qimia 11

lia TevzaZe
qimia 11
maswavleblis wigni
lia TevzaZe, nunu javaxiSvili
qimia
XI klasi
maswavleblis wigni
redaqtorebi
lali baqraZe
solomon nozaZe
lali qadagiZe
dizaini da dakabadoneba
nino guruli
© gamomcemloba `diogene~, 2010
yvela ufleba daculia
ISBN 978-9941-11-167-9
gamomcemloba `diogene~, Tbilisi, kekeliZis q. 6, telefoni 95 63 94, tel./faqsi 96 79 71
www.diogene.ge
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4
maswavleblis wignis koncefcia
maswavleblis wignis ZiriTadi mizania qimiaSi swavleba/swavlis xarisxis amaRleba.
am miznis misaRwevad maswavleblis wigns upiratesad oTxi funqcia aqvs:
1. samecniero da zogadi informaciis miwodeba. dRes, samecniero-teqnikuri progresis epoqaSi,
mecnierebis ciklis sagnebis arc erTma pedagogma ar SeiZleba absoluturad yvelaferi
icodes. miT umetes, rom yovel 10 weliwadSi samecniero informacia Zveldeba da misi naxevari axldeba.
wignis funqciaa, daexmaros qimiis maswavlebels, ise dagegmos gakveTilebi, rom man moswavleebTan erTad moiZios axali informaciebi ramdenime alternatiuli wyarodan, daaxarisxon
isini, amoarCion da praqtikulad miznobrivad gamoiyenon TavianTTvis saintereso.
2. qimiis maswavleblis profesiuli ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.
maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia inovaciuri saswavlo teqnologiebi, moswavleze orientirebuli swavleba/swavlis ZiriTadi principebi da swavleba/swavlis axali midgomis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi.
maswavleblis wignis funqciaa, daexmaros qimiis maswavlebels, gaiazros Tavisi roli saganma­
naTleblo reformis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaSi da SeimuSaos swavlebis sakuTari
stili.
3. saswavlo procesisa da gakveTilebis dagegmva/warmarTvaSi daxmareba.
maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia Tanamedrove interaqtiuli gakveTilis struqtura, misi
da­geg­mvis etapebi. mocemulia gakveTilebis dagegmvis sanimuSo sqema da sxvadasxva tipis
ramdenime gakve­Tilis scenari.
4. Sefasebis axali sistemis daxasiaTeba da SefasebaSi daxmareba.
saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia monitoringis, Semowmebisa da Sefasebis xerxebi, formebi da
saSualebebi. mocemulia rekomendaciebi, romlebic daexmareba qimiis maswavlebels Sefasebis
axali sistemis efeqtianad danergvaSi.
amgvarad, qimiis maswavleblis wigni moicavs bevr aucilebel informaciasa da rekomendacias, romelic daexmareba maswavlebels, sworad SearCios da dagegmos aqtivobebi moswavleze
orientirebuli swavleba/swavlis procesis praqtikulad gansaxorcieleblad.
mocemuli saxelmZRvanelo naxevrad Ria tipisaa. Cveni rCevebi da rekomendaciebi emsaxureba
maswav­leblis codnisa da praqtikis gamdidrebas da ar zRudavs mis Tavisuflebas, miiRos
gadawyvetileba ama Tu im gakveTilisTvis aqtivobebis SesarCevad da gamosayeneblad. avtorebis azriT, dRes qimiis maswav­leblebs yvelaze metad iseTi saswavlo strategiis SemuSaveba
sWirdebaT, romelic xels Seuwyobs qimiis gakveTilebze swavlisa da kvlevis procesebis
ganxorcielebas.
es mxolod maSin SeiZleba moxdes, rodesac maswavleblis swavlebis stili SeTavsebadi
aRmoCndeba TiToeuli moswavlis swavlis stilTan. maSin TandaTan aRmoifxvreba saswavlo
masalis gagebis deficiti, moixsneba disciplinis problema da gaizrdeba moswavleTa motivacia qimiis gakveTilebze damoukidebeli swavlis gansaxorcieleblad.
Zlieri mxareebi
1. gasagebi da martivi instruqciebi moswavleebisTvis, romlebSic prioriteti eniWeba:
• aRmoCenebisa da erToblivi an damoukidebeli kvlevebiT swavlas.
• kritikuli da logikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebas.
• wina wlebSi SeZenili codnis gagebasa da zogadi unarebis doneze gaazrebas.
2. masalis gagebasa da siRrmiseul gaazrebas emsaxureba, agreTve swavlis Sedegebs amowmebs
teqstSi CarTuli an teqstTan miznobrivad dakavSirebuli:
• savarjiSoebi.
5
• feradi ilustraciebi.
• cdebi.
• testebi.
• kiTxvarebi.
• saSinao davalebebi.
3. Sriftis Sesabamisi zoma, furclisa da akinZvis kargi xarisxi.
siaxleebi
saxelmZRvanelo saganmanaTleblo resursia. masSi mocemuli aqtivobebis gamoyenebiT moswavles:
• eqmneba motivacia swavlisTvis.
• gansazRvravs kvlevis obieqts.
• akvirdeba sxeulebsa da movlenebs.
• gegmavs, atarebs da aanalizebs cdebs.
• swavlobs aRmoCenebis gziT. ecnoba qarTveli qimikosebis wvlils am aRmoCenebSi.
• iZens da iyenebs monacemebis moZiebisa da warmodgenis sxvadasxva xerxebs.
• qmnis da iyenebs modelebs, plakatebs, kolaJebs, proeqtebs.
• cdilobs, praqtikulad gamoiyenos is, rac gaigo.
• iRebs gadawyvetilebas.
• qmnis sistemas, miuCens masSi obieqts adgils.
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erovnuli saswavlo gegma
qimia
XI klasi
wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi:
qim.XI.1.
qim.XI.2.
qim.XI.3.
qim.XI.4.
qim.XI.5.
qim.XI.6.
qim.XI.7.
mimarTuleba: qimiuri movlenebi
moswavle aRwers atomis aRnagobas.
moswavle akavSirebs elementis adgilmdebareobas periodul sistemaSi misi atomis
aRnagobasTan.
moswavle nivTierebaTa Tvisebebs ukavSirebs atomis eleqtronul aRnagobas da
qimiuri bmis xasiaTs.
moswavle axasiaTebs Jangva-aRdgeniT procesebs.
moswavle axasiaTebs eleqtrolizis movlenas da mis rols teqnikasa da mrewvelobaSi.
moswavle gansazRvravs qimiuri wonasworobis gadaxris mimarTulebas.
moswavle axasiaTebs qimiur elementebsa da maT naerTebs, msjelobs maTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da maTi indikatorebi
mimarTuleba: qimiuri movlenebi
qim.XI.1. moswavle aRwers atomis aRnagobas
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• iyenebs atomis aRnagobis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove warmodgenebs da elementebis Tvisebebs
akavSirebs atomis aRnagobasTan;
• gansazRvravs eleqtronebis ganawilebas eleqtronul doneebsa da qvedoneebze. gamoTvlis TiToeul energetikul doneze orbitalebis raodenobas da eleqtronebis
maqsimalur ricxvs;
• gamosaxavs atomTa eleqtronul konfiguracias s-, p- da d- elementebisaTvis eleqtronebis ganawilebis ZiriTadi principebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
qim.XI. 2. moswavle akavSirebs elementis adgilmdebareobas periodul sistemaSi misi atomis
aRnagobasTan
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• ganasxvavebs fardobiT atomur masas da masur ricxvs;
• adarebs erTmaneTs erTi da imave elementis izotopebs maTi fizikuri da qimiuri
Tvisebebis mixedviT. miRebul Sedegebs akavSirebs atomis aRnagobasTan;
• asabuTebs atombirTvis muxtis mniSvnelobas elementebis individualobis gansazRvraSi;
• adarebs erTmaneTs erTi da imave jgufis an periodis elementebs atomis aRnagobis
TvalsazrisiT da gamoaqvs Sesabamisi daskvna;
• akavSirebs elementebis mier kationebis da anionebis warmoqmnis unars maTi savalento
eleqtronebis raodenobasTan;
• adgens zogierTi elementis ionebis da keTilSobili airebis gare garsebis aRnagobis
identurobas.
7
qim.XI. 3. moswavle nivTierebaTa Tvisebebs ukavSirebs atomis eleqtronul aRnagobas da qimiuri
bmis xasiaTs
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• aRwers sxvadasxva tipis bmebis warmoqmnis meqanizmebs. ganasxvavebs ionur, kovalentur
da metalur bmebs. mohyavs magaliTebi.
• axasiaTebs wyalbadur bmas da akavSirebs masTan sxvadasxva nivTierebis fizikur Tvisebebs.
• naerTis qimiuri formulis gaTvaliswinebiT adgens struqturul formulas da axasiaTebs masSi arsebul bmebs.
• ganasxvavebs jerad da ujer bmebs. msjelobs ujeri bmebis warmoqmnis meqanizmze da
sqematurad gamosaxavs σ− da π− bmebis warmoqmnas.
qim.XI. 4. moswavle axasiaTebs Jangva-aRdgeniT procesebs
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• adarebs Jangvisa da aRdgenis procesebs.��������������������������������������������
mohyavs mJangavebisa da aRmdgenebis magaliTebi, msjelobs maT gamoyenebaze;
• gansazRvravs elementis JangviT ricxvs sxvadasxva naerTSi;
• abalansebs Jangva-aRdgeniT reaqciebs;
• asaxelebs da axasiaTebs yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da bunebaSi mimdinare Jangva-aRdgeniTi procesebis magaliTebs da gamoTqvams mosazrebas maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
Sedegebis Sesaxeb.
qim.XI. 5. moswavle axasiaTebs eleqtrolizis movlenas da mis rols teqnikasa da mrewvelobaSi
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• akavSirebs eleqtroqimiur procesebs metalTa aqtivobis mwkrivsa da Jangva-aRdgeniT
reaqciebTan;
• adgens marilebis nalRobebisa da wyalxsnarebis eleqtrolizis procesSi eleqtrodebze ionuri ganmuxtvisas mimdinare reaqciebis sqemebs;
• aanalizebs da afasebs eleqtrolizuri procesebis mniSvnelobas qimiur mrewvelobasa
da teqnikaSi;
• asrulebs eleqtrolizis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul raodenobriv gamoTvlebs.
qim.XI.6. moswavle gansazRvravs qimiuri wonasworobis gadaxris mimarTulebas
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• ganasxvavebs Seqcevad da Seuqcevad reaqciebs. wers Sesabamis tolobebs;
• iyenebs le-Satelies princips da ganWvrets sxvadasxva faqtoris (wneva, nivTierebaTa
koncentracia, temperatura) qimiur wonasworobaze gavlenis xasiaTs. CamoTvlis
saTanado magaliTebs;
• moiZiebs da ganixilavs teqnologiuri procesebis optimizaciis mizniT qimiuri
wonasworobis ZiriTadi principebis gamoyenebis magaliTebs.
qim.XI. 7. moswavle axasiaTebs qimiur elementebsa da maT naerTebs, msjelobs maTi mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• axasiaTebs elementebsa da maT mniSvnelovan naerTebs.
• msjelobs elementebis fizikur da mniSvnelovan qimiur Tvisebebze da akavSirebs am
Tvisebebs maT gamoyenebasTan;
• aRwers elementebis miRebis ZiriTad meTodebs;
• msjelobs qimiuri elementebis rolsa da gamoyenebaze;
• ganazogadebs elementebis Tvisebebs erTi jgufis elementebisaTvis;
• gegmavs da atarebs cdebs metalTa aqtiurobis Sesadareblad. miRebuli Sedegebis
siswores amowmebs metalTa eleqtroqimiuri Zabvis mwkrivis mixedviT.
8
programis Sinaarsi
Sedegebis miRweva SesaZlebelia mocemuli Sinaarsis safuZvelze:
Tanamedrove warmodgena atomis aRnagobaze. atombirTvis Sedgeniloba, izotopis cneba.
kvanturi ricxvebi da orbitalebi. umciresi energiis principi. paulis principi. hundis wesi.
eleqtronuli konfiguracia. s-, p- da d- elementebi.
perioduli sistemis jgufebi da periodebi (atomTa eleqtronuli aRnagobis moxedviT).
eleqtrouaryofiToba.
Jangvis ricxvi. Jangva-aRdgeniTi reaqciebis klasifikacia. Jangva-aRdgeniTi reaqciebis
tolobebis Sedgena.
qimiuri bmis tipebi: kovalenturi (arapolaruli da polaruli), ionuri da metaluri. donorul-aqceptoruli bmis warmoqmnis meqanizmi. wyalbaduri bma. eleqtronuli orbitalebis
hibridizacia. σ- da π− bmebi.
eleqtrolizi, misi roli warmoebaSi.
Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi reaqciebi. qimiuri wonasworoba, le-Satelies principi. qimiur wonasworobaze moqmedi faqtorebi (koncentracia, temperatura, wneva).
elementebi: wyalbadi, halogenebi, Jangbadi, gogirdi, azoti, fosfori, naxSirbadi, siliciumi, natriumi, kaliumi, magniumi, kalciumi, alumini, rkina, manganumi. maTi mniSvnelovani
naerTebi, miReba, Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.
9
Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka
saaTebis
ganawileba
standartis Sesabamisi Sedegebi da indikatorebi
Temis, paragrafis dasaxeleba
16
1
Tema 1 wardgena
1
1. warmodgenebis ganviTareba •iyenebs atomis aRnagobis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove warmodgenebs
da elementebis Tvisebebs akavSirebs atomis aRnagobasTan;
atomis aRnagobis Sesaxeb
1
2. atombirTvis Sedgeniloba
2
3. qimiuri elementis izo­to­ • ganasxvavebs fardobiT atomur masas da masur ricxvs;
• adarebs erTmaneTs erTi da imave elementis izotopebs maTi
puri Sed­geniloba
fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebis mixedviT. miRebul Sedegebs
akavSirebs atomis aRnagobasTan;
•
gansazRvravs eleqtronebis ganawilebas eleqtronul done4. eleqtronebi atomSi, ato­
ebsa da qvedoneebze.
muri speq­trebi da kvanturi
2
qimia XI.1. 2.
• asabuTebs atombirTvis muxtis mniSvnelobas elementebis
individualobis gansazRvraSi;
ricxvebi
1
5. atomis eleqtronuli for­ • gamoTvlis TiToeul energetikul doneze orbitalebis raodenobas da eleqtronebis maqsimalur ricxvs;
mula
1
6. praqtikuli samuSao: mcire • gamosaxavs atomTa eleqtronul konfiguracias s- da p- elementebisaTvis eleqtronebis ganawilebis ZiriTadi principebis
(I-III) pe­r i­o debis atomTa
gaTvaliswinebiT.
perioduli for­mulebi
2
7. IV (didi) periodis atomTa • gamosaxavs atomTa eleqtronul konfiguracias s-, p- da delementebisaTvis eleqtronebis ganawilebis ZiriTadi prineleqtronuli formulebi
cipebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
•
akavSirebs elementebis mier kationebis da anionebis warmo8. atomis agzneba da ioni­
qmnis unars maTi savalento eleqtronebis raodenobasTan;
zacia
• adgens zogierTi elementis ionebis da keTilSobili airebis
gare garsebis aRnagobis identurobas.
9. atomis eleqtronuli for­ • adarebs erTmaneTs erTi da imave jgufis an periodis elementebs atomis aRnagobis TvalsazrisiT da gamoaqvs Sesabamisi
mula da perioduli sis­
daskvna;
te­ma
2
2
1
10. Temis Sejameba
15
1
Tema 2
wardgena
2
1. kovalenturi bma
2
2
10
qimia XI.3.
• aRwers kovalenturi bmebis warmoqmnis meqanizmebs. mohyavs
magaliTebi.
• naerTis qimiuri formulis gaTvaliswinebiT adgens struqturul formulas da axasiaTebs masSi arsebul bmebs.
•
ganasxvavebs jerad da ujer bmebs. msjelobs ujeri bmebis
2. martivi da jeradi bmebi
warmoqmnis meqanizmze da sqematurad gamosaxavs σ- da π bmebis
warmoqmnas.
3 . a t o m u r i o r b i t a l e b i s • msjelobs ujeri bmebis warmoqmnis meqanizmze da sqematurad
gamosaxavs σ- da π bmebis warmoqmnas.
hibridizacia
2
4. kovalenturi bma donor- • aRwers kovalenturi bmebis warmoqmnis donor-aqceptorul
meqanizms. mohyavs magaliTebi.
aqceptoruli meqanizmiT
1
5. ionuri bma
• aRwers ionuri bmis warmoqmnis meqanizms. adarebs ionur da
kovalentur bmebs da mohyavs magaliTebi.
2
6. metaluri bma
• aRwers metaluri bmis warmoqmnis meqanizms. adarebs metalur,
ionur da kovalentur bmebs da mohyavs magaliTebi.
2
7. wyalbaduri bma
• axasiaTebs wyalbadur bmas da akavSirebs masTan sxvadasxva
nivTierebis fizikur Tvisebebs.
1
8. praqtikumi: kavSiri atomis • moswavle nivTierebaTa Tvisebebs ukavSirebs atomis
eleqtronul aRnagobas da qimiuri bmis xasiaTs
aRnagobas, qimiuri bmis
xasiaTsa da nivTierebis
Tvisebebs Soris
1
9. Temis Sejameba
21
1
Tema 3
wardgena
qimia XI.4. 5.
2
1. Jangvis ricxvi
• gansazRvravs elementis JangviT ricxvs sxvadasxva naerTSi;
1
2. kavSiri atomis aRnagobasa • gansazRvravs elementis JangviT ricxvs sxvadasxva naerTSi;
da elementis Jangvis ricxvs
Soris
1
3. praqtikumi: naerTSi ele­ • gansazRvravs elementis JangviT ricxvs sxvadasxva naerTSi;
mentTa Jangvis ricxvebis
gansazRvra
2
4. Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi
• adarebs Jangvisa da aRdgenis procesebs. mohyavs mJangavebisa
da aRmdgenebis magaliTebi, msjelobs maT gamoyenebaze;
2
5. eleqtronuli balansi
• abalansebs Jangva-aRdgeniT reaqciebs;
2
6. Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis • adarebs Jangvisa da aRdgenis procesebs. mohyavs mJangavebisa
da aRmdgenebis magaliTebi, msjelobs maT gamoyenebaze;
klasifikacia
1
7. praqtikumi: Jangva-aRdgenis • abalansebs Jangva-aRdgeniT reaqciebs;
reaqciebi
1
8. praqtikuli samuSao: Tvi­ • adarebs Jangvisa da aRdgenis procesebs. mohyavs mJangavebisa
da aRmdgenebis magaliTebi, msjelobs maT gamoyenebaze;
sebiTi reaqciebi mJangavebsa
da aRmdgenebze
1
9. praqtikuli samuSao:Jangva- • adarebs Jangvisa da aRdgenis procesebs. mohyavs mJangavebisa
da aRmdgenebis magaliTebi, msjelobs maT gamoyenebaze;
aRdgenis reaqciis gamok­
vleva
2
10. wylis eleqtrolizi
2
11. marilebis eleqtrolizi
• moswavle axasiaTebs eleqtrolizis movlenas da mis rols
teqnikasa da mrewvelobaSi
• adgens marilebis nalRobebisa da wyalxsnarebis eleqtrolizis procesSi eleqtrodebze ionuri ganmuxtvisas mimdinare
reaqciebis sqemebs;
• akavSirebs eleqtroqimiur procesebs metalTa aqtivobis
mwkrivsa da Jangva-aRdgeniT reaqciebTan;
11
1
1
12. eleqtrolizi xsnadi ano­ • adgens marilebis nalRobebisa da wyalxsnarebis eleqtrolizis procesSi eleqtrodebze ionuri ganmuxtvisas mimdinare
diT
reaqciebis sqemebs;
• akavSirebs eleqtroqimiur procesebs metalTa aqtivobis
mwkrivsa da Jangva-aRdgeniT reaqciebTan;
•
asrulebs eleqtrolizis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul raode13. praqtikumi: eleqtrolizis
nobriv gamoTvlebs.
raodenobrivi daxasiaTeba
1
14. Temis Sejameba
• asaxelebs da axasiaTebs yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da bunebaSi mimdinare Jangva-aRdgeniTi procesebis magaliTebs da
gamoTqvams mosazrebas maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebis
Sesaxeb.
• aanalizebs da afasebs eleqtrolizuri procesebis mniSvnelobas qimiur mrewvelobasa da teqnikaSi;
10
1
Tema 4
wardgena
qimia XI.6.
1
1. Seuqcevadi da Seqcevadi • ganasxvavebs Seqcevad da Seuqcevad reaqciebs. wers Sesabamis
tolobebs;
reaqciebi
2
2. qimiuri wonasworoba
• axasiaTebs qimiur wonasworobas da CamoTvlis magaliTebs.
1
3. wonasworobis mudmiva
• raodenobribad axasiaTebs wonasworebis process.
2
4. qimiuri wonasworobis ga­ • iyenebs le-Satelies princips da ganWvrets sxvadasxva
faqtoris (wneva, nivTierebaTa koncentracia, temperatura)
daxris pirobebi
qimiur wonasworobaze gavlenis xasiaTs. CamoTvlis saTanado
magaliTebs;
•
moiZiebs da ganixilavs teqnologiuri procesebis optimizaciis
5. qimiuri reaqciis optimaluri
mizniT qimiuri wonasworobis ZiriTadi principebis gamoyenebis
pirobebis SerCeva
magaliTebs.
2
1
6. Temis Sejameba
9
1
Tema 5
wardgena
qimia XI.7.
2
1. wyalbadi da misi naerTebi
2
2. tute metalebi da maTi
naerTebi
2
3. tute miwametalebi da maTi
naerTebi
1
4. praqtikuli samuSao:
TvisebiTi reaqciebi
metalebze
1
5. Temis Sejameba
• axasiaTebs elementebsa da maT mniSvnelovan naerTebs.
