2, 2014

Transcript

2, 2014

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
iuridiuli fakulteti
samarTlis Jurnali
#2, 2014
UDC (uak) 34(051.2)
s-216
mTavari redaqtori
irakli burduli (prof., Tsu)
saredaqcio kolegia:
levan aleqsiZe (prof., Tsu)
giorgi daviTaSvili (prof., Tsu)
avTandil demetraSvili (prof., Tsu)
besarion zoiZe (prof., Tsu)
mzia lekveiSvili (prof., Tsu)
guram naWyebia (prof., Tsu)
Tevdore niniZe (prof., Tsu)
nugzar surgulaZe (prof., Tsu)
paata turava (prof., Tsu)
lado Wanturia (prof., Tsu)
giorgi xubua (prof., Tsu)
laSa bregvaZe (T. wereTlis sax.
saxelmwifosa da samarTlis
institutis direqtori)
gunter toibneri (prof.,
frankfurtis universiteti)
lourens fridmani (prof.,
stenfordis universiteti)
bernd Sunemani (prof.,
miunxenis universiteti)
peter heberle (prof.,
bairoiTis universiteti)
gamocemulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
sauniversiteto sagamomcemlo sabWos gadawyvetilebiT
© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
gamomcemloba, 2015
ISSN 1987-7668
Sinaarsi
mixeil biWia
Rirsebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi cnebis moculoba .......................................................... 5
nona zubitaSvili
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis me-6 punqtis Sefasebis
standarti gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis WrilSi ..................................................32
eka kaveliZe
undoblobis votumi, rogorc mTavrobis politikuri pasuxismgeblobis forma ........ 57
TamTa mamaiaSvili
sabanko kreditis (sesxis) xelSekruleba da sasamarTlosmieri morigeba
sakredito valdebulebis darRvevisas ......................................................................................84
ana ramiSvili
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis roli
kargi korporaciuli marTvis mdgradi modelis SeqmnaSi:
aucilebeli atributebi da maTi kombinireba ........................................................................114
naTia CitaSvili
Secvlil garemoebaTa pirobebSi saxelSekrulebo
pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli safuZvlebisa da
Tanamdevi samarTlebrivi Sedegebis analizi ......................................................................... 150
laSa cercvaZe
direqtoratis (direqtoris) movaleobebi kompaniebis Serwymisas da
sakontrolo paketis dauflebisas ............................................................................................182
maka nucubiZe
iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa ufleba dabrundnen sakuTar saxlSi da
moiTxovon qonebis restitucia..................................................................................................204
guram naWyebia
iuridiuli azrovnebis wesi da gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis sarezolucio nawili .......218
daviT wulaia
wamebis akrZalva saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebis mixedviT ................................ 224
maka xodeli
wamebis Sedegad mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis problema
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi (qarTuli da germanuli samarTlis mixedviT) ...............254
karlo nikoleiSvili
pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWos
saqmianobis Sesabamisoba samarTliani sasamarTlos standartTan
(zogierTi sakiTxis analizi) ....................................................................................................... 289
niklas lumani
eTika saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ........................................................................................ 307
klaus hopti
evropis kompaniaTa samarTlis moqmedebis gegmis gadasinjva .......................................... 317
natalia burduli
warmoadgens Tu ara diplomatiuri garantiebi efeqtur zomebs wamebis
winaaRmdeg? ....................................................................................................................................... 333
saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis .............................................................................. 346
mixeil biWia*
Rirsebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi cnebis moculoba
(Teoriisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi)
1. Sesavali
adamianuri Rirseba sxvadasxva mecnierebis ganxilvis sferoa, romelTagan aranakleb sayuradReboa misi samarTlebrivi, saxeldobr, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi safuZvlebis kvleva. saqme isaa, rom es sakiTxi araa saTanadod Seswavlili rogorc qarTul,
ise ucxour iuridiul literaturaSi, ris gamoc araa adamianuri Rirsebis cnebis Sesaxeb erTiani pozicia. Tumca, Rirsebis gagebis Taobaze arsebuli sxvadasxva Teoriis
mimoxilvis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia Rirsebis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi niSnebis gamokveTa.
kvlevis mizania, dadgindes adamianuri Rirsebis cnebis moculoba, Rirsebis arsebiTi Taviseburebebi, Rirsebasa da sxva pirovnul uflebebs Soris mimarTeba. am aspeqtebis gansaxilvelad aucilebelia, upirveles yovlisa, Rirsebis arsis Seswavla, Semdeg ki – adamianuri Rirsebisa da pativis dapirispireba. aseve kvlevis mizania Rirsebis
konstituciursamarTlebrivi da samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi cnebebis gamijvna. aRniSnuli problemis Sesaswavlad aucilebelia Rirsebis konstituciursamarTlebrivi cnebis Camoyalibeba da misi rolis gamokveTa, zogadad, Rirsebis dacvis sferoSi, Semdeg
ki – Rirsebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi cnebis moculobis garkveva. Rirsebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi dacvis aspeqtebi kidev ufro aqtualuria, vinaidan Rirsebis kerZosamarTlebrivi cnebis moculoba naklebad iyo kvlevis sfero. es detalebi mniSvnelovania aseve im gagebiT, rom, saboloo jamSi, ukavSirdeba moTxovnis samarTlebrivi
safuZvlisa da Rirsebis Selaxvisas konkretuli dacvis formis gamoyenebas, uflebis
dacvis funqciebis mixedviT pirovnebis dacvis yvelaze optimaluri meqanizmis SerCevas. amdenad, Rirsebis kerZosamarTlebrivi cnebis moculobis gansazRvras rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli datvirTva aqvs.
dasaxelebuli problemebis Sesaswavlad gamoyenebulia istoriuli, sociologiuri, SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi, normatiul-dogmaturi da logikuri meTodebi. amdenad,
winamdebare naSromi aris mcdeloba, sxvadasxva Teoriis kritikuli analizis safuZvelze, dadgindes Rirsebis kerZosamarTlebrivi cnebis moculoba da gamoikveTos Rirsebis
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi dacvis specifika.
*
samarTlis doqtori, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis mowveuli leqtori.
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samarTlis Jurnali #2, 2014
2. Rirsebis ontologiuri buneba
2.1. termini `Rirseba~ da misi etimologia
cneba `Rirseba~ momdinareobs zedsarTavi saxelisgan `Rirebuli~, romelsac fesvebi indoevropul enaTa jgufSi aqvs. amasTan, `Rirseba~ zogierT enaSi (magaliTad, daniur
an Svedur enebSi) ukavSirdeba sityvebs `Rirseuloba~ an `Rirebuleba~. Tumca, dauSvebelia Rirsebisa da Rirebulebis sinonimebad ganxilva. Rirseba Rirebulebis specifikuri saxea, Rirebuleba gvareobiTi cnebaa, romelic Rirebulebis sxvadasxva gamovlinebas
exeba.1
termini `Rirseba~ warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan decus da masSi moiazreba siamaye, gansakuTrebuloba, pativiscema, brwyinvaleba. decet, anu is, rac gixdeba, pirovnulobisgan daclili verbaluri gamoxatvis formaa. zogadad, Rirseba niSnavs individualobis pativiscemis mzaobas, ese igi, aq saqme exeba misi statusisa (mdgomareobis) da unaris
Tu Rirebulebis Seudareblobis, aseve pirovnebis mdgomareobis pativiscemas, romelic
adamianis uflebaTa safuZvelia da gaigeba RvTisgan boZebul raobad.2
zemoT ganxilulis safuZvelze, ganasxvaveben Rirsebis or saxes àdamianur Rirsebasa~ da `pirad Rirsebas~. adamianuri Rirsebis grZnoba gamomdinareobs TviT adamianis
bunebidan da erTnairad aqvs momadlebuli yvela adamians, ganurCevlad nebismieri niSnisa.3 termini àdamianuri Rirseba~ gamoiyeneba adamianis mniSvnelobisa da Rirebulebis
Sesafaseblad.4 amasTan, adamianis uflebaTa koncefciisTvis amosavalia uflebis bunebiTi, ganuyofeli xasiaTi, romelic adamianuri Rirsebis cnebaSi vlindeba. rac Seexeba
pirad Rirsebas, is miiRweva keTilSobiluri saqcieliT, keTili saqmeebiT da SeiZleba
Seilaxos sulmdabali qceviT.5 aseve, iyo dro, roca RirsebaSi moiazrebdnen upiratesobas, aRmatebulobas, mjobnelobas mis gvarSi, an im movlenaTa Soris, romlebic imave
funqcias an daniSnulebas emsaxureba. amdenad, adamianuri Rirseba exeba arsebiT niSans,
riTac adamiani gansxvavdeba sxvisagan; amasTan, is gaigeba, rogorc upiratesoba Rirebulebisa da progresis garkveuli skalisa da kriteriumis mixedviT. RirsebaSi igulisxmeba, aseve, sindisisadmi Sesatyvisoba, romlis Sefasebis obieqturi kriteriumia samarTlianoba. sindisi da Rirseba TviTSefasebis fenomenebia. saqme isaa, rom adamianis
sindisi SeiZleba daakninos (SezRudos) TviT am adamianma movaleobis uxeSad darRveviT.
analogiurad ganixileba Rirsebac. pirovnebis xelyofis nebismieri mcdeloba qreba
im momentidanve, rogorc ki pirovneba iwyebs TavdacvisTvis brZolas.6 amasTan, piradi
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Tiedemann P., Menschenwürde als Rechtsbegriff, Eine philosophische Klärung, 2. Auflage, Berlin, Berliner
Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH, 2010, 217, 221.
Lebech M., What is Human Dignity? Maynooth Philosophical Papers, Maynooth, 2004, 55-56.
beberaSvili z., beselia n., maxaSvili n. da sxv., gza uflebebisken: maswavleblis wigni
(red. miqaSaviZe m.), Tb., 2002, 60.
sayvareliZe f., Rirseba: adamianis uflebebsa da TavisuflebebTan dakavSirebuli
ZiriTadi cnebebi (Rirseba, Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba): naw. I, saqarTvelos saxalxo
damcvelis perioduli gamocema `solidaroba~, #2(29), Tb., 2009, 56-57.
banZelaZe g., adamianuri Rirsebis cneba marqsistul-leninur eTikaSi, Tb., 1975, 10, 49,
103.
Mmixeil biWia, Rirsebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi cnebis moculoba
Rirseba umTavresad gvxvdeba eTikur wesebSi. magaliTad, saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciis profesiuli eTikis kodeqsis me-3 muxlSi klientis ndobis erT-erTi safuZvelia advokatis piradi Rirseba.
amdenad, konkretul adamians SeiZleba bevri piradi Rirseba hqondes, Tumca, adamianuri Rirseba mxolod erTia. aseve mas, piradi Rirsebisagan gansxvavebiT, axasiaTebs
zogadoba. adamianuri Rirseba gvareobiTi xasiaTisaa da aucileblobiT ukavSirdeba
adamianis Rirseulobas. idealisken mimarTuli pirovnebis Rirseba isaa, rom adamianuri
Rirseba vlindeba ara mxolod adamianis TavisuflebaSi, aramed fizikuri piris Tavisufal RirseulobaSi – sazogadoebaSi dadgenili normebisa da idealebis dacva-xelSewyobaSi.7 adamianis Rirseba Rirsebis gamovlinebis erT-erTi formaa. marTalia, Rirsebis
zemomocemuli orive SemTxveva udavod sainteresoa, magram, am naSromis miznebidan gamomdinare, ZiriTadad, aqcentebi gakeTdeba adamianur Rirsebaze.
2.2. Rirsebis realuri buneba
2.2.1. Rirsebis poliscentruli cneba
istoriulad adamianis Rirsebis idea ganviTarda, rogorc socialuri pativis cnebis farglebs gareT arsebuli movlena.8 amasTan, Rirseba gaigeba sxvadasxva WrilSi. erT-erTi koncefciis Tanaxmad, Rirseba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli polis-saxelmwifos
arsTan. ramdenadac cnobilia, antikur saberZneTSi gansazRvrulia polis-saxelmwifos
mxolod mamakacebis mier xelmZRvaneloba da saubaria mamakacis Rirsebaze. qalebsa da
monebs marTvis ufleba ar hqondaT; daaxloebiT igive midgoma iyo gaziarebuli romSic. amdenad, aq Rirseba ganixileboda sqesobrivi principidan gamomdinare.9 mocemuli
midgomis mixedviT, Rirseba ukavSirdeba moqalaqeobis cnebas, rac efuZneba im samyaros
utopiur xedvas, romelSic yvela adamiani iqneboda bednieri.10 moqalaqeobaSi moiazreba
ra piris politikur-samarTlebrivi kavSiri saxelmwifosTan, rac gamoixateba urTierTsanacvlo ufleba-movaleobebis erTianobiT, emyareba adamianis Rirsebis pativiscemas, misi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis aRiarebas.11 Rirseba, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifoebriv sawyissac ukavSirdeba. am gagebiT, yvela adamianis (moqalaqis) bedniereba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad uyureben isini gareSe movlenebs saxelmwifoebrivi xedvidan
gamomdinare. swored amitom mocemul koncefcias ewoda poliscentruli Teoria. zogadad Rirseba an Tandayolilia, an pirma SeiZleba mefis dekretiT SeiZinos da aristokratiis privilegias ganekuTvneba.12
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mxeiZe s., yubusiZe v., Rirsebis cneba eTikaSi (recenzia), gazeTi `Tbilisi~, #256 (6858), 31
oqtomberi, 1975, 3.
Hughes A., Democracy in crisis, Equality and Human Dignity in South Africa and Ireland, 2011, 16, <http://
ciisn.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/democracy-equality-dignity-sa-irl-ah-1-4-2011.pdf>, [14.08.2013].
Hughes A., Democracy in crisis, Equality and Human Dignity in South Africa and Ireland, Dublin, 2011, 16.
Lebech M., What is Human Dignity? Maynooth Philosophical Papers, Maynooth, 2004, 56.
ruxaZe z., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, baTumi, 1999, 125.
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poliscentruli Teoria SezRudulia qveyanaSi arsebuli socialuri realobiT. aRniSnuli cxadi xdeba am koncefciaSi ganviTarebul or argumentacias – kacTa uflebebis dacvasa (1790) da qalTa uflebebis uzrunvelyofas – Soris winaaRmdegobiT (1792).
aq igulisxmeba, rom kacTa uflebebis safuZvelia safrangeTis revoluciiT gacxadebul uflebaTa dacva, xolo qalTa uflebebi daefuZna im postulats, rom imave periodSi qalebi uufleboni iyvnen da saWiroebdnen uflebebis aRiarebas. saqme isaa, rom
sabolood orive argumentacia adamianis uflebaTa dacvis gamoZaxilia. amasTan, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wevrTa mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad mniSvnelovania ganaTlebis miReba, rac daexmareba xalxs, icodnen sakuTari `cnobieri Rirsebis~ Sesaxeb, ris
Semdegac maT ar eqnebodaT monobis survili. Tumca, es procesi ukavSirdeba socialur
cvlilebebs, rac swrafad ver moxdeba. am gagebiT, termini àdamianuri Rirseba~ ganixileba lingvistur iaraRad, romliTac piri iZens sakuTari Tavis pativiscemas da aqvs
politikuri zegavlena. es demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis safuZveli iyo. amasTan,
aq, kantis msgavsad, adamianis Rirseba ganixileba gonebasTan kavSirSi, swored gonebis
wyalobiTaa, rom yvelas (kacsac da qalsac) aqvs Rirseba,13 miuxedavad maTi saTnoebisa,
aqtualuri socialuri da politikuri statusisa an sxva nebismieri niSnisa.14 amdenad,
sqesobrivi niSnisa da moqalaqeobis sajaro sawyisis daxmarebiT Rirseba, faqtobrivad,
realuri movlenaa,15 Tumca misi kavSiri ufleba-movaleobasTan gamokveTs, aseve, RirsebaSi idealuri sferos niSnebsac. miuxedavad amisa, poliscentruli midgomiT Rirsebis
mWidro kavSiri jerarsis sferosTan araa saTanadod warmoCenili da Rirsebac mxolod
viwrod, zemoganxilul aspeqtebze dayrdnobiTaa axsnili. Sesabamisad, Rirsebis cnebis
amomwuravad gansazRvra mxolod poliscentruli TeoriiT zemomocemuli garemoebebis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia.
2.3. Rirsebis idealuri xasiaTi
2.3.1. Rirsebis kosmocentruli cneba
Rirsebis idealuri xasiaTi ikveTeba antikuri xanis kosmocentruli TeoriiT, romlis mixedviTac, adamianis Rirseba aixsneba bunebiTi sawyisebidan gamomdinare. kosmocentrul midgomaSi arsismieria Rirebulebis Sesaxeb Teoriis gamoyeneba (aqsiologia).
aq Rirebuleba ganixileba adamianis xasiaTisa da sazogadoebis mxridan misi Sefasebis
TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, am Teoriis Tanaxmad, pirebi gaTanabrebuli arian, arada, rogorc
cnobilia, isini ar arian Tanasworni da erTmaneTisgan Rirebulebis (axia-s) niSniTac
gansxvavdebian. mocemuli gagebiT, wina planze wamoweulia dignitas humana-s idea, romlis
ZiriTadi arsi isaa, rom adamianebis mdgomareoba maTi umaRlesi gonis gamo gansakuTrebulia da isini mxecebze maRla dganan swored am niSniT. ciceronis azriT, Rirseba
ganixileba pirovnuli damsaxurebebis pativiscemad. Tumca, is iqve gansazRvravda samarTlianobis ideas da aRniSnavda, rom samarTlianoba gonebis Cvevaa, romelic yvelas
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Lebech M., What is Human Dignity? Maynooth Philosophical Papers, Maynooth, 2004, 56, 61.
Hughes A., Democracy in crisis, Equality and Human Dignity in South Africa and Ireland, Dublin, 2011, 16.
realuri arsis niSnebis Sesaxeb ix. avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 35-38.
aniWebs upiratesobas damsaxurebebis mixedviT. adamianis Rirseba gonebis wyalobiT aZlevs adamianebs privilegias, idgnen mxecTa bunebaze maRla da marTon msoflio, gadainawilon faqtobrivi Zalaufleba RmerTebTan erTad. keTildReoba unda gaiyos iseve,
rogorc kosmosi da samyaro. Tumca bunebaSi arsebuli uTanasworoba gamokveTs sxvebTan SedarebiT zogierTi adamianis gacilebiT met damsaxurebas. amasTan, antikur romSi,
kosmocentruli Teoriis mixedviT, Rirseba exeba sajaro pirTa prerogatiulobas, anu
gansakuTrebul statuss Rirsebis matareblisa, romelic mmarTvelobaSia.16
amdenad, aq Rirsebis ganxilva kosmiur sivrceSi exeba azrobriv models, romelic
cnobierebis sferoSi arsebobs.17 moqmedebis individualuri modeli ki gamoixateba moqmedebis individualur SesaZleblobasa (uflebasa) Tu aucileblobaSi (movaleobaSi);18
meore, jerarsuloba momavlisadmi kuTvnilebaa, is, rac amJamad araa, magram sasurvelia, rom iyos, anu jerarsi idealia. ideali isaa, rac unda iyos, magram realurad araa.
ideali usasrulobaa; mesame, ufleba-movaleoba idealuria, vinaidan ideali usasrulobaa da is yovelTvis unda iyos. ideali ganxorcielebiT gadainacvlebs arsis sferoSi;
meoTxe, idealuri arsi zogadi da abstraqtulia.19 amitom am TeoriaSi gamokveTilia
Rirsebis jerarsuli buneba da Rirseba ganxilulia aqsioligiur WrilSi, rac mniSvnelovania, radgan Rirsebis Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva (aRmatebuloba) cxadadaa xazgasmuli. Tumca, RirsebiT moculi sferoebi Seexeba sxva realur Tu idealur aspeqtebsac,
romlebic am TeoriaSi ar gvxvdeba.
2.3.2. Rirsebis qristocentruli cneba
Sua saukuneebSi Toma aqvinelma Camoayaliba qristocentruli Teoria, romliTac
adamianis Rirseba axsnilia ieso qristesTan mWidro kavSirSi.20 qristianebSi qristes xatad miiCneva adamiani, misi gansakuTrebuli rolisa21 da adamianSi pirovnuli sawyisis
arsebobis gamo.22 am TeoriaSi adamianis uflebebi ganixileba qristianuli Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare da gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia adamians, rogorc RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis gvirgvins; adamiani RvTis xatia; mas aqvs ukvdavi suli da Tavisufali neba.
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Lebech M., What is Human Dignity? Maynooth Philosophical Papers, Maynooth, 2004, 56-57; Dangl O., Der
Begriff der Menschenwürde, in der Publikationsreihe des Kompetenzzentrums für Menschenrechtspädagogik
an der Kirchlichen Pädagogischen Hochschule Wien/ Krems, 09/2012, 2.
idealuris problema mxolod Tavis tvinisa da idealuris urTierTobis formiT ar
xorcieldeba. dauSvebelia idealurisa da fsiqikuris gaigiveba. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb ix.
juReli o., idealuris gnoseologiuri aspeqti, Tb., 1988, 9, 15.
Ткаченко Ю., Методологические вопросы теории правоотношений, «Юридическая литература», М.,
1980, 107.
idealuri arsis am niSnebis Sesaxeb ix. avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 218219, 341, 342, 47.
Dangl O., Der Begriff der Menschenwürde, in der Publikationsreihe des Kompetenzzentrums für Menschenrechtspädagogik an der Kirchlichen Pädagogischen Hochschule Wien/ Krems, 09/2012, 2.
Лосский В. Н., Очерк мистического богословии Висточной Церкви, Догматическое богословие, М.,
1991, 91.
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codvis CadeniT piri, upirveles yovlisa, Seuracxyofs sakuTar qristianul Rirsebas.23
am gagebiT, Toma aqvineli pirovnebas ganixilavda `RirsebiT gamorCeul subieqtad~.
Rirseba gansazRvravs subieqtis arss individualizmis niSniT. individis pirovnebad
gardaqmnisTvis umTavresi elementia Rirseba. qristocentrul koncefciaSi adamianuri Rirseba gaigeba, rogorc idealuri movlena.24
qristocentruli Teoriis dadebiTi mxarea is, rom aq gamokveTilia misi didi mniSvneloba; cxadia, rom Rirsebis cnebaSi, garkveulwilad, religiuri damokidebulebac
aisaxeba, rac mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, Tumca, Rirsebis mxolod religiur WrilSi ganxilva monisturi xasiaTisaa. amave dros, aq Rirseba zedmetad gaidealizebulia. Rirsebis mxolod jerarsuli bunebis Cveneba ver gamoxatavs adamianuri Rirsebis ZiriTad
arss. es, saboloo jamSi, xels uSlis Rirsebis ontologiuri bunebis gansazRvras.
2.4. Rirsebis specifikuri xasiaTi
2.4.1. Rirsebis logocentruli cneba
a) adamianis unari
Tanamedroveobis logocentruli modelis Tanaxmad, imanuel kantma da piko delam
Rirseba axsnes adamianis unaridan gamomdinare. adamianebi arian avtonomiuri arsebebi,
xolo maTi buneba aris Rirseuli. Rirseba asocirdeba subieqtis pativiscemasTan (kantis kategoriuli imperativi). adamians aqvs unari, Seicnos sakuTari moqmedebebis maqsimebis universalurobis mniSvneloba.25 am Teoriis mixedviT, gaziarebulia TanamedroveobaSi italiuri renesansis (piko dela mirani-dola) da filosofiuri kvlevis farglebSi aRiarebuli Rirsebis ganzogadebuli gageba, romliTac adamians aqvs Rirseba,
radgan mas Seswevs unari, iazrovnos da imoqmedos moraluri TavisuflebiT sakuTari
Tavisufali gadawyvetilebisamebr (Tavisuflebis koncefcia).26
raa Rirsebis flobis safuZveli? kantis azriT, Rirseba ekuTvnis adamians, vinaidan
mas aqvs unari, moraluri wesebis dacvaze iyos orientirebuli. Rirseba ar arsebobs una23
24
25
26
10
berbiWaSvili g., adamianis uflebebi – mizani Tu saSualeba, samecniero seminari Temaze:
`qristianuli Semwynarebloba da adamianTa uflebebi~, Tb., 2013, 4, 13; dawvrilebiT ix.
Tiedemann P., Menschenwürde als Rechtsbegriff, Eine philosophische Klärung, 2. Auflage, Berlin, Berliner
Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH, 2010, 115-122.
Lebech M., What is Human Dignity? Maynooth Philosophical Papers, Maynooth, 2004, 58-59; wiqaZe i.,
adamianis Rirsebis dacvis konstituciur-samarTlebrivi garantiebi, àlmanaxi~, sisxlis samarTlis seria (III), #18, 2003, 1; Бердяев Н. А., О достоинстве христианства и недостоинстве
христиан, Париж, 1931, 1, 7, <http://odinblago.ru/filosofiya/berdyaev/berdyaev_n_o_dostoinstve_/>,
[13.09.2014]; berdiaevi n., qristianobis Rirsebisa da qristianTa uRirsebis Sesaxeb,
parizi, 1931, Targmna imerliSvilma z., èmaosi~, #2(5), 2005, 1, 7; idealuri arsis ramdenime
niSanTan dakavSirebiT ix. avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 218-219, 341-342,
47.
Lebech M., What is Human Dignity? Maynooth Philosophical Papers, Maynooth, 2004, 56, 60-63.
Dangl O., Der Begriff der Menschenwürde, in der Publikationsreihe des Kompetenzzentrums für Menschenrechtspädagogik an der Kirchlichen Pädagogischen Hochschule Wien/ Krems, 09/2012, 2-3.
rianobis safuZvelze, romelic adamianebs aqvT, radgan unarianoba adamianTa bunebrivi
Tvisebaa. amitom gaugebaria, raa aq normatiuli xasiaTis. Sesabamisad, adamianis Rirsebis flobis normatiuli safuZveli ar arsebobs, vinaidan is normatiulad ar yalibdeba.
Tu arsebobs Rirsebis flobis safuZveli, es ar Seexeba Rirsebis normatiulad gamyarebul ZiriTad moTxovnas. Rirseba fundamentia sxva uflebebisTvis, TviT (samarTlebrivi) safuZvlis gareSe. aq adamiani ganixileba, rogorc arseba RirsebiT, ara imitom, rom
mas TviTSefasebis unari an sxva unari aqvs, aramed mxolod iqedan gamomdinare, rom mas
aqvs Rirseba. amis normatiuli safuZveli ar arsebobs.27
marTalia, mocemul TeoriaSi gamokveTilia adamiani, romelic ufleba-movaleobebiTaa aRWurvili (samarTlebrivi gageba), magram gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom adamiani ori
gansxvavebuli (realuri da idealuri) sawyisisagan Sedgeba. misi biologiuri struqtura da fsiqikuri procesebi realuri arsis sferos ekuTvnis.28 swored am aspeqts gamokveTs Rirsebis axsna unaris daxmarebiT.
b) Rirseba da morali
germanelma filosofosma kantma kategoriuli imperativis WrilSi gamoyo pirovnebis Rirebuleba, rogorc TviTmizani: `moiqeci ise, rom Sens moqmedebaSi rogorc Seni Tavis, ise yvela sxva pirovnebis saxiT adamiani yovelTvis iyos mizani da arasodes
mxolod saSualeba.~29 roca adamiani daknindeba obieqtis an miznis miRwevis saSualebis
donemde, saqme Seexeba adamianis Rirsebis xelyofas. aq adamianis subieqti principulad
ignorirebuli da ganviTarebas moklebulia.30 saerTod, pirovnebis Rirseba universaluri da xelSeuxebelia. yvela adamians aqvs Rirseba, ganurCevlad kanis ferisa, religiisa, sarwmunoebisa da sxva niSnisa.31 adamianuri Rirseba rCeba miznis gareSe, Tu adamianis bunebas ar daukavSirda. kantis mixedviT, TviT adamianurobaa Rirseba.32 adamianuri
Rirsebis cnebaSi biologiuri da inteleqtualuri, anu adamianis moraluri Sedegi ki
ar moiazreba, aramed pativiscemis uflebis moTxovna, romelic TiToeul adamians Ta27
28
29
30
31
32
Schaber P., Menschenwürde und Selbstverfügung, Zurich, In: Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik, Annual Review
of Law and Ethics, Themenschwerpunkt: Recht und Ethik im Werk von Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Herausgegeben von Byrd Sh. B., Hruschka J., Joerden J. C.), Bd. 20, Berlin, 2012, 328, 330.
realuri arsis am niSnis Sesaxeb ix. avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 37;
bunebaSi cocxali adamianis arseboba TavisTavad gulisxmobs misi saxiT samarTlis
subieqtis arsebobas. ix. juReli T., fizikur pirTa samarTalsubieqtoba (SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvleva qarTuli da franguli samarTlis magaliTze), Tb., 2007, 66.
Pfordten Dietmar von der, Zur Würde des Menschen bei Kant, In Fünf Untersuchungen “Menschenwürde,
Recht und Staat bei Kant”, 1. Auflage, Mentis, Paderborn, Verlag C.H. Beck, 2009, 11.
Martini S., Die Formulierung der Menschenwürde bei Immanuel Kant in: Vortragsskript eines im WiSe
2005/06 gehaltenen Referats im Rahmen des rechtsphilosophischen Seminars “Die aktuelle Werte-Debatte”
bei Prof. Adomeit Kl. (Freie Universität Berlin), 5-7.
Aguas Jove Jim S., The Notions oft the Human Person and Human Dignity in Aquinas and Wojtyla, KritikeVolume Three Number one (June 2009), 57-59.
11
visi adamianuri yofierebis safuZvelze ekuTvnis.33 TviT Rirseba ganixileba moralur
mdgomareobad, romelsac avtonomia efuZneba. adamianebs aqvT avtonomiuri uflebebi,
vinaidan maT aqvT Rirseba. es amtkicebs, rom normatiuli Zalaufleba adamianebisTvis
TavisTavad arsebobs.34 amdenad, kacobriobis Rirseba kantTan efuZneba adamianTa moralur bunebas.35 kantma, keTili nebisa da TviTmiznobriobis gaTvaliswinebiT, eTikaze
fokusirebiT, `sakuTar TavSi moraluri kanonis~ mixedviT, moralis wyaro gadmoitana
TiToeul adamianSi. zemoaRniSnul aspeqtebze dayrdnobiT, Rirseba gaigeba, rogorc safuZveli.36 normatiuli TvalsazrisiT, Rirseba aris, erTi mxriv, adamianis Tandayolili
raoba, meore mxriv, adamianis moraluri moTxovna, romelic adamians eniWeba moraluri
avtonomiisa da TviTmiznobriobis SesaZleblobiT. Rirseba ufro ganixileba adamianis
arsis ganmsazRvrel apriorul niSnad. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa adamianis moraluri Tavisuflebisa da adamianTa cxovrebis Tanasworobis gaTvaliswineba.37
amdenad, adamianuri Rirseba, rogorc Rirebuleba38, aucileblad metafizikurad
mis matarebel subieqts ekuTvnis.39 amave dros, Rirsebasa da relatiur Rirebulebebs
Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom Rirseba aris absoluturi Rirebuleba.40 adamianis absoluturi Rirebuleba SeiZleba gamoixatos sakuTar Tavisufal nebaSi, anu ara imaSi, rom
adamianebs SeuZliaT gaakeTon is, rac surT, aramed imaSi, rom maT SeswevT unari, isurvon is, rac surT.41 aqve sagulisxmoa, rom kantisa (Rirsebis xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb) da
ciceronis Sexedulebebi (Rirseuli saqcieli aris Rirseba – saTno) TanamedroveobaSi
poulobs gamoZaxils.42
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
12
Bielefeldt H., Menschenwürde: Der Grund der Menschenrechte, Berlin, 2008, 15; Tavisuflebis kantiseuli gagebisa da samarTlis subieqtis, rogorc bunebiT subieqtis, Sesaxeb ix. zoiZe
b., samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis cda, upiratesad adamianis uflebaTa
WrilSi, eseebi, Tb., 2013, 57-58, 61-62.
Schaber P., Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik, Annual Review of Law and Ethics, Themenschwerpunkt: Recht und
Ethik im Werk von Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Herausgegeben von Byrd Sh. B., Hruschka J., Joerden J. C.), Bd.
20, Berlin, 2012, 319.
Joas H., Würde und Menschenwürde, in: “Werte und Politik”. Ein Beitrag für den Kongress der FriedrichEbert-Stiftung, 2012, 1.
Pfordten Dietmar von der, Zur Würde des Menschen bei Kant, In Fünf Untersuchungen “Menschenwürde,
Recht und Staat bei Kant”, 1. Auflage, Mentis, Paderborn, Verlag C.H. Beck, 2009, 19, 24; eTikur da
samarTlebriv valdebulebaTa gamijvnasTan dakavSirebiT ix. zoiZe b., samarTlis praqtikuli yofierebis Semecnebis cda, upiratesad adamianis uflebaTa WrilSi, eseebi, Tb.,
2013, 23-24.
Lim Mi-Won, Der kantische Begriff der Menschenwürde in der bioethischen Perspektive, in “Nomos”, No. 20,
Jun, 2007, 60-61, 65-66.
Tiedemann P., Der Begriff der Menschenwürde (Eine Anfrage an die Sozialphilosophie), in E-Journal Philosophie der Psychologie, Frankfurt a. M., 2006, 8.
Dangl O., Der Begriff der Menschenwürde, in der Publikationsreihe des Kompetenzzentrums für Menschenrechtspädagogik an der Kirchlichen Pädagogischen Hochschule Wien/ Krems, 09/2012, 1.
Kant I., Metaphysik der Sitten Tugendlehre Königsberg, 1797, 94, In: Weischedel W. (Hrsg.): Immanuel Kant.
Werke in 10 Bänden Bd.7 Darmstadt [Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft] 1983, 569.
Tiedemann P., Der Begriff der Menschenwürde (Eine Anfrage an die Sozialphilosophie), in E-Journal Philosophie der Psychologie, Frankfurt a. M., 2006, 11-13.
Hughes A., Democracy in crisis, Equality and Human Dignity in South Africa and Ireland, 2011, 16.
maSasadame, Rirsebis logocentruli cnebis es aspeqti, aseve, ukavSirdeba cnobierebis sferoSi arsebul azrobriv models.43 moqmedebis individualuri modeli vlindeba moqmedebis individualuri SesaZleblobisa (ufleba) Tu aucileblobis (movaleoba)
formebSi;44 amasTan, saqme Seexeba imas, rac sasurvelia, rom iyos (jerarsis sfero); aseve
Rirsebis es aspeqti idealuria (usasruloba) ufleba-movaleobis idealuri xasiaTidan
gamomdinare, idealuri arsi ki zogadi da abstraqtulia45. Sesabamisad, am garemoebebis
mixedviT, Rirseba ganekuTvneba jerarsul sferos.
g) Rirseba – adamianis uflebebis sawyisi
logocentruli TvalsazrisiT, Rirseba adamianis uflebebis safuZvelia da ukavSirdeba Rirsebas rogorc pativiscemas, srulyofilebasa da Zalauflebas, aseve moralurad dasaSveb da Selaxul pirovnebis Rirsebas. am gagebiT, adamianuri Rirseba ganixileba principad.46 saqme isaa, rom adamianis calkeuli uflebebi qmnis erTmaneTTan
mWidrod dakavSirebul moTxovnaTa `katalogs~, radgan isini Sinaarsobrivad da instituciurad avseben erTurTs. ramdenadac am uflebebis safuZveli adamianis RirsebaSia,
adamianis uflebebs Soris, aseve, TvalsaCino adgili ukavia `ganuyofel uflebebs~. is
ukavSirdeba samarTlebriv garantiebs, romlebic, pirvel rigSi, saxelmwifom unda daicvas; meore mxriv, ganuyoflobis cneba efuZneba adamianis uflebaTa moralur moculobas.47 uflebaTa ganuyoflobaSi moiazreba, rom es uflebebi ganixileba Tandayolil
uflebebad, romlebic adamians TavisTavad ukavSirdeba. amasTan, adamianis uflebaTa
koncefciis mizania umTavresi imperativis – adamianis Rirsebis – dacva, romelic aRniSnul uflebebSic aisaxeba.48 am gagebiT, adamianuri Rirseba aris safuZveli, romlidanac,
situaciis mixedviT, viTardeba adamianis uflebebi.49
saqarTvelos konstituciiT, msgavsad germanuli ZiriTadi kanonisa, adamianuri
Rirsebis cneba efuZneba Rirebulebebs, romlebic adamianTa uflebebiTaa daculia. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, dacvis meqanizmis arsi isaa, rom adamianis uflebebi sakuTar TavSi
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
idealurisa da fsiqikuris aspeqtebis Sesaxeb ix. juReli o., idealuris gnoseologiuri aspeqti, Tb., 1988, 9, 15.
Ткаченко Ю., Методологические вопросы теории правоотношений, «Юридическая литература», М.,
1980, 107.
idealuri arsis am niSnebis Sesaxeb ix. avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 218219, 341, 342, 47.
Dangl O., Der Begriff der Menschenwürde, in der Publikationsreihe des Kompetenzzentrums für Menschenrechtspädagogik an der Kirchlichen Pädagogischen Hochschule Wien/ Krems, 09/2012, 2; adamianis
Rirseba principis rangSi aiyvana n. Taifkemac. ix. Teifke N., Das Prinzip der Menschenwürde
(Studien und Beiträge zum Őffentlichen Recht), Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, 2011, 33-169.
Bielefeldt H., Menschenwürde: Der Grund der Menschenrechte, Berlin, 2008, 34.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 26 ivnisis gadawyvetileba
(#3/1/512).
Bielefeldt H., Auslaufmodell Menschenwürde? Warum sie in Frage steht und warum wir sie verteidigen müssen . Freiburg, 2011, 138; Fricke E., Achtung der Menschenwürde als ständige Herausforderung: Virtualität
und Inszenierung _ auch ein Rechtsproblem? in E-Journal: “Communication Socials”, 44. Jahrgang, Nr. 4,
2011, 459.
13
sxvaTa movaleobebs gulisxmobs. aseve, ramdenadac arsebobs mxolod erTaderTi adamianuri Rirseba da adamianTa mravali ufleba, adamianis TiToeuli ufleba icavs Rirsebis
mxolod nawils. aq sityvasityviT gaigeba nawilis mereologiuri, anu mTelisa da nawilis damokidebulebis logika. amitom adamianTa nebismieri uflebiT daculi Rirebuleba mTlianobaSi SeiZleba ganixilebodes adamianuri Rirsebis abstraqtul nawilad.
Sesabamisad, adamianuri Rirseba da adamianTa uflebebi ori erTmaneTisgan mowyvetiT
gansaxilveli problemebi ki araa, aramed mxolod sxvadasxva aspeqtia. amitomac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, zogadad, uflebis da adamianTa konkretuli uflebebis cnebis analizTan dakavSirebiT miRweuli warmateba adamianuri Rirsebis garkvevis miRwevacaa.50
maSasadame, Rirseba gvareobiTi xasiaTisaa. is ganixileba, a) rogorc moraluri genezisis safuZvelze Seqmnili raoba, romelic, sxvadasxva koncefciis sxvadasxva Sedegs
ukavSirdeba; b) amasTan, adamianuri Rirsebis cneba ganisazRvreba samarTlisa da yoveldRiuri moralis sibrtyeze; g) aqve xazgasasmelia yoveldRiuri moralis funqcia, cnebaTa sxvadasxva konstruqciis daxmarebiT praqtikuli niuansebis gaTvaliswinebiT normatiuli Zala gaavrcelos adamianuri praqtikis regulirebaze. amasTan, Rirsebis gvareobiTi cneba ukavSirdeba TiToeuli uflebis specialurad ganxilvasac.51
amdenad, aq adamianuri Rirsebis bunebiTi xasiaTia gamokveTili, Tumca adamianis
Rirsebis principis WrilSi warmodgena adasturebs, rom masSi jerarsuli sawyisic moipoveba. maSasadame, Rirsebis es niSani unda ganixilebodes aqsiologiuri kanonis gamoxatulebad.52 RirsebaSi mocemuli urTierTdapirispirebuli safuZvlebis sinTezi ver
iqneba gagebuli, rogorc pirveli oris ubralo jami, aramed niSnavs TiToeuli maTganis
dadebiTi momentis SenarCunebas da amiT ganviTarebis procesSi aRmasvlas, Zvelis uaryofasa da axlis dafuZnebas.53 Sesabamisad, logocentruli TeoriiT axsnili Rirseba
idealuri da realuri sawyisebis gaerTianebiT unda ganixilebodes specifikur movlenad, rac mis gansakuTrebul xasiaTze miuTiTebs. marTalia, xsenebuli aspeqtebi mniSvnelovania Rirsebis gansasazRvrad, miT umetes, misi kerZosamarTlebrivi cnebis dadgenisTvis, magram Semoifargleba zogadfilosofiuri ganxilviT da araa danaxuli Rirsebis konkretuli niSnebi (magaliTad, TviTSefaseba, moraluri dakmayofileba da sxva).
3. Rirseba da pativi
ganasxvaveben faqtobriv-socialur da normatiul (eTikur da samarTlebriv) pativs.54 faqtobriv pativSi moiazreba sazogadoebrivi pativiscema, saxeli realur yofacxovrebaSi, garSemomyofTa Sefaseba, erTi mxriv, sakuTari Rirsebis SegrZneba, adamianis qcevis Tanxvdoma misTvis wayenebuli zneobrivi moTxovnebisadmi, meore mxriv, am
50
51
52
53
54
14
Stepanians M., Gleiche Würde, gleiche Rechte, In: Stoecker (Hg.): Menschenwürde _ Annäherungen an einen
Begriff, öbv & hpt, Wien, 2003, 51, 63.
Birnbacher D., Menschenwürde – abwägbar oder unabwägbar? In: M. Kettner (Hrsg.): Biomedizin und Menschenwürde. Frankfurt a.M. 2004, 251.
dawvrilebiT Rirebulebis Taobaze ix. naWyebia g., sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebis
meTodologiuri anbani, Tb., 2006, 66-71, 100-101.
avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 40-41.
Rühl, Ulli F. H., Die Semantik der Ehre im Rechtsdiskurs, “Kritische Justiz”, Heft 2, 2002, 200.
adamianTa azrSi.55 pativis farTo gvareobiTi cnebis mocemul aspeqts ganixilaven, rogorc socialur prestiJs, pativiscemas, renomes an imijs. zogjer mas ukavSireben garegan pativs, keTil saxels an popularobas.56 Sesabamisad, pativi gaigeba socialur movlenad, e.i. piris aRiarebad sazogadoebaSi.57
rac Seexeba pativis normatiul cnebas, masSi moiazreba pirovnul Rirsebaze dafuZnebuli adamianis Sinagani Rirseba.58 normatiuli (eTikur-iuridiuli) gagebiT, pativi gamomdinareobs aucileblobidan (jerarsis – Sollen-is sferodan), garSemomyofTa
urTierTobaSi pativiscemis moTxovnidan, romelic SeiZleba Sesruldes an Seilaxos da
faqtobriv-socialur aRiarebazea damokidebuli; es, garkveulwilad, Seesabameba Sinagani pativis cnebas. sociologiuri gagebiT, bergerma da kelnerma mocemuli damoukidebeli pativiscemis moTxovnis ufleba ganixiles, rogorc Rirseba maSin, roca pativi
institucionalur rolsa da am rolis Sesrulebas ukavSirdeba. amitom Rirsebis cneba normatiul, pativi ki faqtobriv-socialur mniSvnelobas gansazRvravs. aseve araa
deskrifciuli xasiaTis is, rom adamianis Rirseba xelSeuxebelia.59 amdenad, pativis samarTlebrivi cneba ukavSirdeba adamianis Sinagan da garegan Sefasebas, rogoricaa sazogadoebis farglebSi misi Rirseba, anu TviTaRiareba da sazogadoebaSi pirovnebis Sefaseba.60
maSasadame, normatiuli gagebiT, nebismier adamians aqvs adamianuri Rirseba adamianobis gamo, kerZod, pativiscemis samarTlebrivi moTxovna, imoqmedos Tavisi Sinagani
pativis mixedviT da ar Seilaxos misi moTxovnis ufleba, patividan gamomdinare. normatiuli gagebiT, pativisa da Rirsebis cnebebs axasiaTebs msgavsi moTxovnis uflebebi, romlebic aqvs yvela adamians, rogorc adamians. eTikur-iuridiulad pativi da Rirseba normativebisa da jerarsis sferos ganekuTvneba, vinaidan mxolod pativiscemis
moTxovnis ufleba iZleva saSualebas, rom Tanasworebad iyvnen ganxiluli adamianebi,
romlebic, faqtobrivad, araTanabari arian da, socialuri gagebiT, araTanabari pativi aqvT. amdenad, pirovnebis mier Seqmnili garkveuli faseulobis sazogadoebrivi aRiareba ukavSirdeba pativs. ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamians ara aqvs Rirseba, romelic
dafasebis Rirsia, magram sazogadoebis mier jer ar dafasebula. adamianis Rirseba mis
Tavisufal RirseulobaSia, ukavSirdeba misi Rirebulebis Segnebas da misdami pativiscemas. saxeli ganixileba garegan, Rirseba ki – Sinagan raobad.61 marTalia, am ori gagebis
mixedviT, gamoikveTa Rirsebisa da pativis sxvadasxva sawyisi, magram maTi Sinaarsobrivi
datvirTva, cxadyofs, rom maTSi realuri da idealuri aspeqtebi unda moiazrebodes.
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
Perger T., Ehrenschutz von Soldaten in Deutschland und anderen Staaten, Köln, 2003, 25.
Ulli F. H. Rühl, Die Semantik der Ehre im Rechtsdiskurs, “Kritische Justiz”, Heft 2, 2002, 201; Niggli M. A.,
Riklin F., Skript Strafrecht, Besonderer Teil, (§ 9 Ehrverletzungen), 10. Auflage, 2007, 181-182.
Ulli F. H. Rühl, Die Semantik der Ehre im Rechtsdiskurs, “Kritische Justiz”, Heft 2, 2002, 203.
Ulli F. H. Rühl, Die Semantik der Ehre im Rechtsdiskurs, “Kritische Justiz”, Heft 2, 2002, 201.
mxeiZe s., yubusiZe v., Rirsebis cneba eTikaSi (recenzia), gazeTi `Tbilisi~, #256 (6858), 31
oqtomberi, 1975, 3.
15
4. Rirsebis konstituciursamarTlebrivi cnebis roli
Rirsebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi cnebis garkvevaSi
4.1. Rirsebis konstituciursamarTlebrivi cnebis moculoba
samoqalaqo samarTali efuZneba Rirebulebebs, romlebic kerZo samarTlis fundaments qmnis da konstituciiTaa ganmtkicebuli, Semdgom ki arapirdapir moqmedebs kerZo
samarTalSi. ssk-Si (ssk-is me-2 muxli) RirebulebiTi wesrigis sazomad iTvleba saqarTvelos konstitucia, romelic kerZo samarTlis ganviTarebisTvis aucilebel farglebs adgens.62 Sesabamisad, aucilebelia Rirsebis konstituciursamarTlebrivi cnebis
moculobis garkveva.
adamianis Rirseba uzenaesi konstituciuri Rirebulebaa.63 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-17 muxlis Tanaxmad, adamianis pativi da Rirseba xelSeuxebelia. es norma, absoluturi da kategoriuli bunebidan gamomdinare, gulisxmobs saxelmwifos pozitiur
valdebulebas, mocemuli debulebis xelyofisas Caataros yovelmxrivi da efeqtiani
gamokvleva, raTa daadginos darRvevis faqti da gaataros Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi damrRvevis mimarT.64
saqme isaa, rom pativisa da Rirsebis konstituciursamarTlebrivi cneba farTo xasiaTisaa da, faqtobrivad, gulisxmobs adamianis pativiscemis socialur moTxovnilebas, riTac misi sociologiuri midgomaa aRiarebuli. saxelmwifosTvis umTavresi mizania, adamiani ar iqces miznis miRwevis saSualebad. Rirseba konstituciuri principia,
romelsac efuZneba sxva ZiriTadi uflebebi. amasTan, mTavari Rirebuleba aris adamiani,
rogorc TviTmyofadi, Tavisufali da sxva adamianebis Tanaswori subieqti. Rirseba adamians ekuTvnis imitom, rom is adamiania. adamianis Rirsebis, rogorc absoluturi uflebis, pativiscema niSnavs TiToeuli adamianis pirovnul aRiarebas, romlis CamorTmeva da
SezRudva raime safuZvliT dauSvebelia.65 maSasadame, vercerTi konstituciuri normiT
(me-17 da 46-e muxlebi) ver SeizRudeba Rirseba66. amasTan, konstituciursamarTlebrivi
gagebiT, adamianis Rirseba da misi pirovnuli Tavisufleba, ZiriTadad, adamianis Tandayolili (da ara nawarmoebi) uflebebia. am droidan saxelmwifos warmoeSoba valdebuleba, adekvaturad uzrunvelyos yoveli adamianis pirovnuli Tavisuflebis sruli
62
63
64
65
66
16
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 82-84.
Löw K., Die Würde des Menschen und der deutschen Nation, In: “Wie geht unsere Politik mit Deutschland
um? Freiheitlich, demokratisch, rechtsstaatlich?” Deutschland Journal – Sonderausgabe, Dokumentation zum
Seminar am 27. Februar 2010, 15.
tuRuSi T., burjanaZe g., mSvenieraZe g., gociriZe g., menabde v., adamianis uflebebi da
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos samarTalwarmoebis praqtika (samec. red.:
kopaleiSvili m.), Tb., 2013, 85.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 oqtombris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #2/2/-389.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 11 martis gadawyvetileba saqmeze
#2/1/241; tuRuSi T., burjanaZe g., mSvenieraZe g., gociriZe g., menabde v., adamianis uflebebi da saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos samarTalwarmoebis praqtika (samec.
red.: kopaleiSvili m.), Tb., 2013, 91.
TviTrealizaciis SesaZlebloba.67 Sesabamisad, Rirseba aqvs rogorc nayofs, ise raime
fizikuri nakliT dabadebulsa Tu suliT avadmyofs. adamianis Rirseba, aseve, vrceldeba gvamsa da gardacvlili adamianis xsovnaze.68 amdenad, Rirsebis am gagebaSi aSkarad
Cans logocentruli Teoriis niSnebi.
aseve sagulisxmoa, rom adamianur RirsebasTan personaluri pativis mWidro kavSiri unda aisaxos pativis konstituciursamarTlebriv definiciaSi. pirovnuli pativis
ufleba, Tavisi arsiT, pirovnuli uflebaa, vinaidan pativi Tavis safuZvlebs poulobs
adamianis pirovnebaSi.69 amave dros, xSiria Rirsebasa da sxva ZiriTad uflebebs Soris
gadakveTis SemTxvevebi. magaliTad, piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba, iseve
rogorc sxva uflebebi, ganixileba adamianis Rirsebis gamoxatulebad.70 aseve, adamianis
Rirsebis pativiscema vlindeba rwmenis TavisuflebaSi.71 Tumca, Rirseba ukavSirdeba
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxlis niSnebsac, romlebic gamomdinareobs adamianis identobis gamomxatveli faqtorebidan, emyareba maTi Rirsebis pativiscemas da gansazRvravs diskriminaciis akrZalvis safuZvlebs.72
Rirseba, eTikuri da konstituciursamarTlebrivi (normatiuli) gagebiT, pativiscemis moTxovnis uflebaa, romelic adamians mZime samarTaldarRvevis gziTac ar SeiZleba daekargos. Rirseba adamians aqvs imis gamo, rom is adamiania da ara zogadi eTikis,
qristianuli Tu pozitiuri samarTlis safuZvelze.73
amdenad, adamianis mier Rirsebis floba araa damokidebuli imaze, yvela potenciali realizebulia Tu SeiZleba mxolod momavalSi ganxorcieldes; adamianuri Rirseba ekuTvnis yvela individs mxolod adamianobis gamo, rogorc TavisTavadi raoba. adamianuri Rirsebis matarebeli gankargavs uflebebs, romlebic movaleobebs warmoSobs.
amave dros, saqme Seexeba dacviT uflebebs embrionze, nayofsa da cxedrebze Tanxmobis
gacemasTan dakavSirebiT.74 Rirseba ganixileba aseve tabud. konstituciiT aRiarebuli
tabu ubralod TavSekavebis akrZalva ki araa, aramed is dogmatur axsnas arc saWiroebs
da gulisxmobs akrZalvis gansakuTrebul statuss samarTlis sociologiaSi, rac mis
bunebiT xasiaTs gamokveTs.75
67
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 2 ivlisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze
#1/2/384.
68
kublaSvili k., me-17 muxlis komentari, wignSi: `saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi~, Tb., 2005, 85.
69
70
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 24 oqtombris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #1/2/519.
71
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 22 dekembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze #1/1/477.
72 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 8 martis gadawyvetileba saqmeze
#2/1/473; tuRuSi T., burjanaZe g., mSvenieraZe g., gociriZe g., menabde v., adamianis uflebebi da saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos samarTalwarmoebis praqtika (samec.
red.: kopaleiSvili m.), Tb., 2013, 88.
73
Ulli F. H. Rühl, Die Semantik der Ehre im Rechtsdiskurs, “Kritische Justiz”, Heft 2, 2002, 201-202.
74
Birnbacher D., Menschenwürde – abwägbar oder unabwägbar? In: Kettner M. (Hrsg.), Biomedizin und Menschenwürde. Frankfurt a.M. 2004, 249-250.
75
dawvrilebiT Rirsebis xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb ix. Poscher R., Die Würde der Menschen ist unantastbar (Die Menschenwürde, als Tabu), in: JZ, 15/16/ 2004, 756-762; aseve ix. poSeri r., adamianis Rirseba, rogorc tabu (germanulidan Targmna da winasityvaoba daurTo m. biWiam),
Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #2, 2014, 51-65.
17
rogorc Cans, Rirsebis konstituciursamarTlebrivi cneba, faqtobrivad, logocentruli Teoriis bundovanebebs iziarebs. amasTan, termin àdamianuri Rirsebis~ gamoyeneba gamarTlebulia mxolod sajaro samarTlisTvis. Tumca, vinaidan adamianuri
Rirseba TavisTavad adamians unda hqondes, sajaro samarTalSic is SeiZleba Segvxvdes
misi farTo gagebis Semcveli termin `Rirsebis~ saxiT. amasTan, Rirsebis konstituciursamarTlebrivi cneba mniSvnelovania im gagebiT, rom is misi samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
gagebis sayrdenia. Tumca, cxadia, Rirsebis konstituciursamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi
samoqalaqo samarTalSi konkretdeba sxva specifikuri TaviseburebebiT. Rirsebis konstituciursamarTlebrivi cnebis niSnebi ase gamoiyureba: Rirsebis dacvis uflebis
mflobeli mxolod adamiania; amasTan, Rirseba, rogorc pirovnulobis ganmsazRvreli
umTavresi niSani, miiCneva uzenaes bunebiT Rirebulebad, romelic normatiuladaa aRiarebuli; aseve Rirseba aris adamianis sxva ZiriTad uflebaTa safuZveli, rac ukavSirdeba Rirsebis universalur xasiaTs.
4.2 Rirseba samoqalaqo samarTalSi
4.2.1. Rirsebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi cneba
Rirsebis konstituciursamarTlebrivi cneba gansxvavdeba misi samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi gagebisgan. saqme isaa, rom Rirseba konstituciur samarTalSi ar ganixileba
subieqtur sikeTed, romelic yvela adamianisTvis gansxvavebulia. Rirsebis dacvis uflebis aseTi gageba winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda TviT uflebis cnebasTan, vinaidan uflebad ver miiCneva sikeTe, romlis farglebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva adamianisTvis gansxvavebuli iyos maTi Sexedulebebis mixedviT.76
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis (SemdgomSi – ssk-is) me-18 muxliT dadgenilia
Rirsebis dacvis xerxebi. am muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT, pirs ufleba aqvs, sasamarTlos meSveobiT moiTxovos im cnobebis uaryofa, romelic mis pativs, Rirsebas, piradi
cxovrebis saidumloebas, pirad xelSeuxeblobas an saqmian reputacias xelyofs, Tu am
cnobebis gamavrcelebeli ar daamtkicebs, rom isini sinamdviles Seesabameboda. mocemuli muxlis swori kvalifikacia moiTxovs piris Rirsebis samarTlebrivi dacvis definiciis gansazRvras. RirsebaSi moiazreba pirovnebis mier sakuTari moraluri Tu sxva
Tvisebebis, sakuTari sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis Sefaseba.77 maSasadame, Rirseba SefasebiTi kategoriaa. ssk-is me-18 muxliT daculi pirovnebis Rirsebis, rogorc Rirebulebis, Sefasebis unari aqvs TviT uflebamosil pirs, vinc Tavisi Rirsebis dacvas moiTxovs. Rirseba moicavs sakuTari moraluri Tvisebebis, sazogadoebisadmi pasuxismgeblobis, sakuTari sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis Sefasebas. aseve SesaZlebelia reputaciis
uflebiT daculi sferoebi moicavdes Rirsebis uflebiT dacul aspeqtebs.78
76
77
78
18
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 10 noembris gadawyvetileba
(#1/3/421, 422).
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa
palatis 2002 wlis 25 ivnisis gadawyvetileba (SemdgomSi – susg) (#3k-337-02).
susg 23.07.2009 (saqme #as-1174-1319-08).
eTikuri gagebiT, Rirseba TviTSefasebis moTxovnis uflebaa. amasTan, Rirseba fuladi formiT ver gamoiTvleba,79 vinaidan araqonebrivi urTierTobebi, Tavis mxriv, moklebulia ekonomikur Sinaarss da ar aqvs raime Rirebuleba, ris gamoc zianis damtkicebisTvis sakmarisia kanoniT daculi uflebis darRvevac.80 adamianis Rirsebam samxreT
afrikis respublikaSi mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia adamianis uflebebze, rogoricaa
Tanasworobis, sisxlis samarTlis, avtonomiis, kerZo cxovrebisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sfero. es gaxda gamWvirvalobis, monawileobisa da angariSvaldebulebis demokratiuli principebis dacvaSi instrumenti.81
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, pativisa da Rirsebis zneobriv kategoriebSi igulisxmeba sazogadoebis damokidebuleba pirovnebis mimarT da pirovnebis mier sakuTari mniSvnelobis Sefaseba, romelic sinamdvilis Sesabamis faqtebs unda Seesabamebodes.82
4.2.2. RirsebiT daculi sferoebi
Rirsebas, universaluri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, Seswevs unari moicvas sxva pirovnuli ufleba, ris gamoc aRniSnuli aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi dacvisas, garda Rirsebis damcavi normisa, amoqmeddeba im pirovnuli uflebis uzrunvelmyofi normac, romelic aseve Seilaxa. es SeiZleba Seexos magaliTad, pativis, saqmiani reputaciis, saxelis an gamosaxulebis dacvis da sxva uflebebs.
amasTan, SesaZlebelia Rirsebis xelyofiT saxelic Seilaxos. saxeli ganixileba
ra individualizebis saSualebad, misi cvlilebisas piris individualizebis saSualebac icvleba. amasTan, dResdReobiT aqtualuria sqesis Secvla83, rasac mohyveba saxelis
Secvla. es ki ukavSirdeba samoqalaqo aqtebis mdgomareobis registracias (piradobis
mowmoba...), marTvis mowmobis aRebas, konkretuli sqesisTvis imanenturi uflebebis gavrcelebas. am droidan mas warmoeSoba ufleba, moiTxovos sxvebisgan piradi cxovrebis
pativiscema. pirovnebis dacvis mizniT es garemoeba, albaT, unda ganixilebodes samarTlebrivi fiqciis WrilSi. amasTan, saxelis xelyofam SeiZleba pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxva gamoiwvios. Tumca, es ar niSnavs am sikeTeebis calke samarTlebrivi dacvis ugulebelyofas.84 aseve aRniSnuls SeiZleba mohyves pativis Selaxva.
ssk-is me-18 muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, saxelis tarebaSi Secilebisas sasarCelo
moTxovna unda gamomdinareobdes Semdegi safuZvlebidan: a) sadavo saxeli ekuTvnoda
mosarCeles da b) mopasuxe unda uaryofdes, rom sadavo saxeli ekuTvnis mosarCeles. aq
sasarCelo moTxovna iqneba saxelis aRiareba. Tu mopasuxis ganzraxviT an uxeSi gauf79
80
81
82
83
84
Fricke E., Achtung der Menschenwürde als ständige Herausforderung: Virtualität und Inszenierung _ auch ein
Rechtsproblem? in E-Journal: “Communicatio Socials”, 44. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 2011, 456.
susg 03.04.2012 (saqme #as-1477-1489-2011); susg 25.02.2013 (saqme #as-1149-1169-2011).
Hughes A., Democracy in Crisis, Equality and Human Dignity in South Africa and Ireland, Dublin, 2011, 16.
B. v. France, 1992 wlis 25 martis gadawyvetileba.
niniZe T., adamianis individualoba – sabWoTa samoqalaqo samarTlis dacvis sagani, saqarTv. ssr mecn. akademiis macne, filosofiis, fsiqologiis, ekonomikisa da samarTlis
seria, #4, 1977, 88.
19
rTxileblobiT Seilaxa saxelis ufleba, mosarCeles SeuZlia deliqturi sarCeliT moiTxovos qonebrivi an/da araqonebrivi zianis anazRaureba,85 romelic SeiZleba dakmayofildes, xelyofis braleulobis miuxedavad.86
aseve, gamosaxuleba SeiZleba moeqces RirsebiT dacul sferoTa wreSi. saxeldobr,
piris gamosaxulebis gamoqveynebas SeiZleba pativisa da Rirsebis xelyofa mohyves, Tu
gamoqveynebul fotoze is damaxinjebuli, Seuracxmyofeli an iseTi formiTaa, rom SesaZlebelia sazogadoebas am pirze uaryofiTi azri Camouyalibdes.87
amasTan, fsevdonimi dacvis iseTive garantiiT sargeblobs, rogoriTac avtoris
namdvili saxeli.88 sagulisxmoa, rom pirovneba aqsovs ra Tavis sulierebas nawarmoebSi,
saavtoro samarTalic aRiarebs mis individualobas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba nawarmoebis avTenturobisa da originalobis dadgenas Tu dacvas.89
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom SesaZlebelia Rirsebis xelyofiT Seilaxos piradi cxovrebac. es gansakuTrebiT cxadadaa gamokveTili adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikiT. saqme isaa, rom evrosasamarTlom imsjela fizikuri xelSeuxeblobisa
da Rirsebis dacvis uflebebze. aqve ganimarta, rom Rirsebis aspeqti moqceulia piradi
cxovrebis dacvis sferoebSi (evrokonvenciis me-8 muxli), romelic ukavSirdeba pativiscemis moTxovnas, rogorc pozitiur valdebulebas.90 maSasadame, Rirseba evropulma
sasamarTlom piradi cxovrebis erT-erT sferod miiCnia, vinaidan calke dacvis sikeTed
araa konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli, magram, am midgomis mixedviT, icavs mas. esec Rirsebis universaluri xasiaTidan gamomdinareobda. Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, SeiZleba
Rirsebam moicvas piradi sferoc Semadgenel nawilad, rac Rirsebis gansakuTrebul bunebas gamokveTs.91
amdenad, Rirseba, rogorc individualobis ganmsazRvreli niSani, amouwuravi sferoa, ris gamoc misi mxareebis srulad gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. Tumca SesaZlebelia xazgasma, rom Sinaarsobrivad adamianis Rirseba niSnavs pirovnebis Rirebulebis pativiscemas. amasTan, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi gagebiT, unda gamoikveTos adamianuri Rirsebis
kavSiri a) adamianis indentobisa da TviTSefasebis, b) sxeulebrivi da fsiqologiuri
xelSeuxeblobis, g) intimis, d) adamianis TviTgamorkvevis mTavar sferosa da e) socia85
86
87
88
89
90
91
20
niniZe T., saxelis ufleba, ssk-is komentari, w. I, Tb., 2002, 58-60.
niniZe T., piradi araqonebrivi uflebebi, ssk-is komentari, w. I, Tb., 2002, 70; ix. susg
24.04.2003 (saqme #3k-1240-02).
susg 23.07.2009 (saqme #as-1174-1319-08).
niniZe T., saxelis uflebis Sinaarsi, `sabWoTa samarTali~, #1, 1976, 33.
Peifer K.-N., Individualität im Zivilrecht, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2001, 55-113.
R (Bernard) v. Enfield [2002] EWHC 2282 Admin.; Human rights and equality, Runnymede’s Quarterly Bulletin March, 2006, 14; Wildbore H., The Protection of Freedom Under the Human Rights Act: What We’ve
Gained, in: UCL Human Rights Review, 2 Ed (Editor-in-Chief: Annicchino P.), London, 2009, 157; Pretty
v. U nited Kingdom, 29. 7. 2002; Wildhaber L., The European Court of Human Rights in action, Ritsumeikan
Law Review, No. 21, 2004, 84-85; aseve ix. Maxine D. Goodman, Human Dignity in Supreme Court Constitutional Jurisprudence, 84 Neb. L. Rev. 2006, 740, 751, 753, 777, 784; dawvr. ix. Barosso L. R., Here,
There and Everywhere: Human Dignity in Contemporary Law and in the Transnational Discours,
Vol. 35, Issue 2, 5-1-2012, 331-393.
biWia m., piradi cxovrebis dacva saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis mixedviT, Tb.,
2012, 159-166.
luri kavSirebis dacvasTan.92 Sesabamisad, mxareebi, romlebsac es niSnebi ukavSirdeba,
yovelTvis RirsebiT mocul sferoebs gulisxmobs.
4.2.3. Rirseba – samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqti?
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierToba, ZiriTadad, Tavisi arsiT, regulaciuri
samoqalaqo uflebebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebaa,93 romelic ukavSirdeba qonebriv
ufleba-movaleobebs. Tumca, gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierToba xelyofis Semdegac arsebobs da gulisxmobs dacviTi xasiaTis materialursamarTlebriv urTierTobas94. es Seexeba garkveul pirad araqonebriv urTierTobebs,
romlebic araa qonebrivTan dakavSirebuli, magram daculia samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi normebiT.95 aRniSnuli ki gamyarebulia, absoluturi urTierTobis elementSi uflebis saxiT,96 romelsac upirispirdeba yvela mesame piris zogadi movaleoba, ar Caerios
uflebamosili piris `samflobeloSi~.97 Rirsebis dacvis ufleba piradi araqonebrivi
uflebaa. `piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis obieqtia aramaterialuri (sulieri) sikeTeebi,~98 Tu sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs maTi arsidan. amasTan, absoluturi uflebebi samarTlebrivi urTierTobis gareT arsebobs. samarTali maT ar aregulirebs, aramed maTi
darRvevisas uzrunvelyofs dacviT.99
cnobilia, rom sakuTari uflebebis dacvis movaleobebs kavSiri aqvs ZiriTad uflebebTan, romlebic gamoiyeneba kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi dispoziciuri
normebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ZiriTadi uflebebi RirebulebaTa obieqtur wesrigs asxams
xorcs, romelic kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobad gardaiqmneba. zogadi pirovnuli
uflebis Cveulebriv uflebad aRiarebam ki samoqalaqo samarTalSi uCveulod gaafar92
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Вершинин А., Охранительние материально-правовые отношения и право на судебную защиту, в материалы научной конференции: «Вопросы теории охранительных правоотношений», Ярославь, 1991, 36.
Малеина М., Личные неимушественные права граждан: понятие, осушествление, зашита, 2-е издание,
исправленное и дополненное, М., «МЗ_ПРЕС», 2001, 24; piradi urTierTobis dacvis Sesaxeb
ix. kereseliZe d., samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi debulebebi, `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 7/2004-1, 7.
Братусь С., Иоффе О., Гражданское право, М., «Знание», 1967, 41; kobaxiZe a., samoqalaqo samarTali. zogadi nawili, t. 1, Tb., 2001, 100; Schlechtriem P., Schuldrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 5., neubearbeitete Aufl., Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2003, 8-9.
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исправленное и дополненное, М., «МЗ_ПРЕС», 2001, 13; aseve ix. CikvaSvili S., pasuxismgebloba moraluri zianisTvis, Tb., 2003, 8.
ix.: <http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/jur/2002/j.e.wichers/wichers.PDF>, [07.05.2010]; msgavsi Sexedulebis Sesaxeb ix. Лапач В., Система объектов гражданских прав: теория и судебная практика, Санкт_Петербург, «Юридический центр Пресс», 2002, 106, 115.
21
Tova dazaralebulis pirovnebis dacva.100 marTalia, konstituciuri samarTali principis saxiT gansazRvravs individualobas, magram samoqalaqo samarTali konkretul formas aZlevs pirovnul uflebaTa dacvas, raTa pirma sxvadasxva uflebis miniWebis gziT
TviTon ganaxorcielos isini. ufro metic, ZiriTadi uflebebi saxelmwifoebrivi moqmedebebisgan pirTa TavdacviTi uflebebia im dros, roca samoqalaqo samarTlis mizania,
moawesrigos calkeul pirTa Soris samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi.101 amdenad, saqarTvelos konstitucia kerZosamarTlebriv (horizontalur) urTierTobebs awesrigebs arapirdapir kerZo samarTlis saSualebiT.102
amasTan, kanonmdebelma Rirsebis damcavi sxvadasxva moraluri wesi ganixila formaluri kanonebis rangSi ssk-is me-18 muxliT, romelic arsebiTad germanuli samoqalaqo
samarTlis gamocdilebas iziarebs. aseve, Rirseba, Tavisi arsiT, ganixileba centralur
sferod zogadi pirovnuli uflebisa, romelic sakuTari pirovnebis ganviTarebis zogadi Tavisuflebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi aRiarebulia ra sakuTari pirovnebis ganviTarebis Tavisufleba, Rirsebas pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis uflebasTan (saq. konstituciis me-16 muxli) erTad Seswevs unari,
rom ssk-is me-18 muxliT pirdapir gauTvaliswinebeli sikeTe daicvas ssk-is 992-e muxliT103, romelic iTvaliswinebs `generalur deliqts~.104 is moqnili xasiaTisaa da misi universalurobis gamo icavs kidec zogad pirovnul uflebas.105 amasTan, ssk-is me-18 muxliT
daculia pativi da Rirseba, romlebic emsaxureba adamianis individualizacias, vinaidan
gulisxmobs sazogadoebaSi mis TviTgamorkvevas.106 ZiriTadi uflebis zogad pirovnul
uflebaze mesame pirTa arapirdapiri moqmedeba warmoSobs ssk-is 992-e samoqalaqosamarTlebriv zogad pirovnul uflebas, romelic Tavisuflebis qvesferoa, gansazRvros
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis damcavi sivrce. aq TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, rogorc zogadi pirovnuli ufleba, piris uflebamosilebaa, TviTon gadawyvitos, sakuTari pirovnulobis gamoxatvis aspeqtebi ra moculobiT gaxados xelmisawvdomi da konkretulad
visTvis.107 amdenad, Rirsebis dacvis ufleba, Tavisi arsiT unda ganixilebodes pirovnul uflebad, xolo Rirseba – samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi dacvis obieqtad.
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
22
Uesseler CH., Einwirkungen der Grundrechte auf das Schadenersatzrecht (Dissertation), Wuppertal, 2008,
46, 48, 50-51, 70.
Siebrecht I., Der Schutz der Ehre im Zivilrecht, in: JuS, Heft 4, 2001, 337.
ix. Phirtskhalashvili A., Schutzpflichten und die horizontale Wirkung von Grundrechten in der Verfassung
Georgiens vom 24. August 1995, Berlin, Universitätsverlag Potsdam, 2010, 47, 49-52.
Ehmann H., Der Begriff des Allgemeinen Persönlichkeitsrechts als Grundrecht und als absolute-subjektives
Recht, in: Festschrift für Apostolos Georgiades, Athen; München, 2005, 116-117.
CikvaSvili S., deliqturi valdebulebebi samoqalaqo samarTalSi, Tsu-is iuridiuli
fakultetis 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil saiubileo krebulSi: `saxelmwifosa da samarTlis aqtualuri problemebi~ (red. Sengelia r.), Tb., 2003, 184.
Schmidt R., Schuldrecht Besonderer Teil II _ Gesetzliche Schuldverhältnisse, 1. Aufl., Grasberg bei Bremen,
Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2003, 190, 193; Schmidt R., Schuldrecht Besonderer Teil II _ Gesetzliche Schuldverhältnisse, 4. Aufl., Grasberg bei Bremen, Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2006, 203.
niniZe T., adamianis individualoba – sabWoTa samoqalaqo samarTlis dacvis sagani, `saqarTv. ssr mecn. akademiis macne~, filosofiis, fsiqologiis, ekonomikisa da samarTlis
seria, #4, 1977, 88.
gsk-is 823-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Sesaxeb ix. Ehmann H., Der Begriff des Allgemeinen Persönlichkeitsrechts als Grundrecht und als absolute-subjektives Recht, in: Festschrift für Apostolos Georgiades,
Athen; München, 2005, 125, 129-130.
4.2.4. Rirsebis dacvis uflebis subieqti
ssk-is me-18 muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT, unda ganisazRvros saTanado mosarCele,
anu piri, visac ufleba aqvs sasamarTlos gziT kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, daicvas sakuTari Rirseba Selaxvisgan. Tu gavrcelebuli informacia ar Seesabameba sinamdviles, mas
SeuZlia sasamarTlos meSveobiT moiTxovos uaryofa.108 aq ivaraudeba kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sedegebis adresati. es exeba SesaZleblobas, aRiWurvos calkeuli
kerZosamarTlebrivi uflebebiT da itvirTos Sesabamisi urTierTobidan gamomdinare
movaleobebi.109 ssk-is me-11 muxlis mixedviT, adamiani uflebaunariania, anu aqvs unari,
iyos samoqalaqo ufleba-movaleobebis matarebeli.110 uflebaunarianobis gamovlenis
erT-erT formad SeiZleba CaiTvalos piris unari, hqondes pirovnuli uflebebi.111 Rirsebis dacvis uflebis subieqti, misi specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, umTavresi Rirebulebis saxiT SeiZleba iyos adamiani, romelic TviTmyofadi, Tavisufali da sxva adamianebis
Tanasworia.112
amasTan, gansakuTrebulia samarTalSi adamianis monawileobis formebi pirisa da
pirovnebis saxiT. adamians, rogorc pirs, aqvs ufleba-movaleobani; pirovneba ganixileba adamianis sulier RirebulebaTa erTobliobad da samarTlebriv dacvis saganad.113
iuristebisTvis sainteresoa ufleba-movaleobebiT aRWurvili adamiani. Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom adamiani Sedgeba realuri da idealuri sawyisebisgan, xolo misi biologiuri struqtura da fsiqikuri procesebi realuri arsis sferos ekuTvnis.114 marTalia, adamiani, rogorc samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa subieqti, gardacvalebiT qreba,
magram adamianis, rogorc pirovnebis, socialuri zemoqmedeba SeiZleba gagrZeldes. am
gagebiT kanoni icavs pirovnebas, vidre ar Sewydeba misi socialuri zemoqmedeba. swored
es Rirebuleba aisaxeba RirsebaSi, romelic gardacvalebis Semdegac aris dacvis Rirsi. ssk-is me-19 muxlis Tanaxmad, me-18 muxlSi mocemuli sikeTeebi SeuZlia gamoiyenos
im pirsac, romelic Tumca TviTon araa saxelis an piradi Rirsebis uflebis matarebeli, magram saamisod aqvs dacvis Rirsi interesi. mas SeuZlia saxelisa da Rirsebis iseTi
dacvis moTxovna, romelic pirovnebis arsebis ganmsazRvrelia da sikvdilis Semdegac
grZeldeba. saxelis, pativis, Rirsebis an saqmiani reputaciis SelaxvisTvis moraluri
zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna sikvdilis Semdeg dauSvebelia. Tumca gasaTvaliswinebe108
109
110
111
112
113
114
susg 01.06.2006 (saqme #as-1284-1520-05).
kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 96.
Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, Tb., 2011,
167-168, 175-176.
kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 135.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 oqtombris gadawyvetileba
(#2/2/389).
T. niniZe, piradi uflebebis dacva gardacvalebis Semdeg, wignSi `saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari~, w. I, Tb., 2002, 78-79.
realuri arsis am niSnis Sesaxeb ix. avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 37;
amasTan, fizikuri piris samarTalsubieqtobis Sesaxeb ix. juReli T., fizikur pirTa
samarTalsubieqtoba (SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi kvleva qarTuli da franguli samarTlis magaliTze), Tb., 2007, 66.
23
lia principi àdamianis Rirsebis dacva vrceldeba rogorc gvamze, ise gardacvlilis
xsovnaze~.115
4.2.5. Rirsebis xelyofis Sedegebi
Rirsebis xelyofaSi moiazreba piris Sesaxeb iseTi cnobebis gavrceleba, romlebic
exeba mtkicebas mis mier kanonis an moralis normebis darRvevas, uRirsi saqcielis Cadenas.116 Rirseba SeiZleba Seilaxos damcirebiT, dakninebiT, diskreditirebiT,117 aseve
SeuracxyofiTa da ciliswamebiT.118
samoqalaqo samarTalSi Rirseba gacilebiT farToa. samoqalaqosamarTlebriv Sedegebad dasja ki ar moiazreba, aramed zianis anazRaureba, (moraluri) dakmayofileba,
Semosavlis gadaxda, umoqmedoba, Sesworeba (koreqtireba) da sxva.119 am gagebiT, pirovnuli uflebis dacvis xerxebia: uflebis Semlaxveli moqmedebis ganxorcielebisgan Tavis
Sekaveba (umoqmedoba) da Sewyveta, uaryofa, sapasuxo cnobebis gamoqveyneba da zianis
anazRaureba.120
a) moqmedebis ganxorcielebisagan Tavis Sekavebisa da
Sewyvetis Sesaxeb moTxovnebi
Rirsebis dacvis uflebis Selaxva kanoniT mkacrad dadgenili pirobebis dros warmoSobs moqmedebis Sewyvetis an moqmedebaze uaris Tqmis moTxovnas. normadarRveuli
uflebis realizacias kanonmdebeli or SemTxvevas ukavSirebs: a) roca pirs saxelis tarebis uflebaSi ecilebian da b) Tu es ufleba ilaxeba misi saxelis unebarTvo gamoyenebiT. analogiuri moTxovnis dayenebis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs ssk-i aseve gamosaxulebis dacvis uflebis Selaxvisas (me-18 muxlis 1-li da me-2 nawilebi).121 zemodasaxelebuli moTxovnebis dacva SesaZlebelia, miuxedavad braleulobisa. Tumca, Tu Rirseba
Seilaxa vinmes braleuli moqmedebiT, pirs SeuZlia araqonebrivi zianis anazRaureba.122
xelmyofi moqmedebis ganxorcielebisagan Tavis Sekaveba aris droebiTi gankarguleba, romelic dainteresebul pirs aZlevs swraf da efeqtur saSualebas mediis samarTaldamrRvevi reportaJis momzadebaze. momavalSi wamoyenebul am moTxovnas SeuZlia
kerZo sferos xelmeored xelyofa aicilos Tavidan. mocemuli moTxovnis wamoyenebis
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
24
aRniSnulis Sesaxeb ix. Schweers St., Die vermögenswerten und ideellen Bestandteile des Persönlichkeitsrechts nach dem Tod des Trägers (Dissertation), Köln, 2006, 172-174.
susg 25/06/2002 (saqme #3k-337-02); susg 03.08.2012 (saqme #as-208-201-2012).
Rechtsproblem? in E-Journal: “Communicatio Socials”, 44. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 2011, 456.
Niggli M. A., Riklin F., Skript Strafrecht BT. 8. Auflage, 2005, 196-197.
Niggli M. A., Riklin F., Skript Strafrecht BT. 8. Auflage, 2005, 205; Niggli M. A., Riklin F., Skript Strafrecht,
Besonderer Teil (BT.), (§ 9 Ehrverletzungen), 10. Auflage, 2007, 191.
susg 01.08.2011 (saqme #as-152-146-2011).
susg 24.04.2003 (saqme #3k-1240-02).
winapirobaa ganmeorebiT darRvevis seriozuli safrTxis arseboba.123 aseve gamoyofen
moqmedebis pirvelad Sesrulebisa da xelmeored ganxorcielebis safrTxeebs. zogadad,
`moqmedebis Seusruleblobis sakvanZo wertili safrTxis cnebaa.~ moqmedebis ganxorcielebisgan TavSekavebis moTxovna dasabuTebulia, Tu gamoqveynebis safrTxe arsebobs.
moqmedebis pirvelad ganxorcielebis safrTxe sakmarisadaa dasabuTebuli, roca momavali samarTaldarRveva arc Tu ise Soreul momavalSi aSkarad moxdeba, an arsebobs
amis seriozuli safrTxe. rac Seexeba moqmedebis Sesrulebis gameorebis safrTxes, is
arsebobs, Tu faqtebze dafuZnebuli seriozuli xelyofis safrTxis safuZvelia damatebiT (axali) xelSeSla. ZiriTadad, moqmedebis Sesrulebisgan Tavis Sekavebis Sesaxeb
sarCelis wardgena xels uSlis mxolod araswori faqtebis gamoqveynebas. amasTan, mtkicebulebaTa wardgenis gziT dadasturebis movaleoba ekisreba pirs, romelic sxvebis
Sesaxeb pativis Semlaxvel faqtebs amtkicebs; Tu is amas ver Seasrulebs, misi gancxadeba
fasdeba, rogorc araswori. negatoruli sarCeli dakmayofildeba, Tu mtkicebulebaTa
gamokvlevis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros dadginda, rom es gancxadeba ar Seesabameba sinamdviles.124
amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom moqmedebis aRkveTis (Sewyvetis) moTxovnis winapirobebi
yovelTvis unda Seexos faqtebis mtkicebebs. moqmedebis ganxorcielebisgan Tavis Sekavebis (negatoruli) moTxovnis dros ar miiReba mxedvelobaSi azris uaryofa, vinaidan
am gziT aRniSnuli iwvevs azris gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi Carevas. aseve, Tu mtkiceba
warmodgenilia arasrulad, gadaWarbebulad an bundovnad, maSin pirs SeuZlia, dasazusteblad an dasamateblad aRZras moqmedebis Sewyvetis (aRkveTis) Sesaxeb sarCeli.125
b) uaryofis Sesaxeb moTxovna
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba sasamarTlo wesiT sinamdvilesTan Seusabamo
informaciis uaryofis moTxovnas,126 romelic warmoiSoba, miuxedavad xelyofis braleulobisa127 da upiratesad presis furclebze gamoqveynebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebis
Taobaze mtkicebas Seexeba.128 pirma sinamdvilis Seusabamo cnobebi unda uaryos imave
masobrivi informaciis saSualebiT, romliTac Rirsebis Seuracxmyofeli cnobebi gavrcelda (ssk-is me-18 muxlis me-3 nawili). am moTxovnis dayeneba dasaSvebia, Tu cnobebis
gamavrcelebeli ver daamtkicebs, rom gavrcelebuli cnobebi sinamdviles Seesabameba.129
ssk-is me-18 muxlSi 2004 wlis 24 ivnisis cvlilebis Tanaxmad, pirs SeuZlia pirad uflebaTa dacva `kanoniT dadgenili wesiT~. saxeldobr, `sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuf123
124
125
126
127
128
129
Münch H., Der Schutz des Einzelnen vor Presseveröffentlichungen durch den Deutschen Presserat und die britische Press Complaints Commision, Eine Untersuchung zur Spruchpraxis unter besonderer Berücksichtigung
des zivilrechtlichen Rechtsschutzes der Privatsphäre (Dissertation), Konstanz, 2001, 128-129.
iqve, 339.
susg 01.06.2006 (saqme #as-1284-1520-05).
niniZe T., piradi araqonebrivi uflebebi, ssk-is komentari, w. I, Tb., 2002, 70.
Fezer K.-H., Kommerzialisierung des Persönlichkeit, (vorgelegt von Beuter Cl.) (Dissertation), 2000, 18.
barabaZe n., moraluri zianis anazRaurebis uflebis warmoSobis safuZvlebi, Jurn.
àdamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2005, 75, 76.
25
lebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-17 muxlis mixedviT, sajarod gavrcelebuli cnobebis uaryofa SeiZleba mxolod ciliswamebis SemTxvevaSi. am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis
nebismieri SezRudva unda emyarebodes utyuar mtkicebulebebs. mocemuli muxlis me-6
punqtis Tanaxmad, sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis mtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba SezRudvis iniciators.130 amave kanonis 1-li muxlis è~ qvepunqtis mixedviT, ciliswamebad ganixileba arsebiTad mcdari informaciis Semcveli da pirisTvis saziano, misi saxelis gamtexi gancxadeba. Tumca ciliswamebis gansasazRvrad faqtebi unda gaimijnos Sefasebebisgan.131 saqme isaa, rom namdviloba SeiZleba damtkicdes mxolod faqtebTan dakavSirebiT, azri ki mtkicebas ar eqvemdebareba.132 amasTan, kerZo piris mimarT unda gavrceldes
kerZo piris ciliswamebis standarti. `sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~
kanonis me-13 muxlis Tanaxmad, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba kerZo piris
ciliswamebisTvis daekisreba pirs, Tu mosarCele daamtkicebs, rom mopasuxis gancxadeba Seicavda mcdar faqts uSualod mosarCelis Sesaxeb da am gancxadebiT mosarCelis
pativi da Rirseba Seilaxa. amdenad, mocemuli faqtebis gavrcelebiT pirisTvis zianis
miyenebis mtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba mTlianad mosarCeles. aqve mtkicebulebebiT (pirdapir an arapirdapir) unda dadgindes, rom es informacia swored mopasuxem gaavrcela.
amdenad, Tu gancxadeba ar arsebobs, an ver dadasturda zemoT mocemuli cnobebis gavrceleba, ciliswamebac (da, Sesabamisad, kanondarRvevac) gamoiricxeba.133
aseve sagulisxmoa, rom specifikuria piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis dacva, romlisTvisac amosavalia Rirsebis uzrunvelyofis idea. es Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis amsaxveli cnobebi SeiZleba sinamdviles Seesabamebodes, Tumca TviT piri iyos dainteresebuli am cnobebis gaxmaurebisagan dacviT,134
vinaidan piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis amsaxvel cnobebs Seicavs (ssk-is me-18 muxlis
me-2 nawili). saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom SeiZleba faqtobrivi
monacemebi arasrulad gamoqveyndes da am SemTxvevaSic igive wesebi gamoiyeneba, Tu aRniSnuliT ilaxeba piris Rirseba.135
amasTan, uaryofasTan erTad SeiZleba dadges miyenebuli zaralisa da araqonebrivi
zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxi. Tumca, Tu gavrcelda sinamdvilis Sesabamisi cnobebi, gamoiricxeba uaryofis Sesaxeb moTxovnis uflebis warmoSoba. am saxis cnobebis Seuracxmyofeli formis SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia araqonebrivi zianis anazRaureba.136 gamoTqmuli
azris sajarod uaryofa amcirebs aramaterialuri zianis anazRaurebis odenobas.137
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
26
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos (me-2 kolegia) 2004 wlis 11 martis
gadawyvetileba (saqme #2/1/241)
susg 10.10.2013 (saqme #as-1378-1300-2012).
susg 24.04.2003 (saqme #3k-1240-02).
susg 14.04.2004 (saqme #as-593-1241-03).
ix. barabaZe n., moraluri zianis anazRaurebis uflebis warmoSobis safuZvlebi, Jurn.
àdamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2005, 75, 76.
susg 03.12.2009 (saqme #440-754-09).
g) sakuTari pasuxis gamoqveynebis Sesaxeb moTxovna
ssk-Si gaTvaliswinebulia, aseve, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT sinamdvilesTan Seusabamo cnobebis gamoqveynebisas imave saSualebebiT pasuxis gamoqveyneba (ssk-is
me-18 muxlis me-4 nawili)138. masSi moiazreba dainteresebuli piris axsna-ganmarteba, romelic perioduli beWdviTi mediis saSualebiT gavrcelebuli statiis sawinaaRmdego
garemoebebze miuTiTebs. pasuxi unda iyos mokled Camoyalibebuli da faqtebze orientirebuli, rac moiTxovs faqtebis mtkicebis gamijvnas azris gamoxatvisgan.139
sagulisxmoa, rom masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa dawesebulebas ar aqvs ufleba dainteresebuli piris mier gamogzavnili teqsti Secvalos da damatebiTi aRniSvnebiT datvirTos. am dawesebulebas SeuZlia daamatos mxolod axsna-ganmarteba, Tu
is misi faqtebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba an gacemulia cnobebi, romelTa wyarosac piri imowmebs. mocemul dawesebulebas ar aqvs ufleba, sapasuxo sityvas (uaryofas) komentari daurTos.140 amasTan, pasuxis gamoqveynebis moTxovna sasamarTlo wesiT
ganixileba mxolod im samoqalaqo saqmeebSi, romlebic sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos ganCinebis Taobaze debulebebs efuZneba. sapasuxo cnobebis gamoqveynebis moTxovnis upiratesoba isaa, rom es moTxovna swrafad da efeqturad SeiZleba
Sesruldes gansaxilveli faqtebis sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobisa Tu Seusabamobis Sesaxeb mtkicebulebebis Segrovebis gareSe da bralisgan damoukideblad. am gziT dazaralebuls SeuZlia, pirvel warmodgenaze reagireba moaxdinos dazustebis (gamosworebis)
Tu damatebis gzebiT141.
d) zianis anazRaureba
Rirsebis dacvis uflebis, rogorc absoluturi uflebis, SelaxviT warmoiSoba axali samarTlebrivi (deliqturi) urTierToba (ssk-is 317-e muxlis 1-li nawili da 992-1008-e
muxlebi).142 Rirsebis SelaxviT SeiZleba dadges ziani. ssk-is 992-e muxlis Tanaxmad, zianis
miyenebis gamo pirisTvis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad aucilebelia zianis, qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis, am qmedebasa da zians Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris,
bralis kumulatiurad arseboba. am pirobaTa erToblioba qmnis iuridiul Semadgenlobas (`generaluri deliqti~).143
sagulisxmoa, rom qonebrivi ziani anazRaurdeba mxolod im pirovnuli sikeTeebis
138
139
140
141
142
143
sapasuxo sityvis Sesaxeb ix. Perger T., Ehrenshutz von Soldaten in Deutschland und anderen Staaten,
Köln, (TUP-Productions) (Dissertation), 2003, 81-82.
Fezer K. H., Kommerzialisierung des Persönlichkeit, (vorgelegt von Beuter Cl.) (Dissertation), 2000, 12-13.
Frick Marie_theres, Persönlichkeitsrechte, Beiträge, Liechtenstein-Institut, Forschung und Lehre, Nr. 5,
Liechtenstein, Fürstentum Liechtenstein, 1996, 21.
naWyebia g., brali, rogorc socialuri filosofiis kategoria, Tb., 2001, 173-176.
CikvaSvili S., deliqturi valdebulebebi samoqalaqo samarTalSi, Tsu-is iuridiuli
fakultetis 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil saiubileo krebulSi: `saxelmwifosa da samarTlis aqtualuri problemebi~, Tb., 2003, 184.
27
Selaxvisas, romlebic ssk-is me-18 muxlSia CamoTvlili.144 pirovnuli uflebebis xelyofis dros ziani fuladi formiT anazRaurdeba mxolod maSin, Tu saqme exeba braleul
da mZime darRvevas, romlis `kompensireba~ sxva mxriv ver moxda uaryofis an moqmedebis
ganxorcielebisgan Tavis Sekavebis gziT145.
Rirsebis xelyofa rom samarTaldarRvevad Sefasdes, interesis Selaxva unda iyos
marTlsawinaaRmdego.146 Rirseba SeiZleba Seilaxos gansazRvruli qmedebiT (=moqmedebiT), romelic warmoSobs valdebulebas.147 aramarTlzomierma moqmedebam SeiZleba xelyos sxvadasxva normiT daculi piris konkretuli ufleba,148 kerZod Rirsebis dacvis
ufleba. amasTan, unda ganisazRvros, arsebobs Tu ara samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli garemoebebi (Tanxmoba, sajaro interesi, sazogadoebrivi daintereseba).149 aseve Rirsebis SelaxvisTvis ssk-is 992-e muxliT dadgenili pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad aucilebelia am marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis ganxorcielebis
adekvaturi Sedegi iyos mocemuli ziani.150 Rirsebis xelyofam SeiZleba warmoSvas araqonebrivi zianic. aseve gamoiyeneba aramaterialuri zianis arsebobis prezumfcia. ese igi,
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis CadeniT ivaraudeba, rom mas araqonebrivi ziani miadga
(vidre amis sawinaaRmdego damtkicdeba). aqedan gamonaklisi SeiZleba Seexos fsiqikurad daavadebul pirs, vinaidan mas ar ZaluZs sakuTari uflebebis Selaxvisa da fizikuri Tu sulieri tanjvis ararsebobis gacnobiereba.151 amasTan, Sesaswavlia braleulobis
sakiTxi, romelic ukavSirdeba imis dadgenas, Seswevs Tu ara pirs unari, agos pasuxi sakuTari qonebiT.152 amdenad, zogadi wesis mixedviT, civilistikaSi gamoiyeneba zianis mimyeneblis braleulobis prezumfciis principi, romlis Tanaxmad, zianis mimyenebeli miiCneva
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
28
niniZe T., ssk-is komentari, w. I, Tb., 2002, 70, 71.
BGHZ, NJW 1997, 1371 (1374); NJW 1995, 985 (986); Siebrecht I., Der Schutz der Ehre im Zivilrecht, in:
JuS, Heft 4, 2001, 340.
Schmidt R., Schuldrecht Besonderer Teil II _ Gesetzliche Schuldverhältnisse, 1. Auflage, Grasberg bei Bremen, Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2003, 191; Schmidt R., Schuldrecht Besonderer Teil II _ Gesetzliche Schuldverhältnisse, 4. Aufl., Grasberg bei Bremen, Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2006, 204; aseve ix. Perger T., Ehrenshutz
von Soldaten in Deutschland und anderen Staaten, Köln, (TUP-Productions) (Dissertation), 2003, 84, <http://
ub.unibw-muenchen.de/dissertationen/ediss/perger-tilmann/inhalt.pdf>, [10.09.10].
Schmidt R., Schuldrecht Besonderer Teil II _ Gesetzliche Schuldverhältnisse, 1. Auflage, Grasberg bei Bremen, Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2003, 190-191.
Sengelia r., qonebrivi ziani da misi anazRaurebis valdebuleba, Tb., 1991, 4.
aRniSnulis Sesaxeb ix. Münch H., Der Schutz des Einzelnen vor Presseveröffentlichungen durch den
Deutschen Presserat und die britische Press Complaints Commision, Eine Untersuchung zur Spruchpraxis
unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des zivilrechtlichen Rechtsschutzes der Privatsphäre (Dissertation), Konstanz, 2001, 124-126.
Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2003, 192.
àdamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2005, 69-71.
Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2003, 192; bralis formebis (ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba) Sesaxeb
ix. Schlechtriem P., Schuldrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 5., neubearbeitete Aufl., Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2003,
169-173. gaufrTxileblobasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Hütte F., Helborn M., Schuldrecht Allgemeiner
Teil, 3. Aufl., Bremsen, Verlag Rolf Schmidt GmbH, 2005, 204, 206-207.
braleulad, Tu is bralis ararsebobis moments ar daamtkicebs. amitomaa, rom mtkicebis
tvirTi mxareebs Soris unda gadanawildes.153 amasTan, mxolod braleuli xelyofis SemTxvevaSi aqvs pirs ufleba, moiTxovos araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebac (ssk-is me-18
muxlis me-6 nawili). Tumca, Tu ver dadasturda pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxvis faqti,
maSin arc am normis gamoyenebis safuZveli arsebobs.154 amasTan, araqonebrivi ziani unda
anazRaurdes fuladi formiT sasamarTlos mier dadgenili odenobiT, miuxedavad imisa,
aramaterialur zianTan erTad dadga qonebrivi ziani Tu ara da es ukanaskneli anazRaurdeba Tu ara.155
Tumca, civilistikaSi icnoben gamonaklis wessac, rodesac aramaterialuri zianisTvis SeiZleba pasuxismgebloba dadges bralis gareSec. erT-erTi iseTi SemTxveva,
rodesac araqonebrivi zianisTvis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba
dadges bralis gareSe, aris sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi ukanono micema, dakaveba an mis mimarT administraciuli saxdelis ukanono Sefardeba; pativis, Rirsebis Tu
saxelis xelmyofi cnobebis gavrceleba.156 aseve Rirsebis braleuli Selaxvisas pasuxs
ageben sajaro mosamsaxureebi saxelmwifosTan erTad solidarulad. mocemul SemTxvevaSi mizanSewonilia, ssk-is 413-e muxli ssk-is 1005-e muxlTan kavSirSi iyos ganxiluli.157
araqonebrivi ziani unda anazRaurdes gonivruli da samarTliani anazRaurebis
saxiT (ssk-is 413-e muxlis 1-li nawili). gonivruli da samarTliani anazRaurebis gansazRvra SefasebiTia da mTlianad sasamarTlos Sexedulebaze unda iyos damokidebuli.
aseve, sasamarTlom saqmis ganxilvisas unda gaiTvaliswinos sxva ufro obieqturi garemoebebi, Tumca sasamarTlo araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebis moculobis dadgenisas
ver gascdeba mosarCelis moTxovnis farglebsac.158 zianis anazRaurebisas gadamwyvetia,
aseve, zianis simZime, bralis xarisxi. msubuqi sulieri gancdebi da fizikuri tkivilebi mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia mxareTa qonebrivi mdgomareoba,
raTa piri ar aRmoCndes mZime finansur mdgomareobaSi159 da araqonebrivi zianis anazRaureba ar gaxdes usafuZvlo gamdidrebis wyaro.160 aq mniSvnelovania funqcionaluri
midgoma, romelic iTvaliswinebs zianis anazRaurebas im odenobiT, rac sakmarisi iqneba
piris `gonivruli nugeSisTvis~.161 amitomacaa, rom zianis anazRaureba xSirad da araqo153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
CikvaSvili S., deliqturi valdebulebebi, ix. `ssk-is komentari~ (red. Wanturia l.), w. IV,
t. II, Tb., 2001, 378-387.
susg 19.03.2007 (saqme #as-385-780-06).
ix. CikvaSvili S., deliqturi valdebulebebi samoqalaqo samarTalSi, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil saiubileo krebulSi: `saxelmwifosa da
samarTlis aqtualuri problemebi~, Tb., 2003, 188.
àdamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2005, 72-73.
barabaZe n., moraluri ziani da misi anazRaurebis problema, Tb., 2012, 196, 210.
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos erTgvarovani praqtika samoqalaqo saqmeebTan
dakavSirebiT, Tb., 25 ivlisi, 2007, 14-15; Mästle T., Der zivilrechtliche Schutz vor sexueller Belästigung am Arbeitsplatz, Berlin, Duncker und Humblot GmbH, 2000, 44.
CikvaSvili S., pasuxismgebloba moraluri zianisTvis, Tb., 2003, 96-98.
susg 03.12.2009 (saqme #as-440-754-09).
ix. Ogus F. I, The Law of Damages, L., 1973, 195.
29
nebrivi zianis reparacia yovelTvis kompensaciuri xasiaTis iqneba.162 fuladi anazRaureba mxolod surogatia da ara pirdapiri sareparacio iaraRi. fuladi anazRaureba aramaterialuri zianis ekvivalenturi ver iqneba, vinaidan moralisa da fulis gaTanabreba
dauSvebelia.163
amitom araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebas simboluri datvirTva aqvs. amasTan, iurisprudenciis kvlevis sfero unda iyos zianis obieqtur formebSi asaxva. es, TiTqos
SeiZleba iyos kompensacia, Tumca samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierToba gamonaklis
SemTxvevebSi xelyofis Semdegac arsebobs164, anu dacviT urTierTobasac gulisxmobs.165
cxadia, araqonebrivi zianis anazRaureba ver iqneba misi Sesatyvisi. Sesabamisad, verc sakompensacio funqcia ganxorcieldeba srulad.166 amdenad, aramaterialuri sikeTeebis
dasacavad upirveles funqciad unda iqces prevencia, romlis Semdgomac simbolur datvirTvas unda atarebdes sakompensacio funqciis miRweva.
5. daskvna
amdenad, vercerTi zemoaRniSnuli Teoria cal-calke ver xsnis srulyofilad
adamianis Rirsebis arss. Tumca, isini efuZneba adamianuri realobis sxvadasxva niSans,
romlebic SeiZleba erTad aRebuli garkveul miniSnebebs iZleodes Rirsebis arsis dasadgenad. upirveles yovlisa, TiToeuli koncefciiT adamianuri Rirseba aRiarebulia
uZiriTades Rirebulebad da misi mflobeli aucileblad unda iyos adamiani. adamianuri
Rirsebis cneba individualuri Sefasebis kriteriumia.167 aseve, Rirsebis idea adamianis
elementaruli pativiscemis moTxovnaa, romelic nebismieri normatiuli valdebulebis
winapirobas qmnis da vrceldeba yvela adamianze Tanabrad, miuxedavad gansxvavebebisa.168 amasTan, adamianuri Rirsebis cneba farTo moculobisaa, vinaidan is adamianTa uflebebis gagebis aqsiologiur komponentTa safuZvelia; Rirsebaze, rogorc uflebaTa
wyaroze, miTiTebiT cxadia, rom adamianis uflebebi maT adamianobis safuZvelze, wminda biologiuri gagebiT, homo sapiens-is saxeobas ki ar ganekuTvnebian, aramed yvela biologiuri, socialuri da kulturuli Rirebulebis mWidrod dakavSirebuli ansamblia,
romlebic qmnis adamianis Rirs cxovrebas kacobriobaSi. amdenad, adamianTa uflebebi,
pirvel rigSi, adamianuri Rirsebis Sesaxeb uflebebia. amasTan, adamianis uflebebis
cnebasTan SedarebiT Rirsebis cneba gacilebiT naTlad usvams xazs, rom is individTa
keTildReobis ganmsazRvreli normatiuli sazomia. adamianuri Rirseba adamianTa uf162
163
164
165
166
167
168
30
ix. niniZe T., moraluri ziani samoqalaqo samarTalSi, Jurn. `sabWoTa samarTali~, #2,
1978, 45, 50, 54-55.
rcxilaZe gr., moraluri zianis anazRaureba, Jurn. `sabWoTa samarTali~, #4, 1928, 81.
Вершинин А., Охранительние материально-правовые отношения и право на судебную защиту, в материалы научной конференции: «Вопросы теории охранительных правоотношений», Ярославь, 1991, 36.
Иоффе О., Личные неимущественные права и их место в системе советского гражданского права,
«Советское государство и право», №7, 1966, 53.
Sead. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos erTgvarovani praqtika samoqalaqo saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT, 25 ivlisi, Tb., 2007, 14-15.
Lebech M., What is Human Dignity? Maynooth Philosophical Papers, Maynooth, 2004, 64-66, 63.
Bielefeldt H., Menschenwürde: Der Grund der Menschenrechte, Berlin, 2008, 34.
lebebidan warmoSobili movaleobebis Sesrulebis moTxovnis wyalobiT ganixileba sxva
pirTa normatiul wyarod.169
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Rirseba specifikuri movlenaa, vinaidan moicavs realur
da idealur sawyisebs, romelTa sinTezi iZleva raRac axals, raSic vlindeba kidec Rirsebis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi. swored aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom Rirseba universaluria. es, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs imas, rom SeuZlia sxva pirovnuli ufleba moicvas da
uzrunvelyos, rac gansakuTrebiT farTo xasiaTs atarebs kerZo samarTalSi. es kidev
ufro TvalSisacemia, Tu dacvis kerZosamarTlebrivi formebi iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. am gagebiT Rirsebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi cnebis moculoba farToa. Rirsebis
konstituciursamarTlebrivi cneba, kerZosamarTlebrivTan SedarebiT, viwro xasiaTisaa da, faqtobrivad, Rirsebis sajarosamarTlebrivi cnebis gamoxatulebaa.
Rirseba, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi gagebiT, moicavs sferoebs, romlebic Seexeba
pativs, saqmian reputacias, saxels, pirad cxovrebas, avtorobas, Semoqmedebas, identobas, sxeulebriv da moralur xelSeuxeblobas, intims, TviTgamorkvevas, sociumTan kavSiris pirovnul gamoxatulebebs, Tu es aspeqtebi ukavSirdeba pirovnebis mier sakuTari
mniSvnelobis Sefasebas. esaa Rirsebis zogadi ganmarteba, romliTac SeuZlebelia srulad Rirsebis yvela mxaris CamoTvla, Tumca Rirsebis dasaxelebuli aspeqtebi Rirsebis cnebis garkveul farglebs qmnis. amasTan, rac ufro naklebia raime movlenis niSnebi,
miT ufro farToa es movlena. Sesabamisad, Rirsebis kerZosamarTlebrivi cnebis moculobac farTo unda iyos.
amave dros, Rirsebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi cneba ukavSirdeba dazaralebulis
pirovnebis gafarToebul dacvas. aq sagulisxmoa samoqalaqo uflebis dacvis xerxebi
konkretuli winapirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. am gagebiT, mniSvnelovania samarTaldarRvevisTvis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis funqciebi, romelTaganac aqcenti keTdeba
kompensatorul funqciaze, Tumca is mocemul SemTxvevaSi zianis obieqtur formebSi
gadmocemis SeuZleblobis gamo simbolur datvirTvas iZens. amitom zianisTvis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis amosaval funqciad unda ganisazRvros prevenciis miRweva. TviT
Rirsebis dacvis uflebis xerxebic imdenad farToa, rom qmnis Rirsebis uzrunvelyofis
myar da efeqtur meqanizms.
169
Stepanians M., Gleiche Würde, gleiche Rechte, in: Stoecker (Hg.): Menschenwürde _ Annäherungen an einen
Begriff, öbv & hpt, Wien, 2003, 52.
31
nona zubitaSvili*
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis me-6 punqtis
Sefasebis standarti gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis
doqtrinis WrilSi
1. Sesavali
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis (SemdgomSi, mSsk) me-3 muxlis me-6 punqti
iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebis valdebulebebisTvis partnioris piradi pasuxismgeblobis normatiul safuZvels. kerZod, dasaxelebuli muxlis Tanaxmad, partniori ver daicavs Tavs sazogadoebis kreditorebisgan, Tuki igi borotad iyenebda pasuxismgeblobis
SezRudvis samarTlebriv formebs.1 miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikaSi ar arsebobs am debulebis ganmartebis precedenti, kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebaSi gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis2 mimarT interesi didia rogorc samecniero wreebSi, aseve praqtikos iuristebSi.
qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi Camoyalibebulia SemTxvevebi, romlis drosac
ganviTarebuli samarTlebrivi sistemis mqone qveynebis sasamarTloebi axdenen partnioris korporaciuli „mosasxamis“ gaWolvas. kerZod, esenia: sawarmos arasaTanado
kapitalizacia, korporaciul formalobaTa daucveloba da qonebis aRreva.3 am fonze
mniSvnelovania pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis samarTlebrivi formis borotad gamoyenebis, rogorc garesamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi partnioris piradi pasuxismgeblobis
kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli erTaderTi safuZvlis, da gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis urTierTmimarTebis dadgena. kerZod, imis gansazRvra faravs Tu ara gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul garemoebas, da ra
standartiT unda moxdes sasamarTlos mier partnioris qmedebis Sefaseba. swored aRniSnuli warmoadgens winamdebare kvlevis sagans.
*
1
2
3
32
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, mowveuli leqtori.
gamoqveynebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebebi, 1994 weli, №21-22. muxli 3.6.
qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi es termini damkvidrda 2009 wels; ix. burduli i.,
sawesdebo kapitali da misi funqciebi, krebulSi Tanamedrove sakorporacio samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009, 236. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos („sus“) praqtikaSi dRemde mxolod ori saqme arsebobs, sadac kasatori uTiTebda
pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis samarTlebrivi formebis borotad gamoyenebaze, Tumca
sasamarTlom arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar gaakeTa raime ganmarteba am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. ix. 2013 wlis 7 martis ganCineba #as-1162-1091-2013, 2013 wlis 13 maisis ganCineba #as286-272-2013.
gulaSvili n., korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolva, rogorc kreditorTa dacvis gansakuTrebuli RonisZieba mSobel-Svilobil korporaciaTa urTierTobis konteqstSi
(aSS-isa da qarTuli sakorporacio samarTlis mixedviT), sakorporacio samarTlis
krebulSi, red. burduli i., Tb., 2011, 83, 85.
Mnona zubitaSvili, mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis me-6 punqtis
Sefasebis standarti gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis WrilSi
statiis mizania, gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinisa da pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principis SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi analizis safuZvelze Camoayalibos kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebis partnioris mxridan pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis samarTlebrivi formebis borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevebSi sasamarTlos mier dasadgeni garemoebebis wre da maTi Sefasebis standarti. kvlevis Sedegebma, Tavis mxriv, xeli unda Seuwyos gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis, rogorc kreditorTa interesebis dacvis samarTlebrivi
meqanizmis ganviTarebas saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikaSi.
2. pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principis arsi
pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principi kerZosamarTlebrivi sistemis nawilia. Sesabamisad, igi aris ara konkretulad korporaciaTa maregulirebeli samarTlis monapovari, aramed mTlianad kerZo samarTlis sistemisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aRniSnuls,
qvemoT ganxiluli magaliTebis garda, adasturebs isic, rom pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principis ganviTareba istoriulad ar iyo dakavSirebuli korporaciuli formebis
ganviTarebasTan. magaliTad, antikur romSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom, faqtobrivad, arsebobda rogorc pirTa gaerTianebebi, aseve pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis samarTlebrivi
meqanizmebi, es ori koncepti erTamaneTTan arasdros iyo dakavSirebuli.4
kerZosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis zogadi principis Tanaxmad, kreditoris
winaSe pasuxs agebs zianis gamomwvevi qmedebis uSualod ganmaxorcielebeli piri. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, zogadi principidan gamonaklisis saxiT kerZo samarTalSi, aseve,
vxdebiT pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principis ramdenime gamovlinebas, romelic gamoricxavs erTi subieqtis pasuxismgeblobas, adgens ra am subieqtis qmedebisaTvis sxva subieqtis pasuxismgeblobas. pirveli, igi gamoricxavs erTi subieqtis pasuxismgeblobas
da gansazRvravs valdebulebaze pasuxismgebel pirs, romelic, marTalia, uSualod ar
aris qmedebis ganmaxorcielebli, Tumca samarTlis ZaliT swored mas miewereba pasuxismgeblobis gamomwvevi qmedeba. korporaciis kerZosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisas
swored es SemTxvevaa saxeze. meore – gamoricxavs erTi subieqtis pasuxismgeblobas da
adgens sxva subieqtis pasuxismgeblobas, imgvard rom am ukanasknels ar miawers zianis
gamomwvev qmedebas. am SemTxvevaSi, kerZosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlad
miiCneva meore subieqtis mier ara uSualod zianis gamomwvevi qmedebis Cadena, aramed mis
mier valdebulebis darRveva, rasac, Tavis mxriv, Sedegad mohyveba pirveli subieqtis
mxridan zianis momtani qmedeba. pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis es versia moqmedebs deliqtur samarTalSi. kerZod, araswrulwlovanis an qmeduunaro piris mier gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis mimarT.5 mesame gamovlineba gamoricxavs erTi subieqtis pasuxismgeblobas da adgens meore subieqtis pasuxismgeblobas, am ors Soris arsebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. amis magaliTia dazRvevis xelSekruleba, roca sadazRvevo premiis
gadaxdis sanacvlod piri izRudavs pasuxismgeblobas mesame pirebis winaSe.6
4
5
6
Hillman R., Limited Liability in Historical Perspective, 54 Wash. & Lee L. Rev., 1997, 616.
mag., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi (SemdgomSi - ssk) 994-e da 995-e muxlebi.
სsk 839-e muxli.
33
Tumca arcerTi es gamovlineba Tavisi arsiT ar aris ulimito. dazRvevis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, privilegiiT qmedebis ganmaxorcielebeli piri ver isargeblebs,
Tuki man ganzraxi marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebiT gamoiwvia ziani.7 deliqtur samarTalSi, marTalia, arasrulwlovanis an qmeduunaro piris pasuxismgebloba rCeba SezRuduli, magram arc meTvalyureobaze valdebuli piris sanacvlo pasuxismgebloba dgeba,
Tuki am ukanasknels, saTanado da keTilsindisieri meTvalyureobis Sedegadac ar SeeZlo Tavidan aecilebina ziani. kerZo samarTali, pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvidan gamomdinare, privilegiiT sargeblobas ukavSirebs keTilsindisierebisa da saTanado gulisxmierebis standartebis dacvas.
Sejamebis mizniT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principi warmoadgens kerZo samarTlis ara zogad wess, aramed piriqiT, gamonakliss zogadi wesidan.
am Tezisis WrilSi, sruliad bunebriv meqanizmad unda iqnes ganxiluli gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina.
2.1. pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principis
samarTlebrivi analizi
sisxlis samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic danaSaulis kriminalizaciis gziT
awesebs pasuxismgeblobas aramarTlzomieri qmedebisTvis, kerZo samarTali iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas imgvarad, rom ar axdens Tavad pasuxismgeblobis gamomwvevi qmedebis kriminalizacias. kerZo samarTali efuZneba princips, romelSic horizontalur
urTierTobebSi myofi pirebi Tavad wyveten pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs. magaliTisTvis
gamodgeba movalis pasuxismgebloba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis.
movalis mier valdebulebis darRveva ar iwvevs mis avtomatur pasuxismgeblobas (im SemTxvevaSic, Tu valdebulebis darRvevisasTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyo pirgasamtexlo).
kerZod, movalis pasuxismgebloba ar dadgeba manam, sanam kreditori ar moiTxovs zianis
anazRaurebas an pirgasamtexlos gadaxdas. sxvagvarad, movalis pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs
kreditoris mier moTxovnis ganxorcieleba, Tumca kreditors gaaCnia moTxovnis ufleba da ara moTxovnis valdebuleba.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, kerZo samarTali, pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvidan gamomdinare, privilegiiT sargeblobas ukavSirebs keTilsindisierebisa da saTanado gulisxmierebis standartebis dacvas. Tanamedrove iuridiul literaturaSi arsebobs aseve mosazrebac, rom pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principis moqmedebis farglebi unda iyos
limitirebuli sajaro werigiT.8 sajaro wesrigis sapasuxo reaqcia pasuxismgeblobis
SezRudvis principis gamoyenebaze, rac gamoixateba partniorisaTvis imunitetis miniWebiT an, piriqiT, imunititis ukugdebiT, unda moxdes saTanado gonierebis safuZvelze. sajaro wesrigis rols pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principis gamoyenebis procesSi naTlad warmoaCens Semdegi magaliTebi: a) ramdenime pirma erToblivi samewarmeo
saqmianobis warmoebis mizniT, ganaxorciela mniSvnelovani saxsrebis investireba. maT
7
8
34
ssk, 842-e muxli.
Gelb H., Limited Liability Policy and Veil Piercing, 9 Wyo. L. Rev., 2009, 552.
surdaT warmatebis miRweva, Tumca ar surdaT gaeriskaT sakuTari qonebiT, amitom airCies pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma. isini saqmeebs
uZRvebodnen saTanado gulisxmierebiT, Tumca maTi biznesi ver aewyo. am SemTxvevaSi,
sajaro wesrigma unda dauSvas pasuxismgეblobis SezRudvis principidan gamomdinare
privilegiiT sargebloba;9 sajaro wesrigis amgvari sapasuxo reaqcia gamarTlebulia,
ramdenadac nebismieri samewarmeo saqmianoba dakavSirebulia ekonomikur riskebTan. am
SemTxvevaSi, Sefaseba unda moxdes swored imis mixedviT, Tu rogor marTavdnen partniorebi kompaniis saqmianobis Tanmdev riskebs, kerZod, udgebodnen Tu ara Sesabamisi gonierebiTa da pasuxismgeblobiT; b) ramdenime pirma gamoiyena pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis
samarTlebrivi forma ara samewarmeo saqmianobaSi warmatebis misaRwevad, aramed kreditorebis xarjze piradi mogebis misaRebad. am SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis
samarTlebrivi forma gamoyenebulia arakeTilsindisieri gziT mogebis miRebis meqanizmad. aseT dros sajaro wesrigma ar unda mianiWos imuniteti partniorebs.10 am magaliTSi
aRwerili qmedeba, Tavisi SemadgenlobiT, SesaZloa sisxlissamarTlebriv danaSaulTan
ufro axlos iyos, vidre kerZosamarTlebriv qmedebasTan.11amitomac, logikuria, rom
sajaro wesrigi axdens aseTi qmedebis kriminalizacias, Tumca man, aseve unda uzrunvelyos kreditorTa interesebis efeqturi da qmediTi dacvac. partnioris SeuzRudavi pasuxismgeblobis amoqmedeba misi sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis Sedegad ki ar
aris am miznisTvis efeqturi meqanizmi. qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT, kreditorTa interesebis dakmayofileba moxdeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rac kanonier ZalaSi Seva sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis damdgeni gadawyvetileba, da isic ara avtomaturad,
aramed kreditoris, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze dazaralebulad cnobili piris
mier samoqalaqo sarCels aRZvris,12 am sarCelis dakmayofilebis da kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg. amasTan, niSandoblivia, rom saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos erTgvarovani praqtikis mixedviT, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas
preiuduciuli Zala samoqalaqo sasamarTlos saqmesTan mimarTebiT, mxolod danaSaulis Cadenis faqtis da ara zianis odenobis an sxva faqtobrivi garemoebis nawilSi aqvs.13
sxagvarad rom vTqvaT, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze dazaralebulad cnobili kreditoris sarCelis gamo, samoqalaqo saqmeze sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs sisxlis samarTlis
saqmeze sasamarTlos mier mxolod danaSaulis – partnioris mier sazogadoebis saxeliT
TaRliTobis – Cadenis faqts, xolo TaRliTobis Sedegad damgari zianis odenobis mtkiceba kreditors ekisreba. rogorc vxedavT, sisxlissamarTalebrivi meqanizmi, mxolod
droSi gawelili winapirobaa imisaTvis, rom komerciuli iuridiuli piris kreditor9
10
11
12
13
iqve, 553.
Sead., saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis (SemdgomSi – sssk) 2051-e muxli.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis (SemdgomSi – ssssk) 217-e muxli.
ix., mag., sus-is 2010 wlis ganCineba # 238-224-10, sadac sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom preiudiciuli Zala eniWeba mxolod sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gamotanil, kanonier ZalaSi
Sesul saboloo Semajamebeli gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili piris mier Cadenil qmedebas, xolo am qmedebiT miyenebuli materialuri da moraluri zianis da maTi odenobis
mtkicebis tvirTi, samoqalaqo saqmeze ekisreba mosarCele mxares.
35
ma partnioris danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gamo samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi warmoebis gziT
ainazRauros ziani. am araefeqturobis gamo, mizanSewonilia, rom sajaro wesrigma uzrunvelyos kreditorisTvis alternativa, kapitaluri sazogadoebis partnioris gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis saxiT samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi warmoebis gziT zianis anazRaurebisTvis. g) ramdenime pirma daaarsa komerciuli iuridiuli piri im mizniT, rom ewarmoebinaT biznesi da mieRoT mogeba, Tumca maT ar surdaT investiciis dakargvis riskis
aReba. maTi mizani iyo warmatebuli biznesis warmoeba ise, rom araferi waegoT, da yvela
SesaZlo riski kreditorebisTvis gadaekisrebinaT. am SemTxvevaSi, sajaro wesrigma partniorebs SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis imuniteti unda mianiWos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
Tu partniorebi moaxdenen kreditorebis saTanado informirebas korporaciis finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da amis gaTvaliswinebiT kreditorebi mainc moaxdenen investirebas am biznesSi da amiT Segnebulad ikisreben im riskebs, rac partniorTa pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvas mohyveba biznesis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi.14
pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principis samarTlebrivi analizi gverds ver auvlis
korporaciis damoukidebeli samarTalsubieqtobis koncepts. am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT,
unda aRiniSnos, rom pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principi ar ganapirobebs damoukidebel samarTalsubieqtobas, radganacdamoukidebeli samarTalsubieqtoba arsebobs SeuzRudavi pasuxismgeblobis organizaciul samarTlebriv formebSic. niSandoblivia,
rom pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principi ar aris upirobo instrumenti. yvela metnaklebad ganviTarebuli samarTlebrivi sistema aRiarebs realobas, romelSic pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis forma SeiZleba gamoiyenebul iqnes borotad da cdilobs mis
prevencias kerZosamarTlebrivi an sisxlisamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis
gziT. amavdroulad, pasuxismgeblobis SezRudva organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis
meSveobiT ar aris unikaluri saSualeba. samarTlis mier aprobirebulia pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevis meqanizmi. Sesabamisad, SeuzRudavi pasuxismgeblobis organizaciulsamarTlebriv formaSi gaerTianebul pirebs SeuZliaT daizRvion TiTqmis nebismieri
saxis pasuxismgebloba, maT Soris profesiulic, rac pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principis alternativas warmoadgens amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebebisaTvis.15 Tumca, am saSualebis gamoyenebiT amxanaguri tipis sazogadoebas arc gaumyardeba damoukdiebeli
samarTalsubieqtobis xarisxi da arc Seumcirdeba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom korporaciul
-samarTlebrivi meqanizmis – pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis msgavsad, pasuxismgeblobis
dazRveva ar aris upirobo meqanizmi. sadazRvevo samarTlis fundamenturi principia,
rom ziani, romelic gamoiwvia piris marTalsawinaaRdego da ganzraxma qmedebam ar eqvemdebareba anazRaurebas.16 Sesabamisad, aseT SemTxvevaSi piri ver sargeblobs dazRvevis
meSveobiT pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis privilegiiT.
14
15
16
36
Halpern P., Tribelrlock M., Turnbull S., An Economic Analysis of Limited Liability in Corporation Law, 30
U.Toronto L.J., 1980, 138.
ssk, 842-e muxli.
3. gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis winapirobebi da
maTi Sefasebis standarti
3.1. gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis ganviTarebis sawyisebi
„Piercing the corporate veil“, romelic dRes ukve saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli terminia,
iuridiul literaturaSi daamkvidra amerikulma profesorma moris vormserma.17 misi
koncefciis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo ar unda SeboWiliyo iuridiuli piris samarTalsubieqtobis fiqciiT da yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi unda daedgina xelovnuri warmonaqmnis namdvili buneba. kerZod, profesori vormeri ar uaryofda iuridiuli piris
damoukideblobisa da gancalkevebulobis Teorias, Tumca Tvlida, rom iuridiuli
piris fiqciis kultad qceva did safrTxesTan iyo dakavSirebuli, radganacmisi ualternativo daSveba sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, mosamarTleebs ubiZgebda realuri bunebis
gamokvlevis gareSe, yoveli momdevno saqme daefuZnebinaT mxolod am fiqciaze, rac gaumarTlebelia, radganac pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principi iZleva imis saSualebas,
rom misgan gamomdinare privilegia gamoyenebul iqnes ukanono da usamarTlo miznebis
misaRwevad.18 profesori vormseri gamWoli pasuxismgebelobis bundovanebas ar miiCnevda doqtrinis sust mxared, piriqiT, Tvlida, rom korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvis
winapirobebis kodifikacia Secdoma iqneboda.19 amis miuxedavad, igi gamoyofda garemoebebs, romelTa arsebobac ar iyo sakmarisi korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvisaTvis.
magaliTad, vormseris Teoriis mixedviT, korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvisTvis ar
aris sakmarisi is, rom or korporacias hyavs identuri partniorebi, an roca saxezea erTi korporaciis 100%-iani monawileoba meore korporaciaSi, an roca dakavSirebuli
korporaciebi axorcieleben identur saqmianobas. korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolva
unda moxdes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca faqtobrivi garemoebebi cxadyofen, rom erTi
korporacia gamoiyeneba sxva subieqtis mier usamarTlo da aramarTlzomieri miznebis
misaRwevad, maT Soris, arsebuli samarTlebrivi valdebulebebisgan Tavis asarideblad.20
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli da, amavdroulad, mniSvnelovani
precedenti aSS-Si aris saqme SeerTebuli Statebi kompania ridingis winaaRmdeg.21 am saqmeSi SeerTebulma Statebma antimonopoliuri statutis Sesabamisad (romlis Tanaxmadac ukanonod iTvleboda sarkinigzo kompaniis mier iseTi saqonlis sazRvargareT gadazidva, romelic mTlianad an nawilobriv ekuTvnoda mas, iyo mis mier warmoebuli an
mopovebuli an gadasazidi tvirTis mimarT gaaCnda pirdapiri an iribi interesi), sarCeli aRZra ridingis sarkinigzo kompaniis winaaRmdeg. Tavis mxriv, ridingis sarkinigzo
17
18
19
20
21
Wormser M., Piercing the Veil of Corporate Entity, 12 Colum. L. Rev., 1912, 496.
Presser S., Piercing the Corporate Veil, USA, 2011, 35.
iqve, 36.
Wormser M., Disregard of the Corporate Fiction and Allied Corporation Problem 1927, New York, reprinted
2000, 55-56.
United States v. Reading Co.253 U.S. 26 (1920), citirebulia: Krendl C., Krendl J., Piercing The Corporate Veil: Focusing The Inquiry, 55 Den. L. J. 1, 1978, 3.
37
kompania CarTuli iyo rTul korporaciuli struqturaSi. kerZod, ridingis kompaniam
daafuZna qvanaxSiris mwarmoebeli kompania. es ukanaskneli aseve iyo im holdinguri kompaniis Svilobili, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aseve flobda ridingis kompanias. sasamarTlom
gamoiyena gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis koncepti da arsebuli korporaciuli struqturis miRma moqmedi sami kompania ganixila erT pirad.22
gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis niu-iorkis saapelacio sasamarTlos, da Semdgom ukve SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTles benJamin kardozos. man 1927 wels ganixila saqme berkli
mesame avenius sarkinigzo kompaniis winaaRmdeg,23 sadac gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi wamoiWra deliqtis Sedegad damdgari zianis anazRaurebis mizniT mSobel-Svilobili kompaniebis konteqstSi. imis dasadastureblad, rom Svilobil kompanias ar gaaCnda damoukidebeli samarTalsubieqtoba, mxare uTiTebda ramdenime faqtze. yuradReba
gamaxvilda im garemoebaze, rom avtomanqanaze, romelmac gamoiwvia ziani, aRbeWdili iyo
deda kompaniis saxelwodeba. amis garda, sasamarTlosTvis wardgenili iyo deda kompaniis angariSi, romelSic is Svilobil kompanias moixseniebda misi struqturis nawilad,
orive kompaniis TanamSromlebi, identur kompaniebad miiCnevdnen damqiraveblebs, aseve
aRniSnuli iyo is faqti, rom deda kompaniam Svilobili uzrunvelyo sesxiT. aRniSnuli
faqtebi mosamarTle kardozom ar CaTvala sakmarisad. man daadgina, rom Svilobil kompanias hqonda sabanko angariSi, romlidanac axdenda saxelfaso angariSsworebas, gaaCnda sakuTari qoneba da gancalkevebulobis garkveuli xarisxi.24
me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi moris vormseris da benJamin kardozos paralelurad, gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxze muSaobda profesori frederik pouelic. misi
