewirviT, aramed mxolod identifikaciiT, „monawileobiT“,
„xorcSesxmiT“. saritualo ceremoniebSi monawileebi identificirebas axdenen miTiur arsebebTan, romlebsac isini warmosaxaven. distancia adamiansa da miTiur arsebaTa Soris, romelic isedac umniSvneloa, mTlianad qreba ritualur ceremonialis momentSi, rodesac „yovelTvis“ xdeba „amJamad“.
ar arian arc RvTismsaxurebi, arc mrevli, arc gamaSualebeli rolebi, arc
mayureblebi. yvela monawile erTveba ritualur qmedebebSi da xdeba erTiani mTeli maTTan erTad.
primitiul doneze ar arsebobs religiuri organizacia, rogorc calkeuli socialuri struqtura. eklesia da sazogadoeba – erTia. religiuri roli, rogorc wesi, Serwymulia sxva rolebTan, amasTanave Warbobs
diferenciacia asakis, sqesis, an naTesauri jgufebisadmi mikuTvnebulobis
mixedviT. sxvaze ufro primitiul sazogadoebaSi ceremonialuri cxovrebis xelmZRvanelis rolis Semsruleblis kriteriumad gvevlineba asaki.
zogierT tomSi arian specializirebuli figurebi – Samanebi an eqimbaSebi,
magram isini ar gamoxataven primitiuli religiis aucilebel niSnebs.
rac Seexeba primitiuli religiis socialur Sedegebs, is analizi, romelic adre gaakeTa e. diurkemma, rogorc yvelafridan Cans, ZiriTad xazebSi
dResac misaRebia. ritualuri cxovreba namdvilad amtkicebs sazogadoebis
solidarobas da exmareba axalgazrdobas eziaros tomis qcevis normebs.
Cven ar unda daviviwyoT primitiuli religiis „novatoruli“aspeqtebic,
imis Sesaxeb, rom konkretuli miTebi da ritualebi imyofebian mudmivi
cvalebadobis procesSi da mkacri istoriuli krizisas SeiZleba moxdes
primitiuli masalis sakmaod mniSvnelovani sxvagvari gaazreba, rasac mowmobs e.w. „nativisturi“ moZraoba. magram saerTod da mTlianad religiuri cxovreba warmoadgens avstralieli aborigenebis filosofiis ZiriTadi dogmatis sakmaod Zlier safuZvels. kerZod, spenseris gamoTqma rom
vixmaroT, es aris „erTi SesaZleblobis movlena“. primitiuli religiis
cvalebadoba da meryeoba warmoadgens dabrkolebas radikaluri siaxleebis danergvisaTvis. primitiuli religia cota saSualebas iZleva samyaros
gardasaqmnelad.
meore etapze, rogorsac warmoadgens arqauli religia, Cven SegviZlia aq
vilaparakoT mxolod mokled. arqauli religia im azriT, ra azriTac me
aq am kategorias vxmarob, TavisTavSi Seicavs bevr rames im religiebidan,
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romlebsac araiSviaTad vuwodebT primitiuls, kerZod neoliTur religiur sistemebs, romlebic gavrcelebulia afrikis teritoriis mniSvnelovan nawilze, polineziaSi da sxvagan. arqauli religia amaT garda moicavs
agreTve brinjaos xanis religiasac. arqauli religiis damaxasiaTebel
niSnebs warmoadgens namdvili kultis warmoSoba RmerTebis, qurumebis,
RvTismsaxurTa, msxverplSewirvis kompleqsiT, xolo zogierT SemTxvevaSi gaRmerTebul an pirvel-mRvdelmTavrad qceuli mefis xelisuflebiT.
miTebisa da ritualebis kompleqsi, romelic Tan axlavs primitiul religias, Semonaxulia arqauli religiis struqturaSi, magram misi sistematizireba xdeba axlis saSualebiT.
primitiul da arqaul etapebs axasiaTebT monisturi msoflmxedveloba,
Tumca maTi Sexeduleba samyaroze ramdenadme gansxvavebulia. TviTeuli
maTganisaTvis saRmrTo da saero warmoadgens erTiani samyaros organizaciis sxvadasxva saSualebebs. magram mesame etapis dadgomisas, romelsac me istoriuls vuwodeb, cxaddeba moqmedebis savsebiT gansxvavebuli
sfero, romelsac religiuri adamianisaTvis aqvs umaRlesi Rirebuleba.
yvela istoriuli religia, garkveuli azriT, transcendentaluria da yvela isini, yovel SemTxvevaSi latenturad uaryofen samyaros, ramdenadac
transcendenturis umaRles RirebulebasTan SedarebiT realuri samyaro
ufasurdeba.