• msjelobs elementebis fizikur da mniSvnelovan qimiur Tvisebebze da akavSirebs am Tvisebebs maT gamoyenebasTan;
• aRwers elementebis miRebis ZiriTad meTodebs;
• msjelobs qimiuri elementebis rolsa da gamoyenebaze;
• ganazogadebs elementebis Tvisebebs erTi jgufis elementebisaTvis;
• gegmavs da atarebs cdebs metalTa aqtiurobis Sesadareblad.
miRebuli Sedegebis siswores amowmebs metalTa eleqtroqimiuri Zabvis mwkrivis mixedviT.
12
14
1
Tema 6
wardgena
1
1. alumini da misi naerTebi
2
2.
2
3.
2
4.
2
5.
1
6.
2
7. halogenebi da maTi naer­
Tebi
1
8. Temis Sejameba
7
1
Tema 7
wardgena
2
1. rkina da misi naerTebi
2
1
1
qimia XI.7.
• axasiaTebs elementebsa da maT mniSvnelovan naerTebs.
• msjelobs elementebis fizikur da mniSvnelovan qimiur TvinaxSirbadi da siliciumi.
sebebze da akavSirebs am Tvisebebs maT gamoyenebasTan;
maTi naerTebi
• aRwers elementebis miRebis ZiriTad meTodebs;
azoti da fosfori. maTi • msjelobs qimiuri elementebis rolsa da gamoyenebaze;
naerTebi
• ganazogadebs elementebis Tvisebebs erTi jgufis elementebisaTvis;
azotmJava da nitratebi
•
gegmavs da atarebs cdebs metalTa aqtiurobis Sesadareblad.
Jangbadisa da gogirdis
miRebuli Sedegebis siswores amowmebs metalTa eleqtroqiSedarebiTi daxasiaTeba
miuri Zabvis mwkrivis mixedviT.
gogirdmJava da misi naer­
Tebi
qimia XI.7.
• axasiaTebs elementebsa da maT mniSvnelovan naerTebs.
• msjelobs elementebis fizikur da mniSvnelovan qimiur Tvi2. manganumi da misi naerTebi
sebebze da akavSirebs am Tvisebebs maT gamoyenebasTan;
3. praqtikuli samuSao: Tvi­ • aRwers elementebis miRebis ZiriTad meTodebs;
sebiTi reaqciebi
• msjelobs qimiuri elementebis rolsa da gamoyenebaze;
• ganazogadebs elementebis Tvisebebs erTi jgufis elemente4. Temis Sejameba
bisaTvis;
• gegmavs da atarebs cdebs metalTa aqtiurobis Sesadareblad.
miRebuli Sedegebis siswores amowmebs metalTa eleqtroqimiuri Zabvis mwkrivis mixedviT.
SeniSvna: sul 108 saaTi, maT Soris
sagakveTilo datvirTva _ 92 saaTi;
sarezervo _ 10 (TiToeul Temaze saWiroebisamebr 1 an 2 saaTi;
referatebisa da proeqtebis prezentaciisTvis _ 6.
13
saswavlo masalis wardgenis fazebis
axsna-ganmarteba
a. motivacia
`motivacia~ laTinuri sityvaa da qarTulad „moZraobas~, „amoZ­ravebas~ niSnavs.
sakuTari Tavis „amoZraveba~ miznis miRwevis gasaadvileblad, risame sasargeblod mosazrebis, sabuTis, safuZvlis moyvana, Sinagani barierebis gadalaxvis kargi saSualebaa.
motivi aris raRac qcevis, qmedebis gamomwvevi mizezi/sababi da pirovnebas yovelTvis
ubiZgebs garkveuli miznisken. rac Zlieria motivi, miT Zlieraa adamiani ganwyobili miznis
misaRwevad. mizani xom yovelTvis raRac moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas ukavSirdeba.
kidev ufro rTulia sxvebis motivacia. es niSnavs, ubiZgos sxvas, Secvalos Tavisi Zveli
qceva axliT.
axali erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sedegebis misaRwevad gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba
aqvs maswavleblis mier TiToeuli moswavlis motivacias.
unda ganvasxvaoT moswavleTa Sinagani da garegani motivacia: rogorc garegani (swavla
niSnebisaTvis, mSoblebis SiSiT, waxalisebisaTvis, maswavleblis SiSiT/siyvaruliT), ise Sinagani (swavla ganviTarebisTvis, sagnis interesiT, pirvelobis surviliT, megobrebTan TanamSromlobiT). motivacia gavlenas axdens swavlis procesis efeqtianobaze. amasTan Sinagani
motivacia ufro xangrZlivi da marTvadia, vidre garegani, romelic niSnebis/jildoebis
miRebis survils an dasjis SiSs efuZneba da am garegani faqtorebis ararsebobisTanave
mcirdeba/qreba. Sinagani motivacia sxvadasxva moswavles sxvadasxvanairi aqvs: zogs susti,
zogs Zlieri. TiToeuls gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba sWirdeba: susti motivaciis moswavles zogjer Seqeba da mxardaWera ganawyobs swavlisken, magram aqac zomierebis dacvaa
saWiro _ SeiZleba zedmetma Seqebam Sinagani motivacia, piriqiT, daaqveiTos.
motivaciis gamowvevaze aranakleb mniSvnelovania misi SenarCuneba gakveTilze swavlis
procesSi. profesionali pedagogi saswavlo procesis swori organizebiT xels Seuwyobs
moswavleebSi motivaciis Camoyalibebas, Tu gakveTilze aqtivobebis dagegmvisas gaiTvaliswinebs moswavleTa: swavlis stils, interesebs, SesaZleb­lobebsa da saWiroebebs.
ras gulisxmobs masalis swori organizeba? aqtivobebi ise daigegmos, rom axali masalis swavla eyrdnobodes Zvels da gamomdinareobdes misgan. moswavles saSualeba hqondes,
axali naswavli Seadaros/Seapirispiros ZvelTan da gamoTqvas Tavisi azri.
sasurvelia, yvela gakveTili daiwyos samotivacio aqtivobiT, romelic daexmareba sxvadasxva interesisa da SesaZleblobis moswavles, gaiazros swavlis mizani da iTanamSromlos
maswavlebelTan/moswavleebTan miznis misaRwevi saSualebebis SesarCevad. moswavleTa aqtiuroba swavlis procesSi zrdis maT motivacias.
ramdenime rCeva, romelic daexmareba maswavleblebs moswavleTa motivaciisTvis, ase
SeiZleba CamovayaliboT:
1. martivad, realurad dagegmeT gakveTilis mizani standartis misaRwev Sedegebze dayrdnobiT da daexmareT moswavleebs, gaacnobieron, ra SeuZliaT maT gaakeTon gakveTilze
miznis misaRwevad.
2. ecadeT, ise SearCioT aqtivobebi, rom saswavlo masala iyos saintereso, saSualo sirTulis, arc Zalian advili, arc Zalian rTuli, raTa warmatebam swavlaSi ganumtkicos moswavleebs sakuTari Tavisadmi rwmena.
3. daexmareT moswavleebs, Tavi igrZnon klasSi gundis wevrad da aiRon pasuxismgebloba
wyvilebSi, jgufebSi muSaobisas Sedegis miRwevaze.
4. mravalferovani saswavlo meTodebis gamoyenebiT daexmareT moswavleebs, SearCion maTTvis „komfortis zona~, SeZlebisdagvarad mieciT swavlisas davalebis arCevis ufleba,
daexmareT, pozitiurad ganawyoT moswavleebi erTmaneTis mimarT, rom gamoricxoT arajansaRi konkurencia.
5. ecadeT, moswavleTa Sefasebisas gaakeToT pozitiuri komentarebi. jer aRniSneT is dadebiTi, rac namuSevarSi dainaxeT, Semdeg ki, Tu aucilebelia, miuTiTeT daSvebul Secdomaze da
14
mieciT Sansi Secdomis aRmosaCenad/gamosasworeblad. sust mxareebze saubrisas nu SeexebiT
maT pirovnulad, mieciT rwmena, rom SeZleben problemebisgadalaxvasa da warmatebis miRwevas. nabij-nabij aswavleT namuSevris kritikulad, obieqturad TviT/urTierTSefaseba.
moswavleTa motivaciisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gak­veTilis dasawyisi.
Cven mier mocemul sanimuSo gakveTilis scenarebSi yvelgan vecadeT, gakveTilis pirveli
5 wT. daeTmos samotivacio aqtivobas, romelic faqtobrivad aris gakveTilis faza (etapi) _
saswavlo sakiTxis dasmis/wardgenisa. gakveTilis SesavalSi samotivacio aqtivobis Sinaarsi damokidebulia specifikasa da moswavleTa gamocdileba/SesaZleblobaze, agreTve imis
gaazrebaze, ris SesaZlebloba _ adamianuri da fizikuri resursebis saxiT arsebobs klasSi
(samotivacio aqtivobebis konkretuli magaliTebi ixileT gakveTilebis scenarebSi).
b. sakiTxis dasma, amocanis gansazRvra
mas Semdeg, rac standartis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT ganisazRvreba gakveTilis saswavlo
miznebi, faqtobrivad Camoyalibdeba saswavlo savarjiSoebis CarCo. miznis Sesasruleblad
dasaxuli amocanebi gansazRvravs SerCeuli aqtivobebis saxesa da Tanmimdevrobas, aseve moswavleTa organizebis formebs (mTel klasTan, individualuri, wyvilebSi, jgufebSi). dasmuli sakiTxis ganviTareba/aTvisebisTvis saxelmZRvaneloSi arsebobs ZiriTadi saswavlo
masala (teqsti, ilustraciebi, situaciuri amocanebi, problemuri kiTxvebi, diagramebi,
cxrilebi, fotoebi, kiTxvebi, testebi...), romelTa analiziT maswavleblis mier SeirCeva:
• sawyis fazaSi Sesasrulebeli savarjiSoebi (maTgan romelime SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
samotivaciodac) Tu aseT savarjiSos saxelmZRvaneloSi ver vipoviT, Cven unda movifiqroT/SevqmnaT.
• ZiriTadi saswavlo masala faqtobrivad iqneba motivaciis SenarCunebis mizniT sakiTxis
asaTviseblad da ganviTarebisTvis SerCeuli savarjiSoebi saxelmZRvanelodan, damxmare
saswavlo masalidan an maswavleblis mier mofiqrebuli. yuradReba unda mieqces, rom
aqtivobebis Tanmimdevroba Seesabamebodes moswavleTa saazrovno unaris ganviTarebas da
Tu saWiroa, maswavlebelma moamzados specialuri instruqciebi/rCevebi damoukidebeli
kvlevisas SesaZleblobebis maqsimalurad gamovlenaSi dasaxmareblad (instruqciis nimuSi ix. scenarebSi).
• moswavleebTan erTad momzaddes jgufSi muSaobisas TanamSromlobis, kvlevis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis, masalis warmodgenis, teqstze muSaobis, referatis momzadebis, cdis Catareba/
dagegmvis... unarebis Sesafasebeli sqemebi da isini gamoyenebul iqnes miznobrivad Sefasebis
procesSi (Sefasebis sqemebis kon­kretuli magaliTebi ix. gakveTilebis scenarebSi).
Sinaarsobrivad naswavli masalis gaazreba xorcieldeba gak­veTilis bolo, damagvirgvinebel etapze Semajamebeli savarjiSoebis gamoyenebiT. am dros faqtobrivad xdeba aqtivobebis
integracia naswavli masalis Sesajameblad (ix. Semajamebeli aqtivobebi scenarebSi).
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare gakveTilis struqtura SeiZleba sqematurad ase warmovadginoT:
el
l
v
ms
Sesavali
motivacia (ganwyobis Seqmna)
i
eb
m
ap
s
i
ob
et
iT
dv
e
ix
Sinaarsis mixedviT
gakveTilis struqtura
sakiTxis
dasma/warmodgena
I faza
aqtivobebi
_ mTel klasTan
_ individualurad
_ wyvilSi
_ jgufSi
siRrmiseuli wvdoma
sakiTxis ganviTareba/aTviseba
II faza
analizi, Sejameba
gaazreba (refleqsia)
codnis gamoyeneba/integracia
III faza
15
gakveTilis dagegmvis zogadi principebi
rCevebi maswavleblebs efeqtiani gakveTilis dasagegmad
gakveTilze saswavlo procesis dasagegmad maswavleblis upir­velesi amocana gakveTilis miznis
arsis gagebaa.
gakveTilis saswavlo mizani/miznebi gamoxatavs, ra codna da unarebi unda SeiZinon moswavleebma.
ra Sedegs unda miaRwion moswavleebma swavlis procesSi, gansazRvrulia erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi yvela saganSi/sagnobriv jgufSi klasebis mixedviT. Sedegis miRwevas adasturebs Sedegis qvemoT
mocemuli indikatorebi. mawavleblis wignSi mocemuli Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka uCvenebs, romeli
Sedegis misaRwevad aris saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli paragrafi da romeli indikatorebiT dasturdeba gakveTilis bolos Sedegis miRweva.
rodis aris gakveTilis mizani sworad SerCeuli? mizani sworad aris SerCeuli, Tu:
• gamomdinareobs sagnobrivi standartis misaRwevi Sedegebidan.
• qmnis safuZvels moswavleTa progresis SemowmebisTvis.
• exmareba maswavlebels TviTSefasebaSi.
• warmoadgens saswavlo savarjiSoebis CarCos.
yvelaferi zemoT aRniSnuli miiRweva, rodesac moswavleebi gakveTilze gaakeTeben imas, rasac
Txoulobs Sedegebis qvemoT CamoTvlili indikatorebi. Tu maT yuradRebiT CaikiTxavT, naxavT, rom
gakveTilis mizani klasikuri samkuTxedis saxiT SegiZliaT warmoidginoT:
gakveTilis mizani gansazRvravs aqtivobebis Sinaarss. aqtivobebis SerCevisas miznis misaRwevad
winaswar unda moifiqroT:
codna (aRweren, axsnian, CamoTvlian, gaigeben…)
ganwyoba-damokidebuleba
(Seafaseben, SearCeven, Secvlian…)
unarebi (Seadareben, Seqmnian,
gaaanalizeben, gamoikvleven…)
• romeli/ramdeni aqtivobis Catareba dagWirdebaT da rogori TanmimdevrobiT.
• aris Tu ara sawyisi/Sesavali aqtivoba samotivacio, anu moemsaxureba Tu ara igi moswavleTa dainteresebas swavlis procesSi CasarTavad da Seasrulebs Tu ara momdevno aqtivobebTan damakavSirebel rols.
• aris Tu ara momdevno aqtivobebi moswavlis swavlaze orientirebuli, ganmaviTarebeli, SemoqmedebiTi.
• iZleva Tu ara Semajamebeli aqtivoba saSualebas, gakveTilis bolos Semowmdes moswavleTa progresi
da Sefasdes gakveTilis xarisxi (ramdenad miaRwies moswavleebma da maswavlebelma dasaxul miznebs).
aqtivobebis SerCevis paralelurad mniSvnelovania moswavleTa organizaciis formis dagegmva da
drois ganawileba. saswavlo miznis miRwevis maCvenebeli indikatorebi garkveulwilad migvaniSnebs,
rogor vamuSaoT moswavleebi: mTel klasTan, individualurad, wyvilebsa Tu jgufebSi. rac metad SesabamisobaSi iqneba aqtivobis organizaciis forma moswavleTa SesaZleblobebTan da swavlis stilTan, miT
realurad SeamowmebT gakveTilze moswavleTa progress da gaanawilebT maT Sesasruleblad gankuTvnil
dros. dro TiToeuli aqtivobisTvis winaswar igegmeba, Tumca swavlis procesSic SesaZlebelia SeitanoT
masSi cvlilebebi. gansakuTrebiT yuradReba misaqcevia drois ganawileba jgufuri muSaobisTvis, rodesac saWiroa samuSaos dagegmva, monacemebis organizeba da warmodgena. unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom swored
jgufuri muSaobisas yalibdeba moswavleebSi TanamSromlobis, piradi da gunduri pasuxismgeblobis,
jansaRi konkurenciis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis/dasabuTebis da sxva zogadi unar-Cvevebi. Tu samuSao
kvleviTi an SemoqmedebiTia, TiToeuli davalebis SesrulebisTvis gankuTvnili drois gaTvla (ar darCes
zedmeti dro an ar daakldes dro) faqtobrivad ganapirobebs miznis miRwevas.
drois ganawilebis problema samarTliania zogadad mTeli gakveTilisTvisac.
gakveTilze swavlis procesis efeqtianad warmarTva SeuZlebelia saswavlo resursebis gamoyenebis gareSe. gakveTilis mizani gvikarnaxebs, ra tipis resursiT mivaRwevT Sedegs ukeT: adamianuri (sxva maswavlebeli, sazogadoebis wevri…), sainformacio (saxelmZRvaneloebi, statiebi, samuSao furclebi…), vizualuri
(plakatebi, sqemebi, fotoebi, modelebi…) Tu audiovizualuri (kompiuteri, videokamera…). mza resursebze aranakleb efeqturia resursebis Seqmna. resursis moZieba/Seqmna SeiZleba klasSi, skolaSi, lokalur
an globalur garemoSi, xolo Seqmnili resursis srulyofa/ganviTareba _ klasSi an gakveTilebis Semdeg skolaSi TanamSromlobiT, gamocdilebis gaziarebiTa da efeqtianobis SemowmebiT. ra tipis resursis
gamoyenebas/Seqmnas, moZiebas SevZlebT, es gansazRvravs dasagegmi praqtikuli savarjiSoebis CarCos.
16
yvela gakveTils sWirdeba Sefaseba.
Sefaseba aris monitoringisa da Semowmebis safuZvelze gamo­tanili daskvna, romelic daafiqsirebs
TiToeuli moswavlis warmatebasa da progress gakveTilis bolos (zogadad: swavlis garkveul etapze).
Sefasebis axali sistema efuZneba monitoringisa da Semowmebis procesebs.
monitoringSi igulisxmeba TiToeuli moswavlis warmatebasa da progresze mudmivi Tvalyuris
devnebisa da faqtebis mogrovebis procesi.
monitoringi saWiroa imisTvis, rom maswavlebelma Seiswavlos TiToeuli moswavlis swavlis stili, SesaZleblobebi, interesebi, saWiroebebi da Sesabamisad Seitanos cvlilebebi gakveTilis dagegmvaSi. Zalze mniSvnelovania, gakveTilis msvlelobisas kerZo kontaqtebi awarmooT TiToeul moswavlesTan da yuradReba gaunawiloT TiToeuls.
Semowmeba aris TiToeuli moswavlis miRwevebisa da progresis (agreTve zogadad swavlis procesis) Sesaxeb monacemebis Segrovebis procesi. risTvis vagrovebT am monacemebs?
monacemebis safuZvelze maswavlebeli gamoavlens swavlis xelisSemwyob/xelisSemSlel faqtorebs.
Semowmebis Sedegebi faqtobrivad `iZleva~ rCevebs/saSualebebs Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad. pedagogiur
praqtikaSi gamoyenebuli Semowmebis xerxebia: dakvirveba, gamokiTxva, konsultacia, saubari, testireba,
CaTvla, gamocda.
ra formiT mimdinareobs Semowmeba _ zepiri, werilobiTi (komentariT) Tu konkretul situaciaSi moqmedebis Sesaxeb Canaweris warmoebiT, damokidebulia miznis Sinaarsze. Sesabamisad SeirCeva Semowmebis saSualebebi: kiTxvebi, testebi, rveulSi Cawerili monacemebi, namuSevrebis krebulebi, proeqtebi da sxva.
arsebiTia, gaviazroT, rom monitoringisa da Semowmebis safuZvelze maswavleblis mier moswavlis mimdi­
nare Sefaseba xdeba ara mxolod niSnebis an qulebis dasawerad, aramed TiToeuli moswavlis droSi gan­vi­
Tarebis misaRwevad, Secdomis gasasworeblad, Sedegis gasaumjobeseblad. aseTi midgomiT droTa ganmav­lo­baSi
TiToeul moswavleSi yalibdeba urTierT/TviTSefasebis unar-Cvevac: moswavle aqtiurad iRebs mo­na­wileobas
gakveTilis srulyofaSi, problemebis gamoyofasa da Sefasebis kriteriumebis/sqemis SedgenaSi.
mocemuli msjelobidan gamomdinareobs gakveTilis dagegmvis aseTi sqema:
gakveTilze misaRwevi Sedegi → indikatorebi
↓
mizani/miznebi
↓
aqtivobebi (organizacia, dro)
↓
resursebi (klasisa da TiToeuli moswavlisTvis)
↓
Sefaseba
momavalSi Cven gamoviyenebT TiToeuli gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrils:
saswavlo
miznebi
Tema
aqtivobebi
moswavlis
organizeba
drois
ganawileba
resursebi
SemowmebaSefaseba
cxrilis SedgenaSi dagexmarebaT yoveli gakveTilis win da bolos saazrovno unarebis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad sakuTari TavisTvis dasmuli kiTxvebi:
1. ra masalas iswavlian, romel qmedebebs Seasruleben moswavleebi, ra Sedegs unda mivaRwio, Sefasebis romeli forma SevarCio?
2. rogor vamuSao moswavleebi miznis misaRwevad. ras gavakeTeb me da ras gaakeTeben Cemi moswavleebi?
3. risTvis da visTvis gaakeTeben amas moswavleebi?
4. ratom SevarCie aseTi aqtivobebi? kidev romeli aqtivobebis gamoyeneba SemiZlia? ratom SevarCieT msgavsi/gansxvavebuli aqtivobebi me da saxelmZRvanelos avtorma?
5. ra moxdeba, Tu aqtivobebis raodenobas/Tanmimdevrobas Sevcvli da savarjiSoebs azrobrivad gavaerTianeb? riT davasabuTeb Cems arCevans?