koncefcia, moris vormserisgan gansxvavebiT, efuZneba gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlebis unificirebis aucileblobas, romelic man ganaxorciela 1931 wels gamocemul wignSi.25 miuxedavad imisa, rom poueli sistematizacias axdenda mSobel-Svilobili
korporaciebis konteqstSi, misi koncefcia, gamoiyeneboda individualuri partnioris
pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisTvisac.26 mis mier ganviTarebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, mSobel-Svilobili korporaciebis konteqstSi arsebobs sul mcire samsafexuriani testi,
romelic srulad unda iyos saxeze korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvisTvis. pirvel safexurze unda Semowmdes, warmoadgens Tu ara deda kompania Svilobilis alter-egos an
Svilobili warmoadgens Tu ara instruments deda kompaniis xelSi, anu saxeze unda iyos
deda kompaniis mxridan sruli kontroli da dominireba Svilobil kompaniaze. meore safexurze unda dadgindes, TaRliTobis da aramarTlzomieri qmedebis an usamarTlobis
arseboba, rac moiTxovs, rom deda kompaniis qmedeba, Svilobilis gamoyenebiT, mosarCelesTan mimarTebiT iyos usamarTlo, TaRliTuri da aramarTlzomieri. bolo – mesame
22
23
24
25
26
38
Krendl C., Krendl J., Piercing The Corporate Veil: Focusing The Inquiry, 55 Den. L. J. 1, 1978, 3.
Berkey v. Third Avenue Railway Co 244 N.Y. 602 (1927), citirebulia: Presser S., Piercing the Corporate
Veil, USA, 2011, 27.
iqve, 28-29.
Powell F., Parent and Subsidiary Corporations: Liability of a Parent Corporation for the Obligations of its
Subsidiary, 1931, ix. Krendl C., Krendl J., Piercing The Corporate Veil: Focusing The Inquiry, 55 Den. L. J.,
Vol. 1, 1978, 5-7.
etapze unda Semowmdes, miadga Tu ara mosarCeles ziani meore etapze dadasturebuli
qmedebis Sedegad.27
inglisSi korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba termini lifting the corporate veil. gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis gaviTarebas safuZveli daudo inglisis lordTa palatis 1887 wlis cnobilma gadawyvetilebam saqmeze solomona.
solomonisa da kompaniis winaaRmdeg. am saqmeSi lordma helsberim fiqciis Teoriaze
dayrdnobiT uaryo korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvis SesaZlebloba. gadawyvetileba efuZneba im logikas, rom radganac kompania dafuZnda kanonmdeblobis (Company Act
1862) Sesabamisad, igi, Tavisi xelovnurobis miuxedavad, samarTlis TvalSi, iqca wevrebisgan damoukidebel da gancalkevebul subieqtad.28 es gadawyvetileba iqca gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis ganviTarebisTvis biZgad. me-20 saukunis pirveli naxevridan
ki gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis principi aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda. gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis mosamarTle
lord denings.29 swored mis saxels ukavSirdeba erTiani ekonomikuri kavSiris (Single Economic Unit) Teoriis Camoyalibeba. saqmeSi di.eiC.en kvebis produqtebis distributorebi
Tauer hamletis londonis saqalaqo sabWos winaaRmdeg, lordma deningma sami kompaniis
urTierTkavSiri daaxasiaTa erTian ekonomikur kavSirad. misi mosazrebiT, aseTi tipis
kavSiri, Tavisi bunebiT amxanagobis msgavsia. am kavSirSi Semavali partniorebi samarTalma ar unda ganixilos sadavo samarTalurTierTobis subieqtebad.30
dasasruls, ar arsebobs imis mtkicebis safuZveli, rom Tavdapirvelad, gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina ganviTarda da gavrcelda erTi konkretuli samarTlis sistemidan. ufro savaraudoa, rom nacionaluri samarTlis sistemebi ganviTarebis procesSi mividnen im etapamde, roca pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis sapirwoned aucilebeli
gaxda samarTlebrivi berketis SemoReba.
3.2. gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis winapirobebi sxvadasxva nacionaluri
samarTlis sistemebSi
3.2.1. gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlebi aSS-Si
aSS-Si gamWol pasuxismgeblobas sami winapiroba gaaCnia: pirveli, dominireba da
kontroli, romelic SeiZleba gamovlindes arasaTanado kapitalizaciis, korporaciul
formalobaTa daucvelobis, qonebaTa aRrevis, direqtoratis identurobis an da sxva
garemoebebis saxiT. meore winapirobaa TaRliToba da korporaciuli formis borotad
27
28
29
30
Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22.
Cheng T., A Comparative Study of the English and the U.S. Corporate Veil Doctrine, 34 B.C. Int’l & Comp. L.
Rev., 2011, 334.
es kavSiri amxanagobis msgavsia, romelSic samive kompania warmoadgens amxanagobis
partniorebs. Sesabamisad, isini ar unda ganixilebodnen cal-calke. originalSi: „[t]his
group is virtually the same as a partnership in which all the three companies are partners. They should not
be treated separately so as to be defeated on a technical point.“ DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets
London Borough Council [1976] 1 WLR 852.
39
gamoyeneba. mesame winapirobas warmoadgens mizezSedegobrioba. TavisTavad, calke aRebuli romelime winapiroba an garemoeba gamWoli pasuxismgeblobisTvis ar aris sakmarisi.31
Tavis mxriv, dominirebisa da kontrolis gansazRvris meqanizmebs warmoadgenen alter egos, instrumentaluri da identurobis Teoriebi, romlis farglebSic SemuSavebulia gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis damoukidebeli safuZvlebi. magaliTad, alter egos
Teoriis Tanaxmad, korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolva unda moxdes, rodesac kumulatiurad saxezea Semdegi garemoebebi: pirveli, korporaciasa da makontrolebel partniors Soris sakuTreba da interesi imdenad aris dakavSirebuli, rom korporaciis
damoukidebeli samarTalsubieqtoba SeuZlebelia arsebobdes. meore, korporaciisa da
makontrolebeli partnioris damoukidebel subieqtad ganxilva gamoiwvevs usamarTlo
Sedegs.32
instrumentuli Teoria sam garemoebas efuZneba. pirveli, kontroli, ara mxolod
wilTa umravlesobis xarjze, aramed dominireba, romelic vlindeba rogorc finansebis kontroliT, aseve politikis da saqmianobis mimarTulebebis gansazRvriT, rac gamoricxavs korporaciis damoukidebel samarTalsubieqtobas. meore, aseTi kontroli
da domonireba partnioris mier xorcieldeba TaRliTobis Casadenad, kanonismieri an
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebisgan Tavis asarideblad da uTanabrdeba usamarTlo da
aramarTlozmier qmedebas mosarCelis uflebebis mimarT. mesame, kontrolsa da qmedebas Soris unda arsebobdes mizezSedegobrioba.33 amdenad, instrumentaluri Teoriis
Tanamedrove gageba efuZneba profesor pauvelis midgomas.
identurobis Teoria imeorebs ra wina ori Teoriis ZiriTad aqcentebs, adgens rom
saxeze unda iyos sakuTrebisa da interesis imgvari kavSiri, romelic gamoricxavs damoukidebel samarTalsubieqtobas. am kavSiris fonze, damoukidebeli samarTalsubieqtobis fiqcia saSualebas aZlevs erTian ekonomikur kavSirs Tavi aaridos pasuxismgeblobas, sxva subieqtis xarjze, erTiani sawarmos sasargebelod.34 identurobis Teoria
saSualebas iZleva dadges makontrolebeli piris personaluri pasuxismgebloba miuxedavad imisa, gaaCnia Tu ara mas partnioris statusi.
Tanamedrove iuridiul literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom mSobel-Svilobili kompaniebis konteqstSi aramarTlzomieri dominirebisa da kontrolis dasadgenad
oTxi garemoebis Semowmebac sakmarisia. kerZod deda kompania: yoveldRiurad monawileobs Svilobilis saqmianobaSi, gansazRvravs Svilobilis politikas, iRebs mniSvnelovan
gadawyvetilebebs Svilobilis direqtoratis gverdis avliT, Svilobilis dasaqmebulebs aZlevs instruqciebs.35
kontroli da dominireba, romelic saerToa samive TeoriisTvis, ZiriTadad vlindeba arasaTanado kapitalizaciis, korporaciul formalobaTa darRvevisa da qonebaTa
31
32
33
34
35
40
Duglas S., Piercing the Corporate Veil in Regulated Industries, BYU L. Rev., 2008, 1196-1182.
Cox J, Hazen T., Business Organizations Law, USA, 2011, 127.
iqve, 127.
iqve, 128.
Blumberg P., The Law of Corporate Groups: Problems of Parent Subsidiary Corporations under Statutory Law
of General Aplication, USA 1989, 188.
aRrevis saxiT. amis garda, SeiZleba saxeze iyos direqtoratis gadafarva da centralizebuli adgilmdebareoba kompaniaTa jgufis SemTxvevaSi.36 Tumca bolo ori garemoeba
SeiZleba gaerTiandes, zogadad, SecdomaSi Semyvan qmedebaTa jgufSi an korporaciul
formalobaTa darRvevaSi.
arasaTanado kapitalizaciis gansazRvris mizniT, pirvel rigSi, unda dadgindes
dafinansebis ra moculoba CaiTvleba saTanadod. saTanado kapitalizaciis erTmniSvnelovani definicia ar arsebobs, Tumca sasamarTlo praqtikiT SemuSavebulia erTgvari
formula, romlis mixedviT saTanado kapitalizaciad iTvleba is odenoba, rasac gonieri da windaxeduli adamiani, biznesis konkretul sferoSi zogadi codniT, im gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic saxezea inkorporirebis stadiaze,
CaTvlis gonier odenobad.37 sxva gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, saTanado kapitalizaciad iTvleba is odenoba, romelic gonivrul SesabamisobaSia (adekvaturia) biznesis mosalodnel saWiroebebTan, ra drosac mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli korporaciis buneba,
sidide da mis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli SesaZlo riskebi.38
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, aseve, arsebobs mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac adekvaturi
kapitalizaciis dasadgenad, sadavo mocemuloba, sajaro informaciaze dayrdnobiT, unda Sedardes imave sferoSi moRvawe sxva korporaciebis saSualo kapitalizaciasTan.39
Tumca faqtia, rom Tundac erTsa da imave sferoSi moRvawe sxvadasxva korporaciebi, kapitalis formirebisas erTidaigive mosazrebebiT ar xelmZRvaneloben. amdenad es standarti ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli damoukideblad. igi SeiZleba iyos Sefasebis sawyisi
wertili, Tumca saboloo daskvna sasamarTlom unda miiRos gonivruli gansjis Sedegad, arsebuli samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
samecniero wreebSi gabatonebuli poziciis Tanaxmad, arasaTanado kapitalizacia
korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos mxolod aranebayoflobiTi kreditorebis sasargeblod, romelTac moTxovnis ufleba warmoeSvaT deliqtis Sedegad.40 am mosazrebis logika mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saxelSekrulebo kreditors aqvs
SesaZlebloba winaswar gaiTvaliswinos korporaciis finansuri mdgomareoba. Tuki korporaciis finansuri mdgomareoba eWvs badebs da kreditori mainc debs masTan xelSekrulebas, masze gadadis SesaZlo negatiuri Sedegebis riski. Tumca, sasamarTlo praqtika
ar iziarebs am pozicias. jer kidev 80-iani wlebis bolos, profesori robert tomfsonis mier ganxorcielebuli empiriuli kvlevis Sedegad, warmoCinda, rom korporaciuli
safarvelis gaWolva arasaTanado kapitalizaciis safuZvliT, saxelSekrulebo kreditorTa sasargeblod, TiTqmis 5%-iT ufro xSirad dgeba, vidre aranebayoflobiTi kre36
37
38
39
40
Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, USA, 2010, 75-78.
Castro S., Undercapitalization as a Factor in Piercing the Corporate Veil in Contract Cases: Balancing Risks
and Incentives, 74 Phil. L. J., 2000, 641.
„If the capital is illusory or trifling compared with the business to be done and the risk of loss, this is a ground
for denying the separate entity privilege“ citirebulia: Vandervoort J., Piercing the Veil of Limited Liability Companies: The Need for a Better Standard, 3 DePaul Bus. & Comm. L.J., 2004, 61.
Castro S., Undercapitalization as a Factor in Piercing the Corporate Veil in Contract Cases: Balancing Risks
and Incentives, 74 Phil. L. J., 2000, 2000, 643.
Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, USA, 2010, 90-95.
41
ditorebis SemTxvevaSi.41 2010 wlis empiriuli kvlevis safuZvelze ki, im SemTxvevaTa
raodenoba, sadac korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolva moxda saxelSekrulebo kreditoris sasargeblod arasaTanado kapitalizaciis safuZvliT, udris 30,75%-s (114 saqmidan
35 saqmeSi dadga gamWoli pasuxismgebloba), xolo aranebayoflobiTi kreditorebis sasargeblod – 15%-s (40 saqmidan 6).42
korporaciul formalobaTa daucvelobas, sasamarTlos praqtikis ganzogadebis
Sedegad, uTanabrdeba SemTxvevebi, roca: partniorTa krebebi ar imarTeba, partniorebi
ar iyeneben direqtoris daniSvnis uflebamosilebas, ar dgeba krebis oqmebi, partniorsa
da korporacias Soris tranzaqciebis dokumenturi aRricxvisa da aRweris wesi darRveulia. Tumca es garemoebebi gancalkevebulad ar aris gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis damoukidebeli safuZveli.43 analogiurad, korporaciul formalobaTa dacvac ar aris imis
garanti, rom gamWoli pasuxismgebloba ar dadgeba, Tuki sxva garemoebebi amarTleben
am pasuxismgeblobas. pasuxismgeblobis mTavari komponentia kontroli an aramarTlzomieri manipulacia. swored es komponenti qmnis kavSirs ori subieqtis qmedebas Soris.44
rac Seexeba qonebaTa aRrevas, aSS-i miiCneva, rom qonebis erTjeradi transferi partniorsa da korporacias Soris ar aris korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvis safuZveli
im SemTxvevaSic, Tu sanacvlo anazRaureba sabazro fasze naklebia an Semxvedri kompensacia saerTod ar aris gadaxdili.45 Tumca ufro swori iqneba Sefaseba moxdes ara qonebis gadacemis faqtis mravaljeradobis gaTvaliswinebiT, aramed sazogadoebisTvis qonebis mniSvnelobis da misi Rirebulebis, sazogadoebis darCenil aqtivebTan Sefardebis
safuZvelze.
aSS-Si qonebaTa aRevis konteqstSic eqceva yuradReba sabuRaltro wignebisa da
finansuri angariSebis warmoebis wesebis dacvas. Tu dokumentacia imgvarad aris warmoebuli, rom SeuZlebelia qonebis mesakuTris dadgena, miiCneva rom saxezea qonebaTa
aRreva.46 magaliTad, saqmeSi penik frank i. basilis kompaniis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom ar
daakmayofila korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvis sakiTxi im safuZvliT, rom mSobel
-Svilobil kompanias Soris urTierToba transfarentuli iyo. am saqmeSi, Svilobili
kompaniis dasaqmebuli iTxovda deda kompaniis pasuxismgeblobas SromiTi xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis gamo. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kompaniebs Soris urTierToba akmayofilebda e.w. „gaSlili xelis“ standarts, radganac orive damoukideblad da gamWvirvaled
awarmoebda finansur aRricxvas da saxeze ar iyos qonebaTa aRreva.47 sxva saqmeSi, saxeze
iyo ori daxuruli tipis korporacia, romelsac akontrolebda erTi individualuri
partniori. kompaniebs gaaCndaT identuri misamarTi, telefonis nomeri, ofisi, da xel41
42
43
44
45
46
47
42
Thompson R., Piercing the Corporate Veil: An Empirical Study, 76 Cornell L. Rev., 1991, 1046-47.
McPherson R., Raja N., An Empirical Study of Piercing Rates and Factors Courts Consider when Piercing the
Corporate Veil, 45 Wake Forest L. Rev., 2010, 965.
Cox J, Hazan T., Business Organizations Law, USA, 2011, 128-129
iqve, 129.
Gevurtz F., Corporation Law, USA, 2010, 85.
Atling C., Piercing the Corporate Veil, In American and German Law – Liability of Individuals and Entities:
A Comparative View, 2 Tulsa J. Comp. 7 Int’l L.,1995, 211.
Penick v. Frank E. Basil, Inc., 579 F. Supp. 160 (D.D.C. 1984);
mZRvaneli, Tumca sabuRaltro wignebi da finansuri angariSebi iwarmoeboda damoukideblad da wesebis dacviT. imis gamo, rom kompaniebis gansxvaveba finansurad SesaZlebeli iyo, sasamarTlom uaryo doqtrinis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.48
literaturaSi ar aris ganxiluli dominantisa da umciresobaSi myofi partnioris
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. erTaderTi, razec arsebobs Sejerebuli pozicia, aris is, rom pasiurma partniorma ar unda agos pasuxi dominantTan erTad, Tu misi
mxridan araswori qmedeba (wrong action) ar dasturdeba.49 is Tu ra unda CaiTvalos umciresobaSi myofi partnioris swor an araswor qmedebad, im „procesSi“, roca dominantis mier
xdeba korporaciis formis borotad gamoyeneba, doqtrinaSi ar aris Camoyalibebuli.
dominantisa da umciresobaSi myofi partnioris solidaruli pasuxismgebloba aqtualuri SeiZleba gaxdes im SemTxvevaSi, roca minoritari partnioris umoqmedoba sazogadoebisa da kreditorisTvis negatiur Sedegs iwvevs, im pirobebSi roca partniors aqvs
ufleba da ara movaleoba mimarTos qmediT RonisZiebebs. es sakiTxi qarTuli samarTlis
WrilSi ganxiluli iqneba qvemoT.
aSS-Si korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvis safuZvlebisa da Sefasebis standartis
mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, aRiarebulia, rom gamWoli pasuxismgebloba aris sagamonakliso meqanizmi, romlis gamoyenebac unda moxdes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
korporaciuli forma gamoiyeneba farad, marTlzomieri samewarmeo miznebis gareSe.50
Sejamebis mizniT unda iTqvas, rom koporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvis analizisas
sasamarTlo, sxva faqtebTan erTad, afasebs Semdeg garemoebebs: 1. saerTo sakuTreba; 2.
farTo kontroli; 3. samewarmeo saqmianobaTa gadafarva; 4. arasaTanado kapitalizacia;
5. tranzaqciis ganxorcielebis dros korporaciis gadaxdisuunaroba; 6. korporaciul
formalobaTa daucveloba; 7. dominanti partnioris mier korporaciis saxsrebis misakuTreba; 8. sabuRaltro wignebis da finansuri aRricxvis wesebis darRevva; 9. korporaciis gamoyeneba dominanti partnioris tranzaqciebis gansaxorcieleblad; 10. korporaciis gamoyeneba TaRliTobisTvis.51 es da sxva garemoebebi unda Sefasdes erTianobaSi
da mxolod saTanado safuZvlebis dadasturebisas unda moxdes korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolva.
3.2.2. gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlebi germaniaSi
germaniaSi gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina – Durechgriffshaftung ganviTarebulia sasamarTlo praqtikis mier. Durechgriffshaftung-is ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi igivea,
rac piercing the corporate veil-is SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, qonebaTa aRreva, korporaciul formalobaTa daucveloba, qvekapitalizacia. erTi korporaciis mier meore korporaciaze
dominirebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi sakoncerno samarTliT regulirde48
49
50
51
Amsted Industries, Inc. v. Pollak Industries, Inc., 382 N.E.2d 393 (Ill. App. Ct. 1978).
Strasser K., Piercing the Veil in Corporate Groups, 37 Conn. L. Rev., 2005, 650.
Bendremer F., Delaware LLC’s and Veil Piercing: Limited Liability Has its Limitations, 10 Fordham J. Corp.
& Fin. L., 2005, 390.
43
ba.52amerikis msgavsad, sadac partnioris piradi pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba dadges daxuruli tipis korporaciisa (close corporation) da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis kompaniaSi
(LLC), germaniaSic korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolva ufro xSirad dgeba SezRuduli
pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebasTan (GmbH) mimarTebiT.53 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamWoli
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dadga kompaniaTa jgufis farglebSi, deda kompaniis pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli xdeba koncernis maregulirebeli imperatiuli normebi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia germaniis saaqcio kanonSi.54 amdenad, germaniaSi partnioris
piradi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvelia, erTi mxriv, sasamarTlos mier ganviTarebuli
doqtrina – Durechgriffshaftung da, meore mxriv, e.w. sakoncerno samarTali – koncernis maregulirebeli imperatiuli normebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom imperatiuli normebi mocemulia saaqcio kanonSi, me-20 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi germaniis federalurma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganaviTara SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebTan (GmbHS)
mimarTebiT maTi analogiis wesiT gamoyenebis praqtika.55 Tumca, 2001 da momdevno wlebSi
uzenaesma sasamarTlom Secvala es praqtika. axali midgomis mixedviT, saaqcio kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli sakoncerno normebi ar unda gavrceldes Sps-ze. Sps-is farglebSi,
korporaciuli safarvelis garRveva unda moxdes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca saxezea
kompaniis formis borotad gamoyeneba.56 unda aRiniSnos, rom koncernis maregulirebeli imperatiuli wesebi samarTlianobis igive koncepts efuZneba, rogorc Durechgriffshaftung-is doqtrina. am msgavsebis WrilSi, logikuri iyo germaniis sasamarTloebis mier
sakoncerno samarTlis moqmedebis im SemTxvevebze gavrcelebis tendencia, romelTa mimarT, aseve, SeiZleba „Durechgriffshaftung“-is doqtrinis gamoyenebac.
a) Durechgriffshaftung-is doqtrina
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, „Durechgriffshaftung“-is doqtrina korporaciuli safarvelis
gaWolvis faqtobriv safuZvlad iTvaliswinebs qonebaTa aRrevas, korporaciul formalobaTa daucvelobas da arasaTanado kapitalizacias. federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlo, individualuri partnioris gamWol pasuxismgeblobas, rogorc wesi, adgens mxolod gakotrebis saqmeebSi.57
qonebaTa aRreva – vermoegensvermischung SeiZleba gaxdes gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis
safuZveli, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi roca, sabuRaltro wignebi imgvarad aris warmoebuli, rom SeuZlebelia sazogadoebis qonebis identifikacia. germaniis sasamarTloebi
gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisTvis ar Tvlian sakmarisad mxolod im faqts, rom
sazogadoebasa da partniors Soris moxda qonebis gadacema. Tumca im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es
52
53
54
55
56
57
44
Presser S., Piercing the Corporate Veil, USA, 2011, 1407-1411;
iqve, 1408.
iqve, 1408.
iqve, 1384.
René Reich-Graefe, Changing Paradigms: The Liability of Corporate Groups in Germany, 37 Conn. L. Rev.
785, 2005, 790.
A Comparative View, 2 Tulsa J. Comp. 7 Int’l L. 187, 1995, 207.
faqti ar aris saTanadod asaxuli dokumentaciaSi, SeiZleba dadges gamWoli pasuxismgebloba.58
korporaciul formalobaTa daucveloba – sphaerenvermischung, aseve, aris gamWoli
pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli, Tumca mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dadasturdeba, rom am
darRvevis Sedegad kreditori moklebuli iyo kontrahentis identifikaciis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, roca afilirebuli kompaniebi iyeneben erT misamarTs an saxelwodebas.59
germaniaSi, aSS-is msgavsad, aRiarebulia, rom arasaTanado kapitalizaciis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia dadges gamWoli pasuxismgebloba. aSS-isgan gansxvavebiT, germanuli
sakorporacio samarTali iTvaliswinebs Tavdapirveli kapitalis savaldebuloobas. am
gansxvavebis WrilSi arasaTanado kapitaliziis cnebis mimarTac gansxvavebuli midgoma gvxvdeba. ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom kapitalis minimaluri odenoba, romelic adekvaturi iqneba konkretuli samewarmeo saqmianobisTvis, winaswar ver ganisazRvreba.60 amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, iuridiul literaturaSi gamoyofen nominaluri da materialuri kapitalizaciis cnebebs. nominaluri kapitalizacia saxezea, roca daculia kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli minimaluri Tavdapirveli kapitalis odenoba. materialuri arasaTanado
kapitalizacia gulisxmobs SemTxvevas, roca partniorebi, nominaluri kapitalizaciis
miRma, ar axdenen adekvatur investirebas saqmianobaSi.61 amdenad, nominaluri kapitalizaciis moTxovnis dacva, a priori ar aris imis garanti, rom arasaTanado kapitalizaciis
safuZvliT gamWoli pasuxismgebloba ar dadgeba.
arasaTanado materialuri kapitalizacia ganisazRvreba erTgvari formulis mixedviT. am formulis Tanaxmad, arasaTanado materialuri kapitalizacia saxezea, roca korporaciis finansuri berketebi konkretul saqmianobasTan mimarTebiT araadekvaturia. Tuki am safuZvliT xdeba korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolva, ivaraudeba, rom
yvela partniori solidarulad aris pasuxismgebeli, rac aseve gansxvavdeba amerikuli
samarTlis midgomisgan, romlis mixedviTac, Semdgomi araTanado kapitalizaciis SemTxvevaSi, mxolod aqtiuri partnioria pasuxismgebeli.62
unda aRiniSnos, rom germanuli sakorporacio samarTali arasaTanado kapitalizaciis konteqstSi ar ganasxvavebs saxelSekrulebo da aranebayoflobiT kreditorebs.63
b) sakoncerno samarTali
sakoncerno samarTali, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, aregulirebs dakavSirebuli sawarmoebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs kreditorebis winaSe. pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs gansazRvravs midgoma, romlis Tanaxmad makontrolebeli da kontrolirebadi sawarmoebi
miiCneva „sameurneo erTianobad.“64
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
A Comparative View, 2 Tulsa J. Comp. 7 Int’l L. 187, 1995, 207.
iqve, 207.
iqve, 208.
iqve, 208.
iqve, 233.
iqve, 233.
juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 78.
45
koncerni iqmneba, rodesac, erTi mxriv, saxezea makontrolebeli, da, meore mxriv,
erTi an meti kontrolirebadi kompania. kontroli gamoixateba wilTa umravlesobis sakuTrebiT. wilTa umravlesobis ararsebobisas, kontrolad iTvleba SemTxveva, rodesac
umciresoba axorcielebs pirdapir zegavlenas xelSekrulebis an sameTvalyureo sabWoSi mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlobis safuZvelze.65
koncernis erT-erTi saxea saxelSekrulebo (Vertragskonzern) koncerni. xelSekrulebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formebia e.w. dominirebis (Beherrschungsvertrag) da mogebis gadacemis xelSekrulebebi. dominirebis xelSekruleba makontrolebel kompanias aniWebs
uflebas miTiTebebi misces kontrolirebadi kompaniis menejments. mogebis gadacemis
xelSekruleba avaldebulebs daqvemdebarebul kompanias gadasces Tavisi mogeba sxva
kompanias.66 orive xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi, makontrolebeli valdebulia aunazRauros kontrolirebad kompanias wliuri zarali. saxelSekrulebo koncernis maregulirebeli imperatiuli wesebi icavs kreditors sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. kontrolirebadi kompaniis zaralis anazRaurebis uzrunvelsayofad, makontrolebeli kompania
valdebulia Seqmnas saxsrebis rezervi; xelSekruleba unda daregistrirdes da sajarod xelmisawvdomi iyos komerciul reestrSi, raTa kreditors hqondes SesaZlebloba
miiRos informacia xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb. xelSekrulebis Sewyveta, aseve, eqvemdebareba registracias. Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi makontrolebelma kompaniam, kontrolirebadis
kreditorebs, romelTac moTxovna warmoeSvaT xelSekrulebis moqmedebis pirobebSi,
unda mianiWos moTxovnis uzrunvelyofa an garantia. kreditorebi daculni arian xelmZRvanel pirTa movaleobaTa dacvis standartiT. direqtoratisa da sameTvalyureo
sabWos wevrebi solidarulad ageben pasuxs saTanado gulisxmierebis standartis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi. saTanado gulisxmierebis dacvis movaleoba, aseve, vrceldeba makontrolebeli kompaniis menejmentis mier kontrolirebadi kompaniis menejmentisTvis
miTiTebebis micemaze.67
saaqcio kanonis imperatiuli wesebi aseve aregulirebs de faqto (faktischer Konzern)
koncerns, romelic avaldebulebs makontrolebel sawarmos, aunazRauros daqvemdebarebul sawarmos nebismieri araxelsayreli tranzaqcia.68 xelSekrulebis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi, makontrolebeli kompaniis direqtorats ekisreba afilirebul kompaniebTan urTierTobasTan dakavSirebiT yovelwliuri angariSis wardgena, romelSic unda
aisaxos afilirebulTan urTierTobaSi ganxorcielebuli yvela tranzaqcia. tranzaqciebTan mimarTebiT unda iyos axsnili, iyo Tu ara is araxelsayreli daqvemdebarebuli kompaniisTvis. Tu makontrolebeli kompania eqvemdebareba auditorul Semowmebas,
tranzaqciebi, aseve, unda aisaxos auditorul angariSebsa da finansur dokumentaciaSi.69 saxelSekrulebo koncernisgan gansxvavebiT, de faqto koncernis wevrebis ufle65
66
67
68
69
46
Miller S., Piercing the Corporate Veil Among Affiliated Companies in the European Community and the U.S.:
a Comparative Analysis of U.S., German, and U.K. Veil-Piercing Approaches, 36 Am. Bus. L.J., 1998,101.
iqve, 102.
iqve, 102-104.
A Comparative View, 2 Tulsa J. Comp. 7 Int’l L. 1995, 238.
iqve, 238.
bebi da movaleobebi ar aris mkafiod gansazRvruli. kontrolirebadma sawarmom unda
daasabuTos, rom makontrolebelma Caayena araxelsayrel pirobebSi. aseve unda iyos dadasturebuli ziani, romlis mtkicebis tvirTic ekisrebaT kontrolirebadi kompaniis
wevrebs.70
germaniis sasamarTlom gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi sakoncerno samarTlis farglebSi Camoayaliba kvalificiuri de faqto koncernis damoukidebeli doqtrina („qualijizierter faktischer Konzern~). kvalificiuri de faqto koncernis statusis `miniWeba~ xdeboda
sasamarTlos mier SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi. Tu kontrolirebadi sawarmo permanentulad ganicdis samewarmeo saqminobaSi Carevas makontrolebeli sawarmos mxridan, urTierToba SeiZleba dakvalificirdes de faqto koncernad. am
SemTxvevaSi makontrolebeli partniori valdebuli iqneba kontrolirebadi Sps-s kreditorebis winaSe, ise, rogorc es xdeba ss-s SemTxvevaSi.71amdenad, kvalificiuri koncerni „iqmneboda“ post factum.
de faqto koncernisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTan mimarTebiTac pasuxismgeblobis
gansazRvrisaTvis ar aris saWiro specifikuri tranzaqciebis arsebobis mtkiceba, kvalificiuri koncernis dros yuradReba eqcoda im garemoebas, axorcielebda Tu ara
partniori eqsplicitur kontrols.72 mniSvnelovani zegavlena da kontroli qmnida
prezumfcias, rom misi gamoyeneba a priori zianis momtani iyo, am prezumfciis farglebSi sfecifikuri zianis dadasturebis aucilebloba ar arsebobs.73 unda aRiniSnos, rom
sasamarTlo praqtikiT daSvebuli iyo defaqto koncernis wesebis post faqtum gavceleba
Sps-is individualur partniorebze.74
kvalificirebuli de-faqto koncernis doqtrina germaniis federalurma sasamarTlom 2001 wels moulodnelad gaauqma da kompaniaTa jgufis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb
70
71
72
73
74
A Comparative View, 2 Tulsa J. Comp. 7 Int’l L. 1995, 239.
Singrahof B., Equity Holder’s Liability for Limited Liability Companies’ Unrecoverable Debts –Reflections
on Piercing the Corporate Veil Under German Law, 22 Loy. L.A. Int’l & Comp. L. Rev. 1999-2000, 167.
René Reich-Graefe, Changing Paradigms: The Liability of Corporate Groups in Germany, 37 Conn. L. Rev.,
2005, 790.
Autokran-is saqmeSi federalurma uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom ZiriTadi sawarmo valdebuli iyo kontrolirebadi sawarmos meijares winaSe ijaris Tanxis gadaxdaze. meijares kontrolirebad Sps-ze ijariT hqonda gadacemuli amwe krani. ijaris
gadaxdis valdebuleba ekisra Sps-s. Sps-is mier valdebulebis darRvevis gamo meijarem
iCivla da moipova sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ijaris gadauxdel odenobaze. Tumca
misi aRsruleba ver SeZlo Sps-is arasaTanado kapitalizaciis gamo. germaniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom am saqmeSi gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxze daadgina, rom mopasuxe ZiriTadi sawarmo axorcielebda imgvar kontrols, rom samarTalurTierToba maT
Soris akmayofilebda de faqto koncernis wesebs da mopasuxis pasuxismgeblobac amis
mixedviT unda damdgariyo. ix. 1985 wlis 16 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, BGH II. Zivilsenat,
BGHZ 95 (1986) citirebulia: Miller S., Piercing the Corporate Veil Among Affiliated Companies in the
European Community and the U.S.: a Comparative Analysis of U.S., German, and U.K. Veil-Piercing Approaches, 36 Am. Bus. L.J., 1998,106.
mag., „Video“ Case. citirebulia: Weber-Rey D., Insolvensy of a German Limited Liability Company: De
Facto Shareholder, Group Liability for Individual Shareholders, 7 Pace Int’L L. Rev., 1995, 527.
47
miiRo axali gadawyvetileba, romelic Bremer Vulkan-is saxeliT aris cnobili.75 miuxedavad imisa, rom am saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi iZleoda kvalificiuri de faqto koncernis doqtrinis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas, sasamarTlom eqspliciturad Secvala
praqtika da daadgina, rom kontrolirebad Sps-ze aRar unda moxdes im imperatiuli normebis analogiiT gavrceleba, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia saaqcio kanonSi. am gadawyvetilebiT sasamarTlom Secvala erTgvarovani praqtika, romelic 20 welze meti xnis
manZilze gamoiyeneboda germaniaSi. 2002 wels miRebul momdevno or gadawyvetilebaSi
(Bremer Vulkan II da KBV) federalurma sasamarTlom ganamtkica axali midgoma, romlis
mixedviTac deda kompaniis pasuxismgebeloba Svilobilis kreditorebis winaSe dasaSvebia, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca deda kompaniis Careva arRvevs Svilobilis avtonomiur
arsebobas (existenzvemichtender Eingriff).76 amdenad, deda kompaniis pasuxismgebloba dgeba im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac misi zegavlenis Sedegad, Svilobili xdeba gadaxdisuunaro. pasuxismgeblobis amgvari starategiis safuZveli da gamarTleba, rogorc KBV-is gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna sasamarTlom, aris deda kompaniis mier Sps-is korporaciuli formis
borotad gamoyeneba (Missbrauch der Rechtsform der GmbH).77
SejamebisTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom mSobel-Svilobili kompaniebis WrilSi germanuli samarTali iTvaliswinebs imperatiul normebs, romlebze dayrdnobiTac, zemoT ganxiluli saTanado garemoebebis arsebobisas, kontrolirebadi kompaniis kreditorebi
uflebamosili arian moTxovna wauyenon makontrolebel sawarmos. mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom germaniis federalurma sasamarTlom makontrolirebel Sps-ze koncernis
wesebis post factum gavrcelebis praqtika Secvala. amdenad germaniaSi, korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolva regulirdeba dualisturad. pirveli, es aris sasamarTlos doqtrina, xolo meore – sakoncerno samarTali, romelic, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, amJamad gamoiyeneba mxolod saaqcio sazogadoebis mimarT.
3.2.3. gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlebi safrangeTSi
safrangeTSi, sxva qveynebis msgavsad, pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis principi warmoadgens ZiriTad wess. amis miuxedavad, SesaZlebelia dadges korporaciuli safarveliT daculi piris piradi pasuxismgebloba korporaciis kreditorebis winaSe. es xdeba
im SemTxvevaSi Tu partnioris arasaTanado qmedeba uTanabrdeba TaRliTobas an aseTma
qmedebam korporacia miiyvana gakotrebamde.78 safrangeTSi, amerikisgan gansxvavebiT, ar
aris mkafiod Camoyalibebuli erTiani doqtrina. gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis normatiuli safuZveli mocemulia gakotrebis Sesaxeb statutsa da sasamarTlo praqtikiT ganviTarebul or ZiriTad doqtrinaSi: fiqtiuri kompaniis doqtrina (societe fictive) da qonebaTa aRrevis doqtrina (confusion des patrimoines).79
75
76
77
78
79
48
René Reich-Graefe, Changing Paradigms: The Liability of Corporate Groups in Germany, 37 Conn. L. Rev.,
2005, 800.
iqve, 801.
iqve 801.
Dobson J., Lifting the Veil in Four Countries: the Law of Argentina, England, France and the United States,
35 ICLQ , 1986, 839.
a) korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvis
normatiuli safuZveli
gakotrebis Sesaxeb statutis mixedviT, kreditoris sasargeblod gaTvaliswinebulia meqanizmi, romelic gulisxmobs sasamarTlo warmoebas korporaciuli safarveliT
moculi piris winaaRmdeg pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis mizniT arasakmarisi qonebis
SemTxvevaSi (action en pesponsabilite pour insuffisance d’actif).80 es meqanizmi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca gakotrebis gegma ar sruldeba an sasamarTlos mier miRebul iqna korporaciis likvidaciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba. aseT dros kreditors uCndeba moTxovna
im direqtoris winaaRmdeg, romlis arasaTanado qmedebamac (faute de gestion) gamoiwvia gakotreba.81 am sakiTxis mkvlevarebis mier aRiarebulia, rom faute de gestion – arasaTanado
qmedeba unda ganimartos farTod da moicvas rogorc gadacdoma, aseve gulgrilobac.
Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlos mier action en pesponsabilite pour insuffisance d’actif konteqstSi arasaTanado qmedebad dakvalificirda direqtoris mier zaralis momtani saqmianobis winaswari ganzraxviT ganxorcieleba, araswori finansuri angariSgeba.82
meore meqanizmi gulisxmobs action en obligation aux dettes sociales warmoebas, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia sxva pirTa pasuxismgeblobis miRweva, rac gaTvaliswinebulia
2005 wlis korporaciuli dacvis aqtiT.83 korporaciuli safarveliT daculi pasuxismgebloba korporaciis valdebulebebisTvis dgeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca saxezea: a) korporaciis qonebis gankargva piradi miznebiT; b) korporaciis saxeliT garigebis dadeba
piradi interesiT; g) korporaciis qonebis gamoyeneba korporaciis interesebis sawinaaRmdegod an sxva kompaniis sasargeblod, romelSic mas gaaCnia pirdapiri an arapirdapiri interesi; d) korporaciis pasuxismgeblobis moculobis ganzrax gazrda.84 am warmoebis dros kreditorma unda daamtkicos mizezSedegobrivi kavSiri zemoT dasaxelebul
erT-erT qmedebasa da kreditoris moTxovnis dakmayofilebis gaWianurebas Soris (mizezSedegobrivi kavSiri qmedebas da valis odenobas Soris mtkicebas ar saWiroebs).85
gakotrebis konteqstSi gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis moTxovniT sargebloben mxolod is kreditorebi, romlebic registrirebul iyvnen gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis
dawyebisas.86
aRsaniSnavia, rom orive am safuZvliT SesaZlebelia im partnioris pasuxismgeblobac dadges, romelic warmoadgens de facto an de jure direqtors.87 miuxedavad imisa, rom
normatiul doneze ar arsebobs gansxvaveba de facto an de jure direqtorebs Soris, sasamarTlos mier Camoyalibebulia ramdenime maxasiaTebeli, romelic iZleva gansxvavebis saSualebas. de facto Crdilovan xelmZRvanelad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes piri, romelic axor80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
Presser S., Piercing the Corporate Veil, USA, 2011,1393.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve, 1394.
iqve, 1396.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
49
cielebs menejerul saqmianobas Tavisi diskreciiT.88 rogorc wesi, makontrolebeli
partnioris statusi apriori ar aris de faqto direqtorad kvalifikaciisTvis sakmarisi garemoeba. safrangeTis uzenaesi sasamarTlos bolo aTwleulis praqtika adasturebs, rom im SemTxvevaSic, Tu deda kompania 99%-iT flobs Svilobil kopanias, ar arsebobs imis prezumfcia, rom moxdeba deda kompaniis de faqto direqtorad kvalifikacia.
Tumca, aRniSnulis paralelurad, aseve, arsebobs sasamarTlo precedentebi, roca saTanado garemoebebis arsebobisas Svilobil kompaniaze (da, Sesabamisad, mis direqtorataze) kontrolis ganmaxorcielebeli deda kompania miCneul iqna Svilobili kompaniis
de faqto direqtorad.89 saTanado garemoebebis wre moicavs SemTxvevebs, roca deda kompaniis arasaTanado qmedebam gamoiwvia gadaxdisuunaroba an gadaxdis gaWianureba.
b) korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolva
sasamarTlo doqtrinis mixedviT
korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvis koncefcia damatebiTi safuZvlebiT, ganviTarebulia sasamarTlos mier Camoyalibebuli ori gansxvavebuli doqtriniT. esaa fiqtiuri kompaniis doqtrina (societe fictive) da qonebaTa aRrevis doqtrina (confusion des patrimoines). 90
korporacia miiCneva fiqtiurad, roca is ar axorcielebs realur saqmianobas da ar
arsebobs partniorebis neba iTanamSromlon saerTo miznebis misaRwevad – affection societatis. 91 aseTi korporacia, rogorc wesi, iqmneba TaRliTuri miznebisTvis makontrolebeli piris mier. doqtrina efuZneba „simulaciis“ Teorias, romlis mixedviTac, mesame
pirebis SecdomaSi Sesayvanad partniorebi qmnian „kvazi realobas“. aRniSnulma SeiZleba
miiRos ori forma, partniorTa SeTanxmeba warmoadgens arasadamfuZneblo SeTanxmebas,
aramed sxva tipis garigebas, anda SeTanxmeba CrdilSi aqcevs erT konkretul pirs – maitre
d’ affairs.92 aseT SemTxevaSi, korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvis mizniT, safrangeTis sasamarTloebi gansazRvraven dasadgen garemoebaTa wres, romelic moicavs organulobisa
da funqcionirebis elementebs.93 organulobis elementi aerTianebs kapitalis struqturas, partniorebs Soris naTesaur Tu sxva saxis kavSiris arsebobisas, mSobel-Svilobil
kompaniebis dros ki – direqtoratis identurobas. funqcionaluri elementis farglebSi, Tavis mxriv, dgindeba korporaciis realuri „arseboba“, ra drosac yuradReba eqceva
partniorTa krebebis Catarebas, realuri ekonomikuri saqmianobisa da damoukidebeli
menejmentis arsebobas. safrangeTis sasamarTloebi amerikuli sasamarTloebis msgavsad, romlebic cdiloben formis miRma substanciis dadgenas, ufro did mniSvnelobas
88
89
90
91
92
93
50
Dobson J., Lifting the Veil in Four Countries: the Law of Argentinda, England, France and the Unikted States,
35 ICLQ, 1986, 856.
iqve, 1398.
Dobson J., Lifting the Veil in Four Countries: the Law of Argentinda, England, France and the United States,
ICLQ, 1986, 839.
iqve, 1399.
funqciur elementebs aniWeben.94 amavdroulad, funqciuri elementebi saerToa qonebaTa aRrevis doqtrinisTvisac. fiqtiuri korporaciis SemTxvevaSi, mxolod am korporaciis kreditorebs aqvT korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvis moTxovnis ufleba.95
qonebaTa aRrevis Teoria efuZneba korporaciisa da partnioris piradi qonebisa da
am qonebas mibmul valdebulebaTa aRrevas, imgvarad, rom kvalificiur finansistic ver
SeZlebs maT gamijvnas damoukidebeli subieqtebisTvis mikuTvnebis mizniT. am Teoriis
farglebSi dominanturi kontroli, iseve rogorc saerTo direqtorati, ar aris sakmarisi korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvisTvis. saxeze unda iyos finansuri angariSebis
gaerTianebuli warmoeba da angariSgebis specialuri wesebis darRveva.96 qonebis aRreva
SeiZleba gamoiwvios naRdi fulis nakadis e.w. cash flows didi odenobiT gadinebam korporaciidan. safrangeTis sasamarTloebma SeimuSaves ramdenime kriteriumi, romlis mixedviTac SeiZleba didi odenobiT naRdi fulis nakadis gansazRvra. kerZod, naRdi fulis
nakadis gadinebisas saxeze ar unda iyos korporaciis interesi da Semxvedri kompensacia,
xolo odenoba unda aRematebodes korporaciis finansur SesaZleblobebs.97
zemoT ganxiluli orive doqtrina partnioris piradi qonebis korporaciis qonebasTan gaerTianebis saSualebas iZleva gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis dros, ris Sedegadac SesaZlebelia kreditoris dakmayofileba moxdes partnioris piradi qonebidan.98
unda aRiniSnos, rom simulaciis Teoria axlos dgas korporaciuli TaRliTobis
(fraud) da SecdomaSi Seyvanis (misleading) amerikul koncefciasTan. Teorias normatiuli
safuZveli qarTul samarTalSic moeZebneba. kerZod, saqarTvelos samoalaqo kodeqsis
56-e muxlSi, romelic adgens TvalTmaqcuri garigebis baTilobas. aRniSnuli garemoebis korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvis konteqstSi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba qarTul
realobaSi ganxiluli iqneba qvemoT.
3.2.4. gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlebi iaponiaSi
sxva qveynebis msgavsad, iaponiaSic99 ganviTarda korporaciis (kaisha) safarvelis gaWolvis doqtrina – hinin hojinkaku.100 doqtrina warmoiSva da ganviTarda sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebiT. doqtrinis normatiuli safuZvelia, erTi mxriv, iaponiis samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 1(3) muxli, romelic krZalavs „korporaciuli formis“ borotad gamoyenebas;
da, meore mxriv, iaponiis savaWro kodeqsis 54(1) muxlis daTqma korporaciis damouki94
95
96
97
98
99
100
Dobson J., Lifting the Veil in Four Countries: the Law of Argentinda, England, France and the United States,
35 ICLQ, 1986, 839.
iqve, 839.
iqve, 1398.
iaponia erTiandeba kontinenturi samarTlis ojaxSi, Tumca gasuli saukunis 50-iani
wlebidan ganicdis saerTo samarTlis gavlenas, gansakuTrebiT sakorporacio samarTalSi, cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, Tb., 2000, 320.
51
debeli samarTalsubieqtobis Sesaxeb101. normatiuli safuZlis miuxedavad, iaponiis
sasamarTloebi gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs wyveten dasaxelebuli zogadi imperatiuli normebisa da yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevis faqtobrivi garemoebebis samarTlianobis konteqstSi ganxilvis Sedegad.102 iaponiis uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikaSi
gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis pirveli precedenti moxda 1969 wels. sasamarTlom daadgina,
rom korporaciuli normatiuli struqturis ukugdeba SeiZleba im SemTxvevebSi roca
saxezea a) korporaciuli formis borotad gamoyeneba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebelobis an samarTlis moqmedebisgan Tavis aridebis mizniT da b) korporaciis erTaderdi misia am miznis Sesrulebaa.103 amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba xdeba im pirobebSi, roca korporacia warmoadgens partnioris „fars“, romelsac
igi iyenebs valdebulebis Sesrulebisgan ukanonod Tavis aridebis mizniT. korporaciuli formis borotad gamoyenebis Sefasebisas unda dadgindes ra xarisxiT akontrolebda partniori korporacias da iyenebda Tu ara pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavis arisdebis mizaniT korporacias.104 is Tu ras SeiZleba gulisxmobdes iaponiis samarTlis konteqstSi
borotad gamoyeneba literaturaSi kamaTis sagania. saWiroa Tu ara, saxeze iyos partnioris subieqturi ganzraxvis arseboba. sasamarTlo pozicia ixreba subiqturi ganzraxvis, rogorc winapirobis, arsebobisken.105 saboloo jamSi, sasamarTlo praqtikam Camoayaliba korporaciuli formis borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevebis CamonaTvali. kerZod,
valdebulebebisgan Tavis arideba, arasaTanado kapitalizacia, e.w. „usamarTlo SromiTi praqtika“106 da konkurenciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis darRveva. damatebiT, sasamarTlo praqtikiT aseve dadgenilia, rompartnioris mier korporaciis kontrolis
garda, saxeze unda iyos Semdegi SemTxvevebidan minimum erT faqts mainc: 1. qonebaTa
aReva - SemTxveva, rodesac partniori iyenebs korporaciis saxsrebs piradad an piriqiT,
korporaciis mier xdeba partnioris piradi saxsrebis gamoyeneba im pirobebSi, roca ar
arsebobs sesxis xelSekruleba an sanacvlo gadaxdis faqti, aseve, finansuri angariSebis
arajerovani an saerTo angariSebis warmoeba; 2. korporaciul formalobaTa daucveloba – krebebis Catarebis ugulebelyofa, saerTo direqtorebisa da auditorebis arCeva,
aseve miiReba mxedvelobaSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom sasamarTlo ar axdens korporaciuli
formalobebis mkacr da pirdapir interpretacias, radganac miiCneva, rom am faqtoris
sityvasityviTi ganmarteba gamoiwvevs mravali korporaciis korporaciuli safarvelis
gaWolvas. 3. saerTo saidentifikacio maxasiaTeblebis arseboba; 4. partniorsa da korporacias Soris urTierTmomcavi tranzaqciebis ganxorcileba mravalgzis an partniorisa da korporaciis urTierTmomcveli saqmianoba araerTjeradad.107
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
52
Presser S., Piercing the Corporate Veil, USA, 2011, 1398
iqve, 1413.
iqve, 1413
iqve, 1414.
iqve.
es termini moiazrebs SemTxvevas, rodesac damsaqmebeli axdens kanonmdeblobis darRvevas dasaqmebulTan mimarTebaSi. es aris erTgvari prinicipi, romelic aSS-ic gvxvdeba. mag., National Labor Relations Act (Enacted by 74th United States Congress, 1935) me-8 muxli, iZleva
usamarTlo praqtikis CamonaTvals.
3.3. mSsk-is me-3 muxlis me-6 punqtis interpretacia
korporaciuli safarvelis garRvevis normatiuli safuZveli gaTvaliswinebulia
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis me-6 punqtSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, pasuxismgebloba SezRudul partniors (igulisxmeba, komandituri sazogadoebis partniori – komanditi, Sps-is partniori da ss-is aqcioneri) daekisreba piradi pasuxismgebloba Tu is borotad gamoiyenebs pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis samarTlebriv formebs.
unda aRiniSnos, rom mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis pirveli redaqcia iZleoda pSsf-is borotad gamoyenebis ganmartebis SesaZleblobas. kerZod, borotad gamoyenebad iTvleboda
„uwinares yovlisa sazogadoebis qonebis Sereva sxva qonebasTan an sawarmos funcionirebisTvis aucilebeli kapitalis arasruli formireba“.108 amdenad, kanonis terminologiidan gamomdinare, borotad gamoyenebas SeiZleba hqonoda sxva gamovlinebebic. 1999
wlis cvlilebebis Sedegad, terminologia Seicvala da borotad gamoyenebad eqspliciturad CaiTvala sabuRaltro wignebis warmoebis wesebis iseTi darRveva, romelic Sedegad SeuZlebels xdis imis dadgenas Tu vis ekuTvnis qoneba da ra valdebulebebi akisria sazogadoebas.109 2008 wlis cvlilebebis Sedegad borotad gamoyenebis ganmarteba
amoRebul iqna. regulirebis es meTodi gamarTlebulia, radganac SeuZlebelia kanonSi
moxdes yvela SemTxvevis amomwuravad gawera. cnebis konkretizaciis gareSe daweseba ki,
sasamarTlos aniWebs SesaZleblobas moqnilad ganmartos da, yoveli SemTxvevis specifikidan gamomdinare, gansajos Tu ra igulisxmeba pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis samarTlebrivi formebis borotad gamoyenebaSi. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis
praqtikaSi msgvasi precedenti ar arsebobs.
Sejamebis mizniT unda iTqvas, rom pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis samarTlebrivi
formebis borotad gamoyenebis istoriuli ganmartebis Sedegad calsaxaa, rom aRniSnuli safuZveli eqceva gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtriniT gaTvaliswinebul ZiriTad
winapirobaSi.
4. „pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis samarTlebrivi formebis
borotad gamoyeneba“ – Sefasebis standarti
pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis formebis borotad gamoyenebis Sefaseba unda moxdes
im standartiT, romliTac am meqanizms ar miecema farTo interpretacia. gaziarebul
unda iqnes wamyvani qveynebis sasamarTloebis midgoma, romlis Tanaxmadac gamWoli pasuxismgebloba daSvebulia mxolod ukidures SemTxvevebSi. gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis
miRwevis „gaadvileba“ gamoiwvevs Seuqcevad process, romelsac uaryofiT efeqti eqneba ekonomikur urTierToebebze. ukidures SemTxvevad unda CaiTvalos, partnioris
mier sazogadoebis, rogorc samarTlebrivi meqanizmis gamoyeneba mesame pirebis winaSe
pasuxismgebelobisgan Tavis aridebis mizniT, anu SemTxvevas, roca partniorTa „aramarTlzomieri“ qmedebis Sedegad, kreditori rCeba dakmayofilebis gareSe, im mizeziT,
rom sazogadoebis valdebulebis moculoba aRemateba mis finansur aqtivebs imdenad,
108
109
mSsk, 3.4 muxli.
saqarTvelos kanoni „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sesaxeb“,
1999 wlis 9 ivnisi №2073–IIს, 3.4 muxli.
53
rom mas ar gaaCnia kreditunarianoba, finansuri berketebis (mag., sesxi) gamoyenebiT mainc Seasrulos an uzrunvelyos kreditoris moTxovna. kreditoris mdgomareoba unda
iyos aulternativo. qarTulma doqtrinam gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis meqanizmi unda
mianiWos mxolod saxelSekrulebo an kanonismier kreditors. gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis gavrceleba ar unda moxdes sagadasaxado davebze saxelmwifos sasargeblod, radganac saxelmwifos isedac gaaCnia resursi sisxlissamarTlebrivi warmoebis gziT daakisros pasuxismgebloba xelmZRvanelobaze uflebamosil pirs. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom,
upirveles yovlisa, unda Seamowos kreditoris samarTlebrivi statusi. korporaciis
gadaxdisuunarobis mtkicebis tvirTi unda daekisros partniors, radganac kreditori,
romelsac ar miuwvedeba xeli sazogadoebis dokumentaciebze (garda sajaro informaciisa) ver itvirTebs am garemoebis mtkicebis tvirTs. Sesabamisad, partniorma, romelic dainteresebulia korporaciuli safarvelis SenarCunebiT unda daadasturos, rom
sazogadoebas gaaCnia sakmarisi saxsrebi, raTa Seasrulos kreditoris moTxovna. Tuki
ver SeZlebs amis dadasturebas, sasamarTlo unda gadavides gamWoli pasuxismgebelobis safuZvelebis Sefasebaze. partnioris mier warmodgenili sazogadoebis qonebrivi
mdgomareobis damadasturebel mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebisas, sasamarTlom yuradReba
unda gaamaxvilos mopasuxis mier dasaxelebuli qonebis bunebaze. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi mxolod iseTi qoneba, romelsac gaaCnia xangrZlivi likviduroba. Tu partniori daadasturebs amas, sasamarTlom uari unda uTxras mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze.
Sesabamisad, mosarCeles darCeba SesaZlebloba dava daiwyos sazogadoebasTan. marTalia, am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs riski, rom mosarCelis mier sazogadoebasTan davis momentisaTvis es qoneba aRar iqneba xelmisawvdomi, Tumca aseTi regulireba gamarTlebulia,
radganac zRudavs kreditoris mier uflebis borotad gamoyenebas.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosapasuxe (partniori) ver daadasturebs sazogadoebis sakmarisi saxrebis arsebobas, sasamarTlom unda Seafasos aris Tu ara saxeze korporaciuli
safarvelis gaWolvis winapiroba. kerZod, rogori iyo urTierTdamokidebuleba sazogadoebasa da partniros Soris, iyo Tu ara saxeze kontrolis imgvari xarisxi, rom partnioris mier sazogadoebis damoukidebeli samarTalsubieqtoba gamoiyeneboda `farad“. amis dadastureba unda moxdes ramdenime faqtis urTierTkavSiriT. pirvel rigSi,
unda Semowmdes iyo Tu ara sazogadoeba saTanadod kapitalizirebuli. aq yuradReba unda mieqces ara Tavdapirvel kapitals (miTumetes kanonmdebloba saerTod ar avaldebulebs partniors sawyisi kapitalis Seqmnas), aramed Semdegom kapitalizacias. saTanado
kriteriumiT sazogadoebis kapitalizaciis Sefasebisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, samewarmeo saqmianobis buneba, ramdenad Seefardeba im SesaZlo riskebs, romelic am saqmianobas axlavs Tan, kapitals, romelic partniorma Cado sazogadoebaSi. sasamarTlom,
mizanSewonilobidan gamomdinare, unda Seamowmos sazogadoebis yoveli tranzaqcia (an
zogadad qmedeba), romelmac gamoiwvia kapitalis Semcireba. tranzaqciebis ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis analizis mizniT sasamarTlom, aseve, unda Seafasos gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze uflebamosili pirebis gulmodginebis xarisxic. korporaciuli safarvelis
gaWolva unda moxdes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki saxeze iqneba gaumarTlebeli da aramiznobrivi tranzaqciebi, romelTac Sedegad moyva sazogadoebis valauvaloba.
sazogadoebis, rogorc samarTlebrivi formis borotad gamoyenebis SemTxveva SeiZleba aseve gamovlines partniorisa da sazogadoebis qonebaTa aRreviT, romlis miza-
54
nic iyo kreditoris SecdomaSi Seyvana. am SemTxvevaSic, pasuxismgebloba unda dadges
im motiviT, rom qonebaTa aRreva moxda qonebis arasanqcirebuli misakuTrebis mizniT,
romelsac Sedegad mohyva sazogadoebis valauvaloba. analogiuri wesiT, unda Sefasdes
korporaciuli formalobaTa daucvelobac, romelic gancalkevebulad, aramarTlzomieri ganzraxvis gareSe ar unda iqnes ganxiluli korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolvis
damoukidebel da sakmaris safuZvlad.
qarTuli samarTlis WrilSi, gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis dafuZneba,
frangulis msgavsad, SeiZleba garigebis baTilobis wesebis partniorul urTierTobaze gavrcelebiT, ramac SesaZlebelia moicvas winaswari ganzraxviT korporaciis dafuZnebis SemTxveva pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan aridebis mizniT. Tumca garigebis baTilobis wesebi gamoyenebul unda iqnes mxolod dasabuTebis nawilSi da ar unda moxdes
misi Sedegebis pirdapiri moqmedebiT gavrceleba. korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolva
gulisxmobs pasuxismgeblobaSezRuduli partnioris personalurad pasuxismgebel subieqtebad ganxilvas. amis SesaZleblobas ki iZleva TvalTmaqcuri garigebis baTilobis
principi. partnioruli SeTanxmeba aris garigeba110 Tuki igi fuZndeba, mxolod da mxolod im mizniT, rom partniorebma pSsf-is gamoyenebiT Tavi aaridon pasuxismgeblobas,
amavdroulad, faqtobrivad, ar aris saxeze samewarmeo saqmianobis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli niSnebi, maSin partnioruli SeTanxmeba akmayofilebs TvalTmaqcuri garigebis
cnebas da, Sesabamisad, misi mxareebi (partniorebi) SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT personalurad pasuxismgebel solidarul movaleebad.
aseve unda aRiniSnos, Tu rogor unda gadawydes pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dominanti da minoritari partniorisgan Semdgari sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi. aseT dros pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis gadamwyveti unda iyos miniritari partniori nebayoflobiT aris pasiuri Tu obieqturad moklebulia moqmedebis SesaZleblobas. moqmedebaSi
igulisxmeba, magaliTad, umciresobaSi myofi partnioris ufleba fiduciuri movaleobebis111 darRvevis gamo daayenos dominanti partnioris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. aSSSi aseT dros yuradReba eqceva TaRliTur da usamarTlo qmedebas. swored es faqtorebi gansazRvraven pasuxismgebelobas da pasuxismgeblobis subieqts. Tu TaRliTuri da
usamarTlo qmedeba mxolod aqcioneris mier ganxorcielda, xolo pasiuri partnioris
mxridan gamoricxulia raime saxis „araswori“ (wrong) qmedeba, maSin gamWoli pasuxismgebloba dadgeba mxolod dominanti partnioris mimarT.112
dasasruls, unda aRiniSnos Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa
palatis 2013 wlis 22 ianvris ganCineba.113 aRniSnuli ganCineba warmoadgnes saqarTvelos
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis meqanizmis Sefasebis erTaderT precedents. aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba sainteresoa ramdenime mniSvnelovani garemoebis
gamo. pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlom calsaxad daadgina, rom gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT SesaZlebelia. imis miuxedavad, rom sa110
111
112
113
zubitaSvili n., partnioris garicxva SezRuduli pasuxismgebelobis sazogadoebidan,
sakorporacio samarTlis krebuli, red. burduli i., tomi II, Tb., 2014, gv. 140-141.
iqve, 152-163.
aRniSnul ganCinebaze kerZo saCivari uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 13 maisis #as-286272-2013 ganCinebiT ar iqna miRebuli warmoebaSi. Sesabamisad, saapelacio sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba darCa ZalaSi.
55
samarTlom mocemul saqmeSi ar daakmayofila apelantis moTxovna gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis Taobaze, saapelacio sasamarTlos msjeloba efuZneba safuZvlian
logikas. kerZod, sasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom apelanti warmoadgenda
nebayoflobiT kreditors, romelsac, sxva saxelSekrulebo kreditorebisgan gansxvavebiT, SesaZlebloba hqonda winaswar gaeTvaliswinebina mopasuxis finansuri mdgomareoba. kerZod, mosarCeleze moTxovnis ufleba (romlis ganxorcielebasac iTxova piradi
movalis deda kompaniis mimarT) gadavida moTxovnis daTmobis Sedegad (Svilobili kompaniis saxelSekrulebo kreditorma moTxovnis ufleba dauTmo mosarCeles), amavdroulad, mosarCele warmoadgenda sabanko sferoSi moqmed dawesebulebas, xolo aseTi
dawesebulebebis Cveuli saqmianoba yovelTvis efuZneba kontrahentis gulmodgine Semowmebis princips (due diligence, romelsac bankebi xSirad mimarTaven). mocemul SemTxvevaSi, apelantis xelmZRvanelobam ar gamoiCina saTanado gulmodgineba, ar gamoiyena is
SesaZlebloba, romelic gaaCnda, ris gamoc mis mimarT samarTlianad gadavida is riskebi, rac finansurad sust kompaniasTan nebayoflobiT samarTalurTierTobaSi Sesvlas
mohyveba. sabolood, sasamarTlom uari Tqva moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze, radganac arasaTanado kapitalizaciis garda, romelsac mocemuli apelanti ver daeyrdnoba, mtkicebulebebiT ar dasturdeboda gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis sxva winapirobebi.
5. daskvna
Sejamebis mizniT, gamWoli pasuxismgebelobis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba ramdenime daskvniTi Tezisis gamoyofa:
 gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina moicavs pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis formebis borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevas, rasac adasturebs am garemoebis kanonismieri regulirebis istoriuli analizi. amdenad, pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis formebis borotad gamoyenebis Sefasebisas SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis
doqtriniT dadgenili standarti, romelic met-naklebad saerToa, yvela ganviTarebuli samarTlebrivi sistemisaTvis.
 saqarTvelom unda gaiziaros wamyvani qveynebis gamocdileba da gamWoli pasuxismgebeloba dauSvas sagamonakliso meqanizmis saxiT, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca
kreditoris sasargeblod ar arsebobs sxva qmediTi alternativa. amavdroulad, zemoT
ganxiluli faqtobrivi garemoebebi unda Sefasdes urTierTkavSirSi da ara gancalkevebulad. Sesabamisad, mxolod saTanado garemoebebis arsebobisas unda moxdes korporaciuli safarvelis gaWolva.
 mizanSewonilia, mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonma kvlav moaxdinos koncernis regulireba, imgvarad, rom moicvas gamWoli pasuxismgebloba korporaciaTa jgufis
farglebSi.
56
eka kaveliZe*
undoblobis votumi, rogorc mTavrobis politikuri
pasuxismgeblobis forma
1. Sesavali
cnobilia, rom saxelmwifoebrivi organizmisa da konstituciuri wyobis warmatebuli funqcionirebis erT-erT fuZemdeblur princips xelisuflebis danawileba warmoadgens. aRniSnuli debuleba, romelic formulirebuli iyo jer kidev safrangeTis
1789 wlis „adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciaSi“, araerTxel dadasturda
doqtrinisa Tu praqtikis mier.1 xelisuflebis danawilebis principis Tanaxmad, aRmasrulebeli, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisufleba erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia uflebamosilebebiT, Tumca es imas ar niSnavs rom maT erTmaneTTan kontaqti ar aqvT.2 xsenebuli kontaqti gamoixateba rogorc urTierTdaxmarebaSi, aseve urTierTkontrolSi,
rac „Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis“ prinicipSi gamoixateba. saxelmwifo demokratiuli
maSinaa, roca xelisuflebis Stoebi (gansakuTrebiT ki sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli) erTmaneTs abalanseben. urTierTkontrolis erT-erT formas warmoadgens mTavrobis angariSvaldebuleba parlamentis winaSe da aRniSnulidan gamomdinare – misi politikuri pasuxismgebloba parlamentis winaSe. konstituciur samarTalSi politikuri
pasuxismgeblobis ramdenime forma arsebobs, Tumca winamdebare Temis gansaxilvel sakiTxs warmoadgens undoblobis votumi, rogorc mTavrobis politikuri pasuxismgeblobis forma. `sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba aucileblad unda iyos umaRlesi~ aRniSnavda xelisuflebis danawilebis erT-erTi klasikosi jon loki. am ideis Sesabamisad, aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze kontrolis kompetencias, praqtikulad, yvela parlamenti flobs. qveynebis parlamentebs Soris am uflebamosilebaTa gansxvaveba gamoixateba
mxolod moculobaSi, rac damokidebulia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formaze.3
undoblobis votumis, rogorc politikuri pasuxismgeblobis meqanizmis gamoyeneba damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, romelic winamdebare statiaSi iqneba ganxiluli.
*
1
2
3
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.
kverenCxilaZe g., aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia, qarTuli konstitucionalizmis saTaveebTan – saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis 90 wlisTavi, baTumi, 2011, 169.
ix. Hall D.P., Feldmeier J. E., Constitutional Values, Governmental Powers and Individual Freedoms, Maiami
University, Hamilton, Wright State University, upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Columbus, Ohio, 2009, 32.
57
2. pasuxismgeblobaTa gamijvna
2.1 mTavrobis politikuri pasuxismgeblobis cneba da mniSvneloba
2.1.1 politikuri pasuxismgeblobis istoria
mTavrobis, rogorc aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRlesi organos pasuxismgebloba gardauvali da aucilebelicaa demokratiuli sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis.
mTavroba, Tavisi funqciebisa da valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad axorcielebs rogorc
politikur, ise samarTlebriv saqmianobas, Sesabamisad, gansxvavdeba misi samarTlebrivi
da politikuri pasuxismgeblobac. politikuri pasuxismgeblobis Tema saTaves britaneTidan iRebs. raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, xsenebul meqanizms erTgvari safuZveli mefis gaukontrolebelma Zalauflebam misca. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi mTavari konstituciuri problema iyo is, Tu rogor unda momxdariyo mefis gakontroleba, romlis
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxic verc pirovnulad da verc misi, rogorc aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis meTauris rangSi ver dadgeboda. swored am mizniT Seiqmna parlamentis
winaSe pasuxismgebeli saministroebi. swored aseTi saministroebis Seqmnas moiTxovda
ase daJinebiT liberaluri opozicia XIX saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi. TiTqmis meore
msoflio omis dasrulebamde, evropuli monarqiebis umravlesobaSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurad kvlav rCeboda mefe. magram mefes, safrangeTis 1791 wlis konstituciis Tanaxmadac ki, ar SeeZlo emoqmeda im ministrTa Tanxmobis gareSe, romelsac parlamentma gamoucxada ndoba.4
2.1.2 politikuri pasuximgeblobis mniSvneloba
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, politikuri pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs mTavrobis
movaleobas, yovelTvis imoqmedos parlamentis umravlesobis Sexedulebisamebr (gansakuTrebiT im faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, roca mTavroba parlamentis `qmnilebaa~). aseTi
movaleoba ki gulisxmobs, rom mTeli kabineti an calkeuli ministrebi unda gadadgnen,
Tu maTma saqmianobam ver hpova xalxis warmomadgenlebis mxardaWera.5 mTavrobis politikuri pasuxismgeblobis solidaruloba imas niSnavs, rom mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli politikis miuReblobis SemTxvevaSi, mTavrobis yvela wevri unda gadadges, maT
Soris isinic, vinc ar monawileobda garkveuli gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi an mowinaaRmdege mosazreba gamoTqva kabinetis sxdomaze sakiTxis ganxilvis dros. solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis principi aixsneba, rogorc mTavrobis yvela wevris movaleoba, daicvas
mTavrobis gadawyvetileba miuxedavad misi piradi poziciisa. mxareTa uTanxmoebis saerTo gansjisTvis gamotana ar SeiZleba. Tu aseTi ram moxdeba, igi iwvevs Sesabamisi wevris
gadadgomas.6 swored amiT gansxvavdeba mTavrobis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba po4
5
6
58
Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, s. holmsis winaTqmiT, m. maisuraZis Targmani, T. niniZis redaqtorobiT, „airis“ saqarTvelo, Tb., 2003,
103.
melqaZe o., konstitucionalizmi, politikur-samarTlebrivi literaturis seria, wigni XXI, Jurn. ùniversali~, Tb., 2008, 344.
iqve, 343-344.
eka kaveliZe, undoblobis votumi, rogorc mTavrobis politikuri
litikurisgan – SesaZloa mTavroba samarTlebrivad swored moqmedebdes, misi qmedeba
samarTlebrivad gamarTlebuli da dasabuTebuli iyos, Tumca ara politikurad. politikuri pasuxismgebloba unda gavmijnoT samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan, vinaidan
orive maTgans gansxvavebuli mizezebi da winapirobebi aqvs.
2.1.3 politikuri pasuxismgeblobis mizezebi
parlamentis winaSe mTavrobis politikuri pasuxismgeblobis formebs, sxva danarCenTan erTad, miekuTvneba: mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadeba da upirobo
undoblobis gamocxadeba.7 mTavrobisTvis undoblobis gamocxadebas politikuri pasuxismgeblobis formad miiCneven. aRniSnuli meqanizmis amoqmedebis mizezebi winaswar
ucnobia da arc erTi qveynis konstituciaSi gawerili ar aris. amis mizezi ki swored politikaa – SeuZlebelia winaswar iyos gaTvlili, romel qveyanaSi rodis gamoucxadebs
undoblobas parlamenti mTavrobas, am meqanizmis amoqmedebas iwvevs yovel konkretul
qveyanaSi mimdinare konkretuli politikuri procesebi, amitomacaa undoblobis votumi mTavrobis politikuri pasuxismgeblobis forma – misi amoqmedeba politikuri procesebiTaa ganpirobebuli da ara samarTlebrivi safuZvlebiT.
mTavrobis politikuri pasuxismgebloba, ZiriTadad, ganpirobebulia mTavrobis
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis principiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom mTavrobam, rogorc
erTianma organom miiRo „aramomgebiani“ politikuri gadawyvetileba, ris gamoc pasuxi
unda agos mTlianma gundma. mTavrobis solidaruli, igive koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba saparlamento saxelmwifoSi arsebuli wesia, romlis mixedviTac, mTavrobis wevrebs
ekisrebaT erToblivi da Tanabari pasuxismgebloba mTavrobis mier gatarebuli politikisaTvis. mTavrobis politikis mowinaaRmdege mTavrobis wevri dauyovnebliv unda
gadadges Tanamdebobidan. parlametis mier undoblobis gamocxadeba mTavrobis erTerTi wevris mimarT, rogorc wesi, iwvevs mTeli mTavrobis gadadgomas.8
2.1.4 individualuri politikuri pasuxismgebloba
ganasxvaveben mTavrobisa da misi wevrebis politikur da iuridiul pasuxismgeblobas. es ukanaskneli, mTavrobis wevrebze individualurad vrceldeba. mTavrobisa da
misi nebismieri wevris politikuri pasuxismgebloba dgeba parlamentis an saxelmwifos
meTauris winaSe. araswori politikisaTvis politikur pasuxismgeblobas parlamentis
winaSe adgili aqvs mmarTvelobis saparlamento da zogierTi Sereuli formebis pirobebSi, xolo saxelmwifos meTauris winaSe – saprezidento da agreTve, zogierTi Sereuli formis respublikebSi.9 miuxedavad mTavrobis solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis
principisa, SesaZloa dadges konkretuli ministris individualuri, politikuri pasuxismgeblobac. magaliTad, did britaneTSi daSvebulia mTavrobis rogorc koleqtiu7
8
9
kverenCxilaZe g., saqarTvelos mTavrobis konstituciuri statusi (konstituciis 78-e
muxlis komentari), Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samarTali, g. kverenCxilaZisa da d. gegenavas redaqtorobiT, wigni I, daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti, Tb., 2012, 27.
cnobilaZe p., konstituciuri (saxelmwifo) samarTali, cnobari, Tb., 1998, 90.
59
ri, ise individualuri pasuxismgebloba. Tumca imis gamo, rom mTavroba erTian gundad
moiazreba, isini, umravles SemTxvevaSi, mainc koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobas ganicdian,
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu misi romelime wevri am politikuri kursis gatarebis winaaRmdegia da ar iziarebs mTavrobis pozicias. aRsaniSnavia, rom premieri Tavad wyvets daiTxovos mTavroba mTlianad Tu misi romelime konkretuli wevri, romelsac TemTa palata undoblobas gamoucxadebs. mTavrobis politikuri pasuxismgebloba mxolod TemTa
palatis ganxilvis sagania da gadawyvetilebac undoblobis votumis Sesaxeb mxolod
mas gamoaqvs.10 poloneTis konstituciis 159-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki, seims aqvs ufleba undobloba gamoucxados ministrs. undoblobis Taobaze gancxadebis Setanis ufleba aqvs
aranakleb 69 deputats, prezidenti ki aTavisuflebs ministrs, romelsac seimma sruli
Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT undobloba gamoucxada.11 politikuri pasuxismgebloba,
romelic pirdapir saxelmwifos meTauris winaSe dgeba, SeiZleba mTavrobis an ministris
gadadgomiT damTavrdes.12 Tu administraciuli TvalsazrisiT, TiToeuli ministri
sargeblobs e.w. „operatiuli TavisuflebiT“, rac vrceldeba konkretulad maTi kompetenciis CarCoebis SigniT, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, ministri valdebulia daemorCilos mTlianobaSi mTavrobis mier dakavebul pozicias. swored aq moqmedebs politikuri
pasuxismgeblobis principi. ministri pasuxismgebelia mTavrobis mier gatarebul politikaze, unda demorCilos mas da Tu ara – unda gadadges.13 gansxvavebiT individualuri
pasuxismgeblobisgan, mTavrobis solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis prinicipi saparlamento marTvis fuZemdebluri principia. „parlamentis daTxovnis principi“ ki aucilebeli
movlenaa saparlamento marTvisaTvis da franguli klasikuri doqtrinis mixedviT, miCneulia parlamentarizmis Semadgenel ZiriTad elementad,14 vinaidan, erTi mxriv, parlamentis mier mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadeba, xolo, meore mxriv, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier parlamentis daTxovna gansazRvravs xelisuflebaTa Stoebis
urTierTdamokidebulebasa da wonasworobas.15
2.2 mTavrobis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis cneba da mniSvneloba
2.2.1 mniSvneloba
politikuri pasuxismgeblobisgan gansxvavebiT, samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis mizezebi da safuZvlebi yovelTvis kanoniT/konstituciiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
mTavrobis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis ideologiur da samarTlebriv safuZvels
10
11
12
13
14
15
60
melqaZe o., sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciuri samarTali, krebuli I, wigni VIII,
Tb., 2008, 117.
poloneTis konstitucia, <http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm>, [24/11/2014].
Tb., 2008, 330.
lovo f., parlamentarizmi, Tb., 2005, 105.
kverenCxilaZe g., aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia, qarTuli konstitucionalizmis saTaveebTan – saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis 90 wlisTavi, baTumi, 2011, 175-176.
kanonis uzenaesobis principi warmoadgens,16 rac imas niSnavs, rom samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba maSin dgeba, rodesac ministris saqmianobis ZiriTad sferosTan dakavSirebiT17 irRveva romelime kanonis norma. 1831 wlis belgiis konstitucia liberalebisaTvis sanimuSod iqca, radgan igi ubralod adgenda ministris Tanxmobis aucileblobas
yvela samefo aqtisaTvis. konstituciis teqstSi CarTuli iyo ministris pasuxismgeblobis principic, kerZod, Tu mefis brZanebis Sesrulebisas ministri kanons daarRvevda
samarTlebriv dokumentebze xelis moweriT, maSin mas mxolod sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba daekisreboda da mefes ar SeeZlo misi Sewyaleba.18
samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba mxolod mTavrobis wevrebze vrceldeba individualurad, mas konkretuli samarTaldarRvevis faqti udevs safuZvlad da, ZiriTadad,
impiCmentis proceduriT realizdeba. rogorc jon goldringi aRniSnavs, administraciuli arakompetenturobis mxolod uxeS da saeWvo darRvevas SeuZlia miiyvanos ministri gadayenebamde an, uares SemTxvevaSi, mTavroba, parlamentis zewolis Sedegad.19
rac Seexeba politikur pasuxismgeblobas, igi solidarul xasiaTs atarebs, Sesabamisad mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli politikis miuReblobis SemTxvevaSi, mTavrobis yvela wevri unda gadadgdes20. samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dros ki moqmedebs ara solidaruli, aramed individualuri pasuxismgeblobis principi – konkretuli
ministris mier Cadenili samarTaldarRvevis gamo pasuxs agebs Sesabamisi ministri individualurad da ara mTlianad samTavrobo gundi. sxvagvarad warmoudgenelicaa – SeuZlebelia erTi ministris mier Cadenili samarTaldarRvevis gamo dadges udanaSaulo
adamianebis – kabinetis sxva wevrebis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, aRniSnuli ewinaaRmdegeba rogorc zogadsamarTlebriv, aseve sisxlis samarTlis principebs. iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba mTavrobis wevris mimarT SeiZleba dadges mmarTvelobis nebismier
formis pirobebSi, Tu gamovricxavT absolutur da dualistur monarqiebs.
2.2.2 magaliTebi
italiaSi ministrTa individualuri pasuxismgeblobis formas warmoadgens maTi gadadgoma dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan. ministris wasvla Tanamdebobidan ar iwvevs
mTavrobis mTliani Semadgenlobis gadadgomas, Tu aRniSnuli nabijiT seriozulad ar
irRveva politikur ZalTa balansi samTavrobo koaliciaSi. uSualo movaleobaTa Ses16
17
18
19
20
Romzek B., Dubnick M., Accountability in the Public Sector: Lessons from the Challenger Tragedy, Public
Administration Review, 1987, 236, <http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/975901?uid=3738048&uid=2&u
id=4&sid=21103240227677>, [04/01/2014].
melqaZe o., konstitucionalizmi, politikur-samarTlebrivi literaturis seria, wigni XXI, Jurn. ùniversali~, Tb., 2008, 343-344.
Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, s. holmsis winaTqmiT, m. maisuraZis Targmani, T. niniZis redaqtorobiT, „airis“ saqarTvelo, Tb., 2003, 103.
Goldring J., Public Law and Accountability of Government, For 36th conference of the Australasian Universities Law Schools Association Held At Macquarie University, August, 1981, 9.
61
rulebisas Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis ministrebi pasuxs ageben saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTlos winaSe Cveulebrivi wesiT21. ministrebi kolegiurad arian pasuxismgeblebi
ministrTa sabWos saqmianobaze, xolo individualurad sakuTari saministroebis saqmianobaze.
espaneTis ZiriTadi kanonis safuZvelze mTavrobis Tavmjdomare da misi sxva wevrebi samSoblos Ralatis an saxelmwifo uSiSroebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebaze sisxlis samarTlis wesiT ageben pasuxs umaRlesi sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa
palatis winaSe. braldebulis wardgenis ufleba aqvs mxolod deputatTa kongresis absolutur umravlesobas, deputatTa 1/4-is iniciativiT.22 praqtikulad aRniSnul Tanamdebobis pirTa sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulze pasuxismgebloba iSviaTia.23 ministrTa
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis garkvevisas ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgens norma, romlis
Tanaxmadac dgeba politikuri pasuxismgebloba roca ministrebi kolegiurad pasuxismgeblebi arian ministrTa sabWos saqmianobaze da individualuri pasuxismgebloba Tavisi saxelmZRvanelo uwyebis muSaobaSi arsebuli darRvevebisa da naklovanebebis gamo.24
italiis msgavsad, litvis konstituciis 95-e muxlis Tanaxmad, ministrebi kolegiurad arian pasuxismgeblebi ministrTa sabWos saqmianobaze, xolo individualurad
– sakuTari saministros saqmianobaze. kanoni adgens sabWos prezidiumis organizacias,
aseve saministroTa raodenobas, funqciebsa da organizacias.
poloneTis konstituciac25 iTvaliswinebs ministrTa sabWos wevrebis pasuxismgeblobas saxelmwifo tribunalis winaSe konstituciisa da kanonebis darRvevisaTvis,
agreTve dakavebul TanamdebobasTan dakavSirebiT Cadenili danaSaulebisaTvis. dadgenilebas, ministrTa sabWos wevris saxelmwifo tribunalis winaSe pasuxismgeblobaSi micemis Taobaze iRebs seimi, prezidentis an aranakleb 115 deputatis gancxadebis safuZvelze, deputatTa sruli Semadgenlobis 3/5-is umravlesobiT. 157-e muxlis Tanaxmad
ki, ministrTa sabWos wevrebi seimis winaSe, amave dros, individualurad ageben pasuxs im
saqmianobisTvis, romelic maTi kompetenciis sferos ganekuTvneba an romelTa Sesruleba maT ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomarem daavala.
xsenebuli ramdenime qveynis magaliTis moyvanisas naTeli xdeba, rom samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba radikalurad gansxvavdeba politikuri pasuxismgeblobisgan da
misi gamomwvevi mizezi mxolod samarTlebrivi darRveva an gadacdoma SeiZleba iyos,
gansxvavebiT politikuri pasuxismgeblobisgan.
21
22
23
24
25
62
Tb., 2008, 224.
iqve, 152.
iqve, 152.
iqve, 224.
poloneTis konstitucia, muxli 156, <http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm>,
[24/11/2014].
3. mTavrobis funqcionireba undoblobis votumis arsebobis pirobebSi
3.1 mTavrobis politikur-samarTlebrivi statusi da
misi formirebis wesi
3.1.1 formirebis wesi
mTavroba aris saxelmwifos umaRlesi kolegiuri aRmasrulebeli organo. mTavrobis Semqnis wesi damokidebulia mmarTvelobis formaze, xolo saxelmwifo meqanizmSi
mTavrobis adgilisa da konstituciuri modelis garkvevisaTvis aucilebelia konstitucionalizmSi aRiarebuli principebis WrilSi ganxilul iqnes mTavrobis konstituciuri statusi, misi formirebisa da politikuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebi, agreTve
mTavrobis monawileobis xarisxi kanonSemoqmedebiT procesSi da bolos, misi urTierTobis Taviseburebebi sxva saxelisuflebo ganStoebebTan.26 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba rTuli ierarqiuli da konstruqciuli meqanizmia, romlis agebuleba damokidebulia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formasa da teritoriul-politikur organizaciaze.27 saparlmento qveynebSi igi yalibdeba im partiis mier, romelmac moipova adgilebis
umravlesoba erTpartiul parlamentSi an orpalatiani parlamentis qveda palataSi.
mTavrobas ekisreba kolegialuri pasuxismgebloba parlamentis winaSe (orpalatiani
parlamentis SemTxvevaSi – qveda palatis winaSe), es niSnavs imas, rom saparlamento umravlesobis daSlis SemTxvevaSi mTavroba valdebulia gadadges an saxelmwifo meTauri
daiTxovs parlaments da daniSnavs vadamdel arCevnebs.28 mTavrobis rogorc kolegiis,
partiuli Semadgenloba saparlamento sistemebSi Cveulebriv am organoSi politikur
ZalTa Tanafardobis amsaxvelia.29 Sereuli mmarTvelobis mqone qveynebSi ki mTavrobis
formirebaSi monawileobs rogorc prezidenti, aseve parlamenti, gaaCnia Sereuli mmarTvelobis modelis romel saxezea saubari. Sereuli respublikebis maxasiaTebelia is,
rom mTavroba pasuxismgebelia parlamentis winaSe, rac SeiZleba imasac niSnavdes, rom
mTavroba saparlamento umavlesobaze damokidebuli xdeba. moqmedebs aseve ndoba-undoblobis da amasTan dakavSirebuli, parlamentis daTxovnis meqanizmi.30 aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba warmoadgens horizontalur da vertikalur WrilSi dakavSirebul
saxelmwifo organoTa sistemas31, romelic unda iyos damoukidebeli ganStoeba da mTavrobas unda hqondes aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRlesi organos statusi.32
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
demetraSvili a., kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri samarTali, Tb., 2010, 303.
gonaSvili v., demetraSvili a., kvenerCxilaZe g., Jvania v., saqarTvelos konstitucia da
2010 wlis konstituciuri reforma, Tb., 2010, 54.
63
3.1.2 mTavrobis statusi
xelisuflebis danawilebis Sesaxeb Teoriis Sesabamisad, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba izRudeboda da wonaswordeboda sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaTa mier da es triada saxelmwifo meqanizmis SigniT qmnida `Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis“ sistemas. Tavad termini aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, mTavrobis rolisa da adgilis TvalsazrisiT, miuTiTebs mis daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaze umaRlesi saxelmwifo organoebis sistemaSi da mis poziciaze, romlis tolfasi formula ase gamoiyureba
– aRasrulebs, magram ar wyvets. Tumca es formula arc adre asaxavda saqmis realur
mdgomareobas, xolo Semdgom – miT umetes. rogorc edmund biorki ambobda, `mTavroba
adamianis gonebis gamogonebaa, amitom adamianebi floben srul uflebas gamoiyenon igi
Tavisi azriT.“ es sruli ufleba imaSi gamoixateba, rom sazRvargareTis mTel rig qveynebSi mTavrobis roli ganuxrelad icvleba – wina planze gamodis saxelmwifos organoTa sistemaSi da xSirad pirdapir iqvemdebarebs sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, rac, ra Tqma unda, qveynis SigniT demokratizaciis mniSvnelovan SezRudvas
iwvevs.33
XX saukunis Sua periodidan, xelisuflebis StoTa Soris sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis dominanturi mdgomareobis idea, arsebuli politikur-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan gamomdinare, garkveulwilad gaqarwylda da saxelisuflebo triadaSi
erTgvari wamyvani roli aRmasrulebelma xelisuflebam daikava. es garemoeba ganapiroba im faqtorma, rom xelisuflebis sxva StoebTan mimarTebiT, ufro metad swored
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kompetenciur arealSia Tavmoyrili finansuri, materialur-teqnikuri, teqnologiuri, organizaciuli, adamianuri Tu sxva saxis resursebi.34
rotSildebis dinastiis cnobili gamonaTqvamis mixedviT, `vinc flobs informacias, is
flobs msoflios.“ saxelisuflebo ganStoebebze dakvirvebisas cxadi xdeba mTavrobis
gansakuTrebuli roli saxelmwifo sistemaSi. igi axorcielebs saxelmwifos finanasuri da sxva fizikuri resusrebis kontrols, qveynis mTel teritoriaze ganlagebuli administraciuli aparatis meSveobiT flobs iZulebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. aqedan
gamomdinare, sxva saxelmwifo organoebidan igi Tavisi mniSvnelovani kompetenciiT, anu
mis gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli faqtobrivad ganusazRvreli sferoTi, sakiTxTa, farTo
wriTa da am sakiTxTa gadawyvetis, politikuri mxardaWeriT gamagrebuli, qmediTi uflebamosilebebiT gamoirCeva.35 mTavroba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saerTo kompetenciis kolegialuri organoa, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis mTeli sistemis centraluri rgolia, romelic masze dakisrebuli aRmasrulebeli-ganmkargulebeli saqmianobis
meSveobiT, uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis xelmZRvanelobas, ganagebs saxelmwifos mTel administracias, misi gamgeblobis qveS imyofeba saxelmwifo aparati, sa33
34
35
64
xelmwifo finansebi, saerTaSoriso urTierToba, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi,36 anu mTeli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. marTalia, mTavroba pasuxismgebeli da angariSvaldebulia
parlamentis an misi qveda palatis winaSe, magram is faqtori rom igi saparlamento umravlesobiT aris mxardaWerili, arsebiT SesaZleblobebs uqmnis mas wamyvani roli iTamaSos sakanonmdeblo procesis mimdinareobaze. praqtika cxadyofs, rom kanonproeqtTa
umravlesoba, romelTac parlamentebi ixilaven, mTavrobis sakanonmdeblo iniciativiT
Semodis. magaliTad, ganxiluli kanonproeqtebis saerTo raodenobis mimarT, maTi raodenoba germaniaSi 80%-s aRwevs.37 Tanamedrove aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis siZlieres
andraS Saio ase aRwers: àRmasrulebeli xelisufleba erTgvar kentavrs waagavs: misi
sxeulis qveda nawils biurokratia, saxelmwifo administracia warmoadgens, xolo zeda
nawils – partiuli politikosi, romelic misi amomrCevlis, parlamentis da, upirveles
yovlisa, misi partiis yvelaze gavleniani wevris wyalobiT, saxelmwifo interesebs gamoxatavs. sxeulis mZlavri qveda nawili aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas aqcevs uZlieres
ganStoebad, romelsac misi miznebis miRwevis yvelaze didi Sansi aqvs~.38 ìs mosazreba,
rom mTavroba mowodebulia aRasrulos sakanonmdeblo organos mier miRebuli kanonebi
(ra mizniTanc Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna es instituti), Tanamedrove etapze naklebad aqtualuria, radgan mTavroba Camoyalibda umaRles politikur organod, romelic xelmZRvanelobs sajaro administracias da axorcielebs saerToerovnul mmarTvelobas.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi mTavrobis funqciebisa da damoukideblobis xarisxis gazrdam, konstitucionalizmSi damkvirdebuli „Sekaveba-gawonasworebis“ principze dayrdnobiT da mmarTvelobis modelebis gaTvaliswinebiT, politikur-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis saxiT mTavrobis saqmianobaze kontrolis ganxorcielebis konkretuli
formebis SemuSaveba ganapiroba“.39
3.2. mTavrobis angariSvaldebuleba
3.2.1 angariSvaldebulebis ganmarteba/mniSvneloba
mTavrobis angariSvaldebulebis sakiTxi, pirvel rigSi, damokidebulia mmarTvelobis formaze. klasikuri gagebiT, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis danawilebis Teoriis
erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, jon loki miiCnevda, rom „konstituciur saxelmwifoSi, romelic moqmedebs erTianobis SesanarCuneblad, SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod erTi umaRlesi xelisufleba – sakanonmdeblo, romelsac emorCilebian da unda emorCilebodnen
sxva danarCenebi, radgan sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba warmoadgens ndobiT aRWurvil
xelisuflebas~.40 aRniSnuli principi ufro mZafrad saparlamento da Sereuli mmarTve36
37
38
39
40
iqve, 134.
iqve, 10.
65
lobis mqone qveynebSi moqmedebs. mTavrobis angariSvaldebuleba parlamentis winaSe
niSnavs imas, rom mTavroba gaweuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb angariSs abarebs parlaments, informacias awvdis moTxovnil/mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mTavroba valdebulia saqmis kursSi Caayenos misi `Semqmneli~ organo. did britaneTSi jer kidev 1918 wlis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis meqanizmis Sesaxeb sakomiteto moxsenebaSi ganisazRvra da dResac ZiriTadia kabinetis Semdegi funqciebi: parlamentisaTvis politikuri kursis saboloo variantis wardgena, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis moqmedebaze
kontrolis ganxorcieleba, raTa is warmarTul iqnes parlamentis mier gansazRvruli
politikuri kursis Sesabamisad.41 nebismieri aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba pasuxismgebelia, radgan demokratiuli mmarTvelobis wesia, rom is vinc marTavs, unda iyos pasuxismgebeli maT winaSe, vinc imarTeba.42
3.2.2 mTavrobis angariSvaldebuleba Tu pasuxismgebloba?
konstituciebis umetesoba adgens, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba angariSvaldebulia parlamentis winaSe.43 magaliTad, moldovis konstituciis 104-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mTavroba pasuxismgebelia parlamentis winaSe da mas, mis komisiebsa da deputatebs
awvdis aucilebel informacias da dokumentebs; mTavrobis wevrebs ufleba aqvT, daeswron parlamentis sxdomebs. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi mTavrobis wevrTa daswreba savaldebuloa. mTavroba da misi yvela wevri valdebulni arian pasuxi gascen deputatTa
SekiTxvebsa da kiTxvebs; parlaments ki SeuZlia miiRos rezolucia, romelic gamoxatavs
mis pozicias SekiTxvis Taobaze.44 xorvatiaSi, vinaidan mTavrobis formireba wminda saparlamento wesiT xdeba – misi Semadgenloba mTlianad saborSi politikur ZalTa balansiT ganisazRvreba da politikuri pasuxismgeblobac mxolod mis winaSe ekisreba.45
xorvatiis konstituciis 114-e muxlis mixedviT ki, mTavroba angariSvaldebulia xorvatiis saboris winaSe. premier-ministri da kabinetis sxva wevrebi mTavrobis mier miRebul
gadawyvetilebebze pasuxismgeblebi arian gundurobis prinicpiT, xolo piradad – TavianTi kompetenciis farglebSi.46
aRniSnuli qveynebis konstituciebSi pirdapir aris dasmuli mTavrobis angariSvaldebulebis sakiTxi da detaluradaa gawerili angariSvaldebulebis cneba da Sedegebi. zogierTi qveynis konstituciaSi ki, gansxvavebiT moldovisa da xorvatiisa, gamoyenebulia termini `pasuxismgebloba~, romelic erTi SexedviT ufro `mZime~ valdebulebaa
vidre àngariSvaldebuleba~, Tumca konstituciis muxlebis gacnobis Sedegad naTelia,
rom angariSvaldebuleba da pasuxismgebloba erT konteqstSi gamoiyeneba. magaliTad,
ungreTis konstituciis 68-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mTavroba Tavis saqmianobaze pasuxismge41
42
43
44
45
46
66
Tb., 2008, 118.
Bradley A., Ewing K., Constitutional and Administrative Law, Harlow, 2007, 107.
borni h., saparlamento kontroli usafrTxoebis seqtorze, principebi, meqanizmebi da
praqtika, Jeneva, 2003, 34.
moldovis konstitucia, <h p://www.president.md/eng/cons tu on>, [24/11/2014].
Tb., 2008, 491.
xorvatiis konstitucia, <h p://www.cons tu on.org/cons/croa a.htm>, [24/11/2014].
belia deputatTa palatis winaSe (Tumca, aRniSnuli Canaweris miuxedavad, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gaZlierebis realurma tendenciam am qveyanaSi savsebiT daimsaxura
is Sefaseba, rasac ungreli konstitucionalisti Saio akeTebs zogadad saparlamento
sistemasTan mimarTebiT – mTaroba xelmZRvanelobs parlaments, mTavroba arc ki ekiTxeba parlaments, Tu rogori politikuri kursi unda gaataros47). safrangeTSi mTavrobas
politikur pasuxismgebloba ekisreba mxolod erovnuli krebis winaSe. amgavri pasuxismgeblobis ramdenime forma gvxvdeba. mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi mis programasTan an ZiriTadi politikis Sesaxeb deklaraciasTan dakavSirebiT erovnuli krebis
winaSe SeiZleba daayenos premier-ministrma ministrTa sabWoSi ganxilvis Semdeg,48 garda
amisa, ministrTa sabWoSi ganxilvis Semdeg premier-ministrs SeuZlia erovnuli krebis
winaSe daayenos mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi konkretul kanonproeqtTan dakavSirebiT. am SemTxvevaSic miiReba gakicxvis rezolucia. erovnuli kreba mTavrobis
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs ayenebs gakicxvis rezoluciiT, romelic xelmowerili unda
iyos erovnuli krebis wevrTa xmebis aranakleb 1/10-is mier. im SemTxvevaSi Tu erovnuli kreba miiRebs gakicxvis rezolucias an Tu daamtkicebs mTavrobis ZiriTadi politikis Sesaxeb programasa da deklaracias, premier-ministri valdebulia prezidents
mimarTos mTavrobis gadayenebis Sesaxeb. martivad rom vTqvaT, mTavrobis angariSvaldebuleba (zog SemTxvevaSi – pasuxismgebloba) garkveuli valdebulebebis SesrulebaSi
gamoixateba, romelTa darRvevis SemTxvevaSi mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba gardauvalia.
pasuxismgebloba ki, xSir SemTxvevaSi, undoblobis gamocxadebiT an samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dadgomiT gamoixateba.
3.2.3 mTavrobis angariSvaldebuleba da uflebamosilebis vada
mTavrobis angariSvaldebulebidan gamomdinareobs, aseve, is faqtic, rom parlamentis uflebamosilebis amowurvasTan erTad iwureba moqmedi mTavrobis uflebamosilebac da mTavroba axladarCeuli parlamentis mier Tavidan kompleqtdeba,49 rac savsebiT bunebrivi movlenaa,50 anu parlamentis arsebobas avtomaturad ukavSirdeba mTavrobis arsebobac. aRniSnulis dasturia espaneTis ZiriTadi kanonis 101-e muxli, romlis
Tanaxmadac, mTavrobas uwydeba uflebamosileba morigi saparlamento arCevnebis Catarebis Sedegad, amasTanave, aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi igi agrZelebs muSaobas axali mTavrobis amoqmedebamde.51 poloneTSi ki ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare axladarCeuli seimis
47
48
49
50
51
aleqsiZe T., demetraSvili a., inauri g. da sxv.; pasuxismgebeli redaqtori jibRaSvili
z., aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis konstituciebi, wigni I, Tb., 2005, 393.
safrangeTis konstitucia, muxli 49, <h p://www.conseil-cons tu onnel.fr/conseil-cons tu onnel/english/cons tu on/cons tu on-of-4-october-1958.25742.html>, [24/11/2014].
swored amitom, TiTqmis arcerTi qveynis konstituciaSi ar aris miTiTeba mTavrobis uflebamosilebis vadaze – konkretul wlebze, gansxvavebiT parlamentis uflebamosilebis vadisa.
Persson T., Roland G., Tabellini G., Separation of Powers and Political Accountability, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, Vol. 112, No.4 (Nov. 1997), 1163-1202, <h p://jstor.org/stable/2951269>, [20/04/2014].
Tb., 2008, 151.
67
pirvel sxdomaze akeTebs gancxadebas ministrTa sabWos gadadgomis Taobaze. respublikis prezidenti iRebs ministrTa sabWos gadadgomas da axali ministrTa sabWos daniSvnamde avalebs mas uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis gagrZelebas.52 moldovis konstituciaSi ki pirdapir weria, rom mTavroba Tavis uflebamosilebas axorcielebs axali
parlamentis arCevnebis namdvilobis cnobamde, axali mTavrobis mier ficis dadebamde
ki asrulebs mxolod sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis marTvis funqcias.53 garda amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom organos, romelsac gaaCnia kabinetis daniSvnisa da ndobis gamocxadebis uflebamosileba, aseve aqvs kabinetis uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis kompetencia,54
Sesabamisad, mTeli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ekuTvnis mTavrobas, romelic pasuxismgebeli da angariSvaldebulia parlamentis an misi qveda palatis winaSe.55 amitomac iTvleba, rom xalxis warmomadgenlebi – parlamentis wevrebi – uflebamosilni arian Tvalyuri adevnon da Sesabamisi zomebi miiRon mTavrobis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT.56
rogorc j. roulsi Tavis „samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis TeoriaSi“ acxadebs,
Tanamedrove konstitucionalizms Sua saukuneebisgan ganasxvavebda is faqti, rom Sua
saukuneebSi kanonis uzenaesoba daculi ar iyo instituciuri kontroliT. sazogadoebas nawilobriv an srulad SezRuduli hqonda ufleba Seemowmebina mmarTveli, romelic
Tavis gadawyvetilebebsa da brZanebebSi ewinaaRmdegeboda samarTals.57 dRes miiCneva,
rom angariSvaldebuleba warmoadgens mTavar maxasiaTebels im sazogadoebaSi, sadac sazogadobis wevrebs Soris arsebobs SeTanxmeba samarTlianobaze. mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba eyrdnoba „moraluri sazogadoebis“ koncefcias, romelic qmnis socialuri urTierTierTobebis molodinebs, wesebs, normebsa da Rirebulebebs. es SeiZleba CaiTvalos
moraluri sazogadoebis socialuri urTierTobebis formad.58
3.3. parlamentis ndoba, rogorc mTavrobis funqcionirebis garantia
imisaTvis, rom mTavrobam SeZlos Tavisi valdebulebebis Sesruleba, mas, upirvelesad, unda gaaCndes parlamentis ndoba. mTavrobis arseboba (formireba da funqcionireba) parlamentzea damokidebuli, romelsac mTavrobis gadayeneba SeuZlia, rac saparlamento respublikisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.59 saparlamento respublikaTa konsti52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
68
[24/11/2014].
moldovis konstitucia, muxli 103, <http://www.president.md/eng/constitution>, [24/11/2014].
bartole s., aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saparlamento kontroli, àiris~ saqarTvelos mier momzadebuli kvlevis Tezisebi, saxelmwifos konstituciuri organizacia,
saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebi (Tbilisi, 18-19 maisi),
Tb., 2004, 36.
melqaZe o., maxaraZe o., politikuri xelisuflebis organizacia saprlamento sisitemis
qveynebSi (qarTul problemebTan dakavSirebiT), 2001, 27.
roulsi j., samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Teoria, samarTlis filosofia, r. dvorkinis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2010, 125.
Dubnick M. J, Seeking Salvation for Accountability, Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, The American Political Science Association, Boston, 2002, 6, <http://mjdubnick.dubnick.net/papers/2002/salv2002.pdf>, [01/10/2014].
tuciuri kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, konkretuli mTavrobis rogorc dabadeba, aseve misi
xelisuflebSi yofna-aryofna, ZiriTadad, parlamentis damfuZnebel da sakanonmdeblo
funqciebs ukavSirdeba.60 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare calsaxaa, rom parlamentis ndoba
mTavrobis arsebobis garantiaa. im qveynebSi, sadac parlamentis arCevnebis Semdeg dgeba
axlad daniSnuli kabinetis ndobis sakiTxi, urTierTobebi kabinetsa da parlaments Soris naTel suraTs gvaZlevs ndobis gamocxadebis institutis Sesaxeb. rodesac parlamenti ndobas ucxadebs ministrTa kabinets, igi amtkicebs kabinetis mier warmodgenil
programas, gamoTqvams mzadyofnas, iTanamSromlos masTan programis ganxorcielebis
mizniT da iRebs valdebulebas, gaakontrolos kabinetis mier Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis procesi. am or organos Soris aseTi urTierTobebis arseboba xels
uwyobs maT TanamSromlobas, parlaments ver eqneba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier
parlamentis gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad moqmedebis molodini, xolo kabineti ver
miiRebs parlamentis mxardaWeras mis mier warmodgenil kanonproeqtebTan dakavSirebiT. yovelive es gamoiwvevs axali kabinetis daniSvnas.61
parlamentis ndoba SegviZlia orgvarad ganvmartoT: 1. rodesac parlamenti ndobas ucxadebs axlad dakompleqtebul mTavrobas da 2. rodesac parlamenti ukve moqmed
mTavrobas aRar endoba da undoblobis votumis proceduras iwyebs. mTavaria, rom parlamenti endobodes mTavrobas – iqneba es gamoxatuli misi formirebisas Tu arsebobis manZilze. is rom mTavrobam dakompleqtebis dros miiRo parlamentis ndoba, bevrs
arafers niSnavs, radgan aRniSnuli procedura, umetes SemTxvevaSi, formalobaa (Tu ra
Tqma unda, radikalurad dapirispirebul politikur ZalebTan ar gvaqvs saqme). yvelaze mTavaria, rom mTavrobis arsebobam ise Caiaros, rom mas mudmivad umagrebdes zurgs
parlamentis ndoba. Tu mTavrobis funqcionirebis manZilze parlamenti ar gamoiyenebs
undoblobis votums, es imas niSnavs, rom is aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRles organos endoba da misi saqmianobiT umeteswilad kmayofilia. mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba
da misi damokidebuleba parlamentis umravlesobis ndobisadmi, dRes ukve tradiciuli
faqtorebia, romlebic parlamentisa da mTavrobis urTierTobebSi TiToeuli maTganis
uflebebsa da movaleobebs asaxavs, miT umetes, rodesac isini mmarTvelobis saparlamento sistemis farglebSi, gansakuTrebul konstituciur-samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi erTvebian.62
aRniSnuli urTierTobidan gamomdinare, parlamentma SesaZloa undobloba gamoucxados mTavrobas, rac niSnavs imas rom umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo aRar endoba umaRles aRmasrulebel organos. aRniSnuli sxvadasxvanairadaa mowesrigebuli
sxvadasxva qveynebis konstituciebiT. magaliTad, estoneTSi parlamenti uflebamosilia undobloba gamoucxados mTavrobas, anu mTavrobis saqmianoba mTlianad damokidebulia saxelmwifo krebis ndobis mandatze.63 undoblobis meqanizmi espaneTSic moqme60
61
62
63
Tb., 2004, 37.
aleqsiZe T., demetraSvili a., inauri g. da sxv.; pasuxismgebeli redaqtori z. jibRaSvili, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis konstituciebi, wigni I, Tb., 2005, 106.
69
debs, Tumca aRniSnuli procedura iq ara mxolod mTavrobis funqcionirebis garantiaa,
aramed mTavrobis erTgvar stabilurobasac uzrunvelyofs. aRniSnul stabilurobas
ganapirobebs ara mxolod mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris alternatiuli kandidaturis dasaxelebis sirTule, aramed gakicxvis rezoluciis mxardamWeri absoluturi umravlesobis Segrovebis sirTulec. gakicxvis rezoluciis miRebis SemTxvevaSi mTavroba an unda
gadadges, an misma Tavmjdomarem unda SesTavazos monarqs, daiTxovos qveda palata, an
mTlianad kortesebi. im SemTxvevaSic, Tu mTavrobis formirebis dros misi Tavmjdomaris postze vercerTi kandidatura ori Tvis manZilze ver moipovebs parlamentis umravlesobis ndobas, kortesebi daiTxoveba da iniSneba axali arCevnebi.64
sxvadasxva qveynis konstituciis Canawerebis analiziT irkveva, rom mTavrobis
arseboba parlamentzea damokidebuli. Tu parlamenti arastabiluria, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba SeiZleba xelmZRvanelis gareSe darCes, rac, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifos
funqcionirebas uqmnis safrTxes.65 parlamentis ndoba pirdapir gansazRvravs mTavrobis funqcionirebas da warmoadgens misi arsebobis garantias, xolo ndobis dakargva gamoixateba undoblobis votumis kenWisyriT da logikuri Sedegi aris parlamentis daTxovna.66
3.4. undobloba, rogorc mTavrobis saparlamento kontrolis
meqanizmi ucxouri qveynebis magaliTze
undoblobis votumi politikuri meqanizmia, romelic gamoiyeneba mTavrobaze saparlamento kontrolis gansaxorcieleblad. rogorc zemoT araerTxel aRiniSna, mTavroba angariSvaldebuli/pasuxismgebelia parlamentis winaSe, rac parlaments aZlevs
masze kontrolis ganxorcielebis uflebas. saWiroa, rom konstituciiT an sakanonmdeblo organoebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT, uzrunvelyofil iqnes parlamentis
wevrTaTvis kontrolis uflebamosilebis miniWeba. saparlamento kontroli gulisxmobs ministrTa kabinetis saqmianobis Semowmebas. radgan mas, ZiriTadad, politikuri
funqcia gaaCnia, es niSnavs, rom kontrolis ganxorcielebisas parlamenti iyenebs politikur kriteriums, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier parlamentis mxardaWeriT,
dasaxuli miznis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobis SefasebisaTvis. Tumca
gverds ver avuvliT tradiciul inglisur gamocdilebas, romelic amtkicebs, rom saparlamento kontroli SeiZleba, aseve, iyos moqalaqeebis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis saSualeba. am SemTxvevaSi parlamenti reagirebas axdens moqalaqeTa saCivrebze da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saqmianobis Sefasebisas aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinos
samarTlebrivi kriteriumebi, magaliTad, konstitucia an kanonmdebloba.67 konstitu64
65
66
67
70
Tb., 2008, 149.
iqve, 225.
izoria l., saprezidento, saparlamento, Tu naxevradsaprezidento? gza demokritiuli konsolidaciisken, Tb., 2010, 20.
bartole s., aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saparlamento kontroli, „airis~ saqarTvelos mier momzadebuli kvlevis Tezisebi, saxelmwifos konstituciuri organizacia,
Tb., 2004, 39.
ciuri samarTali saparlamento kontrolis sxvadasxva formebs icnobs, Tumca ZiriTadi
undoblobis gamocxadebaa. aRniSnuli meqanizmis arseboba, erTi mxriv, ganamtkicebs parlamentis gavlenas mTavrobaze da, meore mxriv, mTavrobas àiZulebs~ imoqmedos parlamentis mier gansazRvruli kursis Sesabamisad, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi „daisjeba“, Tumca
es viTarebac, upirvelesad, damokidebulia konkretul politikur viTarebaze. ZiriTadad ki, aRniSnuli meqanizmi mTavrobis kontrolis yvelaze qmediTi saSualebaa, undoblobis votumis wamowyebac ki sakmarisia xSir SemTxvevaSi mTavrobis „gasafrTxileblad“.
sxvadasxva qveynebi undoblobis votumis Tavisebur versiebs gvTavazoben, Tumca
yvela maTgans erTi mizani aqvs: ganaxorcielos mTavrobis saparlamento, politikuri
kontroli, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom qveyanaSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ganmxorcielebli umaRlesi organo dakargavs politikur statuss. magaliTad, espaneTSi generaluri korsetebi sxvadasxva formiT axorcieleben kontrols mTavrobis saqmianobaze.
am mimarTulebiT yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani deputatTa kongresis uflebamosilebaa.
kortesebis orive palatas da maT komisiebs ufleba aqvT moiTxovon mTavrobisgan nebismieri saxis informacia, mTavrobis wevrTa daswreba maT sxdomebze. palatis wevrebs
ufleba aqvT kiTxvebiT da interpelaciiT mimarTon mTavrobis wevrebs. magram mxolod
deputatTa kongress aqvs ufleba aiZulos mTavroba, gadadges.
espaneTis qveda palataSi gakicxvis rezoluciis Setanis procedura msgavsia safrangeTis erovnul krebaSi arsebuli meqanizmisa da mimarTulia mTavrobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofisaken. rezolucia unda iqnes SemoTavazebuli palatis wevrTa 1/10-is
mier da, imavdroulad, masSi dasaxelebli unda iyos mTavrobis axali Tavmjdomaris kandidatura. Tu rezolucia ar iqna miRebuli, misi iniciatorebi kargaven uflebas, imave
sesiaze xelaxla waradginon rezolucia. am ukanasknelis misaRebad aucilebelia deputatTa kongresis absoluturi umravlesobis mxardaWera.68
SveicariaSi ar arsebobs mTavrobis aqtebze konstituciuri kontroli, Tumca arsebobs saparlamento kontroli. Taviseburi undoblobis votumi mTavrobas SeiZleba
gamoecxados mxolod 4-wliani periodis dasrulebis Semdeg, rac imas niSnavs rom mTavrobis yofili wevrebi aRar airCevian meore vadiT. Tumca, rogorc praqtika cxadyofs,
ministris postze erTi piris yofnis xangrZlivoba saSualod 10-12 wlidan sam aTeul
wlamdec meryeobs. Sveicariis undoblobis votumi gansxvavdeba klasikuri undoblobis
votumisgan, Tumca mizans mainc aRwevs – saparlamento kontroli xorcieldeba imiT,
rom aRniSnuli pirebi meored veRar gaxdebian mTavrobis wevrebi da parlamenti maT meored ndobas aRar gamoucxadebs, miT umetes rom isini postebs sakmaod didi xniT inarCuneben.
parlamentis mier aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo kontrols moldovis konstituciac iTvaliswinebs dadgenili formebiT da farglebiT,69 xorvatiaSi ki
sabori axdens mTavrobis formirebas da SekiTxvebiT, interpelaciiT (romelsac SeiZleba mohyves mTavrobisTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis sakiTxis dasma), undoblobis gamocxadebiTa da sxva formebiT axorcielebs kontrols mTavrobis saqmianobaze.70
68
69
70
Tb., 2008, 149.
Tb., 2008, 488.
71
yvela qveynis konstituciaSi parlamentis mier mTavrobis kontrolis ufleba
pirdapir ar aris formulirebuli da igi SeiZleba amovikiTxoT arapirdapiri gziT konstituciis an reglamentis Tu sxva normatiuli aqtebis debulebebSi.71 parlamentis ZiriTadi funqcia, sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis garda, aRmarulebeli
xelisuflebis meTvalyureoba72 da saqmianobis kontrolia.73 avTandil demetraSvili
undoblobis votums miiCnevs parlamentis mTavrobis saqmianobaze yvelaze efeqtur, saxelmwifos demokratiul reJimSi funqcionirebisaTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis mqones74. arcerT Stos ar unda mieces SesaZlebloba, gaxdes Zalauflebis Warbi koncentraciis centri. Zalauflebisaken miswrafebis SeCereba mxolod maSin SeiZleba, rodesac am
survilis mqone piri erTdroulad ar aris isic, vinc am survilis miRwevisaTvis saWiro
saSualebebs akontrolebs.75 amitom, undobloba, konstituciis Sesabamisad, aris is radikaluri sakanonmdeblo xerxi, romlis meSveobiTac parlamenti praqtikulad axorcielebs aRniSnul uflebamosilebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom konstituciiT damkvidrebuli undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis konkretuli procedurebi nakleb
gavlenas axdenen imaze, Tu ramdenad efeqturia es meqanizmi parlamentis xelSi mTavrobis sakontrolod, radganac es mTlianad damokidebulia koaliciebis (partiuli sistemis) simyareze, anu konstitucia gansazRvravs mxolod procedurebs, Sinaarsa da Sedegs
ki – mTlianad, konkretul momentSi partiul ZalTa balansi saxelmwifo krebaSi.76
4. undoblobis votumis saxeebi da daniSnuleba
4.1 undoblobis destruqciuli votumi
4.1.1 mniSvneloba
undoblobis votumi ori saxisaa: konstruqciuli da destruqciuli. inglisuri sityva destruc ve qarTulad niSnavs damangrevels, gamanadgurebels, mavnes, sazianos
– rac, garkveulwilad, gamoxatavs undoblobis destruqciuli votumis mniSvnelobas.
undoblobis destruqciuli votumi niSnavs undoblobis votums, romlis drosac xdeba
arsebuli mTavrobis gadayeneba momavali premier-ministris kandidaturis dasaxelebis
gareSe, konstruqciuli votumis dros ki kenWi eyreba rogorc arsebuli mTavrobis gadayenebas, aseve momavali mTavrobis meTaurisaTvis ndobis gamocxadebas. sityva votumi
71
72
73
74
75
76
72
giorgaZe g., Tordia v., xmalaZe v., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, Tb., 2001, 63.
demetraSvili a., saqarTvelos konstituciuri qronikebi, 2009-2010 wlis konstituciuri reforma saqarTveloSi, konstitucionalizmis kvlevisa da xelSewyobis regionaluri centri, baTumi, 2012, 31.
90.
– laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs nebas, survils. saparlamento mmarTvelobis mqone saxelmwifoebis saparlamento praqtikaSi, rogorc wesi, aris qveda palatis mier gamoxatuli
ndoba an undobloba politikuri mimarTulebis, mTavrobis mier warmodenili kanonproeqtis an calkeuli ministris77 mimarT. mTavrobisadmi undoblobis gamocxadeba faqtobrivad iwvevs an mocemuli mTavrobis gadadgomas da axlis Camoyalibebas (e.i. samTavrobo
kriziss) an parlamentis (qveda palatis) daTxovnas da vadamdeli saparlamento arCevnebis Catarebas. meore varianti SesaZleblobas aZlevs mTavrobas SantaJi mouwyos parlaments vadamdeli daTxovnis muqariT da amiT parlamentis meSveobiT gaataros arapopulaluri kanonproeqtebi78. politikuri mniSvneloba – undoblobis votumi saparlamento reJimis gadmonaSTia mexuTe respublikis specifikur CarCoebSi, sadac man sruliad
axleburi mniSvneloba SeiZina79.
4.1.2 koleqtiuri da individualuri undoblobis votumi
ganasxvaveben koleqtiur undoblobis votums premier-ministris an mTeli mTavrobis winaaRmdeg da undoblobis votums calkeuli ministris winaaRmdeg.80 zogierTi
qveyana mxolod mTavrobis koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobas icnobs, zogierTSi ki orive
maTgani gavrcelebulia.81 koleqtiuri undoblobis votumis dros zogierTi yofili
socialisturi qveynis konstitucia prezidents utovebs uflebas Tavad gadawyvitos:
mTavrobas gadaayenebs Tu amjobinebs daiSalos parlamenti.82 im qveynebSi sadac mTavroba saxelmwifos meTaurobisgan gamoyofilia, parlamenti mTavrobis meTaurisa da ministrTa kabinetis wevrebis daniSvnaSi uSualod monawileobs, magram maT Semdgom urTierTobebSi, umravles qveynebSi mTavrobisadmi undoblobis e.w. destruqciuli votumi
gamoiyeneba, rac xSirad samTavrobo vakuums iwvevs. am mxriv mniSvnelovania germaniis
ZiriTadi kanonis ramdenime norma, romlebic mTavrobis saqmianobis stabilur reJims
uzrunvelyofs. pirvel rigSi, es aris konstruqciuli votumis idea.83 undoblobis destruqciuli votumis dros, samTavrobo krizis Seqmnis safrTxe namdvilad arsebobs da
es safrTxe realuria. rodesac parlamenti mTavrobis winaaRmdeg undoblobis votums
aRZravs, es imas niSnavs rom parlamenti Riad upirispirdeba mTavrobas, anu qveyanaSi
daZabuli politikuri situaciaa. undoblobis votumis proceduris bolomde miyvanis
SemTxvevaSi, umetesad gadawyvetileba prezidentma unda miiRos – an gadaayenos mTav77
78
79
80
81
82
83
dawvrilebiT ix. Bucur C., Who Fires Ministers? A Principal-Agent Approach Ministerial Deselection,
School of Law and Government, Dublin City University, September, Dublin, 2013.
paqte p., melen-sukramaniani f., konstituciuri samarTali, g. kalatoziSvilis Targmani, a. demetraSvilis redaqtorobiT, 2012, 725.
magaliTad xorvatia: konstitucia iTvaliswinebs undoblobis gamocxadebas rogorc
mTavrobis wevrisaTvis, aseve mTlianad mTavrobisaTvis.
gauli v., konstituciis miReba da SemuSaveba saqarTveloSi (1993-1995), k. kublaSvilis
Targmani, Tb., 2002, 154.
melqaZe o., konstitucionalizmi, politikur-samarTlebrivi literaturis seria, wigni XXI, Jurn. „universali~, Tb., 2008, 154.
iqve, 328.
73
roba an daiTxovos parlamenti.84 romeli gadawyvetilebac ar unda miiRos prezidentma,
Sedegi mainc garkveulwilad uaryofiTi iqneba – qveyana darCeba an parlamentis an mTavrobis gareSe, rac ukve erTgvari krizisia, mTavrobis gadayenebis SemTxvevaSi ki samTavrobo krizis gardauvalia. miT umetes im pirobebSi, rom axali mTavrobis dakompleqtebas SesaZloa garkveuli periodi dasWirdes, es ki swored iseTi viTarebaa, rodesac dro
uaryofiTad moqmedebs movlenebze. amitomac, zogierTi avtoris azriT, undoblobis
destruqciuli votumi partiebisTvis zrdis vaWrobis SesaZleblobas, radgan aranairi
mTavroba ar SeiZleba Camoyalibdes saparlamento umravlesobis formaluri da sajaro
mxardaWeris gareSe.85 Tu undoblobis votumi ar miiReba, es aZlierebs mTavrobis pozicias, romelic politikurad dasustdeboda, Tu Cveulebriv kenWisyraSi mniSvnelovani
iqneboda im deputatTa raodenoba, vinc Tavi Seikava. dabolos, Tu votumi miRebulia
aman SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos gamokveTili umravlesobis safuZvelze axali mTavrobis Camoyalibebas. Tumca amgvari Sedegis miRweva mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tu umravlesoba erTiani da konstruqciulia da ar warmoadgens winaaRmdegobrivi opoziciuri
dajgufebebis SemTxveviT gaerTianebas.86 aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasac SeiZleba qondes kontrmanevris mZlavri saSualebebi. zogierTi modelis mixedviT, Tu parlamentma
undobloba gamoucxada mTavrobas, maSin aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba „kvdeba“, magram
saboloo aRsasrulamde mainc SeuZlia parlamentis daTxovna. ramdenime qveyanaSi da
zogierT garemoebebSi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas ara aqvs daTxovnis amgvari ufleba, magram Tu drois ufro xangrZliv periodSi ver moxerxdeba axali mTavrobis formireba, maSin parlamentis daTxovna raime avtomaturi meqanizmiT xorcieldeba da iniSneba
axali arCevnebi.87
4.1.3 sxvadasxva qveynebis mixedviT
undoblobis votumis procedurebi gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT. estoneTSi
saxelmwifo krebas SeuZlia, Tavisi dadgenilebiT, romelsac xmas miscems saxelmwifo
krebis Semadgenlobis umravlesoba, undobloba gamoucxados respublikis mTavrobas,
premiersa da ministrs88. moldovis konstituciis 106-e muxlis Tanamad, parlaments deputatTa aranakleb 1/4-is winadadebiT SeuZlia gamoxatos undobloba mTavrobisadmi
deputatTa xmebis umravlesobiT. ungreTSi undoblobis gamocxadeba ganixileba deputatTa palatis aranakleb ormocdaaTi deputatis mier Setanili werilobiTi winadade84
85
86
87
88
74
garda upirobo undoblobisa, romelsac, rogorc wesi, xmaTa imdenad didi raodenoba
esaWiroeba, rom misi miReba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebelia.