garkveuli azriT, istoriuli religiebi warmoadgenen didad „demiTologiurs“ arqaulTan SedarebiT. erTiani RmerTis idea, romelsac ar yavs
kariskacebi, arc naTesavebi da warmoadgens erTaderT Semoqmeds da samyaros gamgebels, idea TviTmyofadi yofierebisa, idea absoluturi negatiurobisa, romelic scildeba yoveli opoziciisa da gamijvnis CarCoebs
– yovelive es didad amartivebs arqauli religiis ganStoebul kosmologias, da mainc yovel istoriul religiaze gavlenas axdens misi warmoSobis
istoriuli garemoebebi. transcendentalur mtkicebebTan erTad, yoveli
maTgani TavisTavSi Seicavs, ase vTqvaT, masze Camokidebul mdgomareobaSi
arqauli kosmologiis elementebs. miT ufro, yvela istoriuli religia
adrindel formebTan SedarebiT universaluria. am religiebis TvalsazrisiT, rac mTavaria, adamiani ar ganisazRvreba im terminebiT, romel toms
an klans miekuTvneba is an romel konkretul RmerTs emsaxureba, mas gansazRvraven rogorc arsebas, romelsac SeuZlia Tavi ixsnas. sxvanairad rom
vTqvaT, pirvelad gaxda SesaZlebeli vixiloT adamiani rogorc aseTi.
istoriul religiebSi religiuri qmedebebi warmoadgenen, upirveles
yovlisa, qmedebebs, romlebic aucilebelia xsnisaTvis. im SemTxvevebSiac
ki, roca ritualebisa da msxverplTSewirvis elementebi, iseve rogorc
adre, inarCuneben mniSvnelovan adgils, isini iZenen axlebur mniSvnelobas. primitiul ritualuri ceremonialebis dros adamiani harmoniulad
erwymis bunebriv-RvTaebriv samyaros. misi Secdomebis daZleva xdeba simbolizaciis meSveobiT, romelic samyaros zogadi suraTis nawilia. arqaul
religiaSi adamians SeuZlia msxverplTSewirvis Sedegad gamoisyidos Tavisi Seusrulebeli movaleobebi adamianebisa da RmerTebis winaSe, mas aqvs
SesaZlebloba gamoisyidos calkeuli Secodebebi rwmenis winaSe, magram is-
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89
toriuli religiebi adanaSauleben adamians ufro seriozul mankierebaSi,
vinem is Secodebebia, romlebic arsebobdnen adreul religiur warmodgenebSi. budizmis mixedviT, adamianis buneba xarbia da boroti, romlisganac adamiani unda cdilobdes mTlianad ganTavisuflebas. Zvel ebraelTa
winaswarmetyvelebis azriT adamianis Secodebebi mdgomareobs ara calkeul cud moqmedebebSi, aramed mis Rrma daudevrobaSi RvTis mimarT maSin,
roca RmerTisTvis sasiamovno iqneba misdami sruli morCileba. mahmadianuri gagebiT sityva „kafir“ niSnavs ara urwmunos, rogorc Cven Cveulebriv
vxmarobT mas, aramed umadur adamians, romelic daudevrad eqceva RvTiur
TanagrZnobas. mxolod islams – sakuTari nebis Tavisuflad damorCilebas
RvTaebisadmi – SeuZlia adamiani miiyvanos xsnamde.
istoriul religiebSi religiuri cxovrebis ideals warmoadgens amqveyniuri Wirvaramisagan ganSoreba. adreqristianuli Sexeduleba, romelic budizmisagan gansxvavebiT eriskacisTvis uSvebda xsnis SesaZleblobas,
imave dros aidealebda religiuri srulyofilebisaTvis amqveynierebisagan ganSorebas. eriskacis RvTismosavobis kriteriumad miiCneoda bermonazvnuri cxovrebis idealisadmi miaxloeba.
religiis ganviTarebis istoriuli etapi xasiaTdeba religiuri organizaciebis adre arsebuli diferenciaciis xarisxiT sxva socialur organizaciebTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca istoriuli religiebidan mxolod zogierTma
miaRwia diferenciis im xarisxs, romelsac miaRwia qristianulma eklesiam, yvela danarCenma moipova nawilobrivi damoukidebloba sxva struqturebisagan, kerZod politikuri struqturebisagan. es imas niSnavda, rom
politikurma sferom Sewyvita yofiliyo sakuTari Tavis damkanonebeli
(rogorc TavisTavs akanonebda brinjaos saukuneebSi saRmrTo-mefuri xelisuleba), ase rom misi dakanoneba raime xarisxSi damokidebuli iyo religiuri ierarqiisagan. ramdenadac meti xarisxis struqturuli damoukidebloba gaaCnda istoriul religias, imdenad meti iyo imis SesaZlebloba,
rom socialuri da politikuri reformistuli moZraobebi dafuZnebuliyo religiur Rirebulebebze. yvela SemTxvevaSi istoriulma religiebma
namdvilad wamoayenes srulyofili sazogadoebis koncefciebi, romlebmac
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi im sazogadoebebSi, sadac isini arsebobdnen, didi
gavlena moaxdines maTSi meti RirebulebaTa realizaciis saqmeSi. magram
isic ar unda daviviwyoT, rom istoriuli religiebis centrSi idga xsnis
drama da maT ar ainteresebdaT socialuri gardaqmnebi rogorc TviTmizani. piriqiT, es gardaqmnebi maT sZuldaT, da, rodesac istoriuli religiebi mouwodebdnen reformebisken, amas isini akeTebdnen romelime adre
arsebuli samagaliTo socialuri wyobilebis saxeliT, romlisken dabrunebasac isini cdilobdnen.