6. romel da ramden moswavleze velodebodi Sedegis (miznis) miRwevas da ra miviRe? ra cvlilebebis
Setanas mTxovs miRweuli Sedegi (Sefaseba)?
17
Sefasebis axali sistema da
rekomendaciebi SefasebisTvis
Sefaseba aris monitoringisa da Semowmebis Sedegebis gansjis safuZvelze gamotanili daskvna, romliTac fiqsirdeba moswavleTa progresi garkveul etapze.
monitoringi TiToeuli moswavlis warmatebisaTvis mudmivi Tvalyuris devnebisa da faqtebis mogrovebis procesia. Semowmeba dakvirvebis procesia, romliTac grovdeba monacemebi swavlis procesis zogadi
winsvlisa da TiToeuli moswavlis warmatebis Sesaxeb.
saswavlo praqtikaSi kargad aris cnobili Semowmebis formebi, xerxebi da saSualebebi.
formebi: zepiri, werilobiTi, konkretul situaciaSi moqmedebis aRniSvniT…
xerxebi: dakvirveba, saubari, gamokiTxva, konsultacia, gamocda, CaTvla.
saSualebebi: testebi, kiTxvarebi, dakvirvebis Sedegad portfolioSi dagrovili monacemebi, namuSev­rebis
krebulebi, proeqtebi...
monitoringisa da Semowmebis safuZvelze xdeba moswavlis Sefaseba.
axali midgomis Sesabamisad fasdeba ara marto informaciis floba moswavlis mier, aramed SeZenili unarCvevebi, azrovnebis demonstrirebis formebi, prezentaciebi, saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis xarisxi, sagakveTilo
procesSi CarTuloba jgufuri muSaobisa Tu sxva tipis aqtivobebis mixedviT.
savaraudod, bunebismetyvelebaSi Sefasebis wriuli diagramis Semadgeneli komponentebi XI klasSi ase
SeiZleba gamoisaxos. 10%-s irCevs moswavle:
sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba 30%
proeqti 15%
1
4
saklaso samuSao 30%
2
3
saSinao davaleba 15%
diagramidan Cans, rom Sefasebis mniSvnelovani elementi xdeba moswavlis praqtikuli unar-Cvevebi da
zogadi unarebi.
Sefasebis TiToeuli komponenti moicavs garkveuli unarebis Sefasebis saWiroebas, es unarebi ki fasdeba
interaqtiuli gakveTilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli aqtivobebiT.
magaliTad, Sefasebis axali sistemis erT-erTi komponentia proeqti. am komponentSi fasdeba moswvlis
argumentirebuli msjelobis, azris Camoyalibebis, komunikaciisa da SemoqmedebiTobis una­­rebi. am unarebis Sesafaseblad gakveTilze unda daigegmos iseTi aqtivobebi, romlebic saSualebas miscems moswavles,
mravalmxrivad warmoadginos Segrovili monacemebi, adekvaturad gamoiyenos terminebi, SeZlos urTierToba
auditoriasTan kvlevis Sedegebis, proeqtis, saSinao davalebisa Tu individualuri (jgufuri) namuSevris
prezentaciisas.
Sefasebis komponentSi `sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba~ yuradRebis mobilizebis, problemis dasma/
gadaWris, TanamSromlobisa da kvleviTi unarebi fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT: eqsperimentis Catareba,
eqsperimentis dagegmva, usafrTxoebis wesebis Seqmna, problemis gadasaWrelad kiTxvebis dasma, varaudebis gamoTqma, dasabuTeba, sakiTxisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebis gamoxatva, modelis Seqmna, proeqtis
momzadeba, saklaso diskusiaSi monawileoba da sxva. Sefasebis komponenti `Semaja­mebeli samuSaoebi~ iTvaliswinebs miRebuli codnis Sejamebis, analizis, sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSi­rebis, daskvnis gamotanis, drois
limitis dacvisa da namuSevris organizebis unaris, agreTve weriTi unar-Cvevis Sefasebas.
amis miRweva SesaZlebelia iseTi aqtivobiT, rogoricaa damoukidebeli weriTi da teqsturi davalebebis
Sesruleba da Temis konceptualuri rukis Sedgena.
axali midgomebis ganxorcielebisTvis Zalze sainteresoa aqtivobebi: informaciis moZieba, analizi,
sxvadasxva sainformacio wyaros gamoyeneba, mokle da grZelvadiani proeqtebis, modelebisa da kolaJebis
momzadeba, martivi kvlevebis Catareba, weriTi samuSaoebi da sxva. am aqtivobebiT fasdeba Sefasebis komponenti `saSinao davaleba~. es komponenti iTvaliswinebs dakvirvebis, aRweris, klasificirebis, modelirebis,
weris, namuSevris organizebis, SemoqmedebiTobis unarebis Sefasebas.
18
trimestruli Sefaseba aucileblad sxvadasxva komponentis Sefasebidan gamomdinareobs. sasurvelia,
am Sefasebas Tan komentarebic daerTos.
sami trimestruli Sefasebis safuZvelze gamoiyvaneba sagnis/sagnobrivi jgufis wliuri Sefaseba moswavlis progresisa Tu regresis gaTvaliswinebiT.
erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili sagnis trimestruli, wliuri, saerTo-wliuri
da saerTo safexuris niSnebis weris sistemebi. dadgenilia zogadi Sefasebis principebi, SemuSavebulia
Sefasebis kriteriumebi. es kriteriumebi im misaRwevi Sedegebidan gamomdinareobs, romlebsac maswavlebeli
isaxavs miznad gakveTilis (an Temis) Seswavlisas.
niSnebisa da swavlis doneebis Sefardebis cxrili ki mocemulia erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi.
trimestruli, wliuri da safexuris Sefasebebis safuZvelze xdeba moswavlis akademiuri miRwevis
aRiareba. amitom Sefasebis am saxeebs oficialuri statusi aqvs.
arsebobs Sefasebis mimdinare saxeebi (winaswari, ganmeorebiTi, yoveldRiuri, perioduli da sxva). es
swavlisTvis gankuTvnili Sefasebis saxeebia da maswavlebels SeuZlia, TviTon gansazRv­ros, ra formiT
aRricxavs mimdinare Sefasebis Sedegebs da Seagrovebs informacias moswavlis warmatebis Sesaxeb.
yvela skola adgens Sefasebis ZiriTad principebs da maswavlebeli winaswar acnobs moswavleebs, ra kriteriumebiT fasdeba maTi TiToeuli saswavlo aqtivoba.
interaqtiuli gakveTilis struqtura, misi elementebi da aqtivobebi saSualebas iZleva, sistematurad
ganxorcieldes gakveTilebze moswavleTa Sefasebis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa:
• maswavleblis mier moswavlis Sefaseba;
• moswavleebis mier urTierTSefaseba;
• moswavlis mier TviTSefaseba.
es exmareba moswavles, gaaanalizos, ris swavla SeuZlia da ra sferoSi sWirdeba codnis gaumjobeseba.
maswavlebels ki saSualebas aZlevs, gaiTvaliswinos daSvebuli uzustobebi da dagegmos swavleba/
swavlis aqtivobebi moswavleTa saWiroebebisa da moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
Sefasebis axali sistema Zalze mniSvnelovania skolisTvisac. skola iRebs obieqtur informacias moswavleTa
progresisa Tu regresis Sesaxeb da gegmavs aqtivobebs Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis.
maswavleblis mier moswavlis Sefasebis xerxebi yvela maswavleblisTvis kargad aris cnobili. SedarebiT
problemuria moswavleTa TviTSefasebisa da urTierTSefasebis principebis dadgena wyvilebSi an jgufebSi
muSaobisas. gTavazobT or kiTxvars, romelic gankuTvnilia gundis TiToeuli wevris TviTSefasebisa da gundis
mier sakuTari naSromis TviTSefasebisTvis reitinguli sistemiT.
TviTSefasebis kiTxvari jgufis TiToeuli wevrisTvis. TviTSefasebisas gaiTvaliswineT:
1. ra gaakeTeT an TqviT iseTi, rac Tqvens jgufs, rogorc erT mTlianobas, daexmara samuSaos Ses­
ru­lebaSi?
2. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad nayofierad imuSava gundma, rogorc erTma mTlianobam da ras TvliT amis mizezad?
3. ras gaakeTebdiT momavalSi sxvanairad, gundis meti efeqturobisTvis?
4. ra iyo yvelaze kargi ram, rac Tqveni erToblivi muSaobisas gamo­ikveTa?
5. kmayofili xarT Tqveni wvliliT? ras grZnobT samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg?
Sevsebul kiTxvars moawereT xeli, miuTiTeT klasi, dRe da ricxvi.
TviTSefasebis kiTxvari, rodesac gundi axdens sakuTari naSromis Sefasebas reitinguli sistemiT. instruqcia: jgufma, rogorc erTma mTlianobam, upasuxos sam mocemul SekiTxvas da xuT an aTbalian skalaze
Seafasos Tavisi namuSevari.
1. miaRwieT Tu ara maswavleblis mier dasaxul mizans?
2. ra iyo Tqveni gundis yvelaze didi miRweva?
3. ra iyo Tqveni erToblivi muSaobis xarvezi da nakli?
pasuxebis mixedviT reitinguli sistemiT SeafaseT Tqveni Sromis Sedegi mocemul skalaze:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tqveni azriT, ratom jobs Sefasebis aTquliani skala?
19
gTavazobT savaraudo Sefasebis cxrilebs Sefasebis yvelaze farTod
gamoyenebuli komponentebisTvis
Sefasebis sqema prezentacisTvis:
1
2
3
4
Sedegebi
kvlevis miznis
Camo­yalibeba/dasabuTeba
muSaoba instruqciis
Sesabamisad
1-3 qula
ver ayalibebs
sworad
ar SeuZlia
sworad
4-5 qula
ayalibebs,
magram
ver asabuTebs
nawilobriv
SeuZlia
6-7 qula
ayalibebs da
nawilobriv
asabuTebs
SeuZlia
8-10 qula
ayalibebs da
asabuTebs srulyofilad
SeuZlia
msjeloba mosalodnel Sedegebze
varaudebis Camoya­
libeba/dasabuTeba
`_~
`_~
`_~
`_~
ver ayalibebs
sworad
ayalibebs,
magram
ver asabuTebs
zogierTs
CamoTvlis
ayalibebs da
nawi­lobriv
asabuTebs
aRwers, magram
usistemod
ayalibebs da asabuTebs
srulyofilad
akeTebs nawi­
lobriv sworad
akeTebs ZiriTad daskvnebs
akeTebs daskvnebs
originalurad da asabuTebs srulfasov­nad
5
kvlevis procesis
etapebis aRwera
ver aRwers
sworad
6
daskvnis gamotana
ar SeuZlia
sworad
CamoTvlis da aRwers
srulad
Sefasebis sqema namuSevris (modelebis) prezentaciisTvis
Sedegebi
1-3 qula
Sesavlis gakeTeba
ar aris/uinteresoa
namuSevris warmodgena
ulogikod/bundovnad
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
20
saubari
daskvnis gamotana
komunikaciis unari
gaugebrad
ver gamoaqvs
sworad
uWirs
TvalsaCino masalis
gamoyeneba
iyenebs mwirad
da Seusabamod
pasuxi dasmul
SekiTxvebze
uWirs
4-5 qula
6-7 qula
sainteresod
aris mowodebuli
8-10 qula
moZiebuli aqvs damatecdilobs, msbiTi masala, romelic
meneli daainmsmenelis interess
teresos
iwvevs
logikurad, naTlad,
nawilobriv yvelas pasuxobs
gasagebad, TvalsaCinod
gasagebad
darwmunebiT
mcire xarveze- gasagebad, gamarTulad,
biT, gasagebad,
darwmunebiT
gamarTulad
gaumarTavia,
logikurad,
logikurad, Camoyalcdilobs, gamkargad
ibebuli, originalurad
oitanos
Camoyalibebuli
kargad amyarebs da
periodulad
amyarebs
dadebiTad ganawyobs
cdilobs
msmenels
nawilobriv
gasagebad
iyenebs mwirad
da Sesabamisad
iyenebs kargad
iyenebs kargad, originalurad, SemoqmedebiTad
ver scems
gamarTulad
pasuxobs
umravlesobas
yvelas pasuxobs darwmunebiT
praqtikuli samuSaos Sefasebis kriteriumebi
organizebuloba
SemoqmedebiToba
· saWiro xelsawyos
(nawilis) amorCeva.
· reaqtivebis SerCeva.
· drois limitis dacva.
· masalis (teqnikis) efeq· urTierTdaxmareba.
turad gmoyeneba.
· funqciebis ganawi­leba.
· adekvaturi komen­tarebis · msjeloba mosa­lod­­nel
gakeTeba kvlevis SedegeSedegebze.
bis gadmosacemad.
· sxvadasxva xerxebis
gamoyeneba analizis Sedegebis gadmosace­mad.
1-10 qula
1-10 qula
1-10 qula
Sedegebi
xelsawyo-reaqtivebis SerCeva
_
1-3 qula
ver irCevs
_
TanamSromloba
4-5 qula
nawilobriv sworad irCevs
_
6-7 qula
irCevs
_
kvleviTi
unar-Cvevebi
· kvlevis miznis dasaxva.
· muSaoba ins­truq­ciis
Sesabamisad.
· usafrTxoebis wesebis
SemuSaveba da dacva.
1-10 qula
8-10 qula
miznobrivad sworad irCevs
_
algoriTmze samuSao aqtivobebis Sefasebis sqema
1
2
Sedegebi
muSaobis Tanmimdevroba algoriTmis
Sesabamisad
terminologiis
floba
1-3 qula
ar icavs
4-5 qula
nawilobriv
icavs
6-7 qula
ZiriTadad
icavs
8-10 qula
SemoqmedebiTad icavs
ar flobs
nawilobriv
flobs
ZiriTadad
flobs
srulyofilad flobs
warmoebs, mag­ram
SI sis­temis er­
Te­ulebs ver
iyenebs
aamzadebs
ZiriTadad
awarmoebs
srulyofilad awarmoebs, SeuZlia
sidideebs Soris kavSirebis damyareba
amzadebs sxvadasxva
Sedgenilobis xsnarebs
3
gamoTvlebisas SI
sistemis erTeulebis gamoyeneba
ver awarmoebs
4
xsnarebis damzadeba
ver amzadebs
5
codnis praqtikuli
gamoyeneba
ar SeuZlia
adekvaturi komentarebis gakeTeba
`_~
6
mxolod instruqciis
Sesabamisad
nawilobriv
SeuZlia
amzadebs
sworad
sworad
SeuZlia
`_~
SemoqmedebiTad da
originalurad SeuZlia
`_~
21
Sefasebis sqema referatis, proeqtis prezentaciisTvis
1
2
Sedegebi
Sesavali
1-3 qula
ar aris
Temis warmodgena ulogikoa, bundovania
3
saubari
fragmentulia,
gaumarTavia
4
TvalsaCinoeba
ar iyenebs
5
pasuxi SekiTxvaze
uWirs
6
daskvna
cdilobs
22
4-5 qula
uinteresoa
6-7 qula
sainteresoa
nawilobriv
gasagebia
logikuria, SeiniSneba xarvezebi
8-10 qula
moZiebulia damatebiTi
saintereso masala
SesavlisTvis
logikuria, naTelia,
gasagebia
xSirad Cerdeba, orWofobs,
ime­­orebs
sityvebs
iyenebs
mwirad
logikuria,
gamarTulad
saubrobs
logikuria, kargad
Camoyalibebulia, originaluria
Sesabamisad
iyenebs cxrilebs, naxatebsa
da diagramebs
gaumarTavia gamarTulad pasuxobs ZiriTad
kiTxvebs
gaumarTavi da
logikuria,
ulogikoa
Camoyalibebulia kargad
masalas warmoadgens
vizualurad axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT
yvela kiTxvas pasuxobs
originalurad, sainteresod
Camoyalibebulia kargad, logikurad, originalurad
VIII. damatebiTi masala maswavleblebisaTvis
rogor mzaddeba/iwereba referati
referati (laT. `refero~ _ vauwyeb) aris samecniero an Tematuri naSromis mokle werilobiTi an zepiri gadmocema.
misi moculoba 4-6 gverdis farglebSi meryeobs. referatSi ar SeiZleba ubralod pirvelwyaroSi mocemuli nawilebis gadawera. dasmuli problemis gadaWris gzebi, moZiebuli informacia, momzadebuli TvalsaCinoeba moswavlis naazrevi unda iyos da, Tu romelime wyarodan
monakveTis miTiTebaa saWiro, aucilebelia avtoris/wyaros citireba.
referatis sturqtura zogadad ase SeiZleba warmo­vidginoT:
a) Sesavali _ sadac vasabuTebT Temis arCevans, mis aqtualurobas, CamovayalibebT miznebsa
da amocanebs, mokled mimovixilavT literaturas.
b) ZiriTadi nawili _ nabij-nabij vxsniT Temas, vadasturebT naTqvams cifrebiT, faqtebiT an citatebiT. yoveli struqturuli erTeuli (Tavi, paragrafi) sruldeba mokle
daskvniT.
g) daskvna _ TemasTan dakavSirebiT vayalibebT zogad daskvnebs. uarvyofT an veTanxmebiT
wyaroTa avtorebis poziciebs da gamovTqvamT sakuTar mosazrebas problemis gadaWrasTan
dakavSirebiT.
referatisTvis sruli saxis misacemad saWiroa misi gaformeba.
referatis gaformeba:
satitulo furceli moicavs informacias saswavlo dawesebulebis Sesaxeb. ewereba sagani/
saganTa jgufi, referatis saTauri, Semsruleblis da maswavleblis vinaoba. satitulo furceli
ar inomreba.
Sinaarsi _ struqturuli erTeulebis Sinaarsi gverdebis miTiTebiT.
ZiriTadi teqsti:
a) Sesavali;
b) ZiriTadi nawili;
g) daskvna.
literaturis sia _ wyaroebis dasaxeleba sruli bibliografiuli monacemebis miTiTebiT.
rodesac cnobilia yvela etapi, Temas, sirTulidan gamomdinare, unda daeTmos vadebi, romelSic amis gakeTeba zedmeti Zalisxmevis gareSe moxerxdeba. mag., Tu moswavle sareferatod irCevs
Temas atomis struqturis Sesaxeb, mas SeiZleba erTi kvira mieces, magram Tu atomis struqturis Sesaxeb arsebul warmodgenebs Soris paralelebis gavleba uwevs, maSin refe­ratisTvis
gamoyofili dro unda gaizardos. sasurvelia, moewyos Sualeduri ganxilva, raTa naSromi
ukeTesi gamovi­des.
kriteriumebi, romelTa safuZvelze fasdeba referati
1.
mizani/Tezisi _ kvlevis Sedegad gamoTqmuli ZiriTadi idea
2
referatis organizeba
3.
Sinaarsis koreqtuloba, faqtobrivi saimedooba
4.
enobrivi gamarTuloba
5.
kvleva
6.
ilustraciebi/TvalsaCinoeba
7.
SeTavazebuli mosazrebis argumentebiTa da magaliTebiT gamyareba
8.
daskvnebi
23
jgufuri muSaoba
jgufuri muSaoba maSin aris efeqtiani, rodesac jgufis wevrebi maT mierve winaswar
Sedgenili wesebis dacviT muSaoben. es imitom xdeba, rom samuSaos monawileni TavianT mier
Sedgenil wesebs ufro asruleben, vidre maswavleblis mier dakanonebuls.
rogor SevimuSaoT jgufuri muSaobis wesebi?
SemoxazeT raime figura dafaze carciT (plakatze flomasteriT). sTxoveT moswavleebs,
figuris SigniT Caweron, maTi azriT, jgufSi muSaobisTvis sasargeblo sityva/simbolo/mokle
winadadeba. figuris gareT daweron is, rac sazianoa.
savaraudod miviRebT aseT suraTs:
vakeToT, visac
ra mogvesurveba
visaubroT yvelam
erTad
♦ davicvaT drois limiti
♦ vimuSaoT mxolod sakiTxze
♦ vecadoT, warmovadginoT namuSevari gamarTuli qimiuri eniT
♦ yvelam SevitanoT wvlili davalebis SesrulebaSi
♦ erTad SevarCioT ilustraciebi
♦ movusminoT erTmaneTs, davicvaT rigiToba
♦ erTad SevarCioT prezentatori, romlic mTavar ideebs warmoadgens
♦ gavuziaroT erTmaneTs ideebi da informacia
♦ yvelam miviRoT monawileoba diskusiaSi
♦ viTanamSromloT
prezentatori
yovelTvis erTi da
igive iyos
erTma imuSaos, danarCenebma wvlili
ar Seitanon
prezentatorma gamoTqvas mxolod sakuTari da ara
jgufSi Camoyalibebuli mosazreba
cxrilSi mocemuli Sedegebi da maTi Sefasebis kriteriumebi sanimuSoa. darwmunebuli
varT, Tqven da Tqveni moswavleebi sakuTari Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare, daamatebT an
gamoaklebT Sedegebs da SeusabamebT TiToeuls Sefasebis kriteriumebs.
Tqven mier Seqmnili sqema morgebuli iqneba jgufis SesaZleblobebs, interesebsa da
saWiroebebs da urTierT/TviTSefaseba ganxorcieldeba obieqturad, yovelgvari konfliqtis
gareSe.
roca yvela gamoTqmuli azri werilobiT Camoyalibdeba, vTxovoT moswavleebs, Seadginon sqema, romelSic moce­muli iqneba jgufuri muSaobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi. sqemaSi
CamoTvlili iqneba jgufSi muSa­obisas misaRwevi ramdenime mniSvnelovani Sedegi. TiToeuli
Sedegis gaswvriv ki mieTiTeba qulebi _ ra SemTxvevaSi romel qulas daimsaxurebs jgufi
(yvela wevri).
jgufuri muSaobis Sefasebisas cxrilis nimuSi daiwereba plakatze da gamoikvreba klasSi
Tval­saCino adgilas mxolod muSaobis procesSi.
plakatis Sedgenisas figuris SigniT mocemuli msgavsi mosazrebebi SegiZliaT gaaerTianoT
da 5-6 ZiriTad Sedegamde daiyvanoT.