Shugart M., Investiture and Constructive No-confidence Votes, http://fruitsandvotes.wordpress.com/, posted
on 16/05/2006, <http://fruitsandvotes.wordpress.com/2006/05/16/investiture-and-constructive-no-confidence-votes/>, [01/10/2014].
paqte p., melen-sukramaniani f., konstituciuri samarTali, g. kalatoziSvilis Targmani, a. demetraSvilis redaqtorobT, 2012, 723-724.
102.
estoneTis konstitucia, muxli 97, <http://www.president.ee/en/republic-of-estonia/the-constitution/>, [24/11/204].
bis safuZvelze,89 xorvatiaSi ki premier-ministrisa da mTavrobis calkeul wevrTa an
mTlianad mTavrobis mimarT undoblobis sakiTxis dasma xdeba saboris wevrTa aranakleb
saerTo raodenobis 1/5-is iniciativiT.90 aRniSnuli winadadeba moldovis parlamentSi
ganixileba Setanidan 3 dReSi,91 saborSi ki ndobis sakiTxis ganxilva da kenWisyra xdeba
misi Setanidan ara uadres 7 dRisa. dauSvebelia saborSi ndobis sakiTxis ganxilva da kenWisyra misi Setanidan 30 dRis gasvlis Semdeg.92 aRniSnuli vadebi araa didi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT rom undoblobis votumis aRZvris Semdeg saWiroa yvelaferi maqsimalurad
mokle droSi moxdes, raTa gamoiricxos politikuri TamaSebisa da politikuri krizis
Seqmnis saSiSroeba. ungreTis konstituciis 72-e muxlis Tanaxmad, undoblobis gamocxadebisTvis gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiroa deputatTa saerTo raodenobis naxevarze metis Tanxmoba.
undoblobis votumis mizani aris mTavrobis gadayeneba.93 moldovaSi mTavroba
gadadgeba, Tu winadadeba undoblobis gamoxatvaze, romelic Setanilia programis, zogadpolitikuri xasiaTis gancxadebebis an kanonis proeqtis wardgenidan samdRian vadaSi, miRebulia 106-e muxlis Sesabamisad. Tu mTavroba ar gadadgeba, kanonis warmodgenili proeqti iTvleba miRebulad, xolo programa da zogadad politikuri xasiaTis gancxadeba – mTavrobisTvis savaldebulod.94 israelSi undoblobis gamocxadebas moyveba
mTavrobis gadayeneba da axali mTavrobis formireba qneseTis erT-erTo wevris mier 2
dRis vadaSi. Tu ver moxda mTavrobis formireba, an man ndoba ver miiRo, am SemTxvevaSi
daiTxoveba parlamenti95. xorvatiaSi, Tu saborma ndoba ar gamoucxada premier-ministrs
an mTlianad mTavrobas, orive maTgani gadadgeba. Tu axal mTavrobas 30 dRis vadaSi sabori ndobas ar gamoucxadebs, xorvatiis saboris Tavmjdomare amis Taobaze acnobebs
xorvatiis respublikis prezidents, ris Semdegac prezidenti dauyovnebliv iRebs gadawyvetilebas saboris daTxovnisa da axali arCevnebis daniSvnis Sesaxeb. im SemTxvevaSi
Tu saborma undobloba gamoucxada mTavrobis erT-erT wevrs, premier ministri ayenebs
axal kandidaturas an mTavrobasTan erTad iRebs gadawyvetilebas gadadgomis Sesaxeb.
estoneTSi ki parlamenti aRWurvilia mTavrobis an misi romelime wevris mimarT undoblobis votumis gamocxadebis uflebiT, Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am SemTxvevaSi
mTavrobas aqvs efeqturi saSualeba da mas, konstituciis 97-e paragrafis Tanaxmad, SeuZlia mimarTos prezidents parlamentis riggareSe arCevnebis Catarebis moTxovniT.96
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
ungreTis konstitucia, muxli 21, <http://www.mfa.gov.hu/NR/rdonlyres/8204FB28-BF22-481A
- 9426-D2761D10EC7C/0/FUNDAMENTALLAWOFHUNGARYmostrecentversion01102013.pdf>,
[24/11/2014].
xorvatiis konstitucia, muxli 115, <http://www.constitution.org/cons/croatia.htm>, [24/11/2014].
moldovis konstitucia, 106-e muxlis me-2 punqti, <http://www.president.md/eng/constitution>,
[24/11/2014].
xorvatiis konstitucia, muxli 115, <http://www.constitution.org/cons/croatia.htm>, [24/11/2014].
Tumca rig SemTxvevebSi, is parlamentis daTxovniTac SeiZleba dasruldes.
israelis konstitucia, <https://www.knesset.gov.il/description/eng/eng_mimshal_hoka.htm>, [24/
11/2014].
75
4.2 undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi
4.2.1 mniSvneloba
undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi konstituciuri samarTlis erT-erTi saukeTeso monapovaria. es aris meqanizmi, romlis saSualebiT erdroulad xdeba rogorc
arsebuli mTavrobisTvis politikuri pasuxismgeblobis gamocxadeba, aseve momavali
mTavrobis meTauris arCeva, aRniSnuli xorcieldeba erTi kenWisyriTa da politikuri
da samTavrobo krizisebis saSiSroebis gamoricxviT. konstituciur samarTalSi damkvidrebuli `racionalizebuli parlamentarizmis~ gageba vaimaris konstituciidan
iRebs saTaves. mogvianebiT germaniis moqmedma konstituciam racionalizebuli parlamentarizmi konstruqciuli votumis umZlavresi iaraRiT gaamdidra.97 undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis mTavari idea dafuZnda 1949 wlis germaniis ZiriTadi kanonis 67-e
muxliT, idea ki mdgomareobda imaSi, rom mTavroba daculi yofiliyo uecari daSlisagan. mas Semdeg, germaniis konstituciiT garantirebulia kabinetis stabiluroba, saparlamento sistemis fundamenturi principebis uaryofis gareSe. amitomac araa gasakviri,
rom danarCenma saxelmwifoebma gadawyvites mieRoT 67-e muxlis msgavsi muxlebi.98 xsenebuli muxlis upiratesobaSi bevri qveyana darwmunda da gadawyvites amgvari mowesrigeba hqonodaT, aseTebi arian espaneTi, ungreTi, slovenia, poloneTi.99 xsenebuli da ase
„moTxovnadi“ germaniis ZiriTadi kanonis 67-e muxlis Sinaarsi ki aseTia: „bundestags SeuZlia undobloba gamoucxados federalur kanclers imiT, rom wevrTa umravlesobiT
airCevs mis uflebamonacvles da federaluri kancleris gaTavisuflebis TxovniT mimarTavs federalur prezidents. federaluri prezidenti valdebulia daakmayofilos
aRniSnuli Txovna da daniSnos arCeuli piri. undoblobis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb winadadebis wardgenasa da arCevnebs Soris unda gavides 48 saaTi“.100 aRniSnul muxls aqvs erTi
Canaweri, rac mis Cveulebriv Sinaarss araCveulebrivs xdis: moqmedi premier-ministri
konstruqciuli votumis dros konfrontirebulia metoqe kandidatTan. konstruqciuli undoblobis votumi xels uwyobs saxelmwifos stabilurobis SenarCunebas, ramdenadac ar Cndeba xelisuflebis vakuumi – Tanamdeboba ar xdeba vakanturi,101 radgan mas
maSinve ikavebs Tanamdebobis piri.102
4.2.2 procedura, pirobebi
mravlferovania formaluri da araformaluri kriteriumebi, aseve procedura,
romlis mixedviT, parlamenti uflebamosilia undobloba gamoucxados ministrTa ka97
98
99
100
101
102
76
Tb., 2008, 86.
Maciej P., German and Polish Constructive Vote of No Confidence. Governance or Divergence? Jagiellonian
University in Krakow, Poland, Vilniaus universetetas, Vilnius, 2013, 254.
iqve, 256.
gonaSvili v., sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstiuciebi, nawili III, Jurn. „Tbiliselebi~,
Tb., 2006, 90-91.
iqve, 154.
binets an uSualod calkeul ministrs (calkeuli ministrisadmi ndobis gamoucxadeblobas, rogorc wesi, mosdevs mTlianad samTavrobo kabinetis gadayeneba). orpalatiani
parlamentis SemTxvevaSi amis uflebamosileba, rogorc wesi, parlamentis mxolod qveda palatas aqvs. ZiriTadad, samTavrobo kabinetisadmi undoblobis gamocxadeba xdeba
xmaTa Cveulebrivi umravlesobiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, axali samTavrobo kabinetis formirebamde mTavrobis funqciebs ukve gadayenebuli mTavroba asrulebs. zogan konstitucia mTavrobis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, misi gadayenebis SesaZleblobas
aniWebs parlamentis deputatTa mxolod absolutur umravlesobas. espaneTSi, belgiasa
da germaniaSi moqmedi ndobis konstruqciuli votumis meSveobiT, parlamentis qveda palatis mier samTavrobo kabinetis meTaurisadmi ndobis gamoucxadebloba xorcieldeba
xmaTa absoluturi umravlesobis mier axali kandidatis mTavrobis meTaurad arCeviT.
rac Seexeba vadebs, meqanizmis arsidan da miznidan gamomdinare, procedura unda
grZeldebodes rac SeiZleba cota xnis ganmavlobaSi da gadawyvetilebac miRebuli unda
iyos rac SeiZleba mokle droSi. poloneTSi ministrTa sabWosTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis Taobaze dadgenilebis misaRebad seimSi Setanili gancxadebis kenWisyraze dayeneba SesaZlebelia misi Setanidan ara uadres 7 dRisa,103 espaneTSi undoblobis sakiTxs
kenWi eyreba ara uadres 5 dRisa misi palataSi wardgenis dRidan.104 yvelaze mcire dro ki
germaniaSia – intervali winadadebis gansaxilvelad wardgenasa da kenWisyras Soris 48
saaTia. kenWisyris maqsimaluri vadis gansazRvras aqvs is upiratesoba, rom Tu sakiTxze
ar iqna miRebuli gadawyvetileba gansazRvrul vadaSi, am vadis gasvlis Semdeg ixsneba
dRis wesrigidan.105 Tumca, magaliTad germaniisa da poloneTis konstituciebi ar udgens dedlains parlaments, Tu rodemde SeuZliaT am gancxadebis ganxilva. amavdroulad, poloneTis konstitucia xazs usvams parlamentis swrafi moqmedebis saWiroebas,
rac SeuZlebels xdis parlamentis mxridan procesebis CaSlis mcdelobas.106
rogorc aRiniSna, zogierT qveyanaSi gaTvaliswinebulia individualuri undoblobis votumi. germania ar icnobs calkeuli ministris mimarT gamoTqmul undoblobis
konstruqciul votums107. poloneTSi ki parlaments aqvs ufleba undobloba gamoucxados konkretul ministrs, romelic maTi Tanamdebobidan wasvliT mTavrdeba. es gadawyveta dakavSirebulia ministrTa sabWos wevrebis saparlamento angariSvaldebulebasTan. erT-erTma profesorma stanislav gebetnerma ivarauda, rom SesaZloa mieRoT bevri
undoblobis votumi calkeuli ministris mimarT vidre erTi konstruqciuli votumi
mTlianad mTavrobis mimarT.108
103
104
105
106
107
108
[24/11/2014].
Tb., 2008, 152.
iqve, 255-256.
iqve, 260.
77
4.2.3 mTavrobis stabiluroba
saerTod, undoblobis votumi moqmedi mTavrobis stabilurobasac uzrunvelyofs, anu icavs mas. germaniis ZiriTadma kanonma mTavrobis stabilurobis ganmapirobebeli ramdenime norma-garantia gaiTvaliswina. bundestagsa da mTavrobas Soris arsebuli undoblobis pirobebSi Cveulebrivi, negatiuri kenWisyris nacvlad, aq Semodis
„konstruqciuli votumis“ idea.109 ungreTSi 1990 wlis SeworebiT damkvidrebuli undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis mizani im droindeli koaliciis partniorebis disciplinireba iyo, mogvianebiT ki mTavrobaze parlamentis zegavlenas zRudavda. igi obieqturad mTavrobis dacvis erT-erT saukeTeso saSualebadaa miCneuli aramyari partiuli
sistemebisaTvis, rac gardamavali demokratiis etapze savsebiT realuri safrTxe iyo
ungreTisTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, frTxil midgomas moiTxovda samTavrobo koaliciebis simyaris uzrunvelyofa. am potenciuri safrTxis ganeitralebam undoblobis konstruqciuli votumiT gza gauxsna xelisuflebis sistemaSi personalizaciis elementebs
da yoveli saparlamento arCevnebi praqtikulad premier-ministris arapirdapir arCevnebad iqca.110 aRniSnuli meqanizmis SemoRebas samTavrobo vakuumis Tavidan acileba edo
safuZvlad espaneTSi, es ki metyvelebs espaneli kanonmdeblis survilze danergos e.w.
racionalizebuli parlamentarizmis kidev erTi elementi da Tavidan aicilos qronikuli samTavrobo krizisebi.111
miuxedavad amisa, mainc arsebobs garkveuli varaudi am meqanizmis gamoyenebis
dros ganxorcieldes garkveuli politikuri „vaWrobebi“. ase magaliTad, Sugarti miiCnevs, rom undoblobis konstruqciulma votumma, meore mxriv, SesaZloa Seamciros patara politikuri partiebisaTvis miznis miRwevis saSualebebi, romlebic ver miscemen xmas
kabinetis daTxovnas, axali koaliciis mier misaRebi umavlesobis SeTavazebis gareSe.112
misive azriT, konstruqciuli undoblobis votumi parlaments aZlevs Semdeg arCevans:
ukve arsebuli ministrTa kabineti an axali kabinetis dasakompleqteblad vaWrobis dawyeba.113 albaT amitomacaa akrZaluli undoblobis votumis dros dafiqsirebuli xmis ukan
waReba, rac umiznos da gamousadegars xdis nebismier winaswar zewolas deputatebze.114
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, andraS Saios undoblobis votumisadmi Semdegi mosazreba gaaCnia: „undoblobis votumi aris bombi, romelic SeiZleba mis amwyob inJიnerebs xelSi aufeTqdeT~115 (saubaria aseT viTarebaSi saparlamento arCevnebis daniSvnis SemTxvevaze).
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
78
Tb., 2008, 74-75.
ix. melqaZe o., sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciuri samarTali, krebuli I, wigni
VIII, Tb., 2008, 153.
ix. Shugar M., Investiture and Constructive No-confidence Votes, <http://fruitsandvotes.wordpress.com/,
posted on> 16/05/2006, <http://fruitsandvotes.wordpress.com/2006/05/16/investiture-and-constructive-noconfidence-votes/>, [01/10/2014].
iqve.
ix. Maciej P., German and Polish Constructive Vote of No Confidence. Governance or Divergence? Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland, Vilniaus universetetas, Vilnius, 2013, 258.
5. politikuri pasuxismgeblobis Sedegebi
evropuli qveynebis magaliTze
undoblobis votumis gamoyenebis Sedegebi yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia da damokidebulia qveyanaSi Seqmnil politikur viTarebaze. rig SemTxvevebSi meqanizmis gamoyeneba erTaderTi gamosvalia, zogjer ki misi gamoyenebiT problema ufro mwvavdeba.
germaniaSi 1950 wels, roca ZiriTadi kanoni ZalaSi 1 wlis Sesuli iyo, hans Sneiderma 67-e muxli aRniSna konstituciis yvelaze aRsaniSnav Temebs Soris. aRniSnuli
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT kancleris Secvlis mxolod 2 mcdeloba iyo. 1972 wels
warumatebeli aRmoCnda qristian demokratiuli gaerTianebidan rainer barzelis mcdeloba Seecvala vili brandti, maSin rodesac 10 wlis Semdeg helmut kolma moaxerxa moepovebina bundestagis umravlesobis mxardaWera helmut Smidtis winaaRmdeg.116 mTavrobisa da misi meSveobiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sandoobis gasaZliereblad,
gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis Semdeg, germaniaSi undoblobis votumis gamoyenebis garTuleba scades, ris Sedegadac mTavroba gacilebiT ufro stabiluri gaxda. 1982
wlisgan gansxvavebiT, germaniaSi 1972 wels undoblobis votumi ver ganxorcielda117.
mravalferovani politikuri warsuli aqvs am mxriv safrangeTs. aq, mTavrobis
programisTvis kenWisyra ufro moqmedi mTavrobis iaraRia, vidre parlamentis winaSe
misi pasuxismgeblobis gamovlineba. am iaraRs safrangeTis mTavroba im SemTxvevaSi iyenebs, rodesac misi politika sazogadoebaSi sakamaTo xdeba.118 kanonproeqtis teqstTan
dakavSirebiT mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi 35 weliwadSi sul cota, 40 jer mainc dadga, gansakuTrebiT premier-ministris miSel rofaris socialisturi mTavrobis
mmarTvelobis periodSi.119 zemoaRniSnuli meqanizmebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gasakviri ar
aris rom germaniisa da safrangeTis mTavrobebi ase mtkiced inarCuneben xelisuflebas. 1958 wlidan safrangeTSi mxolod erTi mTavroba gadaayenes. es maSin moxda, rodesac prezidentma urCi erovnuli asamblea daSliT dasaja. amgvari stabiluroba 60-ze
meti undoblobis votumisa da wina reJimebis dros mTavrobis gadayenebis martivi meqanizmis gaTvaliswinebiT, udavod RirsSesaniSnavia.120 1958 wlidan moyolebuli, nacionaluri asambleis mier undoblobis votumis gamoyenebis erTaderTi precedentis dros,
prezidentma daaxloebiT ori TviT daagviana Tanxmoba premier-ministris gadadgomaze.
1962 wlis 5 oqtombers miRebul iqna J.pompidus pirveli mTavrobis gakicxvis rezolucia, rasac dauyovnebliv mohyva gancxadeba mTavrobis gadadgomis Taobaze. generlma de
golma es gancxadeba mxolod 1962 wlis 28 noembers daakmayofila. es metismetad didi
vada iyo, rac winaaRmdegobaSi modioda 49-e da 50-e muxlebTan. magram am konkretul SemTxvevaSi dagvianeba aixsneboda im faqtiT, rom 9 oqtombers, anu mTavrobis gadadgomis
116
117
118
119
120
University in Krakow, Poland, Vilniaus universetetas, Vilnius, 2013, 255-256.
225.
iqve, 226.
iqve, 227.
iqve, 228.
79
gancxadebis dResve, prezidentma daiTxova asamblea da saWiro gaxda garkveuli dro,
rom 1962 wlis 28 oqtombers gamarTuliyo referendumi, mogvianebiT, 18 da 25 noembers
ki – saparlamento arCevnebi.121 dRemde erTaderT Sedegian votums, 1962 wlis 5 oqtombers xma misca 280 deputatma.122
rac Seexeba ingliss, mTavrobis programis yovelwliuri ganxilvis dros opozicia xSirad iyenebs mTavrobisadmi undoblobis sakiTxis dayenebis uflebas da aseT viTarebaSi mTavrobis bedi mTlianad damokidebulia premier-ministris mxardamWer umravlesobaze TemTa palataSi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu undoblobis votumi miRebuli iqneba TemTa
palatis mier, maSin premier-ministri dgeba ori arCevanis winaSe: igi an unda gadadges
Tanamdebobidan da mas miyveba mTavrobis mTliani Semadgenloba, an urCios monarqs TemTa palatis daTxovna, risi gakeTebac mas nebismier dros SeuZlia. am ukanasknel gzas
premierebi ufro maSin mimarTaven, rodesac aqvT TavianTi partiis vadamdel arCevnebSi gamarjvebis imedi. TemTa palataze zemoqmedebis am meqanizms ufro gawonasworebis
mniSvneloba akisria, vidre praqtikuli. amas isic adasturebs, rom XX saukuneSi undoblobis votumi mxolod 1924 da 1979 wlebSi iqna gamotanili.123
aRmosavleT evropis yvela qvenis parlaments aqvs ufleba undobloba gamoucxados premiers an mTlianad mTavrobis Semadgenlobas, ris Sedegadac mTavroba unda
gadadges. zogierT qveyanaSi (ungreTi, slovenia, albaneTi, poloneTi) undoblobis gamocxadebiT mTavrobis gadayeneba, e.w. konstruqciuli undoblobis votumiT aris garTulebuli, danarCen qveynebSi undoblobis gamocxadebisTvis parlamentSi absoluturi umravlesobaa aucilebeli. ubralo umravlesoba sakmarisia litvasa da rumineTSi.
praqtikaSi am proceduriT mTavrobis gadayeneba ar aris xSiri faqti da igi ufro prevenciul xasiaTs atarebs. premierebi xSirad sakuTari rigebidan zewolis an koaliciis
daSlis SemTxvevaSi, gadadgomis anda mTavrobis Semadgenlobis Secvlis gadawyvetilebas iReben, riTac undoblobis gamocxadebis proceduras icileben Tavidan. calkeuli
ministrebis mimarT parlamentis mier undoblobis gamocxadeba SesaZlebelia estoneTSi, latviaSi, litvaSi, slovakeTSi, xorvatiaSi, poloneTsa da serbeTSi.124
rogorc aRiniSna, zogierTi politikuri Zala Tavs aridebs undoblobis votums
da sakuTari iniciativiT tovebs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, rogorc es moxda xorvatiaSi 2002 wlis ivlisSi, rodesac premier-ministr raCansa da vice-premier budiSas Soris arsebulma mudmivma daZabulobam piks miaRwia, koaliciaSi ganxeTqileba moxda, ramac mTavroba aiZula gadamdgariyo. budiSam mTavrobidan gaiwvia misi partiis wevrebi.
amis Semdeg es partia gamoaklda koalicias da misi adgili mokrZalebuli warmomadgenlobiT daikava misgan gamoyofilma liberalurma jgufma.125
undoblobis votums Tavi ungreTSic aarides, romlis konstituciur praqtikaSic dRemde ar yofila undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis gamocxadebis SemTxveva.
121
122
123
124
125
80
paqte p., melen-sukramaniani f., konstituciuri samarTali, g. kalatoziSvilis Targmani, a. demetraSvilis redaqtorobT, Tb., 2012, 717.
ix. iqve, 725.
Tb., 2008, 116-117.
Tb., 2008, 492.
rodesac 2004 wlis zafxulSi koaliciaSi moxda ganxeTqileba da premieri medeSi aRar
sargeblobda umravlesobis mxardaWeriT, igi gadadga da undoblobis konstruqciuli
votumis gamoyenebis saWiroeba aRar warmoSobila. medeSis mier Tanamdebobis dautovebloba gamoiwvevda koaliciis dacemas rasac mohyveboda riggareSe arCevnebi. am SemTxvevaSi ki sakuTari koaliciis winaSe politikuri marcxis safuZvelze mTavrobis gadadgoma gamoiwvevda koaliciaSi mokavSire partiebis politikuri reitingis mkveTr vardnasac, rasac savaraudod mohyveboda maTi marcxi.126
estoneTSi ki, 2001 wlis dekemberSi 2.5 wliani stabilurobis Semdeg, rodesac moxda politikuri Zalebis moulodneli gadajgufeba, reformebis partiam daSala moqmedi
koalicia, Tavisi partionebisgan moulodnelad Seqmna koalicia memarcxene centristul partiasTan. es iyo farTomasStabiani da uprecedento koaliciuri Tanxmoba or
idealurad gansxvavebul partias Soris. Sesabamisad, gadadga laaris mTavroba da 2002
wels axali koaliciis safuZvelze saxelmwifo krebam daamtkica axali mTavroba, analogiuri situacia ganmeorda 2005 welsac, rodesac moxda koaliciebs Soris gadajgufeba.127 politikuri Zala sakuTari gadadgomiT cdilobs sakuTari politikuri momavlis
gadarCenas, raTa garkveuli Sansebi mainc hqondes momaval arCevnebSi, rac TiTqmis warmoudgenelia undoblobis votumis meSveobiT misi gadayenebis SemTxvevaSi.
kargi saarCevno da partiuli sistema ar aris sakmarisi mTavrobis xangrZlivi
stabilurobisTvis. dResdReobiT, undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi, rogorc konstituciuri piroba/norma SeiZleba arc miiRon da arc Secvalon ZiriTadi kanonis gadaxedvis gareSe, romelic Zalian rTulia. ase rom, 67-e muxlis msgavsi formulirebebi
SeiZleba iyos saukeTeso barieri nebismieri opoziciuri Tavdasxmisas martivi destabilizaciisgan. Tumca, meore mxriv, mTavrobis politikuri angariSvaldebuleba – yvelaze aRsaniSnavi maxasiaTebeli saparlamento sistemis – rCeba rogorc komponenti konstituciuri sistemisa. erTaderTi winapiroba, rom Seicvalos gakritikebuli kabineti,
aris kancleris oponentis mxardaWeris mopoveba. 1982 wlis saqme helmud Smidtisa aris
mtkicebuleba saparlamento angariSvaldebulebis institutis realuri da arafiqtiuri xasiaTisa.128
6. daskvna
ratomaa saWiro mTavrobis kontroli? ra aris saukeTeso meqanizmi amisaTvis? am
dilemaze, an mTlianad mTavrobis kontrolze pasuxi ar aris garkveuli da advili. es
aris kiTxva, romelic iseTive Zvelia, rogorc politikuri sistema an adamianis buneba,
da es sakiTxi dgeba nebismieri politikuri sistemis farglebSi.129 gamoCenili amerikeli
mecnieris, robert a. dalis mixedviT, „politikis Zireuli da umTavresi problema av126
127
128
129
iqve, 106.
Persson T., Roland G., Tabellini G., Separation of Powers and Political Accountability, The Quarterly Journal
of Economics, Oxford University Press, Vol. 112, No.4 (Nov. 1997), 34, <http://jstor.org/stable/2951269>,
[20/04/2014].
81
tokratuli mmarTvelobis Tavidan acilebaa“.130 swored amiskenaa mimarTuli mTavrobis
politikuri pasuxismgeblobis meqanizmebi, gansakuTrebiT ki undoblobis votumi. ndobis an undoblobis gamocxadeba warmoadgens parlamentis mier aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze kontrolis qvakuTxeds, magram misi ganxorcieleba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli saparlamento umravlesobis politikur strategiaze aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan urTierTobis mxriv. aRniSnuli uflebamosileba damokidebulia umravlesobis
survilze, SeunarCunos an Seuwyvitos uflebamosileba kabinets. amitom SesaZloa, misi
ganxorcieleba ar Seesabamebodes sazogadoebis interesebs. umravlesobis yuradReba
xSirad mipyrobilia Sida konfliqtebisa da urTierTobebisken,131 Tumca aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis daniSvnis dros parlamentsa da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris
garigebis da SeTanxmebis dro ar aris, radgan amomrCevlebs eqnebaT SesaZlebloba gadaayenon mTavroba saparlamento arCevnebis dros.132 umaRlesi warmomadgelobiTi organo aRWurvilia damfuZnebeli funqciiT da mTavrobis saqmianobaze permanentuli kontrolis uflebiT. swored mTavrobaze kontrolis berketebis simravlea parlamentis
zemoqmedebebis SesaZleblobebis maCvenebeli.133 aRniSnuli berketebi sxvadasxvagvaria,
Tumca yvelaze efeqturi undoblobis votumia, radgan igi iwvevs mTavrobis uflebamosilebis Sewyvetas. mTavrobis daTxovnis garda, am meqanizms sxva Zireuli datvirTvac
aqvs – mTavrobisa da parlamentis urTierTdamokidebulebisa da urTierTdabalansebis
gamoxatulebaa undoblobis votumisa da parlamentis daTxovnis institutebis Tanaarseboba.134 ndoba-undoblobis meqanizmma garkveuli profilaqtikuri datvirTva miiRo
da mis aucilebel amoqmedebamde icavs wonasworobas parlamentsa da mTavrobas Soris.135
es imas niSnavs, rom undoblobis votumis meqanizmis amoqmedebis `SiSiT~, mmarTveli politikuri Zala maqsimalurad moerideba araswori politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebasa da ganxorcielebas, es ki xels Seuwyobs demokratiul da swor mmarTvelobas.
miuxedavad amisa, politikosebs aqvT rogorc SesaZlebloba da ganzraxva, rom xelisuflebis danawileba gamoiyenon dasabnevad an gaabundovanon pasuxismgebloba rTuli gadawyvetilebebis mimarT, miiRon sargebeli politikuri warmatebisTvis da Tavidan aicilon politikuri warumateblobisTvis pasuxismgebloba.136 aRniSnulis Tavidan
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
82
Tb., 2004, 38.
ix. Persson T., Roland G., Tabellini G., Separation of Powers and Political Accountability, The Quarterly
Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press,Vol. 112, No.4 (Nov. 1997), 119.
Nzelibe Jide O., Stephenson M.,C., Complementary Constraints: Separation of Powers, Ration Voting, and
Constitutional Design, The Harvard Law Review Association, Vol. 123, No. 3 (Jan. 2010), 639, <http://www.
jstor.org/stable/40379811>, [20/04/2014].
acileba SesaZlebelia isev da isev arsebuli Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis sistemiT, romelic metoqe Stoebs Soris uzrunvelyofs, rom yoveli maTgani waqezebuli iyos raTa
daakvirdes da xeli SeuSalos danarCenebis araswor qcevas, es SesaZloa aRqmuli iqnes
rogorc pasuxismgeblobis sistemuri forma.137 es sistemuri pasuxismgebloba ki niSnavs,
rom mmarTvelobis yvela Sto agebs pasuxs qveyanaSi mimdinare araswori politikuri
procesebisaTvis, vinaidan maTi saqmianobis dros unda arsebobdes kavSiri xelisuflebis danawilebasa da Rirebulebebs Soris.138 am balansis darRveva ki iwvevs politikuri
pasuxismgeblobis dadgomas.
marTalia, undoblobis votumis procedurebi samarTlebrivadaa gawerili konstituciaSi, magram realurad es politikuri institutia da misi amoqmedeba politikuri situaciidan gamomdinareobs, Sesabamisad, misi gamoyeneba mTavrobaze saparlamento
kontrolis ganxorcielebas niSnavs. dRes saparlamento reJimi partiebis reJimad iqca.
erTi da igive partia an koalicia ayalibebs mTavrobas da, amave dros, flobs umravlesobas parlamentSi. aq xelisuflebis erTianoba da xelisuflebis koncentracia ufro
ikveTeba vidre misi gamijvna.139 realurad Zaluflebis gamijvna ara xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris, aramed samTavrobo umravlesobasa da saparlamento opozicias Soris xdeba.140
konstitucionalizmis dinamikis analizi cxadyofs, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
sakanonmdeblosTan SedarebiT, am ukanasknelis sferoSic dominirebul mdgomareobas
ikavebs im motiviT, rom igi ukeT aris momarjvebuli warmoqmnil moTxovnebze swrafi
reagirebisTvis, miT umetes, rom sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebi xSirad dauyovneblivi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebas saWiroeben.141 nebismier SemTxvevaSi, demokratiul sazogadoebaze pretenziis gacxadebisTvis, xelisuflebas unda hqondes survili da unari, sazogadoebis marTvisas daeyrdnos xelisuflebis danawilebis princips, ixelmZRvanelos
konstiucionalizmis principebiT gajerebuli konstituciiT da daamkvidros konstituciuri wyoba.142
137
138
139
140
141
142
Levinson J., D., Pildes R., H., Separation of Parties, Not Powers, The Harvard Law Review Association, Vol.
119, No. 8 (Jun. 2006), 2343, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/4093509>, [20/04/2014].
Nourse V., The Vertical Separation Of Powers, Duke Law Journal, Duke University School of Law, Vol. 49,
No 3 (Dec. 1999), 766, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1373085>, [20/04/2014].
paqte p., melen-sukramaniani f., konstituciuri samarTali, g. kalatoziSvilis Targmani, a. demetraSvilis redaqtorobiT, 2012, 226.
melqaZe o., konstitucionalizmi, politikur-samarTlebrivi literaturis seria, wigni XXI, Jurn. „universali~, Tb., 2008, 324.
eremaZe q., saxelmwifos naxevrad saprezidento sistema saqarTvelos magaliTze, àiris~ saqarTvelos mier momzadebuli kvlevis Tezisebi, saxelmwifos konstituciuri
organizacia, saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebi (Tbilisi,
18-19 maisi), Tb., 2004, 103.
83
TamTa mamaiaSvili*
sabanko kreditis (sesxis) xelSekruleba da sasamarTlosmieri
morigeba sakredito valdebulebis darRvevisas
1. Sesavali
saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri zrdis Tanmdevi movlena individebis mxridan maTi
cxovrebis donis zrdis survilia, sadac mamoZravebeli Zala finansebia, maTi moZiebis
saSualeba ki – sabanko seqtori. aRniSnuli zedmiwevniT aqvs gacnobierebuli sabanko
seqtors da momxmareblebs sxvadasxva saxis sabanko produqts sTavazobs. Sesabamisad,
dRiTi dRe izrdeba am produqtis momxmarebelTa ricxvic, ixveweba produqtis saxeobebi, swrafad Semodis siaxleebi. Tumca, mxolod dasawyis etapzea mxareTa nebis Tanxvedra, vinaidan aseTi saxis urTierToba moiTxovs zedmiwevniT sizustes, maqsimalur
yuradRebas, kontrols da mudmivad Sedegze orientirebas. Sesabamisad, fulad sakredito urTierToba riskis matarebelia.1 swored am realuri riskidan gamomdinare, urTierTobis samarTlebriv mowesrigebas iTvaliswinebs morigeba, rogorc saqmis warmoebis faqtobrivad da samarTlebrivad dasrulebis saSualeba.
sazogadoebis, kanonmdeblebis da kanonis kritikosebis mxridan xSiria im faqtze
xazgasma, rom samarTlebrivi urTierTobis darRvevis faqtebs dabali samarTlebrivi
da sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba iwvevs. fuladvaldebulebiTi urTierTobebis mxareebi sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevrebi arian da isini araTu dabali samarTlebrivi da sazogadoebrivi Segnebis matareblebi, aramed specialuri da srulyofili samarTlebrivi
cnobierebiT aRWurvili mxareebi arian.
erTi SexedviT, urTierTobis Tavdapirvel etapze, yvelaferi kanonis moTxovnis
da mxareTa nebis gaTvaliswinebiT `CarComorgebuli~ urTierTobaa. mogvianebiT, viTareba icvleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom urTierTobis mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebi mkacradaa xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli, mxareebi sargebels xSirad ver aRweven, banki ver
iRebs gacemuli sikeTis ekvivalents momxmareblis keTili nebiT, xolo am mdgomareobaSi myofi momxmarebeli eZebs valis gadaxdis an misi gadaxdisgan Tavis aridebis gzebsa
da saSualebebs. aseT viTarebaSi, sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis iniciatori, xSir SemTxvevaSi, bankia, vinaidan finansuri danaklisis safrTxe mas emuqreba. gasaTvaliswinebelia,
aseve, movalis interesebic, radgan yovelma marTlwesrigma unda uzrunvelyos samarTlianoba da sapirispiro interesTa balansi.2
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi regulirebis procesSi misi monawileebis aRWurva gansazRvruli uflebebiTa da valdebulebebiT ganapirobebs SemdgomSi maT qcevas arsebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis farglebSi.3
*
1
2
3
84
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.
ramiSvili a., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis kerZosamarTlebrivi meqanizmebi samomxmareblo kreditis xelSekrulebaSi, „samarTlis Jurnali“, Tb., №2, 2011, 174.
Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tb., 2012, 56.
Todua m., vilemsi h., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 2006, 7.
TamTa mamaiaSvili, sabanko kreditis (sesxis) xelSekruleba da sasamarTlosmieri
dRevandel viTarebaSi, maSin, roca dro TiTqos aCqarda, Rirebulebebma dakarga Tavisi
fasi, sazogadoebrivi azri mudmivad eswrafvis iseTi saxis urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas4, romlebic gaamartivebs arsebul `problemur~ viTarebas. swored aseTi viTarebis
kanoniT dadgenili wesiT regulirebis saSualebas warmoadgens morigeba, romelic fuladvaldebulebiT urTierTobebSi erTgvari `miRwevaa~. sxva, pirdapiri gagebiT `saukeTeso~, gamosavali arcerTi mxarisTvis ar arsebobs.
bankebi msxvil safinanso organizaciebs warmoadgenen. Tumca, isinic dgebian, ramodenimegverdiani xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, davis monawileni. maTi mizani fuladvaldebulebiTi urTierTobebis mudmivi dinamikaa, romelic mimarTulia ara mxolod mogebisken, aramed jansaRi safinanso da socialuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebisken, rac erTiani sabanko sistemisTvis sargeblis momtani iqneba. swored am mizniT,
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi, morigebis iniciatori mxare bankia
da, amdenad, sazogadoebis Tamam kritikasac bankebi imsaxureben5. viTrebas arTulebs sasamarTloSi davis ganxilvis rTuli da xangrZlivi procesis mimdinareoba. sasamarTlo
sxdomis darbazSi ufro aSkara xdeba aseTi saxis urTierTobebis specifika. TiTqos aseTi gziT urTierTobebis regulireba mainc ver poulobs gamosavals Cixidan, romelsac
ara valis amoReba an patieba, aramed urTierTobis mowesrigeba hqvia.
dResdReobiT, arsebuli sakanonmdeblo da praqtikuli mdgomareoba TavisTavad
ubiZgebs fuladvaldebulebiTi urTierTobis mxareebs mimarTon morigebas. sasamarTlosmieri morigeba aris davis gadawyvetis yvelaze efeqturi sakanonmdeblo saSualeba, sadac mxareTa molaparakebisa da SeTanxmebis Sedegad miRebuli morigebis aqti xdeba urTierTobis momwesrigebeli saSualeba. miuxedavad TandaTanobiT damkvidrebuli
praqtikisa, aucilebelia sadavod qceuli urTierTobis ormxrivi mowesrigebis meqanizmis daxvewa da davis alternatiuli gziT gadawyvetis SesaZleblobebis aqtiuri zrda.
2. fuladvaldebulebiTi urTierTobebi
Zv.w. II-I saukuneebSi, romi msoflio mniSvnelobis saxelmwifo iyo. swored am dros
iwyebs Camoyalibebas ganviTarebuli saxiT romis samoqalaqo samarTlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawili – valdebulebiTi samarTali. sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebam cxovrebaSi warmoSva sxvadasxva saxis garigebani, maT Soris sesxi.6 romis samarTali mkacri iyo valauvali piris mimarT. valdebuleba, anu òbligacio~ imperator
iustinianes institutebSi ganmartebuli iyo, rogor samarTlebrivi borkilebi, romelic `...Cven gvaiZulebs movimoqmedoT raime, Cveni saxelmwifos kanonebis mixedviT~.7
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis (SemdgomSi - ssk) mesame wigni valdebulebiT
samarTals eTmoba. is Tavis TavSi moicavs, erTi mxriv, saxelSekrulebo standartebs
valdebulebis Sesrulebis, Sewyvetis, zianis anazRaurebis da sxva sakiTxebis zogadi nawilis saxiT, xolo meore mxriv – konkretuli xelSekrulebebis specifikas da Taviseburebebs – kerZo nawilis saxiT.8
4
5
6
7
8
igulisxmeba erTi urTierTobis meored gardaqmnis procesi.
ufro zustad ki bankebis aqtiuroba, romelic valdebulebis Sesrulebiskenaa mimarTuli.
nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tb., 2001, 102.
iqve, 103.
ssk-s 316-476-e muxlebi.
85
samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi valdebuleba – es aris gansazRvruli samarTalurTierToba, romlis ZaliTac, erTi piri – movale valdebulia meore piris – kreditoris
sasargeblod gansazRvruli moqmedeba Seasrulos (gadasces qoneba, Seasrulos samuSao,
gadaixados vali da a.S) an Tavi Seikavos misi Sesrulebisgan. xolo kreditors ufleba
aqvs, mosTxovos movales valdebulebis Sesruleba. valdebulebiTi samarTlis mowesrigebis sferos warmoadgens valdebulebebTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi, romelTa darRvevisTvisac movales, sasamarTlos meSveobiT, SeiZleba daekisros Sesruleba an
zianis anazRaureba.9
valdebulebiTi samarTlis zogadi nawilis erTian sistemaSi, calke Tavi aqvs daTmobili fuladi valdebulebis Sesrulebas, romelic valdebulebiT urTierTobebs Soris garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba.10 kanonmdebelma aucileblad CaTvala iseTi
maxasiaTeblebis calke gamoyofa, rogoricaa fuladi valdebulebis gamoxatva11, valdebulebis gareSe gadaxdilis gamoTxovis wesi,12 fuladi valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili,13 fuladi valdebulebis dafarvis rigiToba,14 sasamarTlo xarjebis dafarvis prioriteti,15 fuladi valdebulebis gadaxda fuladi erTeulis kursis Secvlisas.16
fulad valdebulebas SeiZleba damoukidebeli xasiaTi hqondes da fulis gasesxebisgan warmoSobil valdebulebas ukavSirdebodes an iyos ZiriTadi valdebulebis Semadgeneli nawili, rogoricaa nasyidobis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare gadaxdis valdebuleba.17 fuladi valdebulebebis damatebiTi xasiaTi gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom
fuli warmoadgens yovelgvari materialuri Tu aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTis Rirebulebis gansazRvris sayovelTao saSualebas.18
fuladi valdebulebis Sinaarss warmoadgens movalis valdebuleba gadasces kreditors sakuTrebaSi gansazRvruli odenobis fuladi niSnebi, romelic SeiZleba zustad iyos gansazRvruli an mxareebi SeTanxmebuli iyvnen misi gansazRvris wesze.19 fuli,
es aris samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis specifikuri obieqti, romelic xels
uwyobs saqonlis gacvlas. fuladi niSnebi unda iyos maqsimalurad brunvaunariani. valdebulebis sagnis swored es specifikuroba ganapirobebs imas, rom fuladi valdebulebebi gamoyofilia calke da regulirdeba specialuri normebiT, romlebic gamoiyeneba
mxolod aseTi saxis valdebulebebis mimarT.20
sanivTo samarTlebrivi Teoriis urTierTobis obieqtia nivTi, anu materialuri
samyaros sagani, romelsac aqvs obieqturi ekonomikuri Rirebuleba, rac gamoixate9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
86
Todua v., vilemsi h., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 2006, 14.
ssk-is me-3 wigni, me-2 Tavi.
ssk-is 383-e muxli, 1-li nawili.
ssk-is 385-e muxli.
ssk-is 386-e muxli.
ssk-is 387-e muxli.
ssk-is 388-e muxli.
ssk-is 389-e muxli
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 1999, 51.
ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe., l., janaSia., ZlieriSvili
z., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 252.
ZlieriSvili z., qonebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis xelSekrulebebis samarTlebrivi buneba, Tb., 2010, 24.
ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe., l., janaSia., ZlieriSvili
z., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 251-252.
ba fasSi da ara praqtikul sargeblianobaSi. sargebloba subieqturi kategoriaa, fasi
– nivTis obieqturi ekonomikuri Rirebulebis gamoxatuleba. dasavlur iuridiul literaturaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi gagebiT, obieqti sagnebia, farTo gagebiT sagani aris yvelaferi, rac adamianebis mier samarTlebrivi Zalauflebis aRsrulebas SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros. samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqtis
Seswavlisas mniSvnelovania misi ganxorcielebis SesaZlo sferos SemosazRvra.21
fuladi valdebuleba, rogorc wesi, erovnul valutaSi gamoixateba. amasTan, Tu
kanoniT araa akrZaluli, mxareebs SeuZliaT valdebuleba daadginon ucxour valutaSic.22 am SemTxvevaSi, ucxouri valuta warmoadgens valis valutas, xolo erovnuli valuta – gadaxdis valutas.23 erT-erT saqmeze sakasacio palata ganmartavs, rom fuladi
valdebuleba aSS-is dolariT gadaxdaSi rom gamoixatos, aucilebelia am valdebulebis Sesaxeb mxareebs TavianTi neba dafiqsirebuli hqondeT xelSekrulebaSi, anu fuladi
valdebuleba gansazRvruli unda iyos ucxouri valutiT.24
praqtikulad, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba fuladi valdebulebis SesrulebasTan mimarTebaSi iseT sakiTxs, rogoricaa fuladi valdebulebis warmoSobis momentidan misi
Sesrulebis momentamde fulis kursis (msyidvelunarianobis) Secvla.25 Tu mxareebi iTvaliswineben fulis kursis SesaZlo cvlilebebs, maT SeuZliaT sxvadasxva daTqmiT Tavi
daizRvion uaryofiTi Sedegebisagan.
fuladi valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili ganisazRvreba Sesrulebis adgilis saerTo wesis mixedviT, magram Tu saeWvoa, maSin igi unda Sesruldes kreditoris adgilsamyoflis mixedviT. Sesrulebis adgilis saeWvoobaSi igulisxmeba iseTi SemTxveva, roca Sesrulebis adgili arc kanoniT da arc xelSekrulebiTaa gansazRvruli da arc garemoebebidan gamomdinareobs.26 Sesrulebis adgilTan dakavSirebiT, iuridiul literaturaSi, dafiqsirebulia mosazreba, rom aseTi valdebulebis Sesruleba SesaZlebelia
kreditoris angariSze fulis CaricxviT.27 uSualod sabanko sakredito urTierTobisas,
kreditis gadaxdis valdebulebis „adgilsamyofeli“ aris movalis angariSi, romlidanac banki axorcielebs Tanxebis „CamoWras“ valdebulebis dasafarad. amdenad, kanonmdebeli movales aniWebs damatebiT SesaZleblobas, rom fuladi valdebuleba kreditoris
sabanko angariSze CaricxviT Seasrulos.28
fuladsakredito urTierTobebSi kreditori aris kreditis (sesxis) gamcemi iuridiuli piri, xolo msesxebeli - kreditis (sesxis) mimRebi fizikuri an iuridiuli piri.
mxares, romlis movaleobac kreditis gacemaa ssk „kreditis gamcems“ uwodebs.29 kredi21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
biWia m., samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqti, „samarTlis Jurnali“, Tb.,
№1-2012, 35-36.
ssk-is 383-e muxli.
naWyebia a., samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi normebis ganmartebebi uzenaesi sasamarTlos
praqtikaSi (2000-2013), Tb., 2014, 134. ix. saqme №as-870-1138-05, 09.03.2006.
iqve, 133. ix. saqme №3k-667-03, 30.07.2003.
ZlieriSvili z., valdebulebis Sesruleba, Tb., 2006, 110.
iqve, 103.
ssk-is 386-e muxli.
ZlieriSvili z., qonebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis xelSekrulebaTa samarTlebrivi buneba, Tb., 2010, 318.
ssk-is 370-e muxli, me-2 nawili da 867-e muxli. aseve, vrclad ix. ramiSvili i., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis kerZosamarTlebrivi meqanizmebi samomxmareblo kreditis
xelSekrulebaSi, `samarTlis Jurnali~, №2, 2011, 176.
87
tori moTxovnis mflobelia.30 kreditori SeiZleba iyos ipoTekari,31 Tu moTxovna uZravi nivTiTaa uzrunvelyofili. kreditori, aseve, SeiZleba iyos mogiravne,32 Tu moTxovna
moZravi nivTiTaa uzrunvelyofili.
kreditis gamcemi SeiZleba iyos mxolod saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili
da saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier licenzirebuli subieqti - komerciuli bankebi,
mikrosafinanso organizaciebi da sakredito kavSirebi.33 komerciuli bankebi imdenad
mZlavri institutebia nebismieri qveynis ekonomikisaTvis, rom maTi saqmianobis Tavisuflebam SesaZloa umZimesi Sedegi moutanos ara mxolod qveynis ekonomikas, aramed nebismieri moqalaqis finansur mdgomareobas.34kreditoris umTavresi movaleoba sesxis
gacemaa.
sabanko samarTlis erT-erTi mTavari subieqti komerciuli bankia. Tanamedrove gagebiT, banki aris specialuri safinanso-sakredito dawesebuleba, romlis mTavar
funqcias warmoadgens droebiT Tavisufali saxsrebis akumulacia da kreditis saxiT maTi gacema.35
sityva `banki~ pirvelad XII saukuneSi genuaSi gaCnda. bazris moedanze patara magidebTan msxdomi monetebis gadamcvlelebi umartives safinanso operaciebs axorcielebdnen. maT bankirebis saxelwodeba miiRes. SemdgomSi fuladi operaciebi ufro xSir
da mravalmxriv saxes Rebulobda. italieli vaWrebi mevaxSeebis zegavlenisagan Tavis
daRwevis mizniT qmnidnen sakredito asociaciebs da TavianT wevrebs sesxebs SeRavaTian
pirobebSi aZlevdnen. safinanso saqmianoba swrafad gavrcelda. gaixsna specialuri dawesebulebebi – bankebi. sasaqonlo fuladi urTierTobis ganviTarebis kvalobaze aseTi
dawesebulebebis safinanso saqmianoba TandaTan daeqvemdebara saxelmwifo kontrols
da samarTlebriv regulirebas.
komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis maregulirebel ZiriTad normatiul aqts „komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni warmoadgens. komerciuli
banki ganimarteba, rogorc saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier licenzirebuli iuridiuli piri, romelic iRebs depozitebs da maTi gamoyenebiT Tavisi saxeliT axorcielebs
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul sabanko saqmianobas.36, komerciuli bankebi
universaluri xasiaTis sabanko dawesebulebebia.37 isini emsaxuxebian mosaxleobasa da
kerZo samarTlis subieqtTa umravlesobas. komerciuli bankebisTvis nebadarTulia saqmianobis mxolod kanonSi arsebuli CamonaTvali,38 maT Soris, sesxebis gacema samomxmareblo, saipoTeko, arauzrunvelyofili da sxva kreditebis CaTvliT.39
sabanko momsaxurebiT mosargeble fizikuri piri „momxmareblad“ iwodeba. „momxmarebeli“ ganimarteba, rogorc piradi saWiroebisaTvis saqonlis (samuSaos, momsaxure30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
88
ssk-is 199-e muxli.
ssk-is 286-e muxli, me-3 nawili.
ssk-is 254-e muxli.
gabisonia z., sabanko samarTali, Tb., 2012, 173.
iqve, 81.
Sengelia r., safinanso samarTali, Tb., 2004, 360.
„komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ kanonis, 1-li muxli, „z“ punqti; aseve, vrclad ix. gabisonia z., sabanko samarTali, Tb., 2012, 78.
„komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb“ kanonis, me-20 muxli.
„komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb“ kanonis, me-20 muxli, 1-li nawili, „b“ punqti.
bis) gamomyenebeli, SemZeni, SemkveTi an aseTi ganzraxvis mqone moqalaqe.40 Sesabamisad,
„momxmarebeli“ da „moqalaqe“ gaigivebulia da, aqedan gamomdinare, „momxmarebeli“ asocirdeba fizikur pirTan.
subieqtis momxmareblad kvalifikaciis ori niSani arsebobs: a) fizikuri piri da b)
misi moqmedebis mizani; pirveli erTmniSvnelovani, xolo meore farTo asparezis mqone
kriteriumia. erT-erTi maTgania „biznesi“, sadac aseve „kreditoris“ terminic moiazreba, safuZvlianad ki is or ZiriTad aspeqts moicavs: a) biznesi SeiZleba iyos rogorc
fizikuri piri, aseve iuridiuli piri, da b) igi unda moqmedebdes TviTdasaqmebis, zogadad saqmianobis an profesiuli miznebiT.41 TavisTavad „biznesis“ cneba, iqneba es TviTdasaqmeba profesiuli Tu savaWro formiT, saqmian, Sedegze orientirebul koncefciad
ganixileba, romlis umTavresi mizania mogebis miReba. Tumca „animo lucri“ („mogebis
miRebis mizani“) zogadad gadamwyveti kriteriumi ar aris, radgan igi Sesabamis mxares
manipulirebis saSualebas aniWebs.42 momxmareblis interesebis dacvas qveynis uzenaesi
kanoni iTvaliswinebs, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom am sakiTxis umaRles sakanonmdeblo doneze regulireba saxelmwifos interesia.43
SesaZlebelia momxmareblis mxares erTze meti piri iyos, rac solidaruli valdebulebaa. Tanamedrove ekonomikur urTierTobebSi TandaTan mcirdeba iseTi valdebulebebis raodenoba, romlebSic mxolod ori subieqti monawileobs. pirTa simravle
valdebulebaSi iSviaTobas ar warmoadgens, Tumca, ufro arTulebs valdebulebis samarTlebriv bunebas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saxezea ormxrivi valdebulebebi.44 sskis 464-e muxlis Tanaxmad, solidaruli valdebuleba warmoiSoba xelSekrulebiT, kanoniT an valdebulebis sagnis ganuyoflobiT.45
3. sesxisa da sabanko kreditis xelSekruleba
3.1. Sesavali
Zveli romis samarTlidan moyolebuli, xelSekrulebis klasifikacia sxvadasxva
saxiT xorcieldeba. erT-erTia sesxis xelSekruleba. romis samarTlis mixedviT sesxis
sagani iyo fuli an gvarovnuli niSniT gansazRvruli nivTi, romelic aseTive nivTis saxiT unda dabrunebuliyo uprocentod an procentiT. uprocento sesxi TandaTan gaqra
da damkvidrda mxolod procentiani. amasTan, sesxis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze gadacemuli nivTi msesxeblis sakuTreba xdeboda, Tumca, misi dakargva an daRupva iwvevda
kreditoris winaSe pasuxismgeblobas.46
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Sead.zaaliSvili v., samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis
sistemuri Taviseburebani qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi, „samarTlis Jurnali“, Tb., №1-2,
2010, 66.
iqve, 60.
iqve, 61. Semdgomi miTiTebiT: EC Consumer Law Compendium, Comparative Analysis, Edited by
Schulte-Nölke H. in co-operation with Twigg-Flesner Ch., Ebers M., Universität Bielefeld, 2007, 734, <http://
www.eu consumerlaw. org/study_en.cfm>.
saqarTvelos konstitucia, 30-e muxli, me-2 nawili.
cercvaZe g., ZlieriSvili z., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe., l., janaSia., cercvaZe g.,
saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 45.
mariamiZe g., valdebulebiTi samarTali (saxelSekrulebo samarTali), Tb., 2013, 157.
nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tb., 2001, 110-111.
89
xelSekruleba – valdebulebis warmoSobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli safuZvelia,
romelic, upirveles yovlisa, samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileTa nebis Tavisufali
gamovlinebis Sedegia da mxareTa avtonomiurobis principis gamoxatulebaa, romlis ZaliTac mxareebi kisruloben valdebulebas, Seasrulon an ar Seasrulon esa Tu is moqmedeba. misi arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yoveli piri Tavisufalia, visTanac unda imasTan
Sevides gacvliT urTierTobebSi da gansazRvros urTierTobis Sinaarsi. amasTan, mxareTa nebis avtonomia ar aTavisuflebs monawileebs valdebulebebisgan, gaiTvaliswinon
erTmaneTis dasacavi interesebi.47
ssk sasesxo urTierTobas or TavSi ganixilavs. mecxre Tavi eZRvneba sesxs, xolo
ocdameerTe TavSi laparakia sabanko kreditze da anabarze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saubaria normebze, romlebic gamoiyeneba yvela saxis sasesxo urTierTobis mimarT, meore
SemTxvevaSi ki specifikur normebzea saubari, romlebic sasesxo urTierTobebs ukavSirdeba sakredito dawesebulebasa da klients Soris. sesxis maregulirebeli zogadi normebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia sabanko kreditis drosac.48 sesxis xelSekruleba
gaTvaliswinebulia ssk-is 623-628-e muxlebSi, Tumca, es muxlebi ar gamoirCeva mravalricxovani da detaluri samarTlebrivi regulirebiT da Semoifargleba mxolod sesxisaTvis relevanturi centraluri sakiTxebis mowesrigebiT. sesxis maregulirebeli
normebis gamoyeneba, imavdroulad, sabanko kreditis drosac aris SesaZlebeli.49 sesxis
xelSekrulebiT gamsesxebeli sakuTrebaSi gadascems msesxebels fuls an sxva gvarovnul nivTs, xolo msesxebeli kisrulobs daabrunos imave saxis, xarisxisa da raodenobis
nivTi.50 sasesxo urTierToba fuladvaldebulebiTi urTierTobaa da mis mimarT valdebulebis zogadi normebis garda fuladi valdebulebis zogad-specifikuri normebic
vrceldeba.
„swavlulTa jgufma“ evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis nacionaluri kanonmdeblobis
Seswavlis safuZvelze Camoayaliba sesxis xelSekrulebis zogadi cneba. zogadad, sesxis
xelSekruleba aris SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmad, kreditori gadascems movales sargeblobisaTvis SeTanxmebul sagans, im pirobiT, rom movalem daTqmul vadaSi unda daabrunos is. sesxis xelSekrulebis obieqti SeiZleba iyos nivTi gankuTvnili droebiTi sargeblobisTvis an fuladi Tanxa, romelic SeiZleba atarebdes miznobriv an aramiznobriv
xasiaTs, gacemuli iyos garkveuli interesis safuZvelze an mis gareSe.51
sasesxo operaciebs sakredito dawesebuleba axorcielebs, romlisTvisac sesxis
gacema da aReba sawesdebo movaleobas warmoadgnes. sesxis maregulirebeli normebis
gamoyeneba sabanko kreditis drosacaa SesaZlebeli.52 sabanko krediti mravali saxisaa,
47
48
49
50
51
52
90
Todua m., vilemsi h., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 2006, 16-17.
Sengelia r., Txovebisa da sesxis samarTlebrivi buneba, Tb., 1999, 25.
Sengelia r., kaxaZe m., CikvaSvili S., CitoSvili T., xecuriani j., ZlieriSvili z., ciskaZe
m., zambaxiZe t., niniZe T., suxitaSvili d., Sengelia r., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, me-4 wigni, 1-li tomi, 2001, 227.
ssk-is 623-e muxli.
SoTaZe T., ipoTeka, rogorc sabanko kreditis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba, Tb. 2012, 130.
Semdgomi miTiTebiT: sesxis xelSekrulebis saxeebsa da samarTlebriv bunebaze ix. Donnelly, M., The Law of Banks and Credit Institutions, Dublin, Round Hall Sweet & Maxwell, 2000, 369-379.
ix. Sengelia r., kaxaZe m., CikvaSvili S., CitoSvili T., xecuriani j., ZlieriSvili z., ciskaZe m., zambaxiZe t., niniZe T., suxitaSvili d., Sengelia r., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis komentari, me-4 wigni, 1-li tomi, Tb., 2001, 227.
yoveli maTgani komerciuli kreditisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic sasaqonlo formiTaa
gamoxatuli, fulad valdebulebebs gulisxmobs. amdenad, mis mimarT gamoiyeneba sesxis
xelSekrulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi debulebebi.53
krediti laTinurad sesxs niSnavs da xorcieldeba fuladi an sasaqonlo formiT.
igi gamoixateba gansazRvruli procentis safasurad da gansazRvruli droiT Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis an saqonlis valad gacemaSi. dakrediteba xorcieldeba sayovelTaod miRebuli ZiriTadi principebis safuZvelze. esenia: vadianoba da dabrunebiToba, mizanSewoniloba, miznobrioba, materialuri uzrunvelyofa, dakreditebis diferenciuli reJimis gamoyeneba, anazRaureba da sxva. arsebobs kreditis sxvadasxva saxe,
maT Soris: komerciuli, samomxmareblo, sakredito, sabanko, ipoTekuri, sasoflo-sameurneo, saeqsporto, saerTaSoriso krediti da sxva.54 mikrokrediti aris mikrosafinanso
organizaciis mier sakredito xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli vadianobis, dabrunebadobis, fasianobis da miznobriobis pirobebis Sesabamisad msesxebelze an msesxebelTa
jgufze gacemuli fuladi Tanxa.55 ganasxvaveben grZelvadian da moklevadian kreditebs.
moklevadianma kreditma mravaljeradi prolongaciis safuZvelze SeiZleba miiRos
grZelvadiani kreditis xasiaTi.56
aRsaniSnavia, rom sabanko kreditis xelSekruleba Zalian gavs sesxis xelSekrulebas. ufro metic, ssk-is 867-e muxlSi pirdapiraa miTiTebuli, rom kreditis gamcemi
msesxebels sesxis saxiT aZlevs sabanko kredits. amdenad, sakredito urTierTobis sagani aris finansuri momsaxurebis gaweva, anu Tanxis micema. samomxmareblo kreditis
xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi, safinanso momsaxureba gamoixateba kreditoris mier momxmareblisaTvis sakredito xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli odenobiT fuladi Tanxis gadacemaSi, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT – fuladi saxsrebis droebiT sargeblobis SesaZleblobaSi.57
„sesxsa“ da „kredits“ Soris mkveTri gansxvaveba ar arsebobs specialur sabanko kanonmdeblobaSi. terminebi igiveobrivad gamoiyeneba „komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis
Sesaxeb“ kanonSic. komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis sagania sesxebis gacema.58 amave kanoniT ganmartebulia Tu ras gulisxmobs krediti.59 analogiuri midgomaa „mikrosafinanso
organizaciebis Sesaxeb“ kanonSi, romelic orive termins iyenebs – sesxi da krediti. rac
Seexeba sakredito kavSirebs, aq gamoyenebulia mxolod termini `sesxi~. kerZod, sesxi
– arasabanko sadepozito dawesebulebis – sakredito kavSiris mier Tavisi wevrisaTvis
dabrunebadobis, fasianobisa da vadianobis sawyisebze fuladi saxsrebis gacemasTan dakavSirebuli nebimieri valdebulebaa.60
evropis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Semswavleli komisiis mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad miiCneva, rom sesxis maregulirebeli wesebi ar vrceldeba iseT xelSekrulebebze,
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Sengelia r., sakredito da saangariSsworebo samarTlebrivi urTierTobani, Tb., 2002. 41.
„mikrosafinanso organizaciebis Sesaxeb“ kanonis, me-5 muxli, 1-li nawili.
ramiSvili a., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis kerZosamarTlebrivi meqanizmebi samomxmareblo kreditis xelSekrulebaSi, „samarTlis Jurnali“, Tb., №2, 2011, 179.
„komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb“ kanonis, me-20 muxli, 1-li nawili, „b“ punqti
„komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb“ kanonis, me-20 muxli, 1-li nawili, „T“ punqti.
„arasabanko sadepozito dawesebulebebis – sakredito kavSirebis Sesaxeb“ kanonis, 1-li
muxli, „e“ punqti.
91
rogoricaa krediti, faqtoringi, lizingi da „ganvadeba“, vinaidan am tipis xelSekrulebebs specialuri Sinaarsi (samarTlebrivi buneba) gaaCniaT.61
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis analizi cxadyofs, rom kanonmdeblobis mier dadgenili mkveTri zRvari cnebebs – „krediti“ da „sesxi“ – Soris ar arsebobs. Tumca, aRniSnulis paralelurad arsebobs mosazreba, rom arc sesxis da arc sabanko kreditis
maregulirebeli normebi ar Seicavs miTiTebiT normebs meore xelSekrulebis normaTa
analogiiT gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, rac dRis wesrigSi ayenebs sakiTxs am ori xelSekrulebis
gamijvnis Taobaze.62
3.2. sesxis xelSekruleba
sesxis xelSekruleba fuladi valdebulebis erT-erTi saxea, radgan sesxis xelSekrulebis sagans warmoadgens fuli. ssk-is 623-628-e muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebulia sesxis
xelSekrulebis momwesrigebeli normebi. sesxis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, xelSekrulebis erTi mxare – gamsesxebeli sakuTrebaSi gadascems xelSekrulebis meore mxares
– msesxebels fulad Tanxebs an gvarovnuli niSniT gansazRvrul nivTebs, xolo msesxebeli kisrulobs valdebulebas, daabrunos imave raodenobis fuladi Tanxebi an imave saxis, xarisxis da raodenobis nivTebi.
erT-erT saqmeze sakasacio palatam ganmarta, rom sesxis xelSekrulebis dadebisas
mxareebi aucileblad unda SeTanxmdnen xelSekrulebis saganze, vinaidan igi warmoadgens xelSekrulebis arsebiT pirobas da am pirobaze SeuTanxmeblobis SemTxvevaSi sesxis xelSekruleba dadebulad ar iTvleba. mxareTa SeTanxmebis arsebobisas pirobebze
SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebis Semadgenel nawilad iqceva da mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebis
jerovnad Sesruleba swored am pirobebis dacvaze iqneba damokidebuli.63
Tavisi samarTlebrivi bunebiT sesxis xelSekruleba realuri da calmxrivi xelSekrulebaa. realuri gulisxmobs, rom sesxis xelSekruleba ZalaSi Sedis nivTebis an
fulis gadacemis momentidan. xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba fulis gadacemis momentidan da am moqmedebis ganxorcielebaze mxolod Sepireba xelSekrulebis dadebas
ar niSnavs.64
erT-erT saqmeze saapelacio sasamarTlos palatam ixelmZRvanela ra ssk-is 316-e
muxlis pirveli nawiliT, 317-muxlis pirveli nawiliT, 327-e muxliT, 623-e muxliT, 328-e
muxliT realurad miiCnia, rom xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba ara SeTanxmebis miRwevis momentidan, aramed nivTis realurad gadacemidan. Sesabamisad, sesxis xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba, roca gamsesxebeli sakuTrebaSi gadascems msesxebels xelSekrulebis sagans. saapelacio palatis mosazrebiT, zepiri SeTanxmeba ver miiCneva sesxis
xelSekrulebis dadebad, maSin rodesac amisTvis aucilebelia realuri qmedeba. sadavoobis SemTxvevaSi, sesxis zepiri xelSekrulebis dadebis dros, mxarem unda amtkicos
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62
63
64
92
SoTaZe T., ipoTeka, rogorc sabanko kreditis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba, Tb., 2012, 133.
m., zambaxiZe t., niniZe T., suxitaSvili d., Sengelia r., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, me-4 wigni, 1-li tomi, Tb., 2001, 227.
ara sesxze SeTanxmebis arseboba, aramed sesxis saxiT Tanxis realurad gadacema. sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom mxareebi werilobiTi xelSekrulebis dadebiT qmnian maTi interesebis dacvis ufro met garantias, werilobiTi xelSekrulebis arsebobis pirobebSi,
mtkicebis saxiT warmodgenil unda iqnes sesxis xelSekruleba, romelSic asaxuli iqneba sesxis realurad gadacemis faqti. saapelacio palatam ganmarta, rom xelSekrulebis
daTqma: „visesxe Tanxa“ – adasturebda am droisTvis Tanxis sesxad gadacemis faqts65.
realuri xelSekruleba, amavdroulad, calmxrivi xelSekrulebaa.66 xelSekrulebaTa klasifikacia aseTi saxiT damokidebulia ara imaze, Tu ramdeni piris nebaa gamoxatuli, aramed imaze Tu rogoraa gadanawilebuli uflebebi da movaleobebi xelSekrulebis mxareebs Soris. ormxriv-mavaldebulebelia xelSekruleba, romelSic TiToeul
mxares gaaCnia uflebebic da movaleobebic. calmxrivi – roca erT mxares gaaCnia uflebebi, xolo meore mxares mxolod movaleobebi. sesxis gamsesxebeli uflebamosilia moiTxovos sesxad gacemuli nivTis dabruneba, xolo msesxebeli ki valdebulia daabrunos
ukan sesxad miRebuli nivTi.67
sesxis xelSekruleba SeiZleba daidos rogorc zepirad, aseve werilobiT.68 garigebis ama Tu im formis gamoyenebis sakiTxi kanoniT unda iyos gansazRvruli, xolo Tu kanoni mas ar gansazRvravs, maSin mxareebma unda airCion konkretuli forma.69 sesxis xelSekrulebis zepirad dadeba sasurveli ara aris SemdgomSi mxareTa Soris davis SemTxvevaSi sesxis xelSekrulebis dadebis faqtisa da misi pirobebis dadgenis sirTulis gamo.70
kanoniT dadgenilia, rom zepiri xelSekrulebis dros wardgenili unda iqnes sxva mtkicebulebebic.71 erT-erT saqmeze sakasacio palata ganmartavs, rom kanonmdebelma sesxis xelSekrulebis dadebisTvis ar gaiTvaliswina savaldebulo forma, Tumca kanoniT
ganisazRvra mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis kriteriumi. kerZod, zepiri xelSekrulebis
dros sesxis xelSekrulebis namdviloba ar SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod mowmeTa CvenebiT rac imas niSnavs, rom mowmeTa Cveneba am SemTxvevaSi arasakmarisi mtkicebulebaa.72
zepiria umetesad iseTi garigebani romelTa Sesruleba dadebisTanave xdeba da
mcire odenobisaa, xolo werilobiTi forma SesaZloa iyos martivi da rTuli.73 iseT urTierTobebs, romelSic gamsesxeblis an Tundac msesxeblis saxiT iuridiuli pirebi monawileoben sesxis xelSekrulebis gaformeba teqnikurad SeuZlebelicaa werilobiTi
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
sus-s samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis, 2011 wlis 18 ivlisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze: № as756-812-2011.
SoTaZe T., ipoTeka, rogorc sabanko kreditis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba, Tb., 2012, 131.
Semdgomi miTiTebiT: ix. Хакселъберг Б.Л., Ровний В.В., Консесуалъние и реалъные договоры в
гражданском праве, изд. Статут, М., 2004.
ZlieriSvili z., qonebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis xelSekrulebaTa samarTlebrivi buneba, Tb., 2010, 345.
ssk-is 624-e muxli.
Sengelia r., Txovebisa da sesxis samarTlebrivi buneba, Tb., 1999, 36-37.
WeWelaSvili z., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb., 2008, 284.
93
formis daucvelad.74 sanotaro wesiT damowmebul xelSekrulebas, ar gaaCnia aRmatebuli Zala martivi werilobiTi formiT dadebul xelSekrulebaze.75 rogorc wesi sabanko
praqtikaSi es ar gamoiyeneba, da Tu vinme amas mimarTavs kerZo urTierTobebSi, mxolod
sesxis sadavoobisas damatebiTi garantiebisaTvis. sesxis Sepirebis mimarT, gansxvavebiT
Tavad sesxis xelSekrulebisgan, kanoni iTxovs xelSekruleba gaformdes werilobiT76,
aseTi SeTanxmeba iSviaTia praqtikaSi, magram kidec rom daidos, rogorc aRiniSna, igi
araa sesxis xelSekruleba.77
sesxis xelSekrulebis mizania sakuTrebis uflebis mopoveba nasesxeb fulze an nivTze. gamsesxebeli gadascems msesxebels fuls an sxva gvarovnul nivTebs sakuTrebaSi.
kerZod, msesxebels ufleba aqvs nasesxebi qoneba gankargos Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr.78
sesxis xelSekruleba msesxebls aniWebs sagnis ara mxolod sargeblobisa da gamoyenebis uflebas, aramed gaxarjvisa da daxarjvis uflebasac.79 amasTan, sesxis xelSekruleba
aris qonebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis tipis iseTi xelSekruleba, roca gamsesxebeli garkveuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg ibrunebs msesxeblis sakuTrebaSi gadacemul qonebas.80
erT-erT saqmeze palatam ganmarta, rom sesxis saxiT miRebuli Tanxa SesaZloa ar
emsaxurebodes uSualod msesxeblis pirad miznebs. msesxebelma Tanxa SeiZleba mesame
piris interesebidan gamomdinare aiRos, mesame pirs gadasces, mis nacvlad Sesruleba
mesame pirma miiRos. Tumca, sasesxo urTierTobaSi, piris msesxeblad monawileoba, TavisTavad, gulisxmobs mis valdebulebas, daabrunos nasesxebi Tanxa, miuxedavad sesxis
miznobriobisa, vinaidan xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba Tu mxareebi mis yvela arsebiT pirobaze SeTanxmdnen.81 ssk-is 397-e muxlis Tanaxmad, movale pasuxismgebelia Sesrulebaze maSinac, roca Sesruleba sxva pirisagan unda mieRo da ver miiRo.82
sesxis xelSekruleba SesaZlebelia iyos sasyidliani da usasyidlo, rac mxareTa
SeTanxmebazea damokidebuli.83 nebismier msesxebelTan sabanko kreditis xelSekrulebis gaformeba xdeba im molodiniT, rom banki xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul mogebas
miiRebs. mxareTa SeTanxmebiT SesaZloa gaTvaliswinebuli iyos sesxisTvis procenti.84
ssk ar iZleva procentis raime ganmartebas. praqtikaSi miRebuli ganmartebiT procen74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
94
Sead. Sengelia r., sakredito da saangariSsworebo samarTlebrivi urTierTobani, Tb.,
2002, 20.
ssk-is 628-e muxli.
iqve, 27.
Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tb., 2012, 20. Semdgomi miTiTebiT:
Brox/Walker, Besonderes Schulderecht, 35.Aufl., 2011, §17, Rn.3.
ZlieriSvili z., qonebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis xelSekrulebaTa samarTlebrivi buneba, Tb., 345.
sus-s, samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis, 2011 wlis 18 ivlisis, gadawyvetileba saqmeze: № as756-812-2011.
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos, samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis, 2012 wlis 17 ianvris
gadawyvetileba saqme: №2b/4187-11.
Sengelia r., sakredito da saangariSsworebo samarTlebrivi urTierTobani, Tb., 2002,
21-22.
ssk-is 625-e muxli.
ti esaa perioduli sazRauri kapitaliT sargeblobisaTvis, romlis sididec ganisazRvreba am kapitalSi arsebuli wiliT. saprocento valdebuleba yovelTvis damatebiTi
valdebulebaa. Tu ZiriTadi valdebuleba ar warmoSobila an baTilad iqna cnobili, arc
saprocento valdebuleba warmoiSoba.85 imis dadgena, sesxi sasyidliani (procentiani)86
iyos Tu usasyidlo (uporocento) mxareTa SeTanxmebiT unda gadawydes.
sesxis xelSekrulebis vada aseve mxareTa SeTanxmebiT ganisazRvreba da am vadis
dadgomisas vali unda dabrundes. kanoni iTvaliswinebs valis dabrunebis alternativas, romelic gansazRvrulia xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis da valis dabrunebis pirobebSi.87
Tu valis dabrunebis vada gansazRvruli ar aris, maSin vali dabrunebul unda iqnes kreditoris an movalis mier xelSekrulebis Sewyvetisas. xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis vada Seadgens sam Tves. sesxis xelSekrulebis specifika kanonma valis dauyovnebliv moTxovnis
uflebaSi gamoxata da daadgina, rom gamsesxebels ufleba aqvs dauyovnebliv moiTxovos
valis dabruneba, Tu msesxeblis qonebrivi mdgomareoba arsebiTad uaresdeba, riTac
safrTxe eqmneba sesxis dabrunebis moTxovnas.88 es ufleba maSinac arsebobs, Tu msesxeblis qonebrivi mdgomareobis gauareseba win uswrebs xelSekrulebis dadebas, xolo
gamsesxeblisaTvis igi cnobili gaxda mxolod xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg. sasesxo
urTierTobaze damyarebuli valdebulebis Sinaarsis ganmsazRvrel moqmedebas warmoadgens sesxis dabruneba, rac moiTxovs ara igiveobriv, aramed msgavsi saxis, xarisxisa da
raodenobis nivTis dabrunebas.89
3.3. sabanko kreditis xelSekruleba
sesxis xelSekrulebis mniSvneloba scildeba Cveulebriv sayofacxovrebo pirobebs. igi moicavs finansuri urTierTobis wres, bankebis, sainvesticio kompaniebis, samrewvelo sawarmoebisa da TviT saxelmwifos monawileobasac. yvela am urTierTobisaTvis sesxis xelSekruleba fuZemdeblur xelSekrulebas warmoadgens. sakredito urTierTobebSi bankebis mier Sesrulebulma gansakuTrebulma rolma ganapiroba sesxis xelSekrulebis erTi nairsaxeobis calke gamoyofa, romelic ssk-Si sabanko kreditis saxiT
Sevida (ssk-is 867-873-e muxlebi).90
sakredito xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebs zust monacemebs xelSekrulebis mxareebis – bankisa da klientis Sesaxeb, kreditis pirobebs, romelic moicavs informacias
kreditis gacemis TariRis, moqmedebis vadis, moculobisa da valutis, aseve, aTvisebis
saboloo vadis, dafarvis TariRis da tranSebis Sesaxeb.91
konkretuli sakredito xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi, upirveles yovlisa, dafuZnebulia im gancxadebebsa da garantiebze, romlis mixedviTac xelSekrulebis dadebisas mxare unda iyos qmedunariani, xolo xelSekruleba unda daidos nebayoflobiT. bankisTvis
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
ZlieriSvili z., valdebulebis Sesruleba, Tb., 2006, 106.
Sead. Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tb., 2012, 22.
ssk-is 626-e muxli.
ssk-is 627-e muxli.
Sead. Sengelia r., sakredito da saangariSsworebo samarTlebrivi urTierTobani, Tb.,
2002, 44.
95
mniSvnelovania, rom mocemuli momentisaTvis klienti ar monawileobdes davaSi, riTac
safrTxe Seeqmneba mis qonebas da xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebebis Sesrulebas.
mniSvnelovania, rom xelSekrulebis moqmedebis mTeli periodisaTvis, klientma daicvas
ara mxolod banksa da mas Soris arsebuli, aramed nebismieri sxva xelSekrulebis pirobebi, ar daarRvios kanonmdebloba, ar Caidinos sisxlis samarTlis, administraciuli
Tu samewarmeo danaSauli, raTa aman uaryofiTi gavlena ar iqonios bankis winaSe nakisri
valdebulebebis saTanado Sesrulebaze.92
2011 wlis 13 maiss, saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis prezidentis №35/04 brZanebiT
damtkicebul iqna `komerciuli bankebis mier sabanko momsaxurebis gawevisas momxmareblisaTvis aucilebeli informaciis miwodebis wesi~. aRniSnuli instruqcia aregulirebs komerciuli bankebis mier fizikuri pirebisaTvis samomxmareblo kreditis gacemisa da sadepozito momsaxurebis gawevis dros sruli, aucilebeli, gasagebi, utyuari
da Tavisdrouli informaciis Tanmimdevruli miwodebis sakiTxs. misi mizania qveyanaSi
sabazro disciplinis ganmtkicebisa da samomxmareblo bazris ekonomikuri efeqtianobis zrdis, aseve, sabanko seqtorisadmi sazogadoebis ndobis amaRlebis, momxmarebelTa
interesebis dacvis da komerciuli bankebis mier SeTavazebuli sabanko produqtebis Sesaxeb informaciis gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofa, rac, Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels rogorc momxmareblis mier axali finansuri produqtebis aqtiur gamoyenebas, aseve sakredito riskebis Semcirebas.93
sabanko krediti safinanso institutebis mTavari sabanko produqtia. sabanko kreditis xelSekruleba damoukidebeli garigebaa, romelic unda daidos werilobiTi formiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi CaiTvleba baTilad. sakredito xelSekrulebis dadebas
azri ara aqvs Tu ara sxva xelSekruleba, romlis realizaciasac emsaxureba sakredito
xelSekruleba.94 sakredito xelSekruleba arapirdapiri aqcesoruli bunebis xelSekrulebaa da mas kavSiri gaaCnia sxva sasyidlian xelSekrulebebTan.95 Tumca, aqcesoruli buneba mis ekonomikur kavSirSi ufro vlindeba, vidre samarTlebrivSi da ganixileba
rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuli garigeba da ekonomikuri erTianoba.96 sabanko kreditis xelSekrulebiT kreditis gamcemi aZlevs an movalea misces msesxebels sasyidliani
krediti sesxis formiT.97 krediti gulisxmobs dabrunebis, fasianobis, uzrunvelyofisa
da vadianobis sawyisebze fuladi Tanxebis gacemasTan dakavSirebul nebismier valdebulebas.98
sabanko krediti sasesxo urTierTobis specifikur gamovlinebas warmoadgens.
Tumca, mas zogierTi Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs, rac ganasxvavebs sesxisgan. kerZod, spe92
93
94
95
96
97
98
96
xelSekruleba erTmniSvnelovnad iTvaliswinebs, rom klienti ar unda iyos dakavebuli
akrZaluli saqonlis vaWroba/warmoebiT, ar unda iyenebdes mis saqminobaSi arasrulwlovanis an iZulebiT Sromas, uzrunvelyofdes jansaR samuSao garemos.
Wanturia l., zoiZe b., Wanturia l., samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, me-3 wigni, 2001, Tb.,
301.
ipoTeka – nasyidobis xelSekruleba an sesxis, ipoTekisa da nasyidobis erTdrouli
xelSekruleba.
Wanturia l., zoiZe b., Wanturia l., samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, me-3 wigni, 2001, Tb.,
301.
ssk-is 867-e muxli.
„komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb“ kanonis, 1-li muxli, „T“ punqti.
cialuri subieqti, kreditis miznobrioba, sasyidlianoba, informirebis valdebuleba,
xelSekrulebis sagani, uzrunvelyofis gamoyenebis piroba.99 aseve, sabanko kreditis erTi mxare – gamsesxebeli – yovelTvis bankia an sxva sakredito dawesebuleba; sabanko krediti gaicema winaswar gansazRvruli miznobriobiT, xolo movale valdebulia am mizniT
gamoiyenos krediti;100 sabanko kreditis xelSekrulebis sagani yovelTvis fuli an sxva
nivTia.101 swored amiT gansxvavdeba sabanko krediti Cveulebrivi sasesxo xelSekrulebisagan.102
sabanko krediti samarTlebrivi konstruqciis mixedviT erTiani xelSekrulebaa,
magram finansuri TvalsazrisiT da misi gacemis miznobriobis mixedviT igi SeiZleba ramodenime saxed daiyos. qarTul sabanko praqtikaSi, ZiriTadad, gamoyofen sami saxis sabanko kredits: biznes krediti, ipoTekuri krediti da samomxmareblo krediti.103
biznes krediti gaicema biznes operaciis dasafinanseblad mxolod mewarme subieqtebze. sawarmos unda hqondes moqmedi biznesi da es biznesi unda iyos momgebiani.104
ipoTekuri krediti SeiZleba gaices nebismier arasamewarmeo fizikur pirze rogorc
rezidentze, ise ararezidentze. ipoTekuri krediti gaicema uZravi qonebis SesaZenad
an mis gasaremonteblad. aRniSnuli saxis kreditis gacemisas uzrunvelyofis saSualebad, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba is uZravi qoneba, romlis SesaZenad an gasaremontebladac
gaica sesxi. garda miznobriobisa, yuradReba eqceva msesxeblis legalur Semosavlebs.
bunebrivia, rom rac ufro maRalia msesxeblis Semosavali, miT meti Tanxis gacemas uzrunvelyofs banki.105 samomxmareblo krediti komerciuli bankebisa da sxva sakredito
organizaciebisaTvis erT-erTi yvelaze maRalSemosavliani sakredito produqtia. samomxmareblo kreditis xelSekruleba aris sakredito xelSekruleba, mewarme an profesional kreditis mimcemsa da momxmarebels Soris.106 aseTi kreditis mizni fuladi saxsrebis aramiznobrivi, Tavisufali gamoyenebaa. samomxmareblo kreditebi ufro mcire
TanxiT Semoifargleba da, amdenad, praqtikaSi sakmaod moxerxebulia.107
samoqalaqo samarTalSi warmoSobili nebismieri valdebuleba eqvemdebareba uzrunvelyofas.108 uzrunvelyofis gamoyenebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli SemTxveva aris sesxis (sabanko kreditis) uzrunvelyofa.109 Cveulebrivi sesxebisgan gansxvavebiT, sabanko
krediti, rogorc wesi, gaicema mxolod uzrunvelyofis gamoyenebis pirobiT. banki, faqtobrivad, ar gascems sesxs, Tu is ar aris saTanadod uzrunvelyofili.110 aRsaniSnavia,
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101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tb., 2012, 28-30.
m., zambaxiZe t., niniZe T., suxitaSvili d., Sengelia r., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, me-4 wigni, me-2 tomi, Tb., 2001, 194.
iqve, 188-189.
iqve, 195.
Wanturia l., zoiZe b., Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, me-3 wigni, Tb., 2001, 300.
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 1999, 76-77.
iqve, 30.
97
rom rogorc wesi, sabanko krediti gaicema sanivTo (ipoTeka, giravnoba) an pirovnuli
(Tavdeboba) uzrunvelyofiT. praqtikaSi iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, roca krediti gaicema
uzrunvelyofis gareSe. amgvar kredits sabanko samarTalSi sablanko kredits uwodeben. ZiriTadad, sablanko kreditebi gamoiyeneba bankisaTvis kargad cnobili da naklebi
riskis mqone msesxeblebis mimarT.111
xelSekruleba SeiZleba daidos ganusazRvreli vadiT, magram es ar niSnavs, rom
saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba SeiZleba dausruleblad gagrZeldes. valdebulebaTa
droSi SeuzRudaoba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc Tavisuflebis xelyofa. dauSvebelia, rom erTxel nakisri valdebuleba movalisaTvis samudamo tvirTad iqces da ar
hqondes misgan Tavdaxsnis marTlzomieri saSualebani.112 ssk-is 364-e muxli SesaZleblobas aZlevs movales valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis dadgomamde Seasrulos valdebuleba, Tuki kreditori pativsadebi mizeziT uars ar ityvis Sesrulebis miRebaze. xSir
SemTxvevaSi vada kreditorisa da movalis saerTo interesebSia da maSin arcerTs ara
aqvs ufleba masze calmxrivad Tqvas uari.113 valdebulebis Sesrulebis procesSi farTod gamoiyeneba, aseve, navaraudebi vadebi. am vadebis gasaRebs iZleva ssk-is 265-e muxli. kerZod, masSi iseT SemTxvevebzea saubari, rodesac „valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis
ar aris gansazRvruli dro da igi sxva garemoebebidanac ar irkveva“. sxva garemobebi SeiZleba iyos mravali da igi savaWro Cveulebebidan da tradiciebidan gamomdinareobdes.
xelSekrulebaSi nagulisxmebi vadebi yovelTvis damokidebulia xelSekrulebis monawile mxareTa savaraudo ganzraxvaze. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac aseTi vada gamomdinareobs Tavad valdebulebiTi urTierTobis xasiaTidan.114
arcTu iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, roca erTi da igive msesxebeli debs ramdenime sesxis
xelSekrulebas erTsa da imave gamsesxebelTan. mraval aseT SemTxvevaSi xelSekrulebis
pirobebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. aseTi valdebulebebis specifikuroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom movalis mier ganxorcielebuli Sesruleba ar aris sakmarisi yvela valdebulebis dasafarad.115 ssk-is 387-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu movales ekisreba
kreditorisaTvis erTmaneTis msgavsi ramodenime valdebulebis Sesruleba da is, rac
Sesrulda ar aris sakmarisi yvela valis dasafarad, maSin daifareba is valdebuleba,
romelsac movale Sesrulebis dros amoirCevs, xolo Tu movale ar amoirCevs, maSin daifareba is vali, romlis gadaxdis vadac pirveli dadga. im SemTxvevaSi, roca yvela Sesrulebis vada erTdroulad dgeba daifareba is valdebuleba, romelic movalisaTvis
Sesasruleblad ufro mZimea.116 movales eZleva SesaZlebloba TviTon gadawyvitos jer
romeli tvirTi moixsnas. SeiZleba es ar Sediodes kreditoris interesebSi, magram misi moTxovnis dayeneba movalis arCevanis uflebaze win, dauSvebelia, vinaidan movalem
yvelaze ukeT icis romeli valia misTvis yvelaze mZime da romeli maTganis gastumre111
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115
116
98
zarandia T., saxelSekrulebi valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis adgili da vadebi, sadisertacio naSromi, Tb., 2002, 74.
iqve, 76.
iqve, 77.
ZlieriSvili z., qonebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis xelSekrulebebis samarTlebrivi buneba, Tb., 2010, 322.
ssk-is 387-e muxli, me-2 nawili.
bis SemTxvevaSi ganTavisuflebuli iqneba igi damatebiTi xarjebisagan.117 rodesac yvela
moTxovna Tanabrad mZimea, aseT SemTxvevaSi moqmedi samoqalaqo kanonmdebeli, upirveles yovlisa, icavs ara movalis, aramed kreditoris interesebs, rac imaSi gamoixateba,
rom, pirvel rigSi, unda Sesruldes is valdebuleba, romelic naklebad aris uzrunvelyofili.118
4. sabanko kreditis (sesxis) xelSekrulebis
darRvevis safuZvlebi
romis saxelmwifos socialur ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTareba zegavlenas axdenda valdebulebiTi samarTlis normebis daxvewaze. sasaqonlo fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebam dRis wesrigSi daayena movalis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi valdebulebis braleuli SeusruleblobisaTvis.119 valdebulebis darRvevas/Seusruleblobas mTeli rigi garemoebebi ganapirobeben – sakanonmdeblo, obieqturi, subieqturi.120
sabanko kreditis dabruneba, rogorc wesi, erTbaSad ar xdeba da misgan grZelvadiani urTierToba warmoiSveba. msesxeblisTvis es imas niSnavs, rom is sesxs abrunebs
xelSekrulebis mTeli vadis ganmavlobaSi, anu sesxis mTliani Tanxa iyofa Tveebis raodenobaze, emateba procenti da TandaTanobiT brundeba. sesxis xelSekrulebis Sesruleba niSnavs mxareTa mier ufleba-movaleobebis amowurvas. jerovani Sesruleba, sxva
faqtorebTan erTad, dakavSirebulia Sesrulebis vadasTan. sesxis dabrunebis vada SeiZleba zustad iyos gansazRvruli xelSekrulebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi msesxebeli valdebulia aRniSnul vadaSi daabrunos sesxad miRebuli fuli, xolo roca winaswar ar aris
gansazRvruli, maSin sasesxo vali dabrunebul unda iqnes xelSekrulebis Sewyvetisas,
rac umetesad xorcieldeba kreditoris moTxovniT da Sewyvetis vadad aRiarebulia
sami Tve.121 roca movales Tavisi iniciativiT surs valis dabruneba, uprocento vadian
xelSekrulebaSi, movales SeuZlia vadis gasvlamde yovelTvis daabrunos sesxi, xolo
vadaze adre procentiani vali SeuZlia daabrunos kreditoris TanxmobiT, radgan kreditoris Tanxmobis gareSe vadaze adre valis dabruneba procentis saxiT misaRebi Semosavlis dakargvas iwvevs.122
valdebuleba irRveva maSin, roca igi ar sruldeba an arajerovnad sruldeba. valdebulebis Seusrulebloba gamoixateba imaSi, rom movale ar asrulebs valdebulebis
SesrulebisaTvis saWiro moqmedebebs da amitom kreditori ver iRebs imas, rac unda mieRo, arajerovani Sesrulebisas ki valdebuleba sruldeba, magram kreditorisaTvis uf117
118
119
120
121
122
ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l., ZlieriSviliz., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 256.
ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l., ZlieriSviliz., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 108.
nadareiSvili g., romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tb., 2001, 107-108.
begiaSvili n., valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba (SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi analizi), „sarCevi“, Tb., 2011, 9; Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tb, 2012, 23.
m., zambaxiZe t., niniZe T., suxitaSvili d., Sengelia r., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, me-4 wigni, 1-li tomi, 2011, Tb., 232–233.
iqve, 233.
99
ro naklebad xelsayrel pirobebSi. arajerovani Sesruleba zogjer valdebulebis Seusruleblobasac niSnavs.
movalis mier valdebulebis darRvevisas kreditors SeuZlia moiTxovos amiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba. Tu valdebulebis darRveva movalis mier Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebaSi gamoixateba, kreditors SeuZlia daniSnos aucilebeli dro valdebulebis Sesasruleblad, xolo am droSi valdebulebis Seusruleblobisas valdebulebis
Sesrulebis nacvlad moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba. damatebiTi vadis gansazRvra araa
saWiro, Tu aSkaraa, rom mas raime Sedegi ar moyveba an roca saxezea gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi, romelic orive mxaris interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT amarTlebs zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis dauyovnebliv gamoyenebas.123
erT-erT saqmeze saapelacio palatis ganmarteba ukavSirdeba klientis mier gamovlenili nebis siswores, rac SesaZloa xelSekrulebis darRvevis erT-erTi safuZveli
gaxdes. saapelacio palata ganmartavs, rom martooden nebis arseboba ar iwvevs garigebis dadebas, neba mimarTuli unda iyos samarTlebrivi Sedegis warmoSobis, Secvlis an
Sewyvetisaken. palata miiCnevs, rom nebis gamoxatva, romelic garkveuli samarTlebrivi
Sedegis dadgomisken aris mimarTuli, dakavSirebulia ara mxolod uflebebis, aramed
movaleobebis warmoSobasTan. Sesabamisad, sawinaaRmdegos dadasturebamde ivaraudeba,
rom piris mier gamovlenili neba Seesabameba mis namdvil nebas. aRniSnuli prezumfcia
qarwyldeba, Tu dadasturdeba, rom neba gamovlenil iqna iseT pirobebSi, romelic gamovlenili nebis namdvili nebisadmi Sesabamisobas gamoricxavs.124 xelSekrulebaze nebayoflobiT xelis moweriT mxare gamoTqvams ra Tanxmobas saxelSekrulebo pirobebze,
ivaraudeba, rom xelSekrulebis pirobebi misTvis Tavidanve iyo cnobili. Sesabamisad,
xelis mowera sadavo xelSekrulebebze gulisxmobs mxareTa mxridan namdvili nebis gamovlenas da imas, rom nebis gamovlenis iseTi nakli, romelic motyuebiT dadebulad miCnevis safuZveli gaxdeboda, ar arsebobs.125
movalis mier kreditoris ndobis borotad gamoyeneba sakredito urTierTobis pirobebis darRvevis erT-erTi safuZvelia, Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovani mizania kreditorTa dacva movalis TviTnebobisgan. erT SemTxvevaSi movale Tavs aridebs valdebulebis
Sesrulebas, sxva SemTxvevaSi is arajerovnad an dadgenili vadis darRveviT asrulebs
valdebulebas, an emaleba valis gadaxdas, icvlis adgilsamyofels kreditorisaTvis
Setyobinebis gareSe da a.S.126
valdebulebis darRvevis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli saxe movalis mier vadis gadacilebaa. sesxis dabrunebis vada SeiZleba zustad iyos gansazRvruli xelSekrulebiT. aseT
SemTxvevaSi msesxebeli valdebulia aRniSnul vadaSi daabrunos sesxad miRebuli fuli
an nivTi. roca sesxis dabrunebis vada winaswar araa aRniSnuli an moTxovnis momentiTaa
gansazRvruli, maSin sasesxo vali dabrunebul unda iqnes kreditoris an movalis mier
123
124
125
126
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 1999, 55-56.
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos, samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis, 2012 wlis 17 ianvris
gadawyvetileba saqme: №2b/4187-11.
sus-s, samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis, 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba saqme: № as1220-1240-2011.
Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali., Tb, 2012, 34.
100
xelSekrulebis Sewyvetisas.127 kanoni aqve iTvaliswinebs SemTxvevas, roca valdebuleba
ar iTvleba darRveulad vadis gadacilebis gamo, da mas iseT garemoebebs ukavSirebs,
romelic movalis braliT araa gamowveuli. bralis SemTxvevaSi ki movale pasuxismgebelia Tundac gaufrTxileblobisaTvis da SemTxvevisaTvis.128 erT-erT saqmeze sakasacio
palata ganmartavs, rom movalis mier valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebad iTvleba movalis mier iseTi umoqmedeba, Tu Sesrulebis vadis dadgomidan kreditoris mier gafrTxilebis Semdegac movale ar axorcielebs valdebulebas. gafrTxileba Tavis
TavSi Sexsenebas gulisxmobs da uamisod movale vadis gadamcileblad ar iTvleba.129
ganasxvaveben sesxis dabrunebis moTxovnis sam winapirobas: a) sesxis xelSekruleba; b) gacemuli sesxi da g) dabrunebis vadis dadgoma.130 valis dabrunebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori dabrunebis vadis dadgomaa, romelic, Tavis mxriv, valdebulebis
Sesrulebis (xolo Seusruleblobisas – Sesrulebis moTxovnis) kulminacias warmoadgens. gamsesxebels valis dabrunebis moTxovnis ufleba aqvs sesxis xelSekrulebis vadis
gasvlisas,131 Tu vada ar aris gansazRvruli – calmxrivad Sewyvetisas (moSlisas)132 da
mniSvnelovani safuZvlisas – qonebrivi mdgomareobis gauaresebisas.133
uSualod sakredito xelSekrulebis danarTi, standartuli pirobebis saxiT iTvaliswinebs mxareTa pasuxismgeblobas, romlis mixedviTac mxareebi iReben valdebulebas aunazRauron erTmaneTs maT mier xelSekrulebis srulad an nawilobrivi Seusruleblobis an arajerovani Sesrulebis Sedegad miyenebuli ziani, kanonmdeblobiT an
xelSekrulebiT dadgenili wesiT. zianis anazRaureba klients ar aTavisuflebs xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebebis Sesrulebisgan. amasTan, banki itovebs uflebamosilebas, nakisri valdebulebebis srulad da jerovnad Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad,
ramodenime vadamosuli davalianebis arsebobisas, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gansazRvros gadasaxdelebis Tanmimdevroba da rigiToba, vadamosuli gadasaxdelis srulad da
jerovnad dafarvamde, masTan arsebuli wesebis dacviT uaqceptod dablokos klientis
nebismieri saxis angariSebi, angariSebidan uaqceptod Camoweros yvela gadasaxdeli, dauSvas overdraftebi an/da gazardos arsebuli overdraftebis moculoba, xolo Sesabamisi Tanxebi mimarTos gadasaxdelebis dasafarad.134
brunvis monawileTa movaleoba jerovnad Seasrulos valdebuleba, emyareba im sinamdviles, romelic misTvis cnobilia da mas am sinamdvilisaTvis keTilsindisieri damokidebuleba evaleba. keTilsindisierad qcevis valdebuleba emyareba samarTalSi sazogadod moqmed keTilsindisierebis varauds. es varaudi gansazRvravs samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis ganviTarebis saerTo mimarTulebasac.135
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
Sead. Sengelia r., Txovebisa da sesxis samarTlebrivi buneba, Tb., 1999, 45.
praqtikaSi (2000-2013), Tb., 2014, 142. ix. saqme №3j/614-01, 18.01.2001.
Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tb., 2012, 24, Semdgomi miTiTebiT:
Schelhammer, Schuldrecht, Rn. 311.
ssk-is 626-e muxli.
ssk-is 626-e muxli, 405-e da 399-e muxlebi.
ssk-is 627-e muxli.
amonaridi sakredito xelSekrulebis danarTidan.
praqtikaSi (2000-2013), Tb., 2014, 128. ix. saqme №3k-1133-02, 20.12.2002.
101
5. morigebis procesi sakredito urTierTobebis mowesrigebis mizniT
5.1. sasamarTlosmieri morigebis arsi da mizani
yvelaferi banksa da klients Soris arsebuli sakredito urTierTobis darRveviT,
sadavo urTierTobiT e.w. „sakredito konfliqtiT“ iwyeba. „konfliqti“ or an met pirovnebas Soris warmoSobili uaryofiTi emociebiT datvirTuli urTierTobaa. samarTlis
leqsikoni termins „konfliqti“ (Dispute) ganmartavs, rogorc uTanxmoebas, rac konkretuli saqmis warmoebis dawyebis safuZvelia.136
banksa da klients Soris arsebuli dava, upirvelesad, Sida regulirebas eqvemdebareba rogorc saxelSekrulebo, aseve sakanonmdeblo doneze da moicavs mimarTvasa da
gafrTxilebas. amowuravs ra banki davis mogvarebis mizniT arsebul yvela Sida resurss,
sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva rCeba upirobo saSualeba davis mosawesrigeblad.
uTanxmoebis arsebobis pirobebSi SesaZloa mxareebma Secvalon Tavisi pozicia, gamonaxon Sesabamisi resursebi davis mogvarebis mizniT. aseT viTarebaSi mTavari moTxovnaa, dava mSvidobianad iyos ganxiluli da mogvarebuli (dispute will only be pursued by peaceful
means).137
banksa da movales Soris arsebuli dava unda ganimartos, rogorc specifikuri xasiaTis uTanxmoeba, romelic dakavSirebulia sabanko kreditTan, sakredito istoriasTan, gadaxdis faqtebTan, sakredito xelSekrulebasTan da kanonTan, aseve, sabanko politikasTan.
molaparakebebis warmoeba da saqmis warmoeba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. molaparakebebis warmoeba es aris procesi, roca mxareebi maqsimalurad inarCuneben kontrols davaze, maSin roca saqmis warmoeba Tavis gavlenis qveS aqcevs davas da
sabolo gadawyvetilebas sasamarTlo iRebs.138 davis molaparakebis gziT gadasawyvetad
aucilebelia banksac da movales sjerodeT, rom SeTanxmebiT miRweuli sargebeli aRemateba danakargs (The benefits of an agreement out weigh the losses). Tu maTi interesebi radikalurad gansxavebulia, maSin SeTanxmeba, romelic erTi mxarisgan moiTxovs daTmos yvelaferi an/da poziciaTa umetesoba – miuRwevadia. amdenad, Tu davis ZiriTad sakiTxebze
molaparakebebi Seferxdeba, maSin SesaZlebeli iqneba mxareebi SeTanxmdnen davis saproceso wesiT gadawyvetaze.139
movalis aSkara, mZime finansuri mdgomareoba, imis naTeli dadasturebaa, rom sasamarTlos gareSe warmoebuli molaparakebebi Sedegs ver gamoiRebs. Sesabamisad, movalisTvis rac ar unda „arasasiamovno faqti“ iyos, banki iZulebulia, davis regulirebis mizniT mimarTos sasamarTlos, risTvisac banki urTierTobis regulirebis konkretul gzas
– saqmis warmoebis process irCevs. amdenad, valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT warmoSobili sadavo sakredito urTierTobebi sasamarTloSi inacvlebs. sasamarTloSi mimarTvis
ufleba SesaZlebelia xandazmulobis vadis ganmavlobaSi,140 anu drois im monakveTidan
136
137
138
139
140
Garner B. A., Black’s Law Dictionary, USA, 2004, 505.
Merrills J.G., International Dispute Settlement, New-York, 2005, 1.
iqve, 18.
iqve, 12.
ssk-is 129-130-e muxlebi.
102
dawyebuli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi, roca msesxebelma gaigo, rom movale vals ar abrunebda anu misi ufleba darRveuli iyo.141
samoqalaqo saqmis warmoebis dasawyisi sarCelia, romliTac mxareebi mimarTaven sasamarTlos darRveuli an sadavod qceuli uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis dasacavad. sasarCelo warmoeba samoqalaqo saqmis warmoebis ZiriTadi saxea, rameTu moTxovnaTa
umetesoba uflebis Sesaxeb davidan gamomdinareobs.142 sarCeli umTavresi da fuZemdebluri dokumentia sasamarTloSi saqmis gansaxilvelad. sarCelSi ganisazRvreba da yalibdeba moTxovna, Tu raSi mdgomareobs modave mxaris darRveuli ufleba da pretenzia.143
samarTlebrivi ganmartebiT samoqalaqo procesi normaTa erTobliobaa, romelic
awesrigebs samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis wess, gansazRvravs mxareTa uflebebsa da movaleobebs, uzrunvelyofs fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis kanonieri uflebebisa da interesebis dacvas.144 rogorc sasamarTlo praqtika adasturebs, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, mosarCele mxared da sasamarTlo wesiT davis ganxilvis iniciatorad banki
gvevlineba. bankis mxridan sarCelis Setanis saproceso-samarTlebrivi Sedegia is, rom
sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis momentidan iwyeba samoqalaqo procesi sabanko saqmeze. mxareebi – banki da movale samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis monawileebi xdebian da iZenen saproceso ufleba-movaleobebs. paralelurad, sasamarTlos warmoeSoba valdebuleba ganixilos sabanko dava da gamoitanos gadawyvetileba. sasamarTlos mxridan xorcieldeba mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi saqmis mosamzadeblad sasamarTlos mTavar sxomaze
gansaxilvelad.
xSirad sabako saqmis sasamarTlo wesiT ganxilva gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT ar
sruldeba. sssk-is mixedviT gadawyvetilebis gamotanis gareSe saqmis warmoebis damTavrebis erT-erTi forma saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetaa.145 mxareebs SeuZliaT miaRwion SeTanxmebas, morigebas (reach a settelment) sasamarTloSi da sasamarTlos mier misi damtkicebiT
Sewyviton saqmis warmoeba. sasamarTlos mier damtkicebuli SeTanxmebis upiratesoba
isaa, rom arcerTi mxare araa mogebuli an wagebuli (no parties wins or loses gace), mxareebs
SeuZliaT daareguliron yvela samarTlebrivi urTierToba, vidre es samarTalwarmoebiTaa SesaZlebeli.146
aRsaniSnavia, rom morigebiT saqmis warmoebis dasruleba nebismier etapzea SesaZlebeli. Tumca, samarTlebrivi Sedegis misaRwevad sasurvelia procesi konkretul samarTlebriv sazRvrebs ar gascdes, romlis Semdegac morigeba ukve warmoudgeneli iqneba. kerZod, morigeba SesaZlebelia manamde, vidre gadawyvetilebis gamotanis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi momwifdeba. magaliTad, uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier sakasacio saCivris
arsebiTad mosmenis dawyebamde mxareebi morigdnen, rac morigebiT saqmis warmoebis dasrulebis safuZveli gaxda.147
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
qurdaZe S., samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, Tb., 2005,
422.
iqve, 429.
SuSanaSvili al., iuridiuli leqsikoni, Tb., 2000, 61.
ix. sssk-is 272-e muxli.
Werner F.E., Matthew W.F., Kluver C.H. B., Introduction to German Law, The Hague-London-Boston, 1996,
369.
sus-s, samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis, 2010 wlis 22 ianvris ganCineba saqmeze: №as-10031278-09; №as-1003-1278-09-x-Ze; <http://www.supremecourt.ge/default.aspx?sec_id=191&lang=>,
[01.10.2014].
103
rogorc bankisTvis, aseve movalisTvis saqmis morigebiT damTavreba samarTalwarmoebis dasrulebis aranakleb mniSvnelovani formaa, vidre saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamotana. morigebiT saqmis warmoebis damTavreba mxareTa nebayoflobiTi arCevania. mxareebs SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba morigebiT daamTavron.148 morigebiT saqmis warmebis dasrulebisaTvis aucilebelia saTanado samarTlebrivi winapirobebis arseboba, romlebic
erTmniSvnelovnad ar aris gawerili kanonmdeblobaSi da mizanSewonilia maTi klasifikacia konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. morigebis winapirobebi SesaZloa daiyos saqmis warmoebis kuTxiT da uSulod morigebis maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. orive SemTxvevas
gaaCnia subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebis erTdroulad arseboba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia arsebobdes dava kreditor banksa da movales Soris da gamoxatuli iyos
mxareTa neba morigebaze, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – aucilebelia mxareTa – banksa da momxmarebels Soris samomrigeblo molaparakebebis warmoeba da morigebis aqtis SemuSaveba,
ris Semdgomac sasamarTlo saqmis warmoebas wyvets Tu mxareebi morigdebian.149
marTalia, bankic da movalec uflebamosilni arian uflebrivad gankargon davis
sagani (dispoziciurobidan gamomdinare), umTavresi mdgomareoba procesze ekuTvnis
sasamarTlos, radgan is saxelmwifo xelisuflebis warmomadgenelia, romelsac mxareebi emorCilebian. mxareTa moqmedebebi mimarTulia iqiT, rom sasamarTlos saqmianobas
mieces sawyisi da safuZveli saTanado gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad.150 Sesabamisad, aranakleb mniSvnelovania sasamarTlos/mosamarTlis roli morigebisas. morigeba sasamarTlos mier xorcieldeba, rasac termini „sasamarTlosmieri morigeba“ amyarebs.151 saqmis
warmoeba swored sadavod qceuli urTierTobis sasamarTlosmier regulirebas gulisxmobs da, Sesabamisad, saqmis warmoeba mxolod sasamarTlosmieri morigebiT SeiZleba
dasruldes.
sasamarTlom yvelanairad unda Seuwyos xeli da miiRos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela zoma raTa mxareebma saqme morigebiT daamTavron.152 yoveli konkretuli saqme
mosamarTlem yuradRebiT, auCqareblad, udidesi pasuxismgeblobiT unda ganixilos da
mxareebis mimarT momTmeni, dakvirvebuli da damajerebeli iyos.153 mosamarTles aqvs kanoniT miniWebuli SesaZlebloba saqme droebiT gadados da mxareebs misces gonivruli
vada saqmis morigebiT dasrulebisTvis raTa CauRrmavdnen sakuTar poziciebs da perspeqtivebs. amasTan, aucilebelia mosamarTlem morigebis SeTavazeba sakmaod gasagebad
da morigebisken mimarTuli formiT ganaxorcielos. kerZod, mxarisaken mimarTuli yoveli winadadeba unda gamoxatavdes morigebis mizans da, mourigeblobis SemTxvevaSi, ganmartavdes mosalodnel Sedegebs. am dros minimaluri RonisZieba erTgvarad mxareebis
konsultirebaa. konsultaciis praqtikuli Rirebulebaa, rom is gascems sasargeblo informacias yvelaze saWiro dros, sanam raime moqmedeba Sesrulebula. maSin roca igive
moqmedebis mogvianebiT Sesrulebisas es SeiZleba iyos zewola.154
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
ix. sssk-is me-3 muxli, me-2 nawili.
ix.sssk-is 272-e muxli, „d“.
ix. Треушникова М.К., Хрестоматия по Гражданскому процессу, М.,1996, 62.
The Texas Bar Association ADR, Current Issues in Court Annexed Mediation, 2000, <http://adrr.com/adr2/
essayq.htm>, [01.10.2014].
ix. sssk-is 218-e muxli, 1-li nawili.
xurciZe n., maTiaSvili m., moliterno j., zambaxiZe T., ciskaZe m., joxaZe g., iuridiul
profesiaTa eTikis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009, 94.
Merrills J.G., International Dispute Settlement, New-York, 2005,3.
104
sasamarTlos esa Tu is moqmedeba gamomdinareobs mxareTa moTxovnebidan, iniciatividan da sadavo sakiTxebic ganixileba im faqtebiT, romelic sasamarTlos maT mier
waredgineba.155 sasamarTlo ar axorcielebs samarTalwarmoebas dainteresebuli pirebis iniciativis gareSe. sasamarTlo mxolod dainteresebul pirTa mimarTvis safuZvelze iwyebs saqmis warmoebas da is ar unda gascildes mxareTa moTxovnebs, ar unda eZios
faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, rac mxareebs ar warudgeniaT da ganucxadebiaT, is Tavad
araa uflebamosili eZios da moipovos mtkicebulebebi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo didi
sifrTxiliT unda miudges morigebis procesis warmarTvas. TiToeuli mxaris ufleba
da valdebuleba Seesabameba sasamarTlos uflebasa da valdebulebas. sasamarTlo, rogorc sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis mqone organo, ar aris dainteresebuli romelime
mxariT, aramed dainteresebulia mxolod davis sworad gadawyvetis im safuZvliT, rac
mis xelTaa. sasamarTlosTvis orive mxare unda iyos Tanabari.156
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis miuxedavad, sasamarTlo ver aiZulebs verc banks da
verc movale mxares saqme morigebiT daasrulon. Tu mxareebi ver SeTanxmden morigebis
pirobebze, sasamarTlo saqmis warmoeba dadgenili wesiT gagrZeldeba. zogadad, aRsaniSnavia, rom davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebebis gamoyenebas mosamarTleTa
nawili skeptikurad uyurebs. isini miiCneven, rom sasamarTlo procesma ukve daamtkica
Tavisi efeqturoba da, amdenad, saWiro ar aris am mimarTulebiT siaxleebis Zieba, miTumetes, rom sasamarTlo arasodes ar aris morigebis winaaRmdegi da SeuZlia daamtkicos
mxareTa SeTanxmebiT miRweuli morigebis pirobebi.157
5.2. samomrigeblo mcdelobebi da morigebis aqtis damtkiceba
saqmis warmoebis nebismier etapze aris SesaZlebeli mxareTa iniciativa da SeTanxmeba morigebaze. morigebis procesis araformaluri sawyisi banksa da movales Soris
arsebuli konfliqtia, romelic arTulebs maT Soris arsebul rogorc saqmian, ise pirovnul urTierTobas. sawyis etapze arsebobs mxolod mxareebisaTvis gaugebari ramodenime faqti, SemdgomSi ki viTareba rTuldeba da aucilebeli xdeba iseTi samarTlebrivi procesisTvis mimarTva, rogoric sasamarTlosmieri morigebaa.
morigebis procesi, upirveles yovlisa, samomrigeblo mcdelobiT iwyeba, risi aucilebeli pirobac mxareTa Soris kontaqtis aucileblobaa. kontaqti jansaRi azris
gacvla-gamocvalas unda gulisxmobdes da mimarTuli unda iyos sadavo saqmis ormxrivi
sargeblis momtanad dasrulebisken. kerZod, wamoyenebuli unda iqnes morigebis gonivruli SeTavazeba. SeTavazeba unda iyos efeqturi da emsaxurebodes davis gadawyvetas.
SeTavazebam unda gaaumjobesos bankis, rogorc sakredito dawesebulebis da movalis,
rogorc potenciuri klientis erTmaneTisa da saqmisadmi damokidebuleba, SemdgomSi
sakredito urTierTobis ukeT da Sedegianad warmarTvis mizniT. kontaqtis saxeoba mxareTa mudmivi komunikaciaa, romelic didi sifrTxiliT da dadgenili formiT unda warimarTos, raTa ar daikargos morigebis mciredi Sansic ki. aucilebelia am kontaqtis
mudmivad SenarCuneba, rac saWiroebs molaparakebis procesis intensiur warmoebasa da
azrTa gacvlas.
155
156
157
Треушникова М. К., Хрестоматия по Гражданскому процессу, М.,1996,63.
iqve, 64.
cercvaZe g., mediacia, davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma, Tb., 2010, 167.
105
samomrigeblo mcdelobis aqtiuri mxarea morigebis pirobebis SemuSaveba. morigebis pirobebis SemuSavebisTvis ar arsebobs drois faqtori, mTavari Sedegia. Tumca,
wlobiT gagrZelebuli molaparakeba ufro drois gayvanis mcdelobaa, vidre realuri
Sedegisken mimarTuli qmedeba. sakredito urTierTobis regulireba drois mokle periods moiTxovs. bankisa da movalis mier morigebis pirobebis SemuSavebaSi igulisxmeba is
faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi garemoebebi, romelTa samomrigeblo winadadebis saxiT
Camoyalibeba erTobliobaSi morigebis aqtis damtkicebis winapirobaa. samomrigeblo
molaparakeba gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi molaparakebisgan. am dros aucilebelia yvela
sityva da qmedeba erTmniSvnelovnad morigebisken iyos mimarTuli. modave mxareebi unda Seecadnen gaiazron davis arsi, misi dadebiTi d uaryofiTi mxarebi, sakuTari poziciebis momgebiani da wamgebiani xasiaTi, Seafason davis ganxilvis samomavlo tendenciebi
da samarTlebrivad myari poziciebis wamoyenebis safuZvelze SeimuSaon morigebis aqtis
proeqti. SesaZloa Tavidanve ar gamoikveTos mxareTaTvis erTmniSvnelovnad misaRebi
poziciebi, magram gamoikveTos davis gadawyvetis arsi da maTi daxvewa mxolod droisa da
Semdgomi molaparakebebis Sedegi gaxdes. am dros mizanSewonilia CarCo xelSekrulebis
winaswari momzadeba. proeqtis SemuSaveba xels uwyobs msjelobis koncentrirebulad
warmarTvas, agreTve im sakiTxebis gamovlenas, romelic sxvagvarad SeiZleboda mxedvelobidan gamorCenodaT, amasTan xels uwyobs Semdgomi gaugebrobis Tavidan acilebas.158
morigebis pirobebis SemuSavebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos Sesasrulebeli
valdebulebebis odenoba. aq erTmaneTisgan unda gansxvavdes erTi – sakredito urTierTobidan warmoSobili raodenime erTmaneTisgan gamomdinare valdebuleba, romlis
drosac SesaZlebelia garkveuli Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT valdebulebaTa prioritetuli wyobis gansazRvra da naklebmniSvnelovani valdebulebis gaqviTva, patieba159 da
erTdroulad ramdenime valdebulebidan gamomdinare valdebulebis arseboba.160 morigebis pirobebis SemuSavebisas, aseve, gasaTvaliswinebelia valdebulebis Sesrulebis
rigiTobis saerTo principi. movalis gadasaxdelidan, romelic ar aris sakmarisi mTeli
vadamosuli valis dasafarad, Tavdapirvelad ifareba sasamarTlos xarjebi, Semdeg ZiriTadi Sesruleba – vali, bolos – procenti.161
morigebis pirobebis Camoyalibebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos msesxeblis qonebrivi mdgomareoba. kanoni iTvaliswinebs valis dauyovneblivi moTxovnis uflebas,162
sadac aseTi moTxovnis safuZvlad swored qonebrivi mdgomareobis gauaresebaa miCneuli, riTac safrTxe Seeqmneba sesxis dabrunebis moTxovnas.163 morigebis pirobebis SemuSavebisas zemoaRniSnuli piroba iribad ukavSirdeba im faqts, rom bankma mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos msesxeblis qonebrivi mdgomareobis gauaresebis faqti da realurad Seafasos
158
159
160
161
162
163
gogiSvili m., sulxaniSvili m., mesxiSvili q., jinoria x., gelaSvili r., urTierTobebi
sasamarTlo sxdomis darbazSi, sxdomis marTvis, mxareTa morigebis komunikaciuri da
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, sus, Tb., 2010, 92.
sabanko praqtikaSi aseTia – restruqturizacia.
sabanko praqtikaSi aseTia – jarima, daricxuli procenti.
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 1999, 53; ssk-is 388-e muxli.
ssk-is 627-e muxli.
realurad, safrTxe emuqreba ara sesxis dabrunebis moTxovnis uflebas, aramed sesxis
realur dabrunebas, vinaidan moTxovnis uflebas axorcielebs kreditori da movalis
qonebrivi mdgomareobis gauareseba moTxovnis uflebas ver Seuqmnis safrTxes.
106
is garemoebebi, romlebic SesaZloa morigebis pirobebSi iyos gaTvaliswinebuli, magram
maT arsebiTi gavlena iqonion morigebis pirobebze. morigebis pirobebis SemuSavebisas,
aseve, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos uzrunvelyofad gamoyenebuli samarTlebrivi RonisZiebebi, romelTa arseboba an damatebiT gamoyeneba amsubuqebs movalis mdgomareobas.
zogadad, molaparakebis oTxi gza arsebobs: msubuqi, mZime, Sualeduri da principuli. molaparakebis TiToeul saxes Tavisi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs da isini etapobrivad
rTuldeba mxareTa daZabuli urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesabamisad. aRsaniSnavia, rom
morigebis mZime meTodisTvis damaxasiaTebelia is garemobebi, rom davis monawile mxareebi erTmaneTisTvis konkurentebi arian, ara aqvT urTierTndoba da mxolod sakuTar Tavs
miiCneven gamarjvebulad, xolo meore mxarisgan maqsimalur daTmobas da sakiTxis maTi
Sexedulebis mixedviT gadawyvetas moiTxoven. adgili aqvs tyuils da molaparakebis ZiriTadi miznis damalvas. aq erTi mxaris pozicia dominirebs, romlis mizani ara morigeba,
aramed gamarjvebaa.164 morigebis procesi ki erTgvar Tanabar pirobebSi unda mimdinareobdes. morigebisTvis mxolod calmxrivi daTmobis faqti miuRebelia, aucilebelia ormxrivi moqmedeba, ormxrivi interesi da, Sesabamisad, poziciaTa ormxrivi daTmobis faqtis arseboba.
molaparakebis xelovneba erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia morigebis procesSi. igi
frTxil, naTel da mizanmimarTul komunikacias unda eyrdnobodes. molaparakebis swori
gzis arCeva bevr faqtorzea damokidebuli. sasurveli meTodis arCevamde unda moxdes
mxareTa mentalobaSi garkveva, radgan mxareebi gansxvavebulad aRiqvaven movlenebs da,
umetesad, maTi pozicia pirovnuli damokidebulebidan gamomdinareobs. am dros ki aucilebelia mxareebma SeZlon obieqturi, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT aRqma da ara ise, rogorc
es maTTvis iqneba mniSvnelovani. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom morigebis xelovneba mxareTa
emociebis marTvacaa. zogjer grZnobebs ufro didi datvirTva gaaCnia, vidre saubars.165
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu banki da movale morigdebian, sasamarTlo amtkicebs morigebis
aqts. morigebis aqti mxareTa mier samoqalaqo uflebebisa da valdebulebebis gankargvis
Sesaxeb werilobiTi dokumentia. masSi aRiniSneba mxareTa neba, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT iTvaliswinebs ormxriv daTmobebs saerTo sasargeblo miznis misaRwevad. morigebis
Taobaze mxareTa SeTanxmebebis Semdeg maTi uflebebi da movaleobebi swored am morigebis aqtSi gansazRvruli pirobebis mixedviT ganisazRvreba da ara morigebamde arsebuli
valdebulebebis mixedviT.166
morigebis aqti werilobiTi formiT unda Sedges da igi yvela sadavo sakiTxis gadaWris pirobas unda Seicavdes. kerZod, aqtis Sinaarsi sadavo saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebidan unda gamomdinareobdes da mimarTuli unda iyos davis gadawyvetisken, amasTan, orive mxaris mier wamoyenebuli piroba meore mxaris moTxovnebs da interesebs unda akmayofilebdes. igi unda moicavdes SeTanxmebis pirobebs, gansakuTrebul pirobebs,
saproceso xarjebs da daskvniT debulebebs.167 morigebis aqtis teqstSi gaTvaliswine164
165
166
167
gogiSvili m., sulxaniSvili m., mesxiSvili q., jinoria x., gelaSvili r., urTierTobebi
sasamarTlo sxdomis darbazSi, sxdomis marTvis, mxareTa morigebis komunikaciuri da
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, sus, Tb., 2010, 55.
iqve, 58-59.
Wanturia l., zoiZe b., Wanturia l., samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, me-3 wigni, Tb., 2001,
264-265.
ix. sus-s, samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis, 2010 wlis 22 ianvris ganCineba saqmeze: №as-12691527-09, 2010, <http://prg.supremecourt.ge/CaseCivilResult.aspx>, [01.10.2014].
107
buli unda iyos saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlos dasaxeleba, saqmis dasaxeleba, monawile mxareTa da warmomadgenelTa vinaoba, sasarCelo moTxovna, davis sagnidan romel
sasarCelo moTxovnebs eTanxmebian mxareebi, ra moqmedebebi da ra vadaSi unda ganaxorcielos mxarem, rogor iqneba ganawilebuli mxareebs Soris sasamarTlo xarjebi. morigebis aqtis dasasruls unda aRiniSnos mxareTa mimarTva sasamarTlosadmi morigebis aqtis damtkicebisa da saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Taobaze muxlebis miTiTebiT.
aucilebelia morigebis aqti kanonis farglebSi damtkicdes. aseTi pirobebis
Sesrulebisa da dacvis aucilebloba iqidan gamomdinareobs, rom morigebis pirobebs
mTlianad mxareebi gansazRvraven, ra drosac SesaZleblia, mxareTa Tavisufalma nebam
kanonis moTxovnebi ugulebelyos. morigebis pirobebi, Tavisi SinaarsiT, ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes moralsa da sazogadoebriv wesrigs. amdenad, sasamarTlos evaleba morigebis aqtis damtkicebamde misi kanonierebis kontroli. Sesabamisad, Tu morigebis aqtis
pirobebi exeba saxelmwifo an im piris interesebs, romelic procesSi ar monawileobs,
zRudavs mxareTa uflebebsa da kanonier interesebs, morigebis aqtis damtkiceba ar daiSveba. jer kidev romis samarTalSi, Tu piris qmedeba romelTa keTil zne-Cveulebas
ewinaaRmdegeboda, fuli, gacemuli im mizniT, rom pirma Caidinos xsenebuli keTili zneCveulebiT akrZaluli qmedeba, ukan unda daebrunebina mis mimRebs.168
morigebis aqtis damtkicebis Taobaze sasamarTlo iRebs ganCinebas, romelic sxva
Sinaarsis mqone gadawyvetilebisagan formalurad ar gansxvavdeba da Sedgeba kanoniT
dadgenili gadawyvetilebis formis Semadgeneli nawilebisgan. aRniSnuli ganCineba mxareTa aranair uflebebsa da valdebulebebs ar warmoSobs. ganCineba, morigebis aqtis samarTlebrivi simyaris da misi damtkicebis saSualebaa. morigebis aqtis Taobaze miRebuli ganCineba sasamarTlosmieri morigebis damagvirgvinebeli dokumentia.
morigebis upiratesoba davis gadawyvetis erTgvar ekonomiurobaSi vlindeba rogorc uSualo danakargebis SemcirebaSi, aseve drois da energiis dazogvaSi.169 dRevandeli marTlmsajulebis erT-erTi problema saqmis simravle da mosamarTlis umZimesi datvirTvaa, rac, bunebrivia, marTlmsajulebis xarisxzec axdens gavlenas da, imavdroulad,
iwvevs sazogadoebis samarTlian ukmayofilebas saqmeTa ganxilvis gaxangrZlivebis gamo.
sasamarTlo imaze ki ar unda fiqrobdes, rom „CaZiruli saqmeebis~ gamo vadebi daerRva,
aramed mxolod imaze, rom sworad ganmartos kanoni da sworad gadawyvitos ama Tu im saqmis konkretuli bedi.170
davis mogvarebis proceduris (dispute resolution procedure) gamoyenebisa da gavrcelebis
bevri mizezi arsebobs. evropaSi adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebam saTave misca mTeli rigi kanonebis miRebas, rasac mohyva sasamarTlo institutebis Seqmna adamianis uflebaTa
davebis gadawyvetis mizniT, ramac xeli Seuwyo davis gadawyvetis meqnizmebis zrdas ara
mxolod adamianis uflebaTa dacvis, aramed samarTlis sxva sferoebSic.171
168
169
170
171
nadareiSvili g., samoqalaqo samarTali, Tb., 2001, 124.
Wanturia l., boelingi h., samoqalaqo saqmeze gadawyvetilebis miRebis meTodika, Tb.,
2003, 89.
lazaraSvili l., sazogadoebas unda swamdes, rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seasrulos Tavisi namdvili funqcia – aRasrulos marTlmsajuleba, sus, „marTlmsajuleba~, Tb., №1,
2006, 56.
ix. Buergenthal T., The Proliferation of Disputes, Dispute Settlement Procedures and Respect for the Rule of
Law, UK, London, 2006, 495.
108
davis alternatiuli wesiT gadawyveta metad agvarebs samarTlebriv problemas,
vidre, zogadad, sasamarTlo procesi, ris Sedegadac uzrunvelyofilia saqmis warmoebisTvis Tavis arideba. Tumca, davis alternatiuli gadawyvetisTvis mimarTva yvela SemTxvevaSi araa mizanSewonili. zogierTi saxis davis da miznisTvis sasamarTlo saqmis warmoeba saukeTeso procesia, radgan zog situaciaSi mxolod sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
uzrunvelyofs swor samarTlebriv miTiTebas mxareTaTvis, xolo iq, sadac davis alternatiuli gziT gadaWra yvelaze aprobirebuli meTodia, sasurvelia, rom igi optimalurad iqnes gamoyenebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamoyenebis uaryofis gareSe.172
banksa da movales Soris saqmis warmoebis morigebiT dasrulebisas xdeba gaWianurebuli da xangrZlivi sasamarTlo procedurebis Tavidan acileba da davis drois im monakveTSi gadawyveta, rac mxareebs morigebis pirobebis SesamuSaveblad sWirdebaT. saqmis
arsebiTad ganxilvisagan gansxvavebiT, xdeba sasamarTloSi arsebuli davis swrafad da
sabolood mogvareba, miRweuli Sedegis advilad aRsruleba da “gadauwyveteli gadawyvetilebis~ Tavidan arideba. mcirdeba xarjebi, rac davis mogvarebis ekonomiurobas usvavs xazs. morigebis pirobebis SemuSavebisas xdeba poziciaTa daTmoba da Sejereba, rac
konfliqtis mogvarebis upirobo winapirobaa. xazgasasmelia is faqti, rom pirobebis SemuSaveba xdeba nebayoflobiT mSvidobiani da arakonfliqturi gzebiT, rac xels uwyobs
ara mxolod davis swraf da efeqtur gadawyvetas, aramed mxareTa Soris Semdgomi jansaRi urTierTobis SenarCunebas SesaZlo samomavlo perspeqtivebiT.173
morigebisas mxareTa neba farToa da mravlismomcveli, gadawyvetileba ki – nebayoflobiTi. igi TiTqmis srulad aregulirebs samarTalwarmoebis process, marTlmsajulebas da sasamarTlos karnaxobs sakuTar pozicias. aq xdeba mxareebisa da sasamarTlos (saxelmwifo marTlmsajulebis) urTierTTanamSromlobisa da kompromisis umaRlesi gamovlineba, rac, aseve, vlindeba morigebiT damtkicebuli pirobebis aRsrulebaSi.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Sesabamisad, xdeba samarTlianobis aRdgena, romelic
mxareTa nebis gamovlena-ganxorcielebaSi gamoixateba. konfliqtis aseTi gziT mogvareba davis gadawyvetis saukeTeso alternativaa, romelic, aseve, amaRlebs sasamarTlo
prestiJs, vinidan davis aseTi gziT mogvarebis Sedegad sasamarTlo xvdeba ukve jansaR
sazogadoebriv urTierTobas da ara sasamarTlo procesis Sedegad damarcxebuli romelime mxaris uaryofiT emocias. jansaRi sazogadoeba ki upirvelesi pirobaa socialuri
garemosa da, maT Soris, sabanko seqtoris srulyofisTvis.
6. daskvna
sabazro urTierTobebi samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze wesrigdeba. samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba ki, sxva mniSvnelovan principebTan erTad, efuZneba saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis princips da mxareTa Tanasworobas xelSekrulebis dadebisas. samoqalaqo urTierTobebi agebulia misi monawileebis Tanabaruflebianobaze, romelSic
saxelmwifos Careva dayvanilia minimumamde. sayuradReboa, rom xelSekrulebis dadeba,
172
173
ix. Levin A.L., Shuchman P., Yamnbon C.M., Civil Procedure, Cases and Materials – Successor ed., NewYork, 1992, 543.
Sead. cercvaZe g., mediacia, davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli forma., Tb., 2010, 47. Semdgomi miTiTebiT: Werner G., Mediation als auBergerichtliches Konfliktlösungsmodell, Am Beispiel der
Trennungs - und Scheidungsmediation in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ibid, Stuttgart, 1999, 60-61.
109
misi Sinaarsis Camoyalibeba unda atarebdes keTilsindisier xasiaTs, ar unda iyos moCvenebiTi da kanonsawinaaRmdego.174
sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebam cxovrebaSi warmoSva sxvadasxva
saxis garigebani, maT Soris sesxis, rac gulisxmobs ori piris – kreditorisa da movalis
samarTlebriv kavSirs, sadac aucilebelia zustad ganisazRvros valdebulebiT samarTlebrivi urTierTobis detalebi saxelSekrulebo doneze. amasTan, kanonmdeblobis mizania daicvas ormxrivi interesi da am mizniT daareguliros urTierToba, rac moicavs
sasamarTlo wesiT regulirebas da morigebis gziT urTierTobis ganaxlebas. analizisa
da Sejamebis Sedegad dgindeba, rom:
174

samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi valdebuleba aris samarTalurTierToba, romlis
ZaliTac movale valdebulia kreditoris sasargeblod Seasrulos gansazRvruli moqmedeba an Tavi Seikavos misi Sesrulebisgan, xolo kreditors ufleba
aqvs mosTxovos movales valdebulebis Sesruleba. valdebulebis darRvevisTvis movales, sasamarTlos meSveobiT SesaZloa daekisros Sesruleba an zianis
anazRaureba, rac uzrunvelyofs kreditoris interesebis dacvas.

ssk sasesxo urTierTobebs or TavSi ganixilavs. mecxre Tavi eZRvneba sesxs, xolo ocdameerTe Tavi sabanko kreditsa da anabars. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saubaria
sayofacxovrebo xasiaTis urTierTobaTa maregulirebel zogad normebze, romelic, amave dros, SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT yvela saxis sasesxo urTierTobaTa mimarT, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi sesxis specifikur saxesTan gvaqvs saqme,
romlebsac sakredito dawesebulebebi axorcieleben.

fuladi urTierTobis sagani fuladi Tanxaa. zogadi sanivTo samarTlebrivi Teoriis mixedviT, urTierTobis obieqti nivTia, romelsac aqvs obieqturi ekonomikuri Rirebuleba, rac gamoixateba fasSi da ara praqtikul sargeblianobaSi.
sargebloba subieqturi kategoriaa, fasi – nivTis obieqturi ekonomikuri Rirebuleba.

f
 uladi valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili ganisazRvreba Sesrulebis adgilis
Sesaxeb saerTo wesebis mixedviT. sabanko sakredito urTierTobisas kreditis
gadaxdis valdebulebis „adgilsamyofelia“ movalis angariSi, romlidanac banki axorcielebs Tanxebis CamoWras, anu valdebulebis dafarvas.

f
 uladsakredito urTierTobebSi kreditori aris kreditis gamcemi iuridiuli piri, romelsac ssk kreditis mimcems uwodebs. sabanko kreditiT mosargeble piri „momxmareblad“ iwodeba. „momxmarebeli“ ganimarteba, rogorc piradi
saWiroebisaTvs saqonlis, samuSaos an/da momsaxurebis gamomyenebeli, SemZeni,
SemkveTi an aseTi ganzraxvis mqone moqalaqe. sabanko kreditis urTierTobebSi
momxmarebeli rogorc fizikuri, aseve iuridiuli piris saxiT gvevlineba.

s
 esxis xelSekruleba xelSekrulebis erT-erTi saxea. am xelSekrulebis mxolod erTi mxare kisrulobs gansazRvruli moqmedebis Sesrulebis valdebulebas – esaa msesxeblisgan sesxad miRebuli fulis dabruneba, xolo meore mxaris
– gamsesxeblis uflebaa moiTxovos gasesxebuli Tanxis ukan dabruneba. Sesaba-
Sengelia i., saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba, rogorc samoqalaqo samarTlis principi,
arsi da mniSvneloba, `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, Tb., №4, 2009, 46.
110
misad, xelSekruleba dadebulad iTvleba fulis gadacemis momentidan da am
moqmedebis ganxorcielebaze Sepireba xelSekrulebis dadebas ar niSnavs. Tumca
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom roca xelSekrulebis dadebas Tan axlavs kreditis gadaricxva an gacema – xelSekruleba realuria, magram Tu sakredito dawesebuleba
xelSekrulebiT kisrulobs kreditis momavalSi gacemas, aseTi xelSekruleba
konsesualuria.

g
 amsesxebeli gadascems msesxebels fuls sakuTrebaSi da, Sesabamisad, sesxis
xelSekruleba aris qonebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis tipis xelSekruleba, roca
gamsesxebeli, garkveuli vadis Semdeg, ibrunebs msesxeblis sakuTrebaSi gadacemul qonebas.

sesxis xelSekrulebis zepiri formaa dadgenili, Tumca SesaZlebelia mxareTa
SeTanxmebiT gamoyenebul iqnes werilobiTi formac. werilobiTi formiT dadebuli xelSekruleba martivi Tu rTuli sanotaro wesiT gaformdeba, es mxareTa
neba-survilzea damokidebuli. rogorc wesi, sabanko praqtikaSi rTuli sanotaro forma ar gamoiyeneba. kerZo urTierTobebSi ki mxolod sadavoobisas damatebiTi garantiebisaTvis mimarTaven mas.

sesxis xelSekrulebis vada mxareTa SeTanxmebiT ganisazRvreba, romlis gasvlis
Semdgom vali unda dabrundes. kanoni iTvaliswinebs valis dabrunebis alternativasac. kerZod, Tu valis dabrunebis vada gansazRvruli ar aris, maSin vali
dabrunebul unda iqnes kreditoris an movalis mier xelSekrulebis Sewyvetisas.

sesxis dampirebels SeuZlia uari Tqvas sesxis gacemaze, Tu meore mxaris qonebrivi mdgomareoba imdenad gauaresda, rom SesaZlebelia safrTxe Seeqmnas valis
dabrunebas. sesxis Sepirebis mimarT, gansxvavebiT Tavad sesxis xelSekrulebisgan, kanoni iTxovs xelSekrulebis werilobiT gaformebas. aseTi SeTanxmebebi
praqtikaSi iSviaTia, magram kidec rom daidos, igi samarTlebrivad ar aris sexis xelSekruleba. aseve, gamsesxebels SeuZlia moiTxovos ukve gacemuli valis
dabruneba imave situaciaSi, Tu movalis rTuli qonebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
gamsesxeblisTvis cnobili gaxda mxolod xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgom.

momxmareblis interesebidan gamomdinare, banki gascems sxvadasxva miznobriobisa da pirobebis sabanko kreditebs, rogoricaa ipoTekuri, samomxmareblo da
a.S. maT Soris, samomxmareblo kredits calke Tavi eTmoba ssk-Si, romelic, aseve, SesaZloa iyos standartuli, studenturi, turistuli, avto, saxelfaso, sadazRvevo da a.S.

movalis mier kreditoris ndobis borotad gamoyeneba sakredito urTierTobis
pirobebis darRvevis erT-erTi safuZvelia. movalis TviTneboba SesaZloa sxvadasxva saxis iyos. erT SemTxvevaSi movale Tavs aridebs valdebulebis Sesrulebas, sxva SemTxvevaSi is arajerovnad an dadgenili vadis darRveviT asrulebs
valdebulebas, Tavs aridebs valis gadaxdas, icvlis adgilsamyofels da a.S.

valdebuleba irRveva, roca igi ar sruldeba an arajerovnad sruldeba. Seusrulebloba gamoixateba imaSi, rom movale ar asrulebs saWiro moqmedebebs,
arajerovani Sesrulebisas ki valdebuleba sruldeba, magram naklebad misaReb
111
da xelsayrel pirobebSi, rac zogjer valdebulebis Seusruleblobasac niSnavs.
112

valdebulebis darRvevisas kreditors SeuZlia moiTxovos amiT gamowveuli
zianis anazRaureba. Tu darRveva Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebaSi gamoixateba,
kreditors SeuZlia movales dauniSnos aucilebeli dro valdebulebis Sesasruleblad. xolo am vadaSic Seusruleblobisas – moiTxovos zianis anazRaureba. damatebiTi vadis gansazRvra araa saWiro, Tu aSkaraa, rom mas raime Sedegi
ar moyveba. kanoni aqve iTvaliswinebs SemTxvevas, roca valdebuleba ar iTvleba
darRveulad vadis gadacilebis gamo, da mas iseT garemoebas ukavSirebs, romelic movalis braliT araa gamowveuli. bralis SemTxvevaSi ki movale pasuxismgebelia, Tundac gaufrTxileblobisaTvis da SemTxveviTobisTvis.

sesxis xelSekrulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis gamsesxebels SeuZlia Tavisi
darRveuli uflebis dasacavad mimarTos sasamarTlos. sarCelis aRZvris iniciatori, umetes SemTxvevaSi, bankia, romelic davis mogvarebis konkretul
gzas – saqmis warmoebis process irCevs. Tumca, sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvisTanave Cndeba morigebis alternativa, romelic mxareTa nebayoflobiTi arCevania
da is saqmis warmoebis nebismier etapze SeiZleba ganxorcieldes.

morigeba gulisxmobs mxareTa SeTanxmebas da konfliqtis mogvarebas, romlis
drosac dava ar sruldeba saqmis sasamarTlo wesiT arsebiTad ganxilviT, aramed – saqmis warmoebis SewyvetiT. yoveli konkretuli saqme mosamarTlem udidesi pasuxismgeblobiTa da yuradRebiT unda ganixilos, ra drosac maqsimalurad unda Seuwyos xeli mxareebs saqmis warmoebis morigebiT dasrulebaSi.

morigebis pirobebis SemuSavebisas, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos Sesasrulebeli valdebulebis odenoba. erTmaneTisgan unda gansxvavdes sakredito urTierTobidan warmoSobili ramodenime erTmaneTisgan gamomdinare valdebuleba,
romlis drosac SesaZlebelia garkveuli Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT valdebulebaTa prioritetuli wyobis gansazRvra da naklebmniSvnelovani valdebulebis gaqviTva, patieba. morigebis pirobebis SemuSavebisas, aseve, gasaTvaliswinebelia valdebulebis Sesrulebis rigiTobis saerTo principi. movalis gadasaxdelidan, romelic ar aris sakmarisi mTliani vadamosuli valdebulebis
dasafarad, Tavdapirvelad ifareba sasamarTlos xarjebi, Semdeg ZiriTadi
Sesruleba – vali, bolos - procenti.

morigebis upiratesoba davis gadawyvetis erTgvar ekonomiurobaSi vlindeba,
rogorc uSualo danakargebis SemcirebaSi, aseve, drois, energiis dazogvaSi.
banksa da movales Soris saqmis warmoebis morigebiT dasrulebisas xdeba gaWianurebuli da xangrZlivi sasamarTlo procedurebis Tavidan arideba da davis
drois im monakveTSi gadawyveta, rac mxareebs morigebis pirobebis SesamuSaveblad sWirdebaT.