winaTanamedrove religia, romelmac metnaklebad dasrulebuli saxe miiRo protestantul reformaciaSi, romelic metnaklebad gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo mTel rig sxva moZraobebSi, iseTSi, rogoricaa jodo-Sin-is seqta iaponiaSi, warmoadgens amqveyniuri samyarosken – rogorc realuri moqmedebis
mTavari sferosken – garkveul winsvlas. xsna axla unda moiZebnos ara am
samyarodan wasvlaSi ama Tu im formiT, aramed – saero moRvaweobis wiaR-
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Si. igulisxmeba, rom aseTi urTierTobebis elementebi imTaviTve ukve iyo
istoriul religiebSic, magram saerTod da mTlianad institucionalizirebuli istoriuli religiebi gvTavazobdnen gaSualebul xsnas. xsnisaTvis moiTxoveboda an religiuri kanonebis dacva, an monawileoba sakramentalur sistemebSi, an mistikuri qmedebebis Sesruleba. yvelaferi es, ama
Tu im zomiT, dakavSirebuli iyo amqveyniurisagan gandgomasTan. Semdeg,
orsafexurian religiur sistemebSi, romelic damaxasiaTebelia institucionizirebul istoriuli religiebisaTvis, umaRlesi statusis jgufebs
– qristian ber-monazvnebs, sufist Seixebs an budist asketebs – TavianTi
brZnuli qmedebebiT da piradi RirsebebiT ZaluZT daagrovon madli, romelic maT SemdegSi SeuZliaT gaunawilon sxvebs – naklebi Rirsebis mqoneT, am mxriv xsna ufro gaSualebuli iyo, vinem uSualo. magram reformaciis dadgomis Semdeg mTeli qveyniereba, maqs veberis sityvebiT, gadaiqca
monastrad. am qveynad moRvaweoba, gansakuTrebiT kalvinistebisaTvis, gaxda mTavari saSualeba RvTis sadideblad. amrigad, istoriuli religiebis
simboluri struqturebis gaurRvevlad, winaTanamedrove religiam SeZlo
adamianuri moRvaweoba iseTnairad waremarTa, rom religiuri motivaciis
disciplina da energia miemarTa amqveynierebis gardasaqmnelad. asketuri
protestantizmis SemTxvevaSi aman Seqmna SesaZlebloba miRweulyofiliyo
gansacvifrebeli Sedegebi ara marto politikis, ganaTlebis, mecnierebis,
samarTlis da sxva dargebSi.
dasavleTSi arc Tu didi xnis winaT eWvqveS iqna dayenebuli istoriuli da winaTanamedrove religiebis simboluri struqtura, gansakuTrebiT
kosmologiuri dualizmi, romelic safuZvlad edo orive maTgans. religiis forma postdualistur samyaroSi mTlad gasagebi ver aris, magram
aseTma religiam Tavisi yuradReba unda miaqcios adamianuri codnis Zalze
swraf zrdas, romelsac sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa ganviTarebis safuZvelze mivyevarT bunebasa da samyaroSi adamianis adgilis relativizaciamde da kulturul samyaroSi istoriisa da sxva kulturebis Sesaxeb
codnis gafarToebis Sedegad adamianis relativizaciamde.
adamians ar daukargavs Tavisi miswrafeba Caufiqrdes problemebs da
sazrisis gadauwyveteli problemebi kvlav dgas mis winaSe. sekularizaciis procesi TavisTavad ar niSnavs religiis gauqmebas, aramed misi struqturisa da rolis Secvlas. magram Cven jerjerobiT mxolod viwyebT amis
gagebas.
Tu religiis evoluciis Sesaxeb es narkvevebi ramdenadme damajerebelia, maSin man unda migviTiTos or mTavar sferoze, romlebzedac Tavisi
yuradRebis koncentracia unda moaxdinos religiis sociologiam Tanamedrove msoflioSi. pirveli sfero – es aris istoriuli religiidan gadasvla winaTanamedrove religiaze, upiratesad imqveyniuri interesebidan
gadasvla amqveyniur religiur interesebze, romlis mauwyebelic iyo protestantuli reformacia, romelic axla praqtikulad xorcieldeba yovel
religiur gaerTianebaSi, gansakuTrebiT romis kaTolikur eklesiaSi. mocemuli problema ufro mwvaved dgas ganviTarebad qveynebSi. meore sfero
– es aris gadasvla winaTanamedrove religiidan imaze, rasac me vuwodeb
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91
Tanamedrove religias, rasac adgili aqvs umravles ganviTarebul dasavleT qveynebSi, aseve SeiZleba iaponiaSic. am Tavis daskvnaSi me mokled
SevCerdebi TviTeul am problemebze.