24
jgufuri muSaobis Sefasebis cxrili (sanimuSo)
Sedegebi
1-3 qula
4-5 qula
6-7 qula
8-10 qula
1.
monawile­
oba davalebis
Sesrule­­baSi
romelime mu­­
Saobs, da­­
narCenebi _ ara.
jgufis ramdenime wevri
monawileobs.
jgufis yvela wevri
monawileobs.
jgufis wevrebi
inawileben
funqciebs da
monawileoben.
2.
TanamSromloba
yvela, rac surs,
imas akeTebs.
erTi, rasac sa­
Wi­rod CaT­vlis,
imas akeTebs.
ucvlian erTmaneTs ideebs da
Tanam­Srom­loben.
ucvlian erTmaneTs ideebs
sagnobrivad
marTebulad,
inawi­leben fun­
qciebs da Tanam­
Sromloben.
3.
diskusiaSi
monawi­leoba
erTi war­mar­Tavs
disku­si­as, sxvebi
pa­si­urebi arian.
diskusias war­
marTaven Zlieri
monawileebi.
yvela monawi­
leobs diskusiaSi.
ZiriTad
sakiTxze diskusiaSi yvelas
Tanabari pirobebi aqvs Seqmnili.
4.
namuSevris prezentacia
usistemoa,
ulogi­koa, araa
gamoyo­fili mTavari ideebi.
nawilobriv sis­­­
temuria, logikuria, magram
ver gamoiyofa
ZiriTadi ideebi.
logikuria,
sistemuria,
warmoCeni­lia
mTavari ideebi.
logikuria,
siste­muria,
warmoCenilia
mTa­vari ideebi,
arTme­ven Tavs
kritikul SeniSvnebs.
5.
mosmena/rigiToba
cudad usme­
nen erTma­neTs,
rigiTo­bas ar
icaven.
cdiloben mous­
minon erTmaneTs,
uWirT rigiTobis dacva.
usmenen erTmaneTs, icaven
rigiTobas.
usmenen erTmaneTs, uziareben
azrs, erTad
iReben gadaw­
yvetilebas,
saub­ro­ben rigiTobis dacviT.
6.
____
____
____
____
____
25
rogor gamoviyenoT saxelmZRvanelo
rCevebi maswavlebels
Zvirfaso kolegebi!
TiToeul Tqvengans aqvs qimiis gakveTilebis dagegmvis, warmarTvisa da Sefasebis garkveuli gamocdileba.
maswavleblis profesiuli standarti (1. muxli 2) gansazRvravs standartebs _ ra unda
icodes da ris gakeTeba unda SeeZlos profesional maswavlebels.
erovnuli saswavlo gegma (2) is dokumentia, romelic qimiis maswavlebels mianiSnebs, ra
codnas SeiZenen, ra unar-Cvevebs gamoimuSaveben da ra Rirebulebebs eziarebian mosawavleebi
qimiis Seswavlisas TiToeul klasSi.
qimiis maswavleblis profesiuli standarti (3) adgens maswavleblis kompetenciebs qimiis
codnasa da misi swavlebis meTodikaSi. igi gansazRvravs maswavleblis profesiuli SesaZleblobebis srulyofis mimarTulebebs. maTgan ZiriTadia:
• kvlevebsa da aRmoCenebze dafuZnebuli saswavlo meTodebis gamoyeneba.
• klasis marTvis demokratiuli stili da swavlis efeqtiani strategiebis SerCeva.
• interaqtiuli gakveTilis dagegmva, warmarTva da Sefaseba.
swored am mimarTulebebs iTvaliswinebs XI klasis qimiis saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi da
struqtura.
saxelmZRvanelos I nawilSi ganxilulia zogadi qimiis sakiTxebi, II nawilSi ki _ qimiuri
elementebi da maTi naerTebi. I nawilis Seswavlisas SeTvisebul ZiriTad cnebebsa da kanonzomierebebs aqtiurad viyenebT qimiuri elementebis Seswavlisas (deduqciuri midgoma).
zogadi nawili moicavs 4 Temas. TiToeuli Tema iwyeba SesavliT da saswavlo miznebis gansazRvriT. grZeldeba ramdenime paragrafiT, romelTa Sinaarsi srul SesabamisobaSia standartis
misaRwev SedegebTan (ix. Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka.) da sruldeba Temis SejamebiT.
SesavalSi mocemulia detalebi, romlebic asaxavs, moswavleTaTvis nacnob romel sakiTxebs da
sabaziso codnas efuZnebs Temis Seswavla. XI klasSi bevria iseTi sakiTxi, romelTanac moswavles
pirvelad ar uwevs Sexvedra. maT garkveuli warmodgena aqvT atomze, atomebidan molekulebis
warmoqmnaze, qimiuri reaqciebis klasifikaciis niSnebsa Tu mimdinareobis pirobebze.
wina klasebSi SeZenili codnisa da gamocdilebis aqtualizacia iqneba `xidi Zvelsa da axals~ Soris da gauadvilebs maswavlebels Sesaswavli Temis saswavlo miznebis dasaxvas. amitom
yvela Temis Sesavali ara marto axsenebs moswavleebs wina klasebSi naswavl masalas, aramed
maTgan garkveul saswavlo aqtivobebsac moiTxovs. magaliTad, I Temis SesavalSi mocemuli
ilustrirebuli masala im mecnierTa Sesaxeb, romelTac wvlili Seitanes atomis aRnagobis SeswavlaSi, samotivacio aqtivobacaa, romelic daafiqrebs moswavleebs, ratom mohyva
nobelis premiebis `foierverki~ atomis Seswavlas da daexmareba maT, ukeT warmoidginon
Temis saswavlo miznebi. amave dros es gverdi aris samuSao cnobaric, romlis safuZvelze
moswavleebi Seavseben droiTi Tanmimdevrobis sqemas. am ukanasknels ki gamoiyeneben Temis
Seswavlisas referatis mosamzadeblad, Tu rogor ganviTarda warmodgenebi atomis Sesaxeb
(rogor iwereba referati ix. danarTi). referatis Tema SeiZleba TviTon moswavleebma airCion. magaliTad, referatis Tema SeiZleba iyos drois wrfis analizi, SesaZloa, moswavleTa
yuradReba miipyros im faqtma, ratom mohyva nobelis premiebis `foierverki~ am gamokvlevebs
da maT SeiZleba gaaanalizon kidec, ra mniSvneloba hqonda am aRmoCenebs bunebismetyvelebisa
da zogadad kacobriobisaTvis.
referatis daweris procesSi maswavlebeli moswavleebs gaacnobs (kidev erTxel) referatis daweris wess, miuTiTebs xelmisawvdom wyaroebs, literaturas an urCevs, sad moiZion
isini. radgan Temis paragrafebSi `nabij-nabij~ xdeba am mecnierTa Rvawlis ganxilva, periodulad maswavlebeli akeTebs komentarebs, riTac mianiSnebs moswavleebs, rom Seswavlili
masalis elementebi referatis dasawerad gamoiyenon. saWiroa, maswavlebelma daakonkretos,
26
rom moswavleebma TviTon unda gadawyviton, ras asaxaven am referatSi: mecnierTa pirovnul
Tvisebebs Tu im Rvawls, romelic maT Seitanes atomis Sedgenilobis dadgenaSi. referatebis
klasisTvis gacnoba moxdeba Semajamebel gakveTilze `referatis prezentacia~ specialurad
referatisTvis winaswar gamzadebuli da moswavleTaTvis cnobili Sefasebis rubrikiT. imis
miuxedavad, rom moswavleebi atomis Temaze muSaobdnen, referatebi aucileblad gansxvavebuli aRmoCndeba da namuSevrebis gacnobiT moswavleebi gaifarToeben codnas. rodesac moswavleebi maswavleblis rekomendaciebiTa da miTiTebebiT TavianT gonebriv SesaZleblobebs
warmoaCenen, gonebrivi sqemebi yovelTvis gansxvavebulia da swored am gansxvavebis warmoCenaa
Cveni mizani. imisda mixedviT, ra sabaziso codna moepovebaT moswavleebs, Sesavali masalac
gansxvavebul mizans isaxavs, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi igi Zvelsa da axals Soris xidis gadebas emsaxureba. es, Tavis mxriv, gvexmareba, axali masalis Seswavla ukve arsebul codnasa
da gamocdilebaze davafuZnoT.
Sesavali informaciis Semdeg yvelaze mniSvnelovania Temis saswavlo miznebisa da mosalodneli Sedegebis gacnoba. am gverdze aRwerilia, ras gaakeTeben Temis Seswavlisas moswavleebi da ras SeZleben Temis dasrulebis Semdeg. saswavlo miznebis gacnobis dros, Temis
dawyebis win, kargi iqneba, Tu maswavlebeli gaacnobs moswavleebs axali masalis organizebis
wesebs. magaliTad, romeli meTodebiTa da strategiebiT miaRweven mizans (referatis daweriT, Canawerebis (reziumeebis) gakeTebiT, drois Tanmimdevrobis sqemis SevsebiT, proeqtze
muSaobiT, TanamSromlobiT swavliT, erToblivi kvleviT da a. S.).
qimiis Seswavla SeuZlebelia problemuri kiTxvebisa da davalebebis gareSe. Cveni saxelmZRvanelos yvela TavSi aris masala, romelSic problemis kvleva da misi gadawyvetis gza
moiTxoveba. maswavlebels vurCevT, saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli davalebebi Tavisi klasis
SesaZleblobebs moargos da ise SearCios moswavleTa organizebis forma. wina klasis saxelmZRvanelosgan gansxvavebiT, Cvens saxelmZRvaneloSi Segnebulad ar vuTiTebT moswavleTa
organizebis formas da amis gadawyvetas maswavlebels mivandobT. Tu gansaxilveli sakiTxi
moicavs problemas, vurCevT, dagegmos muSaoba wyvilebsa da jgufebSi. wyvilebSi muSaobisas
upiratesad urTierTswavleba da urTierTSefaseba xorcieldeba, jgufebSi muSaobisas ki
_ problemis gadawyvetis yvelaze misaRebi xerxis moZieba. magaliTad, II Temis Sejamebisas
moswavleebma unda SeZlon qimiuri reaqciebis Sesaxeb Zveli da axali codnis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebac da TanamSromlobis unar-Cvevis gamomuSavebac. amitom Cveni Semajamebeli
muSaoba aseTi instruqciiT mimdinareobs: imuSaveT wyvilad. CamowereT TqvenTvis nacnobi
qimiuri reaqciebis tolobebi, moifiqreT maTi klasifikaciis yvelaze misaRebi xerxi da
monacemebi sqemis saxiT warmoadgineT. Semdeg mewyvile SeicvaleT da Tqveni namuSevrebi
erTmaneTs gaacaniT.
am muSaobis Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad dafaze (an qaRaldis formatze)
adgens qimiuri reaqciebis klasifikaciis yvelasTvis misaReb sqemas da yuradRebas miaqcevs,
ratom aris mniSvnelovani qimiuri reaqciebis Jangvis ricxvis cvlilebis mixedviT dajgufeba.
axla ramdenime rCeva konkretul paragrafebSi gamoyenebuli strategiebis Sesaxeb.
TiTqmis yvela paragrafi iwyeba problemuri kiTxviT an situaciuri amocaniT da sruldeba
saSinao davalebiT. dasawyisi garkveuli xarisxiT samotivacioa. Cveni mizania, am kiTxvebiT
maswavlebelma sxvadasxva sakiTxebs miapyros yuradReba. zog kiTxvaze Tavidanve SeuZliaT
arasruli pasuxi gascen (bevr sakiTxs XI klasSi moswavle meored an mesamed xvdeba), amitom
sainteresoa msjeloba Sinaarsis gaazrebis win. Sinaarsis gaazrebis Semdeg maswavlebeli
aucileblad unda daubrundes paragrafis dasawyisSi Savi SriftiT gamoyofil kiTxvebs da
daakvirdes, rogor SeZles moswavleebma sawyisi codnis gafarToeba, axali codnis aTviseba
an praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis SeZena. msjeloba Sinaarsis gaazrebis win da Semdeg is efeqtiani
strategiebia, romlis gamoyenebas sistematurad, TiTqmis yvela gakveTilze girCevT.
XI klasis moswavleebisTvis inteleqtis ganviTarebas formaluri operaciebi ganapirobebs, amitom Zalian efeqturia klasSi iseTi muSaoba, rodesac moswavleebi jer informacias iazreben, Semdeg eqsperiments gegmaven, saTanado reaqtivebsa da xelsawyoebs arCeven,
hipoTezas gamoTqvamen da Semdeg mis Sesamowmeblad eqsperiments atareben. bolos eqsperi-
27
mentis Sedegebs maTTvis sasurveli formiT warmoadgenen (reziumeTi, sqemiT, cxrilebiT,
diagramebiT, fotoebiT da a. S.). amitom saxelmZRvaneloSi, imis miuxedavad, rom zogad
nawilSi abstraqtuli azrovnebisTvis gankuTvnili Teoriuli sakiTxebi ixileba, mravlad aris
praqtikuli samuSaoebi. praqtikiT dadgenilia, rom erTi an ori praqtikuli mecadineoba ver
uzrunvelyofs kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebas. CvenTan yoveli momdevno praqtikuli
mecadineoba aviTarebs moswavleTa unar-Cvevas. gansxvavebulia muSaobis meTodikac. Tu wina
klasebSi muSaoba dafuZnebuli iyo konkretul operaciebze (keTebaze), XI klasSi moswavleebi
jer gonebaSi gaiazreben problemas, dasaxaven misi gadawyvetis gzas da Semdeg asabuTeben
TavianT arCevans. magaliTad, Tema `Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi~ datvirTulia praqtikuli
samuSaoebiT. Tavdapirvelad moswavleebi algoriTmis gamoyenebiT ecnobian reaqciebis arss,
mocemuli instruqciis mixedviT Caatareben TvisebiT reaqciebs tipuri mJangavebisa da aRmdgenebis gamosacnobad da bolos damoukideblad gamoikvleven maTTvis ucnobi natriumis
sulfitis Termuli daSlis Jangva-aRdgenis reaqcias. moswavleTa jgufs kvleviTi samuSaos
Sesrulebas vTxovT.
ivaraudeT, ra moxdeba, Tu Na2SO3-is fxvnils sinjaraSi moaTavsebT da 3-5 wuTs spirtquris
alze frTxilad gaacxelebT (?? frTxilad, sinjara ganuwyvetliv amoZraveT, rom ar gaskdes).
wamoayeneT hipoTezebi, daurTeT axsna-ganmartebebi. Semdeg CaatareT cdebi da praqtikulad daadgineT, Tqveni hipoTezebidan romelia swori. gamoitaneT daskvna. pasuxi reaqciaTa
tolobiT daasabuTeT. (§3-9).
es sakmaod rTuli davalebaa. moswavleebs problemaze muSaoba rom ar gauWirdeT, arsebobs ramdenime strategia, romliTac maswavlebeli maT swori gzis arCevaSi daexmareba.
maTgan erT-erTia problemis gadasaWreli specialuri kiTxvari (romelsac xSirad gamoiyenebs sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi).
savaraudod, kiTxvaris Sinaarsi aseTia:
1. CamoayalibeT, ra mizans unda miaRwioT.
(unda gavigo, aris Tu ara marilis daSla Jangva-aRdgenis reaqcia.)
2. aRwereT, ra giqmniT problemas.
(ar vici, daiSleba Tu ara marili, Tu daiSleba, romeli produqtebi miiReba da rogor
unda gamovikvlioT miRebuli produqtebi TvisebiTi reaqciebiT).
3. gansazRvreT arsebuli problemis gadaWris saSualebebi.
(SeiZleba vnaxo cnobarSi, gaxurebiT iSleba Tu ara marili, SeiZleba daSlisas warmoiqmnas Sesabamisi fuZe da mJava oqsidebi, SeiZleba, radgan gogirdi Sualeduri Jangvis
ricxviTaa, moxdes Siga molekuluri Jangva-aRdgena, Tu aseTi ram moxda, unda moxdes disproporcireba, Tu fxvnili gayviTlda, e. i. gogirdi gamoyofila, Tu ara da SeiZleba Na2S
da Na2SO4 warmoiqmnas. TvisebiTi reaqciebiT darCenili narevis xsnarze CuSO4-is damatebiT
CuS Savi feris naleqi unda warmoiqmnas, BaCl2-is damatebiT ki _ BaSO4 _ wyalsa da mJavaSi
uxsnadi naleqi...).
4. CamoayalibeT hipoTeza:
(1. gacxelebisas marili fuZe da mJava oqsidad iSleba; 2. gacxelebisas marilis Sigamolekuluri Jangva-aRdgena mimdinareobs).
5. hipoTezebi SeamowmeT cdiT (Tu SesaZlebelia). cdis Catareba yovelTvis ver xerxdeba.
am SemTxvevaSi cda ioli Casatarebelia da Sedegebic advilad gamosakvlevia, Tu Tqvens
qimiis laboratoriaSi moipoveba Na2SO3-is fxvnili, CuSO4-isa da BaCl2-is xsnarebi. SeiZleba
gamosakvlevi reaqcia SecvaloT, imis mixedviT, romeli usafrTxo reaqtivi moipoveba Tqvens
laboratoriaSi (gaxsovdeT, ar SeiZleba KClO3, KMnO4, KNO3 da sxva feTqebadsaSiSi marilebis
gaxureba). sasurvelia, am samuSaosTvis ori gakveTili gamoiyos: erTi dasagegmad, meore _
Casatareblad. amgvari zogadi kiTxvariT imuSaveben moswavleebi sistematurad nebismieri
problemis gadaWrisas da praqtikul unarebsac gamoimuSaveben.
meore, aranakleb efeqtiani strategiaa moswavleTaTvis kiTxvaris momzadeba blumis
saazrovno doneebis mixedviT.
1. ra aris gogirdis Jangvis ricxvi mocemul marilSi? rodis aris gogirdi mJangavic da aRmdgenic?
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2. rogor fiqrobT, mJangavis rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia gogirds am reaqciaSi Tu aRmdgenis?
3. romeli xelsawyoebi da reaqtivebi dagWirdebaT Tqveni varaudis praqtikulad gamosacdelad?
usafrTxoebis romeli wesebi unda daicvaT?
4. cdis Catarebis Semdeg daasabuTeT, ratom ganicada marilma Sigamolekuluri Jangva-aRdgena.
5. Tqveni azriT, ra moxdeboda, Na2SO3-is nacvlad gasaxureblad Na2SO4 rom ageRoT?
6. SeafaseT, ratom fiqrobT ase.
SeiZleba, blumis taqsonomiis sxvadasxva donis Sesatyvisi kiTxvebi sxvadasxva feris
furclebze daiweros, da moswavleebi TviTon SeamCneven, romel donemde SeZles gasvla
konkretuli samuSaos dros.
problemis gadawyvetis gzebis Ziebasa da movlenebis kvlevaze mimarTuli jgufuri
muSaobis dros xdeba moswavleTa individualuri SesaZleblobebis gamovlena da xorcieldeba TanamSromlobiT swavla. am meTodiT masalis Seswavlasac gauiolebT da iseTi unarCvevebis gamomuSavebasac SeuwyobT xels, rogoricaa urTierTdaxmareba da saerTo pasuxismgebloba.
qimiis Seswavlis procesSi did rols asrulebs msgavseba-gansxvavebis Sedareba. Sesabamisad, aseT saswavlo qmedebebs didi adgili uWiravs teqstSi: masala gaZlevT saSualebas,
gamoiyenoT iseTi efeqtiani strategiebi, rogoricaa: msjeloba analogiebis gamoyenebiT (mag.,
eleqtroni atomisTvis igivea, rac planeta _ mzis sistemisTvis).
Sejameba da Canawerebis gakeTeba. teqstis Sejamebas swavlis sxvadasxva stilis mqone moswavle sxvadasxva gziT akeTebs. am unar-Cvevebs swavla unda. SeiZleba Tavdapirvelad Temis
masalis SejamebisaTvis saxelmZRvaneloSi arsebuli reziumeebi gamoiyenon, maTSi mocemuli
informaciis nawili datovon, nawili waSalon, nawili daamaton an Secvalon. Zalze mniSvnelovania, moswavlem iswavlos, ra datovos da ra Secvalos. girCevT, reziumeebze muSaobisas moswavleebs sTxovoT, moifiqron erTi an ori winadadeba, romelic yvelaze Rirebulia
teqstis gaazrebisTvis. rodesac moswavleebi kargad aiTviseben Temis Sejamebis unar-Cvevebs,
qimiis II nawilSi, sadac elementebi da maTi naerTebi iswavleba, efeqtiani iqneba, TviTonve
daweron paragrafis reziume saxlSi an klasSi (ix. r. marzani da sxv., efeqtiani swavleba
skolaSi, maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri, 2009, gv. 37-39).