morigebis pirobebis SemuSaveba xdeba nebayoflobiT mSvidobiani da arakonfliqturi gzebiT, rac xels uwyobs ara mxolod davis swraf da efeqtur dasrulebas, aramed mxareTa Soris Semdgomi jansaRi urTierTobebis SenarCunebas.
SesaZlo samomvalo perspeqtivebiT saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvisagan gansxvavebiT, morigebisas xdeba sasamarTloSi arsebuli davis swrafad da sabolood
mogvareba da miRweuli Sedegis advilad aRsruleba.
marTlwesrigi uzrunvelyofs samarTlianobisa da ormxrivi interesis dacvas. rogorc kreditorisas urCi movalisgan, aseve movales – arakeTilsindisieri kreditorisgan. rogori kreditori miiCneva arakeTilsindisierad Sefasebis sakiTxia da ssk-i ar Seicavs legalur definicias.175 liberaluri sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi upiratesobiT
sargeblobs kreditori da marTlwesrigi yvela saSualebiT cdilobs misi interesebis
swraf da efeqturad ganxorcielebas. socialuri sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi ki movalis mdgomareobac ar rCeba uyuradRebod da marTlwesrigi mis interesebs uwevs angariSs.176 liberaluri ekonomikis momxreTa TvalsazrisiT, kreditorze orientirebuli
kanonmdebloba xels uwyobs sakredito meurneobis swraf ganviTarebas, aiafebs kreditebs da Slis zedmet biurokratiul barierebs, ufro moqnilia da kreditors aqvs imis
garantia, rom gacemul sesxebs iolad daibrunebs.177
175
176
177
Sead. Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tb., 2012, 56.
ix. ssk-is 254-285-e muxlebi; ix. ssk-is 254-285-e muxlebi; ix. Wanturia l., kreditis
uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tb., 2012, 57.
Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tb., 2012, 56–57.
113
ana ramiSvili*
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis roli
kargi korporaciuli marTvis mdgradi modelis SeqmnaSi:
aucilebeli atributebi da maTi kombinireba
1. Sesavali
mdgradi ganviTareba kacobriobis 21-e saukunis udides gamowvevas warmoadgens.
daculi bunebrivi garemo, socialuri samarTlianoba, ekonomikuri winsvla da es yvelaferi dabalansebuli; dRevandelobis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba momavali TaobebisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis gareSe mdgradi ganviTarebis samoqmedo programaa. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ekonomikuri, ekologiuri, politikuri da kulturuli aspeqtebis
erTobliobaSi gaTvaliswineba mdgradi ganviTarebis miRwevis gzaze SemuSavebul axal
midgomas warmoadgens. biznesi da sazogadoeba Tu biznesi sazogadoebaSi marTalia
calke ganxilvis Temaa, Tumca uciloblad miuTiTebs biznesis gansakuTrebul rolsa
da adgilze sazogadoebaSi. msxvili biznesi mis xelT arsebuli ekonomikuri da socio-politikuri Zalauflebis gaTvaliswinebiT saukeTeso mdgomareobaSi myofad miiCneva. msxvil da multinacionalur sawarmoebs mniSvnelovani wvlilis Setana SeuZliaT
mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis danergvaSi. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba aris ki is saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac maT amis gakeTeba gaumartivdebaT?!
kargi korporaciuli marTvis mdgradi modelis CamoyalibebisaTvis aucilebelia
erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebulad ganxilul iqnes, erTi mxriv, korporaciuli marTvis
efeqturi sistemis uzrunvelyofisaTvis saTanado maregulirebeli bazisi da, meore
mxriv, korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis kuTxiT korporaciuli qcevis maregulirebeli samarTlebrivi, kvazi-samarTlebrivi da TviTregulirebadi instrumentebi. kargi korporaciuli marTvis mdgradi modelis SeqmnisTvis maregulirebeli
garemos romeli damaxasiaTebeli elementebi da, maT Soris, moqnilobis rogori done
uzrunvelyofs aseTi modelis Seqmnas korporaciuli marTvis sakiTxebisa da korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraobis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis
urTierTmimarTebis gziTaa naCvenebi.
winamdebare statiaSi mocemulia mtkiceba imas Taobaze, rom korporaciuli marTvis sistemis yvela doneze korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis integrireba
amisaTvis aucilebeli elementebis efeqturi kombinirebis meSveobiT kargi korporaciuli marTvis mdgradi modelis Seqmnas ganapirobebs. kargi korporaciuli marTvis
mdgradi modelis SeqmnaSi korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis rolze msjeloba imis gansazRvris gareSe Tu ra moiazreba Tavad korporaciul socialur pasuxismgeblobaSi rbilad rom vTqvaT absurdia. pirveli Tavi cdilobs pasuxi gasces kiTxvaze ra aris korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba. meore TavSi paraleli gaivlo
socialuri mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis dawyebul moZraobasTan, rogorc msgavsi
*
114
Mana ramiSvili, korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis roli kargi korporaciuli
marTvis mdgradi modelis SeqmnaSi: aucilebeli atributebi da maTi kombinireba
miznebis mqone fenomenTan. mocemul TavSi mokled ganxilulia socialuri mewarmeobis
arsi da mimoxilulia socialuri sawarmos samarTlebrivi formebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi.
mesame nawili uSualod statiis birTvs warmoadgens, romelic korporaciuli marTvisa da korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis urTierTmimarTebis da maTi SesaZlo formebis Sesaxeb saerTo warmodgenas gviqmnis. korporaciuli marTvis tradiciuli
dilemis CvenebiT meoTxe Tavi cdilobs garkveulwilad gzamkvlevis roli Seasrulos
problebis arsSi wvdomisTvis korporaciuli marTvis miznis ori ZiriTadi xedvis warmoCenis gziT. aRniSnul TavSive Tanamedrove tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT mimoxilulia
korporaciuli marTvisadmi britanuli da saerTo evropuli midgomebi. mexuTe TavSi ki
saubaria korporaciuli angariSvaldebulebis konteqstSi korporaciuli socialuri
pasuxismgeblobisa da samarTlis urTierTmimarTebaze, rac ukve kargi korporaciuli
marTvis mdgradi modelis SeqmnisTvis saTanado maregulirebeli CarCopirobebis arsebiTi elementebis ganxilvisaken gvixsnis gzas. meeqvse TavSi ganxilulia korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsebis roli korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis praqtikis
danergvaSi. meSvide Tavi korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobisadmi fiduciuri
movaleobebis midgomas Seexeba. merve TavSi ki xazi esmeva aqcioneruli aqtivizmis mniSvnelobas socialurad pasuxismgebeli investirebis waxalisebaSi. bolo, mecxre Tavi reputaciis SelaxvasTan dakavSirebuli riskis marTvis sakiTxs eZRvneba. daskvnaSi gadmocemulia ganxorcielebuli kvlevis Sedegebi.
2. ra aris korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba?
2.1. istoriuli fesvebi
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis koncefcia me-20 saukunis nayofia.
pirveli socialuri iniciativebis mizani muSa-mosamsaxureTa Sromisa da cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba iyo. socialuri pasuxismgeblobis aqtiuri propaganda 1970-ian
wlebSi daiwyo. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraoba sxvadasxva formiT vlindeboda, Tumca mTavari laitmotivi korporaciebis, kerZod ki maTi xelmZRvanelobis angariSvaldebulebis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgenda im sazogadoebis, rogorc
erTi mTliani organizmis winaSe, romelSic mocemuli korporaciebi saqmianobdnen da
romelzedac maTi qcevis, dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi Sedegi aisaxeboda.1
dRes arsebuli SinaarsiT koncefciis Camoyalibebaze gavlena moaxdina industriulma revoluciam, swrafvam sayovelTao keTildReobisaken da msoflioSi mimdinare
globalizaciis procesebma, ramac erTobliobaSi safuZveli misca korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis koncefciis ganxilvas mdgradi ganviTarebis WrilSi, rogorc im saSualebisa, romelic mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis miRwevas emsaxureba.2
1
2
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraobis ganviTarebisaTvis ganxorcielebuli iniciativebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi mimoxilva ix.: Branson D., Corporate Social
Responsibility Redux, “Tulane L. Rev.”, Vol. 76, 2002, 1207-1226; agreTve ix.: Conley J., Williams C.,
Engage, Embed, and Embellish: Theory Versus Practice in the Corporate Social Responsibility Movement, “J.
Corp. L.”, Vol. 31, Iss. 1, 2005, 1-38.
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis koncefciis istoriul rakursSi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb ix.: Wells H., The Cycles of Corporate Social Responsibility: An Historical Retrospective for
115
2.2. arsi
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba mravalwaxnagovan da mravalganzomilebian cnebas warmoadgens, rac erTi qolgis qveS mravali Temisa da sakiTxis TavmoyriT
aixsneba. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis praqtika araerTi mimarTulebiT
gansaxorcielebel iniciativebis moiazrebs.3
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis mravali ganmartebis arsebobis miuxedavad, sayovelTaod miRebuli da erTaderTi gansazRvreba, romelic srulyofilad
daitevda yvela Temasa Tu sakiTxs da gaiTvaliswinebda yvela SesaZlo niuanss ar moipoveba. bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: ratom? m.fridmanma biznesis socialur pasuxismgeblobas `fundamenturad diversiuli doqtrina~ uwoda,4 rac Tavisuflad SeiZleba aixsnas im
diametralurad gansxvavebuli warmodgenebiT, romlebiTac xelmZRvaneloben korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis arsis gansazRvris dros.5 korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis erTiani cnebis formulirebis damabrkolebel mizezebTan dakavSirebiT jer kidev 1979 wels a.qeroli SeniSnavda, rom konsensusis ararseboba imis Taobaze
Tu ras niSnavs koncefcia realurad is ZiriTadi faqtoria, romelic socialuri pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrebis irgvliv Seqmnil orazrovan mdgomareobas ganapirobebs.6
3
4
5
6
the Twenty-first Century, “U. Kan. L. Rev.”, Vol. 51, 2002, 77-140; Avi-Yonah R.S., The Cyclical Transformations of the Corporate Form: A Historical Perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility, “Del. J. Corp. L”,
Vol. 30, Iss. 3, 2005, 767-818; Nehme M., Wee C., Tracing the Historical Development of Corporate Social
Responsibility and Corporate Social Reporting, “James Cook U. L. Rev.”, Vol. 15, 2008, 129-168;
eTgo-s saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebSi multinacionaluri sawarmoebisaTvis Semdeg
Temebzea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli: sawarmoebis gaxsnilobis politika, adamianis
uflebebi, SromiTi da sawarmoo urTierTobebi, garemo, korufciasTan brZola, momxmarebelTa interesebi, mecniereba da teqnologiebi, konkurencia, gadasaxadebi; ISO
26000:2010 saxelmZRvanelo standartSi socialuri pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze mocemulia socialuri pasuxismgeblobis Semdegi principebi da Temebi: angariSvaldebuleba,
gamWvirvaloba, eTikuri qceva, sTeiqholderTa interesebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, qcevis saerTaSoriso normebis da adamianis uflebebis pativiscema, aseve, organizaciuli marTva, Sromis praqtika, garemo, patiosani saqmianobis praqtika, samomxmareblo
sakiTxebi, sazogadoebis CarTuloba da ganviTareba.
Friedman M., Friedman R.D., Capitalism and Freedom, 40th Anniversary Ed., 2002, 133.
biznesis socialuri pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs `raRacas, magram ara yovelTvis erTi
da igive raRacas yvelasaTvis. zogierTisaTvis is samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis an
valdebulebis ideas gamoxatavs; sxvebisaTvis, is socialurad pasuxismgebel qcevas niSnavs eTikuri gagebiT; kidev sxvebisTvis, `pasuxismgebelias~ gadmomcemi mniSvnelobaa
mizezobriv formaSi; bevrni mas ubralod saqvelmoqmedo SemowirulobasTan aTanabreben; zogierTi mas iyenebs, rom socialurad Segnebuli igulisxmos; maTgan bevri vinc mas
mgznebared iyenebs ganixilaven, rogorc kanonierebis ubralo sinonims mikuTvnebis an
namdvilis an ZalaSi myofis konteqstSi; ramodenime fiduciuri movaleobebis nairsaxeobad ganixilavs, romlebic biznesmenebs qcevis ufro maRal standartebs udgenen, vidre moqalaqeebs mTlianobaSi.~ ix.: Votaw D., Genius Became Rare: A Comment on the Doctrine of
Social Responsibility Pt 1, California Management Review, Vol. 15, Iss. 2, 1972, 25. citirebulia: Garriga
E., Melé D., Corporate Social Responsibility Theories: Mapping the Territory, Journal of Business Ethics Vol.
53, Iss. 1-2, 2004, 52.
Carroll A.B., A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance, Academy of Management
Review, Vol. 4, Iss. 4, 1979, 497.
116
korporaciuli socialuri Sesrulebis samganzomilebiani konceptualuri modelis SemuSavebis procesSi a. qerolma korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis
mniSvnelobis martivi midgomis safuZvelze gansazRvris meTodika gamoiyena. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi meTodi calkeuli sferoebis mixedviT biznesis pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrasa da konkretuli movaleobebis identificirebaSi gamoixata. identificirebuli
movaleobebi a. qerolma ekonomikur, samarTlebriv, eTikur da diskreciul jgufebSi
ganaTavsa. socialuri movaleobebis aseTi saxis klasificirebis safuZvelze man korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis oTxnawiliani definicia SeimuSava. kerZod, `biznesis socialuri pasuximgebloba moicavs ekonomikur, samarTlebriv, eTikur da diskreciul molodinebs, romlebic sazogadoebas aqvs organizaciebis mimarT drois mocemul
momentSi~.7
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis oTxnawilianma definicam SemdgomSi
modificireba ganicada. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis piramidis SemuSavebis dros a. qerolma diskreciul jgufSi gaerTianebuli movaleobebi filantropiul
movaleobebs miakuTvna da gansazRvra, rom `korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis mqone firma unda eswrafvodes miiRos mogeba, daemorCilos kanons, iyos eTikuri da
kargi korporaciuli moqalaqe~.8
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis lakonuri definicia mocemulia
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze evrokavSiris ganaxlebul strategiaSi 2011-2014 wlebisaTvis: `sawarmoTa pasuxismgebloba maTive zemoqmedebisaTvis
sazogadoebaze~,9 Tumca aseTi mokle gansazRvreba konkretuli sakiTxebis identificirebis SesaZleblobas ar iZleva, ramac ganapiroba dakonkretebis aucilebloba da iqve
mieTiTa, rom, rogorc korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis nawili sawarmoebs
moeTxovebaT socialuri, garemosdacviTi, eTikuri, adamianis uflebebsa da momxmareblebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis biznes operaciebsa da strategiaSi integrireba sTeiqholderebTan mWidro TanamSromlobis safuZvelze, erTi mxriv, aqcionerebisaTvis,
sxva sTeiqholderebisa da mTlianobaSi sazogadoebisaTvis saerTo sargeblianobis maqsimaluri Seqmnisa da, meore mxriv, SesaZlo negatiuri zemoqmedebis identificirebis,
prevenciisa da Semcirebis mizniT.10 korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis praqtikis danergva da ganviTareba korporaciebisagan kanoniT dadgenil minimalur moTxovnebsa da aqcionerebisaTvis mogebis maqsimizaciis normis miRma sakuTari saqmianobis
warmarTvas ganapirobebs, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom maT wamoeWrebaT imis aucilebloba,
rom gaakeTon ufro meti, wauyenon sakuTar Tavs ufro maRali moTxovnebi, vidre es produqtis uvneblobis, SromiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli an garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli.11 amgvarad, korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeb7
8
9
10
11
Carroll A.B., A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance, Academy of Management
Review, Vol. 4, Iss. 4, 1979, 500.
Carroll A.B., The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders, Business Horizons, Vol. 34, Iss. 4, 1991, 40.
A renewed EU strategy 2011-14 for Corporate Social Responsibility, European Commission Communication,
Brussels, 25.10.2011 COM (2011) 681 final, 3.1., 6.
A renewed EU strategy 2011-14 for Corporate Social Responsibility, European Commission Communication,
Brussels, 25.10.2011, COM (2011) 681 final, 3.1., 6.
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis mimarT arsebulma xedvam `meti vidre
samarTali moiTxovs~ ganapiroba misi àraformaluri samarTlis~ saxiT warmodgena.
117
loba ara mxolod mogebisTvis Seqmnili koncefciaa. misi saboloo mizani, Tanmimdevrulad da SeZlebisdagvarad, Tanabari intensiobiT sami mimarTulebiT – xalxi, planeta,
mogeba – sargeblis SeqmnaSi mdgomareobs, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs korporaciuli
socialuri pasuxismgeblobis koncefciis aRiarebas im koncefciad, romlis meSveobiTac bizness sakuTari wvlili Seaqvs kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi.
2.3. kargi korporaciuli moqalaqe
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis koncefciis paralelurad korporaciebsa da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval
gaCnda kargi korporaciuli moqalaqeobis (Good Corporate Citizenship) koncefcia, romlis
mimarT arsebuli damokidebuleba garkveulwilad sazogadoebaSi msxvili da multinacionaluri korporaciebis rolis gansazRvris mimarT rbili midgomiT aixsneba.12
korporaciebis roli sazogadoebaSi viwro gagebiT sTeiqholderebis interesebis, xolo farTo gagebiT mTeli sazogadoebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebas niSnavs, rac
swored korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraobis ZiriTad samizne arealSi xvdeba. `korporaciuli moqalaqeoba~ erTgvari metaforaa, romelic gamoxatavs sazogadoebisa da biznesis urTierTdamokidebulebis xasiaTs korporaciuli socialuri
pasuxismgeblobis WrilSi. igi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba rogorc iarliyi mdgradobis koncefciasTan kavSirSi ara mxolod didi an multinacionaluri korporaciebis mier imis
saCveneblad, rom isinic sazogadoebis pasuxismgebel wevrebs warmoadgenen, acnobiereben ra maT mimarT sazogadoebaSi arsebul molodinebs da, amis Sesabamisad, SeaqvT sakuTari wvlili mdgrad ganviTarebaSi.
2.4 mdgradi ganviTareba
21-e saukunis gariJraJze korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis koncefciis Teoriuli kvlevebi empirulma kvlevebma Secvala. amgvari cvlilebis mizezi korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraobis globaluri xasiaTi gaxda. multinacionalurma sawarmoebma udidesi roli SeiZines globalizaciis eraSi. aqtiur Seswavlas
daeqvemdebara imis gansazRvra Tu ra saxis zemoqmedebis moxdena SeuZlia globalizaciis process korporaciul socialur pasuxismgeblobaze maSin, rodesac orive uwyveti
ganviTarebis procesSi urTierTqmedi dinamikuri koncefciaa.13 d.uinZoris mtkicebiT,
12
13
dawvrilebiT ix.: Buhmann K., Corporate Social Responsibility: What Role for Law? Some Aspects of
Law and CSR, “Corporate Governance”, Vol. 6, Iss. 2, 2006, 188-202.
idea, romlis mixedviTac firmis da mTlianobaSi biznesis saqmianoba unda Sefasdes
kargi moqalaqis gadmosaxedidan ekonomikur literaturaSi jer kidev 1973 wels iqna
gakritikebuli. k.devisi aRniSnavda rom, `socialuri pasuxismgebloba iwyeba iq, sadac
mTavrdeba kanoni. firma ar aris socialurad pasuxismgebeli Tu is mxolod kanonis
minimaluri moTxovnebis damcvelia, radgan es aris is, rasac nebismieri kargi moqalaqe
unda akeTebdes~. ix.: Davis K.,The Case for and against Business Assumption of Social Responsibilities,
The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 16, Iss. 2, 1973, 313.
Ertuna Ö., Ertuna B., How Globalization is Affecting Corporate Social Responsibility: Dynamics of the Interaction Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Globalization, wignSi: Aras G., Crowther D., Gower
Handbook of Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility, Gower Publishing, Farnham, 2010, 323.
118
globalizacia korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis dasabuTebis kidev erTi
bolodroindeli argumentia.14
korporaciaSi integrirebuli, mdgradi gadawyvetilebebis mimRebi sistemis arseboba korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis xelSewyobisaTvis saTanado garemos
Seqmnis erT-erTi mTavari winapirobaa.15 ganviTarebis organizaciis saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebic multinacionaluri sawarmoebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, xazs usvaven multinacionaluri sawarmoebis mxridan ekonomikur, ekologiur da socialur progresSi dadebiTi wvlilis Setanis aucileblobaze mdgradi ganviTarebis16 miRwevis konteqstSi.17
`multinacionalur sawarmoebs SeuZliaT dadebiTi wvlili Seitanon ekonomikur, socialur da ekologiur ganviTarebaSi da minimumamde daiyvanon da gadaWran maTi saqmianobidan warmoSobili sirTuleebi~,18 radgan maT àqvT SesaZlebloba ganaxorcielon saukeTeso praqtikis politika mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis, romelic eswrafvis uzrunvelyos ekonomikur, ekologiur da socialur miznebis Soris Tanxvedra~.19
globalur doneze pasuxismgebeli biznesqcevis xelSewyobisaTvis erT-erT ZiriTad rekomendacias multinacionalur korporaciebSi kargi korporaciuli marTvis wesebis gamoyenebis praqtikis danergva warmoadgens, romelic, Tavis mxriv, korporaciuli marTvis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebs emyareba.20
3. paraleli socialur mewarmeobasTan
3.1. mokle istoriuli monaxazi
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraobasa da socialuri mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis dawyebul moZraobas msgavsi miznebi amoZravebT. swrafva ukeTesi msoflios SeqmnisaTvis orive moZraobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSania. bolo aTwleulebis manZilze socialuri mewarmeoba sul ufro swrafad mzardi tendenciis saxiT
gvevlineba im martivi mizezis gamo, rom is Tavis TavSi iTavsebs socialuri misiis ganxorcielebasa da samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis tipurad damaxasiaTebel mizans.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Windsor D., The Future of Corporate Social Responsibility, The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 9, Iss. 3, 2001, 227.
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis sxva principebs Soris aRsaniSnavia sTeiqholderebis CarTuloba, gamWvirvaloba, Tanamimdevruli saukeTeso praqtika, windaxeduloba, angariSvaldebuleba da socialuri investireba. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis principebis aseTi saxiT klasificirebis Sesaxeb vrceli mimoxilva ix.:
Kerr M., Janda R., Pitts C., Corporate Social Responsibility: A Legal Analysis, LexisNexis Canada, 2009.
sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT `mdgradi ganviTareba aris ganviTareba, romelic akmayofilebs dRevandelobis moTxovnilebebs momavali Taobebis
SesaZleblobisaTvis daikmayofilon maTi sakuTari moTxovnilebebi safrTxis Seqmnis
gareSe.~ ix.: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future
(1987). <http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm> [15.03.2014]. damatebiT ix.: `garemos dacvis
Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis me-4 muxlis `k” punqti.
OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, OECD, 2011, part II, A, 1.
iqve, 7.
iqve, 14
OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, OECD, 2011, part II, A, 6.
119
socialuri mewarmoebis istoriuli ganviTareba, calkeuli qveynebis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gansxvavebuli dinamikiT xasiaTdeba. korporaciuli socialuri
pasuxismgebloba, iseve rogorc socialuri mewarmeoba sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi momxdari transformaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT sazogadoebaSi arsebuli socialuri
problemebis gadaWris inovaciuri da mdgradi saSualebebia biznesis mxridan ganxorcielebul saqvelmoqmedo da filantropiuli saqmianobis tradiciul formebTan SedarebiT.21 maT Soris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis gzebsa da formebSi
vlindeba.
termini `socialuri mewarmeoba~ 1970-ian wlebSi warmoiSva, romelic 1990-iani
wlebidan aqtiurad gamoiyeneba. pirveli socialuri kooperativebi, rogorc socialuri ekonomikis warmomadgenlebi italiaSi dafuZndnen, ramac biZgi misca socialuri
mewarmeobis dinamikur ganviTarebas mTels evropaSi. 2011 wels evrokavSirma wamoiwyo
iniciativa socialuri sawarmoebis mxardasaWerad, romlis ZiriTadi mizania mdgradi
evropis winaSe am etapze mdgari gamowvevebis efeqturad gamklavebisaTvis inovaciuri
gzebis warmoCena.22
3.2. socialuri mewarmeobis arsi
socialuri mewarmeoba Tvisobrivad samewarmeo saqmianobaa, ufro zustad, samewarmeo saqmianobis Taviseburi xedvaa, romelic, saboloo jamSi, socialuri miznebis
miRwevas emsaxureba da ufro metad realizdeba axal organizaciul formebSi, vidre
ukve arsebul samarTlebriv formebSi.23 Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos is, rom msxvili, fasiani qaRaldebis organizebul bazarze movaWre korporaciebisTvisac da aramarto maTTvis, socialuri mewarmeobis mimarTulebiT aqtivobebis ganxorcieleba TandaTanobiT
ganviTarebis strategiuli xedvis arsebiTi nawili xdeba.24
socialuri mewarmeoba paradoqsebiT savse fenomenia, romlis faqtobriv gamovlinebas socialuri sawarmo warmoadgens, romelic cdilobs Seavsos kerZo da sajaro
seqtors Soris arsebuli sicariele. socialuri mewarmeobis SemTxvevaSi wina planze
wamoweulia socialuri mizani, xolo socialuri sawarmos mier ganxorcielebuli samewarmeo saqmianobis farglebSi miRebuli mogeba, upiratesad, socialuri miznebis miRwevas xmardeba. `socialuri sawarmo~ farTo terminia, romelSic gaerTianebulia mogebis
miRebis mizani da swrafva socialuri miznebis miRwevisaken, rac ganapirobebs mis Sualedur mdgomareobas mogebis miRebaze orientirebul da aseTi miznis armqone e.w. idealu21
22
23
24
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa da socialuri mewarmeobis istoriulSedarebiTi perspeqtividan ganxilvam aCvena korporaciuli filanTropiis ganviTarebis roli kreatiuli kapitalisturi sistemis CamoyalibebaSi. ix.: Rana S., Philanthropic
Innovation and Creative Capitalism: A Historical and Comparative Perspective on Social Entrepreneurship
and Corporate Social Responsibility, Alabama L. Rev., Vol. 64, Iss. 5, 2013, 1121-1174.
ix.: Social Business Initiative Creating a favourable climate for social enterprises, key stakeholders in the
social economy and innovation, European Commission Communication, Brussels, 25.10.2011, COM(2011)
682 final.
mxedvelobaSi miiReba amerikuli realoba ix.: Page A., Katz R.A., Is Social Enterprise the New
Corporate Social Responsibility?, Seattle U. L. Rev., Vol. 34, Iss. 4, 2011, 1353.
Kerr J. E., Sustainability Meets Profitability: The Convenient Truth of How the Business Judgment Rule Protects a Board’s Decision to Engage in Social Entrepreneurship, Cardozo L. Rev., Vol. 29, Iss.1, 2007, 634.
120
ri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad Seqmnil iuridiul pirebs Soris. socialuri sawarmos
potenciali socialuri suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli mogebis miRebaSi vlindeba.
3.3. socialuri sawarmos samarTlebrivi forma
`socialuri mewarmeobis~ an `socialuri sawarmos~ cnebebs qarTul sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi naklebad SexvdebiT. miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli kanonmdeblobiT ar gamoiricxeba iseTi warmonaqmnebis arseboba, romlebic Tavisi arsiT akmayofileben socialuri sawarmosaTvis damaxasiaTebel rogorc ekonomikur, ise socialur kriteriumebs.
socialuri sawarmos samarTlebrivi formebi qveynebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia. socialuri mewarmeobis moZraobis ganviTarebaSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuri rolis
gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia mesame seqtorisaTvis tradiciulad damaxasiaTebeli
formis25 farglebSi garkveuli aqtivobebis ganxorcieleba, romelsac Tan sdevs mogebis miReba da romelic misi miznebis realizebas uwyobs xels. Tumca, ramdenad gamodgeba arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri socialuri sawarmosaTvis saTanado
samarTlebriv formad, gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom damxmare xasiaTis samewarmeo
saqmianobis ganxorcielebis Sedegad miRebuli mogebis ganawileba mis damfuZneblebsa da wevrebs Soris dauSvebelia, rac, Tavis mxriv, ewinaaRmdegeba socialuri sawarmos
arss, kerZod misi arsis ganmsazRvrel pirvel ekonomikur kriteriums. socialur sawarmos unda mohqondes mogeba, Tundac dabali mogeba, magram mainc mogeba misi wevrebisaTvis. amgvarad, socialuri sawarmo, romelic arsebobs mogebis miRebis miznis ar mqone
formis bazaze ver uzrunvelyofs dasaxuli socialuri miznebis ganxorcielebas e.w.
socialuri sikeTis Seqmnasa da misi mewileebisaTvis mogebis miRebas erTdroulad.
socialuri sawarmo SeiZleba arsebobdes mewarme subieqtTa nebismieri samarTlebriv-organizaciuli formiT. Tumca, aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom, erTi
mxriv, saqarTveloSi moqmed mewarme subieqtTagan ZiriTadSi mxolod ss da Sps gamoiyofa, romlebic, faqtobrivad, misdeven da romelTa SerCeva yvelaze xSirad xdeba samewarmeo saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad da romlebic realurad orientirebulni arian
mogebis miRebaze, rac ganapirobebs maT kuTvnilebas kapitaluri tipis, anu kapitalis
warmomqmneli sazogadoebebisadmi da, meore mxriv, konkretuli sagadasaxado-saSeRavaTo samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT SemoTavazebul mewarme subieqtTagan yvelaze ukeT Tu romeli maTgani Seasrulebs socialuri sawarmos matarebeli subieqtis rols rTuli saTqmelia. qarTul
realobaSi socialuri sawarmoebi yvelaze xSirad kooperativis samarTlebrivi formiT
arseboben, rac am formis substanciuri mizniT aixsneba.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi SeimCneva axali, gansakuTrebuli formebis Seqmnis tendencia. axali formebis SemuSavebis mizania brendis Seqmna, romelic eqskluziurad
socialur mewarmeobasTan iqneba asocirebuli da mis cnobadobas uzrunvelyofs.26 so25
26
qarTuli realobisaTvis igulisxmeba arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri,
romelic sagranto an sxva msgavsi dafinansebis farglebSi axorcielebs socialur mewarmeobasTan dakavSirebul iniciativebs. maSin, rodesac socialuri sawarmo realur
kapitaldabandebebs saWiroebs.
Reiser D. B., Theorizing Forms for Social Enterprise, Emory L. J., Vol. 62, Iss. 4, 2013, 733.
121
cialuri sawarmos samarTlebrivi statusisa da formis zustad ganusazRvrelobis sakiTxi xSirad kritikis qveS eqceva swored sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dawesebis kuTxiT.
qarTul realobaSi saqvelmoqmedo organizaciis SemTxvevaSic ki mis mier ganxorcielebul damxmare xasiaTis mqone ekonomikur saqmianobaze ar vrceldeba sagadasaxado SeRavaTi.27 socialuri mewarmeobis gansxvavebul sagadasaxado reJimSi dabegvris sakiTxi
mniSvnelovania qveyanaSi socialuri mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT. socialuri sawarmos mier miRebul mogebaze sagadasaxado
SeRavaTis dadgena, sul mcire, dabegvris diferencirebuli midgomis arseboba, mniSvnelovania misi miznebisa da saqmianobis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT.
2003 wlis 22 ivliss evropis kavSiris ministrTa sabWom miiRo dadgenileba evropuli kooperativis (European Cooperative Society) statutis Sesaxeb, romliTac evrokavSiris doneze socialuri sawarmoebis samarTlebrivi statusi ganisazRvra.28 socialuri
sawarmos samarTlebrivi formis konkretul gamovlinebebs aSS-Si sxvadasxva Statebis
doneze warmoadgens moqnili miznis korporacia (Flexible Purpose Corporation),29 sargeblobis korporacia (Benefit Corporation)30 da dabali mogebis SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis kompania (Low-profit Limited Liability Company (L3C)).31 gaerTianebul samefoSi aSS-sagan gansxvavebiT socialuri sawarmos Seqmna SesaZlebelia saTemo interesis kompaniis (Community
Interest Company)32 formiT.33 axali korporaciuli formebis irgvliv gamarTuli diskusiebis ZiriTadi Tema Seexeba im sakiTxs, Tu ramdenad TanxvedraSi imyofeba an ra formiT
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
ix.: saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis 99-e muxlis 1-li nawilis à~ punqti. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis 117-e muxlis danawesic ar unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan, Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom socialuri mewarmeoba ar warmoadgens qvelmoqmedebas misi klasikuri gagebiT. socialur sawarmoSi dasaqmebulebi, umravles
SemTxvevaSi, misi saqmianobis Sedegebis beneficiarebs warmoadgenen. socialuri sawarmos idea efuZneba Tevzis Weris swavlebis upiratesobas Tevzis micemasTan SedarebiT.
ix.: Council Regulation (EC) No 1435/2003 of 22 July 2003 on the Statute for a European Cooperative Society (SCE). OJ L 207/1, 18.8.2003.
moqnili miznis korporaciis dafuZneba SesaZleblia kaliforniis StatSi. ix.: Senate Bill
No. 201, Chapter 740, 171.08.
socialuri sawarmos dafuZneba sargeblobis korporaciis formiT ukve SesaZlebelia
merilendis, vermontis, delaveris, niu-jersisa da kidev ramdenime StatSi. Statebis
sruli siis gacnoba, romlebmac miiRes sargeblobis korporaciis Taobaze saTanado
kanonmdebloba SesaZlebelia Semdeg el-misamarTze: <http://benefitcorp.net/state-by-state-legislative-status> [15.03.2014].
dabali mogebis SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis kompaniis sakanonmdeblo doneze mowesrigeba erT-erTma pirvelma vermontis Statma moaxdina. ix.: Vermont Corporations, Partnerships and Associations, Title 11, Chapter 21, § 3001, (27). Statebis amomwuravi CamonaTvalis naxva
SesaZlebelia Semdeg el-misamarTze: <http://americansforcommunitydevelopment.org/laws.html>
[15.03.2014].
ix.: The Community Interest Company Regulations 2005, S.I. 2005 No. 1788 (U.K.).
evropasa da aSS-Si socialuri sawarmos dasafuZneblad arsebuli samarTlebrivi formebis mimoxilva ix.: Esposito R. T., The Social Enterprise Revolution in Corporate Law: A Primer on
Emerging Corporate Entities in Europe and the United States and the Case for the Benefit Corporation, Wm.
& Mary Bus. L. Rev., Vol. 4, Iss. 2, 2013, 639-714.
122
eqceva moqnili miznis korporacia an Tundac sargeblobis korporacia sakorporacio
samarTlisa da korporciuli marTvis ZiriTadi principebis moqmedebis farglebSi.34
4. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa da korporaciuli
marTvis urTierTmimarTeba
4.1. urTierTmimarTebis gansazRvris sakiTxisaTvis
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba da korporaciuli marTva korporaciuli samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansxvavebuli miznisa da daniSnulebis mqone movlenebia. korporaciuli marTva sakorporacio samarTlis mTavari RerZia, romelmac Tanamedrove msoflioSi globaluri mniSvneloba SeiZina.35 biznes seqtorisaTvis globalizaciam saqmianobisa da ganviTarebis axali SesaZleblobebi Seqmna da, amavdroulad, gazarda misi pasuxismgeblobis farglebi. korporaciebisadmi swrafad mzardi moTxovnebi
aRar Semoifargleba mxolod tradiciuli sTeiqholderebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobiT, maT, rogorc globalur doneze moTamaSe, socialuri, politikuri
da ekonomikuri ZalauflebiT aRWurvil subieqtebs, aseve, moeTxovebaT saxelmwifosa
da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis interesebisaTvis angariSis gaweva.
korporaciuli marTva, yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad,
aris sistema, romlis meSveobiTac sazogadoebebis xelmZRvaneloba da kontroli xorcieldeba.36 profesori k. hopti SeniSnavs rom, `xelmZRvaneloba da kontroli korporaciuli marTvis sistemis ori qvakuTxedia~37 da swored amitom `korporaciuli marTva
korporaciaSi Zalauflebis Sida balansze fokusirdeba~.38
34
35
36
37
38
aSS-is akademiur sivrceSi gamarTuli ganxilvebis Sesaxeb ix.: Plerhoples A., Can an Old Dog
Learn New Tricks? Applying Traditional Corporate Law Principles to New Social Enterprise Legislation,
Transactions: Tenn. J. Bus. L., Vol. 13, Iss. 2, 2012, 221-265; Callison J.W., Putting New Sheets on A Procrustean Bed: How Benefit Corporations Address Fiduciary Duties, The Dangers Created, and Suggestions for
Change, American Univ. J. L. & Bus., Vol. 2, Iss. 1, 2012, 85-114; Haskell M. J., Choose Your Own Master:
Social Enterprise, Sertification, and Benefit Corporation Statutes, American Univ. Bus. L. Rev., Vol. 2 Iss. 1,
2012, 1-53; Johnson L., Pluralism in Corporate Form: Corporate Law and Benefit Corporations, Regent Univ.
L. Rev., Vol. 25, Iss. 2, 2012-2013, 269-298; Johnson L., Unsettledness in Delaware Corporate Law: Business
Judgment Rule, Corporate Purpose, Del. J. Corp. L., Vol. 38, Iss. 2, 2013, 405-451; Loewenstein, M. J., Benefit Corporations: A Challenge in Corporate Governance, Business Lawyer, Vol. 68, Issue 4, 2013, 1007-1038.
globalur doneze korporaciuli marTvis mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs araerTi iniciativa, romlis farglebSic korporaciuli marTvis sakiTxebis Taobaze saerTaSoriso
dialogis xelSewyobisaTvis aqtiurid muSavdeba saTando principebi da rekomendaciebi. magaliTisaTvis ix.: ICGN Global Corporate Governance Principles: Revised 2009; Global Corporate
Governance and Engagement Principles, 2011, BlackRock; CalPERS Global Principles of Accountable Corporate Governance, 2011.
pirvelad `korporaciuli marTvis~ terminis mocemul ganmartebas vxvdebiT e.w. kadberis moxsenebaSi. ix.: Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance,
London, 1992, 2.5, 14.
Hopt K. J., Comparative Corporate Governance: The State of the Art and International Regulation, ECGI Law Working Paper No. 170/2011, 6. xelmisawvdomia Semdeg el-misamarTze: < http://papers.ssrn.
com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1713750## >
iqve, 7.
123
korporaciuli marTva SeiZleba, aseve, ganisazRvros rogorc `wesebis, urTierTobebis, sistemebisa da procesebis konstruqcia, romlis farglebSi da romlis meSveobiTac korporaciebSi uflebamosilebis gamoyeneba da kontroli xorcieldeba.~39 korporaciuli marTvis amosavali debuleba aqcioneruli Rirebulebis maqsimaluri gazrda
da aqcionerTa uflebebis dacva warmoadgens. korporaciuli marTva swored is `terminia, romelic gamoiyeneba im samarTlebrivi, maregulirebeli, organizaciuli da saxelSekrulebo meqanizmebis gadafarvis sistemis aRsawerad, romlebic Seqmnilia kompaniis mesakuTreebis (aqcionerebis) interesebis dasacavad da korporaciuli menejerebis,
romlebic kompaniis saqmianobas warmarTaven, oportunistuli qcevis SesazRudad.~40
garda amisa, korporaciuli marTvis termini xSirad korporaciaTa xelmZRvanelobis
kontrolis xarisxis SefasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba iseTi gansazRvrebebis operirebiT rogoricaa kargi an cudi. pasuxi kiTxvaze Tu rogoria kargi korporaciuli marTva damokidebulia organoTa sistemis im modelze, romlis mimarTac dasmulia kiTxva Sefasebis
ganxorcielebis mizniT. kargi korporaciuli marTvis arsi ufro metad mniSvnelovania,
vidre misi forma. mTeli rigi principebis an wesebis SemoReba an/da nebismieri gansakuTrebuli praqtika an politika ar warmoadgens kargi korporaciuli marTvis Semcvels da
TavisTavad ar uzrunvelyofs mas.41 saTanado organizaciuli struqtura, strategiebi
da kontrolis meqanizmebimxolod da mxolod xels uwyoben korporaciul marTvas saukeTeso praqtikis danergvas, magram ar iZlevian korporaciis cxovrebaSi saukeTeso wesebis gatarebis garantias.
aqcionerTa uflebebis dacvisa da Tanaswori mopyrobis garda, korporaciuli
marTvis efeqturi sistemisaTvis safuZvlis uzrunvelyofa aseve moiazrebs sTeiqholderebis uflebebisa da interesebis pativiscemas, gaxsnilobas, gamWvirvalobasa da direqtorTa bordis angariSvaldebulebas korporaciisa da misi aqcionerebis winaSe.42
kargi korporaciuli marTva uciloblad moiazrebs sTeiqholderebis interesebis dacvas, amisTvis is unda pasuxobdes korporaciebis mimarT arsebul rogorc aqcionerebis,
aseve sTeiqholderebis molodinebs. yovlismomcvelad rom ganvsazRvroT efeqturi
korporaciuli marTva moiTxovs bordis, menejmentis da aqcionerebis rolis naTlad
gacnobierebas, iseve rogorc maT urTierTobebs erTmaneTTan da yvela sxva danarCenebTan, romlebic korporaciiTa da misi kargad yofniT arian dainteresebulni. bordisa da
menejmentis urTierToba aqcionerebTan unda xasiaTdebodes gamWvirvalobiTa da saTanado CarTulobiT; maTi urTierToba muSa-mosamsaxureebTan samarTlianobiT; maTi urTierToba sazogadoebasTan, romelSic saqmianoben kargi moqalaqeobiT; da maTi urTierToba mTavrobasTan Sesabamisobis valdebulebiT.43
korporaciul samyaroSi momxdari cnobili skandalebis Semdeg kargi korporaciuli marTvis mimarT gaCenili moTxovna sTeiqholderTa yvela jgufTan mimarTebiT
moraluri da eTikuri korporaciuli qcevis aucileblobaSi gamoixateba. socialurma
da garemosdacviTma sakiTxebmac ufro meti mniSvneloba SeiZines. movlenebis amgvar39
40
41
42
43
ASX Corporate Governance Council, Corporate Governance Principles and Recomendations with 2010 Ammendments, 2nd ed., 2010, 3.
The IOSCO Technical Committee Task Force on Corporate Governance, Protection of Minority Shareholders
in Listed Issuers, Final Report, June 2009, 4.
THE BUSINESS ROUNDTABLE Statement on Corporate Governance, September 1997, 1.
OECD Principles of Corporate Governance, OECD, 2004, 24.
ix.: Principles of Corporate Governance, Business Roundtable, 2012, I, 5.
124
ma ganviTarebam ganapiroba korporaciuli marTvis fokusis gadatana principal-agentis problemidan korporaciis angariSvaldebulebaze. sxva sityvebiT rom gamovxatoT,
korporaciaSi `TamaSis wesebidan~ yuradReba globalur sakiTxebze iqna gadatanili.
korporaciis xelmZRvanelebis, aqcionerebisa da sTeiqholderTa interesebis dacvis
kuTxiT amgvari cvlileba ufro meti daZabulobis warmoqmnis safuZveli gaxda, romlis
ganmuxtvaSi korporaciul socialur pasuxismgeblobas ara marto mniSvnelovani rolis
Sesruleba, aramed korporaciuli marTvis ufro moqnili sistemis Seqmna SeuZlia.44
korporaciuli marTvisa da korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis urTierTmimarTebis xasiaTis ganxilvisas miuTiTeben korporaciuli marTvis farTo gansazRvrebaze, romelic ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis korporaciuli marTvis principebSia mocemuli.45 calke aRniSvnis Rirsia korporaciuli
marTvis principebis preambulaSi damatebiTi miTiTeba imis Taobaze, rom `faqtorebs,
rogorebicaa biznes-eTika da sazogadoebis garemosdacviTi da socialuri interesebis
korporaciuli gacnobiereba, romelSic kompania operirebs, SeuZliaT gavlena iqonion
aseve mis reputaciasa da grZelvadian warmatebaze.~46
korporaciuli marTvisa da korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis konvergencia msgavsi principebis safuZvelze xorcieldeba. korporaciuli marTvis msgavsad
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobac miiswrafvis ufro meti gamWvirvalobis,
angariSvaldebulebisa da gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi sTeiqholderTa rolis
gazrdisaken. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis SemTxvevaSi gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia, rom gamWvirvaloba, angariSvaldebuleba da sTeiqholderebis monawileoba
odnav gansxvavebul Temebs moicavs, vidre korporaciuli marTvis konteqstSi moiazreba. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba miznad isaxavs mdgrad biznes praqtikas, socialurad pasuxismgebeli biznesis warmoebasa da biznesis momgebian warmarTvas.
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi aqcioneruli
Rirebulebis gazrdasa da korporaciis warmatebuli saqmianobis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureba. korporaciuli marTva misTvis relevanturi samarTlebrivi safuZvelia. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraobam ganaviTara korporaciuli marTvis
cneba, rogorc saSualeba, romelic xelmZRvanelobas ufro farTo eTikuri mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebisaken ubiZgebs.47
4.2. urTierTmimarTebis SesaZlo formebi
4.2.1. korporaciuli marTva, rogorc mTavari safuZveli
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa da korporaciuli marTvis urTierTdamokidebulebis sami konkretuli forma ikveTeba. pirveli ori forma urTierTgansazRvrulobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva. urTierTdamokidebulebis bolo forma ki
erTi da igive kontinuumis Semadgeneli komponentebis TanaarsebobaSi gamoixateba.
44
45
46
47
Gill A., Corporate Governance as Social Responsibility: A Research Agenda, “Berkeley J. Int’l L.”, Vol. 26,
Iss. 2, 2008, 459.
OECD Principles of Corporate Governance, OECD, 2004, 11.
iqve, 12.
ix. sqolio 44, 453-454.
125
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis sayrdenis saxiT korporaciuli marTvis warmodgena strategiuli marTvis konteqstSi ganixileba da korporaciuli marTvis efeqturi sistemis arsebobas moiazrebs.48 strategiul marTvasTan erTad adamianuri kapitali, sTeiqholderuli kapitali da garemos dacvasTan dakavSirebiT warmoSobili pozitiuri amonagebi korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis ZiriTadi sayrdenebia. m. kiernanma korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis investorTa perspeqtividan ganxilvisas aRniSnuli oTxi sayrdeni firmis namdvili Rirebulebis dadgenisa
da momavali Rirebulebis Seqmnis unarianobis Sefasebis kriteriumebad miiCnia.49 `sxva
sityvebiT, resursze dafuZnebul perspeqtivasTan TanamimdevrobiT modeli amtkicebs,
rom Rirebulebis Seqmna korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobasTan mimarTebiTac
ki damokidebulia kargi strategiuli marTvis meSveobiT adamianuri, sTeiqholderuli da garemosdacviTi kapitalis gamoyenebasTan~.50 modelis aseTi saxiT warmodgena j.
elkingtonis mosazrebis Tanamimdevrulia, romlis SexedulebiT, korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba triple bottom line-is farglebSi direqtorTa bordis movaleobaa,
xolo kargi korporaciuli marTva, Tavis mxriv, mdgradi korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli51, Tumca ara erTaderTi da sakmarisi bazisi.52
4.2.2. korporaciuli marTvis gafarToebuli modeli
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa da korporaciuli marTvis urTierTmimarTebis meore modelSi korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba ganixileba,
rogorc korporaciuli marTvis ganzomileba, misi arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawili. korporaciuli marTvis sferos aseTi saxis gafarToeba riskebis marTvis menejmentSi arafinansuri riskebis marTvis meqanizmebis CarTviT xorcieldeba.
mocemuli modelis Tanaxmad, korporaciuli marTvaSi korporaciuli socialuri
pasuxismgebloba CarTulia iseT tradiciul komponentebTan erTad, rogorebicaa direqtorTa bordis Semadgenloba, strategiuli marTva, kapitalis struqtura da kapitalis bazari. amgvarad, korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba korporaciuli marTvis ganuyofel nawilad aris miCneuli, radgan `kargi korporaciuli marTva agreTve
unda uzrunvelyofdes imas, rom korporaciebi socialurad pasuxismgebeli gziT imarTebodnen da rom mkafiod arsebobdes eTikuri safuZveli biznesisaTvis im sazogadoebaSi miRebuli normebis dacvisaTvis, romelSic isini saqmianoben~.53 kargi korporaciuli marTva ar iZleva imis garantias, rom korporaciuli qceva srulad akmayofilebs
48
49
50
51
52
53
Jamali D., Safieddine A.M., Rabbath M., Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility Synergies and Interrelationships, “Corporate Governance: An International Review”, Vol. 16, Iss 5, 2008, 447.
Kiernan M. J., Corporate social responsibility – the investor’s perspective wignSi Investing in Corporate
Social Responsibility: A Guide to Best Practice, Business Planning & the UK’s Leading Companies, ed. by
Hancock J., Kogan-page, London, 2005, 70.
ix. sqolio 48.
Elkington J., Governance for Sustainability, Corporate Governance: An International Review, Vol. 14, Iss. 6,
2006, 524
Cornelius P., Kogut B., Creating the Responsible Firm: In Search for a New Corporate Governance Paradigm,
German Law Journal, Vol. 4, Iss. 1, 2003, 49.
ix. sqolio 48, 448.
126
socialurad pasuxismgebeli qcevisaTvis damaxasiaTebel moTxovnebs.54 Tumca, meore
mxriv, yvela im komponentis gareSe, romlebic ganxiluli iqna zemoT urTierTmimarTebis gansazRvris dros da romlebic erTobliobaSi uzrunvelyofen karg korporaciul
marTvas, naklebad mosalodnelia, rom korporacia miCneul iqnes sazogadoebis socialurad pasuxismgebel wevrad.
4.2.3. korporaciuli angariSvaldebulebis kontinuumi
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba da korporaciuli marTva korporaciuli angariSvaldebulebis kontinuumis Semadgeneli elementebis saxiTaa warmodgenili
mesame modelSi. korporaciuli angariSvaldebulebis kontinuumi emyareba Sesabamisobis
princips, romlis meSveobiT ganisazRvreba saboloo korporaciul SesrulebaSi korporaciuli marTvisa da korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis wili iseT komponentebTan erTad, rogorebicaa korporaciuli finansuri reportireba da sTeiqholderuli Rirebulebis Seqmna.55
amgvarad, kontinuumis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba korporaciuli angariSvaldebulebis ZiriTadi safuZvlebis gamokveTaSi mdgomareobs, ris safuZvelze ganisazRvreba sakanonmdeblo regulirebisa da TviTregulirebis roli korporaciul socialur SesrulebaSi.
5. midgomebi korporaciuli marTvisadmi
5.1. korporaciuli marTvis tradiciuli dilema
5.1.1. aqcioneruli pirvelobis Teoria
gasuli saukunis dasawyisidan korporaciebis irgvliv erovnul Tu saerTaSoriso
doneze, akademiuri sferos warmomadgenlebsa Tu praqtikosebs Soris mimdinare debatebi dResac ar kargavs aqtualobas da ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT viTardeba. pirveli mimarTuleba uSualod korporaciuli marTvis sakiTxebs Seexeba. korporaciuli marTvis
konteqstSi mimdinare debatebi efuZneba principal-agentis urTierTobis problematikas, romelic Tavis mxriv, sakuTrebisa da kontrolis gancalkevebidan gamomdinareobs
da fokusirdeba direqtorTa fiduciur movaleobebze, im saSualebebze, romelTa aqtiuri gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi miiRweva xelmZRvanelebis qmedebebis daqvemdebareba pirvel rigSi da umTavresad aqcionerebis interesebisadmi, rac maTTvis maqsimaluri mogebis, maRali dividendebisa da aqciis fasis zrdaSi gamoixateba. aqciaTa mflobelebis
interesebis upirveles yovlisa gatareba sxva sTeiqholderTa interesebis nawilobrivi
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe an maTi sruli gamoricxva gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi,
rogorc fiduciuri movaleobebisadmi ganviTarebuli xedva aqcioneruli pirvelobis
Teoriis (Shareholder Primacy Theory) amosavali debulebaa.
debatebis meore mimarTuleba korporaciis `gareT~ viTardeboda korporaciuli
socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraobis saxiT, romelic aqtualizirebas korporaciis
54
55
ix. sqolio 52.
iqve.
127
marTva-gamgeobis procesSi mravalricxovani sTeiqholderebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebasa da ufro farTod, sazogadoebaSi korporaciebis rols ukeTebda. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraoba iyo swored is moZraoba, romelmac aqcioneruli pirvelobis Teoriis dominirebas bolo mouRo da sTeiqholderuli Teoriis
(Stakeholder Theory) Camoyalibeba ganapiroba,56 romelic korporaciis dualisturi bunebis
gaTvaliswinebiT korporaciis rolisa da funqciis Sefasebis dros xelmZRvanelobda
korporaciis saqmianobisa da marTvis procesSi sxva dainteresebuli mxareebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebis mizanSewonilobiT grZelvadiani warmatebis miRwevis uzrunvelyofis konteqstSi. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraoba, Tavisi xasiaTiT, gacilebiT ufro farTo movlenaa, vidre sTeqholderTa interesebis gaTvaliswineba. igi Tavis TavSi moicavs sTeiqholderuli Teoriis ZiriTad debulebebs, maSin
rodesac Sebrunebuli variantis arseboba gamoricxulia.
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraobis ganviTarebisaTvis istoriul rakursSi erTi Tvalis SevlebiT korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis
Taobaze gamarTuli debatebis cikluri monacvleobiT mimdinareobis suraTi ixateba.
kerZod, 1930-ian wlebSi dawyebuli akademiur sarbielze mimdinare debatebi `berli-dodis debatebis~57 saxelwodebiT Sevida korporaciuli azrovnebis istoriaSi. debatebis
ZiriTadi Tema korporaciuli menejerebis movaleobebs Seexeboda. kerZod, upirveles
yovlisa visi interesebi – aqcionerebis Tu sTeiqholderebis58 – unda miiRos korporaciis xelmZRvanelobam mxedvelobaSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros. akademiur asparezze debatebis dawyebas biZgi dodji ford motor kompaniis winaaRmdeg (Dodge v. Ford
Motor Co.) saqmeze miRebulma gadawyvetilebam misca, romelSic erTmniSvnelovnad miTiTebuli iyo, rom `samewarmeo korporacia organizebulia da saqmianobs, upirveles yov56
57
58
ix.: Grossman H.A., Refining the Role of the Corporation: The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on
Shareholder Primacy Theory, “Deakin L. Rev.”, Vol. 10, Iss. 2, 2005, 572-596.
berli-dodis debatebi ramdenime samecniero publikaciaSi gamoixata. dawvrilebiT ix.:
Berle A. A., Corporate Powers as Powers in Trust, Harv. L. Rev., Vol. 44, Iss. 7, 1931, 1049-1074; Dodd E. M.,
For Whom Are Corporate Managers Trustees?, “Harv. L. Rev.”, Vol. 45, Iss. 7, 1932, 1145-1163; Berle A. A.,
For Whom Corporate Managers Are Trustees: A Note, Harv. L. Rev., Vol. 45, Iss. 7, 1932, 1145-1074; Dodd
M., Is Effective Enforcement of the Fiduciary Duties of Corporate Managers Practicable?, U. Chi. L. Rev.,
Vol. 2, Iss. 1, 1934-1935, 194-207; berli-dodis debatebis Sefaseba ix.: Weiner J. L., The BerleDodd Dialogue on the Concept of the Corporation, Columbia L. Rev., Vol. 64, Iss. 8, 1964, 1458-1467. ufro
axlo perspeqtividan ganxorcielebuli Sefaseba ix.: Sommer A.A., Whom Should the Corporation Serve? The Berle-Dodd Debate Revisited Sixty Years Later, “Del. J. Corp. L.”, Vol. 16, Iss. 1, 1991, 3356. debatebis erT-erT Sedegs akademiuri sivrcisaTvis `berlisa da minis~ Tanamedrove
korporaciis warmoSoba warmoadgenda. vrclad ix.: Berle, A., Means G., The Modern Corporation and Private Property, N.Y., 1932. TanamedroveobaSi ar wydeba Tanamedrove korporaciis
gansxvavebuli rakursebiT Sefaseba. magaliTisaTvis ix.: Bratton W.W., Wachter M. L., Shareholder Primacy’s Corporatist Origins: Adolf Berle and `The Modern Corporation”, J. Corp. L., Vol. 34, Iss.
1, 2008, 99-152; Alces K., Revisiting Berle and Rethinking the Corporate Structure, Seattle U. L. Rev., Vol.
33, Iss. 4, 2010, 787-808. Mizruchi M. S., Hirschman D., The Modern Corporation as Social Construction,
Seattle U. L. Rev., Vol. 33, Iss. 4, 2010, 1065-1108. Gelter M., Taming or Protecting the Modern Corporation
- Shareholder-Stakeholder Debates in a Comparative Light, N.Y.U. J. L. & Bus., Vol. 7, Iss. 2, 2011, 641-730.
ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT sazogadoebis, rogorc erTi mTliani erTeulis interesebi. berli-dodis debatebis erT-erTi Tema swored sazogadoebis, rogorc erTi mTlianis winaSe korporaciis xelmZRvanelTa movaleobebs Seexeboda.
128
lisa, aqcionerebis mogebisaTvis. direqtorebis uflebamosilebebi gamoiyeneba am miznisaTvis. direqtorebis diskrecia am miznis miRwevis saSualebebis arCevaSi gamoixateba
da ar vrceldeba Tavad am miznis Secvlaze, mogebis Semcirebaze an aqcionerebs Soris
mogebis gaunawileblobaze sxva miznebis misaRwevad~.59 xazi gaesva im garemoebasac, rom
`direqtorTa bordis kanonismier uflebamosilebaSi ar Sedis korporaciis saqmeebis
gaZRola da warmarTva imgvarad, romelic gamoiwvevs aqcionerebisaTvis mxolod SemTxveviTi sargeblis motanas da umTavres miznad sxvebisTvis sargeblis motanas daisaxavs~.60 1950-ian wlebSi debatebi ganaxlebuli ZaliT gamZafrda, xolo cota mogvianebiT
skandaluri xasiaTi SeiZina. dResdReobiT, upiratesad araaqcioneruli konstitenciis
mqone debatebTan gvaqvs Sexeba. debatebis TiToeuli cikli iyenebda axal terminologias da problemis arss odnav gansxvavebuli kuTxiT warmoaCenda axali ideebis ganviTarebis gziT. miuxedavad amisa, saboloo jamSi, rCeba STabeWdileba TiTqosda déjà-vu efeqtTan gvqondes saqme.
aqcioneruli pirvelobis Teoria warmoiSva im xedvidan, romlis Tanaxmad aqcionerebi korporaciis mesakuTreebs warmoadgenen da, amgvarad, maT ufleba aqvT akontrolon igi, monawileoba miiRon misi ZiriTadi strategiis gansazRvraSi da gadawyviton korporaciul politikasa da praqtikaSi arsebiTi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis
mizanSewonilobis sakiTxi.61 saaqcio sazogadoebaSi yvelaze metad aqcionerebs aqvT
mozRvavebuli mesakuTreobis instiqti, yvelaze metad maTTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli
mesakuTreobis grZnoba, rac kidec ganapirobebs imas, rom isini yvelaze metad arian dainteresebulni mogebis gazrdasa da maRali dividendebis saxiT mis miRebaSi. nebismieri
saubari biznesis mxridan socialur pasuxismgeblobaze sazogadoebaSi korporaciebis
rolis Sesaxeb mcdar warmoadgenas qmnis. rogorc m.fridmani aRniSnavda, Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi èrTi da mxolod erTi biznesis socialuri pasuxismgebloba arsebobs – gamoiyenos sakuTari resursebi da dakavdes iseTi saqmianobiT, romelic gamiznulia misi
mogebis gasazrdelad im pirobiT Tu is darCeba TamaSis im wesebis farglebSi, romlebic
miuTiTeben Ria da Tavisufal konkurenciaSi monawileobaze sicruisa da TaRliTobis
gareSe~.62
aqcioneruli pirvelobis Teoriis safuZvelia aqcioneruli Rirebuleba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aqcioneruli dovlaTis maqsimaluri gazrdis moTxovnaSi gamoixateba.
aqcioneruli pirvelobis idea efuZneba aqcionerTa upirvelesobis aRiarebas, maTi interesebis prioritetul dacvas yvela sxva sTeiqholderebis interesebTan SedarebiT.
xelmZRvanelebis erTaderTi mizani mogebis gazrda unda iyos, rac konkretuli aqcionerisaTvis sakuTari aqciebis fasis gazrdas niSnavs. aqcioneruli pirvelobis normis
ZiriTadi nakli Cveulebrivi samewarmeo saqmianobis farglebSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis mimarT SezRudul gamoyenebaSia.63
59
60
61
62
63
ix.: Dodge v. Ford Motor Co. 170 N.W. 668, (Mich.1919).
iqve, 684.
Matheson J. H., Olson B. A., Corporate Law and the Longterm Shareholder Model of Corporate Governance,
Minnesota L. Rev., Vol. 76, 1992, 1327.
ix. sqolio 4.
Keay A., Shareholder Primacy in Corporate Law: Can it Survive? Should it Survive?, “European Company
and Financial L. Rev.”, Vol. 7, Iss. 3, 2010, 379.
129
5.1.2. sTeiqholderuli Teoria
sTeiqholderuli Teoriis pozicionireba korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze gamarTul debatebSi meore adgiliT Semoifargleba. igi organizaciuli
menejmentis Teorias warmoadgens, romelic miznad isaxavs korporaciis miznisa da rolis Sefasebas sTeiqholderuli perspeqtividan. Tavdapirvelad, igi SemuSavda rogorc
strategiuli menejmentis modeli,64 romelmac korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraobaSi ufro meti dinamizmi Seitana.
sTeiqholderuli Teoriis normatiuli, deskrifciuli da instrumentuli aspeqtebis mimoxilvis safuZvelze SegviZlia gamovitanoT daskvna imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
sTeiqholderebi korporaciisaTvis Rirebuli jgufia, romlebisadmi damokidebuleba
ar unda emyarebodes im xedvas, romlis mixedviTac isini, rogorc erTi didi jgufi, mxolod da mxolod miznis miRwevis saSualebas warmoadgenen.65 sTeiqholderuli Teoriis
ZiriTad naklad myari normatiuli safuZvlisa da sicxadis ararseboba miiCneva. sTeiqholderTa calkeuli jgufebis identificirebasTan dakavSirebul problemebSi, korporaciasTan maTi mravalgvari urTierTobebisa da gansxvavebuli miznebis Tu interesebis dabalansebaSi mdgomareobs Teoriis ZiriTadi naklovaneba. korporaciuli marTvis
sTeiqholderuli midgoma praqtikaSi Znelad gasatarebelia, rasac im berketebis ganusazRvreloba ganapirobebs, romlebic maTi uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi saTanado
reagirebas uzrunvelyofen, rac angariSvaldebulebis mcdari xedvidan gamomdinareobs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, im varauds emyareba, rom sTeiqholderebis uflebebisa da interesebis dacvisaTvis sakmarisia arsebuli saxelSekrulebo da maregulirebeli meqanizmebi. miuxedavad amisa, miiCneva, rom aqcioneruli Rirebulebis maqsimizacia grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu xelmZRvaneloba korporaciis marTva-gamgeobisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sTeiqholderTa yvela
im jgufis saukeTeso interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT imoqmedebs, romlebsac korporaciis
warmatebaSi garkveuli wvlili miuZRviT.66
aqcionerebisaTvis dovlaTis maqsimaluri gazrda aSS-Si aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi korporaciuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis saxelmZRvanelo norma-princips warmoadgenda.67 kontinenturi evropisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac sTeqholderebis
uflebebis dacva da interesebis pativiscema yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis
centrSi iyo moqceuli. am kuTxiT aRsaniSnavia sameTvalyureo sabWos SemadgenlobaSi
muSa-mosamsaxureTa interesebis gamtarebeli warmomadgenlebis gaTvaliswinebis instituti, romelic germanuli saaqcio samarTlis TviTmyofadobasa da Taviseburebas
usvavs xazs.
aqcioneruli pirvelobisa da sTeiqholderul Teoriebs Soris arsobrivi gansxvaveba imaSi vlindeba, rom pirveli TavisTavad uSvebs imas, rom korporaciis xelmZRvne64
65
66
67
Freeman E., Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, Cambridge UP, 2010, 44.
Keay A., Stakeholder Theory in Corporate Law: Has It Got What It Takes?, “Rich. J. Global L. & Bus.”, Vol.
9, Iss. 3, 2010, 254.
Sprague R., Beyond Shareholder Value: Normative Standards for Sustainable Corporate Governance, “Wm.
& Mary Bus. L. Rev., Vol. 1, Iss. 1, 2010, 80-81.
aqcioneruli pirvelobis norma istoriul rakursSi ix.: Smith D.G., The Shareholder Primacy
Norm, J. Corp. L., Vol. 23, Iss. 2, 1998, 277-323.
130
loba midrekilia sakuTari mdgomareobisa da samarTavad mindobili qonebis korporaciisa da misi aqcionerebis interesebis Seusabamod gamoyenebisaken, maSin rodesac
sTeiqholderuli Teoria xelmZRvanelebis profesionalizmsa da maTdami ndobis gamoxatvas emyareba. aqcionerebisa da sTeiqholderebis interesebis Sepirispireba ZiriTad, mikrodiqotomiebis jgufSi Semaval diqotomias warmoadgens, romelic mxolod sakorporacio samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi iCens Tavs.68 Teoriebis daaxloebis procesi
mxolod im varauds SeiZleba emyarebodes, rom aqcioneruli Rirebulebis maqsimaluri
zrdis interessa da sTeiqholderTa interesebs Soris dapirispirebas adgili SeiZleba
arc aqvs69 da realurad yalb antagonizmTan gvqondes Sexeba, romlis miRmac aqcionerebi
sTeiqholderTa erT-erTi jgufad ganixileba.
5.2. gauTavebeli debatebis SesaZlo dasasruli: ganmanaTlebluri
aqcioneruli Rirebuleba
2006 wels didi britaneTis gaerTianebul samefoSi sakorporacio70 samarTlis reforma ganxorcielda.71 reformis erT-erTi monapovari ganmanaTlebluri aqcioneruli
Rirebuleba72 (Enlightened Shareholder Value) iyo, romelic 2006 wlis kompaniaTa aqtis direq68
69
70
71
72
sakorporacio samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, viwro gagebiT
gamoiyeneba korporaciuli marTvis konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. farTod ganmartebis
SemTxvevaSi sakorporacio samarTlisaTvis nawilobriv damaxasiaTebel, araZiriTad da
farTo diqotomiasTan gveqneba Sexeba, romelic aqcionerTa qonebrivi da sTeiqholderTa saxelSekrulebo uflebebis gamijvnaSi gamoixateba. aqcionerul-sabazro Rirebuleba Tu sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebis maqsimaluri zrdis garda mikrodiqotomiebis
jgufSi gamoiyofa kidev erTi diqotomia, romelic, erTi mxriv, dakavSirebulia marTvis
uflebamosilebebis gadanawilebasa da, meore mxriv, aqcionerTa makontrolebel-qonebrivi da sTeiqholderTa makontrolebel-saxelSekrulebo uflebebis gamijvnasTan.
mikrodiqotomiebisagan gansxvavebiT, makrodiqotomiebi ufro farTo sferos moqmedebis farglebSi eqcevian. maT ricxvSi Sedis: bazari Tu firmis ierarqiuli struqtura; gaTanabrebiTi Tu ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba; liberalizmi Tu utilitarizmi;
bazari Tu saxelmwifo. am diqotomiebis ganxilvis safuZvelze SemuSavebul iqna direqtoris absoluturi pirvelobis modeli. avtori SeniSnavs, rom `pirveli ori diqotomia aris is diqotomiebi, romlebsac SeiZleba ewodos `mikrodiqotomiebi~, radgan isini
ganekuTvnebian mxolod korporaciul samarTals. maTTan SedarebiT danarCeni oTxi
diqotomia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc `makrodiqotomiebi~. isini warmodgenilia
kerZo samarTlis yvela dargSi, maT Soris korporaciul samarTalSi. dawvrilebiT ix.:
Reich-Graefe R., Deconstructing Corporate Governance: Absolute Director Primacy, “Brook. J. Corp. Fin. &
Com. L.”, Vol. 5, Iss 2, 2011, 350-352.
hopti k., korporaciuli marTva evropaSi: regulirebis axali modeli da `rbili samarTali~, Targmna i. burdulma, `samarTlis Jurnali~, #1, 2009, 230.
e.w. sakompanio.
reformis Sesaxeb zogadad ix.: Tomasic R., Company Law Modernisation and Corporate Governance
in the UK - Some Recent Issues and Debates, “DICTUM - Victoria Law School Journal”, Vol. 1, 2011, 43-60;
reformis kritika ix.: Reisberg A., Corporate Law in the UK after Recent Reforms: The Good, the Bad
and the Ugly, “Current Legal Problems”, Vol. 63, Iss. 1, 2010, 315-374;
ganmanaTlebluri aqcioneruli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb zogadad ix.: Williams R., Enlightened
Shareholder Value in Uk Company Law, “U. New South Wales L. J.”, Vol. 35, Iss. 1, 2012, 360-377; Keay A.,
Zhang H., An Analysis of Enlightened Shareholder Value in Light of Ex Post Opportunism and Incomplete
Law, “European Company and Financial L. Rev.”, Vol. 8, Iss. 4, 2011, 445-475.
131
torTa zogadi movaleobebis TavSi iqna inkorporirebuli mravlismetyveli saxelwodebis qveS – kompaniis warmatebis xelSewyobis movaleoba73. ganmanaTlebluri aqcioneruli
Rirebuleba tradiciuli aqcioneruli Rirebulebis ukeTesi alternativaa. sakompanio
samarTalSi ganxorcielebulma reformam, garkveulwilad, aqcioneruli Rirebulebis
modificireba moaxdina sTeiqholderebis sasargeblod mravalmxrivi midgomis safuZvelze.74
ganmanaTlebluri aqcioneruli Rirebuleba korporaciis, sazogadoebaSi misi rolisa da am rolidan gamomdinare misi miznisa da daniSnulebis alternatiuli xedvaa,
romelic korporaciuli marTvis konteqstSi scildeba tradiciul aqcionerul-sTeiqholderuli diqotomiis sazRvrebs korporaciuli funqciisa da miznis xelaxali, ufro
zustad axleburi gaazrebis gziT75 da sakuTari TavSi orive TeoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebis gaerTianebas cdilobs.
ganmanaTlebluri aqcioneruli Rirebuleba efeqturi korporaciuli marTvis
sistemis axali safuZvelia, romelic xels uwyobs korporaciuli marTvisa da korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis daaxloebis process. korporaciuli marTvisadmi
axali midgomis upiratesoba, gansakuTrebiT sTeiqholderul TeorisTan mimarTebiT,
myari normatiuli safuZvlis arsebobaSi vlindeba.
5.3. mdgradi kompania
mdgradi kompania evropis masStabiT korporaciuli marTvis mimarT SemuSavebuli
axali midgomaa, romelic firmis da misi miznebis ufro farTo xedvas gvTavazobs.76 kompaniis ZiriTadi mizani grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi mdgradi aqcioneruli Rirebulebis
generireba gaxda. mdgradi kompaniis saqmianoba mdgradobis multiganzomilebian koncefcias emyareba. globalur doneze moTamaSe kompaniebisaTvis mdgradoba korporaciuli marTvis efeqturi sistemis farglebSi sakuTari saqmianobis socialuri, garemosdacviTi da finansuri aspeqtebis erTobliobaSi gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobaSi gamoixateba.77
mdgradi kompania kargi korporaciuli marTvisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis sinTezis,
ufro zustad ki korporaciuli marTvis sistemaSi mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis integrirebis Sedegia. sTeiqholderebi, gansakuTrebiT muSa-mosamsaxureebi sxvadasxva meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT monawileobas iReben mdgrad kompaniaSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, rac, garkveulwilad, sTeiqholderuli Rirebulebis Seqmnas uwyobs xels
73
74
75
76
77
Duty to Promote the Success of the Company. ix.: Companies Act 2006 c. 46, Part 10, Chapter 2, Section
172. xelmisawvdomia Semdeg el-misamarTze: <http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/section/172>, [15.03.2014].
aqcioneruli Rirebulebis modificirebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.: Keay A., Moving Towards Stakeholderism? Constituency Statutes, Enlightened Shareholder Value and All That: Much Ado about
Little? “European Business L. Rev.”, Vol. 22, Iss. 1, 2011, 1-49.
Ho V. H, “Enlightened Shareholder Value”: Corporate Governance Beyond the Shareholder-Stakeholder Divide, “The Journal of Corporation Law”, Vol. 36, Iss. 1, 2010, 61;
ix.: Action Plan: European Company Law and Corporate Governance - a Modern Legal Framework for More
Engaged Shareholders and Sustainable Companies, European Commission Communication, Strasbourg,
12.12.2012, COM(2012) 740 final.
ix.: ICGN Global Corporate Governance Principles: Revised 2009, 1.1., 9.
132
da mdgardi kompaniis erT-erTi aucilebeli komponentia. sTeiqholderebis CarTuloba
korporaciuli marTvis mdgradi modelis Seqmnis aucilebeli winapirobaa.
korporacia, romelic Tavisi saqmianobiT xels uwyobs sazogadoebis ganviTarebasa da CarTulobas nacvalgebis principis safuZvelze sapasuxod iRebs iseT garemo-pirobebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyoben mis arsebobasa da warmatebul da momgebian
saqmianobas grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. kompania, romelic iTvaliswinebis sazogadoebis
garemosdacviT da socialuri molodinebs keTilganwyobiT sargeblobs Tavad sazogadoebis mxridan da grZelvadiani mdgradobis miiRwevis gzaze mniSvnelovan nabijs dgams.
6. gza korporaciul angariSvaldebulebamde
6.1. zogadi tendencia
korporaciuli angariSvaldebuleba korporaciuli marTvisadmi ganviTarebuli
globaluri midgomaa. multinacionaluri korporaciebis warmoSobam, romelTa saqmianoba scildeba nacionalur sazRvrebs da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, orze meti saxelmwifos teritoriaze vrceldeba gaarTula saerTaSoriso asparezze maTi angariSvaldebulebis
uzrunvelyofa.
saxelmwifos aRar ZaluZs maTi saqmianobis srulmasStabiani regulireba. korporaciuli qcevis regulirebis mizans im asimetriis daZleva warmoadgens, romelic sazogadoebaSi korporaciebis mimarT arsebul molodinebsa da maT moqmedebebs Soris warmoiSoba.78 saxelmwifos mxolod sakuTari teritoriis farglebSi samarTlebrivi bazisis
Seqmna SeuZlia socialurad pasuxismgebeli korporaciuli qcevis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.
6.2. erovnuli kanonmdebloba
6.2.1. urTierTmimarTebis `formula~
mravalaspeqtiani korporaciuli angariSvaldebulebis konteqstSi korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis praqtikis danergvisaTvis xelSemwyob erovnul samarTlebriv CarCopirobebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba da ierarqiuli kibis pirveli
safexurze myofi elementia. socialurad pasuxismgebeli qcevisaTvis saTanado samarTlebrivi garemos SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis xelmSemwyobi evropuli CarCopirobebi Semdeg msjelobas aviTarebda: `korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba sasurvelia miuxedavad amisa ar iqnes ganxiluli, rogorc im regulirebis an kanonmdeblobis Semcvleli, romlebic socialur uflebebsa da
garemosdacviT standartebs Seexebian, axali Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis
CaTvliT. qveynebSi, sadac aseTi regulireba ar arsebobs, Zalisxmeva sasurvelia fokusirdes saTanado maregulirebel an sakanonmdeblo CarCopirobebis dadgenaze erTia78
dawvrilebiT ix.: Deva S., Sustainable Good Governance and Corporations: An Analysis of Asymmetries,
“Georgetown Int’L Envtl. L. Rev.”, Vol. 18, Iss. 4, 2006, 707-750.
133
ni saTamaSo velis gansazRvrisaTvis, romlis safuZvelzec socialurad pasuxismgebel
praqtikas SeeZleba ganviTareba~.79
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa da samarTlis urTierTmimarTeba
iseTi `formuliT~ gamoixateba, romelic sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT xasiaTdeba. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba samarTlis miRma, samarTlis meSveobiT Tu samarTlisaTvis80 – urTierTdamokidebulebis is sami formaa, romelic yvelaze kargad
avlens socialurad pasuxismgebeli praqtikis danergvis kuTxiT samarTlis potenciur
rols. aseTi tipis formulis saboloo daniSnuleba urTierTmimarTebis xasiaTisa da
misi farglebis gansazRvraa. kerZod, ra rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia samarTals korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis xelSewyobaSi da, piriqiT, ra rols TamaSobs Tavad
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis koncefcia kanoniT dadgenili minimaluri
moTxovnebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofaSi. urTierTmimarTebis gansazRvris sakiTxisaTvis gansakuTrebul ganxilvas eqvemdebareba `formulis~ is nawili, romelic korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis praqtikis ganviTarebaSi samarTlis rols Seexeba. profesori g. toibneri samarTlis rolis ganxilvis dros mis SesaZlo sam funqciaze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas, romelic mas SeuZlia Seasrulos korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis institucionalizaciis procesSi. moralisa da samarTlis urTierTSepirispirebis safuZvelze profesori samarTlis fasilitatoris, maregulireblisa da
mastimulirebel funqciebs gamoyofs.81
6.2.2. mimarTeba samarTlis calkeul dargebTan
korporaciul socialur pasuxismgeblobasa da samarTals Soris arsebuli urTierTmimarTebis dadgenas uSualod Tan sdevs koncefciis rolis gansazRvris sakiTxi samarTlis sxvadasxva ganStoebebTan mimarTebaSi, rac maT Soris arsebuli balansis modificirebaSi gamoixateba, romelic mkveTrad Sromisa da samomxmareblo samarTlis
SemTxvevaSi iCens Tavs, rac korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis saukeTeso
praqtikis ganviTarebaSi yvelaze metad muSa-mosamsaxureTa (Sida faqtori) da momxmarebelTa (gare faqtori) dainteresebiT aixsneba.82
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis xelSewyobaSi sakorporacio samarTlis roli korporaciis xelmZRvanelebis iseTi uflebamosilebebis katalogiT aRWurvaSi mdgomareobs, romelic korporaciaSi socialurad pasuxismgebeli praqtikis
danergvisaTvis saukeTeso biZgis mimcemi iqneba. mocemuli midgomis TvalsaCino maga79
80
81
82
Promoting a European framework for Corporate Social Responsibility, Green Paper, Brussels, 18.7.2001,
COM(2001) 366 final, 2.22., 7.
vrclad ix.: McBarnet D. Corporate social responsibility beyond law, through law, for law, wignSi The
New Corporate Accountability: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Law, Eds. by McBarnet D., Voiculescu A., Campbell T., Cambridge University Press, 2009, 9-59.
ix.: Teubner G., Corporate Fiduciary Duties and Their Beneficiaries: A Functional Approach to the Legal
Institutionalization of Corporate Responsibility, wignSi Corporate Governance and Directors’ Liabilities:
Legal, Economic, and Socialogical Analyses on Corporate Social Responsibility, eds.: Hopt K. J., Teubner G.,
1985, 159-164.
zogadad ix.: Sobczak A., Corporate Social Responsibility: From Labour Law to Consumer Law, “Transfer:
European Review of Labour and Research”, Vol. 10, Iss. 3, 2010, 401-415.
134
liTi, rogorc ganmanaTlebluri aqcioneruli Rirebulebis ganxilvis dros zemoT iqna
aRniSnuli, aris kompaniaTa aqtSi gaTvaliswinebuli kompaniis warmatebis xelSewyobis
movaleoba. qarTul sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi am mimarTulebiT garkveuli nabijebis gadadgma aseve misasalmebeli iqneboda. mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi arsebuli
zogadi miTiTeba imasTan dakavSirebiT rom xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosilebis mqone
pirebis moqmedebebi yvelaze xelsayreli unda iyos sazogadoebisaTvis83 ar xasiaTdeba
detalizaciis im doniT, romliTac gamoirCeva warmatebis xelSewyobis movaleoba.
mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis korporaciul cxovrebaSi danergvis WrilSi
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis mniSvneloba izrdeba garemosdacviTi samarTlis mimarTulebiTac. saerTaSoriso sainvesticio SeTanxmebebis socialuri ganzomilebis gaZlierebis konteqstSi saerTaSoriso korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba emsaxureba investorTa da yvela im mxareTa uflebebisa da interesebis dacvas
Soris balansis uzrunvelyofas, romlebzedac gavlenas axdens pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi.
6.3. saerTaSoriso standartebi da transnacionaluri regulireba
multinacionaluri Tu transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobis regulireba, korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis kuTxiT, rac saerTaSoriso doneze
standartebisa da saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis formiT vlindeba84, swored ucxour investiciebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze balansis miRwevas isaxavs miznad.
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli normebidan gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia gaeros normebi transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da sxva biznessubieqtebis pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
sferoSi, romlebmac safuZveli misces transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianobis
maregulirebeli normebis ganxilvas transnacionaluri samarTlis85 erT-erTi gamovli83
84
85
ix.: `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-9 muxlis me-6 punqtis meore winadadebis
meore nawili.
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli principebisa da saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis ricxvSi Sedis: OECD-is saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi
multinacionaluri sawarmoebisaTvis; gaeros globaluri SeTanxmebis 10 principi; ISO
26000:2010 saxelmZRvanelo standarti socialuri pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze; ILO-is
multinacionaluri sawarmoebisa da socialuri politikis Taobaze principebis sammxrivi deklaracia; gaeros normebi transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da sxva biznes
subieqtebis pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi. ix.: A renewed EU strategy 2011-14 for Corporate Social Responsibility, European Commission Communication,
Brussels, 25.10.2011 COM (2011) 681 final, 3.21., 6. maregulirebeli zogadi standartebis
garda SemuSavebulia sxvadasxva sferos mixedviT saerTaSoriso instrumentebi. kerZod, standartebi adamianis uflebaTa, SromiTi uflebebis, garemos dacvisa da momxmarebelTa interesebisa da produqciaze pasuxismgeblobis sferoSi. calke aRniSvnis
Rirsia korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi SemuSavebuli standartebi da mdgradi
ganviTarebis angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebi. ix.: OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, OECD, 2011, 15.
transnacionaluri regulirebis Sesaxeb mokled ix.: Cotterrell R., What Is Transnational Law?
Law & Social Inquiry, Vol. 37, Iss. 2, 2012, 500-524. agreTve ix.: Berman P. S., From International Law to
Law and Globalization, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 43, Iss.2, 2005, 485-556.
135
nebis saxiT86, rogorc TanamedroveobaSi arsebuli `globaluri samarTali saxelmwifos
gareSe~,87 anu àxali Lex mercatoria~,88 romelic, Tavis mxriv, samarTlebrivi pluralizmis89
erT-erT gamoxatulebas warmoadgens.90 mocemul midgomas samarTlis filosofiaSi samarTlis cnebis transnacionaluri perspeqtividan ganxilvam Seuwyo xeli.91 miuxedavad
amisa, gaeros normebma ver gaamarTla maT miRebasTan dakavSirebuli molodini.92 2011
wlis 16 ivniss gaerom Protect, Respect, Remedy-is proeqtis93 farglebSi axali dokumenti SeimuSava saxelwodebiT – saxelmZRvanelo principebi biznesisa da adamianis uflebebis Taobaze (Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights), romelic korporaciebis saqmianobis
warmarTvis procesSi adamianis uflebebis pativiscemis princips ganamtkicebs.94
6.4. korporaciuli qcevis TviTregulireba
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis praqtikis Semdgomi danergvisaTvis
mesame adgils multinacionaluri korporaciebis mxridan, misi misaRebobis TvalsazrisiT, TviTregulireba ikavebs. multinacionalur korporaciebSi korporaciuli qcevis
kodeqsisa da korporaciuli eTikis kodeqsis arseboba miRebul praqtikas warmoadgens.
multinacionaluri korporaciebis absolutur umravlesobas, rogorc wesi, erT-erTi
maTgani aucileblad gaaCnia, Tumca korporaciuli qcevis kodeqsebi, maTi yovlismomcvelobidan gamomdinare, ufro did rols TamaSoben korporaciuli qcevis regulirebaSi, vidre korporaciuli eTikis kodeqsebi, romelTa moqmedeba ufro viwro sferosaTvis damaxasiaTebel urTerTobebze vrceldeba. globalur doneze pasuxismgebeli
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
magaliTisaTvis ix.: Backer L. C., Multinational Corporations, Transnational Law: The United Nation’s
Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations as Harbinger of Corporate Social Responsibility
in International Law, Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev., Vol. 37, Iss. 1, 2005, 162.
dawvrilebiT ix.: Michaels R., The True Lex Mercatoria: Law Beyond the State, Indiana J. Global Legal
Staties, Vol. 14, Iss. 2, 2008, 447-468.
axali lex mercatoria (New Lex Mercatoria) savaWro urTierTobebis mowesrigebis mizniT arsebuli CveulebiTi samarTlis Tanamedrove da transnacionaluri gamoxatulebaa.
dawvrilebiT ix.: Gimenez-Corte C., Lex Mercatoria, International Arbitration and Independent Guarantees: Transnational Law and How Nation States Lost the Monopoly of Legitimate Enforcement, Transnational
Legal Theory, Vol. 3, Iss. 4, 2012, 348; damatebiT ix.: Cuniberti G., Three Theories of Lex Mercatoria,
Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 52, Iss. 1, 2013, 101-166. xelmisawvdomia Semdeg vebmisamarTze http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2244349 [15.04.2014].
iuridiuli pluralizmis Sesaxeb ix.: Tamanaha B.Z., Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global, Sydney Law Review, Vol. 30, Iss. 3, 2008, 375-411;
ix.: Zumbansen P., Transnational Legal Pluralism, Transnational Legal Theory, Vol. 10, Iss. 2, 2010, 141-189,
vrclad ix.: Daniels D., The Concept of Law from a Transnational Perspective, Ashgate Publishing, Burlington, 2010.
vrclad savaraudo mizezebis Sesaxeb ix.: Bachmann S., Miretski P., Global Business and Human
Rights - The UN ‘Norms on the Responsibility of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises
with Regard to Human Rights’ - A Requiem, Deakin L. Rev., Vol. 17, Iss 1, 2012, 5-41.
Protect, Respect and Remedy-is proeqtis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.: Backer L., On the Evolution of
the United Nations’ ‘Protect-Respect-Remedy’ Project: The State, the Corporation and Human Rights in a
Global Governance Context, Santa Clara J. Int’l L., Vol. 9, No.1, 2010, 101-156.
Deva S., Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implications for Companies, “European Company Law”, Vol. 9, Iss. 2, 2012, 102.
136
biznes qcevis erT-erT sanimuSo kodeqsad multinacionaluri sawarmoebisaTvis OECDis saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi miiCneva, romelic saerTaSoriso investiciebisa da multinacionaluri sawarmoebis Taobaze ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis
organizaciis mier miRebuli deklaraciis arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawilia.
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis konteqstSi xSirad daismis sakiTxi
imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom korporaciuli qcevis regulireba nebayoflobiT sawyisebze
unda ganxorcieldes, magaliTad, korporaciuli qcevis kodeqsebis meSveobiT, romelTa
mimarT, Tavis mxriv, ismeba kiTxva moraluri Tu samarTlebrivi Zalis mqone boWvis Taobaze95, Tu multinacionaluri korporaciebis bunebidan gamomdinare mizanSewonilia
savaldebulo xasiaTis regulirebisadmi mimarTva, rac saerTaSoriso doneze sxvadasxva sferoebis mixedviT SemuSavebuli instrumentebis moqmedebisadmi daqvemdebarebaSi
gamoixateba, romelTa mizani, rogorc zeviT araerTxel aRiniSna, globalur doneze socialurad pasuxismgebeli qcevis xelSewyobisaTvis saTanado garemos Seqmna da interesebis dabalansebaa. droTa ganmavlobaSi korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxebis Taobaze saerTaSoriso doneze SemuSavebulma instrumentebma saswori meore
mxares gadmoxares da, garkveulwilad, bolo mouRes mimdinare diskusias aRniSnuli sakiTxis irgvliv.
6.5. metaregulireba
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobisaTvis samarTlebrivi angariSvaldebuleba metaregulirebiT (metaregulation) miiRweva, romelic aqtiurad gamoiyeneba korporaciuli socialur pasuxismgeblobis egidiT ganxorcielebuli iniciativebis SefasebisTvis.96 metaregulireba xSirad `Sida TviTregulirebis regulirebis~ an `samarTlis
CrdilSi myofi TviTregulirebis~ saxeliT moixsenieba. metaregulirebaSi korporaciuli sindisis samarTlebrivi regulirebasadmi daqvemdebareba moiazreba. korporaciuli sindisi im Rirebulebebis nakrebia, romelic scildeba korporaciis sakuTar viwro ekonomikur interesebs. samarTlebrivi angariSvaldebulebis gareSe korporaciuli
socialuri pasuxismgeblobis praqtikis danergva da realuri ganxorcieleba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuri Zalisxmevis SemTxvevaSia mxolod
SesaZlebeli korporaciebis angariSvaldebulebis uzrunvelyofa sazogadoebis winaSe.
metaregulirebis rols efeqtur TviTregulirebaSi naTlad warmoaCens is aqtivobebi, romlebic Tan sdevda saqmes kaski naikis winaaRmdeg.97 mocemuli SemTxveva dakavSirebuli iyo komerciuli gamoxatvis doqtrinasa da masTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebTan.
saqmis mokle fabula SemdegSi mdgomareobda: naikis korporacia momxmarebelTa mozidvis mizniT 1990-iani wlebis bolos mis mimarT ganxorcielebuli kritikis sapasuxod
eweoda sareklamo kampanias, kerZod sxvadasxva sagazeTo publikaciebSi, aseve korpora95
96
97
vrclad ix.: Glinski C., Corporate Codes of Conduct: Moral or Legal Obligation?. wignSi The New Corporate Accountability: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Law, Eds. by McBarnet D., Voiculescu A.,
Campbell T., Cambridge University Press, 2009, 119-147.
zogadad ix.: Parker C., Meta-Regulation: Legal Accountability for Corporate Social Responsibility?
wignSi The New Corporate Accountability: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Law, Eds. by McBarnet
D., Voiculescu A., Campbell T., Cambridge University Press, 2009, 201-240.
Nike, Inc. v. Kasky 539 U.S. 654 (2003)
137
ciuli socialuri pasuximgeblobis Taobaze moxsenebaSi uTiTebda, rom maT qarxnebSi
dasaqmebul muSa-mosamsaxureebs Sromis saTanado pirobebi hqondaT. mark kaski warmoadgenda samoqalaqo aqtivists, romlis saqmianobis ZiriTad mimarTulebas SromiTi da
garemosdacviTi uflebebis dacva warmoadgenda. kaskim sarCeli Seitana sasamarTloSi,
romelSic uTiTebda, rom naikis yvela gancxadeba ar Seesabameboda simarTles da ubralod sicrues warmoadgenda. naikis qarxnebSi dasaqmebulebi iRebdnen dabal gasamrjelos da calkeul SemTxvevebSi adgili hqonda arasrulwlovanTa Sromis gamoyenebasac.
sasamarTlom imsjela arakeTilsindisieri konkureniciis, SecdomaSi Semyvani (mcdari)
reklamis Taobaze, gamijna komerciuli da arakomerciuli gamoxatva. erT-erTi daskvna,
romelic gamoitana sasamarTlom SemdegSi mdgomareobda, rom `rodesac korporacia
gayidvebisa da mogebis SenarCunebisa da gazrdis mizniT sajaro gancxadebebs akeTebs
qarxnebSi SromiTi praqtikisa da Sromis pirobebis Taobaze, romlebSic iwarmoeba saqoneli, es sajaro gancxadebebi komerciul gamoxatvas warmoadgens, romelic SeiZleba
daeqvemdebaros regulirebas momxmarebelTa motyuebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.“98 gansxvavebuli azri uTiTebda imaze, rom naikis SemTxveva komerciuli gamoxatvis tradiciul doqtrinaSi ar jdeboda. naikis saqme kargi magaliTia imisa Tu ra Sedegebi SeiZleba
mohyves korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis gamoyenebas mxolod da mxolod
piaris miznebisaTvis realuri programebisa da socialuri iniciativebis ganxorcielebis gareSe. naiki saerTaSoriso brends warmoadgens, romlis mxridan arasaTando korporaciuli qcevis SemTxvevaSi, misi sajaro kritikis obieqtad qceva advilia. mocemulma
saqmem gamoavlina sazogadoebrivi protestis fonze uflebaTa dacvis samarTlebrivi
saSualebebis gamoyenebis meSveobiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis potenciali socialurad
pasuxismgebeli praqtikis danergvaSi.
7. korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsebis roli
7.1. socialurad pasuxismgebeli praqtikis danergva
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis xelSewyobaSi korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsebs mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT. korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsSi, garkveulwilad, korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa da korporaciuli marTvis Serwyma xorcieldeba, rasakvirvelia garkveul farglebamde, rac, Tavis
mxriv, kargi korporaciuli marTvis uzrunvelyofisaTvis myar safuZvels qmnis.
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebis CarTva korporaciuli
marTvis kodeqsebSi Rirebulebebis donezec ki ukeTes garemos qmnis korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis praqtikis ganviTarebisaTvis, rac, TavisTavad, korporaciuli marTvis saukeTeso praqtikis danegrvis winapiroba xdeba. korporaciuli marTvis
saukeTeso wesebis gamoyenebis praqtikis danergva ganmsazRvreli elementia multinacionalur sawarmoebSi korporaciuli kulturis Camoyalibebisa da bizneseTikis nor98
When a corporation, to maintain and increase its sales and profits, makes public statements defending labor
practices and working conditions at factories where its products are made, those public statements are commercial speech that may be regulated to prevent consumer deception. ix.: Kasky v. Nike, Inc. (2002) 27 Cal.
4th 969 [119 Cal. Rptr. 2d 296, 45 P.3d 243]
138
mebis Sesrulebis stimulirebisaTvis.99 multinacionalur korporaciebSi gamWvirvale
garemos uzrunvelyofis miznebisaTvis informaciis gaxsnilobis moTxovnis farglebSi
ZiriTadi moTxovna mdgomareobs korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsebiT dadgenili principebis implementaciis procesis Sesaxeb informaciis gaxsnilobaSi.100
7.2. korporaciuli marTvis qarTuli kodeqsi
korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi kargi korporaciuli marTvis principebis danergvisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone TviTregulirebis principebze dafuZnebuli
instrumentia. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa da korporaciuli marTvis
koordinirebuli moqmedeba mravalaspeqtiani korporaciuli angariSvaldebulebis
konteqstSi swored rbili samarTlis arsebobiT aixsneba.
saqarTveloSi 2009 wlis seqtembridan moipoveba mxolod komerciuli bankebisaTvis SemuSavebuli korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi, romlis miRebis ZiriTadi mizani, sxva
mizanTa Soris, iyo korporaciuli marTvis ufro maRali standartebis daweseba101 da
romlis miRebac biznesis mxolod erTi konkretuli seqtorisaTvis qveyanaSi am seqtoris ganviTarebis arsebuli doniT aixsneba. 2009 wlidan dRemde kodeqsSi aranairi cvlileba ar ganxorcielebula, maSin rodesac korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsebSi periodulad garkveuli xasiaTis cvlilebebis Setana an saerTod axali kodeqsis wardgena miRebul praqtikas warmoadgens.
komerciuli bankebisaTvis gankuTvnil korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsSi gatarebulia saxelmwifoSi moqmed kanonmdeblobasa da regulaciebTan Sesabamisobis principi,102 rac kargi korporaciuli marTvis arsebiTi komponentia. korporaciuli marTvis
ufro maRali standartebisadmi moTxovna dainteresebul mxareebTan mimarTebaSi, maTTan efeqturi urTierTobebis warmarTvisaTvis informaciuli uzrunvelyofis maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli donis miRwevamde daiyvaneba. efeqturi urTierTobebis arsi gamWvirvalobis, angariSvaldebulebisa da bizneseTikis principebTan SesabamisobaSi vlindeba, rac mmarTveli organoebis prerogativas ganekuTvneba.
7.3. integrirebis gzebi
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsebSi gaTvaliswinebisaTvis sxvadasxva midgomebi arsebobs, romelTa efeqturoba yvelaze metad grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi korporaciebis
mxridan misaRwev mizanTan mimarTebaSi korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa da
korporaciuli marTvis miznebis gadakveTis wertilSi ikveTeba.
korporaciuli marTvis calkeuli kodeqsebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze pirdapiri miTiTebis arseboba da sTeiqhol99
100
101
102
OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, OECD, 2011, Commentary on Combating Bribery, Bribe
Solicitation and Extortion, 75, 49.
OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, OECD, 2011, part III, 2, h.
korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi komerciuli bankebisaTvis, sba, 2009, 2.
ix.: korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi komerciuli bankebisaTvis, me-2 Tavi, `b~ punqti,
me-5 winadadeba.
139
derTa yvela jgufis identificireba. maSin, rodesac gansxvavebuli midgoma socialuri
pasuxismgeblobis ZiriTad sakiTxebs kodeqsebSi gaTvaliswinebas mxolod Rirebulebebisa da principebis aRiarebis doneze axorcielebs. magaliTad, korporaciuli marTvis
norvegiul kodeqsSi pirdapiraa mocemuli korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis zogadi definicia, romlis Tanaxmadac koncefciis arsi mdgomareobs kompaniis pasuxismgeblobaSi im saqmianobisaTvis, romliTac is gavlenas axdens xalxze, sazogadoebasa
da garemoze da, Cveulebriv, Seexeba adamianis uflebebs, korufciis prevencias, dasaqmebulTa uflebebs, janmrTelobas, usafrTxoebasa da diskriminaciisagan Tavisufal
SromiT garemo pirobebs, iseve rogorc garemosdacviT sakiTxebs.103 calkeul SemTxvevebSi korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis arsis gansazRvrebis nacvlad vxvdebiT miTiTebas garemosdacviT da socialuri mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze.104 rumineTis korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi sainteresoa im kuTxiTac, rom is axdens sTeiqholderebTa
jgufebis zust identificirebas da gvTavazobs maTi klasifikacias Sida da gare sTeiqholderebad. kerZod, Sida sTeiqholderebis ricxvSi Sedian TanamSromlebi, maTi warmomadgenlebi da nawilobriv profesiuli kavSirebic, xolo gare sTeiqholderebs ganekuTvnebian kreditorebi, momxmareblebi da investorebi.105
norvegiisa da rumineTis kodeqsebisagan gansxvavebiT, gaerTianebuli samefos
korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi specialur miTiTebas korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze ar Seicavs da grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi warmatebis misaRwevad
mxolod Rirebulebebis done axdens koncefciis mniSvnelobaze xazgasmas.106
amgvarad, korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis xelSewyobaSi korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsebs udavod mniSvnelovani funqciis Sesruleba SeuZliaT. mokled
Tu SevajamebT korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis konteqstSi korporaciuli
marTvis rekomendaciebis ZiriTad samiznes sTeiqholderebi warmoadgenen, romelebsac
awevT garemosdacviTi da socialuri sakiTxebis gaaqtiurebis tvirTi.