TiTqmis yovel ganviTarebad qveyanaSi sxvadasxva cvlilebebis stimuli
atarebda umTavresad garegan xasiaTs, varirebda dawyebuli uxeS samxedro
TavdasxmebiTa da umowyalo ekonomikur Zaldatanebidan ideologiur diversiis ufro daxvewil da verag formebamde. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom
umravles SemTxvevaSi Tavdacvis moTxovnileba iyo ufro pirveli rigis da
ufro Zlieri amocana, vinem cvlilebebze moTxovnileba. magram situaciis
logikis mixedviT gamodioda, rom Tavdacva cvlilebaTa gareSe SeuZlebelia da ai gamodioda rom religia aRmoCnda Rrmad Cafluli Tavdasxmis,
dacvisa da cvalebadobaTa procesSi. qristiani misionerebi Cveulebriv
asrulebdnen dasavluri gavlenis damrtymeli Zalebis rols, romlebic
pirdapir midiodnen Setevaze im adamianebis religiur da eTikur SexedulebaTa winaaRmdeg, romlebic ar ekuTvnodnen dasavlur samyaros. Tundac
rom ar yofiliyo pirdapiri gamowveva ucxo religiuri sistemebis mxriv,
socialuri da piradi warumateblobis gamocdileba, romelic sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo dasavluri gavlenis pirvel etapze, aucileblobiT ayenebda TviTmyofobis problemas. aseT sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSi religiuri simboloebi gaxda safuZvelmdebeli Sablonebi piradi da socialuri
moqmedebebis gasaazreblad. magram krizisis garemoebaSi am memkvidreobiT
miRebuli Sablonebis marTebuloba gaxda problematuri.
Tavdapirvelad saerTo reaqcia yvelgan atarebda apologetur da TavdacviT xasiaTs. Zalze kategoriuli saxiT cxaddeboda adgilobrivi tradiciebis upiratesoba – islamis, induizmis an konfucianelobis – qristianobaze da mTel dasavlur kulturaze. zogierTi musulmani amtkicebda,
rom dasavleTis mecniereba da filosofia mTlianad da savsebiT TavianT
sawyiss iReben Suasaukuneebis islamuri kulturidan da rom, maSasadame,
yvelaferi Rirebuli dasavleTSi sinamdvileSi islamis mieraa Seqmnili.
induizmis mimdevrebi ki, piriqiT, amtkicebdnen rom dasavleTis Rirebulebebi Rrmad materialisturia da rom sulierebis erTaderTi samyofeli –
es indoeTia. rac Seexeba konfucianelebs, maTi azriT, dasavleTisaTvis gasagebia mecniereba, magram mas ar ZaluZs gaigos adamianTa urTierToba, romelic misaRwevia mxolod konfucianelobisaTvis. magram es Tavdapirveli
TavdacviTi pozicia TiTqmis arasdros ar iyo Tavisufali cvlilebebisa
da reformebisadmi miswrafebebisagan. Tundac im SemTxvevebSiac ki, rodesac dasacavi cvlilebebi warmoadgendnen ufro adrindelisadmi dabrunebas, mizans, romelic igulisxmeboda an aSkarad gamoxatuli mdgomareobda
imaSi, rom aseTi cvlilebebis meSveobiT daxmarebodnen Zvel tradiciebs
Tanamedrove samyarosadmi SeguebaSi. zogjer aradasavluri samyaros moazrovne adamianebi xedavdnen ra TavianTi tradiciuli kulturis uunarobas
gadaewyvitaT Tanamedrove msoflios problemebi, imdenad ucruvdebodaT
misi imedi, rom uars ambobdnen TavianTi mamebis rwmenaze – qristianobis
an kidev dasavleTis saero ideologiis sasargeblod. yvela am poziciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wonasworoba Tavdacvis aucileblobasa da Seguebis
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aucileblobas Soris. iq, sadac TavdacviTi pozicia xdeboda absoluturi,
SeuZlebeli xdeboda Segueba Tanamedrove msoflios arasaimedo pirobebisadmi. iq, sadac adaptacia srul uars ambobda tradiciul kulturaze,
moazrovne pirovneba xdeboda izolirebuli da uaryofili. ganvixiloT
idealuri situacia, rodesac istoriuli religiuri tradicia gardaiqmneba winaTanamedrove religiis tipad, romelic maqsimalurad xels uwyobs
modernizaciis process.
upirveles yovlisa, istoriulma religiam unda SeiZlos axlad Camoayalibos religiuri simboloebis Tavisi sistema iseTi saxiT, rom misces
sazrisi amqveyniur kulturul SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas. man unda SeiZlos mimarTos motivacia, disciplinirebuli religiuri valdebulebebis
meSveobiT, am samyaros dasafuleblad. is unda exmarebodes nacionalur
gaerTianebasTan solidarobisa da integrirebis ganviTarebas, amasTanave
ar unda ecados dauqvemdebaros is arc Tavis xelisuflebas, arc gaTiSos, Tumca es cxadad ar gulisxmobs eris, rogorc umaRlesi religiuri
miznis, sanqcinirebas. is mowodebulia socialuri ganviTarebis xangrZliv
process misces pozitiuri mniSvneloba da SesZlos aseve maRali Sefaseba
misces mas rogorc socialur amocanas, amasTanave es ar gulisxmobs imis
aucileblobas, rom socialuri progresi miviRoT religiur absolutad.