Cven did yuradRebas vuTmobT ZiriTadi cnebebis arsis gansazRvras sxvadasxva saxis ganmazogadebeli sqemebisa da diagramebis gamoyenebiT. girCevT, saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli
masalis safuZvelze moswavleebTan erTad sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblis mixedviT SeadginoT aseTi
sqemebi, da sqemis garSemo mouyaroT Tavi mocemul informacias. magaliTad, Jangvis ricxvis
(§3.1) Seswavlis dros aseTi sqemebi SeiZleba iyos:
uaryofiTi
Jangvis
ricxvi
dadebiTi
Sualeduri
an
nulovani
elementis
Jangvis
xarisxi
maqsimaluri
minimaluri
da a. S.
abstraqtuli informaciis advilad aRsaqmelad xSirad viyenebT modelirebas (magaliTad,
eleqtronis kinesTetikur aqtivobaSi CarTva modelze eleqtronis ganuwyveteli moZraobis Sesaxeb warmodgenas aiolebs, oqros firfitis eqsperimentis sqema moswavleebs atomis
planetarul modelze naTel warmodgenas uqmnis. aseve SegiZliaT CaataroT SefuTuli yuTis eqsperimenti da TxovoT moswavleebs, ivaraudon,rogoria yuTis SigTavsi. es daanaxvebs
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kavSirs rogor `igrZnon da dainaxon~ uxilavi. piqtogramebi, suraTebi, simboluri sqemebi
da suraTebi abstraqtuli masalis dakonkretebis saSualebebad gvaqvs moazrebuli).
testireba efeqtiani strategiaa, romelic mokle droSi SeZenili codnisa da unarebis Semowmebis saSualebas iZleva. saxelmZRvanelos zogadi qimiis nawilSi TiTqmis yvela
paragrafSia mocemuli testebis nimuSebi, romelSic moswavlem an azri unda daasrulos,
an swori pasuxi Semoxazos. pasuxebis gaanalizebisas maswavlebels vurCevT, sawyis etapze
imuSaon klasSi da moswavleebs aswavlon argumentebis moZieba maT mier Semoxazuli pasuxebis dasadastureblad. TandaTan argumentebis mosaZieblad maTi Zalisxmeva gaizrdeba da
isini testebis Sedgenasac iswavlian da pasuxis dasabuTebasac. testireba kidev imitom aris
sasargeblo strategia, rom maswavlebeli akvirdeba moswavleTa qcevas, Zalisxmevas da TiToeuls misi miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT axal davalebas urCevs, Sesabamisad, swavlis process ufro diferencirebuls gaxdis. vinc tests iolad Zlevs, mas sxva davalebas SeurCevs,
naklebwarmatebulebs ki _ sxvas.
bolos, saSinao davalebis Sesaxeb. yvela maswavlebelma icis, ra aris saSinao davalebis
daniSnuleba swavlis sxvadasxva etapze: moswavleebma gaiumjobeson unarebi da ukeT gaiazron
naswavli masala. gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom saSinao davaleba gansakuTrebiT efeqturia
maRal klasebSi da sworad SerCeuli davaleba 24%-iT zrdis akademiur moswrebas.
XI klasSi, swavlis miznebidan gamomdinare, saSinao davalebis mimarT aseTi meToduri
midgoma gvaqvs: davalebebis mizania naswavlis praqtikulad gamoyeneba an axali masalis
gasaazreblad momzadeba. magaliTad, Tu saSinao davalebaSi naswavlis gaazrebaa saWiro, maSin
moswavles vTxovT, masala misTvis misaRebi formiT Seajamos. miuxedavad erTnairi davalebisa,
yvela moswavle masalas Tavis gonebriv sqemaSi kravs da namuSevrebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli iqneba. es saSualebas aZlevs maswavlebels, Seiswavlos moswavlis SesaZleblobebi da
interesebi, Tvalis gadavlebiT SeamCnios daSvebuli Secdomebi da klasTan erTad moifiqron
davalebis Sesrulebis misaRebi forma. qimiis II nawilSi saSinao davalebis prioritetuli
saxeebia agreTve paragrafis reziumes momzadeba an tipuri testebis Seqmna. kargi iqneba,
Tu moswavleTa mier momzadebul testebs `testebis yulabaSi~ moaTavsebT, Tavisufal dros
maT `avkargianobas~ gaaanalizebT da SerCeul testebs maTive Semajamebeli mecadineobisTvis gamoiyenebT. aseTi muSaoba gauzrdis moswavleebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis rwmenas da
masalis gageba-gaazrebasac gauiolebs.
minda SegaxsenoT, rom erTia davalebis Sesruleba da meorea Tqveni mzaoba Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sesafaseblad (ix. Sefaseba). efeqtiania iseTi samuSao rveulebis gamoyeneba,
romelSic maswavlebeli wers pozitiur komentars, miuTiTebs Secdomebsa da misi daZlevis
gzebze da moswavles Secdomis gamosworebis saSualebas aZlevs. aseTi rveulebi Tan axlavs
Cvens saxelmZRvaneloebs an SegiZliaT Tqven TviTonve aorganizoT.
qvemoT gTavazobT ramdenime tipuri gakveTilis scenars saTanado komentarebiT.
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gakveTilis scenarebi
radgan qimiis saxelmZRvanelos yvela TavSi sxvadasxva tipis gakveTilebia Tavmoyrili,
sanimuSod gTavazobT III Tavis paragrafebis Sesabamis gakveTilebis dagegmvis scenarebs.
Tavi III. Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi
scenari 1. Temis wardgena
gakveTilis mizani: arsebuli codnis aqtivacia.
kavSiri erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan: qimia XI. 4.
saswavlo resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo, reaqciaTa klasifikaciis amsaxveli sqemebi, diagramebi, fotoebi.
aqtivoba I. Sesavali informacia (≈10 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania Zvelsa da axal codnas Soris xidis gadeba.
maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, moZebnon saxelmZRvaneloSi me-3 Tavi da Sesavali
aqtiuri minileqciiT amzadebs safuZvels, romelsac Temis damuSavebisas axali codna unda
daayrdnos. leqciis dros maswavlebeli xSirad gamoiyenebs miTiTebebs da SekiTxvebs. am
konkretul SemTxvaveSi SekiTxvebi SeiZleba exebodes faqtobriv masalas (ra aris qimiuri
reaqcia, rogor xasiaTdeba igi raodenobrivad, ra niSnis mixedviT SegviZlia uamravi qimiuri
reaqciis dajgufeba da a. S.). SeiZleba, SekiTxvebi iyos analitikuri: rodis aris reaqcia
daSlis an endoTermuli, romeli monakveTi gamosaxavs diagramaze siTbur efeqts da a. S.
moswavleebi gamoTqvamen TavianT mosazrebebs, gaixseneben da Tavs mouyrian qimiuri reaqciebis Sesaxeb codnas (SekiTxvebis dasma efeqturi meTodia maSinac, rodesac igi axali masalis
Seswavlamde ismeba, igi ganapirobebs, rom Sinaarsis gaazrebis win gaimarTos msjeloba. am
meTods nebismier gakveTilze SeiZleba mimarToT).
aqtivoba II. arsebuli codnis grafikulad gamosaxva (15 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania moswavleTa mier nacnob reaqciaTa grafikul sqemebSi moTavseba.
maswavlebeli moswavleTa wyvilebs an jgufebs samuSao furclebs daurigebs, romlis
erT mxares mocemulia reaqciaTa klasifikaciis grafikuli sqema, meore mxares ki _ maTTvis
kargad nacnob reaqciaTa danomrili tolobebi (siTburi efeqtis miTiTebis gareSe) da sTxovs
moswavleebs, miuCinon adgili reaqciaTa nomrebs sqemaze. maswavlebeli akvirdeba moswavleTa
muSaobis process da CainiSnavs, romelma miaqcia yuradReba im faqts, rom siTburi efeqtis
mixedviT reaqciaTa dasajgufeblad siTburi efeqtis codnaa saWiro, da sTxovs maT, daixmaron SesavalSi mocemuli informacia endo- da egzoTermuli reaqciebis Sesaxeb, Semdeg
ki imsjelon da gamocdilebidan gaixsenon, romelia aseTi reaqciebi. reaqciaTa miwodebul
sqemaze iqneba niSnebi: urTierTqmedebis xasiaTis mixedviT, siTburi efeqtis mixedviT da
erTi an ori kiTxvis niSani, romelic mianiSnebs moswavleebs, rom igive reaqciebi kidev sxva
niSnebiTac SeiZleba dalagdes. maswavlebeli moismens moswavleTa mosazrebebs da Tu romelimem aRniSna Jangvis ricxvis cvlileba, maswavlebeli Seaqebs mas da gaacnobs moswavleebs
Temis mizans: `Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis Seswavla~. savaraudod, sqema aseTia:
siTburi
efeqti
reaqcia
?
urTierTqmedebis
xasiaTi
?
{
magaliTebi
31
aqtivoba III. Temis saswavlo miznebis dasaxva da gacnoba (10 wT.)
maswavlebeli saxelmZRvanelos daxmarebiT gaacnobs moswavleebs saswavlo miznebs da
sTxovs maT, gaiazron, ratom gaxda saWiro Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis calke gamoyofa, ra
mniSvneloba aqvs am reaqciebs piradad maT cxovrebaSi da raSi gamoadgebaT praqtikulad am
reaqciebis Seswavla.
aqtivoba IV. (15 wT.)
maswavlebeli daexmareba moswavleebs, yuradReba gaamaxvilon bunebasa da teqnikaSi mimdinare Jangva-aRdgenis procesebze da sTxovs maT, Temis Seswavlis paralelurad moamzadon
proeqti:
ra moxdeboda, rom... bunebaSi Jangva-aRdgena ganuwyvetliv ar mimdinareobdes (SesaZlebelia proeqtis saxelwodebis ufro konkretuli dasasruli, magaliTad, Jangbadi mJangavi
rom ar iyos, an wyalbadi Zlieri aRmdgeni rom iyos da a. S.).
maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, gaerTiandnen jgufebSi da erTad moamzadon proeqti,
Tan aCvenebs proeqtis daweris zogad sqemas:
problema: Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebs bunebaSi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebi mohyveba.
mizani: Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis Sedegebis gacnobiereba da sasurveli reaqciis marTva.
amocanebi: 1. aRweron bunebaSi mimdinare Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi. moiyvanon rac SeiZleba
meti magaliTi.
2. Camoweron TiToeuli reaqciis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebi.
3. wamoayenon hipoTeza: rogor SeiZleba am reaqciebis sasargeblod gamoyeneba da maTi
uaryofiTi Sedegebis Sesusteba.
4. daskvna: risTvis aris saWiro Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis Seswavla.
monacemebis warmodgena SeiZleba nebismieri formiT. Temis dasrulebis bolos moxdeba
proeqtebis dacva (ix. proeqtis dacvis Sefasebis sqema rubrikebiT).
scenari 2
gakveTilis Tema: Jangvis ricxvi.
gakveTilis tipi: axali masalis axsnis.
gakveTilis mizani: sxvadasxva naerTSi elementis Jangvis ricxvis gansazRvra.
kavSiri standartTan: qimia XI. 4. moswavle gansazRvravs elementis Jangvis ricxvs sxvadasxva naerTSi.
aqtivoba I. diskusia paragrafis dasawyisSi dasmuli kiTxvis garSemo (10 wT.).
aqtivobis mizania Jangvis ricxvis cnebis ganmarteba.
maswavlebeli moswavleebs yuradRebas gaamaxvilebinebs teqstis gverdze mocemul
eleqtronul formulebze da sTxovs, gaixsenon II TavSi naswavli qimiuri bmis buneba da
upasuxon kiTxvas: romeli elementisken aris mocemul naerTebSi eleqtronebi gadaxrili.
moswavleTa pasuxebis mosmenisas maswavlebeli iniSnavs maT mosazrebebs dafaze daxazul
cxrilSi:
eleqtronebi gadaxrilia
eleqtronebi gadaxrili ar aris
mosazrebebis mosmenis Semdeg maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, wyvilad imuSaon da
teqstidan Seamowmon TavianTi varaudi TiToeuli naerTisTvis. teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg
maswavlebeli ganmartavs gakveTilis mizans: maT unda gansazRvron Jangvis ricxvi, cneba,
romelic naerTSi ufro eleqtrouaryofiTi atomebisken gadaweuli eleqtronebis ricxvs
axasiaTebs.
32
aqtivoba II. cnebis grafikul sqemaze muSaoba (15 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania Jangvis ricxvis cnebis gaazreba.
maswavlebelma SeiZleba moswavleebs Sesavsebad ramdenime sqema SesTavazos. wyvilebi
SerCeviT amoiReben teqstidan maTi sqemis Sesabamis informacias da Seavseben sqemebs. savaraudod, aseTi sqemebi SeiZleba iyos:
mu
dm
vi
i
dm
iv
i
uaryofiTi Jangvis dadebiTi mu
cv
ricxvi
i
al
bad
e
eb
l
a
ad
cv
i
Jangvis
xarisxi
minimaluri
an
maqsimaluri
nulovani
Sualeduri
wyvilebSi Sevsebul sqemebze dayrdnobiT moswavleTa saerTo ZalisxmeviT Sedgeba erTi
zogadi sqema.
sad gamoiyeneba
ramdenad realurad asaxavs
atomis mdgomareobas naerTSi
ras ewodeba
Jangvis
ricxvi
ra mniSvnelobebs miiRebs
riT ganisazRvreba
rogor gamoiTvleba
aqtivoba III. sxvadasxva naerTSi elementis Jangvis ricxvis gamoTvla (15 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania sxvadasxva naerTSi elementis Jangvis ricxvis gansazRvra.
maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad ganixilavs konkretul magaliTebs da moswavleTa
wyvilebs sTxovs, erTad moamzadon pasuxebi teqstSi dasmul kiTxvebze.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi msjelobiT unda daasabuTon, rom Jangvis ricxvi miT ufro axlosaa
ionis muxtTan, rac metad ionuria naerTi, da aseTi iqneba KF.
me-2 davalebisTvis Jangvis ricxvebis sqemaze adgili unda miuCinon mocemul naerTebsa
da mravaltomian ionebs.
samuSaos Sesrulebis Semdeg romelime wyvili warmoadgens Tavis pasuxebs, danarCenebi
pasuxs Seavseben an Seasworeben.
aqtovoba IV. testirebiT cnebis ganmtkiceba
aqtivobis mizania Jangvis ricxvis cnebis gageba-gaazrebis Semowmeba.
moswavleebi klasSi upasuxeben testebs da imsjeleben pasuxebis sisworeze. bolos moswavleebs gamoaqvT daskvna, rogor ganisazRvreba elementis Jangvis ricxvi rTul nivTierebebsa
da mravalatomian ionebSi.
maswavlebeli mokled uxsnis moswavleebs davalebis Sesrulebis wess da aZlevs saSinao
davalebas.
33
scenari 3
gakveTilis Tema: kavSiri atomis aRnagobasa da elementis Jangvis ricxvs Soris.
gakveTilis tipi: axali masalis axsnis.
gakveTilis mizani: atomis aRnagobasa da elementis Jangvis ricxvs Soris mizezSedegobrivi kavSiris gamovlena.
kavSiri standartTan: qimia XI. 2. moswavle akavSirebs ionebis warmoqmnis unars maTi savalento eleqtronebis raodenobasTan.
aqtivoba I. TamaSi eleqtronebiT (15 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania atomebis mier ionebis warmoqmnis unaris dakavSireba savalento eleqtronebis ricxvTan.
TamaSisTvis maswavlebeli winaswar amzadebs I-II periodebis elementebis baraTebs _ elementTa simboloebiT da atomuri nomrebiT. TiToeuli moswavle irCevs romelime baraTs da
maswavleblis mier winaswar gamzadebuli sqemis mixedviT aRwers elementis maxasiaTeblebs.
gaakeTeT aseTi sqema:
elementis
simbolo da
atomuri nomeri
eleqtronuli
formula
savalento
eleqtronebis
ricxvi
jgufis
nomeri
Jangvis
SesaZlo
xarisxebi
magaliTad, Tu Sexvda baraTi 3Li, is ambobs: es liTiumia.
misi atomuri nomeria 3. eleqtronuli formula 1s22s1. savalento eleqtronebis ricxvi 1.
jgufis nomeri I. advilad gascems erT eleqtrons da naerTebSi +1 Jangvis ricxvs amJRavnebs.
eleqtronebis mierTebis unari ar aqvs.
N _ es azotia. eleqtronuli formula 1s22s22p3, savalento eleqtronuli ricxvi 5.
7
jgufis nomeri _ 5. 5 eleqtronis gacema Znelia, magram SeuZlia ufro eleqtrouaryofiTi
atomebisken (Jangbadisa da fTorisken) gadaswios 1, 2, 3, 4 an 5 eleqtroni da gamoamJRavnos
+1, +2, +3, +4 da +5 Jangvis ricxvebi. ufro naklebad eleqtrouaryofiTi atomebisagan Tavis
mxaresac SeuZlia maqsimum 3 eleqtronis gadaweva. am dros igi gare energetikul donesac
daisrulebs da minimalur -3 Jangvis ricxvs gamoamJRavnebs da a. S.
aqtivoba II. eleqtronuli analogebis gamovlena (10 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania, moswavlem gamoavlinos elementebi mudmivi da cvalebadi Jangvis ricxvebiT.
maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, maT mier Sevsebuli mizezSedegobrivi sqemis safuZvelze
gamoavlinon iseTebi, romelTac msgavsi gare energetikuli donis aRnagoba aqvT. vuwodoT
maT eleqtronuli analogebi. maTi Jangvis ricxvebi erTnairi iqneba. tute metalebis +1,
tutemiwametalebis +2, VIa jgufis gogirdisTvis umaRlesi Jangvis ricxvi jgufis nomris
toli iqneba, xolo udablesi _ (8-x), sadac x jgufis nomris tolia da a. S.
aqtivoba III. varjiSi eleqtronuli analogebisTvis Jangva-aRdgenis sqemis Sedgenaze (10 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania savalento eleqtronebis ricxvsa da Jangvis ricxvebs Soris kavSiris warmoCena.
moswavleebi imuSaveben IVa-Va-VIa-VIIa-VIIIa jgufebisTvis Jangva-aRdgenis sqemebis Sedgenaze
da ganixilaven gamonaklis SemTxvevebs (H _ ar aqvs eleqtronuli analogi, O _ amJRavnebs
mxolod _2 mudmiv Jangvis ricxvs, F _ amJRavnebs mxolod _1 Jangvis ricxvs da F2O, romelSic eleqtronebi ufro eleqtrouaryofiTi fToris mxaresaa gadaweuli da amitom Jangbadis
Jangvis ricxvia +2).
aqtivoba IV. testirebis gziT sakiTxis gageba-gaazrebis Semowmeba (10 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania SeZenili codnis ganmtkiceba.
saSinao davalebaSi moswavleebs sWirdebaT axsna-ganmarteba, ra unda Caweron mocemul
sqemaSi (5 wT.)
34
scenari 4
gakveTilis Tema: muSaoba elementTa Jangvis ricxvebis gansazRvraze.
gakveTilis tipi: praqtikumi.
gakveTilis mizani: varjiSi sxvadasxva naerTSi elementis Jangvis ricxvis gansazRvraze.
aqtivoba I. davaleba I-is Sesabamis nivTierebebSi elementis Jangvis ricxvebis gansazRvra.
aqtivobis mizania sxvadasxva naerTSi elementebis Jangvis ricxvis gansazRvra.
moswavleebi gadaitanen naerTTa da ionTa formulebs samuSao rveulSi da miuweren elementis Jangvis ricxvs (20 wT.).
aqtivoba II. naerTis formulasa da masSi elementis Jangvis ricxvs Soris Sesabamisobis povna (10 wT.).
aqtivobis mizania, moswavlem ipovos Sesabamisoba konkretuli naerTis formulasa da masSi Semavali qimiuri elementis Jangvis ricxvs Soris.
aqtivoba III. elementis SesaZlo Jangvis ricxvebis dalageba (10 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma gamoavlinon mizezSedegobrivi kavSiri elementis savalento eleqtronebis
ricxvsa da SesaZlo Jangvis ricxvs Soris da gamosaxos es kavSiri grafikuli xerxiT.
scenari 5
gakveTilis Tema: Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi.
gakveTilis tipi: axali masalis axsnis.
gakveTilis mizani: Jangvisa da aRdgenis procesebis Sedareba.
kavSiri standartTan: qimia XI. adarebs Jangvisa da aRdgenis procesebs, mohyavs magaliTebi.
erT-erTi variantia am gakveTilis Catareba jgufebSi roluri TamaSebis gamoyenebiT. es
saSualebas mogcemT, ganaxorcieloT TanamSromlobiT swavla da qimiis es erT-erTi rTuli
sakiTxi, romlis codna araerTxel dasWirdebaT qimiis mTeli swavlis manZilze da gamoadgebaT cxovrebaSi, ufro advilad da Rrmad gaiazron. amasTan erTad, es forma dagexmarebaT,
gamoiyenoT sxvadasxva swavlis stilis moswavleTa SesaZleblobebi, Camouyalibdes Tqvens
moswavleebs pozitiuri urTierTdaxmarebisa da individualuri Tu jgufuri pasuxismgeblobisa da interpersonaluri muSaobis unari. gaxsovdeT, jgufuri muSaobis dros naklebad
efeqturia moswavleTa dayofa SesaZleblobebis mixedviT. an gaiTvaleT 1-dan 3-mde da TiToeuli ricxvis Sesabamisi moswavle erTad daajgufeT an mieciT moswavleebs Tavisufali
arCevanis ufleba. sasurvelia jgufSi 4-6 moswavlis monawileoba. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
jgufs muSaobisTvis saTanado resursebi hqondes. isic gaiTvaliswineT, rom jgufuri muSaoba
sasargebloa, magram is Zalian xSirad ar unda gamoiyenoT. mizanSewonilia, am formas maSin
mimarToT, rodesac gsurT, saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli informacia ufro naTeli, misawvdomi gaxadoT da mas azriani praqtika daukavSiroT. es imas niSnavs, rom unda arsebobdes
problema, romlis gadawyveta urTierTTanamSromlobiT da mosazrebebis gaziarebiT ukeT
moxerxdeba.
am gakveTilis problema is aris, rom moswavleTa did nawils uWirs Jangvisa da aRdgenis,
mJangavisa da aRmdgenis erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba da konkretuli magaliTebis moZieba. qvemoT mocemuli scenari dagexmarebaT, CaataroT msgavseba-gansxvavebis identifikaciasTan
dakavSirebuli kvleviTi gakveTili, sadac moswavleebi gamoiyeneben Sedarebis, analogiebis,
grafikuli sqemebis Sedgenis, metaforebis, abstraqtuli codnis dakonkretebis savarjiSoebs
da yvela Tavisi SesaZleblobis farglebSi gamoavlens Zalisxmevas. maswavlebels ki saSualeba
miecema, Tvali adevnos moswavleTa CarTulobas da gaakeTos pozitiuri komentarebi maTi
motivaciis gasazrdelad. gTavazobT savaraudo aqtivobebis sqemas.