8. fiduciuri movaleobebi: dueti Tu triada
8.1. zogadi xedva
korporaciis mmarTveli organoebi mTavar rols asruleben korporaciis marTvisa da saqmianobis warmarTvis procesSi socialurad pasuxismgebeli praqtikis danergvis
kuTxiT. xelmZRvanelebis uflebamosilebaSi Sedis im gadawyvetilebebis cxovrebaSi gatareba, romelTa miRebis drosac garemosdacviTi da socialuri sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba ara marto maT, aramed mTel korporacias sazogadoebis pasuxismgebel wevrad warmoaCens.
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze politikis miReba da mis Sesabamisad garkveuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraobis aqtiuri ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrulad korporaciis mmarTveli
pirebis diskreciis farglebs TandaTanobiT scildeboda da nakarnaxev Tu sazogadoebrivobis mxridan `zewoliT~ ganpirobebul aucilebeli iniciativebis ricxvSi ikaveb103
104
105
106
The Norwegian Code of Practice for Corporate Governance, 7th ed., sec. 1, 2012, 13 (23 Oct. 2012).
ix.: The Bucharest Stock Exchange Corporate Governance Code (Romania), 14 (22 Jan. 2009), Art. 7, rec. 25.
iqve, Art. 10, rec. 38.
ix.: The UK Corporate Governance Code, Financial Reporting Council (28 September, 2012), C.1.2.
140
da sapatio adgils.107 socialuri pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze politikis miReba pirvel
rigSi gamoixateba korporaciis xelmZRvanelTa mzadyofnaSi moaxdinon saerTaSoriso
Tu erovnul doneze sayovelTaod aRiarebuli nebayoflobiTi iniciativebis gaziareba.108 korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis praqtikis danergvis mimarTulebiT
direqtorebis saqmianoba sabuTdeba socialuri pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebis momgebianobiT grZelvadin perspeqtivaSi.
korporaciis xelmZRvanelebis erTaderT movaleobas korporaciis interesebis
dacva warmoadgens. korporaciis interesi misi miznidan gamomdinareobs, rac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi warmatebul arsebobaSi vlindeba da mogebis miRebasa da sazogadoebis saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofaSi gamoixateba, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra
funqcia ekisreba bizness sazogadoebis ufro farTo interesebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobidan gamomdinare. yvela sxva movaleoba, romelic samarTlebrivi sistemebis
mixedviT gansxvavebuli formiT, SinaarsiT Tu saxelwodebiT warmogvidgeba am uzenaesi movaleobidan gamomdinareobs da mis Sesrulebas uwyobs xels. amerikuli korporaciuli samarTalisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia xelmZRvanelTa (direqtorTa bordis) e.w.
fiduciuri movaleobis or did jgufad dayofa. maSin rodesac inglisuri sakompanio
samarTali miuxedavad misi saerTo samarTlis sistemisadmi kuTvnilebisa aseT dayofas
ar iziarebs da movaleobebis ufro farTo speqtrs gvTavazobs. britanul sakompanio samarTalTan dakavSirebiT saqme gacilebiT martivadaa korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis praqtikis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSemwyobi samarTlebrivi garemos uzrunvelyofis kuTxiT. korporaciuli marTvisadmi britanuli midgomis ganxilvisas zeviT
aRiniSna, rom 2006 wels ganxorcielebulma reformam gaiTvaliswina kompaniis warmatebis xelSewyobis movaleoba, romelic qmnis myar normatiul safuZvels imisTvis, rom direqtorebi dakavdnen socialurad pasuxismgebeli praqtikis ganviTarebiT. amerikuli
midgoma sakiTxis gadawyvetis gansxvavebul xedvas gvTavazobs, romelic tradiciul fiduciur movaleobebs emyareba.109
107
108
109
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraobis ganviTarebis Sualedur
etapze korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis egidiT iniciativebis ganxorcileba direqtorTa bordis diskreciaSi Sedioda. Posner R.A., Economic Analysis of Law, 8th
ed., NY, 2011, §14.14.
daniaSi moqmedi kompaniebisaTvis korporaciuli marTvis Taobaze rekomendaciebis
mixedviT korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze politikis miRebaSi
aseTi Sinaarsia Cadebuli. ix.: Recommendations on Corporate Governance (Denmark), (6 May 2013),
2.2.1., 13.
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis samarTlebrivi analizi fiduciuri movaleobebis midgomis safuZvelze ix.: Teubner G., Corporate Fiduciary Duties and Their Beneficiaries:
A Functional Approach to the Legal Institutionalization of Corporate Responsibility, wignSi Corporate Governance and Directors’ Liabilities: Legal, Economic, and Socialogical Analyses on Corporate Social Responsibility, eds.: Hopt K. J., Teubner G., 1985, 149-177. mocemuli midgoma misaRebia mxolod kargi
korporaciuli marTvis konteqstSi dawvrilebiT ix.: Veasey E.N., Should Corporation Law Inform Aspirations for Good Corporate Governance Practices - or vice Versa?, “U. Penn. L. Rev.”, Vol. 149,
Iss. 1, 2001, 2179-2191. rac Seexeba fiduciur movaleobebs, sakiTxi Semdegnairad daismis
– ramdenad jdeba swrafva idealebisaken fiduciuri movaleobebis samoqmedo arealSi,
amasTan dakaSirebiT ix.: Velasco J., The Role of Aspiration in Corporate Fiduciary Duties, “Wm. &
Mary L. Rev.”, Vol. 54, Iss. 2, 2012, 519-586.
141
8.2. keTilsindisierebis movaleoba – damoukidebeli
fiduciuri movaleoba?!
fiduciuri movaleobebis arsis mokled, erTi winadadebiT gadmocema Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba – korporaciis saukeTeso interesebisadmi keTilsindisierad da erTgulad msaxureba. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis ganxilvam fiduciuri movaleobebis WrilSi amerikul precedentul samarTalSi keTilsindisierebis principis
axleburi kuTxiT gamoyeneba gamoiwvia, ramac keTilsindisierebis, rogorc damoukidebeli fiduciuri movaleobis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis warmoSobas Seuwyo
xeli.110
keTilsindisierebis principma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba 1986 wels SeiZina, rodesac delaveris uzenaesi sasamarTlos erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili gadawyvetilebis111
sapasuxod delaveris zogad sakorporacio kanonSi ganxorcielda cvlileba, romliTac
mas daemata 102(b)(7)112 seqcia. cvlileba iTvaliswinebda iseTi debulebis Setanis SesaZleblobas delaverSi registrirebuli korporaciis sadamfuZneblo dokumentebSi (inkorporaciis sertifikatSi), romliTac korporaciis xelmZRvanelebis (direqtorebis)
piradi pasuxismgebloba im fuladi danaxarjebisaTvis, romlebic warmoiSva zrunvis movaleobis darRvevis gamo, izRudeboda.
keTilsindisierebis principi rogorc zrunvis, ise erTgulebis movaleobis mniSvnelovani elementia. igi orive fiduciuri movaleobis sabaziso koncefciaa. keTilsindisierebis movaleobis, rogorc calke mdgomi movaleobis Taobaze gansxvavebuli
mosazrebebis warmoSobas ramodenime gadawyvetilebam misca safuZveli. erT-erTi pirveli gadawyvetileba, romelic erTmniSvnelovnad miuTiTebda triadis arsebobaze warmoadgenda 1993 wels miRebuli gadawyvetileba saqmeze sidi da kompania teqnikoloris
winaaRmdeg, romelSic delaveris uzenaesi sasamarTlo aRniSnavda, rom mosarCele aqcionerma unda daamtkicos direqtorebis mxridan fiduciuri movaleobebis triadaSi Semaval movaleobaTagan romelime erTis darRvevis faqti.113 Tumca aqve xazi unda gaesvas
im garemoebasac, rom delaveris Stati gamoirCeva mdidari sasamarTlo praqtikiT, romelic fokusirdeba keTilsindisierebis principze, ufro zustad ki keTilsindisierad
qcevis aucileblobaze direqtorebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gadawyvetis dros.114
110
111
112
113
114
keTilsindisierebis damoukidebeli movaleobis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT Semdegi
publikaciebi: Eisenberg M. A., The Duty of Good Faith in Corporate Law, “Del. J. Corp. L.”, Vol. 31, Iss.
1, 2005, 1-75; Kerr J., Developments in Corporate Governance: The Duty of Good Faith and its Impact on
Director Conduct, “George Mason L. Rev.”, Vol. 13, Iss. 5, 2006, 1037-1082; Velasco J., How Many Fiduciary Duties Are There in Corporate Law?, “Southern California L. Rev.”, Vol. 83, Iss. 6, 2010, 1213-1318;
kritikis Sesaxeb ix.: Furlow C. W., Good Faith, Fiduciary Duties, and the Business Judgement Rule in
Delaware, “Utah L. Rev.”, Vol. 2009, Iss. 3, 2009, 1061-1095.
igulisxmeba saqmeze smiTi van gorkomis winaaRmdeg (Smith v. Van Gorkom, 488 A.2d 858, 872
(Del. 1985)) miRebuli gadawyvetileba.
ix.: DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 8, § 102(b) (7) (2001). vrclad ix.: Howicki E.A., Director Inattention and
Director Protection under Delaware General Corporation Law Section 102(B)(7): A Proposal for Legislative Reform, “Del. J. Corp. L.”, Vol. 33, Iss. 3, 2008, 695-718.
ix.: Cede & Co. v. Technicolor, Inc. 634 A.2d 345, 361 (Del. 1993).
magaliTisaTvis ix.: Graham v. Allis Chalmers Manufacturing Company, 188 A.2d 125 (Del. 1963); Warshaw v. Calhoun, 221 A.2d 487, 493 (Del. 1966); Caremark Int’l Inc. Deriv. Litig., 698 A.2d 959, 959 (Del.
Ch. 1996). Malone v. Brincat, 722 A.2d 5, 10 (Del. 1998).
142
keTilsindisierebis movaleoba swored is movaleobaa, romelic globalizaciis
eraSi myof direqtorebs àiZulebs~ maT mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegebis
mTel sazogadoebaze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebas.115 misi damoukidebeli movaleobis saxiT warmodgenis SemTxvevaSi zrunvis movaleoba formis, xolo
erTgulebis movaleoba Sinaarsis dakargvis safrTxis qveS eqceva. ZiriTadi argumenti,
romliTac sabuTdeba keTilsindisierebis movaleobis calke arseboba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom calkeuli SemTxvevebi ar Tavsdeba zrunvisa da erTgulebis movaleobebSi, sanacvlod Tavisuflad SeiZleba moeqces keTilisindisierebis movaleobis moqmedebis
sferoSi. delaveris StatSi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa mTeli seria116 iqna miRebuli, romlebic keTilsindisierebis principis rolis axleburad warmoCenas cdiloben,
miiCneven ra mas damoukidebel, calke mdgom fiduciur movaleobad. keTilsindisierebis damoukidebeli movaleobis saxiT warmodgena qmnis saTanado safuZvels iseTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisaTvis, romlebic mxolod kargi korporaciuli marTvisTvis SeiZleba iyos damaxasiaTebeli.117
delaveris uzenaesi sasamarTlos bolodroindeli praqtika kvlav fiduciuri
movaleobebis tradiciul dayofas daubrunda. delaveris uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze stouni riteris winaaRmdeg aRniSna, rom `keTilsindisierad
moqmedebis valdebuleba ar afuZnebs damoukidebel fiduciur movaleobas, romelic
eyrdnoba imave baziss, rasac zrunvisa da erTgulebis movaleobebi.~118
keTilisindisierebis movaleobis damoukidebeli movaleobis saxiT ganxilvam direqtorebis pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis axleburi kuTxiT gaazreba
da axali kiTxvebis warmoSoba gamoiwvia.119
8.2.1. uolt disnei kompaniis derivatiuli warmoeba
1995 wlis agvistoSi uolt disneis kompaniam maikl ovicTan gaaforma sasamsaxuro
xelSekruleba, romliTac m.ovici dainiSna disneis kompaniis prezidentad 5 wlis vadiT.
1996 wlis dekemberSi m.ovici ganTavisuflda dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan safuZvlis miTiTebis gareSe. gadaxdilma kompensaciam mTlianobaSi daaxloebiT 13 milioni dolari
Seadgina. 1997 wlis ianvarSi aqcionerebma m.ovicisa da disneis direqtorebis winaaRmdeg derivatuli sarCeli Seitanes sasamarTloSi. mosarCeleebi amtkicebdnen, rom 13
115
116
117
118
119
Kerr J. E., The Creative Capitalism Spectrum: Evaluating Corporate Social Responsibility Through a Legal
Lens, “Temple L. Rev.”, Vol 81, Iss. 3, 2008, 835.
disneisTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli iqna Semdegi gadawyvetilebebi: In re Walt Disney Co.
Derivative Litig. 731 A.2d 342, 380 (Del. Ch. 1998) (Disney I); Brehm v. Eisner 746 A.2d 244, 267 (Del.
2000) (Disney II); In re Walt Disney Co. Derivative Litig. 825 A.2d 275, 291 (Del. Ch. 2003) (Disney III);
In re Walt Disney Co. Derivative Litig. 907 A.2d 693, 778–79 (Del. Ch. 2005) (DisneyIV); In re Walt Disney
Co.Derivative Litig. 906 A.2d 27, 75 (Del. 2006) (Disney V).
vrclad ix.: Sneirson J. F., Green is Good: Sustainability, Profitability, and a New Paradigm for Corporate
Governance, Iowa L.Rev., Vol. 94, Iss. 1, 2009, 987-1022.
ix.: Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 370 (Del. 2006).
zogadad ix.: Lund A., Opting Out of Good Faith, Florida U. L. Rev., Vol. 37, Iss. 2, 2010, 393-450; Jones
R. M., The Role of Good Faith in Delaware: How Open-Ended Standards Help Delaware Preserve Its Edge,
“New York L. Rev.”, Vol. 55, Iss. 2, 2011, 499-524; Thompson R. B., The Short, But Interesting Life of Good
Faith as an Independent Liability Rule, “New York L. Rev.”, Vol. 55, Iss. 2, 2011, 543-561.
143
milioni dolaris odenobis kompensaciis gadaxda, erTi mxriv, m.ovicis fiduciuri da
saxelSekrulebo movaleobebisa da, meore mxriv, disneis direqtorebis fiduciuri movaleobebis darRvevas warmoadgenda.120
delaveris uzenaesma sasamarTlom uolt disnei kompaniis derivatiuli warmoebaSi
gamijna erTmaneTisagan zrunvisa da keTilsindisierebis movaleobebi da arakeTilsindisieri qcevis sami kategoria gamoyo: subieqturi arakeTilsindisiereba, uxeSi daudevroba da movaleobis ganzrax Seusrulebloba/Segnebuli ugulebelyofa.121 disneis saqmeze
miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi sakvanZo formulirebas swored is ganmarteba warmoadgens,
romelic miuTiTebs imaze, rom movaleobis ganzrax Seusrulebloba, movaleobebis Segnebuli ugulebelyofa aris saTanado (Tumca ara erTaderTi) standarti imis gansazRvrisaTvis keTilsindisierad moqmedeben Tu ara mindobili pirebi.122 disneis derivatiuli
warmoeba zrunvis movaleobis klasikur SemTxvevas warmoadgens, radgan mas uSualo Sexeba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesTan aqvs. misi dakavSireba keTilsindisierebis movaleobasTan ganapiroba im garemoebam, rom disneis inkorporirebis serTifikati delaveris zogadi sakorporacio samarTlis 102(b)(7) seqciaSi mocemul SezRudvas Seicavda.
delaveris sakanclero sasamarTlom ar gaiziara zrunvis movaleobis darRvevisa
da arakeTilsindisieri qcevis Taobaze mtkiceba. mosarCeleebi zemdgom instanciaSi acxadebdnen, rom arakeTilsindisierebis ganmarteba rogorc movaleobis ganzrax Seusrulebloba/Segnebuli ugulebelyofa arsobrivad arasworia. mosarCeleebis ZiriTadi argumenti imaSi mdgomareobda, rom direqtorebi arRveven keTilsindisierebis movaleobas maSin rodesac iReben gadawyvetilebas adekvaturi informaciisa da yvela garemoebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.123 delaveris uzenaesma sasamarTlom ukuagdo maTi argumenti da
ganacxada, rom arakeTilsindisieri qceva Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba da ufro metad dasagmobia im qcevisagan, romelic zrunvis movaleobis darRvevis safuZveli xdeba.124
8.2.2. stouni riteris winaaRmdeg
saqmis stouni riteris winaaRmdeg faqtobrivi Semadgenloba mokled SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: iuliam da sandra stounebma, romlebic amsauTis korporaciis aqcionerebs warmoadgendnen, misi saxeliT direqtorebis winaaRmdeg Seitanes derivatiuli
sarCeli, romelSic amtkicebdnen, rom direqtorTa bordis wevrebma daarRvies maTi
fiduciuri movaleobebi imiT, rom samarTlebrivi Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis
adekvaturi Sida kontrolis Seqmna ver moxerxda.125 amsauTis korporacia warmoadgens
delaveris korporacias, romlis Svilobilma amsauTbankma ar daakmayofila Bank Secrecy Act-is moTxovna, rac gamoixata e.w. saeWvo saqmianobis Taobaze moxsenebis (Suspicious
Activity Reports) warudgenlobaSi, ramac, saboloo jamSi, bankis dajarimeba gamoiwvia. sakanclero sasamarTlom mosarCele mxaris moTxovna daaxasiaTa, rogorc `klasikuri qe120
121
122
123
124
125
In re Walt Disney Co. Derivative Litig. 906 A.2d 27, 35 (Del. 2006).
iqve, 66.
iqve, 62.
iqve.
Holland R.J., Delaware Directors’ Fiduciary Duties: The Focus on Loyalty, U. PA. J. BUS. L., Vol. 11, Iss. 3,
2009, 695.
Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 365 (Del. 2006).
144
armarkis moTxovna“.126 qearmarkis SemTxvevaSi sakanclero sasamarTlo aRniSnavda, rom
mxolod xangrZlivi droiTa da sistematur safuZvelze zedamxedvelobis ganuxorcielebloba miuTiTebs keTilsindisierebis ararsebobaze, rac pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisaTvis aucilebel winapirobas warmoadgens.127
gadawyvetilebaSi stouni riteris winaaRmdeg delaveris uzenaesma sasamarTlom
or sakiTxze gaamaxvila yuradReba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom SeniSna, rom korporaciis saqmeebis gaZRola arakeTilsindisierad ar warmoadgens qcevas, romelic pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas uSualod ipso facto iwvevs128 da ganmarta iqve, rom mxolod
zrunvisa da erTgulebis movaleobebis darRveva iwvevs pirdapir da uSualod pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas, maSin rodesac saqmeebis warmarTva arakeTilsindisierad, sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT keTilsindisierad moqmedebis movaleobis darRveva SeiZleba
gaxdes pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis safuZveli, magram iribad129, radgan is warmoadgens
erTgulebis movaleobis Semadgenel elements.130 meore sakiTxi Tavad erTgulebis movaleobas, ufro konkretulad ki misi moqmedebis sferos gafarToebas Seexeboda. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom erTgulebis movaleoba ar Semoifargleba mxolod im saqmeebiT,
romlebSic saubaria finansur an sxva, sasamarTlo ganxilvisadmi daqvemdebarebul interesTa konfliqtebze. is agreTve moicavs im saqmeebs, romlebSic arakeTilsindisierad qmedebis faqtebs aqvs adgili.131 sasamarTlom sakuTari poziciis gansamtkiceblad
moaxdina saqmeze gutmani huangis winaaRmdeg miRebuli gadawyvetilebis im monakveTis
citireba, romelSic saubaria imaze, rom direqtori ver iqneba erTguli Tavis qmedebaSi
korporaciis winaSe Tu mas keTilsindisierad ar swams, rom misi moqmedebebi korporaciis saukeTeso interesebSi Sedis.132
gadawyvetilebaSi stouni riteris winaaRmdeg sasamarTlo Seecada fiduciuri movaleobebis konteqstSi ganesazRvra keTilsindisierebis principis roli. keTilsindisierebis principis mniSvnelobis zrdam erTgulebis movaleobis gafarToeba gamoiwvia.133 keTilsindisiereba erTgulebis movaleobis centraluri moTxovnis rolSi mogvevlina,134 ramac erTgulebis movaleobis ganviTarebasa da axali kuTxiT Sefasebas Seuwyo
xeli.135 erTgulebis movaleobis gafarToebam korporaciis xelmZRvanelobas saSualeba
misca korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi garkveuli aqtivobebi
ganexorcielebina.136 miuxedavad amisa, zogierTi avtori miiCnevs, rom erTgulebis movaleobis farglebSi keTilsindiserebis principis moqceva araswori midgomaa, radgan
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 365 (Del. 2006). 364.
ix.: In re Caremark Int’l Inc. Deriv. Litig., 698 A.2d 971 (Del.Ch. 1996).
Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 369 (Del. 2006).
iqve, 370.
iqve.
iqve.
Guttman v. Huang, 823 A.2d 492, 506 n. 34 (Del.Ch. 2003).
Hill C. A., McDonnell B. H., Stone v. Ritter and the Expanding Duty of Loyalty, “Fordham L. Rev.”, Vol. 76,
Iss. 3, 2007, 1769-1796.
dawvrilebiT ix.: Strine L.E., Hamermesh L.A., Balotti R.F., Loyalty’s Core Demand: The Defining Role
of Good Faith in Corporation Law, “Georgetown L. J.”, Vol. 93, Iss. 1, 2010, 629-696.
Gold A.S., The New Concept of Loyalty in Corporate Law, “UC Davis L. Rev.”, Vol. 43, Iss. 2, 2009, 464.
zogadad ix.: Rosenberg D., Delaware’s Expanding Duty of Loyalty and Illegal Conduct: A Step Towards
Corporate Social Responsibility, “Santa Clara L. Rev.”, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, 2012, 81-103.
145
keTilsindisiereba saboloo mizania, ris gamoc is rogorc erTgulebis, ise zrunvis movaleobis aucilebeli elementia.137
9. aqcioneruli aqtivizmis mniSvneloba socialurad
pasuxismgebeli investirebis waxalisebaSi
9.1 socialurad pasuxismgebeli investireba
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraobis ganviTarebis kvaldakval
izrdeboda socialurad pasuxismgebeli investirebis roli da mniSvneloba. socialurad pasuxismgebel investirebaze erTmniSvnelovnad SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom is korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis moZraobis wiaRSi ganviTarebuli tendenciaa,
romelmac, misi Sedegobrivi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, globaluri fenomenisaTvis
damaxasiaTbeli niSnebi SeiZina.
socialurad pasuxismgebeli investireba, upirveles yovlisa, sainvesticio strategiaa, romelSic integrirebulia korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis arsebiTi elementebi. kerZod, socialurad pasuxismgebel investirebaSi moiazreba garemosdacviTi, socialuri da korporaciuli marTvis sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebis aucilebloba sainvesticio proeqtebis analizisa da sainvesticio gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
procesSi. socialurad pasuxismgebeli investirebis mimarT gazrdilma interesma gamoiwvia pasuxismgebeli investirebis waxalisebisaTvis aucilebeli principebis SemuSaveba, romelTa safuZvelzec instituciuri investorebi iReben valdebulebas iyvnen aqtiurebi, sakuTar sainvesticio strategiebsa da praqtikaSi gaiTvaliswinon zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxebi da aseTi moqmedebiT, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyon im sawarmoebSi, romlebSic axorcieleben investirebas garemosdacviTi, socialuri da korporaciuli marTvis
sakiTxebis Taobaze Ria da transparentuli garemos uzrunvelyofas.138
9.2. aqcioneruli aqtivizmis roli
aqcioneruli aqtivizmisa da korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis urTierTmimarTebis aqcentireba korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis diskursSi
xorcieldeba. instituciuri investorebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben kargi korporaciuli marTvis xelSewyobasa da pasuxismgebeli biznesis praqtikis danergvaSi. aqcioneruli aqtivizmis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli aqtivobebis mravalferovnebaSi yvelaze kargad ikveTeba Tu rogori unda iyos korporaciul marTvaSi aqcionerebis optimaluri roli da aqcioneruli demokratiis rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi.139
korporaciuli marTvis ukeTesi praqtikis danergvaSi gadamwyveti mniSvenloba eniWeba
aqcionerTa im qmedebebs, romlebic nakarnaxevia rogorc sazogadoebis, ise sakuTari interesebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobiT.
137
138
139
Appleby A. D., Montaigne M. D., Three’s Company: Stone v. Ritter and the Improper Characterization of Good
Faith in the Fiduciary Duty “Triad”, “Arkansas L. Rev.”, Vol. 62, Iss. 1, 2009, 474.
ix.: Principles for Responsible Investment, Principle 2-6. principebis sruli teqstis gacnoba SesaZlebelia Semdeg el-misamarTze: <http://www.unpri.org/about-pri/the-six-principles/> [28.03.2014].
Ho V. H, “Enlightened Shareholder Value”: Corporate Governance Beyond the Shareholder-Stakeholder Divide, “J. Corp. L.”, Vol. 36 Iss. 1, 2010, 61;
146
aqcioneruli aqtivizmi miznad isaxavs korporaciis xelmZRvanelobasa da saqmianobaze pozitiuri gavlenis moxdenas, ufro zustad - korporaciuli marTvis gaumjobesebas xmis uflebis efeqturi gamoyenebis gziT.140 socialurad pasuxismgebeli investirebis popularoba instituciuri investorebis reaqciuli bunebiT aixsneba, romlebic
mdgrad kompaniebSi investirebiT xazs usvaven TavianT damokidebulebas aramdgradi
kompaniebis mimarT da amgvari qmedebiT TiTqosda `sjian~ maT.
10. reputacia da riskebis marTva
10.1. korporaciuli reputaciis komiteti
samewarmeo wamowyebis zrda, ganviTareba da damkvidreba grZelvadiani da Sromatevadi procesia, romlis mzardi da dadebiTi dinamikis SenarCuneba did Zalisxmevas
moiTxovs. samewarmeo saqmianobis moculobisa da masStabebis zrdis paralelurad farTovdeba misi geografiuli gavrcelebis areali da SeTavazebuli saqonlis asortimenti. movlenebis aseTi ganviTarebis kvaldakval ixveweba diziani, izrdeba xarisxi, sazogadoebaSi TandaTanobiT maRldeba misi cnobadobis done. ase, TandaTanobiT yalibdeba
brendi. brendi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania multikonkurentul garemoSi. brendisTvis mniSvenelobas iZens reputacia, romelic, misi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, aqtivis gansakuTrebul formad gvevlineba.
brendingi marketinguli da mmarTvelobiTi strategiis Semadgeneli nawili unda
iyos Tuki korporacia miznad isaxavs kargi reputaciis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebas grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. dRes, saerTaSoriso arenaze moTamaSe multinacionaluri korporaciebis umravlesoba, Tu ara absoluturi umravlesoba, globalur brends warmoadgens, romlebisTvisac kargi reputacia momxmareblis, kvalificiuri kadrebisa da
investorebis mozidvis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciis procesebma gazardes reputaciasTan dakavSirebuli angariSvaldebulebis
farglebi da gamokveTes reputaciuli kapitalis roli.141
samewarmeo saqmianoba riskTan dakavSirebul saqmianobas warmoadgens. riski biznesis Tanamdevi movlenaa. misi mravali saxe arsebobs, romelTa dajgufeba, rogorc wesi,
or did jgufad – finansur da arafinansur riskebad xdeba, romelTagan orive, saboloo
jamSi, korporaciis finansur mdgomareobaze axdens gavlenas. riskis gamovlena, Sefaseba da marTva im rutinuli saqmianobis Semadgeneli nawilebia, romelic riskis menejmetis sistemis meSveobiT xorcieldeba.
riskebis marTva kargi korporaciuli marTvis aucilebeli elementia. riskis menejmentis sistema korporaciuli marTvis qvesistemis formiT arsebobs da struqturul organizebaSi komitetis saxiT SeiZleba iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. korporaciuli
marTvisa da korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis TandaTanobiTi daaxloebis
procesi, romelic swored karg korporaciul marTvaSi gamoixateba, ZiriTadad, Rirebulebebis doneze vlindeba. calkeuli cvlilebebi riskebis marTvis donezec aRiniSne140
141
Gillan S. L., Starks L. T., The Evolution of Shareholder Activism in the United States, “Journal of Applied
Corporate Finance”, Vol. 19, Iss. 1, 2007, 58.
Jackson K., Global Corporate Governance: Soft Law and Reputational Accountibility, Brook J. Int. L., Vol.
35, Iss. 1, 2010, 88.
147
ba. konvergencia, romelic Rirebulebebis doneze xorcieldeba eTikuri mosazrebebis
safuZvelze korporaciuli marTvis farTo ganmartebas moiazrebs. riskebis menejmentis doneze konvergenciis SemTxvevaSi ki mTavari sakiTxi imis dadgenaSi mdgomareobs,
Tu ra saxis riskebTan gvaqvs saqme. RirebulebiT doneze konvergenciis yvelaze aqtiur
momxreebs sTeiqholderebi warmoadgenen. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia
korporaciis TanamSromlebi, rogorc sTeiqholderTa is jgufi, romelic yvelaze metad aris dainteresebuli RirebulebiT doneze konvergenciiT.
10.2. reputaciuli riski
socialurad pasuxismgebeli praqtikis ararseboba an arajerovani danergva korporacias reputaciis SelaxviT emuqreba. reputaciis riski aris is riski, romelsac,
sxvadasxva faqtorebTan erTobliobaSi korporaciis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT uaryofiTi sajaro gancxadebebis gakeTeba an korporaciis mTlianobaSi uaryofiTad warmodgena iwvevs.142 korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze politikis SemuSaveba da mis farglebSi sxvadasxva programebis ganxorcieleba reputaciuli riskis
marTvis erT-erT saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens. garemosdacviT, socialur da
korporaciuli marTvis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli riskebis menejmenti ganmanaTlebluri aqcioneruli Rirebulebis midgomis gamoxatulebaa, romelic pasuxismgebeli investirebisaTvis SemuSavebuli principebis implementaciis safuZvelze miznad isaxavs
finansuri Sesrulebis gaumjobesebas firmis doneze arsebuli riskebisa da sainvesticio portfelis riskis Semcirebis an sruli ganeitralebis xarjze.143
reputaciis riski arafinansuri riskebis jgufSi Semavali riskia, Tumca, misi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, advilad SesaZlebelia finansuri kuTxiT garkveuli ryevebi
gamoiwvios korporaciis finansur mdgomareobaSi, amitom mizanSewonilia riskis Sefasebam moicvas ar mxolod viwro finansuri, aramed garemosdacviTi da farTo socialuri sakiTxebi. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis konteqstSi reputaciis Selaxvaze yvelaze mZafri reaqcia, rogorc wesi, momxmareblebs aqvT, romelTa ganwyoba
da damokidebulebebi did gavlenas axdenen samomxmareblo saqonlis gayidvebis moculobaze. momxmarebelTa absoluturi umravlesobisaTvis korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba karg korporaciul marTvasTan asocirdeba.
11. daskvna
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis
realur cxovrebaSi gatarebisaTvis qmediTi saSualebaa. misi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia
mniSvnelovani wvlilis Seitana bunebrivi garemos dacvaSi, socialuri samarTlianobis
miRwevasa da ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobaSi.
142
143
sabanko saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli reputaciis riskis ganmarteba ix.: komerciul
bankebSi riskebis marTvis debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis prezidentis 2008 wlis 17 martis #71 brZanebis 36-e muxli.
Ho V. H, “Enlightened Shareholder Value”: Corporate Governance Beyond the Shareholder-Stakeholder Divide, J. Corp. L., Vol. 36 Iss. 1, 2010, 81.
148
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba biznesis konkretuli rolis gamoxatulebaa sazogadoebaSi. msxvil da multinacionalur sawarmoebs SeuZliaT korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis praqtikis danergvisa da ganviTarebis, specialuri programebis SemuSavebisa da Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis gziT dadebiTi wvlili Seitanon kacobriobis ekonomikur, socialur da ekologiur ganviTarebaSi.
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zrdis xelSemwyobi erT-erTi faqtoria.
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba mravali sakiTxis momcveli koncefciaa. muSa-mosamsaxureTa Sromisa da cxovrebis elementaruli pirobebis SeqmnisaTvis
ganxorcielebuli socialuri iniciativebidan kacobriobis mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis miRwevamde aris is marSruti, romelic korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis koncefciam sakuTari evoluciis gzaze ganvlo.
msxvili da multinacionaluri sawarmoebis dadebiTi wvlilis Setanis SesaZleblobaze saubaria ara marto mizanSeuwoneli aramed SeuZlebelicaa iseTi sakiTxisadmi
Semxeblobis gareSe, romelic moiazrebs im urTierTmimarTebis dadgenas, romelic korporaciul socialur pasuxismgeblobasa da korporaciul marTvas Soris arsebobs. maTi
konvergencia, romelic gaxsnilobis, gamWvirvalobisa da angariSvaldebulebis safuZvelze xorcieldeba, xelsayrelia orivesaTvis da, saboloo jamSi, yvelasaTvis. Seqmnil
viTarebaSi biznesis socialurad pasuxismgebeli qceva, romelic ufro maRali standartebis dawesebis meSveobiT kanonmdeblobaze amaRlebiT miiRweva ormagad sasurveli da
misaRebi xdeba. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba ar TamaSobs ubralod damatebis an aqsesuaris rols, is kargi korporaciuli marTvis ganuyofeli nawilia. korporaciuli marTvis saukeTeso wesebis gamoyenebis praqtikis danergvis yvela etapze
korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba kargi korporaciuli marTvis mdgardi modelis Seqmnis winapirobaa. korporaciuli qcevis maregulirebeli CarCopirobebis arsebiTi elementebi da maTi kombinacia, romelic moqnilobis maRali maCvenebliT xasiaTdeba, aseTi modelis Seqmnis realur garantiebs qmnis.
149
naTia CitaSvili*
Secvlil garemoebaTa pirobebSi saxelSekrulebo
pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli safuZvlebisa da
Tanamdevi samarTlebrivi Sedegebis analizi
(qarTuli da angloamerikuli samarTlis WrilSi)
I. Sesavali
xelSekrulebis uzenaesobis principis, rogorc yvela marTlwesrigis fuZemdebluri imperativis, SeuzRudavma gamoyenebam SesaZlebelia, garTulebuli samoqalaqo brunvis pirobebSi Secvlili garemoebebis aRmocenebisas, saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis,
gonivrulobisa da keTilsindisierebis principTa xelyofa1 ganapirobos da am principTa
miznis sawinaaRmdego Sedegi gamoiwvios.2 Sesabamisad, nebismieri samarTlebrivi sistema
aRiarebs Secvlili garemoebebis mniSvnelobas xelSekrulebis mboWav Zalasa da samarTlebriv bedze zegavlenis TvalsazrisiT.
Secvlili garemoebebis aRmoceneba saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi arsobrivad
forsmaJorisa (romanul samarTalSi – vis major) da Sesrulebis garTulebis (hardship) or
fuZemdeblur, sabaziso koncefcias warmoSobs3 Tanamdevi samarTlebrivi SedegebiT.
forsmaJori da Sesrulebis garTuleba, rogorc unificirebuli da ganzogadebuli
samarTlebrivi konstruqciebi, transnacionalur samarTlebriv sivrceSi zogadsaxelSekrulebo principebad damkvidrda da gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso komerciul xelSekrulebaTa sayovelTaod, saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebuli danawesebis mniSvnelobiT.
forsmaJori da valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTuleba, rogorc Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan ganTavisuflebisa da xelSekrulebis adaptaciis safuZveli, saerTaSoriso
komerciul da savaWro samarTalSi aRiarebulia saxelSekrulebo samarTlis uzogades
*
1
2
3
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, asistent-profesori.
Baranauskas E., Zapolskis P., The Effect of Change in Circumstances on the Performance of Contract, Mykolas Romeris University, 4 (118), 2009, 198, <http://www.mruni.eu/lt/mokslo_darbai/jurisprudencija/ archyvas/dwn.php?id=226657>, [23.07.2014].
Maskow D., Hardship and Force Majeure, Am. J. Comp. L., Vol. 40, 1992, 658, <http://www.trans-lex.
org/126400>, [23.07.2014]; Ciematniece I., Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation, Concept of Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation in International Commercial Law Contracts, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2010, 9.
Lando O., Salient Features of the Principles of European Contract Law: A Comparison with the UCC, Pace
Int’l L. Rev., Vol. 13, Issue 2, 2001, 27, <http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol13/iss2/4/>, [24.06.2014];
Horn N., Changes in Circumstances and the Revision of Contracts in some European Laws and International Law, in: Horn N. (ed.), Adaptation and Renegotiation of Contracts in International Trade and Finance,
Antwerp, Boston, London, Frankfurt A.M., 1985, 16, <http://translex.uni-koeln.de/113700/highlight_horn_
changes_circumstances_and_the_revision_contracts_some_european_laws_and_international_law_horn_adaptation_and_renegotiation_contracts_inter_not_national_trade_and_finance>, [24.06.2014]; Ciematniece I.,
Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation, Concept of Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation in International
Commercial Law Contracts, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2010, 9, 13.
150
naTia CitaSvili, Secvlil garemoebaTa pirobebSi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis
gamomricxveli safuZvlebisa da Tanamdevi samarTlebrivi Sedegebis analizi
principebad. aRniSnuli koncefciebi aerTianebs sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi sistemisTvis
niSandobliv, magram ganzogadebul da nacionaluri kanonmdeblobebisgan neitralur samarTlebriv maxasiaTeblebs da sakuTar cnebaSi moiazrebs aucilebeli, ZiriTadi winapirobebis sistemur erTobliobas.
aRniSnuli ganzogadebuli koncefciebi gansxvavebul terminologiur asaxvas hpovebs calkeul samarTlebriv sistemebSi. magaliTad, `garigebis safuZvlis rRvevis~ doqtrinisa da Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis sxvadasxva kategoriebis saxiT – germanul samarTalSi, `gauTvaliswineblobis~ (imprévision-is) doqtrinis saxiT – frangul samarTalSi4,
`komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobisa~ da `saxelSekrulebo miznis amaoebis~ doqtrinebis saxiT angloamerikul samarTalSi da a.S.
nebismieri samarTlebrivi wesrigi axdens movalis pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel safuZvelTa sistemis formirebas.5 miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli samarTlebrivi sivrce sakiTxis ama Tu im modifikaciebiT mowesrigebisas6 xSirad konceptualurad
gansxvavebul midgomas avlens rogorc kontinentur, aseve angloamerikul samarTalSi
sul ufro metad eswrafvian valdebulebis Sesrulebis dabrkolebis cnebis unificirebas.7 aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, erovnuli samarTlis, rogorc unifikaciis procesis
integraluri nawilis, srulyofa, mxolod sxvadasxva samarTlebriv sistemaSi damkvidrebuli samarTlis analogi institutebisa da cnebebis urTierTkavSirSi SeswavliT miiRweva.8
Secvlili saxelSekrulebo garemoebebis arsebobisas, qarTuli samarTali adgens
saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis modificirebis an misgan ganTavisuflebis samarTlebriv winapirobebs. winamdebare kvlevis farglebSi pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel
winapirobaTa samarTlebrivi bunebis iuridiuli analizisa da ganmartebisaTvis maTi
Seswavla ganxorcieldeba angloamerikul samarTalSi moqmed pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel safuZvlebTan urTierTkavSirSi. am TvalsazrisiT angloamerikuli samarTali
sakiTxis udavod saintereso mowesrigebiT gamoirCeva.
II. absoluturi pasuxismgeblobidan misi gamomricxavi
safuZvlebis aRiarebamde
angloamerikuli samarTlis kvlevis aucilebloba ganapiroba aRniSnuli sistemis
konceftualurad gansxvavebulma midgomam saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis
mimarT. Tavad xelSekrulebis koncefciac saerTo samarTalSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba germanuli da franguli samarTlebrivi sistemebisgan.9
4
5
6
7
8
9
Horn N., Changes in Cirsumstances and the Revision of Contracts in Some European Laws and in International Law, 1985, 18, wignSi: Horn N. (ed.), Adaptation and Renegotiation of Contracts in International Trade
and Finance, Deventer/The Netherlands, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1985.
Schwenzer I., Force Majeure and Hardship in International Sales Contracts, VUWLR, Vol. 39, 2008, 710,
<www.austlii.edu.au/nz/journals/VUWLawRw/2008/39.pdf>, [24.06.2014].
Ciematniece I., Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation, Concept of Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation in
International Commercial Law Contracts, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2010, 14.
SakiaSvili b., saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba, sadisertacio
naSromi iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb.,
1997, 6.
CitaSvili n., bralis mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis, `samarTlis Jurnali~, №1, 2009, 145.
Beale H., Hartkamp A. (eds.), Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law, Oregon, Hart Publishing Oxford
and Portland, 2002, 1.
151
kontinenturi samarTlis sistema braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principis mimdevaria,10 xolo angloamerikuli samarTali daemyara mkacri pasuxismgeblobis princips,11
romlis safuZvelzec yvela saxelSekrulebo pirobas garantiis Zala eniWeba.
mkacri pasuxismgeblobis ZaliT xelSekruleba gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi Sedegis upirobo ganxorcielebis garantad da qmediT samarTlebriv meqanizmad ganixileba. igi iTvaliswinebs valdebulebis mkacri sizustiT, xelSekrulebis Sesatyvis Sesrulebas. SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegis miuRwevloba valdebulebis darRvevas
afuZnebs Sesabamisi pasuxismgeblobiT.12 xelSekrulebis yvela arsebiTi pirobis ganuxreli dacva mxareTa nagulisxmevi valdebulebaa, romlis darRveva iwvevs samoqalaqosamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas.13
miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, movalis pasuxismgebloba absoluturi ar aris da is
SeiZleba SeizRudos mxareTa mier dadgenili e.w. forsmaJoruli daTqmebiT,14 romelic
TiTqmis yvela samarTlis sistemisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.15 am SemTxvevaSi kontrahentebi TviT xelSekrulebaSi uTiTeben im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb, romelTa arseboba iwvevs maT ganTavisuflebas pasuxismgeblobisagan.16 aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, umniSvnelovanesia saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebiT forsmaJoris samarTlebrivi Sedegebis detaluri gansazRvra mxareTa mier.17
mkacri pasuxismgebloba angloamerikul samarTalSi mogvianebiT SeizRuda kontinenturi evropisaTvis niSandoblivi braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principiT. kontinenturi samarTlis msgavsad, angloamerikuli samarTlis ZaliT, mxare SesaZlebelia ganTavisufldes pasuxismgeblobisagan, Tu daamtkicebs, rom Seqmnil garemoebaTa pirobebSi
valdebulebis darRvevis Tavidan asacileblad mis mier yvela aucilebeli, gonivruli
da kanonieri saSualeba iqna gamoyenebuli.18
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Schwenzer I., Hachem P., Kee Ch., Global Sales and Contract Law, Oxford University Press, New York, 2012,
650.
Scott R.E., In (Partial) Defense of Strict Liability in Contract, Columbia Law and Economics Working Paper No. 341, Mich. L. Rev., Vol. 107, 2009, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1304239>,
[23.04.2014].
Zweigert K., Kötz H., Introduction to Comparative Law, Volume II-The Institutions of Private Law, 2nd Revised ed., Translated from German by Weir T., Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1987, 187.
Reimann M., Zimmermann R. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law, Farnsworth A., Comparative Contract Law, Part III, United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2006, 922.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2010 wlis 6 ivlisis
ganCineba saqmeze: № as-7-6-2010. aRniSnul saqmeSi mxareebma saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebiT gansazRvres, rom isini droebiT Tavisufldebodnen pasuxismgeblobisagan xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli valdebulebebis Seusruleblobisas forsmaJoruli garemoebebis moqmedebis periodSi, Tu isini gamowveuli iqneboda gadauxalavi Zalis gavleniT.
DiMatteo L. A., The Law of International Contracting, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, London, Boston, 2000, 54.
Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 374.
DiMatteo L. A., The Law of International Contracting, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, London, Boston, 2000, 54.
Reimann M., Zimmermann R. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law, Farnsworth A., Comparative Contract Law, Part III, Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 2006,
922.
152
amrigad, etapobrivad ganxorcielda mkacri pasuxismgeblobis kombinireba braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principTan da am gziT angloamerikuli samarTali dauaxlovda
kontinenturi samarTlis iuridiuli azrovnebis sistemas. dResdReobiT, angloamerikuli samarTali, kontinenturi samarTlis msgavsad, inarCunebs mkacri pasuxismgeblobis wess calkeuli saxis darRvevebis mimarT. magaliTad, msgavsad kontinenturi samarTlisa, pasuxismgebloba kvlav mkacria fuladi, gvarovnuli da unaklo nivTis miwodebis
valdebulebis darRvevaTa SemTxvevaSi.19
zemoaRniSnuli Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli safuZvlebis kvleva angloamerikul samarTalSi.
III. Secvlili garemoebebis samarTlebrivi reglamentacia
angloamerikul samarTalSi da paralelebi qarTuli samarTlis
kontinentursamarTlebriv doqtrinasTan
angloamerikuli samarTali ar icnobs terminebs `forsmaJori~ da `Sesrulebis
garTuleba~.20 Secvlili garemoebebis problematikasTan mimarTebiT moqmedebs xelSekrulebis miznis amaoebisa21 da komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis22 doqtrinebi, romelTa Seswavla qarTuli samarTlis analog koncefciebTan urTierTkavSirSi, samarTlis
sistemebs Soris konceftualuri msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis warmoCenis TvalsazrisiT,
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. amasTan, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi23 (SemdgomSi
– ssk) valdebulebis Sesrulebis dabrkolebisas pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis
safuZvelTa detalur sakanonmdeblo mowesrigebas ar axdens. Sesabamisad, winamdebare kvleva swored aRniSnul safuZvelTa gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi winapirobebisa da
iuridiuli Sedegebis angloamerikul samarTlebriv institutebTan urTierTkavSirSi
Seswavlas isaxavs miznad.
1. xelSekrulebis amaoebis inglisuri doqtrina
1.1. xelSekrulebis amaoebis moZRvrebis aRmoceneba
angloamerikul samarTalSi sagarantio pasuxismgebloba, saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebiT ganmtkicebuli pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli garemoebebis garda, izRudeba
xelSekrulebis amaoebis doqtriniT, romlis ganviTarebas dasabami daudo saqmem24 Teilo19
20
21
22
23
24
CitaSvili n., bralis mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis, `samarTlis Jurnali~, №1, 2009, 159.
Perillo J., Hardship and Its Impact on Contractual Obligations: A Comparative Analysis, Roma, 1996, 1,
<http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/perillo4.html>, [10.02.2014].
Frustration of Purpose.
Commercial Impracticability.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saqarTvelos parlamentis oficialuri gamocema,
ùwyebani~, sakanonmdeblo damateba, №31, 1997.
153
ri geldvelis winaaRmdeg - Taylor v. Galdwell.25 am saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT sasamarTlom pirvelad aRiara Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis
safuZvlad,26 riTac mniSvnelovnad Seicvala inglisuri samarTlis midgoma Secvlil garemoebaTa pirobebSi valdebulebis mkacri Sesrulebis mimarT.27 sasamarTlom dasaSvebad
da xelSekrulebis nagulisxmev pirobad28 miiCnia mxareTa ganTavisufleba pasuxismgeblobisgan, Tu xelSekrulebis darRvevamde valdebulebis Sesruleba movalis bralisagan damoukideblad SeuZlebeli gaxada, magaliTad, individualuri nivTis ganadgurebam.29
Tavdapirvelad doqtrina viwrod ganimarteboda da pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis safuZvlad mxolod Sesrulebis obieqturi SeuZleblobis pirobebSi gamoiyeneboda.30 Tumca, Tayllor v. Caldwell-is saqme ar iyo absoluturi, fizikuri SeuZleblobis
magaliTi, vinaidan Sesruleba, faqtobrivad ganxorcielebadi iyo didi odenobis xarjebis gawevis SemTxvevaSi.31 amrigad, Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba da ganuxorcielebloba
absoluturi pasuxismgeblobis principis gamonaklisad iqna daSvebuli.32
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, droTa ganmavlobaSi doqtrinis moqmedeba gafarTovda:33 sasamarTloebi iyenebdnen mas ara mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac valde25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
(1863)3b & S826, 122 ER 309 (QB). aRniSnul saqmeSi mxareTa bralisagan damoukideblad
daiwva musikaluri darbazi, romelic koncertis organizebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. sasamarTlom gaauqma xelSekrulebis moqmedeba da orive kontrahenti gaaTavisufla saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebisagan. ix. Poole J., Casebook on Contract Law, 9th ed., Online Resource Centre, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008, 565; Farnsworth E.A., Farnsworth on Contracts,
3rd ed., Vol. 2, Aspen Publishers, 2004, 627-632; Perillo J., Hardship and Its Impact on Contractual Obligations:
A Comparative Analysis, Roma, 1996, 4, <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/perillo4.html>; Southerington T., Impossibility of Performance and Other Excuses in International Trade, 2001, <http://www.cisg.law.
pace.edu/cisg/biblio/southerington.html>; Bridgeman C., Reconciling Strict Liability with Corrective Justice
in Contract Law, Fordham L. Rev., Vol. 75, 2007, 3035, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_
id=669504>, [10.02.2014].
Goldberg V.P., Excuse Doctrine: The Eisenberg Uncertainty Principle, J. Legal Analysis, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2010,
366, <http://jla.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/1/359.full.pdf+html>, [10.02.2014]; Smythe D.J., Bounded Rationality, the Doctrine of Impracticability, and the Governance of Relational Contracts, S. Cal. Interdisc. L.J.,
Vol. 13, No. 2, 2003-2004, 228, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=799328>, [10.02.2014].
absoluturi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis magaliTi iyo saqme Paradine v. Jane, English
Rep. 897 [K.B. 1647], romelSic gamtkicebuli iyo, Secvlili garemoebis miuxedavad, valdebulebis mkacri dacvis principi. ix. Chen-Wishart M., Contract Law, 2nd ed., Oxford University
Press, 2008, 386.
Implied Terms.
Treitel G.H., The Law of Contract, 9th ed., Sweet and Maxwell, London, 1995, 779; Brunner Ch., Force
Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles, Exemption for Non-performance in International
Arbitration, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2009, 89.
Blum B.A., Chemerinsky E., Epstein R., Gilson R. F., Krier J.E., Neumann R.K., Syverud K.D., Warren E.,
Farndsworth E.A., Hazard G.S., Wolfman B. (eds.), Contracts, Examples and Explanations, 3rd ed., Aspen
Publishers, New York, 2004, 455.
swored aRniSnulis gamo, aSS-m termini `SeuZlebloba~ Secvala `ganuxorcieleblobiT~. ix. Treitel G.H., The Law of Contract, 9th ed., Sweet and Maxwell, London, 1995, 793.
Jacobs D.L., Legal Realism or Legal Fiction? Impracticability Under the Restatement (second) of Contracts,
New York, Com. L.J., Vol. 87, June/July, 1982, 289, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=jo
urnals&handle=hein.journals/clla87&div=70&id=&page=>, [24.06.2014].
Blum B.A., Chemerinsky E., Epstein R., Gilson R. F., Krier J.E., Neumann R.K., Syverud K.D., Warren E., Farndsworth E.A., Hazard G.S., Wolfman B. (eds.), Contracts, Examples and Explanations, 3rd ed., Aspen Publishers,
New York, 2004, 456.
154
bulebis Sesruleba xelSekrulebis sagnis ganadgurebiT SeuZlebeli xdeboda, aramed
rodesac qarwyldeboda mxareTa mosalodneli saxelSekrulebo interesi da SeTanxmebis
mizani xdeboda amao. miuxedavad imisa, rom valdebulebis Sesruleba obieqturad kvlav
ganxorcielebadi iyo,34 samarTlianobis aRsruleba moiTxovda Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan mxaris ganTavisuflebas.35
qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisas pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis safuZveli calke muxliT36 aris reglamentirebuli da ar emTxveva valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTulebisas pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebisa da saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis modificirebis samarTlebriv safuZvels.37 xelSekrulebis
amaoebis doqtrina ki aerTianebs rogorc Sesrulebis absoluturi SeuZleblobis, ise
misi ukiduresad damZimebis SemTxvevebs da SesaZlebelia, pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis meqanizmad iqnes amoqmedebuli Sesrulebis damZimebis xarisxisa da masStabebis Sefasebis safuZvelze.
1.2. xelSekrulebis amaoebis samarTlebrivi maxasiaTeblebi da
maTi mimarTeba ssk-is 398-e muxliT dadgenil winapirobebTan
a) garemoebaTa arsebiTi cvlileba
xelSekruleba SeiZleba gauqmdes38 xelSekrulebis amaoebis safuZvliT, Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgom aRmocenebuli, pirisgan damoukideblad arsebuli gareSe movlena39 fizikurad Tu ekonomikurad ganuxorcielebels xdis valdebulebis Sesrulebas
an warmoSobs sruliad sxva Sinaarsisa da samarTlebrivi bunebis40 valdebulebas, vidre
es xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze iyo mxareTa mier SeTanxmebuli.41
msgavsad aRniSnulisa, ssk-is 398-e I muxli saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis adaptaciis winapirobad gansazRvravs xelSekrulebis safuZvlad miCneuli garemoebebis ar34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Treitel G.H., The Law of Contract, 9th ed., Sweet and Maxwell, London, 1995, 779.
Blum B. A., Chemerinsky E., Epstein R., Gilson R. F., Krier J.E., Neumann R.K., Syverud K.D., Warren E.,
ssk-is 401-e muxli.
ssk-is 398-e muxli.
Discharge of a Contract.
Farndsworth E.A., Hazard GS., Wolfman B. (eds.), Contracts, Examples and Explanations, 3rd ed., Aspen Publishers, New York, 2004, 442; Nachatar J. S., Hussin A. A., Omran A., Frustration of Contract in the Malaysian
Construction Contract Management, IJE, Tome 9, Fascicule 3, Hunedoara, Romania, 2011, 86, <http://web.
ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=cbc3f99c-b258-4811-9ace-4a8f1729b548%40sessionmgr13
&vid=2&hid=10>, [24.06.2014].
ix. gadawyvetilebebi: National Carriers Ltd. v. Panalpina (Northern) Ltd; Davis Contractors v Fareham
UDC; ix. aseve, Gregorio M., Impossible Performance or Excused performance? Common Mistake and
Frustration after Great Peace Shipping, KCLJ, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2005, 71.
Chen-Wishart M., Contract Law, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2008, 283; McKendrick E., Chitty on Contracts, The Law of Contracts, Vol.1, General Principles, Chapter 24, Discharge by Frustration, London, 1999,
24-001.
155
sebiT cvlilebas. aRniSnuli winapirobis analizisaTvis unda Sefasdes mniSvnelovnad
Seicvala Tu ara saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis arsi Secvlili garemoebis an arabunebrivi movlenis42 dadgomis Semdeg.43 amisaTvis unda ganisazRvros Tavdapirveli SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi buneba da xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze arsebuli, `garigebis safuZvlad~ miCneuli garemoebani, dadgindes gauTvaliswinebeli movlenis warmoSobamde
arsebuli da mis Semdeg aRmocenebuli Secvlili valdebulebis Sinaarsi da maTi urTierTSefardebis safuZvelze Sefasdes Zireuli gardasaxvis arseboba Tavdapirveli valdebulebis SinaarsSi.44
saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis modificirebisaTvis SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovani iyos Sesrulebis meTodis cvlilebac, Tu konkretuli meTodis gamoyeneba sagangebod iyo SeTanxmebuli mxareTa Soris.45
b) mxaris arabraleuloba Secvlili garemoebebis aRmocenebis mimarT
xelSekrulebis amaoebas warmoSobs mxareebisgan damoukideblad arsebuli axladaRmocenebuli garemoeba, romelic iwvevs Zireul cvlilebas saxelSekrulebo garemoebebsa da valdebulebis SinaarsSi, xelSekrulebis safuZvlis rRvevas46 da, amasTan, ar
aris im mxaris braleuli moqmedebis an umoqmedobis Sedegi,47 romelic iTxovs xelSekrulebis amaoebis safuZvliT pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebas.48
analogiurad, ssk-is 398-e I muxli, pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis safuZvlad adgens mxaris kontrolis sferos miRma garemoebaTa aRmocenebis winapirobas, rac
gulisxmobs movlenaTa warmoSobaze, maT aRkveTaze an uaryofiT Sedegebze kontrahentis zemoqmedebis SeuZleblobas. aRniSnuli imTaviTve gamoricxavs movalis pasuxismgeblobas garemoebaTa warmoSobisaTvis da awesebs misi arabraleulobis kidev erT damoukidebel winapirobas.
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Schwartz A. A., A “Standard Clause Analysis” of the Frustration Doctrine and the Material Adverse Change
Clause, Rev., Vol. 57, 2009 - 2010, 22-23, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1466131>,
[24.06.2014].
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. gadawyvetileba Davis Contractors LTD v Fareham Urban
District Counsil, [1956] AC 696 (HL).
Brunner Ch., Force Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles, Exemption for Non-performance in International Arbitration, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2009, 90.
ix. gadawyvetileba: Tsakiroglou & Co. LTD v. Noblee Thorl GmbH, [1962] AC 93 (HL).
Smith S.A., Contract Theory, McGill University, Oxford University Press, 2007, 372. ix. aseve,
gadawyvetileba, romelmac ganaviTara garigebis safuZvlis rRvevis doqtrina inglisur samarTalSi: F.A. Tamplin Steamship Co. v. Anglo-Mexican Petroleum Products Co. [1916] 2 A.C.
397, miTiTebulia: Rapsomanikas M. G., Frustration of Contract in International Trade Law and Comparative Law, Duq. Bus. L.J., Vol. 18, 1979-1980, 556, <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/rapsomanikas.
html#39>, [20.05.2014].
ix. gadawyvetileba: Lauritzen AS v Wijsmuller BV, The Super Servant Two, [1990] 1Lloyd’s Rep 1 (CA);
aseve, Nachatar J.S., Hussin A.A., Omran A., Frustration of Contract in the Malaysian Construction Contract
management, IJE, Tome 9, fascicule 3, Hunedoara, Romania, 2011, 86, <http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/
pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=cbc3f99c-b258-4811-9ace-4a8f1729b548%40sessionmgr13&vid=2&hid=10>,
[20.05.2014].
McKendrick E., Chitty on Contracts, The Law of Contracts, Vol.1, General Principles, Chapter 24, Discharge
by Frustration, London, 1999, 24-007.
156
g) saxelSekrulebo miznis gaqarwyleba
xelSekrulebis amaoeba SeiZleba gamoiwvios iseTma garemoebebma, romlebic valdebulebis Sesrulebas xdis SeuZlebels an mniSvnelovnad arTulebs mas. umTavresia,
rom aRniSnuli iwvevdes movalisaTvis Sesrulebis interesis dakargvas, im saxelSekrulebo mizans xdides amaos, komerciulad ganuxorcielebels, romelic valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi CarTvis umTavres motivacias warmoadgenda.49
ssk-is 398-e I muxli analogiur winapirobas iTvaliswinebs, rodesac pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZvlad iseTi gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebis aRmocenebas gansazRvravs, romelTa codnis pirobebSi mxareebi ar dadebdnen xelSekrulebas.
amrigad, angloamerikuli doqtrinis msgavsad, saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis modificirebis safuZveli xdeba saxelSekrulebo interesis ararseboba axali garemoebebis pirobebSi, rac maTi winaswar gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSi erTmniSvnelovnad gamoricxavda Tavdapirvelad mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas.
xelSekrulebis miznis amaoeba warmoiSoba maSin, Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgom aRmocenebulma garemoebebma imdenad mniSvnelovnad Seamcira saqonlis, momsaxurebisa Tu momsaxurebis saSualebebis Rirebuleba, rom myidvels mizanSeuwonelia daekisros aseTi Sesrulebis miReba da SeTanxmebuli fasis gadaxda.50 es iseTi SemTxvevaa,
rodesac ssk erTmniSvnelovnad miiCnevs aragonivrulad mxarisaTvis SeTanxmebuli pirobebis ganuxreli dacvis moTxovnas.
xelSekrulebis miznis amaoebisas, Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisgan gansxvavebiT, valdebuleba kvlav obieqturad ganxorcielebadia,51 magram Secvlili garemoebebi sanacvlo valdebulebis Sesrulebis miRebas yovelgvar Rirebulebas ukargavs kreditorisaTvis52 da, amdenad, aqarwylebs mis umTavres saxelSekrulebo mizans.53 amasTan, umniSvnelovanesia, rom orive mxare acnobierebdes saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis ZiriTad
mizans, romlis ganuxorcielebloba valdebulebis Sesrulebas ukargavs Rirebulebas
49
50
51
52
53
Weiskopf N.R., Frustration of Contractual Purpose - Doctrine or Myth? St. John’s L. Rev., Issue 2, Vol. 70,
Number 2, Spring 1996, 240, <http://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1607&context
=lawreview>, [20.05.2014].
Brunner Ch., Force Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles, Exemption for Non-performance in International Arbitration, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2009, 91, Semdgomi
miTiTebebiT: Treitel G.H., The Law of Contract, 10th ed., London, 1999, 824; Treitel G.H., Frustration and
Force Majeure, 2nd ed., London, 2004, Ch.7.
Kim N., Mistakes, Changed Circumstances and Intent, U. Kan. L. Rev., Vol. 56, 2007-2008, 505, <http://www.
law.ku.edu/sites/law.drupal.ku.edu/files/docs/law_review/v56/Kim_Final.pdf>, [20.05.2014].
Rohwer C.D., Skrocki A.M., Contracts in a Nutshell, 7th ed., West Nutshel Series, 2010, 320; Schwartz A.A.,
A , “Standard Clause Analysis” of the Frustration Doctrine and the Material Adverse Change Clause, UCLA
L. Rev., Vol. 57, 2009-2010, 20, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1466131>; Kim N.,
Mistakes, Changed Circumstances and Intent, U. Kan. L. Rev., Vol. 56, 2007-2008, 505, <http://www.law.
ku.edu/sites/law.drupal.ku.edu/files/docs/law_review/v56/Kim_Final.pdf>, [20.05.2014].
Schwartz A.A., A “Standard Clause Analysis” of the Frustration Doctrine and the Material Adverse Change Clause, UCLA L. Rev., Vol. 57, 2009-2010, 49, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=
1466131>, [20.05.2014]; Brunner Ch., Force Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles,
Exemption for Non-performance in International Arbitration, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands,
2009, 98; Blum B.A., Chemerinsky E., Epstein R., Gilson R. F., Krier J.E., Neumann R.K., Syverud K.D., Warren E., Farndsworth E.A., Hazard G.S., Wolfman B. (eds.), Contracts, Examples and Explanations, 3rd ed.,
Aspen Publishers, New York, 2004, 463.
157
kontrahentebisaTvis.54 pirovnuli motivebi mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. xelSekrulebis
mizani imdenad naTlad unda iyos mxareTa mier gacnobierebuli, rom xelSekrulebis saerTo, saziaro safuZvlad unda iqnes aRiarebuli.55 amrigad, mxareTa mier nagulisxmevi
warmodgenebi aucileblad ormxrivad unda iyos gaziarebuli,56 rom maTi gaqarwyleba pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis safuZveli gaxdes.
xelSekrulebis miznis amaoebisa da Secvlili garemoebebis qarTuli doqtrinis
bevr saerTo maxasiaTebels Soris umTavresi msgavseba aris saxelSekrulebo miznis ganxorcielebis SeuZlebloba, rameTu orive SemTxvevaSi mxareTa mosalodneli saxelSekrulebo interesi ver axdens realizebas Secvlili garemoebebis moqmedebis pirobebSi.
1.3. xelSekrulebis amaoebis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi
gaerTianebul samefoSi 1943 wels miRebul iqna xelSekrulebis amaoebis momwesrigebeli samarTlis reformis aqti (SemdgomSi – xasra)57, romlis mizani iyo cvlilebebi da
damatebebi Seetana aRniSnuli sakiTxis maregulirebel normebSi.
xsenebuli aqtis miRebamde xelSekrulebis amaoeba iwvevda mxareTa SeTanxmebis Zaladakargulad gamocxadebas Secvlili garemoebis gamovlenis (ex nunc)58 da ara valdebulebis warmoSobis momentidan (ex tunc - ab initio), ris safuZvelzec mxareebi Tavisufldebodnen samomavlod Sesasrulebeli valdebulebebisgan, magram Secvlili garemoebis
warmoSobamde mopovebuli uflebebi ZalaSi rCeboda.59 Tumca, am wesis Tanaxmad, mxareebi
ver ibrunebdnen Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobamde ganxorcielebul Sesrulebas, rac
meore mxaris usafuZvlo gamdidrebas iwvevda.60
Tu xelSekrulebis erT-erTi monawile Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobamde Seasrulebda vadamosul valdebulebas, maSin xelSekrulebis amaoebis Semdeg, is veRar moiTxovda kontrahentisgan Sesrulebis ukan dabrunebas da verc Semxvedri im valdebulebis
ganxorcielebas, romelic vadamosuli mxolod garemoebaTa Secvlis Semdgom gaxda.61
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
Rohwer C. D., Skrocki A.M., Contracts in a Nutshell, 7th ed., West Nutshel Series, 2010, 321.
Eisenberg M. A., Impossibility, Impracticability and Frustration, J. Legal Analysis, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009, 221,
<http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1349482>, [28.06.2014].
Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943, <http://opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1943/cukpga_19430040_en_1>, [20.05.2014]. ix. aseve, Poole J., Casebook on Contract Law, 9th ed., Online Resource
Centre, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008, 584.
Rapsomanikas M. G., Frustration of Contract in International Trade Law and Comparative Law, Duq. Bus. L.J.,
Vol. 18, 1979-1980, 557, <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/rapsomanikas.html#39>, [29.05.2014].
Brunner Ch., Force Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles, Exemption for Non-performance in International Arbitration, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2009, 90-91, Semdgomi
miTiTebebiT: Treitel G. H., The Law of Contract, 10th ed., London, 1999, 847-849; McKendrick E., Chitty
on Contracts, The Law of Contracts, Vol.1, General Principles, Chapter 24, Discharge by Frustration, London,
1999, 24-069/070/71.
Mckendrick E., The Consequences of Frustration: The Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943, Force
Majeure and Frustration of Contracts, 1991, 55-57, miTiTebulia: Mizrachi K., Force Majeure in Project
Finance: A Comparative and Practical Analysis of Risk Allocation, J. Struct. Finan., Vol.12, No. 2, 2006, 79.
158
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT saqmeze – Candleri vebsteris winaaRmdeg62 restituciis moTxovna ar gavrcelda kontrahentis mimarT Sesrulebul gadaxdaze, romelic
xelSekrulebis amaoebis gamomwvevi movlenis dadgomamde ganxorcielda.63 safuZvliani
kritikis miuxedavad, aRniSnuli wesis moqmedeba ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda,
sanam ar iqna miRebuli gardamtexi mniSvnelobis aqti, romelmac arsobrivad Secvala manamde arsebuli praqtika da sakiTxisadmi midgoma.64
zemoaRniSnuli problemebis sapasuxod da sakanonmdeblo doneze gadasaWrelad
miRebuli 1943 wlis aqtis65 umTavresi mizani xelSekrulebis amaoebiT gamowveuli erTerTi mxaris usafuZvlo gamdidrebis Tavidan acileba iyo.66 am TvalsazrisiT, aqtis 1 (2)
da 1 (3) muxlebi miemarTeba xelSekrulebis amaoebis samarTlebriv Sedegebs:
1 (2) muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobamde mxareTa Soris arsebobda fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis valdebuleba, maSin xelSekrulebis amaoebis dafuZnebis
momentidan mxare Tavisufldeba aRniSnuli valdebulebisgan,67 xolo ukve ganxorcielebuli Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi, eniWeba gadaxdili Tanxis ukan dabrunebis moTxovnis
ufleba.68 Tu mxarem, romlisTvisac kontrahents saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis farglebSi unda gadaexada garkveuli fuladi Tanxa, gaiRo xarjebi valdebulebis Sesasruleblad, xelSekrulebis amaoebis warmoSobis Semdeg sasamarTlos SeuZlia samarTlianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ufleba mianiWos mxares moiTxovos fuladi Tanxis gadacema an
ar ganaxorcielos gadacemulis ukan dabruneba, mxolod gaweuli xarjebis odenobiT.69
1 (3) muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobamde mxarem kontrahentis
mier valdebulebis Sesasruleblad ganxorcielebuli qmedebisgan mniSvnelovani sargebeli miiRo (ara fuladi saxiT), maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia daakisros mxares miRebuli
sargeblis Sesatyvisi fuladi Tanxis ukan dabrunebis valdebuleba.70 am dros gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi garemoebebi:
a) Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobamde sargeblis mimRebi mxaris mier valdebulebis Sesasruleblad gaweuli xarjebisa da xelSekrulebis miznebisaTvis sxva pirisaTvis
gadacemuli Tanxis odenoba.
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Chandler v. Webster, [1904] 1 K.B. 493.
Goldberg V.P., After Frustration: Three Cheers for Chandler v. Webster, Wash. & Lee L. Rev., Vol. 68, Issue 3, 2011, 1134, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/
waslee68&div=35&id=&page=>, [22.07.2014].
Fibrosa Spolka Akcyjna v. Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour, Ltd, [1943] A.C. 32 at 49-50 (H.L. 1942),
Goldberg V.P., After Frustration: Three Cheers for Chandler v. Webster, Wash. & Lee L. Rev., Vol. 68, Issue 3,
2011, 1134, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/waslee68&div=35&id=&page=>.
Goldberg V.P., After Frustration: Three Cheers for Chandler v. Webster, Wash. & Lee L. Rev., Vol. 68, Issue 3,
2011, 1146, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/waslee68
&div=35&id=&page=>, [22.07.2014].
Mckendrick E., The Consequences of Frustration: The Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943, Force
Majeure and Frustration of Contracts, 1991, 55-57, miTiTebulia: Mizrachi K., Force Majeure in Project
Finance: A Comparative and Practical Analysis of Risk Allocation, J. Struct. Finan., Vol.12, No. 2, 2006, 79.
ix. Gamerco SA v I.C.M./Fair Warning (Agency) Ltd, [1995]1 WLR 1226.
ix. Fibrosa Spolka Akcyjna v Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd, [1943] AC 32 (HL).
Goldberg V. P., After Frustration: Three Cheers for Chandler v. Webster, Wash. & Lee L. Rev., Vol. 68, Issue 3, 2011, 1147, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/waslee68&div=35&id=&page=>.
ix. BP Exploration Co. (Libya) Ltd v Hunt (No.2), [1979] 1WLR 783.
159
b) xelSekrulebis amaoebis gamomwvevi Secvlili garemoebebis gavlena mxaris mier
miRebul sargebelze.71
reformis aqtiT uzrunvelyofili samarTlebrivi Sedegi qarTul samarTalSi
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis monawileTaTvis xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis miniWebiT miiRweva.72 Tumca, Secvlil garemoebaTa pirobebSi xelSekrulebaze uaris meqanizmis amoqmedeba daSvebul unda iqnes rogorc ukiduresi samarTlebrivi RonisZieba
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelSekrulebis adaptacia an misi ucvleli pirobebiT aRsruleba ver
uzrunvelyofs mxareTa saukeTeso interesebis samarTlian realizebas.
1.4. saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli
kontinentursamarTlebrivi safuZvlebis upiratesoba
samarTlebriv Sedegebze zegavlenis kuTxiT
qarTul samarTalSi Secvlil garemoebebTan dakavSirebuli problematika ar aris
mowesrigebuli forsmaJorisa da Sesrulebis garTulebis saxelwodebis mqone institutebiT. Tumca kanonmdebloba arsobrivad msgavsi samarTlebrivi koncefciebis regulirebas iTvaliswinebs dauZleveli Zalis, Sesrulebis arabraleuli SeuZleblobisa da
Secvlili garemoebebis saxelwodebiT.
qarTuli kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli xsenebuli koncefciebi arsobrivad Sesrulebis garTulebisa da forsmaJoris uzogades samarTlebriv kategoriebs exmianeba,
amitomac winamdebare kvlevaSi swored aRniSnuli terminebi iqneba gamoyenebuli.
inglisur samarTalSi moqmedi xelSekrulebis amaoebis doqtrina, samarTlebrivi
Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba kontinentur da unificirebul
samarTalSi moqmedi forsmaJoris samarTlebrivi koncefciisgan.73 kerZod, xelSekrulebis amaoeba avtomaturad iwvevs mTlianad xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas74 da mxareebi Tavisufldebian valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis pasuxismgeblobisagan.75 pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis aRniSnuli safuZveli Zalian viwrod unda
iqnes gamoyenebuli da ar SeiZleba moxdes misi farTo ganmarteba.76 xolo forsmaJoris
71
72
73
74
75
76
ix. Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943, <http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/6-7/40>.
ssk-is 398-e III muxli.
Treitel G. H., Frustration and Force Majeure, London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1994, 52, miTiTebulia:
Osadare B., Force Majeure and the Performance Excuse: A Review of the English Doctrine of Frustration
and Article 2-615 of the Uniform Commercial Code., 2010, 10; Anson W., Anson’s Law of Contract, 27th ed.,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, 526, miTiTebulia: Firoozmand M.R., Changed Circumstances
and Immutability of Contract: a Comparative Analysis of Force Majeure and Related Doctrines, Bus. L. Int’l,
Vol. 8, No. 2, 2007, 177, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Welcome?message=Please%20log%20in&url=%2FHO
L%2FPrint%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fblawintnl2007%26div%3D17%26collection%3Djournals%26s
et_as_cursor%3D1%26men_tab%3Dsrchresults>, [22.07.2014].
Chen-Wishart M., Contract Law, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2008, 318; Southerington T., Impossibility
of Performance and Other Excuses in International Trade, 2001, <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/
southerington.html>, [22.07.2014].
Nachatar J. S., Hussin A. A., Omran A., Frustration of Contract in the Malaysian Construction Contract management, IJE, Tome 9, fascicule 3, Hunedoara, Romania, 2011, 85-86, <http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/
160
safuZvelze xelSekrulebis Sewyveta damokidebulia kreditoris uflebis ganxorcielebaze – moiTxovos xelSekrulebidan gasvla valdebulebis arsebiTi darRvevisaTvis.77
amasTan, forsmaJoris safuZvelze mxaris pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisufleba SeiZleba iyos nawilobrivi,78 ramdenadac forsmaJoruli garemoeba SesaZlebelia xelSekrulebis mxolod garkveul nawilze axdendes gavlenas da mxolod Sesabamisi proporciiT iwvevdes mxaris pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebas.79
aseve SesaZlebelia, rom Secvlili garemoeba droebiT xasiaTs atarebdes. amdenad, pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisufleba forsmaJoris safuZvliT SeiZleba mxolod am
damabrkolebeli garemoebisa da misi uaryofiTi Sedegebis arsebobis vadiT ganxorcieldes. aRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT, xelSekrulebis amaoebis doqtrinis mizani xelSekrulebis anulireba da SeTanxmebis safuZvelze mxareTa urTierTsanacvlo valdebulebebisgan saboloo ganTavisuflebaa.
germanuli sasamarTlo praqtika, angloamerikuli sistemis sasamarTlosgan gansxvavebiT, xelSekrulebis avtomaturad SewyvetasTan mimarTebiT, upiratesobas aniWebs
mis Secvlil garemoebebTan adaptacias, rac kontinenturi samarTlis sistemis umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia.80
xelSekrulebis adaptaciis meqanizmis saSualebiT saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis sivrceSi samarTlebrivi sistemebis Carevis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia.81
Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis82 sakiTxisadmi angloamerikuli da kontinenturi samarTlebrivi sistema arsobrivad gansxvavebul midgomas avlens:
saerTo samarTalSi xelSekrulebis ganuxorcieleblobisa da saxelSekrulebo miznis
amaoebis doqtrinebis samarTlebrivi Sedegi aris xelSekrulebis Sewyveta. germanuli
samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT, inglisuri samarTlis saxelSekrulebo miznis amaoebis doqtrina ar iTvaliswinebs sasamarTlos mier xelSekrulebis adaptaciis SesaZleblobas.83
sasamarTlos CareviT zianisa da uaryofiTi Sedegebis mxareebze gadanawileba xelSekrulebis gadasinjvad miiCneva, xolo kontinentur samarTalSi msgavsi samarTlebrivi realoba xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis tipur SemTxvevas utoldeba mxarisTvis zianis
anazRaurebis valdebulebis dakisrebiT.
pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=cbc3f99c-b258-4811-9ace-4a8f1729b548%40s---essionmgr13&vid=2&hid=10>,
[22.07.2014].
77
78
Chechelashvili Z., Introduction to the Georgian Business Law, Textbook, GIZ, Tb., 2013, 133.
79
80
Vagts D.F., Rebus Revisited: Changed Circumstances in Treaty Law, Colum. J. Transnat’l L., Vol. 43, 20042005, 464, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cjtl43&collection=journals&page=459>,
[22.07.2014].
81
82 Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis mniSvnelobiT komerciul saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi araerTi termini gamoiyeneba: àdaptacia~, `modificireba~, `Segueba~, `gadaxedva~, `Secvla~, `SeTanxmeba~ da a.S. ix. Ciematniece I., Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation, Concept of Contract Renegotiation and Adaptation in International Commercial Law
Contracts, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2010, 17.
83
Beale H., Hartkamp A. (eds.), Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law, Oregon, Hart Publishing Oxford
and Portland, 2002, 607.
161
saerTo samarTalSi moqmedebs mkacri pasuxismgeblobis principi, romlis gamoyenebisa da ukiduresad garTulebuli valdebulebis mkacri sizustiT Sesrulebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis winaswari Sewyveta sasamarTlos mier aRniSnul sistemaSi xelSekrulebis modificirebad aris miCneuli.84
amrigad, xelSekrulebis amaoebis an ganuxorcieleblobis aRmocenebis Semdgom sasamarTlos Careva mxolod xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas da ara misi samomavlo Sesrulebis
uzrunvelyofas isaxavs miznad. kontinentursamarTlebriv sistemaSi xelSekrulebis
gadasinjva meoradi moTxovnis uflebebis ganxorcielebis reJimSi transformaciis gareSe, pirveladi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Secvlili pirobebiT Sesrulebas gulisxmobs.
2. komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobisa da miznis amaoebis
amerikuli doqtrinebi
2.1. komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobisa da miznis amaoebis
doqtrinaTa moqmedebis farglebi
amerikuli samarTali iTvaliswinebs komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis doqtrinas,85 romelic valdebulebis Sesrulebisgan ganTavisuflebis safuZvelia ara mxolod
Sesrulebis obieqturi, fizikuri SeuZleblobis, aramed Sesrulebis ukiduresi garTulebis SemTxvevaSic.86 am TvalsazrisiT, komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis doqtrinis
84
85
86
Collins H., The Law of Contract. LexisNexis Butterworths: London, 2003, 294, miTiTebulia: Uribe M.,
The Effect of a Change Circumstances on the Binding Force of the Contracts, Comparative Perspectives, Intersentia, 2011, 236.
pirvelad aRniSnuli doqtrina gamoixata gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze: Minera Park Land Co.
v. Howard, 156, 458 (1916), miTiTebulia: Osadare B., Force Majeure and the Performance Excuse: A
Review of the English Doctrine of Frustration and Article 2-615 of the Uniform Commercial Code, 2010, 11.
ix. gadawyvetileba: Krell v. Henry [1903] 2 KB 740 statiebSi: Knutson R., Common Law Development of the Doctrines of Impossibility of Performance and Frustration of Contracts and their Use and Application in Long Term Concession Contracts, Presented at the IBA Committee T, Berlin, ICLR, 298, 1997, 7;
International Commercial Law Contracts, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2010, 24. aRniSnul
saqmeze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT, damqiravebeli ganTavisuflda Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan, rameTu binam, romelic daqiravebul iqna mefis koronaciis procesze
dakvirvebisaTvis, mefis avadmyofobisa da mefed kurTxevis ceremonialis gadadebis
gamo, Rirebuleba dakarga damqiraveblisaTvis. amdenad, gaqarwylda xelSekrulebis
safuZveli, misi umTavresi mizani. movale ganTavisuflda obieqturad ganxorcielebadi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis movaleobisagan. ix. Rohwer C.D., Skrocki
A.M., Contracts in a Nutshell, 7th ed., West Nutshell Series, 2010, 321; Blum B.A., Chemerinsky E., Epstein R.,
Gilson R. F., Krier J.E., Neumann R.K., Syverud K.D., Warren E., Farndsworth E.A., Hazard G.S., Wolfman
B. (eds.), Contracts, Examples and Explanations, 3rd ed., Aspen Publishers, New York, 2004, 463. aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba xelSekrulebis amaoebis doqtrinis safuZvladac aris iuridiul
doqtrinaSi aRiarebuli, romlis ZaliTac mniSvnelovnad Sesustda mkacri pasuxismgeblobis principis moqmedeba angloamerikul samarTalSi. ix. Smythe D.J., Bounded Rationality, the Doctrine of Impracticability and the Governance of Relational Contracts, S. Cal. Interdisc. L.J., Vol.
13, No. 2, 2003-2004, 228, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=799328>, [22.07.2014].
162
moqmedebis sfero gacilebiT vrcelia gansxvavebiT mis sakanonmdeblo reglamentaciamde arsebuli wesisa, romelic pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis winapirobad absolutur
SeuZleblobas adgenda. Sesabamisad, amerikulma samarTalma termini `Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba~ Secvala `ganuxorcieleblobiT~,87 rameTu es ukanaskneli ufro farTo cnebaa
da moicavs ara mxolod absolutur SeuZleblobas, aramed valdebulebis Sesrulebis
damZimebasac.88
xelSekrulebaTa me-2 krebulis 265-e paragrafi ganamtkicebs, aseve, miznis amaoebis doqtrinas: Tu mxaris umTavresi saxelSekrulebo mizani,89 misi bralisgan damoukideblad, arsebiTad qarwyldeba iseTi garemoebis ZaliT, romlis ararseboba mxareTa mier
xelSekrulebis dadebis umTavres safuZvels qmnida, maSin movale Tavisufldeba Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan, Tu xelSekrulebidan an garemoebebidan sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs.
am nawilSic amerikuli doqtrinac qarTuli samarTlis moziarea, rameTu ssk-is 398-e
I muxli swored mxareTa mier xelSekrulebis safuZvlad miCneuli garemoebebis cvlilebas ukavSirebs saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis modificirebisa da pasuxismgeblobisagan
ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas.
amrigad, sasamarTlos mier upirvelesad dgindeba mxareTa saxelSekrulebo mizani da Tu aRmoCndeba, rom xelSekrulebis safuZvlad miCneuli garemoebebis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi mxareebi ar dadebdnen xelSekrulebas, maSin aRniSnuli sasamarTlos mier pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis safuZvlad iqneba gamoyenebuli.90
sasamarTlos mier miznis amaoebis doqtrina farTod ganimarteba da Sesrulebis
valdebulebisgan ganTavisuflebis safuZvlad saxelSekrulebo miznis srul amaoebas
moiazrebs. Tu mxare Secvlili garemoebis gavleniT srulad ver ikmayofilebs mosalodnel saxelSekrulebo interess, magram Sesruleba mainc garkveuli sargeblis momtania
misTvis, maSin garemoebaTa aseTi cvlileba ar iqneba sakmarisi xelSekrulebis miznis
sruli amaoebis dafuZnebisaTvis.91
xelSekrulebis amaoebis erT-erTi saxe – xelSekrulebis miznis amaoeba, arsobrivad ganuxorcieleblobis doqtrinas exmianeba: xelSekrulebis miznis amaoebis SemTxvevaSi, Secvlili garemoeba imdenad amcirebs movalis mier valdebulebis Sesrulebis ekonomikur faseulobas, rom aragonivrulia kreditorisgan aseTi Sesrulebis miRebisa da
saxelSekrulebo fasis gadaxdis moTxovna. msgavsad, Sesrulebis ganuxorcieleblobis
SemTxvevaSi, valdebulebis Sesruleba Secvlili garemoebis gavleniT movalisTvis ukiduresad did sirTules, xarjebsa da danakargebs ukavSirdeba.92
87
88
89
90
91
92
Southerington T., Impossibility of Performance and Other Excuses in International Trade, 2001, <http://www.
cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/southerington.html>, [23.07.2014].
Frey M.A., Frey Ph. H., An Introduction to the Law of Contracts, 4th ed., Delmar Cengage Learning, 2007,
399. ix. aseve, xelSekrulebaTa me-2 krebulis 261-e paragrafi.
Hillman R.A., Principles of Contract Law, 2nd ed., The Concise Hornbook Series, West, 2009, 318.
Farnsworth E.A., On Contracts, 2nd ed., New York, 1998, §9.7, 625-626.
ix. Fla. Power & Light Co. v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp. 517 F. Supp. 440 (E.D. Va. 1981). aRniSnul saqmeSi uranis mimwodebeli mxare iTxovda Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan ganTavisuflebas
fasebis gauTvaliswinebeli zrdis, Sesabamisad, aesk-is 2-615-e muxliT ganmtkicebuli
komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis safuZvliT, romelic movalis kontrolis sferos
163
msgavsad aRniSnulisa, ssk-ic saxelSekrulebo garemoebebis iseT cvlilebaze saubrobs, romelTa pirobebSic imdenad mcirdeba valdebulebis Sesrulebis saxelSekrulebo interesi da Sesrulebis Rirebuleba, rom gaumarTlebeli da aragonivrulia TviT
xelSekrulebis mboWavi Zalis aRsrulebis principis ganxorcieleba.
amrigad, pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis angloamerikuli sistemis doqtrina sam ZiriTad segments moicavs: (1) Sesrulebis fizikur Tu samarTlebriv SeuZleblobas, (2) obieqturad ganxorcielebadi valdebulebis miuxedavad, xelSekrulebis miznisa da SesrulebiT misaRebi sargeblis dakargvas, (3) obieqturad da samarTlebrivad
ganxorcielebadi valdebulebis Sesrulebis ekonomikur damZimebas.93
angloamerikuli doqtrinis moqmedebis farglebis analizis Sedegad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis safuZvlebSi gaerTianebulia rogorc
Sesrulebis garTulebis, ise absoluturi SeuZleblobis elementi, romelic kontinentursamarTlebriv sistemaSi cal-calke safuZvlebad aris warmodgenili. magaliTad,
ssk-Si Sesrulebis SeuZlebloba da Sesrulebis ukiduresi damZimeba pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis damoukidebel safuZvlebad aris kodificirebuli. Tumca, kontinentur samarTalSic ki pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli safuZvlebis damoukideblad
reglamentaciisda miuxedavad, aRniSnuli safuZvlebis samarTlebrivi winapirobebi
xSirad urTierTmomcvelia. magaliTad, ssk-is 398-e I muxliT gansazRvruli winapirobebis umravlesoba ara mxolod Sesrulebis garTulebis, aramed Sesrulebis arabraleuli
SeuZleblobis samarTlebriv maxasiaTeblebad SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli. Sesrulebis
ukiduresi damZimebis niSanic ki fardobiTi (ekonomikuri) SeuZleblobis winapirobad
unda iqnes miCneuli.
2.2. komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobisa da miznis amaoebis
doqtrinaTa urTierTdamokidebuleba
xelSekrulebis amaoebisa da komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis doqtrinebi konceftualuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovnad uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs: orive maTgani gamosayenebelia obieqturad Sesrulebadi valdebulebis pirobebSi. ssk-is 398-e muxlis
gamoyenebis arealic swored damZimebuli, magram fizikurad ganxorcielebadi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebiT aris gansazRvruli. Sesabamisad, angloamerikuli da ssk-is
398-e muxliT gansazRvruli pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis koncefciebis damafuZnebeli winapirobebic urTierTmomcvelia.
gansxvaveba xelSekrulebis amaoebisa da komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis doqtrinebs Soris Secvlili garemoebis samarTlebrivi bunebiT gamoixateba, romelic erT
93
miRma aRmocenda. Trakman L., Pluralism in Contract Law, Buff. L. Rev., Vol. 58, No.5, 2010, 1066, <http://
heinonline.org/HOL/Print?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/buflr58&id=1041>, [26.07.2014];
Karampatzos A., Supervening Hardship as Subdivision of the General Frustration Rule: A Comparative
Analysis with Reference to Anglo-American, German, French and Greek Law, Eur. Rev. Private L., Kluwer Law International, The Netherlands, Vol.13, No. 2, 2005, 106-107, <http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/
Print?handle=hein.kluwer/erpl0013&div=13&collection=kluwer&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults>,
[22.07.2014].
164
SemTxvevaSi ukiduresad arTulebs valdebulebis Sesrulebas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi
– Sesrulebas ukargavs mizans.94
doqtrinaTa Soris gansxvaveba imiTac vlindeba, rom komerciuli ganuxorcielebloba valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZvelia saqonlis an momsaxurebis mimwodeblisaTvis, romlisTvisac ukiduresad damZimda valdebulebis Sesruleba, xolo miznis amaoeba valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis gamoricxavs saqonlis an momsaxurebis mimRebis pasuxismgeblobas, romlisTvisac
gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebis gavleniT sanacvlo Sesruleba imdenad radikalurad
Semcirda, rom mas aRar ekisreba saqonlis miRebisa da fasis gadaxdis valdebuleba.95
amrigad, aesk-is 2-615-e muxli umTavresad gamyidvelis mimarT gamoiyeneba, Tumca
ganuxorcieleblobis safuZvliT Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan SeiZleba ganTavisufldes movalec, Tu gamyidvelis Sesrulebam dakarga Rirebuleba, da Sesabamisad, saxelSekrulebo interesic myidvelisaTvis.96
orive zemoT moyvanili magaliTis safuZvelze naTlad Cans, rom erT SemTxvevaSi
– Sesrulebis miReba da meore SemTxvevaSi – Sesrulebis ganxorcieleba xelSekrulebis
Sesabamis mxares ukiduresad mZime pirobebSi ayenebs, rac, keTilsindisierebisa da samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiT, miuRebelia da aqarwylebs saxelSekrulebo mizans.
amdenad, es ori zemoT ganxiluli kategoria mniSvnelovnad Tavsebadia Tavisi samarTlebrivi bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Sesabamisad, pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis dros isini msgavs samarTlebriv Sedegebs iwveven.97
2.3. komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis doqtrinis upiratesoba da
misi sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia
amaoebis doqtrina sasamarTlo praqtikaSi ganviTarda da igi aesk-Si mkveTrad gamoxatuli ar aris.98 Tumca sasamarTloebic Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan movalis ganTavisuflebis samarTlebriv safuZvlad upiratesad komerciul ganuxorcieleblobas
gansazRvraven, miznis amaoebasTan mimarTebiT.99
94
95
96
97
98
99
ix. Treitel G.H., The Law of Contract, 9th ed., Sweet and Maxwell, London, 1995, 779; Brunner Ch., Force
Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles, Exemption for Non-performance in International
Arbitration, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2009, 797. Corbin A.L., Corbin on Contracts,
West Pub. Co., 1952, Chicago, 1091-1099.
Burton S.J., Contract Law: Selected Source Materials, 1995, 157 (Official Comment No.4 on § 2-615 UCC,
Comment No. 9 on 2-615).
Blum B.A., Chemerinsky E., Epstein R., Gilson R. F., Krier J.E., Neumann R.K., Syverud K.D., Warren E.,
Farnsworth E.A., On Contracts, 2nd ed., New York, 1998, §9.7, 623-623, miTiTebulia wignSi: Brunner
Ch., Force Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles, Exemption for Non-performance in International Arbitration, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2009, 98.
Farnsworth E.A., On Contracts, 2nd ed., New York, 1998, §9.7, 624-625.
165
komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis amerikuli doqtrina100 ganmtkicebulia
aesk-is 2-615-e (a) muxlsa102 da xelSekrulebaTa me-2 krebulis 261-e paragrafSi.103
garda komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobisa, xelSekrulebaTa me-2 krebuli moicavs,
aseve, SeuZleblobisa da xelSekrulebis miznis amaoebis doqtrinebs. amasTan, unda
aRiniSnos, rom xelSekrulebaTa me-2 krebulis muxlebi, romlebic Seexeba komerciul
ganuxorcieleblobas da xelSekrulebis miznis amaoebas, aris aesk-is msgavsi, vinaidan
aesk-is debulebebi gamoyenebul iqna, rogorc modeli xelSekrulebaTa me-2 krebulis
Sesabamisi debulebebis formirebisas.104 aesk-is105 2-615-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gamyidvelis
mier miwodebis vadis gadacileba an misi srulad Seusrulebloba ar ganixileba saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevad, Tu valdebulebis Sesruleba ganuxorcielebeli
gaxada mxareTa mier winaswar gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebis106 aRmocenebam,107 xolo xelSekruleba daido im ZiriTadi varaudiT, rom msgavsi garemoeba ar warmoiSoboda,108 aseve, Tu garigeba mxareTa Soris keTilsindisierebis principis dacviT daefuZna ucxour
Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebriv sakanonmdeblo aqts, romelic Semdeg baTili aRmoCnda.109
101
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
aRniSnuli doqtrinis damkvidrebas mniSvnelovanad Seuwyo xeli, aseve, sanimuSo saqmem
Mineral Park Land Co. v. Howard, 172 Cal. 289 (1916), sadac ganuxorcieleblobis safuZvliT
moxda saxelSekrulebo boWvisagan mxareTa ganTavisufleba. ix. Smythe D.J., Bounded Rationality, the Doctrine of Impracticability, and the Governance of Relational Contracts, S. Cal. Interdisc. L.J., Vol.
13, No. 2, 2003-2004, 228, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=799328>, [22.07.2014].
Uniform Commercial Code, Cornell University Law School, Legal Information Institute, Copyright 1978,
1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2001.The American Law Institute and the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws; reproduced, published and distributed with the permission of
the Permanent Editorial Board for the Uniform Commercial Code for the limited purposes of study, teaching,
and academic research, 2003, <http://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/ucc.table.html>, [23.07.2014].
Stone B., Adams K.D., Uniform Commercial Code in a Nutshell, 7th ed., Thomson-West, 2008, 115-117;
Bridgeman C., Reconciling Strict Liability with Corrective Justice in Contract Law, Fordham L. Rev., Vol. 75,
2007, 3036, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=669504>, [23.07.2014]; Frey M.A., Frey
Ph. H., An Introduction to the Law of Contracts, 4th ed., Delmar Cengage Learning, 2007, 398.
Restatement (Second) of Contracts, American Law Institute (ALI), § 261, 1981, <http://www.lexinter.net/
LOTWVers4/restatement_%28second%29_of_contracts.htm>, [23.07.2014]; Bridgeman C., Reconciling
Strict Liability with Corrective Justice in Contract Law, Fordham L. Rev., Vol. 75, 2007, 3036, <http://papers.
ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=669504>.
ix. Kovač M., Comparative Contract Law and Economics, Ultrecht, 2008, 229.
1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2001.The American Law Institute and the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws; Reproduced, Published and Distributed with the Permission
of the Permanent Editorial Board for the Uniform Commercial Code for the Limited Purposes of Study, Teaching and Academic Research, 2003, <http://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/ucc.table.html>, [23.07.2014].
ix. Calvin V. Koltermann Inc. v. Underream Piling Co, 563 S.W.2d 950, 1979; Ellwood v. Nutex Oil Company,
148 S.W. 2d 862 (Tex. Civ. App. 1941), miTiTebulia: Jacobs D.L., Legal Realism or Legal Fiction? Impracticability under the Restatement (Second) of Contracts, New York, Com. L.J., Vol. 87, June/July, 1982, 293,
<http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/clla87&div=70&id=&page=>, [25.07.2014].
Stone B., Adams K.D., Uniform Commercial Code in a Nutshell, 7th ed., Thomson-West, 2008, 116.
658.
166
ssk-is 398-e I muxlis samarTlebrivi analizis safuZvelze ikveTeba Sesrulebis
garTulebisa da Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis warmoSobisaTvis aucilebeli, magram muxliT pirdapir araformulirebuli, damatebiTi winapirobebi. kerZod, Tu garemoebaTa
cvlileba mxarisaTvis xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze ar aris ganWvretadi, savaraudo,
e.i. saxezea garemoebaTa cvlilebis gauTvaliswineblobis winapiroba, romelic, imavdroulad, gulisxmobs dabrkolebis gardauval, aucdenel bunebas. kerZod, Tu kontrahenti ar iTvaliswinebda da arc SeeZlo garemoebaTa cvlilebis winaswar gansazRvra,
Sesabamisad, is arabraleulia, movlena misi kontrolis sferos miRmaa, rameTu mxare
moklebulia cvlilebis Tavidan acilebis, daZlevis an misi uaryofiTi Sedegebis aRmofxvris obieqtur SesaZleblobas. mxaris arabraleulobis winapiroba gamoricxavs saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobas valdebulebis Sesrulebis garTulebis an misi SeuZleblobisaTvis.
xelSekrulebaTa me-2 krebulis 261-e paragrafi adgens: Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis
Semdeg movalis bralisgan damoukideblad warmoSobilma movlenam valdebulebis Sesruleba gaxada ukiduresad mZime (ganuxorcielebeli) da Tu xelSekruleba efuZneboda