istoriuli religia unda daexmaros pasuxismgebel da disciplinirebul
pirovnebis idealis damkvidrebas cxovrebaSi. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
religiurisa da saeros axleburi urTierTobebis gaTvaliswinebiT istoriulma religiam unda moZebnos Zala imisaTvis, rom Tavisi sakuTari roli
miiRos rogorc kerZo nebayoflobiTi asociaciis roli da cnos, rom es ar
ewinaaRmdegeba mis, rogorc sazogadoebis umaRlesi Rirebulebis matareblis rols. moTxovnilebaTa es CamonaTvali Seesabameba, rogorc es zemoTac iyo naCvenebi, idealuri tipis konstruqcias. rasakvirvelia, arc erTi
istoriuli tipis religia ar gardaqmnila msgavsi saxiT da arc SeeZlo bolomde eqna es. zogierTi religia, religiuri simboloebis misi sistemebis
xasiaTis gamo, umal daiRupeboda, vinem gardaiqmneboda. magram modernizaciis warmatebulad ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom tradiciuli
religiam an SesZlos gardaqmna, yovel SemTxvevaSi umTavres nawilSi, an
SeiZlos gavides cxovrebis umTavres sferoebidan da SesaZlebloba misces
saero ideologebs daasrulon gardaqmnebi.
ai zogierTi magaliTi, romelic gvaZlevs am problemebTa da winaaRmdegobaTa ilustracias. iaponiaSi, Tavisi arsebiT arqaulma, brinjaos xanis
RvTaebrivi imperatoris kultma SesZlo efeqturad waremarTa motivacia
cxovrebis saero sferoebisaken da ganamtkica solidaroba da erTianoba.
magram man ver SesZlo gamoemuSavebina verc Tavisufali organizaciuli
formebi, verc xazi gaesva damoukidebeli pasuxismgebeli pirovnebis rolisaTvis. amitomac is advilad gaayalbes, ocdaaTian da ormocian wlebis
dasawyisSi gardaqmnes imad, rasac zogierTi iaponeli swavluli uwodebs
„imperatoruli sistemis faSizms“. indoeTSi gandim, romelic agrZelebda
mis mravalricxovan winamorbedebis – induizmis reformatorebis – saqmes,
aCvena, rogori saxiT SeiZleba SeuTavsdes es ukanaskneli (induizmi) yvela
religiis klasifikacia
93
adamianis Rirsebas, damoukideblad maTi profesiisa da nacionalur erTianobisagan, romelic arRvevs kastur mijnebs. magram misma gaorebulma da
Rrmad winaaRmdegobrivma damokidebulebam Tanamedrove sazogadoebasTan
da misma SiSma industralizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, ueWvelad, garkveuli
zomiT swori xazidan ganze gadaxara induizmis winaTanamedrove efeqturi formebis procesis ganviTareba. TurqeTSi tradiciuli islami uceremoniod iqna ukugdebuli nacionalizmis gandidebis mizniT, romelmac
pirvel planze wamoswia islamimdeli Turquli kultura. magram axalma
ideologiam mxurvale mxardaWera hpova mxolod mcirericxovan elitas
Soris maSin, rodesac arareformirebuli islami ganagrZobda ganuyofel
batonobas soflis macxovreblebSi. dabolos, meore vatikanuri kreba mowmobs kaTolikuri eklesiis cxad gadaxras winaTanamedrove religiisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebisken, magram jer kidev mouwevs gadawyvitos gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelovani problemebi, romelic exeba xelisuflebasa da
tradiciebs. rogorc ar unda iyos, yoveli calkeuli SemTxveva saWiroebs
Rrma sociologiur gamokvlevebs, romelic mogvcems ufro mdidar praqtikul da Teoriul Sedegebs, vidre yuradRebis koncentracia iseT Zalze
viwro sakiTxebze, rogoricaa eklesiebisa da seqtebis detalizirebuli
klasifikacia, romelic, rogorc yvelafridan Cans, warmoadgens umTavres
Temas bevr amerikul gamokvlevebSi religiis sociologiis sferoSi.
dabolos Cems Tavs nebas mivcem SevCerde religiur situaciebze bevr
ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi. maTi ZiriTadi gansxvaveba ganviTarebadi
qveynebisagan imaSi mdgomareobs, rom, Tumca maT winaSec dgas sagareopolitikuri problemebi, isini atareben naklebad aucilebel xasiaTs. am sazogadoebebSi materialuri keTildReobis saerTo done maRalia, Tundac iq
Semonaxuli iyos siRaribe da usamarTloba. ganaTlebis done ganuxrelad
izrdeba. ase rom arc Tu Soreul momavalSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone
pirTa raodenobam amerikis SeerTebul Statebis zogierT raionSi SeiZleba miaRwios 50%-s. sruliad sxvadasxva arxiT miiReba Tavisi moculobiT
dRemde arnaxuli cnobebi mTel msoflioze da es xdeba informaciebis gadacemiT, seriozuli dabrkolebebis arsebobis pirobebSi. Tu ganviTarebad
qveynebSi emociuri da gonebrivi energiis udidesi nawili mimarTulia sasicocoxlo ekonomikuri da politikuri problemebis gadaWrisaken, ganviTarebul qveynebSi msgavsi problemebis gadaWris pirobebSi, sicocxlis
sazrisis Sesaxeb sakiTxs ufro meti Sansi aqvs da dgas yuradRebis centrSi.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi ufro misaRebs warmoadgens kategoriuli religiuri an ideologiuri formulirebebi SedarebiT cxad da martiv msoflmxedvelobiT da moqmedebisaTvis uSualo imperatiuli ganwyobiT, Tumca msgavs
tendenciebs adgili aqvs TviT ganviTarebul sazogadoebebSic, magram isini
ar arian popularuli mosaxleobis ufro ganaTlebuli da farTodmoazrovne fenebisaTvis. am mudmivad mzard da ufro metad gavlenian jgufebs
sWirdebaT daxvewili, aradogmaturi azrTa sistema TviTSemecnebis umaRlesi doniT. religiur jgufebs ukve aRar SeuZliaT irwmunon tradiciuli valdebulebebi. Zvelisagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli yvelaferi xdeba
dawvrilebiT Seswavlisa da Semowmebis sagani, xolo maTi motivebi yurad-
94
robert nil bela
RebiT ganixileba, gansakuTrebiT ufro metad ganviTarebuli gonebis mqone, TviT religiuri jgufis wevrebis mier.