35
aqtivoba I. gakveTilis miznis axsna. (5 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania, maswavlebelma moswavleebs auxsnas, ra mizniT Caatareben dRes jgufur muSaobas roluri
TamaSebis meTodis gamoyenebiT.
maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, rom Seswavlili sakiTxis ukeT gaazrebis mizniT dagegma
aseTi formiT muSaoba. aucileblad Seaxsenebs jgufSi muSaobis wesebs (ix. sqema) (rac ukve
ecodinebaT XI klasSi), jgufuri muSaobis prezentaciis Sefasebis sqemas da uxsnis, rom
gakveTilis bolos yvela jgufi warmoadgens Tavis namuSevars (unda miganiSnoT, rom es
gakveTili Zalian efeqturad mimdinareobs, TiTqmis swavlis yvela stilis moswavle iRebs
jgufis muSaobaSi monawileobas da maTi namuSevrebi sakmaod did siurprizebs mogimzadebT.
SeiZleba namuSevrebis prezentacia im gakveTilze ver moaswroT, amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania, moaxerxoT drois marTva, an konkretuli savarjiSoebis saxe miuTiToT da masalas
erTi gakveTili dauTmoT, an misceT moswavleebs meti dro fiqrisa da azrovnebisaTvis, da
prezentaciebi momavali gakveTilisTvis dagegmoT da mimdinare-ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebac
ganaxorcieloT.
aqtivoba II. jgufebis formireba da rolebis ganawileba (5 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma SearCion romelime obieqtis (mJangavis, aRmdgenis an mJangav-aRmdgenis)
roli da Seqmnan gundi.
maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, gaerTiandnen romelime zemoT aRniSnul gundSi da
Seusabamon gunds pirobiTi saxeli.
aqtivoba III. teqstidan mniSvnelovani informaciis amokrefa (10 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma SearCion teqstis is monakveTi, sadac im nivTierebebzea laparaki, romelTa
rolis Sesrulebac mouwevT, amoiRon saWiro masala da maTTvis SesaZlo nebismieri xerxiT aRweron,
warmoadginon tipuri mJangavebi, tipuri aRmdgenebi an mJangav-aRmdgenebi. maT magaliTze iqneba masalis
sxvadasxva formiT warmodgenisTvis saWiro resursebi: saxelmZRvanelo, furclebi, flomasterebi, webo,
makrateli da a. S.
aqtivoba IV. namuSevrebis prezentacia (≈15 wT.)
(TiToeul jgufs prezentaciisTvis eZleva 2-3 wuTi)
aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma iswavlon TavianTi namuSevris efeqturad wardgena.
TvalsaCino adgilas gamoikvreba namuSevris prezentaciis sqema. jgufebi ismenen Sedarebebs, epiTetebs, analogiebs, metaforebs, romlebic maT gamoiyenes, rodesac nivTierebebi
`gaacocxles~ (savaraudod, `rasaca gascem, Senia...~ `eleqtronebi mogWarbdaT, movalT da
waviRebT~, `aqac me var, iqac me var~ da a. S.).
aqtivoba V. mJangav-aRmdgenis wyvilis daxasiaTeba (5-10 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania jgufebis mier Segrovili informaciis gaerTianeba da momavali gakveTilis samoqmedo
sqemis Seqmna.
maswavlebeli awodebs moswavleebs didi zomis formats, winaswar sTxovs maT, moifiqron
saerTo saxelwodeba Jangva-aRdgenis procesis dasaxasiaTeblad da mokled da konkretulad
gadaitanon TavianTi mosazrebebi nebismieri formiT (daxaton, daawebon), ese an leqsi miuZRvnan, sqema Seadginon da a. S). SeiZleba erTad SeurCioT plakats saxelwodebac (magaliTad, `Zala erTobaSia~, `erTad gadavrCebiT~ an raRac amgvari, rac Jangvisa da aRdgenis
naxevarreaqciebis azrs daazustebs).
36
scenari 6
gakveTilis Tema: eleqtronuli balansi.
gakveTilis tipi: algoriTmze muSaobis.
gakveTilis mizani: Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis gatoleba.
kavSiri standartTan: qimia XI. 4. moswavle abalansebs Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebs.
aqtivoba I. gakveTilis miznis gansazRvra (5 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma dainaxon wina gakveTilze maT mier SeZenili codnisa da unarebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.
maswavlebeli svams paragrafis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvas, ras niSnavs eleqtronuli
balansi, moismens maT mosazrebebs, Semdeg TvalsaCino adgilas gamofens wina gakveTilze
moswavleTa mier momzadebul plakats da sTxovs moswavleebs, Seadaron TavianTi naazrevi
teqstis dasawyisSi mocemul sqemas. romelimes rames xom ar daamateben an daazusteben.
pasuxebis mosmenisa da cneba `eleqtronuli balansis~ gaazrebis Semdeg iwyeba meore
aqtivoba.
aqtivoba II. Jangva-aRdgenis algoriTmze muSaoba (20 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma nabij-nabij gaaanalizon balansis Sesadgenad saWiro moqmedebebis Tanmimdevroba.
algoriTmis gamoyeneba efeqturia, rodesac moswavleebs miecemaT zogadi wesi (balansis
Sedgenis xerxis aRmoCenis gziT swavla moswavleTaTvis did dros moiTxovs da am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi arc iqneba efeqturi). algoriTmi dagexmarebaT, am rTuli sakiTxis gaazrebis
procesi kognitiurad marTvadi gaxadoT! ar aris gamoricxuli, algoriTmze muSaobis Semdeg
moswavleebidan romelimem problebis gadaWris sakuTari xerxic mogawodoT. yvela komentari
algoriTmis gamosayeneblad mocemulia saxelmZRvaneloSi.
aqtivoba III. eleqtronuli balansis meTodiT reaqciaTa gatoleba (15 wT.)
aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma mocemuli algoriTmi ramdenjerme gamoiyenon sxvadasxva konkretul
SemTxvevaSi da zogadi wesi TavianTTvis Camoayalibon.
(reaqciaTa magaliTebi saxelmZRvaneloSia, SegiZliaT maTac SearCevinoT).
aqtivoba IV. eleqtronuli balansis sqemis gaazrebis Semowmeba.
aqtivobis mizania, moswavleebma moaxdinon algoriTmis perifrazireba da TavianTi sityvebiT warmoadginon zogadi sqema.
amiT maswavlebeli moaxerxebs gaaanalizos, ramdenad moxerxda miznis miRweva. SeiZleba am mizans
kidev erTi gakveTilic daeTmos.
scenari 7
gakveTilis Tema: TvisebiTi reaqciebi mJangavebsa da aRmdgenebze.
gakveTilis tipi: praqtikuli mecadineoba.
gakveTilis mizani: mJangavebisa da aRmdgenebis aRmoCena.
kavSiri standartTan: qimia XI. 4. axasiaTebs Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebs, mohyavs magaliTebi.
aqtivoba I. gakveTlis miznis gacnoba (5 wT.)
maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs gakveTilis mizans da gaacnobs, rom am gakveTilze isini
SeZleben, wina gakveTilze miRebuli codna praqtikulad gamoiyenon, kerZod, jer ivaraudon,
qimiis laboratoriaSi arsebuli xsnarebidan romeli iqneba mJangavi an aRmdgeni, Semdeg ki
TavianTi varaudi cdiT daadasturon.
37
aqtivoba II. mJangavebze TvisebiTi raeqciebis Catareba.
aqtivobis mizania mJangavebis Sesaxeb SeZenili Teoriuli codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba.
davalebis piroba saxelmZRvaneloSi dawvrilebiT aris mocemuli. moswavleebs evalebaT
`gzis miyola~ da miRebuli Sedegebis aRwera nebismieri formiT, mxolod pasuxi JangvaaRdgenis reaqciis tolobiT unda dadasturdes.
magaliTad, 6KI+8HNO3ganz.→6KNO3+3I2+2NO+4H2O
2I--2e→I2
2 8 3
-3
N+5+3e→N 3 6 2
aqtivoba III. aRmdgenebze TvisebiTi reaqciebis Catareba.
aqtivobis mizania aRmdgenebis Sesaxeb SeZenili Teoriuli codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba.
davalebis piroba arasrulia da misi Catareba moswavleTagan met Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.
maT mocemuli aqvT mJangavebis nimuSebi, aRmdgeni sakuTari gamocdilebidan SearCion, cda
dagegmon da Sedegic axsnan. magaliTad, Tu mJangavad KMnO4-is xsnars gamoiyeneben, aRmdgenad ki _ KI-is xsnars, maSin permanganatis iasamnisferi xsnari gauferuldeba da iodic
gamoiyofa.
scenari 8
gakveTilis Tema: Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciis gamokvleva.
gakveTilis tipi: damoukidebeli kvlevis.
gakveTilis mizani: Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciis arsis gaazreba.
kavSiri standartTan: qimia XI. 4.
aqtivoba I. damoukidebeli kvlevis miznis gacnoba.
aqtivobis mizania, gaacnos moswavleebs am praqtikuli samuSaos Sinaarsi.
maT mocemuli aqvT konkretuli marili (Na2SO3). jer Teoriulad unda ivaraudon, ra
moxdeba, es marili spirtquris alze rom gaacxelon, Semdeg hipoTeza wamoayenon da maTi
siswore cdebiT daamtkicon. Semdeg cdis Sedegi aRweron, produqtebis Sedgeniloba gamoikvlion da Semajamebeli reaqciis tolobac daweron.
imis mixedviT, rogoria klasis SesaZlebloba, ra doneze SeuZliaT maT kvlevis warmoeba
damoukideblad, maswavlebeli gansazRvravs maTi damoukideblobis xarisxs. SeiZleba maT
damxmare kiTxvari miawodos, SeiZleba damoukidebeli kvlevis sqema daaxmaros, SeiZleba
TviTonac imuSaos moswavleebTan erTad da monawileoba miiRos kvlevis procesSi.
daxmarebis procesi ase SeiZleba warmoidginoT:
1. ra moxdeba marilis gacxelebisas? (ar daiSleba, daiSleba fuZe da mJava oqsidebad,
radgan gogirdi Sedis Sualeduri Jangvis ricxviT, daiSleba Jangva-aRdgeniT, e. i. gogirdi
disproporcirdeba.
2. roca yvelaze savaraudo bolo mosazreba aRmoCndeba, Semdeg daiwyeba fiqri, rogor
disproporcirdeba gogirdi +4 Jangvis ricxviT. SeiZleba, aRdges Tavisufal gogirdamde
(narevi gayviTldeba) an sulfidionamde (sulfidionebis aRmoCena miRebuli narevis wyalxsnarze CuSO4-is xsnaris damatebiT SeiZleba: Savi feris CuS daileqeba). Na2SO4-is warmoqmnas alternativa ara aqvs. narevis wyalxsnarSi sulfationebis arsebobas BaCl2-is xsnaris
damatebiT daadgenen, warmoiqmneba wyalsa da mJangavebSi uxsnadi naleqi. bolos daiwereba
Sejamebuli reaqcia:
Na2SO3→Na2S+3Na2SO4
-2l
S →S+6
+4
2 1
S+4+6e→S-2 6 3
38
3
3
1
teqstSi mocemul kiTxvebze pasuxebi
Tema 1
§1
kiTxvebsa da savarjiSoebze pasuxebi:
• atomi Tavis istoriul saxelwodebas ar amarTlebs. igi ganuyofeli nawilaki ki ar
aris, aramed rTuli aRnagobis mikrosistemaa.
• ra aris SefuTul yuTSi, SeiZleba mxolod ivaraudo: yuTi unda aiRo, daaTvaliero,
gadaabruno da a. S. am eqsperiments raRac saerTo aqvs atomis aRnagobis dasadgenad Catarebul cdebTan _ atomis SigniT xom jer aravis Cauxedavs.
saklaso
1. tomsonisTvis atomi qiSmiSebiani namcxvaria, rezerfordisa da borisTvis _ mzis sistemis
mikromodeli, Tqven rgolebian planeta saturnsac SeadareT. Tu analogias gamoiyenebT,
atomisTvis eleqtronebi igivea, rac mzis sistemisTvis planetebi.
2. modelis mixedviT atomi rom gamoicnoT, atombirTvis garSemo eleqtronebis ricxvi
unda daTvaloT. ramdeni eleqtronic moZraobs birTvis garSemo, imdenive iqneba atombirTvis
dadebiTi muxtis sidide da atomuri nomeri. atomuri nomriT ki daasaxelebT elements.
3. Tu atombirTvis garSemo 8 eleqtroni moZraobs, atombirTvSic 8 protoni iqneba. Z=+8
(8) es qimiuri elementi Jangbadia.
testi
1
2
3
4
b
g
a
d
saSinao
nimuSi
Z=1;
H;
+1;
1.
Z=11;
+11
)2
)8
)1
§2
• elementis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia atombirTvis dadebiTi muxtis sidide. yvela atomi,
romelTa birTvis muxti erTnairia, erT qimiur elements (atoms, ions) qmnis.
saklaso
1. Z=53 A=127 maSin N=A-Z=127-53=84. es elementia I.
2. protonebis ricxvi gansazRvravs atomur nomers. amitom SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom es
elementi aris radiumi (Ra).
testi
1
2
3
4
5
g
a
b
a
g
saSinao
A=Z+N
39
§3
• yvela izotopi erTi qimiuri elementis saxesxvaobaa. maT erTnairi aqvT atombirTvis
muxti, gansxvavebuli aqvT neitronebis ricxvi da Sesabamisad _ masuri ricxvi. masuri ricxvi
izotopis Tvisebaa, fardobiTi atomuri masa ki im qimiuri elementis, romelic izotopebisagan Sedgeba.
saklaso
1
2
3
b
d
a
saSinao
1. 0,5182 · 107+0,4818 · 109 =107,9 Ar(ag)=107,9
vercxlis izotopuri Sedgenilobis diagrama SeiZleba aigos wriulic da svetovanic.
2. wyalbadis samive izotops birTvSi TiTo protoni aqvs. wyalbads birTvSi neitroni ara
aqvs, deiteriums erTi neitroni aqvs, triTiums ki _ ori neitroni. Sesabamisad am izotopebis
masuri ricxvebi mniSvnelovnad (1; 2; 3) gansxvavebulia. es Tvisebebis SesamCnev gansxvavebasac
iwvevs. amitom aqvs wyalbadis izotopebs specialuri saxelwodebebi, sxva elementis izotopebisagan gansxvavebiT.
§4
• atomSi eleqtronis moZraobis xasiaTis dadgena mecnierebma speqtruli xazebis mdebareobiTa da xasiaTiT axsnes.
saklaso
1. suraTze mesame energetikuli donis (n=3) aRnagobaa mocemuli. misTvis Tanauri kvanturi
ricxvi iRebs (n-1), anu 0,1 da 2 mniSvnelobebs. s qvedoneze erTi s orbitalia, p qvedoneze _
sami p orbitali, d qvedoneze ki _ xuTi d orbitali. sul orbitalebis ricxvi 9-is tolia,
xolo mesame energetikul doneze eleqtronTa maqsimaluri ricxvia 18.
2. natriumis atomuri nomeria 11. misi atombirTvis garSemo 11 eleqtroni moZraobs (2 ·
8 · 1), amitom gare energetikuli donis eleqtronisTvis kvanturi ricxvebis nakrebia: n=3, l=0
me=0 ms=+1/2. aseTi kvanturi ricxvebis nakrebi mis sxva eleqtrons ver eqneba, radgan isini I
an II energetikul doneze moZraoben.
testi
1
2
3
b
b
g
saSinao
H-sTvis: n=1 l=0 me=0 ms=+1/2
He-sTvis: n=1 l=0 me=0 ms=+1/2 da -1/2 e. i.
heliumis ori eleqtroni erTmaneTisgan mxolod spinuri kvanturi ricxviT gansxvavdeba.
2. teqstSi aRwerilia, rom s, p da d orbitalebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba formiT (sferuli, hanteliseburi, oTxfurclovani), energiiT (1s, 2s, 3s...) da birTvis mimarT orientaciiT
(roca l=0, erTi orientacia, roca l=1, sami orientacia da a. S.). eleqtronebi gansxvavdeba
spiniTac.
40
§5
• kvanturi ricxvebi igivea atomis eleqtronuli formulis dasawerad, rac qimiuri simboloebia nivTierebis qimiuri formulis dasawerad.
saklaso
1. Z=8; 1s22s22p4 eleqtronul formulas Seesabameba a(I) grafikuli formula.
2. a. I periodSi mxolod s elementia. maTSi mxolod s eleqtronebi moZraobs. II periodis
elementebSi s da p eleqtronebi moZraobs.
b. eleqtronuli formulebi Caiwereba kvanturi ricxvebiT, eleqtronul-grafikul
formulaSi ki gamoiyeneba kvanturi ujrebi (xazebi) da eleqtronebi isrebiT. grafikuli
formula uCvenebs eleqtronebis spinsac.
g. gare energetikul doneze a jgufis elementebisTvis eleqtronebis ricxvi jgufis
nomers udris. es imas niSnavs, rom, romel jgufSicaa elementi, imdeni eleqtroni moZraobs
mis gare energetikul doneze.
d. II periodSi yvelaze met gauwyvilebel (kent) eleqtrons Seicavs azoti, yvelaze met
ueleqtrono orbitals Seicavs liTiumi, yvela Sevsebul orbitals Seicavs neoni.
testi
1
2
g
a
saSinao
1.
Z=2 1s2
Z=5 1s22s22p1
Z=17 1s22s22p63s23p5
Z=19 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
2.
1
g
2
a
3
b
4
d
§1.7
• IV periodSi eleqtronebis ganlagebis `Cveulebrivi~ wesis darRvevis mizezi energetikuli qvedoneebis energiaTa gansxvavebaa. 4s qvedonis energia ufro dabalia, vidre 3d
qvedonisa (sqemidan Cans).
saklaso
1. sqemidan Cans, rom 4f orbitalebis Sevseba energiis mixedviT mxolod VI periodSi
SeiZleba daiwyos, 6s orbitalis Sevsebis Semdeg. VI periodSi oTxive formis (6s, 5p, 5d, 4f)
orbitalebi Seivseba da maqsimum 32 eleqtroni moTavsdeba. 4f orbitalebs (l=3) 7 orientacia aqvT sivrceSi. masze maqsimum 14 eleqtroni moZraobs. yvela es elementi moTavsebulia
lanTanisTvis gankuTvnil ujraSi da maT lanTanidebi ewodeba. lanTanidebi (iseve, rogorc
aqtinoidebi, romelTac 5f qvedone evsebaT) atomuri nomris zrdis mixedviT perioduli
sistemis bolosaa ganlagebuli.
2. ↑↓ ↑↑↑↑
41
testi
1
2
3
b
g
a
saSinao
1. Mn: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7; ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↑↑;
2. yvela periodi iwyeba s da sruldeba p elementiT. mcire periodebSi mxolod s da p
elementebia. did periodebSi s da p elementebs Soris moTavsebulia d da f elementebi.
§1.8
• bunebrivi movlenebi polaruli naTeba da cicinaTelas naTeba agznebuli atomis eleqtronebis sawyis orbitalebze dabrunebisas gamoyofili sinaTlis energiiTaa gamowveuli.
• atomi gare energetikuli donis dasrulebiT `keTilSobili~ xdeba.
saklaso
1. naxSirbadatomi unikaluria. yvela sxva atomisgan gansxvavebiT, mas Tanabari ZaliT SeuZlia eleqtronebis gacema da SeerTeba. magram radgan oTxi eleqtronis gacema da SeerTeba
Znelia, did energias moiTxovs, Sesabamisad kationsa da anions naxSirbadi Znelad warmoqmnis.
naxSirbadatomebisTvis energetikulad ufro erTmaneTTan dakavSireba da ConCxis warmoqmnaa
xelsayreli.
2. wyalbadis atoms agznebac da ionizaciac SeuZlia. ionizaciis dros mas kationisa (H+) da
anionis (H-) warmoqmna SeuZlia. agznebisas misi erTaderTi eleqtroni imave atomis SedarebiT
maRali energiis orbitalebze gadadis da mcire droSi isev `ukan~ brundeba. ionizaciis dros
kationis warmoqmnisas wyalbadis eleqtroni sxva atomis orbitalze gadainacvlebs, anionis
warmoqmnisas ki, piriqiT, wyalbadis atomi pirvel energetikul dones daisrulebs (eleqtrons
miiRebs). H0, H+ da H- erTi da imave qimiuri elementis atomi da ionebia. am nawilakebis dalageba masisa da radiusis zrdis mixedviT ase SeiZleba: H+, H0 da H-.
testi
1
2
3
4
5
6
g
g
g
d
d
g
saSinao
agznebas SedarebiT naklebi energia sWirdeba, vidre ionizacias. rac naklebia atomis
radiusi da gare Sreze eleqtronTa ricxvi, miT advilia misi ionizacia.
2.
1
g
2
a
3
b
4
d
5
e
3. Al3+ ions Seesabameba eleqtronuli formula: 1s22s22p6; aseTive eleqtronuli formula
aqvs neonis atoms da natriumis dadebiT (Na+) ions, agreTve F- ions.