mxareTa im ZiriTad varauds, rom aRniSnuli movlena ar dadgeboda, maSin movale Tavisufldeba Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan, Tu garemoebebi da xelSekrulebis arsi sawinaaRmdegoze ar miuTiTebs.
xelSekrulebaTa me-2 krebulis 262-264-e paragrafebiT gamoiyofa sami SemTxveva, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios valdebulebis Sesrulebis ganuxorcielebloba: movalis
qmeduunaroba an gardacvaleba110 (§262), individualuri nivTis ganadgureba (§263) da sakanonmdeblo akrZalva (§264).111 akrZalvis damwesebeli saxelmwifo aqti SeiZleba iyos
ara mxolod kanoni, aramed administraciuli an sasamarTlo brZaneba.112
2.4. komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis doqtrinis gamoyenebis
samarTlebrivi winapirobebi
komerciul ganuxorcieleblobas afuZnebs winaswar gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxveviToba, romelic valdebulebis SeTanxmebul Sesrulebas ganuxorcielebels xdis, xolo miznis amaoebisas SemTxveviTi garemoeba arsebiTad aqarwylebs xelSekrulebis umTavres mizans.113
xelSekrulebaTa me-2 krebulis 261-e paragrafis analizidan gamomdinareobs komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis warmoSobisaTvis aucilebeli oTxi winapiroba:
1) Secvlili garemoebis gavleniT valdebulebis Sesruleba, Tavdapirvelad SeTanxmebuli SinaarsiT, ganuxorcielebelia;114 amasTan, aRniSnuli winapiroba obieqtur
ganuxorcieleblobas moicavs.115
110
111
112
113
114
115
Farnsworth E. A., Farnsworth on Contracts, 3rd ed., Vol. 2, Aspen Publishers, 2004, 626.
Jacobs D. L., Legal Realism or Legal Fiction? Impracticability Under the Restatement (second) of Contracts,
New York, Com. L. J., Vol. 87, June/July, 1982, 292, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=jo
Farnsworth E. A., On Contracts, 2nd ed., New York, 1998, §9.6, 605-606, §9.7, 623.
Rohwer C. D., Skrocki A. M., Contracts in a Nutshell, 7th ed., West Nutshell Series, 2010, 316; Farnsworth
E.A., Farnsworth on Contracts, 3rd ed., Vol. 2, Aspen Publishers, 2004, 634.
Rohwer C. D., Skrocki A.M., Contracts in a Nutshell, 7th ed., West Nutshell Series, 2010, 317.
167
2) xelSekrulebis dadebisas mxareTa varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom msgavsi saxelSekrulebo garemoeba ar warmoiSoboda, warmoadgenda garigebis umTavres safuZvels;116
am SemTxvevaSi unda dadgindes, romel nagulisxmev pirobebsa da warmodgenebs daefuZna
xelSekruleba.117 mocemuli winapirobis analizisas isev obieqturi gaTvaliswinebis kriteriumi moqmedebs.118
3) ganuxorcielebloba ar unda iyos mxaris braleuli moqmedebis Sedegi;119
4) mxares, romelic iTxovs Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan ganTavisuflebas, ar unda hqondes nakisri kanoniT ganmtkicebulze farTo valdebuleba.120
2.4.1. valdebulebis Sesrulebis obieqturi
ganuxorcielebloba
Sesrulebis ganuxorcieleblobis dros valdebulebis Sesruleba erT-erTi mxarisaTvis aragonivrulad did xarjebTan121 an sxva mniSvnelovan danakargTan122 aris dakavSirebuli123 an fizikurad ganuxorcielebelia, valdebulebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebis dasaZlevad mxaris mier miRebuli gonivruli zomebis miuxedavad.124
komerciuli ganuxorcielebloba SeiZleba gamoiwvios iseTma garemoebebma, rogoricaa nedleulisa da resursebis omiT gamowveuli mkacri deficiti, embargos dawese116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
658; Rohwer C.D., Skrocki A.M., Contracts in a Nutshell, 7th ed., West Nutshell Series, 2010, 318.
Smythe D.J., Bounded Rationality, the Doctrine of Impracticability, and the Governance of Relational Contracts, S. Cal. Interdisc. L.J., Vol. 13, No. 2, 2003-2004, 237, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_
id=799328>, [24.07.2014].
USA Taylor Edwards Warehouse & transfer Co v. Burlington Northern, US Ct App (9th Cir) 12 September, 1983, 715 F2d 1330, miTiTebulia: Schwenzer I., Hachem P., Kee Ch., Global Sales and Contract
Law, Oxford University Press, New York, 2012, 658. aesk-is 2-613-e muxlic aseve ganamtkicebs
arabraleulobis kriteriums. ix. Rohwer C.D., Skrocki A.M., Contracts in a Nutshell, 7th ed., West
Nutshell Series, 2010, 318.
Farnsworth E. A., Farnsworth on Contracts, 3rd ed., Vol. 2, Aspen Publishers, New York, 2004, 634; Rapsomanikas M. G., Frustration of Contract in International Trade Law and Comparative Law, Duq. Bus. L.J.,
Vol. 18, 1979-1980, 559, <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/rapsomanikas.html#39>, [23.07.2014];
Rohwer C.D., Skrocki A.M., Contracts in a Nutshell, 7th ed., West Nutshell Series, 2010, 318-319; Kim N.,
Mistakes, Changed Circumstances and Intent, U. Kan. L. Rev., Vol. 56, 2007-2008, 507, <http://www.law.
ku.edu/sites/law.drupal.ku.edu/files/docs/law_review/v56/Kim_Final.pdf>, [25.07.2014].
Smythe D.J., Bounded Rationality, the Doctrine of Impracticability, and the Governance of Relational Contracts, S. Cal. Interdisc. L.J., Vol. 13, No. 2, 2003-2004, 236, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_
id=799328>, [26.07.2014].
Frey M.A., Frey Ph. H., An Introduction to the Law of Contracts, 4th ed., Delmar Cengage Learning, 2007,
399; Brunner Ch., Force Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles, Exemption for Non-performance in International Arbitration, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2009, 96.
Restatement (Second) of Contracts, American Law Institute (ALI), §205, 1981, <http://www.lexinter.net/
LOTWVers4/restatement_%28second%29_of_contracts.htm>, [26.07.2014].
168
ba, adgilobrivi mosavlis ganadgureba, miwodebis ZiriTadi wyaros daxurva,125 romelTa
safuZvelzec fizikurad SeuZlebeli xdeba valdebulebis Sesruleba an movalisaTvis
mniSvnelovnad mkveTrad izrdeba Sesrulebis xarji.126
komerciuli ganuxorcielebloba SeiZleba arsebobdes maSinac, Tu valdebulebis
Sesrulebam SeiZleba ziani miayenos erT-erT mxares an mis qonebas, rac araproporciulia valdebulebis SesrulebiT gansaxorcielebeli saxelSekrulebo interesisa.127 amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom zomieri cvlileba Sesrulebis sirTulis xarisxsa
da Sesrulebis xarjebSi samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cveuli riski da Tanamdevi movlenaa, romelic ar qmnis ganuxorcieleblobis doqtrinis pasuxismgeblobis
ganTavisuflebis safuZvlad gamoyenebis safuZvels.128
valdebulebis Sesrulebis ganuxorcieleblobis winapiroba moicavs Sesrulebis
ekonomikuri `miuwvdomlobisa~129 da Sesrulebis garTulebis130 koncefciebsac. forsmaJoris erT-erTi winapirobis Tanaxmad, movale Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan Tavisufldeba, Tu mas ar SeeZlo Tavidan aecilebina, daeZlia dabrkoleba an aRmoefxvra misi
Sedegebi.131 ganuxorcieleblobis kriteriumi forsmaJoris am niSansac emsgavseba.132
xelSekrulebaTa me-2 krebulis 268-e paragrafis safuZvliT, mxarem SesaZlebelia
moiTxovos valdebulebis Sesrulebis garantia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebuli gonivruli
safuZvlebiT mas SeuZlia ivaraudos, rom momavalSi aRmocendeba valdebulebis ganuxorcielebloba an miznis amaoeba.133
2.4.2. Sesrulebis xasiaTis arsebiTi cvlileba
komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis doqtriniT movalis valdebulebisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes fasebis iseTi gauTvaliswinebeli zrda, romelic arsebiTad cvlis Sesrulebis xasiaTs.134 mxolod sabazro fasebis gauTvaliswinebe125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
Brand R. A., Fundamentals of International of International Business Transactions Documents, Kluwer Law
International, The Hague, London, Boston, 2000, 528; Stone B., Adams K.D., Uniform Commercial Code in a
Nutshell, 7th ed., Thomson-West, 2008, 116.
Farnsworth E. A., Farnsworth on Contracts, 3rd ed., Vol. 2, Aspen Publishers, 2004, 637; Burton S. J., Contract
Law: Selected Source Materials, Uniform Commercial Code, West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn., 1995, 156,
(Official Comment No. 4 on § 2-615 UCC).
Burton S. J., Contract Law: Selected Source Materials, Uniform Commercial Code, West Publishing Co., St.
Paul, Minn., 1995, 156.
Economic Unaffordability.
Hardship.
658.
Jacobs D.L., Legal Realism or Legal Fiction? Impracticability Under the Restatement (second) of Contracts,
ix.: Farnsworth E.A., Farnsworth on Contracts, 3rd ed., Vol. 2, Aspen Publishers, 2004, 637; Burton S.J.,
Contract Law: Selected Source Materials, Uniform Commercial Code, West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn.,
1995, 156.
169
li zrda TavisTavad ar qmnis pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis winapirobas,135 Tu
es arsebiTad ar axdens Sesrulebis Sinaarsze gavlenas136 da radikalurad gansxvavebuli
arsis valdebulebas ar warmoSobs, vidre xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze iyo mxareTa mier gansazRvruli.137
Sesrulebis umniSvnelo garTuleba, romelic resursebis deficitiT gamoixateba, upirobod ar warmoSobs komerciul ganuxorcieleblobas.138 im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac fasebis zrda gauTvaliswinebelia, sasamarTloTa umravlesoba ganmartavs, rom
komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis doqtrina mkacrad unda iqnes amoqmedebuli, Tu xarjebis zrda imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom valdebulebis Sesruleba usamarTlo Sedegebs
iwvevs.139
2.4.3. varaudi movlenis warmouSoblobis Sesaxeb,
rogorc garigebis umTavresi safuZveli
ganuxorcieleblobis doqtrinisaTvis umTavresia ganisazRvros, rom mxareTaTvis
xelSekruleba daefuZna ZiriTad varauds imisa, rom movlena, romelmac valdebulebis
Sesruleba SemdgomSi ukiduresad gaarTula, ar warmoiSoboda.140
komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis doqtrina gamoiyeneba maSinac, Tu konkretuli miwodebis wyaro nagulisxmevad iyo gansazRvruli mxareTa mier xelSekrulebis dadebis dros arsebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebis analizis safuZvelze.141 Tu gamyidvelis
kontrols miRma arsebuli garemoebebis gavleniT mxareTa mier SeTanxmebuli miwodebis
wyarodan ver ganxorcielda saqonlis drouli miwodeba, maSin movale SeiZleba ganTavi135
136
137
138
139
140
141
Rohwer C.D., Skrocki A.M., Contracts in a Nutshell, 7th ed., West Nutshell Series, 2010, 317; Speidel R. E., On
Change and the Law of Contracts: A Tribute to Joe Perillo, Fordham L. Rev., Vol. 71, 2002-2003, 978, <http://
heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/flr71&div=5&id=&page=>,
[26.07.2014]; Brand R.A., Fundamentals of International of International Business Transactions Documents,
Kluwer Law International, The Hague, London, Boston, 2000, 528; Farnsworth E. A., Farnsworth on Contracts, 3rd ed., Vol. 2, Aspen Publishers, New York, 2004, 637.
Stone B., Adams K.D., Uniform Commercial Code in a Nutshell, 7th ed., Thomson-West, 2008, 116; Burton
S. J., Contract Law: Selected Source Materials, Uniform Commercial Code, West Publishing Co., St. Paul,
Minn., 1995, 156 (Official Comment No. 4 on § 2-615 UCC); Speidel R. E., On Change and the Law of Contracts: A tribute to Joe Perillo, Fordham L. Rev., Vol. 71, 2002-2003, 977, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Landi
ngPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/flr71&div=5&id=&page=>, [26.07.2014].
Davis Contractors Ltd. v. Fareham U.D.C. 119561 A.C. 696 at 729 per Lord Radcliffe, miTiTebulia:
Roberts Th. E., Commercial Impossibility and Frustration of Purpose: A Critical Analysis, Can. J.L. & Jurisprudence, Vol. 16, 2003, 139, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/caljp16&collection=jo
urnals&page=129>, [26.07.2014].
Speidel R. E., Contracts in Crises, Excuse Doctrine and retrospective Government Acts, Carolina Academic
Press, Durham, North Carolina, 2007, 207.
Jacobs D. L., Legal Realism or Legal Fiction? Impracticability under the Restatement (second) of Contracts,
Paul, Minn., 1995, 156.
170
sufldes pasuxismgeblobisgan, Tu SeTanxmebuli wyarodan Sesruleba warmoadgenda umTavres prezumfcias, rasac xelSekruleba daefuZna.142
Tu gayiduli marcvleuli, romelic gamiznuli iyo konkretuli miwis nakveTze dasaTesad, daiRupeba, maSin Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan ganTavisufleba SeiZleba moxdes rogorc individualuri nivTis ganadgurebis winapirobiT, aseve xelSekrulebis im
safuZvlis moSliT, romlis ucvleli arseboba mxareTa umTavres varauds warmoadgenda
garigebis dadebis dros.143
xelSekrulebis ganmartebis procesSi sasamarTlo yovelTvis upiratesobas aniWebs mxareTa ganzraxvis dadgenas, xarvezis SevsebasTan mimarTebiT.144 sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom saxelSekrulebo samarTlis erT-erTi upirvelesi amocana mxareTa nebis
ganxorcieleba145 da maTi pirovnuli avtonomiis gamoxatulebis – saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principis realizebaa.146
amdenad, ganuxorcieleblobis safuZvliT Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan ganTavisuflebis wesi ar gamoiyeneba Tu garemoebaTa cvlileba xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze
arsebuli ekonomikuri viTarebis analizis safuZvelze mxareTa mier winaswar gaTvaliswinebadi iyo mosalodnel biznes-riskTa Soris.147 magaliTad, mxareebi, Cveulebriv, varaudoben, rom saxelmwifos mier gamocemuli aqtiT ar aikrZaleba valdebulebis Sesruleba, movale cocxali da qmedunariani iqneba valdebulebis Sesrulebis momentisaTvis,
xelSekrulebis sagani iarsebebs da vargisi iqneba valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis da
a.S.148
2.4.4. movalis arabraleuloba
Sesrulebis ganuxorcieleblobis dafuZnebisaTvis aucilebeli movalis arabraleulobis moTxovna arsebiT gansxvavebas ar avlens forsmaJoris winapirobebTan mimarTebiT. movalis braleulobis arsebobisas, Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobis riski braleuli mxaris kontrolis sferoSi moiazreba, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavs Sesrulebis
valdebulebisgan ganTavisuflebas. bunebrivia, Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan ar SeiZ142
143
144
145
146
147
148
Brand R. A., Fundamentals of International of International Business Transactions Documents, Kluwer Law
International, The Hague, London, Boston, 2000, 529.
Paul, Minn., 1995, 157.
Hillman R. A., Principles of Contract Law, 2nd ed., The Concise Hornbook Series, West, 2009, 318.
Barnett R. E., Some Problems with Contract as Promise, Cornell L. Rev., Vol. 77, 1992, 1023-1024, <http://
www.bu.edu/rbarnett/some.htm>, miTiTebulia: Nancy K.S., Reasonable Expectations in Socio-cultural
Context, Wake Forest L. Rev., Vol.45, 2010, 642, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journ
als&handle=hein.journals/wflr45&div=25&id=&page=>, [26.07.2014].
Paul, Minn., 1995, 157.
Brunner Ch., Force Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles, Exemption for Non-performance in International Arbitration, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2009, 99 Semdgomi
miTiTebebiT: Farnsworth E.A., On Contracts, 2nd ed., New York, 1998, §9.6, 612.
171
leba ganTavisufldes mxare, romelmac sakuTari braleuli, ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT xeli Seuwyo Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobas.149
amis sapirispirod, movalis arabraleuloba TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs ganuxorcieleblobis safuZvliT movalis Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan ganTavisuflebas. magaliTad, Tu arabraleul mxares nakisri aqvs Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobis riski,
Sesabamisad, arabraleulobis miuxedavad masve daekisreba Secvlili garemoebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavs Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan ganTavisuflebas.150
saxelSekrulebo riskis sakiTxi dawvrilebiT momdevno qveTavSi iqneba warmodgenili.
2.4.5. gafarToebuli pasuxismgebloba gamoricxulia riskis
nagulisxmevi an saxelSekrulebo gadanawilebiT
saxelSekrulebo riskis faqtori, pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT,
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens valdebulebiT samarTalSi. pasuxismgeblobisgan
ganTavisuflebis doqtrinaTa gamoyenebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa, rom
Secvlili garemoebebis aRmocenebisa da valdebulebis Seusruleblobis riski gamoricxuli iyos mxaris pasuxismgeblobis sferodan.
komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis meoTxe winapiroba gulisxmobs, rom mxares, romelic iTxovs Sesrulebis valdebulebisgan ganTavisuflebas, ar unda hqondes nakisri
kanoniT ganmtkicebulze farTo valdebuleba. aRniSnuli niSani Seesabameba forsmaJoris erT-erT aucilebel moTxovnas, romlis mixedviT, Sesrulebisgan ganTavisuflebis
aucilebeli winapirobaa mxares winaswari SeTanxmebiT ar hqondes nakisri Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobis riski. xelSekrulebis umTavresi safuZvlis kriteriumTan SedarebiT, am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba gasamaxvilebelia ara imdenad movalis riskis sferoze,
aramed pirdapir Tu nagulisxmevi saxiT saxelSekrulebo riskis gadanawilebaze. Tu mxare iTvaliswinebda Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobis SesaZleblobas, masve ekisreba misi
uaryofiTi Sedegebis riskic.151
aRniSnuli winapirobis analizisas umniSvnelovanesia dadgindes, Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze romelma kontrahentma ikisra valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis
pasuxismgebloba.152 samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, sasamarTlom SeiZleba gadauxvios im ZiriTad princips, romlis Tanaxmad, rogorc wesi, movales ekisreba valdebulebis garTulebuli Sesrulebis riski.153 riskis gadanawilebis sakiTxi urTulesia
amerikul samarTalSi, rameTu rogorc aesk, ise xelSekrulebaTa me-2 krebuli gverds
149
150
151
152
153
Brunner Ch., Force Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles, Exemption for Non-performance in International Arbitration, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2009, 100, Semdgomi
miTiTebiT: Farnsworth E.A., On Contracts, 2nd ed., New York, 1998, §9.6, 606, 613-614.
iqve, Semdgomi miTiTebiT: Farnsworth E. A., On Contracts, 2nd ed., New York, 1998, §9.6, 64, 616-618.
172
uvlis aRniSnuli problemis pirdapir regulirebas.154
komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis dafuZnebisaTvis aucilebeli zemoT ganxiluli erT-erTi winapiroba garigebis umTavresi safuZvlis Sesaxeb, Seesabameba forsmaJoris erT-erT savalebulo moTxovnas, rom mxares pirdapir an nagulisxmevi saxiT ar unda
ekisrebodes Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobis riski, aseve am movlenis dadgoma ar unda
ganekuTvnebodes movalis kontrolis sferos. sakiTxis gadawyveta – warmoadgenda Tu
ara mxareTa varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom msgavsi movlena saxelSekrulebo urTierTobSi ar
aRmocendeboda, xelSekrulebis umTavres safuZvels – gulisxmobs gansazRvras imisa,
iTvaliswinebda Tu ara romelime mxare am movlenis warmoSobis SesaZleblobas155 da, Sesabamisad, ikisra Tu ara romelime maTganma am movlenis warmoSobis riski xelSekrulebis dadebis dros.156 amrigad, dabrkolebis gaTvaliswinebis SeuZleblobis kriteriumi
saxelSekrulebo riskis gadakisrebis samarTlebrivi meqanizmia, Sesabamisi saxelSekrulebo daTqmis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.157
amdenad, Tu dadgindeba, rom Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobis riski pirdapir an
nagulisxmevi saxiT ikisra erT-erTma kontrahentma,158 maSin mxareTa varaudi movlenis
momavalSi warmouSoblobis Sesaxeb ver iqneba xelSekrulebis dadebis umTavresi safuZveli, rameTu mxare kisrulobda ra movlenis warmoSobis risks, imavdroulad, iTvaliswinebda kidec Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobis SesaZleblobas.
amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia orive mxaris varaudi da ara calkeuli mxaris warmodgenebi.159 riskis gadakisrebis Sesaxeb pirdapiri daTqmis ararsebobisas, mxareTa miznebis, warmoebuli molaparakebis Sinaarsisa da savaWro Cveulebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT ganimarteba da dgindeba riskis nagulisxmevi gadanawileba mxareTa Soris.160
winamdebare qveTavebi vrclad eZRvneba saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebiT da misi nagulisxmevi pirobebis ganmartebis safuZvelze mxaris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gansazRvras Secvlil garemoebaTa pirobebSi.
2.4.5.1. Teoria saxelSekrulebo riskis Sesaxeb da
pasuxismgeblobis gadanawilebis normatiuli wesi
posnerma da rosenfildma Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis, Sesrulebis ganuxorcieleblobisa da xelSekrulebis miznis amaoebis doqtrinebis ekonomikuri analizis gziT
pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis sakiTxis gansazRvrisaTvis ganaviTares Teoria
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
Posner R., Economic Analysis of Law, §4.9, 7th ed., 2007, 115, miTiTebulia: Yorio E., Thel S., Contract
Enforcement, Specific Performance and Injections, Aspen Publishers, Wolters Kluwer Law and Business,
2011, 8-22.
Hillman R. A., Principles of Contract Law, 2nd ed., Concise Hornbooks Series, West, New York, 2009, 317.
Transatlantic Fin. Corp. v. United States, 363 F.2d 312, 316 (D.C. Cir. 1996), miTiTebulia: Hillman R. A.,
Principles of Contract Law, 2nd ed., The Concise Hornbook Series, West, 2009, 318.
173
saxelSekrulebo riskis matarebeli mxaris Sesaxeb.161 xsenebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis sakiTxi mWidrod ukavSirdeba riskis gadanawilebis problemas, rameTu pasuxismgeblobis Seracxva unda ganxorcieldes riskis umTavresad matarebel mxareze.162
magaliTad, movalis pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisufleba gulisxmobs Sesrulebis
damabrkolebeli garemoebis warmoSobis riskis kreditorze dakisrebas, xolo movalis
pasuxismgebloba damabrkolebel garemoebas misi riskis sferoSi moiazrebs.163
pasuxismgebeli mxaris dadgenisaTvis unda ganisazRvros Tu xelSekrulebis romel mxares SeeZlo Tavidan aecilebina riskis ganxorcieleba,164 misi gamomwvevi moqmedeba an Seemcirebina misi Sedegebi. Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisas riskis sakiTxi unda gadawydes imis mixedviT, Tu romel mxares hqonda im garemoebis kontrolis unari, ramac
valdebulebis darRveva ganapiroba; rac Seexeba meore kriteriums, Tu romel kontrahents SeeZlo riskis winaswar gaTvaliswineba, unda iTqvas, rom Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi es kriteriumi ar gamoiyeneba, radgan SeuZleblobis gamomwvevi SeiZleba
iyos mxolod iseTi garemoeba, romlis warmoSobis mxedvelobaSi miReba xelSekrulebis
dadebis etapze mxareTaTvis Tanabrad warmoudgenelia.165 kontraqtors, romelsac SeuZleblobis warmomSobi garemoebis gakontrolebis saSualeba aqvs, ekisreba kidec misi
Tavidan acilebis valdebuleba. swored aRniSnuli qmnis misTvis pasuxismgeblobis Seracxvis safuZvels.
Teoria, riskis umTavresad matarebeli mxaris Sesaxeb, SemdgomSi ganaviTares mosamarTleebma, romlebic xelSekrulebis xarvezis Sevsebisas adgendnen Tu ra Sinaarsis
iqneboda xelSekrulebiT gauTvaliswinebeli debulebebi mxareebi maTze rom SeTanxmebuliyvnen.166
posnerisa da rosenfildis mosazrebiT, Teoria riskis umTavresad matarebeli
mxaris Sesaxeb, pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis kriteriumad, ZiriTadad, saerTo
samarTlis qveynebSi ganixileba. sawinaaRmdegod amisa bruneri miiCnevs, rom xsenebuli
Teoria ar SeiZleba pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisTvis samarTlis zogad principad gamoiyenebodes Secvlili garemoebebis warmoSobis an forsmaJoris arsebobisas. amis mizezad profesori ramdenime garemoebas asaxelebs: pasuxismgebeli mxaris riskis sferos
161
162
163
164
165
166
Posner R. A., Rosenfield A.M., Impossibility and Related Doctrines in Contract Law: An Economic Analysis,
J. Legal Stud., Vol. 6, 1977, 83-118; Jenkins S. H., Exemption for Nonperformance: UCC, CISG, UNIDROIT
Principles - A Comparative Assessment, Tul. L. Rev., Vol. 72, 1998, 2017, <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/
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174
gansazRvra Zalian farTo kriteriumia pasuxismgeblobis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, rodesac kontrahentTa riskis sazRvrebi xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze gansazRvruli ar aris, mxareebma ar ician Tu ra zomebis miReba evalebaT am riskis ganxorcielebisa da pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan asacileblad.167 aRniSnuli principi kontraqtorebisaTvis miuReblad unda CaiTvalos, radgan mis safuZvelze riskis matarebeli mxare sasamarTlos mier ganisazRvreba mxolod Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobis Semdeg. Tumca,
aRniSnuli gonier saxelSekrulebo mxareebs ubiZgebs da waaxalisebs damabrkolebeli
garemoebis warmoSobis potenciuri riskisa da kontrahentebis pasuxismgeblobis xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze gansazRvris wess mianiWon upiratesoba.168
Tu xelSekrulebis ganmartebiT riskis gadanawilebis sakiTxi ar ikveTeba, maSin
saxelSekrulebo riskis normatiuli wesi169 da kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxavi safuZvlebi imoqmedebs. magaliTad, rogorc wesi, saqonlis miwodebamde, sanam xelSekrulebis sagani myidvelis gankargulebis sferoSi moeqceva, sabazro
fasebis gauTvaliswinebeli zrdis riski gamyidvels ekisreba. dabrkolebebi, romlebic
ganekuTvneba valdebulebis momzadebis, organizaciisa da ganxorcielebis sferos, rogorc wesi, movalis riskis sferoSi moiazreba.
amrigad, saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis Seusruleblobis riski, rogorc wesi,
movalis mxaresaa, sanam igi ar gaTavisufldeba pirveladi valdebulebisagan naturiT
Sesrulebis safuZvelze. am SemTxvevaSi valdebuli piris `pasuxismgeblobis masStabi
ganisazRvreba imdenad ara misi qceviT, aramed im sferoTi, saidanac momdinareobs valdebulebis Sesrulebis Seferxeba~.170 unda miekuTvnos Tu ara valdebulebis Sesrulebis damabrkolebeli garemoeba movalis pasuxismgeblobis sferos, SeiZleba dadgindes
mxolod xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis an imis safuZvelze, rac mxareebs keTilgonivrulad
eqnebodaT SeTanxmebuli.171
Tu gamyidvelis erTaderTi valdebuleba myidvelisaTvis saqonlis gadacemaa
(Schickschuld), maSin valdebulebis Sesrulebis riski kreditorze mxolod qonebis gadacemis momentidan gadainacvlebs, manamde ki aRniSnuli riskis matareblad movale iTvleba,172 rac imas niSnavs, rom, Tu qoneba myidvelisaTvis gadacemamde daiRupeba, gamyidvels
aRar moeTxoveba valdebulebis Sesrulebis kidev erTi mcdeloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom
167
168
169
170
171
172
Kull A., Mistake, Frustration, and the Windfall Principle of Contract Remedies, Hastings L. J., Vol. 43, 1991, 46-47,
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pelegrino m., subieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo
krebuli `sergo jorbenaZe – 70~, Tb., 1996, 160.
Sead. Stoll H. in: Kommentar zum Einheitlichen UN-Kaufrecht, 2, Aufl., München 1995, Caemmerer E.,
Schlechtriem P. (Hrsg.) Art.79 Rdnr.7; Keil A., Die Haftungsbefreiung des Schulners im UN-Krankfurt am
Main 1993, 105 ff., miTiTebulia: pelegrino m., subieqturi Tu obieqturi saxelSekrulebo
pasuxismgebloba? saiubileo krebuli `sergo jorbenaZe – 70~, Tb., 1996, 162.
Lookofsky J.L., Understanding the CISG: A Compact Guide to the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 3rd ed., Publishing Copenhagen, Wolters Kluwer Law and Business,
Austin, Boston, Chicago, New York, The Netherlands, 2008, 100.
175
valdebulebiTi urTierToba SesrulebiT ar Semwydara.173 am SemTxvevaSi movale Tavisufldeba valdebulebis Sesrulebis pirveladi movaleobisagan. igive wesi moqmedebs
individualuri niSniT gansazRvruli nivTis ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSi:174 valdebulebis
Sesrulebis riskis uaryofiTi Sedegi movalisaTvis imiT vlindeba, rom igi valdebulia,
gamyidvels daubrunos saqonlis saxelSekrulebo fasi.
zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, gvarovnuli niSniT gansazRvruli valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli saqonlis moZiebis riski gamyidvels akisria, ramdenadac obieqturad xelmisawvdomia xelSekrulebis sagani sasaqonlo bazarze an SeTanxmebiT gansazRvruli miwodebis wyaros gamoyenebiT.175 movalem xelSekrulebis sagani aucileblad unda Caanacvlos analogiuri gvarovnuli nivTiT. Tu aRniSnulis droulad ganxorcieleba
SeuZlebelia, maSin mxarem unda daamtkicos, rom vadiani Sesrulebis dabrkoleba arakontrolirebadi da gauTvaliswinebeli movleniT iyo gamowveuli.176 movalis pasuxismgebloba ar gamoiricxeba misi mimwodeblis mxridan valdebulebis Seusruleblobis safuZvliT.177 Tumca, movales misi mimwodeblis mimarT regresis wesiT eqneba zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba mis mimarT valdebulebis braleuli darRvevis SemTxvevaSi.178
gamyidvelis aRniSnul valdebulebas upirispirdeba myidvelis mier miRebuli saqonlis
sargeblianobis dakargvis riski. myidveli Sesrulebis miRebaze ver ganacxadebs uars im
safuZvliT, rom saqonels veRar gayidis saerTod an sasurvel fasad. Sesrulebis miRebaze uaris Tqmis safuZveli ver gaxdeba aseve is garemoeba, Tu saqoneli gamouyenebelia
myidvelisaTvis an ukeTesi da uaxlesi warmoebis produqtia bazarze xelmisawvdomi.179
riskis gadanawilebis aRniSnuli normatiuli wesi SesaZlebelia mxareTa SeTanxmebiT Seicvalos da movalis kontrolis sferodan gamoiricxos pasuxismgebloba Secvlili garemoebebis warmoSobisaTvis. magaliTad, mxarem SesaZlebelia xelSekrulebiT
ikisros saqonlis gagzavna myidvelisaTvis misi miwodebis (Cabarebis) valdebulebis nacvlad, rac, bunebrivia, movalis kontrolis sferodan gamoricxavs saqonlis transportirebis periodSi misi SemTxveviTi daRupvisa Tu ganadgurebis risks.
pasuxismgeblobis normatiuli wesi ar gamoiyeneba, rodesac riskis matarebeli
mxare xelSekrulebiT aris gansazRvruli. amrigad, posnerisa da rosenfildis Teoria
xelSekrulebis interpretaciisas damxmare mniSvnelobisaa riskis matarebeli mxaris
dadgenis TvalsazrisiT,180 romelic damatebiTi wesis saxiT SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
ix. gsk-is (German Civil Code - Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Bundesministerium der Justiz, Juris GmbH, Saarbrücken, 2005) §362.
Markesinis S.B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract – A Comparative Treatise, 2nd ed.,
Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 410.
Schlechtriem P., Schwenzer I., Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG),
3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2010, 1074; Brunner Ch., Force Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles, Exemption for Non-performance in International Arbitration, Kluwer Law International BV,
The Netherlands, 2009, 148.
3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2010, 1074.
iqve.
iqve, 1076.
iqve, 1077.
Posner R. A., Rosenfield A.M., Impossibility and Related Doctrines in Contract Law: An Economic Analysis,
J. Legal Stud., Vol. 6, 1977, 87, 90.
176
iqnes pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisaTvis, rodesac tradiciuli kriteriumebi saamisod ar aris sakmarisi.181
2.4.5.2. pasuxismgeblobis sferos gansazRvra da saxelSekrulebo
riskis gadanawileba urTierTSeTanxmebiT
mxareebma urTierTSeTanxmebiT SesaZlebelia gaiTvaliswinon saxelSekrulebo riskis kanonisgan gansxvavebuli ganawileba. kontrahentTa avtonomiurobis principidan
gamomdinare, saxelSekrulebo riskis sakiTxis gadawyvetisTvis upiratesoba eniWeba xelSemkvrel mxareTa nebis, maTi ganzraxvis dadgenas.
urTierTSeTanxmebiT, valdebulebis Seusruleblobis riski SesaZlebelia xelSekrulebis erT-erT monawiles daekisros, imis mixedviT Tu, mizanSewonilobisa da samarTlianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, xelSekrulebis romel monawiles aqvs Seusruleblobis
gamomwvevi garemoebis Tavidan acilebis SesaZlebloba.182 iuridiul literaturaSi gavrcelebuli poziciis Tanaxmad, saxelSekrulebo riski unda Seeracxos mxares, romelsac
metad SeuZlia, winaswar gansazRvros misi warmoSobis albaToba an Tavidan aicilos igi.183
saxelSekrulebo riskis farglebis dadgenisaTvis unda ganisazRvros pirdapir an
nagulisxmevad awevs Tu ara movales valdebulebis Seusruleblobis riski. mxarem sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis sferodan gamoricxa garkveuli dabrkolebis warmoSobis riski
Tu piriqiT, gaafarTova Tavisi pasuxismgeblobis sfero, xelSekrulebis obieqturi ganmartebis safuZvelze, faqtobrivi garemoebebis gonivruli gansjisa da mxareTa saxelSekrulebo miznis dadgenis gziT unda ganxorcieldes.
pasuxismgeblobis sfero gafarToebulia, Tu man pirdapiri an nagulisxmevi formiT garantirebuli gaxada xelSekrulebiT misaRwevi Sedegi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, movales pasuxismgebloba daekisreba ara mxolod misi kontrolisa da gavlenis sferoSi
Semavali, aramed mis miRma warmoSobili dabrkolebisTvisac. Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisas kreditorisaTvis gamosayenebeli meoredi moTxovnis uflebebidan marTalia, gamoiricxeba damatebiTi Sesrulebis moTxovna, magram movalis mier valdebulebis SemTxveviTi Seusruleblobis riskis sakuTar Tavze aRebis SemTxvevaSi, SeuzRudavia zianis
anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebis xelmisawvdomoba.
xelSekrulebaSi SesaZlebelia ganmtkicdes debulebebi, romlebic adastureben
xelSekrulebis dadebis etapze garkveuli faqtobrivi garemoebebis utyuar arsebobas,
rac meore mxaris mier saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi CarTvis umTavres motivsa da safuZvels qmnis. Tu faqtobrivi garemoebebi mcdari aRmoCndeba, maSin mxares, romelmac
faqtebis sinamdvile garantirebuli gaxada, upirobod daekisreba pasuxismgebloba, miuxedavad imisa, icoda Tu ara man aRniSnulis Sesaxeb.184
181
182
183
184
Gordley J., Foundations of Private Law: Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxford University
Press, New York, 2006, 406.
iqve, 345.
177
2.4.5.3. saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba
an SezRudva-gamoricxva urTierTSeTanxmebiT
savaWro sferoSi, brunvis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis arsebobs ekonomikuri krizisis riski.185 sayuradReboa, rom saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebSi
sabazro fasebis cvlileba maRali xarisxis riskiT aris mosalodneli Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samoqalaqo brunvasTan SedarebiT.186 aRniSnuli aiZulebs mxareebs saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebiT SezRudon an gamoricxon pasuxismgebloba maTi riskis sferoSi Semavali
garemoebis warmoSobisaTvis an ikisron pasuxismgebloba damabrkolebeli garemoebebis
aRmocenebaze. aRniSnuli unda Sefasdes xelSekrulebis ganmartebis gziT.187
magaliTad, xelSekrulebis safuZvelze mxarem SesaZlebelia:
- valdebulebis Sesasruleblad aucilebeli qmedebis ganxorcielebis da ara konkretuli Sedegis miRwevis valdebuleba ikisros;
- konkretuli garemoebis warmoSobas daukavSiros xelSekrulebidan gasvlis uflebis gamoyeneba;
- SezRudos an gamoricxos saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis;
- gansazRvros iseTi saxelSekrulebo molaparakebis pirobis (renegotiation clause)
dadgenis aucilebloba, romelic mimarTuli iqneba grZelvadian urTierTobebSi saxelSekrulebo fasis cvlilebis riskis mowesrigebisken;188
- daadginos saxelSekrulebo fasis gansazRvris moqnili meqanizmi, romelic, fiqsirebuli fasebisgan gansxvavebiT, uzrunvelyofs fasebis modificirebas Secvlili garemoebebis Sesabamisad;
- Semofarglos misi valdebuleba saqonlis gagzavnis da ara miwodebis valdebulebiT da a.S.
am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania hamburgis saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba,189 romlis Tanaxmad, gamyidveli xelSekrulebis sagnis momwodeblisgan moZiebis
valdebulebisa da Sesabamisi riskis matarebelia. movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes msgavsi an identuri xarisxis saqonlis mospoba
bazarze. sasamarTlom movalis pasuxismgeblobis sferos miakuTvna sammagad gazrdili
sabazro fasebis riski, radgan mxareTa Soris gaformebuli xelSekruleba maRali xarisxis spekulaciur SeTanxmebad Seafasa. spekulaciuri SeTanxmebis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia
fiqsirebulad ganisazRvros saxelSekrulebo fasi. am SemTxvevaSi mxares SesaZlebelia
moeTxovos gasammagebuli sabazro fasis gadaxdac. fasebis msgavsi cvlilebebi sruliad
mosalodneli da damaxasiaTebelia spekulaciuri garigebisTvis.190
185
186
187
188
189
190
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2010 wlis 6 ivlisis
ganCineba saqmeze: № as-7-6-2010.
Uribe M., The Effect of a Change Circumstances on the Binding Force of the Contracts, Comparative Perspectives, Intersentia, 2011, 193.
Schwenzer I., Force Majeure and Hardship in International Sales Contracts, VUWLR, Vol. 39, 2008, 715,
<http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/journals/VUWLawRw/2008/39.pdf>, [27.06.2014].
Draetta U., Lake R. B., Nanda V.P., Breach and Adaptation of International Contracts, An Introduction to the
Lex Mercatoria, Butterworth Legal Publishers, 1992, 172.
OLG Hamburg, Appellate Court Hamburg (Iron molybdenum case), 1 U 167/95, 28 February, 1997, <http://
cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/970228g1.html>, [27.06.2014].
178
gamyidvelis pasuxismgebloba Sesrulebis sagnis moZiebisaTvis SesaZlebelia SeizRudos mxolod naTlad formulirebuli saxelSekrulebo pirobis safuZvelze, romlis arsebobis mtkicebis tvirTic Tavad gamyidvels akisria.191
amrigad, SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli saqonlis mopovebaze pasuxismgeblobis
erT-erT kontrahentze dakisrebis SesaZlebloba saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis farglebSi umTavresad sasamarTlo praqtikam aRiara.192
forsmaJorul daTqmasTan mimarTebiT aucileblad unda dadgindes igi mxolod
gansazRvruli riskisagan mxaris ganTavisuflebas adgens Tu zRudavs movalis pasuxismgeblobas.193
sasamarTloebi aRWurvilni arian farTo diskreciuli uflebamosilebiT, romlis
ZaliTac pirobebi samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebis SezRudvis an gamoricxvis Sesaxeb ar gamoiyeneba Tu isini Tavisi arsiT mniSvnelovnad ewinaaRmdegebian samarTlianobis, keTilsindisierebisa da gulisxmierebis principebs da arRveven saxelSekrulebo
wonasworobas.194 amrigad, ar gamoiyeneba samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebis gamoricxvis
an SezRudvis Sesaxeb saxelSekrulebo piroba, romelic Tavisi arsiT usamarTloa da
mniSvnelovnad arRvevs mxareTa interesebis balanss.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa saxelSekrulebo daTqmebiT mxarisaTvis saxelSekrulebo riskis dakisreba ara konkretuli garemoebisa da misi gansazRvruli Sedegebis
aRmocenebisaTvis, aramed movalis zogadi pasuxismgeblobis ganmtkiceba valdebulebis
Sesrulebaze yovelgvari Secvlili garemoebis gamovlenis miuxedavad. msgavs SeTanxmebas ar SeiZleba mboWavi Zala hqondes, radgan keTilsindisierebisa da samarTlianobis
principebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba gamoiwvios gaumarTleblad mZime Sedegebi pasuxismgebeli mxarisaTvis. amrigad, saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebiT Secvlili garemoebebis
aRmocenebis riskis gadanacvleba mxareze SesaZlebelia moxdes mxolod konkretuli
garemoebis da misi gansazRvruli masStabiT warmoSobisaTvis, radgan movaleze yovelgvari Secvlili garemoebis warmoSobis riskis dakisreba, rodesac ucnobia mosalodneli uaryofiTi Sedegebis moculoba da masStabi, gaumarTlebeli iqneboda samarTlianobis, samarTlebrivi gansazRvrulobisa da saxelSekrulebo wonasworobis principebis
TvalsazrisiT. amitomac, iuridiul doqtrinaSi saxelSekrulebo daTqmebiT pasuxismgeblobisa da riskis gadanawileba aRiarebulia mxolod konkretuli garemoebis da ara
zogadad nebismieri gauTvaliswineblobis aRmocenebis SemTxvevisaTvis.195 Sesabamisad,
forsmaJorul daTqmebs sasamarTlo Zalian viwrod ganmartavs da pasuxismgeblobisgan
ganTavisuflebis safuZvlad zustad im garemoebis aRmocenebas uTiTebs, rac mxareTa
191
192
193
194
195
Swiss Federal Tribunal, 05.04.2005, 5.1, 4C.474/2004, CISG-online No. 1012; BGH 12.01.1994, VIII ZR
165/92; BGHZ 49, 388 (1968).
Lando O., Beale H., Principles of European Contract Law, Part I and II, Kluwer Law International, The
Hague/London/Boston, 2000, 388-390; Comment No. 5 on art. 7.1.6 UPICC.
Böckstiegel K.H., Hardship, Force Majeure and Special Risks Clauses in International Contracts, 1985, 160,
wignSi: Horn N. (ed.), Adaptation and Renegotiation of Contracts in International Trade and Finance, Deventer/The Netherlands, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1985.
179
SeTanxmebiT iyo dadgenili da ar uSvebs garemoebis ganzogadebis da analogiiT gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.196
mniSvnelovania, rom mxareze pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis safuZveli ar imoqmedebs, Tu Secvlili garemoeba umTavresad im mxaris braliT aris gamowveuli, vis sasargeblodac zemoaRniSnuli daTqmis ganmtkiceba moxda.197
Tu valdebulebis Sesrulebis ukiduresi garTuleba gamoiwvia ara TviT Secvlili
garemoebebis aRmocenebam, aramed maT xSirma intensivobam, maSin mxares SeuZlia kanoniT
dadgenili Sesabamisi winapirobebis dacviT Tavisuflad mimarTos Sesrulebis garTulebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebs, radgan rogorc aRiniSna mxareTa SeTanxmebiT saxelSekrulebo riskis gadanawileba SesaZlebelia mxolod
konkretuli movlenis aRmocenebasa da misi Sedegebis gansazRvrul moculobaze gavrceldes.198
2.5. komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi
angloamerikuli da qarTuli samarTali pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis
safuZvlebis samarTlebrivi bunebiT arsobrivad uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs, magram konceftualurad gansxvavdebian samarTlebrivi Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT: komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis arsebobisas, xelSekruleba avtomaturad wydeba da, Sesabamisad, gamoiricxeba valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovnis arseboba.199
Tu pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis problema ver wydeba normis Sinaarsis
gansazRvris safuZvelze, maSin sakiTxi unda gadawydes normis miznobrivi ganmartebisa
da keTilsindisierebis principis Sesabamisad.200
amerikul samarTalSi, inglisuris msgavsad da kontinenturi samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT, ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli Secvlil garemoebebTan xelSekrulebis adaptacia,
rogorc umTavresad da upirvelesad gamosayenebeli wesi. am samarTlebrivi meqanizmis
gamoyeneba mosamarTlis diskreciis sferoa da ara upiratesad asamoqmedebeli samarTlebrivi instrumenti. amitomac, aesk-is 2-615-e muxli gamonaklisis saxiT, keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinare, mosamarTles uflebas aniWebs miusadagos xelSekruleba Secvlil garemoebebs.201
aesk sasamarTlos aniWebs xelSekrulebaSi arsebuli xarvezis Sevsebis uflebamosilebas – samarTlianobisa da gonivruli gansjis safuZvelze gadawyvitos damatebiTi
Sesrulebis sakiTxi.202 erTaderT mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebad Secvlili garemoebebi196
197
198
199
200
201
202
Kel Kim Corp. v. Central Mkts., Inc., 519 N.E.2d 295, 296 (N.Y. 1987), miTiTebulia: Hillman R. A., Principles of Contract Law, 2nd ed., The Concise Hornbook Series, West, 2009, 317.
Uribe M., The Effect of a Change Circumstances on the Binding Force of the Contracts, Comparative Perspectives, Intersentia, 2011, 206.
iqve, 205-206.
Paul, Minn., 1995, 156; Brand R. A., Fundamentals of International of International Business Transactions
Documents, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, London, Boston, 2000, 529.
Paul, Minn., 1995, 157.
Hillman R. A., Principles of Contract Law, 2nd ed., The Concise Hornbook Series, West, 2009, 331.
180
sadmi xelSekrulebis adaptaciis Sesaxeb, SesaZlebelia, dasaxeldes saqme: aluminis amerikuli kompania eseqs jgufis winaaRmdeg,203 romlis ganxilvisas sasamarTlom komerciuli ganuxorcieleblobis doqtrinis safuZvliT moaxdina ara tradiciulad Sesrulebis
valdebulebisagan ganTavisufleba, aramed winaswar gauTvaliswinebeli Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadageba, riskebisa da zaralis mxareebze gadanawilebis
gziT.204
aesk-is 2-209-e muxlis Tanaxmad, SeTanxmebis mboWavi Zala, romelic saxelSekrulebo pirobebis cvlilebas iTvaliswinebs, ar SeiZleba iyos sadavo. Tumca aseTi cvlilebebi ganxorcielebuli unda iyos keTilsindisierebis principis Sesabamisad. amasTan,
keTilsindisierebis principis darRveviT Tavdapirveli xelSekrulebis pirobebis Sesrulebaze Tavis arideba an SeTanxmebis modificirebis iZuleba legitimuri komerciuli mizezisa da interesis gareSe, CaiTvleba keTilsindisierebis principis darRvevad.205
Tumca aesk-iT reglamentirebuli Secvlili garemoebebisadmi xelSekrulebis misadagebis wesi sasamarTlo praqtikaSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gamoiyeneba.206
IV. daskvna
pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli safuZvlebis samarTlebrivi winapirobebis kvleva, qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mwiri regulirebis pirobebSi, valdebulebis Sesrulebis
garTulebisa da SeuZleblobis damfuZnebeli winapirobebis samarTlebrivi bunebisa da
arsis ganmartebis saSualebas iZleva.
ganxorcielebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom konceptualuri gansxvavebebis miuxedavad,
garTulebuli saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis arsebobisas qarTuli samarTliT gansazRvruli pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis safuZvlebi arsobrivad uaxlovdeba
angloamerikul samarTalSi formirebul pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel safuZvelTa
sistemas, Tumca konceptualuri gansxvavebebi warmoCindeba valdebulebis Sesrulebis
dabrkolebis samarTlebrivi Sedegebis urTierTmimarTebis analizisas.
samarTlebrivi sistemebi gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi meqanizmebiT aRweven saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobisa da keTilsindisierebis principTa realizebas samoqalaqo brunvis stabilurobisa da interesTa mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. Tumca, xSirad aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi instrumentebi arsobrivad msgavsia,
radgan isini samoqalaqo brunvis subieqtTa interesebis dacviTi funqciis realizebis
saerTo mizniT arian motivirebulni.
203
204
205
206
Aluminum Co. of American vs. Essex Group, Inc., 449 F. Supp.53 (W.D. Pa.1980).
Halpern S.W., Application of the Doctrine of Commercial Impracticability: Searching for “The Wisdom of
Solomon”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 135, No.5, 1987, 1125, <http://scholarship.law.
upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3961&context=penn_law_review>, [24.06.2014].
1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2001.The American Law Institute and the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws; reproduced, published and distributed with the permission of
the Permanent Editorial Board for the Uniform Commercial Code for the limited purposes of study, teaching,
and academic research, 2003, <http://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/ucc.table.html>, [24.06.2014].
Uribe M., The Effect of a Change Circumstances on the Binding Force of the Contracts, Comparative Perspectives, Intersentia, 2011, 235; Goldber V. P., Framing Contract Law, An Economic Perspective, Harvard
University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 2006, 326.
181
laSa cercvaZe*
direqtoratis (direqtoris) movaleobebi kompaniebis
Serwymisas da sakontrolo paketis dauflebisas
(SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi analizi)
1. Sesavali
direqtoratis movaleobebi, kompaniis marTvis procesSi ganuzomlad didia, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Tu ra roli akisria direqtorats iseTi mniSvnelovani operaciis ganxorcilebis procesSi rogoricaa sawarmos reorganizacia, anu sawarmos gardaqmna, Serwyma da gayofa. aseve aranakleb mniSvnelovani tranzaqciaa sakontrolo paketis gasxviseba. qarTuli iuridiuli literatura am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Zalian
mwiria, rac iZleva safuZvels daskvnisaTvis, rom igi saTanadod Seswavlili ar aris.1
sawarmos reorganizaciasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebis miReba sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo SeiZleba moxdes. magaliTad, sawarmoebi SeiZleba gaerTiandnen raTa bazarze, konkurentul garemoSi ufro efeqturi da warmatebuli operireba SeZlon (Serwyma)
an SesaZloa biznesis miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT moxdes erTi saxis samarTlebrivi formis gardaqmna sxva samarTlebriv formad da a.S. am procesSi, amerikuli sakorporacio
kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, direqtorati (Board of Directors) gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs,
rasac ver vityviT qarTul kanonmdeblobze.
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis Tnaxmad reorganizaciasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebas partniorebi (aqcionerebi) iReben. kanoni ar adgens direqtorTa gansakuTrebul
CarTulobas an pasuxismgeblobis standarts am procesSi, maSin rodesac aSS-is kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo praqtika Zalian mdidaria am mxriv.
erT-erT cnobil saqmeze Smith vs Van Gorkom2 delaveris saapelacio sasamarTlom
ganmarta, rom direqtorTa mzrunvelobiTi (Fiduciary) movaleba sawarmos mimarT moicavs
zrunvis (Duty of Care) da erTgulebis (Duty of Loyalty) valdebulebas3. msgavsi calsaxa
miTiTeba da movaleobaTa gamijvna qarTul samarTalSi ar aris.
statiis formatis gaTvaliswinebiT, igi sawarmoTa Serwymis procesis Tanmdev sagadasaxado samarTlebriv sakiTxebs ar Seexeba, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom misi mo*
1
2
3
Tsu-is iurdiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanonSi 2008 wels ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis Semdeg gansaxilvel sakiTxze iuridiuli literaturis moZieba sakmaod rTuli saqmea. aRniSnuli faqti xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom sakiTxi Seswavlili ar aris da, Sesabamisad, misi naSromis konteqstSi ganxilva Zalian mniSvnelovania.
Supreme Court of Delaware, Smith v Van Gorkom, 488A.2d 858 Delaware 1985, <http://international.westlaw.com/find/default.wl?sp=intbucrs000&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLIN11.04&cite=488A
.2d+858+&fn=_top&mt=314&vr=2.0&findjuris=00001>.
Welch E. P., Turezyn A. J., Folk on the Delaware General Corporation Law, Fundaments, 2005 ed., “Aspen
publisher” 2005, 82.
182
laSa cercvaZe, direqtoratis (direqtoris) movaleobebi kompaniebis
culoba ar iZleva amis saSualebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom dasmuli sakiTxis ganxilva
sagadasaxado samarTlebriv WrilSi Zalzed mniSvnelovania da damoukidebeli statiis
sagani SeiZleba gaxdes momavalSi.
vinaidan samarTlis normebis gacocxleba sasamarTlos mier xdeba, statiaSi gamoyenebuli iqneba sasamarTlo praqtika, rac met praqtikul daniSnulebas SesZens mas.
sakvlev TemasTan dakavSirebiT aRiniSneba qarTuli samecniero literaturisa da
sasamarTlo praqtikis simcire. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo praqtikasa da doqtrinaze damyarebuli SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvleva, iseTi axalgazrda da gamoucdeli qveynis
kanonmdeblobisaTvis rogoric saqarTveloa, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.
direqtoratis movaleobebi sawarmos reorganizaciis procesSi ganxilul iqneba
saaqcio sazogadoebis da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis magaliTze, vinaidan isini warmoadgenen klasikuri tipis kapitalur sawarmoebs, sadac yvelaze mkafiod
vlindeba direqtoratis movaleobebi da funqciebi.
winamdebare statia exeba reorganizaciis erT-erT formas sawarmoTa Serwymas da
am procesSi direqtorTa CarTulobas. sakontorolo paketis gasxvisebas da TavdacviTi
RonisZiebebis gamoyenebas. miuxedavad amisa, sawarmoTa reorganizaciis formebis mokle aRweris gareSe statia srulyofili ver iqneba, vinaidan saWiroa zogadad reorganizaciis formebis daxasiaTeba, konkretulad misi erT-erTi saxis, Serwymis ganxilvamde.
statiis formatis gaTvaliswinebiT, reorganizaciis yvela forma, cxadia, srulyoflad ver iqneba ganxiluli, amitom, rogorc saTauridanac irkveva, ufro vrclad SedarebiT problematur, sawarmoTa Serwymisa da dauflebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze
iqneba saubari.
korporacia, rogorc kerZo samarTlis subieqti erT-erTi ZiriTadi konstituciuri uflebis – materialuri sargeblis miRebis mizniT pirTa gaerTianebis uflebis
praqtikul realizacias warmoadgens.4 am gaerTianebaSi wevrTa (aqcionerTa, partniorTa) interesebisa da korporaciis xelmZRvanelTa interesebi yovelTvis ar emTxveva erTmaneTs.
direqtoris umTavresi movaleobaa keTilsindisierad marTos sawarmo. sawarmos
xelmZRvaneloba gulisxmobs kompetenturi menejmentis gonivrul Seqmnas, romelic SeimuSavebs sawarmos politikas da xelmZRvanelobis umaRlesi rgolia5.
Sesabamisad, direqtorats evaleba ipovos oqros Sualedi da ise marTos sawarmo,
rom ar dazaraldes aqcionerTa, sawarmoSi dasaqmebul pirTa da sakuTari interesebi,
rac sakmaod rTul amocanas warmoadgens.
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebare statiis mizania gaxdes mokrZalebuli mrCeveli saqarTveloSi moqmedi kompaniebis direqtorebis, iuristebis, advokatebisa Tu mosamarTleTaTvis. vinaidan, swored praqtikuli daniSnuleba uzrunvelyofs
mis sicocxlisunarianobas.
4
5
Srami h. (Schramm H.-Joachim), sazogadoebis organoTa kontroli saxelmwifos mier (Die
Kontrolle der Geselschaftsorgane durch der Staat). keTilsindiseri xelmZRvanelobis valdbuleba da pasuxismgebloba saaqcio sazogadoebaSi qarTuli da germanuli samarTlis mixedviT, simpoziumis masalebi, II germanul-qarTuli simpoziumi sakorporacio samarTalSi,
Tb., 2003, 167.
qoqraSvili q., samewarmeo samarTali, Tb., 2005, 103.
183
2. sawarmos reorganizaciis formebi mewarmeTa Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad
2.1. sawarmos gardaqmna
(samarTlebrivi formis cvlileba)
sawarmos dafuZnebisas, misi organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis arCeva mravali
faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba, Tumca Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomika dinamikurad
viTardeba da SesaZlebelia warsulSi damfuZnebelTa mier konkretuli biznesisTvis Sesaferisad miCneuli forma, garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg veRar pasuxobdes saWiroebebs. swored amitom, samoqalaqo samarTlis subieqtTa kerZo avtonomiis principidan
gamomdinare, mewarmeebs uzrunvelyofili aqvT sawarmoTa formis Tavisufali arCeva,
rac mxolod sawarmos dafuZnebis dros ar gamoiyeneba da moicavs mewarmeTa SesaZleblobas saqmianobis procesSi, Tavisuflad Secvalon erTxel arCeuli forma sxva formiT.6
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 144.2. muxlis Tanaxmad, partniorebs SeuZliaT erTi samarTlebrivi formis sawarmo gardaqmnan sxva samarTlebrivi formis sawarmod. rogorc
samewarmeo sazogadoebebs, aseve individualur mewarmes aqvs gardaqmnis SesaZlebloba,
vinaidan kanoni raime saxis SezRudvas am mxriv ar awesebs. gardaqmnis SemTxvevaSi partniorebi iReben gadawyvetilebas Tu rogor gadanawildes maTi ufleba-movaleobebi
gardaqmnis Sedegad miRebul sawarmoSi. rac mTavaria partniorTa mier aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli is SezRudvebi rasac mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni gardaqmnis Sedegad miRebul iuridiul pirs uwesebs.
rogorc mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonidan irkveva Sps-is ss-ad garadaqmna an piriqiT
saWiroebs damswre xmis uflebis mqone partniorTa 75%-is (ss-is SemTxvevaSi 75%+1) mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas, xolo yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba miiReba erTxmad.7 kanonis es danawesi bundovania da ganmartebas saWiroebs, kerZod sainteresoa ra
igulisxmeba „damswre xmis uflebis mqone partniorSi (partniorebSi)“ magaliTad, Tuki partniorTa krebas eswreba 45% xmis uflebis mqone partniori da igi mxars dauWers
Sps-is ss-ad gardaqmnas gadawyvetileba miRebulad unda CaiTvalos? kanoni xom damswre
xmis uflebis mqone partniorTa 75%-is mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas miiCnevs legitimurad, Cven konkretul magaliTSi miviRebT, rom damswre xmis uflebis mqone partnirTa
100%-ma dauWira mxari gadawyvetilebas.
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 91.2. muxlis Tanaxmad „kreba gadawyvetilebaunariania,
Tu mas eswreba (eswrebian) xmebis umravlesobis mqone partniori (partniorebi). kreba
gadawyvetilebas iRebs damswre xmebis umravlesobiT“ amave muxlis me-5 nawilis „k“ punqtis Tanaxmad sawarmos reorganizaciasTan da likvidaciaTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebas partniorTa kreba iRebs. mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 91.7 muxlis Tanaxmad „yvela
gadawyvetileba, romelTa mniSvneloba scildeba sazogadoebis Cveulebriv saqmianobas,
moiTxovs yvela partnioris monawileobiT Catarebuli krebis gadawyvetilebas“. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, pauxi unda gaeces kiTxvas: miekuTvneba Tu ara sawarmos re6
7
Wanturia l., niniZe T., mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentari, me-3 gamocema, Tb., 2002, 185.
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni, muxli 144.3.
184
organizacia Cveulebriv saqmianobas? calsaxad unda iTqvas, rom sawarmos reorganizacia ar genekuTvneba sazogadoebis Cveulebriv saqmianobas, Sesabamisad, reorganizaciasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetileba miRebul unda iqnes yvela partnioris monawilebiT
Catarebul partniorTa krebaze. kanonis es norma ki, Tavis mxriv, pasuxs iZleva SekiTxvaze. 45%-is mqone partnioris (partniorTa) mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba ver iqneba
kanonis Sesabamisi vinaidan, mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni iTvaliswinebs reorganizaciasTan
dakavSirebiT yvela partnioris monawileobiT Catarebuli krebis arsebobas.
Sps-is gardaqmnasTan dakavSirebiT krebas unda eswrebodes xmebis uflebis mqone
yvela partniori da damswreTagan 75%-ma unda dauWiros mxari Sps-is gardaqmnas ss-ad,
rom gadawyvetileba kanonierad CaiTvalos. rac Seexeba ss-is Sps-ad gardaqmnas saWiroa
partniorTa xmebis 75%-ze metis Tanxmoba.8
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis saaqcio sazogadoebad gardaqmna an
piriqiT ss-is Sps-ad gardaqmna mewaremTa Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad gamartivebulia da
msgavsi gadawyvetileba moiTxovs damswre xmis uflebis mqone partniorTa xmebis 75%.9
(ss-is SemTxvevaSi, rogorc gavarkvieT, saWiroa damswre xmis uflebis mqone partniorTa
75%+1 xma) Tumca SesaZlebelia, rom wesdebiT amgvari gadawyvetilebis miReba sxvagvarad iyos daregulirebuli. „Tu wesdebiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili“10 kanonis es Canaweri orgvarad SeiZleba ganimartos, pirveli: rom SesaZlebelia wesdeba iTvaliswinebdes
msgavsi gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT, ufro maRal standarts, kanonmdebeli adgens im minimalur moTxovnas romelic aucileblad unda iqnes daculi, Tu gardaqmnis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas mxari ar dauWira damswre xmis uflebis mqone partniorTa 75%-ma, es gadawyvetileba ver iqneba legitimuri, Tundac wesdeba iTvaliswinebdes
msagvsi gadawyvetilebis misaRebad ufro dabal standarts.
da meore: SesaZloa kanonis zemoaRniSnuli normis imgvarad gageba, rom Tu wesdeba
saerTod dums da arafers ambobs reorganizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, maSin iqneba gamoyenebuli kanonis normebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac: krebas unda eswrebodes yvela partniori
(mSk, muxli 917) xolo kreba gadawyvetilebas miiRebs damswreTa xmebis 75%-iT (ss SemTxvevaSi 75%+1) wesdebiT SesaZlebelia kanonis mier dadgenili standartis Secvla, misi
rogorc gazrda, aseve Semcireba. Tumca Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi logikuria, rom 50%+1
xmaze dabla am standartis Camoweva ver iqneba legitimurad miCneuli, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni Cveulebriv saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas krebas
legitimurad miiCnevs Tuki mas eswreba 50%+1 xmis uflebis mqone partnior(eb)i11, Sesabamisad, iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gadawyveta rogoricaa sawarmos reorganizacia,
cxadia ar unda iqnes miRebuli xmaTa, imaze ufro mcire odenobiT vidre es Cveulebriv
yoveldRiur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT gdawyvetilebaTa miRebis dros xdeba.
calsaxad unda iTqvas, rom qveda zRvaris gansazRvra aucilebelia. iseTi liberaluri sakorporacio kanonmdeblobac ki rogoric aris sayvelTaod cnobili delaveris
Statis sakorporacio kanoni adgens qveda zRvaris aucilebelobas, kerZod wesdeba SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZlebolobas ubralo umravleso8
9
10
11
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni, muxli 54.6. (b), 54.7.
iqve, 144. 3 muxli.
iqve, muxlebi: 1443, 54.7.
iqve, muxli 91.2.
185
baze ufro mcire xmebis odenobiT, (kvorumi) rac nebismier SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba iyos
xmebis 1/3-ze naklebi.12
konkretuli saqmis ganxilvisas mniSvnelovania rogor ganmartavs dasaxelebul
normas sasamarTlo. samarTlianobis, sawarmos partniorTa da kreditorTa dacvis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, meore ganmarteba ufro misaRebia, vinaidan partniorTa 50%+1
xmaze naklebi xmebis mqoneTa mier gadawyvetilebis miReba ver uzrunvelyofs partniorebis saTanado dacvas reorganizaciis procesSi.
„yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba reorganizaciasTan dakavSirebiT miRebul
unda iqnes erTxmad“13 kanonis es norma gulisxmobs, rom gadawyvetileba sps-is da ks-is
kapitalur sazogadoebad gardaqmnis Sesaxeb miRebul unda iqnes 100%-is mflobel partniorTa mier erTxmad. Tu erTi partniori mainc gardaqmnis winaaRmdegia, maSin gadawyvetileba miRebulad ar CaiTvleba.14
kanonis mier Sps-isa da saaqcio sazogadoebisaTvis ufro dabali standartis daweseba, ganpirobebulia imiT, rom es ori organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma met-naklebad msgavsi ufleba movaleobebiT sargeblobs. orive maTgani aris kapitaluri tipis
sazogadoeba da amgvari gardaqmna mniSvnelovan organizaciul cvlilebas ar saWiroebs.
ufro metic, mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni imperatiulad adgens, rom Sps-is saaqcio sazogadoebad gardaqmna da, piriqiT, ss-is SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebad gardaqmna ar miiCneva kreditorTa dakmayofilebis unaris Semcirebad15 da, am SemTxvevaSi,
kreditorebs ar aqvT ufleba mosTxovon sawarmos nakisri valdebulebis vadaze adre
Sesruleba.
rac Seexeba specialuri licenziis safuZvelze moqmed iuridiul pirebs (magaliTad, komerciuli bankebi) maTi reorganizaciis SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa licenziis gamcemi
organos (erovnuli banki) Tanxmoba.16
2.2. Serwyma (gaerTianeba, mierTeba)
sawarmoTa Serwyma sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi SesaZloa sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani iyos maTTvis. mZafri konkurenciis pirobebSi xSirad gadarCenis erTaderTi
Sansi sawarmosaTvis sxva sawarmosTan gaerTianeba an mierTebaa. rac ufro didia konkurencia miT ufro mcirdeba mcire sawarmoTa gadarCenis Sansi da, Sesabamisad, izrdeba
sawarmoTa Serwymis SesaZlebloba.17
sawarmoTa Serwyma samewarmeo saqmianobaSi absoluturad bunebrivi movlenaa, swored amitom mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni uSvebs sawarmoTa Serwymis SesaZleblobas, sawarmos gardaqmnis msgavsad aqac kanoni adgens standarts Serwymis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
12
13
14
15
16
17
Delaware General Coporation Law, para. 141 (b), ix. Eisenberg M.A.(ed.), Corporatins and other Business
Organizations, 2013 ed., West Academic Publishing, St. Paul, 2013, 570.
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni, 144.3 muxli.
Wanturia l., niniZe T., mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentari, me-3 gamocema, Tb., 2002, 187.
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni, muxli 144.6
organuli kanoni èrovnuli bankis Sesaxeb“, muxli 2 (g) `komerciuli bankebis samianobis Sesaxeb~ kanoni, muxli 1 (z, k).
Wanturia l., niniZe T., `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis komentari, me-3 gamocema, Tb., 2002,
193.
186
misaRebad da mewarme subieqtebs utovebs SesaZleblobas wesdebiT daadginon kanonisgan
gansxvavebuli standarti. Tu wesdebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, Sps-isa da kooperativis SerwymasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiroa damswre xmis
uflebis mqone partniorTa xmebis 75%-is arseboba, ss-is SemTxvevaSi damswre xmis uflebis mqone partniorTa xmebis 75%-ze metis arseboba. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba miiReba erTxmad18 (aRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT detalurad ix.zemoT19).
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad Serwymis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaSi unda aRiniSnos erTi sawarmo uerTdeba meores (mierTeba) Tu ori sawarmo erTiandeba erT axal
sawarmod (gaerTianeba). miuxedavad kanonis teqstis amagvari formulirebisa, calsaxad
unda iTqvas, rom SesaZlebelia rogorc gaerTianeba, aseve mierTeba orze meti sawarmos
monawileobiT ganxorcieldes20 da, Sesabamisad, kanonis teqsti imgvarad ar unda iqnes
gagebuli, ToTqos is krZalavs ori an meti sawarmos gaerTianebas an mierTebas.
rogorc gairkva Serwyma gaerTianebis an mierTebis gziT xorcieldeba. sainteresoa ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris. gaerTianebaze saubroben maSin rodesac ori an meti sawarmo erT sawarmod erTiandeba, mierTeba ki erTi an ramdenime sawarmos ukve arsebuli
sxva sawarmosadmi mierTebas niSnavs.21 sawarmoTa Serwyma xorcieldeba gasaerTianebel
sawarmoTa Soris Serwymis xelSekrulebis dadebiT, romelsac xels aweren gasaerTainebel sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelebi, Sps-is da ss-is SemTxvevaSi direqtorebi, mas Semdeg rac
amasTan dakavSirebiT kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, partniorTa mier miRebul iqneba gadawyvetileba. ra Tqma unda direqtorTa valdebuleba sawarmos mimarT mxolod xelSekrulebaze xelmoweriT ar Semoifargleba, direqtorats am procesSi udidesi roli da
pasuxusmgebloba akisria, razedac qvemoT iqneba saubari.
Serwymis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaSi unda ganisazRvros partniorTa ufleba-movaleobani. Tuki Serwymis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebaSi araferi iqneba naTqvami partniorTa
ufleba-movaleobebze, es sakiTxi mewaremTa Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad daregulirdeba da
imoqmedebs kapitalSi maTi wilis proporciulobis principi, anu maTi ufleba-movaleobebi kapitalSi wilis mixedviT gadanawildeba.
2.3. gayofa (dayofa, gamoyofa)
sawarmoTa reorganizaciis gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens sawarmoTa gayofa.
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 14.4.5 muxlis Tanaxmad sawarmo SeiZleba gaiyos or an met sawarmod da maT saqmianoba gaagrZelon rogorc damoukidebelma sawarmoebma. gayofis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba SesaZlebelia iTvaliswinebdes gayofis Sedegad warmoqmnil subieqtebSi adrindeli partniorebis wilobrivi monawileobis Secvlas. Tuki SeTanxmebaSi wilebis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT araferia naTqvami is ucvleli darCeba gayofis
Sedegad warmoqmnil axal sawamo(eb)Si.
18
19
20
21
ix. qveTavi 2.1.
juReli g., nadaraia l., sawarmoTa reorganizaciis formebi `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis mixedviT, ssip, saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciis Jurnali `profesia iuristi“, #2,
2007, 36-56.
juReli g., nadaraia l., sawarmoTa reorganizaciis formebi mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis
mixedviT, ssip, saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciis Jurnali - `profesia iuristi~, #2,
2007, 36-56.
187
gansxvaveba arsebobs dayofasa da gamoyofas Soris. dayofis dros sawarmo iyofa
or an met sawarmod, xolo pirveli sawarmo arsebobas wyvets, xdeba misi likvidacia. gamoyofis dros ki pirveli sawarmo ar wyvets arsebobas da mas gamoeyofa erTi an ramdenime sawarmo.22
SesaZlebelia ganxorcildes sawarmoTa Serwyma gamoyofa-mierTebis gziT, anu gamoyofili sawarmo SesaZloa miuerTdes an gaerTaindes (Seerwyas) sxva sawarmos.
vinaidan sawarmos dayofas Sedegad mohyveba arsebuli sawarmos likvidacia, gadawyvetileba reorganizaciis am formis Sesaxeb SeiZleba miRebul iqnes sawarmoTa likvidaciisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli xmebis umravlesobiT.23
Tu wesdebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, Sps-is da kooperativis SemTxvevaSi es gadawyvetileba miRebul unda iqnes yvela partnioris monawileobiT Catarebul
krebaze, xolo gadawyvetileba miRebulad CaiTvleba Tuki mas mxars dauWers damswreTa
umravlesoba. ss-is SemTxvevaSi aseT gadawyvetilebas dasWirdeba damswre xmebis 75%-ze
metis mxardaWera. xolo yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi (igulisxmeba ks da sps) gadawyvetileba
miRebul unda iqnes erTxmad, rac gulisxmobs yvela (100%) partnioris (partniorebis)
mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas.24
2.4. reorganizaciasTan dakavSirebuli proceduruli sakiTxebi
partniorTa gadawyvetileba sawarmos reorganizaciis Sesaxeb unda daregistrirdes arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirebis reestrSi, reorganizaciis procesis dawyebis Sesaxeb informacia egzavneba finansTa saministros mmarTvelobis sferoSi Semaval sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirs, Semosavlebis samsaxurs, romelic informaciis miRebidan 10 dReSi awvdis informacias maregistrirebel organos, subieqtis
sagadasaxado valdebulebebis Sesaxeb. Tuki maregistrirebeli organo Setyobinebidan
10 dReSi ar miiRebs informacias subieqtis sagadasaxado davalianebis Sesaxeb iTvleba,
rom es subieqti sagadasaxdo davalianebis armqonea. Semosavlebis samsaxuri aTi dRis
vadaSi ugzavnis informacias maregistrirebel organos SesaZlo davalianebis Sesaxeb
da, aseve, uTiTebs subieqtis saTanado SemowmebisaTvis saWiro vadas, romelic ar unda
aRematebodes sawarmos reorganizaciis dawyebidan 90 dRes. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi
SesaZlebelia sagadasaxado Semowmebis vadis gagrZeleba magram araumetes ori Tvisa.25
Tuki samarTlebrivi formis cvlileba ar iwvevs sawarmos unaris Semcirebas daakmayofilos kreditorebi an Tu sawarmos miuerTda misi 100%-iani Svilobili sawarmo,
„mewameTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis 14.3-14.4. muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesebi ar vrceldeba,
xolo kreditorebs ar warmoeSobaT mewaremTa Sesaxeb kanonis 14.4.8 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba mosTxovon sawarmos valdebulebis vadaze adre Sesruleba.
valdebulebebis arseboba saregistracio warmoebis SeCerebis safuZvelia, garda
im SemTxvevisa, rodesac sawarmos reorganizaciiT ar mcirdeba kreditorTa dakmayofilebis unari an arsebobs kreditoris Tanxmoba reorganizaciaze.26
22
23
24
25
26
qoqraSvili q., samewarmeo samarTali, Tb., 2005, 165.
Wanturia l., niniZe T., `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis komentari, me-3 gamocema, Tb., 2002,
199.
aRniSnuli daskvnis gakeTebis safuZvels iZleva `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis 2.3, 91.2.,
9.15 (k), 917, 14.1, 144.5, 54.6 (b), 54.7, 63.2 muxlebis analizi. aseve ix. qveTavi 2.1.
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni, 14.3. muxli.
„mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni, muxli 144..7.
188
saxelmwifos mimarT sawarmos davalianebis arseboba ar iwvevs avtomaturad saregistaracio warmoebis SeCerebas. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanoni adgens gamonaklisebs, kerZod: Tu moTxovnilia saxelmwifos 50%-ze meti wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnili sawarmos reorganizacia an Tu reorganizaciis Sedegad ar mcirdeba kreditorTa dakmayofilebis unari anda arsebobs saqarTvelos finansTa saministros Tanxmoba davalianebis
mqone sawarmos reorganizaciaze.27
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tuki sawarmos biujetis mimarT gaaCnia davalianeba direqtoratma unda mimarTos finansTa saministros da miiRos misgan Tanxmoba, raTa Semdgomi sanqciebi Tavidan iqnes acilebuli, vinaidan mcirdeba Tu ara kreditorTa
dakmayofilebis unari, sawarmos reorganizaciis Sedegad sadavo SeiZleba gaxdes. Sps-s
saaqcio sazogadoebad gardaqmna an piriT ss-is SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebad gardaqma ar iTvleba kreditorTa dakmayofilebis unaris Semcirebad.28 Sesabamisad, direqtoratma Tanxmoba finansTa saministrodan unda miiRos sxva danarCen SemTxvevebSi.
im sazogadoebis aRmasrulebeli organoebi, romlebic monawileoben reorganizaciaSi valdebuli arian ganaxorcielon zemoaRniSnuli moqmedebebi. kanoni amasTan dakavSirebiT pirdapir miTiTebas ar akeTebs, magram cxadia sazogadebis partnorTa mier
miRebuli gadawyvetileba direqtoratis da sameTvalyureo sabWos (aseTis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi) mier unda Sesruldes da gakontroldes.
2.5. kreditorTa dacva reorganizaciis dros
kreditorTa dacva reorganizaciis procesSi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia vinaidan am
SemTxvevaSi kreditoris samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba icvleba. reorganizaciisas Tavdapirveli movale xSirad uqmdeba, Sedegad warmoSobil axali movalis saimedoobaze ki
kreditors, rogorc wesi, informacia ar aqvs. reorganizaciis Semdeg qonebis gadanawilebis Sedegad SesaZloa, rom sawarmos qonebrivi mdgomareoba gauaresdes, rac kreditoris dakmayofilebis Sansebs sagrZnoblad amcirebs.29 marTalia, sawarmos gardaqmnis
SemTxvevaSi movale rogorc subieqti ar icvleba, magram icvleba misi samarTlebrivi
forma, rac SeiZleba kreditorebisaTvis safrTxis Semcveli iyos.30 swored amitom mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni Seicavs normebs, romlebic sawrmos reorganizaciis procesSi
kreditorTa dacvas emsaxureba.
sawarmos reorganizaciis procesis dawyebis registraciis moTxovnasTan erTad,
maregistrirebel organos unda waredginos informacia sawarmos kreditorTa Sesaxeb,
informaciaSi miTiTebuli inda iyos maTi dakmayofilebis vadebi. reorganizaciis dawyebis Sesaxeb informacia, aseve, unda gaugzavnos sawarmos yvela cnobil kreditors, romelSic unda mieTiTos kreditorTa dakmayofilebis vadebi.31
27
28
29
30
31
„mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni, muxli 144..7.
iqve, muxli 144..6, bolo winadadeba.
juReli g., nadaraia l., sawarmoTa reorganizaciis formebi `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis
mixedviT, ssip, saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciis Jurnali `profesia iuristi~, #2,
2007, 36-56.
iqve, 36-56.
189
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni kreditors aZlevs uflebas moiTxovos valdebulebis vadaze adre Sesruleba Tuki Seityobs, rom igegmeba sawarmos reorganizacia, Tavis mxriv,
sawarmos mmarTveli organoebi valdebulni arian uzrunvelyon reorganizaciis Sesaxeb
informaciis miwodeba yvela cnobili kreditorisaTvis.
delaveris sakorporacio samarTalis 102-e (b) (7) muxli iTvaliswinebs direqtris
pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvas mis mier zrunvis movaleobis darRvevisas im SemTxvevaSi,
Tuki arsebobs Canaweri kompaniis wesdebaSi direqtoris pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis
Sesaxeb.32 msgavsi saxis Canawers qarTuli sakorporacio samarTali ar icnobs, piriqiT
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni aseT SeTanxmebas direqtorats (sameTvalyureo sabWos) da sawarmos Soris baTilad miiCnevs, im SemTxvevaSi Tu direqtoris an sameTvalyureo sabWos
wevris mier kompaniisaTvis zianis anazRaureba aucilebelia sazogadoebis kreditorTa
dasakmayofileblad. xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba ar wydeba Tundac, rom isini moqmedebdnen partniorTa gadawyvetilebis Sesasruleblad.33
aRniSnuli norma praqtikosi iuristebis mier xSirad ganimarteba imgvarad, rom
TiTqos mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs wesdebiT xelmZRvanelTa
pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis SesaZleblobas, rac ar aris swori. vinaidan normis ganmartebidan calsaxad gamomdinareobs, rom wesdebiT pasuxismgeblobis SezRudva dasaSvebia Tuki kompaniis mier anazRaurebaze uaris Tqmis Sedegad kompaniis kreditorebi ar
zaraldebian.
ekonomikur urTierTobebSi stabilurobis uzrunvelyofisa da kreditorTa interesebis dacvis mizniT, mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni imperatiulad adgens rom
sawarmo, romelmac sawarmo (sawarmoebi) miierTa an gaerTianebis Sedegad warmoqmnili
sawarmo aris Tavdapirveli sawarmos / sawarmoebis samarTalmemkvidre.34 kreditorTa
dacvas emsaxureba mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 14.45. muxlis bolo winadadebac, romlis Tanaxmadac sawarmos gayofamde arsebuli valdebulebebisaTvis gayofis Sedegad warmoqmnili sawarmoebi pasuxs ageben solidarulad. rac Seexeba Tavdapirveli sawarmos uflebamonacvles, igi gayofis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebiT ganisazRvreba.
3. sawarmoTa Serwyma da daufleba Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A)
sawarmoTa Serwyma da daufleba amerikaSi da, zogadad, mTel msoflioSi Zlian xSiria. sabazro ekonomikis ganviTareba dRis wesrigSi ayenebs kompaniaTa Serwymis sakiTxs,
raTa maT Tavisufal bazarze arseboba ar Sewyviton. aseve, xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac
orive korporacias Serwyma ar surs am SemTxvevaSi SemZeni kompania (Acquirer) cdilobs SesaZen anu, rogorc mas uwodeben samizne (Target) sawarmos daeuflos am ukanasknelis Tanxmobis miuxedavad. amgvari SeZenis ramdenime saxe arsebobs.
rodesac SeZenasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetileba mowonebuli da dadasturebulia samizne kompaniis direqtoratis mier aseT dauflebas megobruli daufleba ewodeba. xolo Tuki samizne sawarmos dauflebasTan dakavSirebiT SemZeni sawarmo molaprakebas awarmoebs samizne kompaniis direqtoratis gverdis avliT pirdapir aqcionerTan,
32
33
34
Delaware General Corporation Law, subsection 102 (b) (7), 2013-2014 Ed., Lexis Nexis, Delaware, 2013.
„mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni muxli 9.6.
iqve, muxli 144.4, bolo winadadeba.
190
aseT dauflebas mtruli daufleba (Hostile Takeover) ewodeba. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi direqtorati (Board) Serwymis winaaRmdegia.35
mtruli daufleba, romelic samizne sawarmos bordis gverdis avliT mis dauflebas gulisxmobs, Tavdapirvelad miCneuli iyo biznes eTikis darRvevad da igi xSirad ar
gamoiyeneboda.36 marTalia, dResdReobiT msgavsi tranzaqcia absoluturad Cveulebriv
movlenad iTvleba, magram dagrovili gamocdilebis Sesabamisad, dadgenilia mTeli rigi normebisa, romlebic dacul unda iqnes am tranzaqciaSi monawile sawarmoTa aqcionerebisa da direqtorTa mxridan. Sesabamisad, sainteresoa Tu rogor unda moeqces dauflebasTan dakaSirebiT kompaniaTa brZola sakanonmdeblo CarCoebSi da rogor xdeba am
urTierTobaTa regulireba.
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba daufleba (Acquisition) da daufleba romelsac Serwma
(Merger) mosdevs Tan.
kompaniis daufleba SesaZlebelia moxdes samizne kompaniis mier savaWrod daSvebuli aqciebis umravlesobis SeZeniT (sakontrolo paketis SeZena/Share Deal). SemZeni
kompania xdeba samizne kompaniis maJoritari aqcioneri (daufleba/Acquisition).
aseve SesaZlebelia samizne da SemZeni kompaniebis Serwyma, ris Semdegac SemZeni kompaniis aqcioneri, Serwymis Sedegad miRebuli kompaniis maJoritar aqcionerad gvevlineba da am gziT SesaZlebloba eZleva miiRos mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi (Serwyma/
Merger).
amgvarad, dauflebas yovelTvis Serwyma SesaZloa ar mosdevdes Tan. SesaZlebelia
SemZenis mizani Serwyma ki ara ubralod saminze kompaniis daufleba iyos, anu erTi kompania (SemZeni SesaZloa iyos fizikuri piric) SeiZens meore kompaniis (samizne) sakontrolo pakets, samizne kompania Cveulebriv agrZelebs saqmianobas, sawarmos kontroli ki
SemZenis xelSia (daufleba/Acquisition).
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, Serwyma (Merger) SesaZloa dauflebas (Acquisition)
moicavdes, maSin roca dauflebisas ar igulisxmeba, rom aucileblad SerwymasTan
gveqneba saqme.
kompaniis daufleba, aseve, SesaZloa moxdes mTeli misi aqtivis Sesyidvis (Assets
Deal) Sedegad.
cxadia, rodesac orive kompania Tanxmdeba Serwymaze, problemebi naklebia. aseT
dros direqtrats aqvs Cveulebriv sayovelTaod aRiarebuli valdebulebebi sawarmos
mimarT. igi valdebulia erTgulad emsaxuros sawarmos, moqmedebdes keTilsindisierad
da zrundavdes masze. orive kompaniis direqtorati valdebulia sawarmos saukeTeso intresebis gaTvaliswinebiT imoqmedos. Sesabamisad, met interess iwvevss iseTi SemTxveva,
rodesac mmarTvelobis am organos da aqcionerTa interesebi ar emTxveva erTmaneTs.
rogorc aRiniSna, SerwymasTan an dauflebasTan dakavSirebiT winadadeba, umravles SemTxvevaSi, direqtoratis mier unda iyos mowonebuli. iTvleboda, rom samizne
kompaniis direqtorats aqvs ufleba gamoiyenos TavdacviTi RonisZiebebi Tuki miiCnevs,
rom Serwyma an sakontrolo paketis gasxviseba, kompaniis aqcionerTa interesebis sawinaaRmdegoa. Tumca, samewarmeo kanonmdeblobis Tanamedrove ganviTarebis tendenciebi
aCvenebs, rom direqtorati valdebulia mxedvelobaSi miiRos ara marto aqcionerTa,
35
36
Gevurtz A.F., Corporation Law, West Group, St. Paul, Minn, 2000, 673.
iqve.
191
aramed Tavad kompaniis, kompaniaSi dasaqmebulTa da, zogadad, im sazogadoebis interesebi, sadac es kompania operirebs. 37
ufro metic, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi direqotorati uflebamosilia ar miiRos iseTi gdawyvetileba, romelic mxolod aqcionerTa interesebSia, Tuki igi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeZlebs daadasturos, rom gadawyvetileba zogadi sazogadoebrivi interesebiT iyo nakarnaxevi da es interesi aqcioneris interesze ufro maRali dacvis Rirsi interesia.38
qarTuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, swarmos reorganizaciasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetileba partniorTa mier miiReba, maSin rodesac amerikuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, direqtorati aqtiurad aris CarTuli am procesSi da mTel rig SemTxvevebSi mxolod direqtoratis mier mowonebis Semdeg xdeba Serwymis tranzaqciis ganxorcieleba.
xolo Tuki molaprakeba SerwymasTan dakavSirebiT direqtoratis gverdis avliT mimdinareobs, mtruli daufleba aris saxeze.
4. `sawamlavi abebi~ (Poison Pills) da sxva TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis
gamoyeneba direqtoratis mier
direqtoriebi ar moqmedeben mecnierebis, iuristebis, arqiteqorebis
da a.S msgavsad. maTi valdebuleba, ZiriTadad, gulisxmobs biznesis zedamxedvelobas, korporaciuli politikis gansazRvras da gadawyvetilebis
miRebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli biznes tranzaqcia iqneba ufro
momgebiani sawarmosaTvis.39
winamdebare TavSi ganxilul iqneba, delaveris StatSi moqmed, samizne sawarmoTa
mier yvelaze ufro xSirad gamoyenebadi TavdacviTi RonisZiebebi. ramdenad efeqturi
da misaRebia direqtoratisaTvis Tavisuflebis micema, SeimuSaos TavdacviTi RonisZieba Sexedulebisamebr, misTvis miniWebuli diskreciuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi.
saqarTveloSi, samizne kompaniis mier gansaxorcielebelTavdacviT RonisZiebebTan dakaSirebiT ar arsebobs sakanonmdeblo regulireba, verc praqtikaSi da qarTuli
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi SexvdebiT msgavs sakiTxebze msjelobas, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom Cven qveyanaSi ar aris sabazro ekonomika iseT doneze ganviTarebuli
rogorc es aSS-ia.
bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi, mas Semdeg rac saqarTvelom damoukidebloba moipova,
iSviaTad Tu ganxorcielebula qarTuli sawarmoebis Serwyma, misi klasikuri gagebiT,
mtrul dauflebaze da direqtoratis mxridan TavdacviTi meqanizmebis gamoyenebaze
xom saubaric zedmetia. erTaderTi meTodi risi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobac aqvs saqar37
38
39
Murray H. J., Choose Your Own Master: Social Enterprise, Certifications and Benefit Corporations, American University Business Law Review, 2012, <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Print?collection=journals&handle=
hein.journals/aubulrw2&id=95>.
iqve.
Hanks J. Jr., Evaluating Recent State Legislation on director and Officer Liability Limitation and Indemnification in: Reprinted from The Business Lawyer Vol. 43, No.4, August 1988, a Publication of the Section of
Business Law (Formerly section Section of Corporation, Banking and Business Law) American Bar Association. Copyright 1988, American Bar Association, 1232.
192
TveloSi direqtorats SesaZlo reorganizaciis winaaRmdeg aris darwmuneba, anu igi unda Seecados daarwmunos sawarmos partniorebi, rom Serwyma ar aris saukeTeso gamosavali. Tuki direqtorati SeZlebs partniorTa darwmunebas Serwyma aRar ganxorcieldeba,
magram Tu partniorebi mainc ar Seicvlian azrs, direqtorats samarTlebrivi berketi
ar gaaCia win aRudges am process.
aSS-Si, kerZod delaveris StatSi, direqtorati uflebamosilia gamoiyenos TavdacviTi RonisZiebebi mtruli dauflebis winaaRmdeg. Tu ra saxis RonisZiebas gamoiyenebs direqtorati es misi gadasawyvetia da am SemTxvevSi igi moqmedebs miniWebuli diskreciis farglebSi. aSS-Si arasodes yofila imgvari regulaciebi, romlebic direqtorats TavdacviTi meqanizmebis gamoyenebas aukrZalavda.40
delaveris StatSi moqmedi saminze kompaniis direqtorati yovelTvis Tavisufali
iyo TavdacviTi meqanizmis SemuSavebaSi da gamoyenebaSi. delaveris sasamarTlo direqtoratis mier gamoyenebuli TavdacviTi taqtikis kanonierebas yoveli konkretuli saqmidan gamomdinare ganixilavs, Sesabamisad, ar arsebobs am mxriv dadgenili wesebi Tu ra
CaiTvleba kanonierad da ra ara. sasmarTlo afasebs TavdacviTi taqtikis gamoyenebis
porporciulobas, Sesabamisobas yoveli konkretuli saqmidan gamomdinare.41
Tavdacvis erT-erT saSualebas warmoadgens samizne kompaniis direqtoratis mier taqtikuri sasamarTlo procesis wamowyeba (Initiate Tactical Litigation).42 aseve, “Management
buy-out” (MBO), rac menejmentis mxridan savaWrod daSvebuli aqciebis Sesyidvas gulisxmobs, raTa xeli SeuSalos kompaniis mtrul dauflebas. gavrcelebulia kompaniaSi dasaqmebul pirTa da kompaniisadmi megobrulad ganwyobil pirTa mier savaWrod daSvebuli aqciebis gamosyidva e.w. (Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) kompaniis mtruli dauflebis sawinaaRmdegod.43 es ukanaskneli direqtortis mier SemuSavebuli gegmaa da popularobiT sargeblobs vinaidan igi xels uwyobs dasaqmebulTa motivaciis gazrdas.
samizne kompaniis direqtorats SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos da moiTxovos Serwymis akrZalva, im motiviT rom Serwymis tranzaqcia ewinaaRdmdegeba antimonopoliur
kanonmdeblobas. Tavdacvis es saSualeba warmatebuli aRmoCndeba Tuki sasamarTlo daadgens, rom Serwymis Sedegad SemZeni kompania moipovebs did Zlauflebas da gavlenas
bazarze.44
Tavdacvis meqanizmebis uamravi xerxi arsebobs, romlebzec ufro detalurad,
winamdebare statiis moculobidan gamomdinare, ver SevCerdebiT, amitom, SedarebiT
vrclad, Tavdacvis RonisZiebis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul da sadavo saSulebaze
gveqneba saubari.
erT-erT cnobil saqmeze Unocal Corpo vs Mesa Petrolium45 delaveris sasmarTlom daagina, rom samizne kompaniis direqtorati uflebamosilia SeimuSaos TavdacviTi taqtika, SemZeni kompaniis mier ganxorcilebuli qmedebebis proporciulad, Tuki mas eqneba
40
41
42
43
44
45
Stokka S.H., Defence Tactics in Hostile Takeovers – An Analysis of The Rule Imposed on the Pursued Target,
2013, 23, <http://home.heinonline.org/>.
iqve.
iqve.
Gevurtz A.F., Corporation Law, West Group, St.Paul, Minn, 2000, 675.
Clarkson K. W., Miller R. L., Cross F. B., Bunisess Law, Text and Cases, 12th ed., 2012, 802.
Unocal Corp. v. Mesa Petroleum Co., 493 A.2d 946 (Del. 1985), <http://www.law.illinois.edu/aviram/Unocal.
pdf>.
193
safuZveli ifiqros, rom TavdacviTi saSulebebis gamouyeneblobis gamo, dazaiandeba
samizne kompaniis legitimuri interesi. amasTan, konkretuli TavdacviTi meqanizmis gamoyenebis gonivrulobisa da mizanSewonilobis mtkicebis tvirTi samizne kompaniis direqtoratze gadadis.46 direqtoratis qmedebis Sefasebis am wesma sapatio adgili daimkvidra amerikul sakorporacio samarTalSi da igi cnobilia, ùnokalis testis~ (Unocal
Test) saxeliT.
Unocal Test mniSvnelovania iseTi TavdacviTi saSulebis gamoyenebisas rogoricaa
`sawamlavi abebi~ (Poison Pills). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi iTvleba Tavdacvis yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad da, Sesabamisad, sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneba.47
Poison Pills warmoadgens konvertirebad privilegirebul aqciebs, romelsac kompania uSvebs misi aqcionerebis saxelze rogorc dividends. es aqciebi SesaZloa ar warmoSobdes xmis da dividendis miRebis uflebas, es ar aris misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani. is rac am aqciebs aqcevs e.w. sawamlav abebad aris misi konvertaciis ufleba.48
im SemTxvevaSi Tu SemZeni kompania, iyidis samizne kompaniis savaWrod ganTavsebuli aqciebis garkveul odenobas (dgindeba wesdebiT) da Semdeg Seerwymeba samizne kompanias, zemoaRniSnuli privilegirebuli aqciebis mflobelebs ufleba aqvT, moaxdinon
am aqciebis sarfiani konvertireba (gadacvla) SemZenis aqciebze, rac gulisxmobs, magaliTad, samizne kompaniis erT privilegirebul aqciaSi, SemZeni kompaniis ori aqciis gadacvlas(SesaZloa dadgenil iyo konvertaciis sxva wesi), am gziT SemZeni kompnia kargavs
xmebis raodenobas Serwymis Sedegad warmoSobil kompaniaSi da mas saSuleba aRar eZleva
miiRos erTpirovnuli gadawyvetiulebebi, gaaTavisuflos direqtoarati da a.S. cxadia
amgvari meqanizmis gamoyeneba damabrkolebel garemoebas warmoadgens SemZeni kompaniisaTvis, aferxebs mis mier samizne kompaniis mtruli dauflebis process.49
`sawamlavi abebis~ taqtikis sapasuxod, SesaZloa mtruli dauflebis msurveli
kompaniis aqcioneri daukavSirdes samizne kompaniis Serwymisadmi loialurad ganwyobil aqcioners da daarwmunos igi Secvalos arsebuli direqtorati sasurveli kandidatebiT, rac saSulebas miscems mtruli dauflebis msurvels gamoricxos sawamlavi abebis gamoyeneba. Tumca es arc Tu ise ioli saqmea, maSin rodesac `sawamlavi abebis~ debulebasTan erTad arsebobs rotaciis principiT Sedgenili direqtorati (Staggered Board
Provision).50
Staggered Board Provision gulisxmobs imas, rom Tundac moxerxdes aqcioneris darwmuneba, Tuki direqtorebi imgvarad arian arCeulni, rom maT poziciaze yofnis vada
sxvadasxva dros gasdiT, am SemTxvevaSi direqtoratis erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gaSveba
ver moxerxdeba vinaidan TiTeul maTgans uflebamoslebis vada guava erTi wlis dagvi46
47
48
49
50
Stokka S.H., Difence Tactics in Hostile Takeovers - An Analysis of The Rule Imposed on The Pursued Target,
iqve.
აrsebobs `sawamlavi abebis~ (Poison Pills) meqanizmis gamoyenebis sxvadasxva saxe, romlebsac ewodebaT Flip-over, Flip-in, Back-end, da a.S. mocemul SemTxvevSi ganxilulia Tu rogor
gamoiyeneba Poison Pills e.w. Flip-over debulebis arebobis dros. vinaidan statiis formatis gaTvaliswinebiT maTi srulad ganxilva ver xerxdeba.
Stokka S. H., Defence Tactics in Hostile Takeovers - An Analysis of the Rule Imposed on the Pursued Target,
194
anebiT, (zog SemTxvevaSi xdeba direqtoratis 1/3-is arCeva am wesiT, anu yovel konkretul TariRSi uflebamosilebis vada ewureba direqtoratis 1/3-s da ara mTel direqtorats51). amasTan, wesdeba iTvaliswinebs, rom direqtoris gaTavisufleba safuZvlis
gareSe (Without Cause) ar daiSveba. Sesabamisad, direqtoratis srulad Secvlas minimum
sami weli daWirdeba. Serwymis am vadiT gadadeba ki cxadia SemZeni kompaniis interesebSi
ar Sedis.
airgazis saqmis ganxilvisas (Air Products and Chemicals Inc v Airgas Inc)52 delaveris sasmarTlom daadastura rom `sawamlevi abebis~ gamoyeneba delaverSi registrirebuli
kompaniebis mier SesaZlebelia. sasmarTlom am saqmis ganxilvisas kidev erTxel gausva
xazi e.w. Unocal Test mniSvnelobas da aRniSna, rom daculi unda iqnes dasaxelebuli testis
moTxovnebi.53
miuxedavad zemoaRniSnuli gadawyvetilebisa `sawamlavi abebis~ rogorc TavdacviTi saSualebis mimarT skeptikurad ganwobilTa ricxvi izrdeba, statistika aCvenebs,
rom delaverSi registrirebul sawarmoTagan ufro da ufro mcirdeba Tavdacvis am
saSualebis gamoyenebis faqtebi. xolo did britaneTSi da evrokavSirSi54 Tavdacvis am
xerxis gamoyeneba akrZalulia.55
rogor daregulirdeba mtrul dauflebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor aris dabalansebuli interesTa konfliqti,
romelic aqcionersa da direqtorats Soris SeiZleba arsebobdes. didi britaneTis kanonmdebloba aqcionerTa mimarT megobrulad ganwyobilad iTvleba (Shareholder-friendly),
radganac aq direqtorats ar aqvs ufleba SeewinaaRmdegos Serwymis winadadebas, Tuki
aqcioneri mzaobas gamoTqvams amisaTvis.56 Sesabamisad, moqmedebs direqtoratis neitralitetis wesi (Board Neutrality Rule).
romeli midgomaa ukeTesi – aqcionerisadmi megobrulad ganwyobili, romelic direqtorats ukrZlavs imoqmedos Serwymis winaaRmdeg aqcioneris Tanxmobis gareSe (Board
Neutrality Rule), Tu direqtoratisadmi megobrulad ganwyobili, amasTan dakavSirebiT kamaTi mimdinareobs da calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs.
Tu CavTvliT, rom samizne kompaniis direqtoratis roli, Serwymis Sedegad mxolod aqcionerTa simdidris gazrdaa maSin pasiuri direqtorati ufro misaRebia. magram
Tuki miviCnevT, rom direqtoratma aseve unda gaiTvaliswinos kompaniasTan dakavSirebul sxva pirTa (dasaqmebulTa, kreditorTa, momwodebelTa, momxmarebelTa) interesebi, cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi aqtiuri direqtorati ufro misaRebi iqneba.57
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
Zwecker A., The EU Takeover Directive: Eight Years Later, Implementation but still no Harmonization Among
Member States on Acceptable Takeover Defenses, 2012, 239.
Air Products and Chemicals Inc v Airgas Inc, C.A. Nos. 5249, 5256 (Del. Ch. Feb. 15, 2011), <http://courts.
delaware.gov/opinions/download.aspx?ID=150850>.
Stokka S.H., Defence Tactics in Hostile Takeovers - An Analysis of the Rule Imposed on the Pursued Target,
Directive 2004/25/EC of The Europian Parliament and of the Counsil of 21 April 2004 on Takeover Bids,
<http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:142:0012:0012:EN:PDF>.
Stokka S.H., Defence Tactics in Hostile Takeovers - An Analysis of the Rule Imposed on The Pursued Target,
iqve.
Palmiter A. R., Corporations, 5th ed., Aspen Publishers, New York, 2006, 652-653.
195
direqtoratis neitralitetis wesis mxardamWerebi miiCneven, rom direqtorisaTvis moqmedebis Tavisuflebis micema saxifaToa, vinaidan, rogorc wesi, Serwymis Semdeg
direqtoratis gadayeneba xdeba, SesaZloa direqtorma imoqmedos ara aqcionerTa da
kompaniis, aramed sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da win aRudges Serwymis winadadebas, Tundac igi xelsayreli iyos kompaniisaTvis.