sakiTxis nawilobriv gadawyveta, yovel SemTxvevaSi aSS-Si, mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom mTavari yuradReba mieqces siRaribisa da usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis problemas, romlebsac jer kidev adgili aqvs sazogadoebaSi
da gansakuTrebiT Tvals xvdeba mravali obieqturi problemis warmatebiT gadawyvetis fonze. amaze cxadad miuTiTebs is enTuziazmi, romelic
vlindeba im samoqalaqo samarTlisaTvis moZraobis mimarT, rasac adgili
aqvs sxvaze metad rafinirebul religiur da inteleqtualur wreebSi. analogiuri funqcia SeiZleba Seasrulos mTeli danarCeni samyaros ganviTarebisaTvis zrunvam. magram mTeli saqme imaSia, rom avlenen ra garkveul
miswrafebas konkretuli problemebis gadaWrisadmi, adamianTa jgufebi
ar ukavSireben TavianT Tavs romelime yovlismomcvel winaTanamedrove
msgavs ideologias. amasTanave aseT ideologias epyrobian didi eWviT. da
es iZleva sababs vamtkicoT, rom Cvens saukuneSi ideologias daudgeba
dasasruli. magram, TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom msoflios didi nawili
amJamad imyofeba ideologiis intensiurad ganviTarebis fazaSi da bevr
ganviTarebul qveyanaSi mravali jgufi sakmaod ganicdis ideologiur gavlenas. arsebiTad, SedarebiT mcire jgufebi, romlebisTvisac ideologias
ukve daudga dasasruli, SeiZleboda arc ki migveRo mxedvelobaSi, rom ara
is faqti, rom ideologia, rogorc Cans, warmoadgens socialur-kulturuli transformaciis gansakuTrebul farTo da Tavisi masStabiT Zlier
avangards.
jerjerobiT Zalze naadrevia SevimecnoT, Tu rogor formas miiRebs religia postdualistur msoflioSi. sul ufro mtkicdeba warmodgena samyaros simravlis Sesaxeb, nawilobriv mocemul, nawilobriv adamianur „me“-sa
da realurobis urTierTobis rTul kavSirSi agebulis Sesaxeb. mTavar gansxvavebulobas aqvs piradi da individualuri, magram ara asocialuri an
arapolitikuri xasiaTi. faqtiurad yvelaferi midis iqiTken, rom mxolod
rTul institucionalur struqturas, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs ojaxis, skolis da eklesiis garkveul tips, SeuZlia Camoayalibos da mxari dauWiros pirovnebas, romelsac SeuZlia samyaroSi funqcionireba, sadac savsebiT yvelaferi, TviT adamianis sanukvar idealamde, radikalurad didia,
magram aseve didia zrdis SesaZlebloba. germaneli Teologi banxoferi
laparakobda „adamianis mier srulwlovanebis miRwevaze“. magram es srulebiTac ar niSnavs adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis gaRmerTebas, imitom, rom
survilebis yovlisSemZleoba mxolod patara bavSvebs axasiaTebT. adamiani
ki, miaRwia ra srul asakovnebas, Tavis Tavs angariSs aZlevs sakuTari SezRudulobis Sesaxeb. magram mas es ar aSinebs, piriqiT, mas ubiZgebs iqiTken,
rom srulad gaxsnas Tavisi adamianuri arseba.
magram mudam unda gvaxsovdes imis Sesaxeb, rom TviT yvelaze ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi primitiulisa da arqaulis qveda fena jer kidev Zalian Zlieria: is batonobs bevri adamianis cxovrebaze da aris TviToeuli
CvenTaganis sulSi. yoveli msxvili Tanamedrove sazogadoeba warmoadgens
laboratorias religiuri orientaciis yvela moazrebadi formis Seswav-
religiis klasifikacia
95
lisaTvis. iaponiaSi, magaliTad, Cven vxvdebiT ZvelTaZvel rituals glexur soflebSi, naxevrad tradicionalistursac, naxevrad ultraTanamedrove axal religiebs qalaqis mosaxleobis dabal klasebSi da esTetikur
kults – „Zens“ inteleqtualistebisas maRali klasebidan, agreTve sakuTari sicocxlis sazrisis mtanjvel Ziebas imaTgan, visac arafers ar eubneba
arc erTi arsebuli religia. magram, Tu am sazogadoebebSi saxezea udidesi mravalferovneba, maTSi mocemulia rogorc erTiani sazomi religiuri cxovrebisa – samoqalaqo religia, romelic warmoadgens met-naklebad
SeTanxmebul safuZvels sazogadoebis religiuri erTianobisaTvis iqac ki,
sadac religiuri pluralizmi atarebs sxvaze ufro gamokveTil xasiaTs.