42
§1.9
• eleqtronuli analogebi ganlagebulia erT jgufSi da maTi gare energetikuli donis
eleqtronuli formulac erTnairia (mxolod birTvidan daSorebiT gansxvavdeba). amitom
garkveuli intervalis Semdeg msgavsi aRnagobis elementebi meordeba.
saklaso
1. Na-is modeli; gare, mesame energetikul doneze erTi sferuli formis eleqtroni
moZraobs. yvela tute metali, romelTa gare energetikuli donis formulaa ns1, natriumis
eleqtronuli analogia.
1s2-eleqtronuli formula SeiZleba hqondes He0, H-, Li+, Be2+ nawilakebs.
2. wyalbads sruli analogi ar gaaCnia, radgan ar arsebobs sxva elementis atomi, romelic
eleqtronis gacemiT sruliad Tavisufldeba eleqtronuli garsisagan (yvela orbitali
vakanturi uxdeba).
testi
1
2
a
b
saSinao
1. perioduli sistemis jgufebSi gaerTianebulia eleqtronuli analogebi, periodebSi
elementebi ganlagebulia gare energetikul doneze eleqtronTa ricxvis zrdis mixedviT.
2. Z=2; elementi moTavsdeba I periodSi.
Z=5; elementi moTavsdeba II periodSi.
Z-17; elementi moTavsdeba III periodSi.
Z=20 da Z=26; elementebi moTavsdeba IV periodSi.
Tema 2
§1
saklaso
::
H :O:
H
::
::
::
::
::
1. sqemidan Cans, rom fToris or atoms Soris arapolaruli kovalenturi bma unda warmoiqmnas: :F: F: an F-F.
2. wyalbadisa da qloris atomebisgan SeiZleba warmoiqmnas H2, Cl da HCl molekulebi.
atomebs Soris kovalenturi bmebia. H2 da Cl2 molekulebSi kovalenturi bma arapolarulia,
HCl-is molekulaSi ki _ polaruli. eleqtronuli formulebi: H:H :Cl:Cl: da H→:Cl:
3. wylis molekulaSi H-O atomebs Soris polaruli kovalenturi bmebi warmoiqmneba. Jangbadi ufro eleqtrouaryofiTia, vidre wyalbadi. amitom saziaro wyvili wylis molekulaSi
Jangbadatomis mxaresaa gadaweuli.
H-O
H
testi
1
2
3
4
5
b
a
d
b
g
43
§2
saklaso
1. sqemidan Cans, rom azotis or atoms kenti eleqtronebis gaziarebiT SeuZlia erTi σ
bmisa da ori π bmis warmoqmnaa. orive π bma σ bmis perpendikularul sibrtyeSi warmoiqmneba
da erTmaneTis perpendikularulic iqneba.
:
:
:::
:
:
N N; N≡N
: C :
2. naxSirbadis molekulaSi
::
::
naxSirbadsa da Jangbads Soris ormagi kova-
lenturi bmebi arsebobs. saziaro wyvilebi ufro eu Jangbadis atomebis mxaresaa gadaweuli.
kovalenturi bmebi erT wrfeze erTmaneTis sapirispiro mimarTulebiTaa mimarTuli. amitom
molekula arapolarulia. am magaliTiT maswavlebeli aCvenebs moswavleebs, rogor unda
ganasxvaon bmis polaroba da molekulis polaroba.
testi
1
2
3
4
5
a
b
b
b
d
saSinao
2. Jangbadatomi mxolod natriumis atomTan warmoqmnis ionur bmas, azotis, wyalbadisa
da gogirdis atomebTan polarul kovalentur bmas warmoqmnis. yvela SemTxvevaSi saziaro
wyvili Jangbadatomis mxaresaa gadaweuli.
3. bmis energia umciresi unda iyos I-I SemTxvevaSi, radgan rac metia atomebis zoma da
naklebia bmis jeradoba, miT naklebia atomebs Soris bmis warmoqmnis SesaZlebloba.
§3
saklaso
1. σ bmebi atomTa centrebis SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvriv warmoiqmneba, amitom igi xels
ar uSlis atomTa brunvas sakuTari RerZis garSemo. π bmebi p atomuri orbitalebis gverdiTi gadafarviT warmoiqmneba da igi xels uSlis atomTa brunvas sakuTari RerZis garSemo.
molekulaSi π bmebis arseboba iwvevs izomerebis arsebobas.
2. BeF2 da BeH2 molekulebs wrfivi aRnagoba unda hqondes, radgan sp hibriduli orbitalebi ganlagebulia erT wrfeze erTmaneTTan 180°-iani kuTxiT. F-Be-F da H-Be-H-.
3. molekulis brtyeli forma da bmebs Soris 120°-iani kuTxis arseboba sp2 hibridizaciaze
mianiSnebs, meoTxe π orbitali am molekulaSi vakanturia.
testi
44
1
2
3
4
5
6
d
g
d
1a, 2d,3g, 4b
1a, 2g, 3d
g
§4
saklaso
1. amoniumis ionSi kovalenturi bmebi warmoiqmneba rogorc mimocvliTi, ise donoraqceptoruli meqanizmiT. sabolood es bmebi delokalizebulia. azoti sp3 hibridul mdgomareobaSia da ions tetraedris forma aqvs.
2. amiaks eleqtronuli wyvili aqvs, aluminis qloridSi ki alumins vakanturi orbitali
aqvs, amitom maT Soris donor-aqceptoruli bma warmoiqmneba da miiReba naerTi H3N·AlCl3.
3. CH4 molekula wylabadis kations veRar daikavSirebs, radgan savalento eleqtronebiT
oTxi bmis warmoqmna SeuZlia da oTxive bma ukve damyarebuli aqvs wyalbadis atomebTan. BH3
molekulas molekulas vakanturi orbitali aqvs, H- hidridions ki _ eleqtronuli wyvili.
maT Soris SesaZlebelia donor-aqceptoruli bmis warmoqmna, sadac eleqtronebis donori
H- ioni iqneba. ase warmoiqmneba rTuli ioni BH4-.
4. karbonationSi
_O
naxSirbadatomi sp2 hibridul mdgomareobaSia, σ da π
II
C=O
bmebi delokalizebulia da ions brtyeli forma aqvs.
6
[ ]
_O
5. atomi eleqtronebis donori rom iyos, mas gare energetikul doneze eleqtronuli
wyvili unda hqondes. mocemuli eleqtronuli formula 1s22s22p1 boris atoms ekuTvnis,
romelsac, piriqiT, gare doneze aqvs vakanturi orbitali, amitom igi eleqtronebis donori
ver iqneba.
testi
1
2
3
4
a
d
b
d
§5
saklaso
1. ∆eu=3,5-1,2=2,3. amitom MgO aris ionuri naerTi, romelSic bmis ionurobis xarisxia
79%, xolo kovalenturi xarisxi _ 30%.
bmis ionurobis xarisxi 90% rom aRmoCndes, ∆eu 3,1 mainc unda iyos. aseTi naerTebi
oqsidebi ver iqneba. fToridebidan elementTa wyvilebia KF, RbF da NaF.
2. ionizaciis Semdeg natriumisagan natriumis dadebiTi ioni warmoiqmneba da radiusi
Semcirdeba. qlori ki damatebiT eleqtrons SeiZens da misi radiusi gaizrdeba. anionuri
radiusi meti iqneba, vidre kationuri, radgan kationis warmoqmnisas atomi gare energetikuli donidan eleqtrons iSorebs.
testi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
a
1g, 2a, 3b
b
a
g
b
g
g
saSinao
1. ionuri bma kovalenturi bmis ukiduresi zRvruli SemTxvevaa da ara bmis sxva saxe,
radgan jer saziaro wyvili warmoiqmneba da Semdeg es wyvili ufro eleqtrouaryofiTi atomis mxares srulad gadainacvlebs.
2. ionur bmas, gansxvavebiT kovalenturisagan, ar axasiaTebs najeroba da mimarTuleba.
45
§6
saklaso
1. metaluri bmis Tavisebureba is aris, rom bmis warmomqmneli eleqtronebi atomTa wyvils
Soris ar aris lokalizebuli da mTel kristalzea gadanawilebuli. es imitom xdeba, rom
metalebis gare energetikul doneze 1 an 2 eleqtronia da isini birTvTan SedarebiT sustad
aris dakavSirebuli. amitom advilad Sordebian birTvs da Tavisuflad moZraoben.
2. metaluri bma saerTo, delokalizebuli eleqtronebiT warmoiqmneba, kovalenturi
bmebis warmomqmneli eleqtronuli wyvilebi atomTa wyvilebs Sorisaa lokalizebuli. kovalentur bmas najeroba axasiaTebs, metalur bmas ki _ ara.
metaluri da ionuri bmebi imiT hgavs erTmaneTs, rom arc erTs ar axasiaTebs najeroba
da kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi orive SemTxvevaSi ionebia.
testi
1
2
3
4
5
6
a
d
g
d
g
a
§7
saklaso
1. NH3; H2O; HF;
2. spirtis molekulebs Soris wyalbaduri bmebi ufro sustia, vidre wylis molekulebs
Soris, radgan spirtis molekulis zoma wylisas aRemateba da molekulebs Soris bmis warmoqmna
gaZnelebuli iqneba. marTlac, spirti ufro advilad qroldeba, vidre wyali. aqrolebisas
spirtis molekulebs Soris arsebuli susti wyalbaduri bmebi iolad wydeba.
3. azotis radiusi bevrad naklebia qloris radiusze, amitom wyalbaduri bma NH3 molekulebs Soris ufro Zlieria, vidre HCl molekulebs Soris. amitomaa NH3 susti fuZe, HCl ki _
Zlieri mJava (igi advilad moiwyvets protons).
testi
1
2
3
4
d
b
g
d
saSinao
46
1
2
3
4
5
e
g
v
b
a
Tema 3
§3.1
testi
1. a. elementis Jangvis ricxvi.
b. wyalbadis Jangvis ricxvi +1-is.
g. -2, F2O.
2
3
a
d
saSinao:
1
2
3
4
a
e
g
d
2.
4
O
+2
CH4
+
CO
+4
CH4 CO CO2, H2CO3,HCO3- CO32-
§3.2
saklaso
1. O(-2, O); S(-2 +6)
2. umaRlesi Jangvis ricxvi periodulad icvleba. cvalebadobis intervali 8-is tolia.
udablesi Jangvis ricxvebic periodulad icvleba.
testi
1. a (-2; +6); b (-3; NH3 da PH3).
1
2
3
4
b
a
g
d
§3.3
praqtikumi
1. a. +4; b. +6; g. +5; d. +6; e. +5; v. +6; z. +6; T. +6; i. +4; k. 0.
2.
1
2
3
b
a
g
47
§3.4
1. a. Jangva-aRdgenis gareSe mimdinareobs, radgan Jangvis ricxvebi ar icvleba.
b. reaqcia Jangva-aRdgenisaa, romelSic tyvia +4-dan +2-mde aRdgeba, qlori ki -1-dan
0-mde iJangeba.
2. Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebia a, g da e.
§3.5
saklaso
2. a. MnO2+4HCl→MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O
b. 4HNO3→4NO2+O2+2H2O
g. Cu+2H2SO4→CuSO4+SO2+2H2O
d. 2KBr+Cl2→2KCl+Br2
§3.6
saklaso
1. 4FeS2+11O2→2Fe2O3+8SO2
2. a. molekulaTaSorisi; b. Sigamolekuluri, disproporciebis; g. molekulaTaSorisi,
romelSic KClO3-is Cl+5-dan -1-Si gadadis da KCl-is Cl-1 Tavisufal (O) qloramde aRdgeba.
3. a. 3Cu2S+22HNO3→6Cu(NO3)2+10NO+3H2SO4+8H2O
(Cu2S mTlianad gascems 10 e-s, misi spilenZi +1-dan +2-Si gadadis, gogirdi ki -2-dan
+6-Si, anu molekula mTlianad aRmdgenia. N+5 ki SeierTebs 3 eleqtrons).
b. 2FeBr2+Br2→2FeBr3
d. 2NH3+3CuO→3Cu+N2+3H2O.
testi
1
2
3
4
5
b
d
g
g
b
§3.7
praqtikumi
1. a, g, d reaqciebi Jangva-aRdgeniT mimdinareobs.
2. magaliTad, CaCO3-is daSla, Al(OH)3-is daSla.
3. Canacvlebis yvela reaqcia Jangva-aRdgeniT midis.
4. ionuri mimocvlis reaqciebi ZiriTadad Jangva-aRdgenis gareSe mimdinareobs.
a. 4FeS2+11O2→2Fe2O3+8SO2
b. 2SO2+O2→2SO3
g. SO3+H2O→H2SO4
maTgan a. da b. Jangva-aRdgenisaa.
§3.8
praqtikuli:
1. tipur mJangavad SeiZleba aiRoT ganzavebuli azotmJava an koncentrirebuli gogirdmJava. nebismier SemTxvevaSi cdis Sedegad indikatoris qaRaldi galurjdeba.
48
§3.9
ixileT scenari #8.
§3.10
testi
1b. 2a. 3b. 4g. 5g.
saSinao
1. 560l n.p Jangbadis gamosayofad saWiroa 96 500•560/5,6=9650000 kuloni eleqtroba.
am dros meore eleqrtodze gamoiyofa 1120l H2.
2. radgan 96500 kuloni eleqtrobis wyalSi gatarebisas gamoiyofa 16,8l wyalbadisa
da Jangbadis airTa narevi. maSin 193000 kuloni eleqtrobis gatarebisas gamoiyofa 33,6l
airTa narevi.
§3.11
3 a. spilenZis miReba SeiZleba. b. wyalbadi da iodi.
g. CuCl2, NiCl2, ZnCl2 d. H2 da O2; e. NaCl ar gamodgeba, radgan eleqtrodze deni gamoiyofa.
testi
1.g. 2.d. 3.b. 4.a. 5.b.
saSinao
a.2KBr→2K+Br2
b. 2AgNO3+H2O→2Ag+0,5O2+2HNO3
g. 0,5 moli faradei eleqtrobis gavlisas gamoiyofa nivTierebis 0,5 molis ekvivalentis Sesabamisi masa.
§3.12
saklaso
anodi iqneba TuTia, kaTodi _ dasafari nakeToba.
A: Zn-2e→Zn2+; K: Zn2++2e→Zn0;
testi1.d. 2.b. 3.g. 4.g. 5.a.
§3.13
saklaso
1. tutis wyalbadis eleqtrolizi igive wylis eleqtrolizia. 2680 ampersaaTi eleqtroba
daSlis 900g. wyals da radgan darCenil xsnarSi tutis myari wili 24%-ia. sawyis xsnarSi
iqneba 2,4%;
2. 3,1g fosforis dasaJangad saWiroa 0,25 moli anu daiSleba da eleqtrodebze gamoiyofa 8g
O2 da 1g H2 anu daiSleba 9g wyali da xsnaris masa darCeba 463g. WKHO3=47,2/463•100%=10,2%
3. 0,5moli Br2+ ionebis aRsadgenad saWiroa 96500 kuloni eleqtroba, 2 molisaTvis saWiro
iqneba 4-jer meti.
4. vercxli.
§3.14
49
Tema 4
§4.1
saklaso
a. Seuqcevadi reaqciis magaliTad SeiZleba SearCion nebismieri ionuri mimocvlis reaqcia, romlis Sedegad wyali, naleqi an airi gamoiyofa.
b. Seuqcevadi reaqciis magaliTad SeiZleba gamoiyenoT qlorwyalbadis an amiakis wyalSi
gaxsnis reaqcia. HCl+H2OH3O++OH(Kc=5,5·108) an NH3+H2ONH4++OH- (Kc=2·12·10-8). romeli reaqtivebic geqnebaT, Sesabamisad dagegmavT cdebs. gamoitanT daskvnas, rom Seqcevadi reaqciebi
srulad bolomde ar mimdinareobs.
2. miniSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT iodwyalbadis sinTezi Seqcevadi reaqciaa: H2I22HI.
3. vercxliswylis oqsidi 300-400°C-ze gaxurebisas warmoiqmneba, magram am temperaturaze
da ufro maRal temperaturaze gaxurebisas warmoqmnili oqsidi isev iSleba. amitom igi Seqcevadi, egzoTermuli reaqciaa da oqsidis miReba Tu gsurT xangrZlivad, SedarebiT dabal
temperaturaze unda gaacxeloT.
testi
2
3
4
b
a
b
§4.2
testi
1
2
3
4
b
g
g
b
saSinao
0,4 moli amiakis misaRebad saWiroa 0,2 moli azoti da 0,6 moli wyalbadi. radgan wonasworobis momentSi 0,01 moli wyalbadi darCa, misi sawyisi koncentracia 0,601 moli/l yofila,
xolo azotis sawyisi koncentracia _ 2,2 moli/l.
§4.3
1. saklaso
a. Kc=
[SO3 ]2
2
[SO2 ] ⋅[O2 ]
g. Kc=
[CO]2
b. Kc=
[CO2]
€
[NH 4 + ][OH ! ]
d. Kc=
[NH 4 OH]
Kc-s mniSvnelobebi migvaniSnebs, rom HI Zlieri mJavaa, amoniumis hidroqsidi ki _ susti fuZe.
2.
[NO]2
a. Kc=
[N 2O4 ]
K P=
�
50
�
ganzomilebaa moli/l.
ganzomilebaa paskali.
b. Kc=
K P=
�
ganzomilebaa 1/moli/l. anu S/moli.
P 2CO2
P 2CO ! PO 2
ganzomilebaa 1/paskali, anu paskali -1.
g. Kc=[O2] ganzomilebaa moli/l.
KP=PO2 ganzomilebaa paskali.
testi
1
2
3
g
g
a
saSinao:
v. b. T. g. a. d. e.
§4.4
saklaso
1. a) marjvniv; b) marcxniv; g) marcxniv; d) ar gadaixreba.
2. a) diax, gadaixreba marjvniv; b) ar gadaixreba; g) diax, gadaixreba marjvniv.
testi
1
2
3
4
a
b
a
b
§4.5
1. wnevis gazrdiT wonasworoba amiakis warmoqmnis mxares gadaixreba, temperatura 450°C-s
ar unda aRematebodes da katalizatori unda SeurCioT.
2. a. gadaxris marcxniv.
b. gadaxris marjvniv.
g. temperaturis gazrda gadaxris marcxniv, wnevis gazrda _ marjvniv.
d. temperaturis Semcireba gadaxris marjvniv, wnevis Semcireba _ marcxniv.
e. wonasworobas katalizatori ver gadaxris.
3. KP=
P 2 SO3
0,8 ⋅ 0,8
0,64
=
=
=9,1
2
P SO2 ! PO 2 0,1⋅ 0,1⋅ 0,7 0,007
a. gadaixreba marcxniv; b. gadaixreba marjvniv.
€
€
�
saSinao
• amiakis sinTezi maRal wnevaze, SedarebiT dabal temperaturaze da katalizatoris
gamoyenebiT unda Catardes, rom daCqardes reaqcia.
• mxuTavi airebis gamosavlianoba rom Semcirdes, wonasworoba marcxniv unda gadaixaros,
e. i. reaqcia maRal wnevaze unda Catardes. radgan siTburi efeqti mocemuli ar aris, temperaturis gavlenaze ver vimsjelebT. unda vipovoT cxrilSi da Tu reaqcia endoTermulia,
temperaturac unda gavzardoT.
• wonasworoba irRveva koncentraciis, wnevisa da temperaturis gavleniT.
51
Tema 5-6-7
am TemebSi dasmuli SekiTxvebis did nawilze pasuxis gacema 1-4 Temebis ganxilvisas ukve
gacemuli pasuxebis dakonkretebas moiTxovs.
amitom SerCeviT gTavazobT pasuxebs ramdenime problemur kiTxvaze.
§5.1
1. a. b. g. d.
3. axlad gamoyofili wyalbadi molekulur wyalbadTan erTad atomur wyalbadsac Seicavs da Zlieri aRmdgenia. sinjaraSi CuO Savi fxvnili mowiTalo spilenZad gardaiqmneba.
4. metalebTan reaqciaSi wyalbadi mJangavia, arametalebTan ki _ aRmdgeni.
5. Seqcevadi reaqciebiT wyalbadi rom miiRoT, iseT pirobebSi unda CaataroT, rom
wonasworoba srulad gadaixaros marjvniv. amisTvis gaxurebul rkinaze an naxSirze wylis
orTqli ganuwyvetliv unda gaataroT.
6. wylis yvela anomaliuri Tviseba masSi wyalbaduri bmebis arsebobas ukavSirdeba.
§5.2
1. natriumSi natriumis ionebs Soris Tavisuflad moZravi eleqtronebiT metaluri bma
myardeba.
2. natriumis marilis SemTxvevaSi ali yviTlad Seifereba, kaliumisaSi _ iisfrad.
3. natriumis hidroqsidis wyalxsnaris eleqtrolizi faqtobrivad wylis eleqtrolizia.
amitom natriums ver miiRebT.
5. gavigoT orive reagentis molebis ricxvi. nNaOH=0,05 moli nCuSO =0,025 moli. orive aRe4
bulia reaqciisaTvis saWiro raodenobiT: 2:1, amitom miiReba 0,025 moli Cu(OH)2 naleqi.
saSinao
marTalia, Na spilenZze aqtiuria, magram wyalxsnarSi jer wyalTan Seva reaqciaSi,
Semdeg ki NaOH mimocvlis reaqciaSi Seva CuSO4-Tan da warmoiqmneba Cu(OH)2 naleqi. Tu mas
gafiltravT, gaaSrobT da gaacxelebT, SegiZliaT CuO miiRoT. spilenZis misaRebad romelime
aRmdgeni dagWirdebaT, rac Tqven ar gaqvT.
§5.3
danarTSi mocemulia qimiur elementTa aRmoCenis Sesaxeb masala. oTxi S- elementi _ Na,
K, Mg da Ca hemfri deivim miiRo Sesabamisi marilebis nalRobis eleqtroliziT.
§5.4
1. gamoiyenebT TvisebiT reaqciebs da imsjelebT alis Seferilobis mixedviT.
2. urCieT Tamars, aiRos 2 moli KCl da 1 moli Ca(OH)2 da imave Sedgenilobis xsnars
miiRebs. xsnaris ionuri Sedgeniloba orive SemTxvevaSi iqneba Ca2+; 2Cl-; 2K+; 2OH-.
§6.1
2. Termitis gaxurebisas didi raodenobis siTbo gamoiyofa.
4. aluminis hidroqsidi miiReba Sesabamis marilze tutis moqmedebiT. igi urTierTqmedebs marilmJavasTan da ixsneba Warb tuteSi.
5. amorfuli aluminis hidroqsidi adsorbirebs wyalSi gaxsnil nivTierebebs, amitom
mas wylis gasasufTaveblad iyeneben.
52
§6.2
1. naxSirbadisa da siliciumis udablesi Jangvis ricxvebia _4, umaRlesi _ +4. maT aRmdgeni da mJangavi unaric axasiaTebs.
2. almasSi naxSirbadatomebs Soris mtkice kovalenturi bmebia, sp3 hibridizaciaa,
grafitSi fenebs Soris kavSirebi sustia, sp2 hibridizaciaa da advilad iSleba fenebad. es
ganapirobebs maT gamoyenebasac.
3. mRvrie xsnari naxSiris fenebSi gavlisas gamWvirvale gaxdeba.
4. metalebTan urTierTqmedebisas mJangavia, sxvagan _ aRmdgeni.
6. natriumis karbonatze marilmJavas moqmedebiT gamoiyofa airi, romelSic kirian wyals amRvrevs. es TvisebiTi reaqciaa karbonationebze.
7. naxSirorJangis Semcvelobis zrda haerSi iwvevs haeris temperaturis gazrdas, radgan
akavebs siTbos dedamiwaze, haeris qveda fenebSi.
9. kaliumi als iisfrad Seaferadebs, natriumi _ yviTlad, qloridionebs aRmoaCenT
AgNO3-is xsnaris damatebiT, karbonationebs ki _ marilmJavas damatebiT.
§6.3
1. maqsimaluri Jangvis ricxvi iqneba +5, minimaluri _3. mcire atomuri radiusis gamo
azotis atomebi oratomian molekulaSi erTiandeba, fosfori ki fosforis sam mezobel atoms ukavSirdeba da P4 molekulas qmnis. SeiZleba fosforis atomebi sxvadasxvagvarad daukavSirdes erTmaneTs da amitom aqvs alotropiuli saxesxvaobebi, anu es atomis aRnagobas
ukavSirdeba.
3. 2Ca(PO4)2+5C+6SiO→P4+5CO+6CaSiO3.
4. a. azoti maRal wnevasa da temperaturaze urTierTqmedebs wyalbadTan amiakis warmoqmniT; b. azoti umoqmedoa.
6. amiakis sinTezis reaqcia marjvniv gadaixreba wnevis gadidebiT, temperaturis SemcirebiT (amitom katalizatori unda gamoiyenoT) da azotisa da wyalbadis kondensaciis
gazrdisas.
7. amiakis wvisas miiReba azoti, katalizuri Jangvis dros ki _ NO.
4NH3+3O2→2N2+6H2O
4NH3+5O2→4NO+6H2O.
orive reaqciaSi amiaki aRmdgenia, Jangbadi ki _ mJangavi.
8. 3CuO+2NH3→3Cu+N2+3H2O
9. laboratoriaSi amiaki SeiZleba miiRoT amoniumis marilebze tutis moqmedebiT. amiaks
damaxasiaTebeli suni aqvs da tute reaqciis gamo lakmuss alurjebs.
§6.4
2. 3Cu+8HNO3→3Cu(NO3)2+2NO+4H2O
3. 4NH3+5O2→4NO+6H2O
2NO+O2→NO3
4NO2+2H2O+O2→4HNO3
4. H3PO4H++H2PO4-2H++HPO42-3H++PO43-
§6.5
4. qlorids gamoicnobT AgNO3-is xsnariT, karbonats _ marilmJavas damatebiT, sulfids
ki _ spilenZis sulfatis xsnaris an tyviis xsnadi marilis Pb(NO3)2-is damatebiT.
53
§6.6
1. H2SO3+2H2S→3S+3H2O mJangavia
2H2SO3+O2→2H2SO4 aRmdgenia
3. amocana:
n(H2SO4)=24,5·0,2/98=0,005 moli, maSin BaSO4-is naleqic 0,05 moli iqneba, anu 0,05·233=16,65 g.
saSinao:
H2SO3 saSualo siZlieris orfuZiani mJavaa da mis xsnarSi aucileblad iqneba HSO3- ionebi.
§6.7
4. sakveb xsnarSi BaCl2-is arsebobis dasamtkiceblad saWiroa ori reaqtivi:
1) H2SO4 xsnari. miiReba BaSO4↓ naleqi.
2) AgNO3 xsnari _ daileqeba AgCl↓ TeTri xaWosebri naleqi.
5. AgNO3-is xsnaris damatebiT gamoicnobT.
§7.1
2. a. 2KMnO4+5K2SO3→2MnSO4+6K2SO4+3H2O
b. 2KMnO4+3K2SO3+H2O→2MnO2+3K2SO4+2KOH
g. 2KMnO4+K2SO3+2KOH→2K2MnO4+K2SO4+H2O
3. 2KMnO4+5H2S+2H2SO4→2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+H2O
4. tutis moqmedebiT daileqeba TeTri naleqi Mn(OH)2. cdis Sedegi mTlad saimedo ver
aris, radgan tutesTan TeTr naleqSi SeiZleba sxva metalis hidroqsidic iyos.
saSinao
3. kaliumis permanganatis wyalxsnarze romelime tipuri aRmdgenis (Na2SO3, Na2S, KI...)
moqmedebiT daileqeba MnO2-is naleqi.
4. aluminTermiiT MnO2-dan Mn-is aRdgena SeiZleba, radgan aqtiurobis mwkrivSi manganumi aluminis Semdeg dgas.
§7.2
1. FeSO4 tipuri aRmdgenia da mJave areSi KMnO4 mas Fe2(SO4)3-mde daJangavs.
10FeSO4+2KMnO4+3H2SO4→2MnSO4+5Fe2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3H2O
2. Fe+2HCl→FeCl2+H2
2Fe+3Cl2→2FeCl3
3. 2FeCl3+2KI→2FeCl2+I2+2KCl
4. Fe(II) da Fe(III) ionebis aRmoCena SeiZleba xsnarSi tutis moqmedebiT. orive SemTxvevaSi
Sesabamisi fuZe miiReba. Fe(OH)2 mwvane feris naleqia, romelic haerze nel-nela iJangeba da
fers icvlis, xolo Fe(OH)3 mowiTalo-yavisferi naleqia.
cda saimedoa, radgan aseTi feris naleqebs sxva ar warmoqmnis.
54
danarTi
simbolo, saxelwodeba
atomuri
nomeri
qimiuri elementebi A(a)-dan H(h)-mde
saxelwodebis warmoSoba
W% dedamiwis
aRmoCenis adgili, weli, avtori qerqSi (masuri
klarki)
Al _ alumini
13
`alumen~ _ laT. Sabi
dania, 1825, k. ersteli
8,8
Am _ americiumi
95
amerikis pativsacemad
aSS, 1945, g. siborgi da sxv.
_
Ar _ argoni
18
`argos~ _ berZ. umoqmedo
inglisi, 1894, u. ramzai da sxv.
_
As _ arsenikum
(dariSxana)
33
`arsen~ _ berZ. Zlieri; qarT.
Sxamis msgavsi
germania, 1250, a. magnusi
0,0005
At _ astati
85
`astatos~ _ berZ. aramdgradi
aSS, 1940, g. korsoni da sxv.
_ bun. ar ars.
Au _ aurum (oqro)
79
`auror~ romauli miTologiis
ciskris qalRmerTi; qarT. uqrobi
cnobilia uZvelesi dro­idan
0,0000005
Ag _ argentum
(vercxli)
47
`argentum~ _ laT. brwyinvale
cnobilia uZvelesi dro­idan
0,00001
Ac _ aqtiniumi
89
`aqtis~ _ berZ. sxivi
safrangeTi, 1899, a. debierni
_
Ba _ bariumi
56
`baris~ _ berZ. mZime
SvedeTi, 1774, k. Seele
0,05
Be _ beriliumi
4
mineral berilidan
safrangeTi, 1797, a. vol­keni
0,0006
Bk _ berkliumi
97
amerikis q. berklis saxelidan
aSS, 1949, g. siborgi da sxv.
_
Bi _ bismuti
83
berZ. `TeTri metali~
germania, 1556.
0,00002
B _ bori
5
`bur~ spars. boraqsi
safrangeTi, 1808, g. lusaki
0,0003
Bh _ boriumi
107
nils boris pativsacemad
germania, 1981, mecn. jgufi
_
Br _ bromi
35
`bromos~ _ berZ. myrali
safrangeTi, 1826, i. bala­ri
0,0006
Gd _ gadoliniumi
64
qimikos i. gadolinis pativ­
sacemad
safrangeTi, 1886, l. buabodrani
0,001
Ga _ galiumi
31
safrangeTis Zveli saxelis
`galiis~ mixedviT
safrangeTi, 1875, l. buabodrani
0,0015
Ge _ germaniumi
32
germaniis pativsacemad
germania, 1886, k. vinkleri
0,0007
Dy _ disproziumi
66
`disprozitos~ _ berZ. Zne­lad
misadgomi
safrangeTi, 1886, l. buabodrani
0,00045
Db _ dubniumi
105
ruseTis q. dubnis saxelidan
ruseTi, 1970, mecn. jgufi
_
Eu _ evropeumi
63
evropis saxelwodebis pativsa­ce­mad
safrangeTi, 1901, e. demersei
_
Es _ einSteiniumi
99
a. ainStainis pativsacemad
aSS, 1955, mecn. jgufi
_
Er _ erbiumi
68
SvedeTis sof. iterbis sa­
xelidan
SvedeTi, 1843, k. mosan­de­ri
0,0004
V _ vanadiumi
23
skandinavielTa silamazis qalRmerT vanadisis saxelis mixedviT
SvedeTi, 1830. e. zef­stremi
0,015
W _ volframi
74
mineral volframitis saxelidan
SvedeTi, 1781, k. Seele
0,0001
In _ indiumi
49
speqtris lurji xazis (indigos
feris) mixedviT
germania, 1863, f. raixi da
sxv.
0,00001
I _ iodi
53
`iodes~ _ berZ. iisferi
safrangeTi, 1811, b. kurtua
0,00003
Ir _ iridiumi
77
`iris~ (`iridos~) _ berZ. cisartyela
inglisi, 1804, s. tenanti
_
55
Yb _ iterbiumi
70
SvedeTis sof. iterbis saxe­li­dan
safrangeTi, 1878, S. mariniaki
0,0003
Y _ itriumi
39
SvedeTis sof. iterbis saxe­
lidan
fineTi, 1794, i. gadolini
0,0028
K _ kaliumi
19
tutis `mwvave kalis~ saxelwodebidan
inglisi, 1807, h. deivi
2,6
Kr _ kriptoni
36
`kriptos~ _ berZ. faruli
inglisi, 1898, u. ramzai da
sxv.
_
Cd _ kadmiumi
48
`kadmeia~ _ berZ. TuTiis madani
germania, 1817, f. Stromareri
0,001
Ca _ kalciumi
20
`kalqs~ (`kalcis) _ laT. kiri
inglisi, 1808, h. deivi
3,6
C _ karbonium
(naxSirbadi)
6
`kra~ sanskritulad `wva~
cnobilia uZvelesi droidan
0,1
Co _ kobalti
27
miTologiuri avi sulis koboldis saxelidan
SvedeTi, 1730, g. brandti
0,003
Cu _ kuprum
(spilenZi)
29
k. kviprosis saxelidan (qarTveluri tomebis spirenebis
saxelidan)
cnobilia uZvelesi dro­idan
0,01
Cm _ kiuriumi
97
pier da mari kiurebis pativ­
sacemad
aSS, 1944, g. siborgi da sxv.
_
Ce _ ceriumi
58
patara planeta cereras sa­xe­
lis mixedviT
SvedeTi, 1803, v. sizingeri
0,0045
Cs _ ceziumi
55
`cezius~ _ laT. cisferi
germania, 1860, v. kirxhofi
0,0007
Cl _ qlori
17
`qloros~ _ berZ. mwvane
SvedeTi, 1774, k. Seeli
0,045
Cr _ qromi
24
`qroma~ _ berZ. feri, saRebavi
safrangeTi, 1797, a. volkeni
0,02
Cf _ kaliforniumi
98
amerikis Statis kaliforniis
saxeli
aSS, 1950, g. siborgi da sxv.
_
La _ lanTani
57
`lanTano~ _ berZ. vrCebi SeumCneveli
SvedeTi, 1839, k. mosanderi
0,0018
Li _ liTiumi
3
`liTos~ _ berZ. qva
SvedeTi, 1817, a. arfvedsoni
0,0065
Lr _ lourensiumi
103
ciklotronis gamomgoneblis e.
lourensis pativsacemad
aSS, 1962, g. siborgi da sxv.
_
Lu _ luteciumi
71
parizis laTinuri saxelis `lu­
tecias~ mixedviT
safrangeTi, 1907, J. urbeni
_
Mg _ magniumi
12
`magnezia~ _ laT. magniumis
minerali
inglisi, 1808, h. deivi
_
Mn _ manganumi
25
`magnezia~ _ laT. magniumis
minerali
SvedeTi, 1774, o. hani
0,09
Mt _ meitneriumi
109
liza meitneris pativsacemad
germania, 1982, mecn. jgufi
_
Md _ mendeleeviumi
101
d. mendeleevis pativsacemad
aSS, 1955, g. siborgi da sxv.
_
Mo _ molibdeni
42
mineral molibdenitis saxe­
lidan
SvedeTi, 1778, k. Seele
_
Na _ natriumi
11
tutis `mwvave natris~ saxelidan
inglisi, 1807, h. deivi
2,64
Nd _ neodiumi
60
`neos~ + `didimos~ _ berZ. axali
+ tyupiscali
avstria, 1885, k. velsbaxi
0,0007
Ne _ neoni
10
`neos~ _ berZ. axali
inglisi, 1898, u. ramzai da sxv.
_
Np _ neptuniumi
93
planeta neptunis saxelis mixedviT
aSS, 1940, makmilani
_
56
Ni _ nikeli
28
miTologiuri avi sulis nikas
saxelidan
SvedeTi, 1751, a. kronStadti
0,008
Nb _ niobiumi
41
miTologiuri qalRmerTis niobes pativsacemad
inglisi, 1801, C. hetCeti
0,001
N _ nitrogeniumi
(azoti)
7
`nitrogenium~ _ laT. gvar­ji­lis
mbadi. `azoos~ _ berZ. usi­cocxlo
inglisi, 1772, d. rezerfordi
0,01
No _ nobeliumi
102
a. nobelis pativsacemad
ruseTi, 1966, mecn. jgufi
_
Os _ osmiumi
76
`osme~ _ berZ. suni
inglisi, 1804, s. tenani
0,000006
O _ oqsigeniumi
(Jangbadi)
8
oqsigenium _ laT. mJavas mba­di
inglisi, 1774, d. pristli
47,2
Pd _ paladiumi
46
asteroid palasis saxelidan
inglisi, 1803, v. volastoni
0,000001
P _ fosfori
15
`fosfero~ _ berZ. sinaTlis
matarebeli
germania, 1669, g. brandti
0,08
Pt _ platina
78
kolumbiis mdinaris platino
del pinos saxelidan
italia, 1557, J. skaligeri
_
Pb _ plumbumi
(tyvia)
82
saxelwodebis warmoSoba bun­
dovania
cnobilia uZvelesi dro­idan
0,0016
Pr _ prazeodimi
59
`prazeos~ + `didimos~ _ berZ.
mkrTali mwvanis tyu­pis­cali
avstria, 1885, k. velsbaxi
0,0007
Pa _ protaqtiniumi
91
`protos aqtis~ _ berZ. pirveli
sxivi
germania, 1917, l. meitneri,
o. hani
0,0003
Po _ poloniumi
84
poloneTis pativsacemad
safrangeTi, 1898, pier da mari
kiurebi
_
Pm _ promeTiumi
61
miTologiuri promeTes sa­xe­
lidan
aSS, 1945, d. marinski da sxv.
_ bun. ar ars.
Pu _ plutoniumi
94
planeta plutonis saxelidan
aSS, 1940, d. siborgi da sxv.
_
Ra _ radiumi
88
`radius~ _ laT. sxivi
safrangeTi, 1898, pier da mari
kiurebi
_
Rn _ radoni
86
radiumisgan warmoqmnili
inglisi, 1900, e. rezerfordi
_
Re _ reniumi
75
mdinare rainis laT. saxelwodebis `renusis~ mixedviT
germania, 1925, i. noldaki
_
Rf _ rezerfordiumi
104
e. rezerfordis pativsacemad
ruseTi, 1964, g. flerovi da
sxv.
_
Rh _ rodiumi
45
`rodon~ _ berZ. vardi
inglisi, 1803, k. volasteni
_
Rb _ rubidiumi
37
`rubidos~ _ laT. wiTeli
germania, 1861, r. bunzeni da sxv.
_
Ru _ ruTeniumi
44
`ruTenia~ _ laT. ruseTi
ruseTi, 1844, k. klausi
0,0005
Sm _ samariumi
62
mineral samarskitis saxelidan
safrangeTi, 1879, l. buabodrani
0,0007
Se _ seleni
34
`selene~ _ berZ. mTvare
SvedeTi, 1817, i. berceliusi
0,00006
Sc _ skandiumi
21
skandinaviis pativsacemad
SvedeTi, 1879, l. nilsoni
0,0006
Sg _ siborgiumi
106
g. siborgis pativsacemad
aSS, 1974, mecn. jgufi
_
Si _ siliciumi
14
`sileqs~ (silicis) _ laT. kaJi
SvedeTi, 1823, i. berceliusi
27,6
Sb _ stibiumi
(anTimoni)
51
`surme~ _ Turq. gaSaveba
cnobilia uZvelesi dro­idan
0,00004
Sr _ stronciumi
38
mineral stroncianitis saxe­
lidan
inglisi, 1792, a. krofordi
0,04
57
S _ sulfuri
(gogirdi)
16
`sira~ _ sanskr. Ria yviTeli;
qarT. mzisferi
cnobilia uZvelesi dro­idan
0,09
Sn _ stanumi
(kala)
50
`stanum~ _ sanskr. myari,
magari
cnobilia uZvelesi dro­idan
0,004
Ta _ tantalumi
73
berZ. miT. gmiris tantalosis
saxelidan
SvedeTi, 1802, a. ekebergi
0,0002
Te _ teluri
52
`telus~ (`teluris~) _ laT.
dedamiwa
germania, 1782, m. raixenStaini
0,000001
Ti _ titani
22
berZ. miT. gmiris titanis
saxelidan
inglisi, 1784, v. mak-gregori
0,6
Tc _ teqneciumi
43
`teqnecus~ _ berZ. xelovnuri
italia, 1937, e. segre, k. perie
_
Tl _ Taliumi
81
`Talos~ _ berZ. mwvane ylorti
inglisi, 1861, k. kruqsi
0,0003
Th _ Toriumi
90
skandinaviis miTologiuri Rmer­
Tis Toris saxelidan
SvedeTi, 1828, i. berceliusi
0,0008
Tm _ Tuliumi
69
`Tule~ skandinaviis CrdiloeTis saxelidan
SvedeTi, 1879, p. kleve
_
Tb _ terbiumi
65
SvedeTis sof. iterbis saxe­
lidan
SvedeTi, 1849, k. mosanderi
0,00015
U _ urani
92
planeta uranis saxelidan
germania, 1789, m. klaproti
0,0003
Fe _ ferumi
(rkina)
26
`ferum~ _ laT. rkina
cnobilia uZvelesi dro­idan
5,1
Fm _ fermiumi
100
fizikos e. fermis pativsacemad
aSS, 1955, g. siborgi da sxv.
_
F _ fTori
9
`fToros~ _ berZ. daRupva,
mospoba
safrangeTi, 1886, h. muasani
0,027
Fr _ franciumi
87
safrangeTis pativsacemad
safrangeTi, 1939, m. perei
bun. ar ars.
Xe _ qsenoni
54
`qsenos~ _ berZ. ucxo
inglisi, 1898, u. ramzai da
sxv.
_
Zn _ cinkumi
(TuTia)
30
`cinkum~ _ laT. TeTri na­
fifqi
germania, 1745, a. margra­fi
0,005
Zr _ cirkoniumi
40
mineral cirkonis saxelidan
germania, 1749, m. klap­roti
0,02
Hf _ hafniumi
72
kopenhagenis laT. saxelis `hafnias~ mixedviT
dania, 1923, d. kosteri
0,00032
He _ heliumi
2
`helios~ _ berZ. mze
inglisi, 1895, u. ramzai da sxv.
_
Hg _ hidrargirumi
(vercxliswyali)
80
berZ. `wyali vercxlis~
cnobilia uZvelesi dro­idan
0,000007
H _ hidrogeniumi
(wyalbadi)
1
`hidrogenium~ _ laT. wylis
warmomqmneli
inglisi, 1766, h. kavendiSi
0,15
Hs _ hesiumi
108
`hesen~ _ miwis saxeli germaniaSi
germania, 1984, mecn. jgufi
_
Ho _ holmiumi
67
stokholmis laT. saxelis `holmias~ mixedviT
SvedeTi, 1879, p. kleve
0,0003
* memilioned %-ze naklebi aRniSnulia (_) niSniT.
** wminda da gamoyenebiTi qimiisa da fizikis kavSirebis (IUPAC) mier miRebulia, rom xelovnurad miRebul 110-e
elements ewodos darmStadtiumi (Ds), 111-es _ rentgeniumi (Rg), xolo 112-s _ koperliciumi (Cn).
58