amerikuli samoqalaqo religia warmoadgens seriozul religiur tradicias, romelic unda gaanalizdes rogorc aseTi, ar unda darCes yuradRebis gareSe arc misi Rrma aspeqtebi da arc misi „gadaxrebi“. yoveli didi
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba aZlevs mkvlevars Tavis gankargulebaSi analogiur masalas. da aqac religiis sociologs eZleva kvlevis xeluxlebeli
sfero.
SeniSvna: XIX saukunis religiis sociologiaSi ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba gamoikveTa: pirveli: e. diurkemisa da misi Tanamoazreebidan momdinare, romlebic
religiis mTavar funqciad miiCnevdnen sazogadoebis integracias, da meore, karl
marqsidan momdinare da maqs veberis mier ganviTarebuli Sexeduleba, rom religia
dakavSirebulia konfliqtebTan da pirvel rigSi warmoadgens socialur cvlilebebis faqtors.
XX saukunis ociani wlebidan didi xnis manZilze religiis sociologiaSi dominirebda integraciuli midgoma. ormocdaaTian wlebSi klav aRorZinda interesi
maqs veberis meTodologiisadmi. integraciuli midgoma gakritikebuli iqna misi calxrivobis gamo, rom is gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda sazogadoebis
mTlianobisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelmyofl institutebs da ugulvebelyofda
religiasTan dakavSirebul konfliqtebs da dezintegraciul tendeciebs. miuxedavad amisa, droTa ganmavlobaSi sociologiis mier religiisadmi ori zemoTdasaxelebuli midgoma aRqmul iqna rogorc urTierTSemavsebeli midgoma. amis safuZvelze ganviTarda evolucionizmi (talkot parsonsi da robert nil bela). erTad
aRebulma am midgomebma-religiis, rogorc „socialuri faqtis“ (diurkemi) da rogorc „socialuri qmedebebis“ (veberi) analizma, Seqmna SesaZlebloba sakmaod srulad gagebul iqnas religiis struqtura da funqciebi makrosociologiur doneze.
robert nil bela kaliforniis berklis universitetis SedarebiT kvlevebisa
da sociologiis profesoria, romelic religiis modernizaciis problemebze muSaobs.
r. belas religiur TeoriaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia religiis
klasifikacias, romelsac aucileblad unda icnobdes religiis problemebiT dainteresebuli Cveni mkiTxveli.
wignebis mimoxilva
ioanes heseni
platonizmi da profetizmi
cnobilma mecnierma da moRvawem viqtor rcxilaZem germanulidan Targmna gamoCenili germaneli filosofosis ioanes hesenis vrceli naSromi „platonizmi da profetizmi. antikuri da bibliuri sulieri samyaros
struqturul-SedarebiTi ganxilva“.
wigni, romelsac axlaxans gamosca sulxan-saba orbelianis saswavlo universitetma udaod daainteresebs Teologebsa da filosofosebs, agreTve
filologebsa da sulieri cxovrebis dargSi momuSaveebs.
redaqcia mkiTxvels Tavazobs aRniSnuli wignis Sesaval werils.
Sesavali
platonizmisa da profetizmis ganxilva niSnavs „kacobriobis simaRleebze“ mogzaurobas. es niSnavs sulis samefoSi aRmarTul mwvervalebze asvlas, sadac sufevs maradisobis sunTqva, sadac maradiuli yinuliT Semosili mwvervalebis brwyinvaleba adamianur Tvals dabrmavebiT emuqreba,
sadac haeri adamianuri arsebobis pirobebisaTvis, TiTqmis, eTerulia.
odiTganve kacobriobam sulis orive samyaro ase dainaxa. kvlav da kvlav
Tvalni maTken aRapro da, msgavsad varskvlaviani cisa, maTgan miiRo xelaxali orientacia, rodesac dantesTan erTad unda eRiarebina:
„Cveni miwieri cxovrebis naxevar gzaze
me kvlav aRmovCndi uRran tyeSi
odes Tavgza abneuli swor biliks avcdi“
amitom es aris mxolod naTeli formulireba imisa, rasac kacobrioba,
xan yrud da xan aSkarad, grZnobda, Tuki Cven RirebulebiT msjelobas wamovayenebdiT: p l a t o n i z m i d a p r o t e f i z m i w a r m o a d g e n e n k a c o b r i o b i s u m a R l e s s u l i e r R i r e b u l e b e b s . isini arian kacobriobis
gzis umniSvnelovanesi safexurebi adamianad gardaqmnisaTvis, adamianSi demonurisa da mxecis daZlevisaTvis.1
rogorc cnobilia, nicSem berZnebi moixsenia „erTaderT genialur erad
msoflio istoriaSi“. Tanamedroveobis gamoCenili mkvlevari maT uwodebs
„kulturis ideis Semqmnels“. berZeni, misi mixedviT, aris „filosofosi
xalxTa Soris“.2 namdvili berZeni eri, ise rogorc sxva aravin, dajildoe1
Sdr. H7 Schaller, Die Idee des Menshen, München 1935, S. 23.
2
W. Jaeger, Paideia, I Bd., Berlin 1934, s. 7 u. 11.
platonizmi da profetizmi
97
buli iyo filosofiuri niWiT. misi genia filosofiur sferoSi gviCvenebs
SemoqmedebiT Zalasa da nayofierebas, romelic erTaderTia. gamudmebiT
axals, Rrma ideebsa da koncefciebs avlens aq filosofiuri azrovnebis
procesi, magram birTvi am procesisa aris platonizmi (farTo gagebiT). rogorc masSi gamoaSkaravda, elinTa wminda filosofiuri genia, aseve masSi
hpova man Semdgomi uZlieresi ganviTareba. „Tavisi gaCenis dRidan moyolebuli, platonizmi warmoadgenda umniSvnelovanes moments kacobriobis
sulier istoriaSi“.1 igi aris „sulieri winapari yvela idealisturi filosofiisa“.2
rogorc platonizmi warmoadgens umaRles Rirebulebas sulisa da filosofiis sferoSi, aseTive mniSvnelobisaa profetizmi religiis sferoSi.
aseTi Sefaseba ismis ukve aRfrTovanebiT moculi kupletebidan, riTac
herderi Tavis leqss – „winaswarmetyvelni“ amTavrebs:
„salami Tqvenda, wminda sulebo,
RvTis mZlavr xelebSi qnaris xmovanebav,
romlebic gaxdiT misi azris ganmmar tebelni,
droTa uwyebis amxsnelni da kanonTa suli“.
mecnieruli kvleva profetizms moixseniebs, rogorc erTaderT movlenas saerTo religiis istoriaSi.3 igi miakuTvnebs mas ukeTilSobilessa da
uZvirfases, rac ki kacobriobas gaaCnia religiuri TvalsazrisiT.4
platonizmi da profetizmi erTmaneTs daukavSirda, xolo Tu ras niSnavs es, mokled da lapidarulad gveubneba axalgazrda mkvlevari: „elinizmisa da qristianobis simbiozi gaxda dasavleTis sulieri bediswera“.5 masze, rogorc qristianuli Teologia ganisvenebs, aseve warmoudgenelia mis
gareSe dasavluri filosofia da es ZalaSia ara mxolod Sua saukuneebis,
aramed axali axali filosofiis mimarT. samarTlianad SeuZlia paul doisens, daaskvnas, rogorc igi akeTebs amas Tavis winasityvaobaSi „filosofiis sayovelTao istoria“, rom axali filosofia, TviT awmyomdis, aranaklebad imyofeba bibliis zegavlenis qveS, vidre – antikuri filosofiisa.
sulis orive samyaros Sedareba, amasTanave, aRmniSvnelia dasavluri sulis istoriis farTo monakveTebis ufro Rrma gagebis dasawyisisa. ara
mxolod Sua saukuneebis filosofiis umaRlesi mwvervalebi (avgustine,
Toma akvineli), aramed, agreTve, axali drois didi sulieri garRvevvebi
(reformacia, germanuli idealizmi), TviT uaxlesi mimdinareobebi filo1
O. Apelt, Platons sämtliche Dialoge, I bd. Leipzig O.I., X.
2
H. Von Arnim, Die europäishe Philosophie des Altertums, in: Die Kultur der Gegenwart I, V, Berlin 1909.
S. 163.
3
L. Durr, Wollen und Wirken der alttestamentlichen propheten, Düsseldorf 1926, s. 2.
4
Sdr. C.H. Cornill, Der israelitishe Prophetismus, Berlin 1920. S. 176.
5
K. Leese, Die Krisis und Wende des christlichen Geistes, Berlin 1932. S. 7.
7. „religia“ π 3
98
ioanes heseni
sofiisa da TeologiaSi (fenomenologia, eqsistencialuri filosofia, dialeqtikuri Teologia) Rebuloben axal Sefasebas, riTac naTeli efineba
maT uSinaganesi azrovnebis motivebs TavianT TaviseburebaSi da maT istoriul dafuZnebaSi.
Tuki antikur (berZnul) ideaTa samyaros „platonizmad“, xolo bibliurs „profetizmad“ movixseniebT, amis uflebas gvaZlevs faqti, rom am samyaroebma orive sulier moZraobaSi TavianTi tipiuri da amitom warmomadgenlobiTi gamoxatuleba hpoves. platonizmis saxels, amasTanave, Cven
viyenebT ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT, ramdenadac amiT aRvniSnavT ara mxolod platonis filosofias, aramed agreTve misi mowafis – aristoteles
filosofiasac. oto libmanTan erTad agreTve Cvens vambobT: „originaloba
platoniseuli, xolo masze aSkarad damokidebuli aristoteleseuli koncefcia nebas gvaZlevs, es saerTo modgma movixsenioT, rogorc „platonizmi“ – farTo gagebiT“.1
1
Zur Analisis Wirklichkeit, Strassburg 1900, S.326.