meore mxriv, direqtori marTavs sawarmos yoveldRiur saqmianobas da man ukeT
icis ra aris kargi sawarmosTvis da ra ara. amitom aqcioneri SesaZloa ialad Secdes, vinaidan mas ar aqvs srulyofili informacia da arc aris valdebuli icodes yvelaferi
sawarmos biznessaqmianobis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, ukeTesi iqneba Tuki direqtorats eqneba saSualeba win aRudges Serwymis winadadebas, aqcioneris winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe.
kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba minoritari aqcioneris dacvis garantiebi, im SemTxvevaSi
Tuki gadawyvetilebas mxolod maJoritari aqcioneri miiRebs, direqtorati valdebulia Tanabrad daicvas yvela aqcioneris uflebebi, maSin rodesac aqcioners ufleba aqvs
gayidos misi kuTvnili aqciebi misaReb fasad da, amasTan, igi ar aris valdebuli izrunos sxva aqcionerzec da masac daexmaros aqciaTa gasxvisebisas.58
Tuki direqtorats ekrZaleba TavdacviTi meqanizmebis gamoyeneba SemZeni advilad
miaRwevs warmatebas, kompaniaTa gaerTianeba ki, Tavis mxirv, xels uwyobs maT gaZlierebas da zrdis SesaZleblobas meti wvlili Seitanon, zogadad, sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi. es argumenti TiTqos direqtoratis neitralitetis momxreTa sasargeblod
metyvelebs, magram rogorc gamokvlevebma aCvena, mtruli dauflebis pirobebSi TavdacviTi meqnizmebis gamoyeneba zrdis samizne kompaniis Rirebulebas, rac, sabolo jamSi, samizne kompniis aqcionerebze dadebiTad aisaxeba. delaveris Statis gamocdileba
aCvenebs, rom direqtoratisaTvis Tavisuflebis miniWeba gacilebiT ufro efeqturia,
vidre direqtoratis neitralitetis wesis arseboba (Board Neutrality Rule).59
Sedarebis Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni aqcionerTa mimarT megobrulad ganwyobilia, vinaidan sawarmos reorganizacisTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebas kanonis Tanaxmad partnorebi iReben.60 Sesabamisad, qarTuli kanonmdebloba direqtoratis neitralitetis princips iziarebs.
erTi SexedviT, qarTuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, direqtorati mxolod teqnikur daniSnulebas asrulebs, agzavnis Sesabamis Setyobinebas, iwvevs partniorTa krebas
da a.S.
marTalia, aqcionerebi iReben gadawyvetilebas sawarmos reorganizaciis Sesaxeb
magram cxadia, maT aseTi mniSvnelovani gadawvetilebis misaRebad unda hqondeT sruli
da utyuari informacia, raTa Secdoma ar iqnes daSvebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.
informacia da, aseve, Serwymis Tu gayofis Sesaxeb proeqti direqtoratis mier unda iqnes momzadebuli. am SemTxvevaSi direqtorTa mimarT gavrceldeba mewarmeTa Sesaxeb
kanonis 9.6 muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac direqtorebi da sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebi sazogadoebis saqmeebs unda gauZRvnen keTilsindisierad, zrunavdnen ise rogorc zrunavs
analogiur Tanamdebobaze da analogiur pirobebSi myofi saRad moazrovne piri. sawarmos xelmZRvanelebi unda moqmedebdnen im rwmeniT, rom maTi moqmedeba yvelaze xelsay58
59
60
Stokka S.H., Defence Tactics in Hostile Takeovers – An Analysis of The Rule Imposed on The Pursued Target,
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni, muxli 144..
196
relia sazogadoebisaTvis. Tuki direqtorebi daarRveven am movaleobas isini sazogadoebis winaSe pasuxs ageben solidarulad mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, pirdapir da uSualod.
ramdenad samarTliania direqtorTa mimarT msgavsi pasuxismgeblobis daweseba, maSin rodesac maT ar aqvs saSuleba win aRudgen Serwymis winadadebas? kerZod sainteresoa,
unda dadges Tu ara direqtoratis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi Tuki igi cdilobda partniorTa gadarwmunebas magram ver SeZlo. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, direqtorati asrulebs
aqcionerTa gadwyvetlebas, xels awers Serwymis Sesaxeb xelSekrilebas da a.S., rogor unda moiqces qarTuli kompaniis direqtorati Tuki igi reorganizaciis winaaRmdegia? aqvs
Tu ara realuri berketi mas, rom win aRudges amgvar tranzaqcias? an dadgeba Tu ara misi
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis 9.6 muxlis im danawesis Tanaxmad, romelic ar aTavisuflebs direqtors pasuxismgeblobisgan, Tundac rom igi partniorTa
gadawyvetilebis Sesasruleblad moqmedebdes.
zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom direqtori SesaZloa dadges derivaciuli sarCelis winaSe, rasac iTvaliswinebs mewarmeTa
Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 46.5 da 53.5 muxlebi.61
dasmul kiTxvebze calsaxa da amomwurav pasuxs mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni ar iZleba,
rac iZleva safuZvels daskvnisaTvis, rom qarTuli sakorporaco samarTali ganicdis im
efeqturi meqanizmebis ararsebobas, romlebic xels uwyoben biznesis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi kanonis noremebis swraf da efeqtur gamoyenebas.
samwuxarod, verc sasamarTlo praqtikis mier xdeba am xarvezis efeqturi gamosworeba maSin, rodesac sasamarTloebi delaveris StatSi warmoadgenen mniSvnelovan institutebs, romlebic xels uwyoben sakorporacio samarTlis normebis aRsrulebas da korporaciuli marTvis axali, Tanamedrove regulaciebis dadgenasa da ganviTarebas.
mxolod imis aRniSvna, rom kanoni xarveziania da Secvlas saWiroebs, direqtorTaTvis Svebis momtani ver iqneba. bunebrivia maTTvis mniSvnelovania rogor moiqcnen arsebuli kanonmdeblobis pirobebSi, rom pasuxismgebloba airidon Tavidan. erTaderTi gamosavali rac SeiZleba direqtors qondes aris is, rom man direqtoratze sakiTxis gan61
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis 46-e muxls daemata mexuTe nawili, romelic iTvaliswinebs
derivatuli sarCelis aRZvris SesaZleblobas Sps-is partnioris mier, cvlilebis
Tanaxmad: Tu SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebam ar ganaxorciela sakuTari
moTxovna mesame piris mimarT, partniors SeuZlia sazogadoebis nacvlad da mis sasargeblod, Tavisi saxeliT Seitanos sarCeli aRniSnuli moTxovnis gansaxorcieleblad. igi miiCneva saTanado mosarCeled, Tu sazogadoeba partnioris werilobiTi
moTxovnis miRebidan 90 dRis ganmavlobaSi ar aRZravs sarCels mesame piris winaaRmdeg
an ver daasabuTebs, rom aseTi sarCelis aRZvra ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebis interesebs. sasamarTlos mier partnioris sarCelis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoeba valdebulia aunazRauros partniors sarCelTan dakavSirebuli, keTilgonierebis
farglebSi gaweuli sasamarTlosgareSe xarjebi, advokatis xarjebis CaTvliT. sazogadoeba Tavisufldeba am xarjebis anazRaurebis movaleobisagan, Tu igi daamtkicebs,
rom sarCelis dakmayofileba sazogadoebisaTvis saziano aRmoCnda. Tu partniori miCneul iqna arasaTanado mosarCeled an misi sarCeli ar dakmayofilda, partniors ekisreba sazogadoebis mier keTilgonierebis farglebSi gaweuli im xarjebis anazRaurebis
valdebuleba, romlebic warmoiSva partnioris moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT. partnioris qonebrivi mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlos SeuZlia gadauvados mas sasamarTlo xarjebis anazRaureba.
197
xilvisas tranzaqciis winaaRmdeg misces xma da werilobiT uari Tqvas am tranzaqciaSi
monawileobaze da aqve daasabuTos sakuTari uari. magram saqarTveloSi arsebuli samwuxaro realobis gamo, amgvari moqmedeba samsaxuris fasad SeiZleba daujdes.
mas mouwevs arCevanis gakeTeba – gadadgams amgvar nabijs Tu Sinagani rwmenis miuxedavad, CarTul iqneba Serwmis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebaSi, ramac SesaZloa
mogvinebiT misi piradi pasuxismgebloba gamoiwvios. Sesabamisad, amgvari davis ganxilvis, direqtoris pasuxismgeblobis dadgenis procesSi sasamarTlom aucileblad unda
miaqcios yuradReba dauWira Tu ara mxari direqtorma tranzaqcias. Tuki man direqtoratis sxdomaze mxari ar dauWira gadawyvetilebas rac asaxulia sxdomis oqmSi, pasuxismgeblobac ar unda dadges.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, unda iTqvas rom keTilsindisierad moqmedi direqtoratis pirobebSi, partniorTa krebasTan SedarebiT, es organo gacilebiT
ufro kompetenturia, Serwymis winadadebasTan dkavSirebiT keTilsindisierad, gulwrfeli rwmeniT imisa, rom sawarmos interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedebs, miiRos gadawyvetileba misTvis miniWebuli diskreciis farglebSi.
„mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanoni, sawarmoTa SerwymasTan dakavSirebiT qmedebaTa ganxorcilebisas, erTi mxriv, ar gamoricxavs direqtoris pasuxismgeblobas aqcionerTa gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi, meore mxriv ki mas ar aniWebs uflebamosilebas raime saxis gavlena moaxdinos am gadawyvetilebaze, rac calsaxad moiTxovs
gamosworebas kanonSi Sesabamisi Sesworebebis Setanis gziT, romelTa Tanaxmadac direqtorats mieniWeba uflebamosileba win aRudges Serwymis winadadebas, kompaniis interesebidan gamomdinare.
rac Seexeba am procesSi sakuTari interesebis win wamowevis saSiSroebas, kanonma
unda gaiTvaliswinos unokalis principi, romlis Tanaxmadac mtkicebis tvirTi TavdacviTi meqanizmebis gamoyenebis proporciulobis Sesaxeb direqtoratzea. aseve, calsaxa da araorazrovani miTiTeba unda gakeTdes imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom direqtoraTa
gadawyvetilebebis mimarT moqmedebs samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis Tavisufleba (Business
Judgment Rule) Tu igi daarRvevs sawarmosadmi erTgulebis (Duty of Loyalty), mzrunvelobis
(Duty of Care) da keTilsindisierad mopyrobis (Duty of Good Faith) movaleobas personalurad
agebs pasuxs damdgari zianisaTvis da veRar SeZlebs Tavis dacvas Business Judgment Rule-ze
miTiTebiT.
5. Business Judgment Rule rogorc standarti, TavdacviTi RonisZiebis
adekvaturobis Sefasebisas
sawarmos xelmZRvanelTa mimarT arsebobs molodini, rom isini gamoiCenen saTanado mzrunvelobas kompaniis mimarT da imoqmedeben am ukanasknelis saukeTeso interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, magram TavisTavad cxadia, isini ar warmoadgenen biznesis warmatebis garantias.
umTavresad direqtoris niWze da mis unarze, gamocdilebasa da SesaZleblobebzea
damokidebuli sawarmos bedi rentabeluri iqneba igi Tu ara. amave dros, direqtori pasuxs agebs sawarmos winaSe.62
62
Wanturia l., niniZe, T., `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis komentari, Tb., 2002,
115.
198
samewaremeo gadawyvetilebis Tavisufleba (Business Judgment Rule), Tavisi SinaarsiT,
ganamtkicebs direqtoris (direqtoratis) uflebas keTilsindisierad, sawarmos da aqcionerTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT miiRos ramdenime SesaZlo gadawyvetilebidan
erT-erTi. amasTan, mas gulwrfelad unda swamdes, rom es gadawyvetileba sawarmos da
aqcionerTa saukeTeso interesebs Seesabameba. anu Business Judgment Rule adgens sakanonmdeblo CarCos, romlis SigniTac direqtorats moqmedebis Tavisufleba aqvs. Tuki direqtori keTilsindisieria gadawyvetilebis miRebisas misi pasuxismgebloba kompaniis
da aqcionerTa mimarT ar dadgeba, Secdomisa da warumatebeli biznesgadawyvetilebis
gamo. Sesabamisad, direqtoratis gadawyvetileba aqcionerTa da sxvaTa mxridan gadaxedvas ar eqvemdebareba.63
Business Judgment Rule instituti amerikuli sasamarTlo praqtikis pirmSoa da dResdReobiT igi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs sawarmos marTvaSi. Tavisi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare mas SesaZlebelia rom direqoris mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis mimarT moqmedi, ùdanaSaulobis prezumcia uwodoT~.
igi direqtors pasuxismgeblobisagn icavs Tuki misi moqmedeba gonivrulobis
moTxovnebs akmayofilebs.64
direqtoratis Business Judgment Rule-is dacvis qveS moxvdeba Tuki iarsebebs Semdegi
winapirobebi:
direqoratis mier gamoyenebul iqna yvela SesaZlo saSuleba informaciis mosapoveblad.
direqtors aqvs racionaluri safuZveli miiRos gadawyvetileba.
ar arsebobs interesTa konfliqti direqtoris pirad interessa da kompaniis interesebs Soris. 65
Business Judgment Rule (samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis Tavisufleba) direqtors aniWebs
gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavisuflebas kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil farglebSi. sasamarTlo ar imsjelebs imaze Tu ramdenad marTebulia samewarmeo gadawyvetileba, Tuki misi
mimRebi direqtoris keTilsindisierebasa da gonivrulobaSi eWvis Setanis safuZveli
ar arsebobs.66
Business Judgment Rule amerikul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi sawarmos xelmZRvanelTa
dacvis prezumciis xasiaTi aqvs, romlis `gadalaxvac~ mosarCeles moeTxoveba, rac imas
gulisxmobs, rom mosarCelem sarwmunod unda daasabuTos direqtoris mxridan fiducialuri (mzrunvelobiTi) valdebulebebis darRvevis faqti, is rom igi arakeTilsindisierad moqmedebda. sasamarTlo mxlod im SemTxvevaSi daiwyebs saqmis arsebiT ganxilvas
Tuki mosarCele am yovelives dadasturebas SeZlebs. am SemTxvevaSi mtkicebis tvirTi
direqtorze gadadis da ukve igi xdeba valdebuli daasabuTos, rom sawarmos interesebidan gamomdinare moqmedebda.
mxolod imitom, rom direqtoris mier miRebuli gadayvetileba saziano aRmoCnda
sawarmosaTvis misi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ar dadgeba, Tu dadasturda, rom direqtori keTilsindisierad Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebSi moqmedebda gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. rac Business Judgment Rule- erT-erTi dadebiTi maxasiaTebelia.
63
64
65
66
Clarkson K.W., Miller R. L., Cross F.B., Bunisess Law, Text and Cases, 12th ed., 2012, 779.
juReli g., kapitalis dacva saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 185.
Clarkson K.W., Miller R. L., Cross, F.B., Bunisess Law, Text and Cases, 12th ed., 2012, 779.
iqve.
199
`mtkiceba imisa rom sawarmos ziani miadga mmarTvelis mier uflebamosilebis farglebSi keTilsindisierad, sawarmos miznebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da kanonierad dadebuli garigebis Sedegad, pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlad ver iqceva, ramdenad aragonivruladac ar unda mogveCvenos ganxorcielebuli investicia post factum~ amerikuli sasamaTlo praqtikis mier dauSvebel simkacred iqna miCneuli direqtoris mimarT absolituri
Seumcdarobis moTxovna. 67
In Revlon, Inc. v MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc saqmesTan dakavSirebiT delaveris
umaRlesma sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom direqtorati ver miuTiTebs Business Judgment Ruleze Tuki igi mxolod sakuTari Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad moqmedebda. Tu direqtors
surs moxvdes Business Judgment Rule-is dacvis qveS man unda daadasturos, rom gamoyenebuli TavdacviTi RonisZieba, korporaciis politikisa da efeqturobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli safrTxis proporciuli iyo.68 amave gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom
Tuki kompaniis gayidva gardauvalia da arsebobs ramdenime msurveli SeiZinos igi, samizne kompaniis direqtoratis rolia `sarfiani auqcioni~ gamarTos msurvelebs Soris
kompaaniis fasis gazrdis mizniT.69
kompaniis sakontrolo paketis gasxvisebisas direqtorati valdebulia daadasturos, rom misi moqmedeba gonivruli iyo rogorc Tavad gayidvis procesis, aseve fasTan
mimarTebaSi70, am SemTxvevaSi direqtorati SeZlebs Business Judgment Rule-is dacvis qveS
moxvdes.
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, direqtorebi da sameTvalyureo
sabWos wevrebi sazogadoebis saqmianobas unda gauZRvnen keTilsindisierad, kerZod
zrunavdnen ise, rogorc zrunavs analogiur Tanamdebobaze da analogiur pirobebSi
myofi Cveulebrivi, saRad moazrovne piri, da moqmedebdnen im rwmeniT, rom maTi es moqmedeba yvelaze xelsayrelia sazogadoebisaTvis.71
Tu isini ar Seasruleben am movaleobas, sazogadoebis winaSe warmoSobili zianisaTvis pasuxs ageben solidarulad, mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, pirdapir da uSualod.
Tu anazRaureba aucilebelia sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelebis valdebuleba ar
wydeba imis gamo, isini moqmedebdnen partniorTa gadawyvetilebebis Sesasruleblad.72
qarTuli kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo praqtika ar icnobs samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis Tavisuflebas (Business Judgment Rule), Tumca miTiTebuli normebis analizis safuZvelze cxadi xdeba, rom saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas garkveul standarts adgens da direqtors ar sTxovs absoluturad Seumcdari
67
68
69
70
71
72
Gagliardi v. TriFoods Intern., Inc., 683 A. 2d 1049, 1051. (Del. Ch., 1996): “to allege that a corporation has
suffered a loss as a result of a lawful transaction, within the corporation’s powers, authorized by a corporate
fiduciary acting in a good faith pursuit of corporate purposes, does not state a claim for relief against that
fiduciary no matter how foolish the investment may appear in retrospect”; ix. aseve: Cinerama, Inc. v. Technicolor, Inc., 1991 WL 111134, at *15 (Del. Ch., 1991), miTiTebulia: juReli g., kapitalis dacva
saaqcio sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2010, 87.
Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc., 506 A.2d 173 (Del.1986), <http://www.law.illinois.edu/
aviram/revlon.pdf>.
Zwecker A., The EU Takeover Directive: Eight Years Later, Implementation but still no Harmonization among
Member States on Acceptable Takeover Defenses, 2012, 240-241, <http://home.heinonline.org/>.
iqve.
200
gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. mTavaria am ukanasknelis mier keTilsindiserad gonierebis
farglebSi iyos gadawyvetileba miRebuli.
am institutis kritikas iwvevs is, rom ar aris dadgenili sad gadis gonierebis
zRvari, ar arsebobs konkretuli principebi, romlebic unda daicvas direqtorma gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, rom am wesis dacvis qveS aRmoCndes. sasamarTlom yoveli konkretuli SemTxveva damoukideblad unda ganixilos da Seafasos. am TvalsazrisiT delaveris sasamarTlo praqtika Zalze mdidari da moqnilia. iTvleba rom aq yvelaze metad
aris garantirebuli direqotorTa uflebebis dacva. 73
delaveris saapelacio sasamarTlom msoflioSi erT-erT cnobil paramaunTis saqmeze (Paramaunt Case) samarTalwarmoebisas ganmarta: `Cveulebriv viTarebaSi arc sasamarTlos da arc TviT aqcionerebs aqvT ufleba Caerion direqtoratis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi~.74
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli cvlielebis Sedegad
direqtoris roli gazrdilia sawarmos marTvaSi, aucilebeli xdeba, rom igi daculad
grZnobdes Tavs da qondes gancda, rom aravin dasjis àraSemosavliani~ gadawyvetilebis
miRebis gamo, Tuki es gadawyvetileba keTilsindiserad, faqtebis Sefasebisa da sawarmosaTvis saukeTeso gadawyvetilebis rwmenis safuZvelze iqneba miRebuli.
davis arsebobisas qarTulma sasmarTlom unda gaiTvaliswinos delaveris StatSi arsebuli gamocdileba da praqtika da mosarCeles daakisros Business Judgment Rule-is
gadalaxvis tvirTi. vinaidan direqtori saqmes uZRveba sakuTari pasuxismgeblobisa da
samewarmeo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis Tavisuflebis principis safuZvelze75, xolo am
wesis darRveva ki Seamcirebs direqtoris survils Tavis Tavze aiRos garkveuli riski
sawarmosaTvis warmatebis motanis mizniT.
6. daskvna
winamdebare statiis formatis gaTvaliswinebiT cxadia, igi srulyofil da amomwurav suraTs ver mogvcems direqtorebis movalebaTa Sesaxeb sawarmoTa Serwymisa Tu
dauflebis procesSi. Tumca garkveuli daskvnebis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, naSromSi ZiriTadi aqcenti gakeTebulia sakontrolo paketis dauflebaze (Acquisition) da dauflebaze, romelsac Serwyma (Merger) mosdevs.
samizne kompaniis direqtorati xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba Serwymis winadadebas. erTi
mxriv, direqtorats aqvs sakuTari interesebi, SeinarCunos pozicia da kontroli sawamoze, meore mxriv, maT aqvT fiduciuri valdebuleba, imoqmedon keTilsindisierad sawarmos da aqcionerTa mimarT, gulwrfeli rwmeniT, rom kompaniis saukeTeso interesebis Sesabamisad moqmedeben.76
73
74
75
76
Hamilton R.W., The law of corporations, 5th ed., St. Paul , 2000, 461.
Paramount Communications, Inc. v. QVC Network, 637 A.2d 34, February 04, 1994, <http://international.
westlaw.com/find/default.wl?sp=intbucrs000&rp=%2ffind%2fdefault.wl&sv=Split&rs=WLIN11.04&cite=6
37+A.2d+34&fn=_top&mt=114&vr=2.0&findjuris=00001>.
lazaraSvili l., Tanamedrove sakorporacio samarTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli
sakiTxebi, sasamsaxuro xelSekruleba sawarmos direqtorTan, partniori da direqtori Sidasazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi, Tb., 2009, 339.
Clarkson K.W., Miller, R. L., Cross, F.B., Bunisess Law, Text and Cases, 12th ed., 2012, 801-802.
201
zogjer direqtorebis sawarmoze zrunva gamowveulia maTi piradi dainteresebiT, am SemTxvevaSi aqcioners (partniors) romelsac Serwymis Sedegad SeeZlo sargebeli enaxa, ufleba aqvs waradginos sarCeli sasamarTloSi direqtoraTa winaamdeg da
amtkicos, rom direqtorTa mxridan TavdacviTi RonisZiebis gamoyeneba ar iyo mizanSewonili am konkretul SemTxvevaSi da rom direqtorebma daarRvies zrunvis (Duty of Care),
erTgulebis (Duty of Loyalty) da keTilsindisierebis (Duty of Good Faith) movaleoba. aseT
SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo iyenebs Business Judgemet Rule-s, raTa daadginos ramdenad gonivruli iyo direqtoratis moqmedeba.77 Tuki direqtori moxvdeba Business Judgemet Rule-is
dacvis qveS78, maSin saqmis warmoeba Sewydeba da igi pasuxs ar agebs mxolod imitom, rom
post factum gadawyvetileba momgebiani ar aRmoCnda.
delaveris StatSi direqtorats moqmedebis ufro meti Tavisufleba aqvs vidre saqarTveloSi, Tumca am Tavisuflebis sapirwoned maTi pasuxismgeblobis dadgomis riskic sakmaod didia. amerikuli direqtorati, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, uflebasmosilia
win aRudges Serwymis winadadebas, maSin rodesac saqarTveloSi direqtorats amis sakanonmdeblo safuZveli ar aqvs.
bords aqvs rogorc sameTvalyureo sabWos, aseve gamgeobis (direqtoratis) uflebamosileba, rac mas aqcevs korporaciis yvelaze Zlier da gavlenian organod.79
zemodasaxlebuli TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis nacvlad qarTuli kompaniis direqtoratis erTaderTi saSuleba win aRudges sawarmos reorganizacias aris aqcionerTa
darwmuneba.
aSS-Si Zalaufleba direqtoratis xelSia, mas SeuZlia gamoiyenos TavdacviTi RonisZiebebi sakuTari Sexedulebis Sesabamisad. mTavaria igi moqmedebdes movaleobebis
farglebSi.80
direqotrs aqvs vadlebuleba imoqmedos sakuTari uflebamosilebis farglebSi
(Duty to Act within Authority), winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi pasuximgeblobis sakiTxi dadgeba81.
direqtorebs sawarmos mimarT gaaCniaT erTgulebis movaleoba (Duty of Loyalty) da
zrunvis movaleoba (Duty of Care), TiToeuli maTgani adgens direqtoris moqmedebis zogad standarts. 82 direqtorTa moqmedebis standarti sxvadasxvaa yoveli konkretuli
saqmidn gamomdinare. magaliTad, Serwymis dros direqtoratis qmedeba zrunvisa da erTgulebis ufro maRali standartis Sesatyvisi unda iyos, vidre Cveulebriv yoveldRiuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas.
direqtorTa msgavsi saxis valdebulebebs mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonic
iTvaliswinebs, Tumca qarTuli kanonmdebloba daxvewas da dazustebas saWiroebs am mimarTulebiT.
saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli praqtikis Sesabamisad, direqtori unda asrulebdes
aqcionerTa da sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrTa miTiTebebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi
77
78
79
80
81
82
Clarkson K.W., Miller R.L., Cross F.B., Bunisess Law, Text and Cases, 12th ed., 2012, 801-802.
ix. Tavi 5.
Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 113.
Zwecker A., The EU Takeover Directive: Eight Years Later, Implementation but still no Harmonization Among
Member States on Acceptable Takeover Defenses, 2012, 260, <http://home.heinonline.org/>.
Kleinberger D. S., Agency, Partnerships and LLCs, 2nd ed., Aspen Publishers, 2002, New York, 123.
Palmiter A. R., Corporations, 5th ed., Aspen Publishers, New York, 2006, 193.
202
samsxurs dakargavs.83 aRniSnuli praqtika, ra Tqma unda, ar Seesabameba mewarmeTa Sesaxeb
saqaTvelos kanonis danawess, romlis Tanaxmadac sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelebis valdebuleba ar wydeba imis gamo, rom isini moqmedebdnen partniorTa gadawyvetiulebis Sesasruleblad.84
direqtoratis roli da, Sesabamisad, psuxismgeblobac Zalian didia, amitom aucilebelia sawarmos menejeris daniSvnisas, arCevani gakeTdes kvalificiur, gamocdil
da dasaxuli miznebis Sesrulebis unaris mqone pirze da piradi nacnobobiT ar iqnes gadawyvetili es sakiTxi.
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoni, marTalia, icnobs direqtorTa pasuxismgeblobas da maT
garkveul movaleobebs akisrebs kompaniis mimarT, magram kanoni Zalian zogadad exeba
am sakiTxebs. im pirobebSi rodesac sasamarTlo praqtikac ar arsebobs, uamravi kiTxva
Cndeba, romlebzec calsaxa da naTeli pasuxis gacema, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia.
praqtikos iuristebsa Tu kompaniis dirqtorebs sibneleSi uxdebaT gzis gakvleva.
aseTi kanonis pirobebSi Znelia praqtikuli rCevebis micema biznesSi CarTuli pirebisaTvis, vinaidan, rogorc aRiniSna, kanoni bundovania da arc sasamarTlo praqtika iZleva pasuxs kanonis bundovan danawesebze.
qveyanaSi biznesis ganviTareba da investorTa waxaliseba swored kanonmdeblobis
saerTaSoriso standartebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvaniT unda daiwyos. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnlovania `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanoni, vinaidan swored misi regulirebis sferoa sawarmoTa Seqmna, maTi marTva, reorganizacia, xelmZRvanel pirTa uflebebi da movaleobebi.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, kvlavac inarCunebs aqtualobas profesor lado Wanturias mosazreba axali kanonis SemuSavebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb:
`mewarmeTa kanonSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi imdeni usistemo da Znelad asaxsneli
cvlileba Sevida, rom didi xania dRis wesrigSi dgas axali kanonis SemuSavebis aucilebloba~.85
83
84
85
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2003 wlis 26 ivnisis ganCineba (saqme #as 68-767-03)
uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqme daabruna xelaxla gansaxilvelad, saqme exeboda direqtoris Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebas, xolo gaTavisuflebis mizezad direqtorsa da
aqcionerebs Soris arsebuli uTanxmoeba saxeldeboda.
Wanturia l., evropis kerZo sazogadoeba - siaxle evropis sakorporacio samarTalSi,
`samarTlis Jurnali~, #1, Tb., 2009, 41.
203
maka nucubiZe*
iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa ufleba dabrundnen sakuTar
saxlSi da moiTxovon qonebis restitucia
1. Sesavali
ukve aTeulobiT wlebia rac saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba mTel rig qveynebSi dgeba
iseTi seriozuli problemis winaSe rogoricaa omis Sedegad sakuTari saxlebidan iZulebiT adgilnacvali (SemdgomSi `devnili~) pirebis problemebis mogvareba. saerTaSoriso
samarTali Tanxmdeba, rom aranairi omi, katastrofa, ganviTarebis gegmebi ar SeiZleba
CaiTvalos gamarTlebad, roca saqme exeba da saubaria nebismieri piris uflebaze SeinarCunos uflebebi mis kanonier mflobelobaSi arsebul miwaze, saxlsa da qonebaze. ama Tu
im pirisTvis samarTlebrivi statusis miniWeba, romelic gulisxmobs mis devnilad cnobas, niSnavs statusis mimcemi saxelmwifos mxridan aRiarebas, rom am ukanasknels aqvs
dabrunebis da sakuTari qonebis (miwa, saxli, qoneba) restituciis da/an zaralis anazRaurebis ufleba.
2. „dabrunebis uflebisa“ da restituciis uflebis
iuridiuli konteqsti
saerTaSoriso samarTali adamianebis sakuTari sacxovreblidan iZulebiT gandevnas ara mxolod kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulad akvalificirebs, aramed
aRiarebs da cnobs dazaralebul pirTa uflebas Sesabamisi sarCelis wardgeniT miiRon
adekvaturi samarTlebrivi dacva.
2.1. „dabrunebis ufleba“ saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebul
iuridiul konteqstSi
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normaTa darRveviT iZulebiT adgilnacval pirebs ufleba aqvT daubrundnen sakuTar sacxovrebel adgilebs `dabrunebis uflebiT~ saxeldebuli da aRiarebuli uflebis farglebSi.
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso instrumentebis umravlesoba aRiarebs da icavs
piris sakuTar qveyanaSi (sakuTar saxlSi) dabrunebis uflebas – `1. yvela adamians aqvs
nebismieri saxelmwifos farglebSi Tavisufali mimosvlisa da cxovrebis ufleba. 2. yvela adamians aqvs ufleba datovos nebismieri qveyana, maT Soris sakuTaric, da dabrundes
Tavis qveyanaSi.1 maSinac ki Tu esa Tu is saerTaSoriso paqti pirdapir ar aRiarebs iZu*
1
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori, sajaro samarTlis doqtori
(parizi 10 nanter la defansis universiteti, sagrangeTi), evropis qveynebis SedarebiTi
sajaro samarTlis magistri (parizi 1 panTeon sorbonis universiteti, safrangeTi).
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis, 1948 wlis 10 dekembris, adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-13 muxli.
204
Mmaka nucubiZe, iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa ufleba dabrundnen sakuTar saxlSi da
moiTxovon qonebis restitucia
lebiT adgilnacvali piris `dabrunebis uflebas~, minimum saxelmwifos valdebuleba
uzrunvelyos sakuTari mosaxleobis `sakuTar saxlSi~ dabruneba moazrebulia TiToeul maTganSi. ase magaliTad, socialuri da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis
me-12 muxli aRiarebs adamianis uflebas daubrundes sakuTar qveyanas, aseve icavs sacxovrebeli adgilis Tavisuflad arCevis uflebas, romelic integrirebulia warmoSobis
regionSi dabrunebis uflebasTan:
1. TiToeul pirs, romelic kanonierad imyofeba romelime saxelmwifos teritoriaze, am teritoriis farglebSi ufleba aqvs Tavisuflad gadaadgildes da Tavisuflad
airCios sacxovrebeli adgili.
2. TiToeul adamians ufleba aqvs datovos nebismieri qveyana, maT Soris sakuTaric.
3. zemoaRniSnuli uflebebi ar SeiZleba SeizRudos, garda im SemTxvevebisa, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT, aucilebelia saxelmwifos uSiSroebis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, mosaxleobis janmrTelobisa da zneobis, an sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvisaTvis da Seesabameba winamdebare paqtiT aRiarebul sxva uflebebs.
4. aravis SeiZleba TviTneburad CamoerTvas ufleba dabrundes sakuTar saxelmwifoSi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, Zvel sacxovrebel adgilas dabrunebis ufleba, imavdroulad, gaZlierebulia ojaxis erTianobisa da ojaxis dacvis uflebebiT. ltolviTa Sesaxeb gaeros umaRlesi komisris citirebis Sesabamisad `sakuTar qveyanaSi dabrunebis
ufleba sul ufro da ufro uaxlovdeba da ebmeba adekvaturi sacxovreblis uflebas.~2
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis qvekomisiis mixedviT “yvela devnilisa da iZulebiT adgilnacval pirs ufleba aqvspsakuTaris survilis SemTxvevaSi daubrundes Tavis sacxovrebel qveyanas, regions/adgils “.3
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo, iseve rogorc gaeros sxva organoebi, aseve, mudmivad da
araerTgzis usvamen xazs sakuTar sacxovrebel adgilas dabrunebis uflebis mniSvnelobas. bosnia hercogovinasTan mimarTebaSi uSiSroebis sabWos4 rezoluciis Sesabamisad
`yvela iZulebiT adgilnacval pirs ufleba aqvs daubrundes sakuTar sacxovrebels da
miiRos saamisod Sesabamisi daxmareba~. uSiSroebis sabWom dRemde araerTxel gaimeora
zemoxsenebuli fraza Tavis araerT rezoluciaSi – saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis, bosnia
hercogovinas, kambojis, xorvatiis, kviprosis, namibiisa Tu tajikeTis misamarTiT.
2.2. `restituciis uflebis~ saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli
iuridiuli konteqsti
`restituciis ufleba~ moicavs – sacxovreblis, miwisa da qonebis pirvandel mdgomareobaSi dabrunebis uflebas.
terminTa ganmartebaSi – qonebrivi restitucia – saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba
moiazrebs saqarTvelos teritoriaze dakarguli sacxovreblis an sxva uZravi qonebis
kanonieri mflobelisTvis dabrunebas, xolo restituciis ufleba axsnilia, rogorc
2
3
4
EC/GC/02/5, 25 avril 2002 Consultation mondial sur la protection internationale, Rapatriement librement
consenti.
UN UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Resolution 1998/26 on Housing and Property Restitution in the Context of the Return of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons.
26.08.1998
UN Security Council Resolution 820 (1993) on the situation in BiH. 17/4/1993.
205
`dazaralebuli fizikuri pirebis qonebrivi restitucia, adekvaturi (sanacvlo) uZravi
qonebiT uzrunvelyofa da qonebrivi zianis kompensacia~.
saerTaSoriso samarTliT, qonebrivi restituciis ufleba warmoadgens TviTmyofad uflebas, romelic ucvleli rCeba qonebrivi uflebis mqone devnilis dabrunebis an
daubruneblobis miuxedavad.
saerTaSoriso samarTali restitucias ganmartavs rogorc sakuTrebis uflebas,
romelic saSualebas aZlevs dazaralebul pirs an pirTa jgufs, daubrundes im mdgomareobas, romelic mas hqonda zaralis an zianis miyenebamde.
rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg gaeros komitetma (CERD), rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis winaaRmdeg saerTaSoriso konvenciis me-5 muxlTan dakavSirebiT
ganacxada `yvela ltolvilsa da iZulebiT adgilnacval pirs, sakuTar sacxovrebel adgilas dabrunebis Semdeg ufleba aqvs im qonebis restituciisa, romelsac igi flobda
konfliqtamde da aseve ufleba aqvs adekvaturi formiT qonebrivi zaralis anazRaurebaze, im qonebis sanacvlod, romlis restituciac SeuZlebelia~.
adamianis uflebaTa komisias araerTxel miuTiTebia qonebis restituciis aucileblobaze, rogorc iZulebiT gadaadgilebis msxverplTa mimarT gansaxorcielebel
efeqtur dacvaze.5 adamianis uflebaTa interamerikulma sasamarTlom daadgina zaralis
anazRaurebis valdebuleba im iZulebiT adgilnacval pirTa mimarT, romelTac dabrunebisas dakarges sakuTari qoneba da sakuTreba.6
sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos statuti restitucias aigivebs àRdgenasTan~ da acxadebs: `sasamarTlo adgens principebs, romelTa mixedviTac dazaralebulebisaTvis unda moxdes pirveladi mdgomareobis aRdgena, anu restitrucia da zaralis anazraureba~7
dabrunebis uflebis konteqstSi restituciis uflebasTan pirdapiraa mibmuli adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxliT garantirebul piradi cxovrebis Tavisuflebis ufleba.8
saxelmwifoTa praqtikaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac iZulebiT gadaadgilebul
pirTa saxlebi dangreulia, rac, Tavis mxriv, dabrunebis uflebis realizebis damabrkolebel garemoebad gvevlineba. adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom saqmeze akdivari da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg daadgina: èWvgareSea, rom cecxlis Sedegad damwvari saxlebi pirdapir kavSirSia ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis uflebasa da sakuTrebis
uflebasTan (mosarCeleTa qonebis dacvasTan). xelisuflebam ver warmoadgina veranairi
argumenti, romliTac gaamarTlebda amgvar Carevas, xelisufleba miuTiTebda mxolod
mocemul incidentSi TavdacviTi Zalebis monawileobis Sesaxeb, amgvarad sasamarTlos
isRa darCenia rom daadginos sacxovreblisa da qonebis pativiscemis uflebis darRveva~.9
5
6
7
8
9
UN Commission on Human Rights, Resolution 2005/35 on Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to
a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious
Violations of International Humanitarian Law, 19 April 2005.
raporti adamianis uflebaTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb – warmoSobiT `miskito~ mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi, 1983 wlis 29 noemberi.
1998 wlis 17 ivlisis gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis, sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis wesdebis 75-e muxli.
1950 wlis 4 noembris, evropis sabWos adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8
muxli.
aqtivari da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 1996 wlis 16 seqtember); kipri TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (2001 wlis 10 maisi); luizido TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (1996 wlis 18 dekemberi).
206
amgvarad, naTelia, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali ara mxolod konvenciebiTa da rezoluciebiT, aramed saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis praqtikiTac srulyofilad aRiarebs da icavs dazaralebuli piris restituciis uflebas.
2.3. restitucia qonebrivi davebis dros adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad
qonebrivi davebis dros restituciasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlom araerTxel
ganacxada, rom ufleba aqvs, ar Semoifarglos mxolod darRvevis aRiarebiT.
qonebis nacionalizaciis ramdenime SemTxvevaSi, sadac ganmcxadeblebma daamtkices konvenciis 1-li oqmis 1-li muxlis darRveva,10 sasamarTlom mopasuxe saxelmwifos
qonebis dabruneba mosTxova da Seaxsena, rom aRniSnuli moTxovnis Seusruleblobis
SemTxvevaSi, ganmcxadeblisTvis Sesabamisi kompensaciis micema mouxdeboda.11
saqmeSi broniovski poloneTis winaaRmdeg (Broniovski v. Polone), didma palatam ganmcxadeblisTvis, meore msoflio omis dasasrul poloneTSi repatriaciis Semdeg, misi
da misi ojaxis dakarguli qonebis (romelic imJamad ukrainaSi, kerZod, lvovSi iyo) aunazRaureblobis gamo 1-li oqmis 1-li muxlis darRveva daadgina. saqmeSi loizidu TurqeTis winaaRmdeg evropulma sasamarTlom sakuTrebis konteqstSi gangrZobadi darRvevis koncefcia aRiara. mocemul saqmeSi ganmcxadebeli iyo berZeni kviproseli, romelic
saxlis mesakuTre iyo CrdiloeT kviprosSi da iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina igi 1974
wels, mas Semdeg, rac TurqeTma kunZulis am nawilis okupacia moaxdina. sasamarTloSi
igi Cioda pirveli oqmis 1-li punqtis safuZvelze imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom TurqeTis
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi mas Tavis sakuTrebaze xelmisawvdomobis saSualebas ar aZlevdnen
drois gangrZobad periodSi.
TurqeTis mTavroba, inter alia, acxadebda, rom ganmcxadeblis qoneba dabrunebis uflebis gareSe iqna eqspropriirebuli CrdiloeT kviprosis Turquli respublikis
(“the TRNC”) 1985 wlis 7 maisis konstituciis 159-e muxlis safuZvelze, 1990 wlis ianvarSi
TurqeTis mier sasamarTlos uflebamosilebis aRiarebamde. vinaidan saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis rezoluciebi naTlad uCvenebda, rom saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba CrdiloeT kviprosis Turqul respublikas saerTaSoriso samarTlis safuZvelze ar aRiarebda
da kviprosis respublika kvlav erTaderT legitimur xelisuflebad rCeboda, sasamarTlom konvenciis miznebisTvis ver SeZlo samarTlebrivi Zala mieniWebina iseTi
debulebisaTvis, rogoric iyo CrdiloeT kviprosis Turquli respublikis konstituciis 159-e muxli.
10
11
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis pirveli oqmi, muxli 1. sakuTrebis dacva
yovel fizikur an iuridiul pirs aqvs Tavisi sakuTrebiT Seuferxebeli sargeblobis
ufleba. mxolod sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis SeiZleba CamoerTvas vinmes Tavisi
sakuTreba kanoniTa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis zogadi principebiT gaTvaliswinebul
pirobebSi. amasTan, winare debulebebi aranairad ar akninebs saxelmwifos uflebas,
gamoiyenos iseTi kanonebi, romelTac is aucileblad miiCnevs saerTo interesebis Sesabamisad sakuTrebiT sargeblobis kontrolisaTvis an gadasaxadebisa Tu mosakreblis
an jarimebis gadaxdis uzrunvelsayofad.
botazi italiis winaaRmdeg, 28 ivlisi 1999w. papamikapupolusi da sxvebi saberZneTis
winaaRmdeg, 31 oqtomberi, 1995w.
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Sesabamisad, ganmcxadeblis mimarT ver ivaraudebdnen, rom mas dakarguli hqonda
Tavisi sakuTrebis ufleba da, aqedan gamomdinare, savaraudo darRveva gangrZobadi xasiaTis iyo. vinaidan ganmcxadebeli kanonieri mflobeli iyo, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom
1974 wlidan sakuTrebaze xelmiuwvdomlobis gamo man dakarga am sakuTrebaze kontroli, agreTve misi gamoyenebis an misiT sargeblobis yvela SesaZlebloba. amrigad, xelmisawvdomobaze gangrZobadi uari pirveli oqmis 1-li muxliT dacul uflebebSi Carevis
tolfasad gamocxadda. radgan TurqeTis mTavrobas Carevis dasabuTeba ar ucdia, sasamarTlom sakuTrebis uflebebis amgvari sruli ugulebelyofa gaumarTleblad miiCnia.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, naTelia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos
midgoma, romelic, aseve, orientirebulia sakuTrebis uflebis srulfasovan dacvaze,
romlis samarTlebriv CarCoebSi devnilebTan mimarTebaSi eqceva restituciisa da zaralis anazRaurebis uflebebi, im pirobiT, rom gasaCivrebul darRvevebs adgili unda
hqondes saxelmwfos (igulisxmeba mopasuxe saxelmwifo – m.n.) evropis sabWoSi gawevrianebis Semdgom.
3. qonebrivi restituciis principebi iZulebiT gadaadgilebul
pirTaTvis (`pineiros principebi~)
2005 wlis 11 agvistos, gaerTianebuli erebis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis qvekomisiam daamtkica qonebrivi restituciis principebi, ltolvilebisa da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTaTvis (`pineiros principebi~). principebi im Svidwliani procesis Sedegia,
romelic qvekomisiam daiwyo 1998 wels, `ltolvilTa da iZulebiT gadaadgilbul pirTa
dabrunebis konteqstSi qonebrivi restituciis Sesaxeb~ 1998/26-e rezoluciis miRebiT.
amas mohyva 2002-2005 wlebSi Catarebuli kvleva da principebi, romlebic SemuSavda qonebrivi restituciis sakiTxebSi qvekomisiis specialuri warmomadgenlis paolo serxio
pineiros mier.
`pineiros principebi~ warmoadgens qonebrivi restituciis iuridiuli, proceduruli, instituciuri da teqnikuri ganxorcielebis meqanizmebs. `principebi~ warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelos konkretuli politikis SemuSavebisaTvis, raTa uzrunvelyofil
iyos qonebrivi restituciis uflebis praqtikuli aRsruleba da restituciis Sesaxeb
kanonebis, programebisa da politikis ganxorcieleba, romelic daefuZneba arsebul saerTaSoriso da erovnul standartebs adamianis uflebebis, humanitaruli da iZulebiT
gadaadgilebul pirTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
`pineiros principebi~ (ixileT TandarTuli saxiT) Sedgeba 23 principisgan da axasiaTebs uaRresad farTo da yovlismomcveli buneba, aRiarebs qonebrivi restituciis
konkretul uflebebs, ganamtkicebs masTan dakavSirebuli uflebebis wyebas, detalurad gamokveTs iuridiul, procedurul da instituciur meqanizmebs, romlebic aucilebelia restituciis uflebebis sarealizaciod.
pineiros principebis Sesabamisad, iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa dabrunebis
ufleba moicavs sacxovreblis, miwebisa da qonebis restituciis uflebas. restituciis uflebis realizacia iwyeba jer kidev mSvidobiani molaparakebebis procesSi, raTa
miRebuli gadawyvetileba moicavdes restituciis uflebas, imisaTvis, rom iZulebiT
gadaadgilebulma pirebma dabrunebisTanave isargeblon mocemuli uflebiT arsebuli
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebisa da masTan SesabamisobaSi myofi
erovnuli kanonmdeblobis farglebSi.
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aqve mizanSewonilad migvaCnia gavaanalizoTrestituciis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime mniSvnelovani da arsebiTi sakiTxi pineiros principebis Sesabamisad.
sacxovreblisa da qonebis restituciis ufleba12 pineiros principebis Sesabamisad axsnilia, rogorc `TiToeuli iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris ufleba daibrunos
sacxovrebeli, miwa anda sakuTreba, romelic TviTneburad an arakanonierad CamoarTves
an miiRos kompensacia sacxovrebelze, miwaze anda sakuTrebaze, romlis aRdgenac damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlos dadgenilebis mixedviT, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia.
saxelmwifoebma aSkara prioritetad unda dasaxon restitucia, rogorc upiratesi samarTlebrivi saSualeba da restituciuli marTlmsajulebis Semadgeneli nawili.
restituciis ufleba warmoadgens TviTmyofad uflebas, romelic ucvleli rCeba
qonebrivi uflebis mqone ltolvilisa da Tu iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris dabrunebis an daubruneblobis miuxedavad~13.
qvemoT mimovixilavT ramodenime yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, romelTa
codna aucilebelia restituciis uflebis srulad gasagebad:
3.1. ramdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi unarCundeba devnils restituciis
ufleba, vrceldeba Tu ara raime tipis xandazmulobis vada
restituciis uflebis sarealizaciod?
rogorc cnobilia, da es dasturdeba sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebiT, mTel rig
SemTxvevebSi devnilebi sakuTar saxlebSi dabrunebas elodebian aTeulobiT wlebis da
zogjer ufro meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saxezea uflebiT
sargeblobis droSi gangrZobadi perspeqtiva. Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia ganvsazRvroT
zusti dro Tumca SesaZlebelia gavakeToT ramdenime dazusteba:
1. pineiros meore principi naTlad da calsaxad acxadebs, rom `restituciis ufleba warmoadgens TviTmyofad uflebas, romelic ucvleli rCeba qonebrivi uflebis
mqone ltolvilisa da Tu iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris dabrunebis an daubruneblobis miuxedavad~. praqtikosma erTmaneTisagan unda gamijnos 1. Suamdgomlobis dayeneba
Sesabamis saxelmwifo organos winaSe da 2. gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba, romelic droSi
gawelil proceduras warmoadgens. restituciis ufleba ar unda daknindes mxolod imis
gamo, rom devnils ar eZleva SesaZlebloba isargeblos Tavisi uflebebiT, anu daubrundes sakuTar sacxovrebel adgils.
2. Tuki moviSveliebT msoflio praqtikis analizs, vnaxavT, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva vadebia dawesebuli. samxreT afrikaSi restituciis moTxovnis wardgena SesaZlebeli iyo im movlenebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic atarebdnen diskriminaciul xasiaTs da romlebsac adgili hqonda 1913 – 1990 wlebs Soris periodSi. gaeros 1948
wliT daTariRebuli mTeli rigi rezoluciebi exeboda palestinidan devnilebisaTvis
12
13
2005 wlis 11 agvistos, gaerTianebuli erebis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis qvekomisiis
mier damtkicebuli qonebrivi restituciis principebi ltolvilebisa da iZulebiT
gadaadgilebul pirTaTvis (`pineiros principebi~), principi #2.
iqve, 2005 wlis 11 agvistos, gaerTianebuli erebis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis qvekomisiis mier damtkicebuli qonebrivi restituciis principebi ltolvilebisa da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTaTvis (`pineiros principebi~), principi #2.
209
qonebis restituciis sakiTxs. aseve, aRsaniSnavia, gaeros is rezoluciebi, romlebic
iTxovdnen qonebis restitucias aRmosavleT evropis im qveynebis mcxovrebTaTvis romlebmac meore msoflio omis Semdgom dakarges sakuTari qoneba. moTxovnis ufleba mocemul situaciaSi warmoiSva 1945 wlidan da grZeldeboda mas Semdegac, rodesac sabWoTa
kavSiri daiSala 80-iani wlebis bolos da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisamde. amis sapirispirod,
ruandis, 1994 wlis genocidis Semdgom sakuTrebis restituciis moTxovnebi ganixileboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ganmcxadeblebis gadaadgilebis momentidan gasuli iyo
ara umetes 10 weli. aseTive daTqma gaakeTa CexeTma im pirTa mimarT, romlebic meore
msoflio omis damTavrebisTanave gadaadgildnen.
3. yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, saxelmwifoTa mxridan restituciis uflebiT sargeblobis uflebis nebismieri droSi SezRudva unda iyos gamowveuli aucilebeli ukiduresobiT da unda emyarebodes proporciulobisa da samarTlianobis principebs14.
3.2. gulisxmobs Tu ara restitucia aucileblad pirvandel
sacxovrebelSi dabrunebas?
maSinac ki Tu am kiTxvaze Teoriulad dadebiT pasuxs gavcemT, rac iqneba terminiologiur-samarTlebriv WrilSi erTaderTi adekvaturi pasuxi, praqtika aCvenebs, rom
restituciam SesaZlebelia SeiZinos sxvadasxva forma adgilobrivi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. gamomdinare iqidan, rom dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi devnils SesaZlebelia ar
daxvdes sakuTari sacxovrebeli adgili (Tundac fizikurad ganadgurebis gamo), saerTaSoriso samarTali da masTan SesabamisobaSi myofi erovnuli kanonmdeblobebi icnoben da aRiareben sxvadasxva tipis zaralis anazRaurebis formebs. Tumca, mocemul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania imis dafiqsireba da codna, rom 1.
sacxovreblisa da qonebis restituciis ufleba warmoadgens yvela devnilis privilegias; 2. am realobidan yvela saxis gadaxveva unda moxdes gamonaklisis saxiT da srulad unda iqnes dasabuTebuli moqmedi kanomdeblobiT; 3. yvela devnilisTvis cxadi unda iyos,
rom mocemuli uflebiT sargebloba moicavs (warmoadgens) mdgrad da, imavdroulad,
droSi gangrZobad Sedegs.
3.3. restitucia da zaralis anazRaureba – gamoricxaven Tu ara isini
erTimeores?
ar SeiZleba zaralis anazRaureba miviCnioT restituciis martiv alternativad.
maSin, rodesac bosnia hercogovinaSi omis dasrulebis samSvidobo xelSekrulebebi iZleoda rogorc restituciis, ise zaralis anazRaurebis garantiebs, saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam gadawyvita aqcenti gaekeTebina swored dabrunebasa da restituciaze. ase
rom, deitonis SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli meqanizmi – zaralis anazRaureba dangreuli qonebis sanacvlod – ar iqna gamoyenebuli. amis sawinaaRmdegod, erayis komisiam,
romelsac unda moegvarebina konfliqti uZravi qonebis Sesaxeb, romlis komfiskaciac
moxda ukanonod sadam huseinis reJimis dros. dazaralebulebs SeeZloT aerCiaT resti14
Manuel sur la restitution des logements et des biens des réfugiés et personnes déplacées, Mars, 2007.
210
tucia an zaralis anazRaureba. imavdroulad, kanonis Sesabamisad zaralis anazRaureba
unda momxdariyo saxelmwifos (erayis) mier.
3.4. aris Tu ara restituciaze uaris Tqmis safuZveli devnilTa mier
kompensaciis miReba?
devnils, Teoriulad yovelTvis aqvs dabrunebis Sansi, dabrunebas ki avtomaturad ebmis restitucia. Sesabamisad, imisaTvis, rom devnilma miiRos uari restituciaze, unda arsebobdes Sesabamisi saxelmwifos dadgenili kanonmdeblobis procedurebis
sruli dacviT miRebuli uari damoukidebeli da kompetenturi organos mier miRebuli
saboloo gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad.
4. dabrunebis da restituciis uflebis politikuri konteqsti
restituciis uflebis realizacia iwyeba jer kidev mSvidobiani molaparakebebis
procesSi, raTa miRebuli gadawyvetileba moicavdes restituciis uflebas, imisaTvis,
rom iZulebiT gadaadgilebulma pirebma dabrunebisTanave isargeblon mocemuli uflebiT arsebuli adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebisa da masTan SesabamisobaSi myofi erovnuli kanonmdeblobis farglebSi.
saerTaSoriso gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, rom restituciis uflebis efeqturi gamoyenebisTvis aucilebelia, rom samSvidobo xelSekrulebebis momzadebisa da miRebis etapebma moicvas im pirTa restituciis uflebebi, romelTa dabrunebasac mocemuli xelSekrulebebi exeba.
deitonis SeTanxmebis me-7 danarTi, romelmac wertili dausva bosnia-hercogovinas konfliqts, warmoadgens yvelaze ufro cnobad samSvidobo xelSekrulebas, romelic, imavdroulad, am konfliqtis Sedegad dazaralebul pirTa restituciis uflebebis dacvis garantad iqca. Tumca igive ar momxdara sxva samSvidobo xelSekrulebebSi,
romlebmac bolo mouRo konfliqtebs siera leonSi, liberiaSi an gvatemalaSi. aqve aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, saerTaSoriso praqtikiT rekomendebulia, rom restituciis
sakiTxis wamoWra kidev ufro adreul – molaparakebebis etapidanve daiwyos.
konfliqtis Semdeg mSvidobis damyareba warmoadgens politikur safuZvels imisaTvis, rom dRis wesrigSi dadges devnilTa dabrunebis sakiTxi da, Sesabamisad, dazaralebul pirs mieces saSualeba miukerZoebeli da kanonis farglebSi moqmedi kompetenturi organos saSualebiT SeZlos sakuTari restituciis uflebiT sargeblobis
proceduris warmoeba.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, restituciis uflebis dacvis valdebuleba aqvs saxelmwifos, romlis teritoriazec adgili aqvs dazaralebul pirTa gadaadgilebas.
4.1. problemebi saqarTvelos realobaSi da saxelmwifo politika
devnilebTan mimarTebaSi
udavoa, rom sacxovrebeli adgilis mitoveba da devniloba SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis Sedegad warmoqmnili yvelaze xangrZlivi problemaa. garda imisa, rom es problema
saarsebo siZneleebs uqmnis im pirebs, romlebmac uSualod Tavis Tavze gamoscades kon-
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fliqtis Sedegebi, igi warmoSobs xangrZliv winaaRmdegobas Serigebisa da konfliqtis
politikuri gziT gadaWris gzaze. amis gamo devnilebs aqvT gancda, rom isini politikuri konfrontaciis mZevlebi arian.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis politika devnilTa mimarT wlebis ganmavlobaSi daixvewa. Tavdapirvelad mTavroba agulianebda adgilnacval pirebs, raTa maT daejerebinaT,
rom dabruneba gardauvali iyo. amave dros, Tavs ikavebdnen maTi axal garemoSi integraciisaTvis xelis Sewyobisagan. bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mTavrobis politika Semobrunda integraciisadmi meti yuradRebis kuTxiT, devnilTa mimarT saxelmwifo
strategiis SemuSavebiTa da meti yuradRebiT maTi sacxovrebeli pirobebisa da gansaxlebisadmi.
dReisaTvis aqtualuria saqarTveloSi devnilTa problemebis grZelvadiani gadawyvetis, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi maTi monawileobis uzrunvelyofis, devnilobis
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis, integraciasa da dabrunebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis,
strategiisa da samoqmedo gegmis, daxmarebis gamWvirvalobis, usafrTxoebis monitoringis, gansaxlebis, binebiT uzrunvelyofis, Semosavlebis Seqmnis da `Zvel~ (1990-iani
wlebis) da àxal~ (2008 wlis) devnilebs Soris uTanxmoebis sakiTxebi.
devnilebi saqarTvelos yvelaze ufro daucveli mosaxleobis nawils warmoadgenen. isini zaraldebian imis gamo, rom ar miuwvdebaT xeli binebze, miwaze, samsaxurze, socialur momsaxurebaze da jandacvaze. am bolo dromde mTavroba naklebad zrunavda maTi integraciisaTvis, magram mdgomareobam gamosworeba daiwyo 2008 wlis agvistos omis
win da es procesi ufro intensiuri gaxda 2008 wlis zafxulis konfliqtis Semdeg.
devnilTa mimarT saxelmwifo strategiis SemuSaveba da misi ganxorcielebis samoqmedo gegmis miReba uzarmazar win gadadgmul nabijad unda iqnas Sefasebuli.15
4.2. dabrunebis uflebis mimarTeba adgilobriv integraciasTan
bevri devnili SiSobs, rom saxelmwifosagan daxmarebisa da TavSesafaris miRebis
Semdeg dakargavs dabrunebisa da iq datovebuli sakuTrebis uflebas. es, ra Tqma unda,
gaugebrobaa, romelic xSirad efuZneba araswor informacias da sakuTari uflebebis
cudad codnas. faqtobrivad, informaciis naklebobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis arasakmarisi gamWvirvalobis Tema dResac aqtualuria.
Tu Tvals gadavavlebT evropaSi devnilebis Sesaxeb angariSis monacemebs, vnaxavT,
rom evropaSi 2.5 milioni devnilia, umetesoba maTgani aris TurqeTSi (1 milioni) da yvelaze naklebi makedoniaSi (1 aTasi). devnilTa umetesoba daaxloebiT 15 weli imyofeba am
mdgomareobaSi, xolo kviprosSi, xalxi qveynis SigniT gadasaxlebaSia ukve 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
2003 wlamde, devnilTa saxlebSi dabruneba problemis gadaWris erTaderT gzad
iTvleboda; integracia ganixileboda asimilaciis sinonimad. `vardebis revoluciis~
Semdeg aqcentebma gadainacvla integraciis mimarTulebiT, romelic Serigebis SesaZ15
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis 2009 wlis angariSi saarTveloSi adamians uflebebis
dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. <http://www.ombudsman.ge/files/downloads/ge/dzympimgpvvrngdlhnno.pdf>.
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lo alternativad ganixileba. Tumca xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia, rom TavSesafaris micema
ar niSnavs integracias da miT umetes ar niSnavs dabrunebisa da restituciis uflebis
uaryofas.
devnilebs problemis saboloo gadaWris ori gza aqvT: dabruneba an integracia.
maTi dabrunebis uflebas mxardaWera aqvs rogorc erovnul, ise saerTaSoriso doneze.
faqti erTia, nebismieri piris dabruneba unda iyos nebayoflobiTi, usafrTxo da Rirseuli. am mxriv mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobas gaaCnia devnilTa integraciis
strategiuli gegma.
adgilnacval pirebTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo strategia ori mTavari miznis
miRwevis aucileblobas usvams xazs: adgilnacval pirTa usafrTxo da Rirseuli dabrunebis momzadeba16 da maTi sacxovrebeli, socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobeseba.
adgilnacval pirebTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo strategiis ganxorcielebis samoqmedo gegma, aseve, naTlad mianiSnebs, rom adgilnacvalma pirebma unda isargeblon
gaumjobesebuli sacxovrebeli da socialuri pirobebiT.
daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom Ria dialogs dabrunebis SesaZleblobebze arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas am mxriv fasdaudebeli samsaxuris
gaweva SeuZlia, radgan mis wevrebs meti arCevani da saSualebebi aqvT dabrunebasTan dakavSirebuli sაxelmZRvanelo principebis wamosawevad da uflebebis ganmartebisTvis.
garda amisa, saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam unda daarwmunos de faqto xelisuflebebi,
rom imoqmedon qveyniT SigniT devnilTa Sesaxeb gaeros saxelmZRvanelo, igive `pineiros principebis~ Sesabamisad.
5. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva restituciis
uflebasTan mimarTebaSi
Tavdapirvelad unda aRvniSnoT, rom dazaralebul pirTa qonebrivi restitucia
da misi samarTlebrivi reglamentacia warmoadgens konfliqtis Sedegebis aRmofxvris,
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis stabiluri ganviTarebis umTavres winapirobas, radganac stabilurobis ganmapirobebeli faqtori sakuTrebis ufleba da misi dacvis (aRdgenis) garantirebuli meqanizmebis arsebobaa.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas erovnuli kanonmdebloba akisrebs omis Sedegad dazaralebuli mosaxleobisTvis qonebrivi zianis kompensirebis valdebulebas.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT aRiarebuli da ganmtkicebulia omiT dazaralebulis ufleba aunazRaurdes omiT miyenebuli materialuri zarali. es sakanonmdeblo aqtebia:
1. `yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi konfliqtis Sedegad saqarTvelos
teritoriaze dazaralebulTa qonebrivi restituciisa da kompensaciis Sesaxeb~ saqar16
dabrunebis TvalsazrisiT, realuri programaa `Cemi saxli~, romelic adgilnacval
pirebze gascems dokumentebs im sakuTrebaze, romelic maT iZulebiT miatovebines.
67.000-ze metma ojaxma ukve daaregistrira Tavisi sakuTreba. mogvianebiT am sakuTrebis
arseboba unda daadasturos postkonfliqtur zonaSi momuSave specialurma komisiam,
rac, amJamad, samwuxarod SeuZlebelia.
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Tvelos kanoni;17 2. `saomari mdgomareobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni da 3. „iZulebiT
gadaadgilebul pirTa – devnilTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni.
`yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi konfliqtis Sedegad saqarTvelos
teritoriaze dazaralebulTa qonebrivi restituciisa da kompensaciis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-5 muxlis me-2 nawilis Sesabamisad, kanoni adgens konfliqtis Sedegad saqarTvelos teritoriaze dakarguli qonebis, sacxovreblis an sxva uZravi qonebis kanonieri mflobelisaTvis dabrunebis garantiebs, rac gulisxmobs dazaralebulis
uflebas, miiRos uZravi qoneba. Tu misi sacxovreblis an sxva uZravi qonebis dabruneba
SeuZlebelia, miiRos imave Rirebulebis adekvaturi (sanacvlo) sacxovrebeli, xolo Tu
imave Rirebulebis adekvaturi (sanacvlo) sacxovreblis gadacema SeuZlebelia, miiRos
qonebrivi zianis kompensacia.
saomari mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-13 muxli iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos valdebulebas, rom man aanazRauros saomari mdgomareobis18 dros mosaxleobisaTvis miyenebuli materialuri zarali19. xsenebuli kanoni xelisuflebas udgens Semdeg valdebulebebs:
a) omiT dazaralebuli mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa sacxovrebeli sadgomebiT; b)
omiT dazaralebuli mosaxleobisTvis materialuri zaralis anazRaureba; g) omiT dazaralebuli mosaxleobisTvis samuSaoze mowyobaSi daxmareba; d) sxvagvari daxmarebis
gaweva.
2007 wlis pirvel ianvars ZalaSi Sevida saqarTvelos kanoni `yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi konfliqtis Sedegad saqarTvelos teritoriaze dazaralebulTa qonebrivi restituciisa da kompensaciis Sesaxeb~20, am kanoniT saxelmwifo aRiarebs
saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da saerTaSoriso samarTliT sayovelTaod ganmtkicebul
adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, kerZod, TiToeuli adamianis uflebas sakuTrebasa da cxovrebis adekvatur standartebze, miuxedavad misi rasisa, kanis ferisa, sqesi17
18
19
20
`yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi konfliqtis Sedegad saqarTvelos teritoriaze dazaralebulTa qonebrivi restituciisa da kompensaciis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
kanonis me-2 muxlis à~ qvepunqtis, Tanaxmadac `konfliqti aris 1989-1992 wlebSi da mis
Semdgom periodSi yofil samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi SeiaraRebuli konfliqti
an/da saqarTvelos sxva regionSi qarTvel da os mosaxleobas Soris dapirispireba~.
saomari mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxliT: `saomari mdgomareoba gulisxmobs saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi qveynis mTel teritoriaze
gansakuTrebuli wesebis gamocxadebas, rac Seesabameba qveynis Tavdacvis interesebs.
saomari mdgomareoba cxaddeba saqarTvelos konstituciisa da am kanonis mixedviT da
miznad isaxavs qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis, saxelmwifo uSiSroebisa da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis uzrunvelyofas~. amave kanonis me-2 muxliT: `saqarTvelos
mTel teritoriaze saomar mdgomareobas acxadebs saqarTvelos prezidenti.~
`saomari mdgomareobis moqmedebis dros an misi Tavidan acilebisaTvis, likvidaciis
samuSaoTa warmoebasTan dakavSirebiT dazaralebul moqalaqeebs saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs sacxovrebeli sadgomebiT, unazRaurebs miyenebul materialur zarals, exmareba samuSaoze mowyobaSi da uwevs sxvagvar daxmarebas~, saomari mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kanonis me-13 muxlis pirveli nawili.
2006 wels saqarTvelos parlamentSi Sevida kanonproeqti `yofili samxreT oseTis
avtonomiur olqSi konfliqtis Sedegad saqarTvelos teritoriaze dazaralebulTa
qonebrivi restituciisa da kompensaciis Sesaxeb~, romelic iusticiis saministroSi
momzadda da romelmac 2006 wlis gazafxulze evropis sabWos veneciis komisiis mowoneba daimsaxura.
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sa, enisa, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, religiisa, mrwamsisa, politikuri, Tu
sxva Sexedulebisa, saxelmwifo iRebs valdebulebas aRadginos da saerTaSoriso standartebs miusadagos 1989-1992 wlebSi konfliqtis Sedegad da mis Semdgom periodSi dazaralebulTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba.
`qonebrivi restituciisa da kompensaciis Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli
muxlis Tanaxmad, kanonis mizania: `yofil samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi konfliqtis Sedegad saqarTvelos teritoriaze dazaralebuli fizikuri pirebis qonebrivi restitucia, an adekvaturi (sanacvlo) uZravi qonebiT uzrunvelyofa, an qonebrivi zianis
kompensacia~.
amave kanonis me-3 muxlSi ki pirdapir aris asaxuli gaeros adamianis uflebaTa dacvis qvekomisiis mier damtkicebuli restituciis (pineiros) principebi:
1. samarTlianoba da Tanasworoba;
2. kanoniereba;
3. adamianis Rirsebis, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
dacva pativiscema da uzrunvelyofa;
4. adamianis ufleba miiRos amomwuravi informacia saxelmwifo struqturebSi masTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze;
5. adamianis ufleba, uzrunvelyofili iyos efeqtiani samarTlebrivi saWiroebebiT;
6. saxelmwifos angariSvaldebulebasa da pasuxismgeblobas moqalaqeebisa da Tavis
teritoriaze myof pirTa winaSe;
7. iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis Tavisuflad da nebayoflobiT dabrunebis
uflebis garantirebas.
qonebrivi restituciis da kompensaciis Sesaxeb kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli miznebis gansaxorcieleblad, me-6 muxlis Sesabamisad: iqmneba restituciis da kompensaciis
komisia 3 wlis vadiT, xolo Tu komisia uflebamosilebis vadis ganmavlobaSi ver SeZlebs arsebuli davebis srulad gadawyvetas, komisia gadawyvetilebas iRebs uflebamosilebis garkveul vadiT gagrZelebis Sesaxeb. amave kanonis me-7 muxlis Sesabamisad, komisiis mizania, konfliqtis Sedegad saqarTvelos teritoriaze dazaralebul pirTaTvis moaxdinos:
• qonebis dabruneba;
• adekvaturi (sanacvlo) sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa;
• qonebrivi zianis kompensacia.
adamianis uflebas qonebis restituciaze aseve moicavs saqarTvelos kanoni iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa – devnilTa Sesaxeb, romlis me-7 muxlis Sesabamisad, Tu
iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri daubrundeba Tavis sacxovrebel adgils aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis xelisuflebis organoebi, maT
Soris ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministro, uzrunvelyofen misTvis saqarTvelos
konstituciiT miniWebuli uflebebis ganxorcielebas, iReben zomebs raTa devnilis
mudmiv sacxovrebel adgilze Seiqmnas usafrTxo cxovrebisaTvis aucilebeli socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebi; devnils mis kanonier memkvidres daubrundes piradi sakuTreba, maT Soris sacxovrebeli saxli da masze gapirovnebuli sakarmidamo nakveTi im momentisTvis arsebuli saxiT; miyenebuli zaralis kompensireba, misi zRvruli odenobis
gansazRvris Semdeg, ganaxorcielon adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebma xeli-
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suflebis mier dadgenili wesiT, agreTve, sacxovreblad uvargisi binis aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi moqalaqes mieces iq dabrunebis garantia.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia gakeTdes daskvna, rom restituciis ufleba sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, anu arsebobs
samarTlebrivi safuZveli, romlis mixedviTac omis Sedegad saqarTvelos teritoriaze
dazaralebul pirs, romelsac miadga qonebrivi ziani ufleba aqvs moiTxovos da miiRos
qonebrivi restitucia.
6. daskvna
mTlianobaSi SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, zogadad,
SesabamisobaSia pineiros principebTan iZulebiT adgilnacval pirTa restituciis uflebasTan mimarTebaSi.
pineiros principebis Sesabamisad, sasurvelia:
• devnilTa restituciis uflebaze saubari daiwyos jer kidev konfliqtis mSvidobiani molaparakebebis etapzeve;
• devnilTa restituciis ufleba CarTuli iqnas samSvidobo xelSekrulebebSi;
• saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian SeimuSaon Tanaswori procedurebi da meqanizmebi, gamWirvale da aradiskriminaciuli, raTa gancxadebebi Seswavlil da gamoyenebul
iqnas nebayoflobiTi repatriaciisa da mSvidobiani SeTanxmebebis CarCoSi.
vinaidan dabrunebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebi da samSvidobo xelSekrulebebi yovelTvis win uswrebs organizebuli dabrunebis process, sabinao da qonebrivi sakiTxebis ganxilva unda moxdes molaparakebebis dros. iuridiuli meqanizmebi, sasamarTlo,
politikuri da sxva romelic aucilebelia mocemuli uflebis dasacavad eqspliciturad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli molaparakebebis teqstebSi.
• sacxovreblisa da qonebis restituciis sakiTxebi CarTuli iqnas iZulebiT adgilnacval pirTa registraciis procedurebSi.
saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian SeimuSaon iseTi sistemebi, rom iZulebiT adgilnacval pirTa registraciis momentSi moaxdinon SeZlebisdagvarad maqsimalurad detaluri informaciis miReba pirTa konfliqtamde qonebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. CainiSnon misamarTi, sacxovrebeli adgilis tipi da sxva informacia, romelic mogvianebiT
gamoyenebuli iqneba dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi restituciasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis aRmosafxvrelad.
• daigegmos restituciasTan dakavSirebiT gasatarebeli RonisZiebebi rogorc
politikur, ise samarTlebriv WrilSi;
saxelmwifoebma unda CarTon qonebriv restituciasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebi, institutebi da meqanizmebi samSvidobo xelSekrulebebsa da nebayoflobiT repatriaciis programebSi. samSvidobo xelSekrulebebi unda iTvaliswinebdes mxareTa
konkretul movleobebs qonebrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetis mizniT, romelic moiTxovs
gadaadgilebis Sedegebis mogvarebis efeqtiani saSualebebis arsebobas saerTaSoriso
samarTlis farglebSi. gadauWrelobis SemTxvevaSi ki – safrTxes, romelic SeuSlis samSvidobo process. amasTanave, naTlad unda iyos gamokveTili restituciis ufleba, rogorc gadaadgilebis Sedegebis likvidaciis upiratesi forma.
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• SemuSavebul iqnas saerTaSoriso standartebTan SesabamisobaSi myofi sakanonmdeblo normebi.
aucilebelia Tanmxvedri sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli sivrce, raTa mogvardes sacxovreblisa da sakuTrebis problemebi. yvela qveyana, romlis winaSe dadga
sakuTar teritoriaze iZulebiT adgilnacval pirTa sacxovreblisa da qonebis restituciis aucileblobis winaSe iZulebuli gaxda Seecvala sakuTari kanonmdebloba da
Seetana masSi rigi cvlilebebi. praqtikam naTlad aCvena, rom naTeli da moqnili samarTlebrivi CarCo aris umTavresi, restituciis programebis realizebisaTvis.
zogadi rekomendaciis saxiT ki SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom saxelmwifos ekisreba
valdebuleba – iZulebiT adgilnacvali pirebisaTvis uzrunvelyos Sesabamisi uflebebisa da moqmedi kanonmdeblobis savaldebulo gacnoba.
217
guram naWyebia*
iuridiuli azrovnebis wesi da gamamtyunebeli
ganaCenis sarezolucio nawili
1. Sesavali
sisxlis samarTali da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso samarTali samarTlis sistemis Semadgeneli elementebia, ris gamoc samarTlis am or dargs Soris kavSiris problema
sistemuri kvlevis meTodologias moiTxovs, xolo es pozicia filosofiur sibrtyeze
gadadis. filosofiuri Tvalsazrisi ki, samarTlis am ori dargis ara marto specifikas
da maT Soris kavSirs daadgens, aramed TiToeul maTganSi iuridiuli azrovnebis wessac gamoavlens. samwuxarod, rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, swored iuridiuli azrovnebis wesi damaxinjda, roca qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi TiTqmis gabatonda iseTi
siciologisturi terminebi da cnebebi, rogorebicaa: `damnaSave“ da ùdanaSaulo~, `danaSaulis subieqti~, Tu `damnaSavis pirovneba~ arcerTi es termini Tu cneba piris samarTlebriv mdgomareobas ar gamoxatavs da amitom iuridiuli mniSvnelobiT maTi gamoyeneba dauSvebelia. gansakuTrebul gaugebrobas am mxriv qmnis TiTqmis gabatonebuli
termini ùdanaSaulobis prezumfcia~, romelic braldebulis procesualur mdgomareobasTan araviTar kavSirSi araa da amitom amaxinjebs saqmis namdvil viTarebas: braldebuli, Tavisi obieqturi, procesualuri, mdgomareobis Tanaxmad, arabraleulia,
vidre sasamarTlo braldebulis am arabraleulobis varauds ar gaabaTilebs da mis
brals marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis CadenaSi gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis formiT ar
daadasturebs. am debulebis ufro Rrma dasabuTebas vrceli gamokvleva sWirdeba, vidre winamdebare statiaSia warmodgenili, magram, vfiqrobT, am mxriv problemis es Sesavali uaRresad saWiroa, raTa Semdgomi kvleva ufro nayofierad warimarTos.
2. problemis dasma da analizi
mWidro kavSiri sisxlis samarTalsa da sisxlis samarTlis process (agreTve, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso samarTals) Soris davas ar iwvevs. saqme iqamdec midis, rom
sisxlis samarTlis procesTan mimarTebaSi sisxlis samarTals materialur samarTals~
uwodeben, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso samarTali TiTqos `formaluri sisxlis samarTalia~.
am viTarebis fonze isic gasagebi unda iyos, rom samarTlis am or dargs Soris mWidro kavSiri saTanado cnebebSi unda gamoixatos. cneba, rogorc cnobilia, azris logikuri formaa, romelic sagnis arsebiT niSnebs gamoxatavs. magram, samwuxarod, moxda ise,
*
iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis emeritusi, amave
fakultetis sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis samecniero-kvleviTi
institutis direqtori, saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi.
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guram naWyebia, iuridiuli azrovnebis wesi da gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis
sarezolucio nawili
rom qarTul iuridiul mecnierebaSi samarTlis am ori dargis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb
seriozuli gamokvleva ar dawerila. praqtika da Teoria samarTlis am dargebis erTmaneTisagan mowyvetis gzas daadga. amis gamo damaxinjda araerTi problema. magaliTad,
saqarTveloSi TiTqmis gabatonda termini ùdanaSaulobis prezumfcia~, (saqarTvelos
konstituciis me-40 muxlis pirveli nawili), nacvlad terminisa àrabraleulobis prezumfcia~. saqme is gaxlavT, rom termini `damnaSave~ Tu ùdanaSaulo~ sociologiuri
azrovnebis wess gamoxatavs, radgan am mimarTebiT iuridiuli azrovneba SeuZlebelia.
kerZod, iuridiuli azrovnebis wesisaTvis gadamwyvetia subieqtis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, xolo `damnaSavis~ Tu ùdanaSaulos~ samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba ar arsebobs.
magram, samwuxarod, termini ùdanaSaulobis prezumfcia~, rogorc principi, gavrcelda saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSic. kerZod, me-5 muxlis pirveli
nawilis Tanaxmad, `piri udanaSaulod iTvleba, vidre misi damnaSaveoba ar damtkicdeba
sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT~. gaugebaria, vinaa es abstraqtuli `piri~, maSin, roca saqarTvelos axali sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-3 muxlSi (terminTa ganmartebisas) am muxlis me-5 nawilSi piri procesualurad
iwodeba, rogorc `braldebuli~ (gamoZiebis stadia), sasamarTlos mier gamotanili gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis safuZvelze – rogorc `msjavrdebuli~, xolo, Tu braldebuli
sasamarTlom gaamarTla, maSin am pirs procesualurad `gamarTlebuli~ ewodeba. maSasadame, procesualurad piri `braldebulia~, xolo, braldebuli gamoZiebis stadiaze
procesualurad ùdanaSaulo~ ki araa, aramed àrabraleulia~. ar unda dagvaviwydes,
rom procesualurad braldebuli aris piri, romelic sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSia micemuli. Tu sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi micemuli piri ùdanaSauloa~,
rogorc es saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodesis me-5 muxlis pirvel nawilSia gaTvaliswinebuli, maSin gamodis, rom sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi udanaSaulo piri migvicia, maSin, roca es, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 146-e
muxlis Tanaxmad, danaSaulia (ùdanaSaulo piris ganzrax micema sisxlissamarTlebriv
pasuxisgebaSi~).
amrigad, absurdia mtkiceba, rom sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi micemuli
piri, romelic procesualurad braldebulia, TiTqos ùdanaSauloa~. sinamdvileSi
ki braldebuli procesualurad jer kidev arabraleulia da amitomaa, rom sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi micema sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas jer kidev ar
warmoadgens.
rogorc Cans, gamoZiebis etapze piri `braldebulia~, miT ufro, Tu is sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSia micemuli, xolo procesualurad igi jer kidev àrabraleulia~, vidre sasamarTlo braldebulis am samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, (rom is àrabreleulia~), ar gaabaTilebs da mis mier gamotanili gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT `braleulis~ samarTlebriv mdgomareobaSi ar Caayenebs, xolo am poziciidan am pirs procesualurad `msjavrdebuli~ ewodeba (Tu es ganaCeni kanonier ZalaSia Sesuli).
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, araerTgzis davsviT sakiTxi am da sxva terminebis Tu
cnebebis iuridiuli azrovnebis wesis mixedviT agebis Sesaxeb, magram amas Sedegi ar mohyolia. magaliTad, jer kidev 1992 wels vmsjelobdiT imis Taobaze, rom danaSaulis Semadgenloba, romelic materialuri sisxlis samarTlis erT-erT fundamentur cnebad
iTvleba (Tumca am cnebas procesualuri warmomavloba aqvs), arabraleulobis prezum-
219
fciis safuZvelia. kerZod, qmedebis (danaSaulis) Semadgenloba, rogorc wesi, aRwerilobiTi, faqtis msjelobaa, xolo brali, rogorc subieqtis gakicxvis safuZveli, anu
SefasebiTi cneba, qmedebis Semadgenlobis elementi ver iqneba.1Cveni am msjelobis siswore dadasturda saqarTvelos 2000 wlis pirveli ivnisidan amoqmedebuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-7 muxlis pirveli nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmad, danaSauli aris sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedeba
(rogorc danaSaulis cnebis germanuli modeli).
rogorc Cans, danaSaulis am cnebaSi brali gatanilia rogorc qmedebis Semadgenlobis, ise am qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis farglebs gareT. aqedan gamomdinare, aSkaraa, rom qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganmaxorcielebeli piri, materialuri sisxlis
samarTlis mixedviT, jer kidev arabraleulia, raki brali qmedebis Semadgenlobis farglebs gareTaa gatanili. aqedan is daskvnac gamomdinareobs, rom danaSaulis
Semadgenlobis ganmaxorcielebeli piri `damnaSave~ ver iqneba, radgan bralis gareSe
arc danaSaulia da arc `damnaSave~, magram arc ùdanaSauloa~, radgan savaraudoa, rom
danaSaulis Semadgenlobis formaSi pirs danaSauli hqondes Cadenili. miT ufro, rom
sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi micema bralis formebad wodebuli ganzraxvis an
gaufrTxileblobis gareSe SeuZlebelia, magram bralis forma jer kidev `brali~ araa,
iseve, rogorc `forma~ jer kidev `Sinarss~ ar gamoxatavs.
amrigad, aSkaraa, rom danaSaulis cnebis samwevrovani dayofa, romelic saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-7 muxlis pirveli nawiliTaa gaTvaliswinebuli,
ùdanaSaulobis prezumfciis~ safuZveli ki araa, rogorc es dRemde miaCniaT, aramed
– àrabraleulobis prezumfciis~ safuZveli. vimeorebT, braldebuli, romelmac qmedebis Semadgenloba ganaxorciela da amis gamo pasuxisgebaSia micemuli, jer kidev arabraleulia, raki qmedebis Semadgenlobis struqturaSi brali ar Sedis. maSasadame, sisxlis samarTlis saqmis gamoZiebis etapze braldebuli, Tavisi obieqturi procesualuri mdgomareobiT, arabraleulia, vidre sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli,
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis CadenaSi misi brali gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis formiT ar
iqneba dadgenili.
yuradRebas iqcevs TviT termini `gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni~. cxadia, ganaCeni SeiZleba iyos gamamarTlebelic, magram termini `gamamtyunebeli~ ganaCenTan mimarTebiT
imas niSnavs, rom braldebuli mtyuania, marTali araa, ese igi, ukve braleulia da amitom Tavs ver gaimarTlebs. 2
rogorc Cans, arabraleulobis prezumfciis principi sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis erTianobas gamoxatavs. erTi mxriv, brali danaSaulis mesame,
bolo, elementia da, amdenad, qmedebis Semadgenlobis marTlsawinaaRmdegod ganxorcilebac ki subieqtis bralze jer kidev ar laparakobs. meore mxriv, es faqti safuZvlad
unda daedos gamoZiebis stadiaze `braldebulis~ procesualur mdgomareobas, rac obieqturia da romelime subieqtze damokidebuli araa.
1
2
naWyebia g., danaSaulis Semadgenloba, rogorc arabraleulobis prezumfciis safuZveli, Jurn. `samarTali~, 1992, # 8-9.
aq uneburad gvagondeba al. yazbegis `xevisberi goCa~, rodesac goCa xevis RalatSi mxilebul Tavis erTaderT vaJs onises Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs: `Tu SegiZlian, imarTle Tavi!~ onise ki, rogorc Cans, Tavs ver imarTlebs, ese igi, mtyuania (braleulia).
220
sarezolucio nawili
termini ùdanaSaulobis prezumfciis~ sruliad araiuridiuli Sinaarsis sakiTxi
davayeneT sxva naSromSic,3 magram am araiuridiuli azrovnebis formas araferi eSvela.
ufro metic, saqarTveloSi gamamtyunebel ganaCenSi mosamarTleebi adgenen, rom braldebuli cnobil iqnes `damnaSaved~ maSin rodesac iuridiuli azrovnebis wesis mixedviT braldebuli unda scnon `braleulad~ saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
ama Tu im muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis CadenaSi. miT ufro, rom `damnaSavis~ samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, rogorc ukve iTqva, ar arsebobs.
cxadia, aRniSnuli qmedebis CadenaSi braldebulis bralis dadgena adasturebs,
rom Cadenilia danaSauli, magram, jer erTi, danaSaulis cnebidan `damnaSavis~ logikuri gamoyvana dauSvebelia, radgan, amgvari gamoyvana sociologizmia, romelic piris
procesualur mdgomareobas angariSs ar uwevs, anu sisxlis samarTlis procesis ugulebelyofas warmoadgens. meorec, danaSaulis Camdeni piris samarTlebriv mdgomareobas
sisxlis samarTali ar adgens. saqme is gaxlavT, rom danaSaulis Cadena saxelmwifosTan
danaSaulis Camdeni piris urTierTobas ki ar qmnis, rogorc es rusul iuridiul literaturaSi dRemde vrceldeba, aramed, piriqiT, danaSaulis Camden pirs saxelmwifosTan
sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierTobis farglebs gareT gaiyvans, sadac qmedebis Semadgenlobis ganmaxorcielebeli piris samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba saerTod ar arsebobs
(danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ganmaxorciebeli piri jer kidev araa `damnaSave~, magram is
arc ùdanaSauloa~, raki gamoricxuli araa, rom am pirs danaSauli hqondes Cadenili).
mesamec, sisxlis samarTlis procesSi es termini piris samarTlebriv mdgomareobas ar
gamoxatavs. `damnaSavis~ samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba saerTod ar arsebobs. sakiTxavia:
rogor unda scnon mosamarTleebma piri imad (~damnaSaved~), romlis Sesatyvisi samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba ar arsebobs?
amrigad, aSkaraa, rom Tu piri sisxlis samarTlis procesSi ùdanaSauloa~ da Cveni azrovnebis forma am terminiT iqneba gamoxatuli, maSin kidev ufro gamouval winaaRmdegobaSi aRmovCndebiT. kerZod, Tu braldebuli ùdanaSauloa~, maSin, vimeorebT,
sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi udanaSaulo piri migvicia, xolo es, saqarTvelos
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 146-e muxlis Tanaxmad, danaSaulia.4
termini `damnaSave~ (`преступник~) rusul iuridiul literaturaSic gamoiyeneba,
magram gamamtyunebel ganaCenSi imas ki ar weren, rom vinme ,,признать преступником~, aramed
– `признать виновным~, da es iuridiulad savsebiT sworia. ucnauric kia, roca danaSaulis
cnebis rusuli modeli brals rogorc danaSaulis, ise misi Semadgenlobis elementad
miiCnevs da, maSasadame, am cnebebs aigivebs, xolo, am logikiT arabraleulobis prezumfciisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi safuZveli ar arsebobs. da mainc gamamtyunebel ganaCenSi piris braleulad cnobazea laparaki da ara `damnaSaved~ cnobaze. cnobisaTvis:
zogierTma termini ùdanaSaulobis prezumfcia~ qarTuli enis upiratesobas miawera,
raki rusul enaze es prezumfcia pirdapir ver gamoiTqmis da amitom da ufro moxerxebuli rusulad aris termini `презумция невиновности~, es argumenti imdenad ususuria, rom
mxolod erTi komentariT SemovifarglebiT: ama Tu im mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli azrovnebis wesi da misi gamoxatvis forma (cneba Tu kategoria) romelime enobriv speci3
4
naWyebia g., arabraleulobis prezumfciis konstiticiuri principis sakiTxisaTvis,
Jurn. àdamiani da konstitucia,~ #1. 2000.
naWyebia g., sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebs meTodologiuri anbani, Tb., 2006, 158-163.
221
fikaze rom iyos damokidebuli, maSin mecniereba, rogorc sayovelTao da aucilebeli
msjelobebis sistemuri erTianoba (i. kanti) SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
amrigad, termini ùdanaSaulobis prezumfcia~ sociologiuri azrovnebis wesis
iuridiuli azrovnebis wesad gasaRebis antimecnieruli mcdelobaa, maSin rodesac iuridiuli azrovnebis wesis mixedviT igulisxmeba àrabraleulobis prezumfcia~, romelic braldebulis obieqtur samarTlebriv (procesualur) mdgomareobas gamoxatavs,
xolo am procesualuri mdgomareobis safuZveli aris danaSaulis cnebis samwevrovani
dayofa (qmedebis Semadgenloba, misi marTlwinaaRmdegoba da subieqtis brali), romelSic brali danaSaulis cnebis mesame, bolo, elementia da, maSasadame, (vimeorebT) vidre danaSaulis cnebis es mesame elementi sasamarTlo wesiT ar dadgenila, braldebuli
arabraleulia.
aq dasmuli terminologiuri sakiTxi ufro Sors midis da mTeli rigi tradiciuli
sakiTxebis gadasinjvas moiTxovs (magaliTad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis
safuZveli danaSauli ki araa, aramed – brali5), magram amjerad am terminologiuri sakiTxiT vifarlebiT, radgan ukve Cans, rom araswori, araiuridiuli, terminologia aSkarad uxerxul, winaaRmdegobriv mdgomareobaSi gvayenebs. miT ufro uxerxulia, rom
mosamarTle, marTali msajulebis am dokumentSi, rogoricaa gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni, araiuridiulad azrovnebdes da adgendes `damnaSaves~, romlis samarTlebrivi
mdgomareoba ar arsebobs.
amrigad, kidev erTxel gavimeorebT: aSkaraa, rom gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis sarezolucio nawilSi unda Caiweros ara is, rom `piri cnobil iqnes damnaSaved~, aramed
`braldebuli cnobil iqnes braleulad sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis CadenaSi~, ramdenadac braldebuli, Tavisi procesualuri mdgomareobis Tanaxmad, arabraleulia, xolo, sasamarTlom braldebulis
es procesualuri mdgomareoba misi bralis dadgeniT unda gaabaTilos. samwuxarod,
iuridiuli azrovnebis wesi xSirad WeSmaritoba-mcdarobis gnoseologiuri SinaarsiTaa Secvlili da Sefasebis problema miCqmalulia. magaliTad, logikis erT-erT saxelmZRvaneloSi naTqvamia, rom `sisxlis samarTlis samarTalwarmoebaSi Tezisis WeSmaritebis mtkicebis magaliTia braldebulis braleulobis dasabuTeba. es mTeli sasamarTlo procesis mTavari Tezisia~.6 cxadia, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze WeSmaritebis
dadgenis gareSe Cadenili qmedebis danaSaulad kvalifikacia SeuZlebelia, magram, jer
erTi, `kvalifikacia~ niSnavs `Sefasebas~, rac WeSmaritoba-mcdarobis gnoseologiur
msjelobaze ar daiyvaneba; meorec, `brali~, rogorc subieqtis saxelmwifos saxeliT gakicxvis safuZveli, SefasebiTia, ris gamoc mas sul sxvagvari dadgena sWirdeba, vidre
raime Tezisis WeSmaritoba-mcdarobis dadgenas. samwuxarod, logikis zemoT dasaxebul
saxelmZRvaneloSi romelime Tezisis gabaTileba gagebulia, rogorc Tezisis mcdarobis dasabuTeba, romelic WeSmariti argumentebis moSveliebiT sruldeba.7 iqve naTqvamia, rom `sisxlis samarTlis procesSi gabaTilebis magaliTia braldebulis arabraleulobis Sesaxeb dacvis mxaris mtkicebuleba~.8
5
6
7
8
naWyebia g., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawili, saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2011, 61.
Иванов Е. А., Логика, Учебник, М., 1996, 249.
iqve, 249.
iqve, 249.
222
sarezolucio nawili
jer erTi, dacvis mxaris mtkiceba braldebulis arabraleulobis Sesaxeb braldebulis faqtobrivad arabraleulobas ar niSnavs. meorec, sinamdvileSi termini `gabaTileba~ wminda gnoseologiur aqts ar gamoxatavs. aq aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvT SefasebiT msjelobebs. rac mTavaria, sasamarTlos mier braldebulis arabraleulobis
prezumfciis gabaTileba, romelic braldebulis bralis dadgeniT sruldeba, sruliadac imas ar niSnavs, rom gamoZiebis stadiaze braldebulis arabraleulobis obieqturi
samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba mcdarad unda gamocxaddes, rogorc es logikis zemodasaxelebul saxelmZRvaneloSia warmodgenili. imis miuxedavad, braldebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis CadenaSi faqtobrivad braleulia Tu ara, – gamoZiebis etapze is,
Tavisi procecualuri mdgomareobis Tanaxmad, mainc arabraleulia da am obieqturi samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis aranairi gabaTileba imiT ar xdeba, rom sasamarTlo braldebuls ukve scnobs braleulad sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis CadenaSi.
3. daskvna
am mimarTebiT msjeloba SeiZleba da unda gagrZeldes kidec, radgan aSkaraa, rom
aq dasmul problematikas winamdebare statia ver amowuravs da igi Semdgom gaRrmavebul, mravalmxriv meTodologiur midgomas moiTxovs.
223
daviT wulaia*
wamebis akrZalva saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi
normebis mixedviT
1. Sesavali
saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, adamianis uflebebis danergvis dasawyisSive wamebas
aRiarebda sastik qmedebad da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda misi akrZalvis aucileblobas. Sesabamisad, arasdros yofila dava, Sesuliyo Tu ara wamebis sakiTxi saerTaSoriso aqtebSi. adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs Soris, wameba miCneulia erTerT yvelaze mniSvnelovan darRvevad, xolo misi akrZalva warmoadgens saerTaSoriso
samarTlis fundamentur, imperatiul (jus cogens) normas.
wamebis dasjis valdebuleba im saxelmwifoebisTvis, romlebic cnoben saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier aRiarebul adamianis uflebebsa da faseulobebs, efuZneba araerT universalur normatiul instruments. meoce saukuneSi, wamebis aRmosafxvrelad
gadadgmul iqna araerTi qmediTi nabiji. pirvelad, wamebis universaluri akrZalva ganxorcielda meore msoflio omis Semdeg 1948 wels, rodesac miRebuli iqna adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia. deklaraciis principebi ki safuZvlad daedo araerTi
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso kanonisa da wamebis akrZalvis saerTaSoriso aqtis
miRebas.
1948 wlidan moyolebuli, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam, adamianebis wamebis dasacavad SeimuSava mravali saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi instrumenti, romlebic vrceldeba msoflios yvela samarTlebriv sistemaze. zogierT saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv instrumentebSi gacxadebulia mxolod wamebis akrZalva, zogierTSi ki mocemulia wamebis
gansazRvreba da wamebis Tavidan acilebis, kontrolis meqanizmebi. aqve unda aRiniSnos,
rom wamebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli garantiebi, saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv instrumentebTan SedarebiT, ufro detaluradaa mocemuli iuridiulad arasavaldebulo, egreT
wodebul `rbili samarTlis~ aqtebSi. wamebis Tavidan asacileblad Seiqmna mravali meqanizmi da specialuri saerTaSoriso instituti. msoflio masStabiT 26 ivnisi oficialurad gamocxadda wamebis msxverplTa mxardaWeris saerTaSoriso dRed, xolo 1993 wels
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis msoflio konferenciam erTsulovnad dagmo wameba, rogorc
boroteba.
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis erToblivi Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, wamebis aRmofxvra rCeba msoflios yuradRebis centrSi. saxelmwifoebSi kvlavac fiqsirdeba wamebis
mravali faqti, Sefarulad Tu Riad. wamebas ZiriTadad, iyeneben dasjis, informaciis Tu
aRiarebiTi Cvenebis moipovebis mizniT. Tumca, wamebas iyeneben sxva miznebisTvisac, kerZod wamebis konkretuli faqti, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs im negatiuri Sedegs, rasac hqvia sazogadoebaSi SiSis danergva.
*
224
daviT wulaia, wamebis akrZalva saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebis mixedviT
saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT, wamebis akrZalva absoluturi xasiaTisaa da
iseT uxeS darRvevas warmoadgens, romlis gamarTleba da SezRudva dauSvebelia yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe. miuxedavad amisa, wamebis normis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis absoluturi xasiaTi mkvlevarebs araerTxel dauyenebiaT eWvis qveS. wamebasTan dakavSirebuli dava, ZiriTadad, efuZneba Tavad wamebis konceptualur gagebas. xSir SemTxvevaSi
saqmes arTulebs is garemoeba, rom adamianis uflebebis uxeS daRvevad wamebasTan erTad
mocemulia sinonimuri cnebebi, magaliTad, araadamianuri da damamcirebeli mopyroba,
rac aseve xels uSlis wamebis zust gansazRvras. garda amisa, saqmes arTulebs is faqtic,
rom saerTaSoriso aqtebSic uSualod wamebis gansazRvreba araidenturia. aRniSnuli
garemoebebi, saboloo jamSi, sxva samarTlebriv sirTuleebTan erTad garkveul sirTules warmoSobs qmedebis wamebad kvalifikaciis TvalsazrisiT.
aRniSnulma garemoebebma ganapiroba winamdebare naSromSi yuradReba gagvemaxvilebina saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv normebSi wamebis akrZalvis sakiTxze. kvlevas daeqvemdebara iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoric aris: wamebis akrZalva saerTaSoriso da regionul
instrumentebSi; wamebis gansazRvreba saerTaSoriso instrumentebSi; wamebis Semadgeneli elementebi da wameba da cudi mopyrobis sxva formebi precedentul samarTalSi;
gansxvavebuli midgomebi wamebis gansazRvrebasTan dakavSirebiT da wamebis akrZalvis
absoluturobis gamarTleba da misgan gadaxvevis SesaZlebloba.
naSromis daskvniT nawilSi xazgasmulia im naklovanebaze, rac axlavs wamebis gansazRvrebas. aRniSnulia, rom wamebis absoluturi akrZalva ganpirobebulia prevenciuli mizniT. warmodgenilia mosazreba rogorc wamebis gansazRvrebis srulyofis, aseve
wamebis absoluturi akrZalvis gadaxvevis SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT. wamebis gansazRvrebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT da daskvniT nawilSi Camoyalibebuli
sakiTxebis siRrmiseuli Seswavlis mizniT mocemulia Sesabamisi winadadebebi.
Temaze muSaobisas gamoyenebulia wamebis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli mecnieri da
praqtikosi iuristebis qarTul da ucxour enaze gamocemuli literatura, Sesabamisi
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtikis masalebi, ucxoeTis qveynebis samarTlebrivi baza da internetresursebi.
2. wamebis akrZalva saerTaSoriso da regionul instrumentebSi
2.1. wamebis akrZalva saerTaSoriso instrumentebSi
2.1.1 gaeros mier miRebuli aqtebi
pirveli saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aqti, romelic aseve pirveli gadadgmuli
nabijia wamebis aRmosafxvrelad, aris adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia (SemdgomSi – ausd),1 romlis me-5 muxlSi pirvelad gacxadda wamebis akrZalva: àravin ar SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros wamebas, an sastik, araadamianur an damamcirebel mopyrobas an
dasjas~.
1
ausd miRebulia 1948 wlis 10 dekembers gaeros generaluri asambleis mier, ix. <http://
www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml>, [17.11.2012].
225
aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba adamianis uflebebis danergvis dasawyisSive wamebas aRiarebda, rogorc erT-erT yvelaze seriozul danaSauls da did
mniSvnelobas aniWebda misi akrZalvis aucileblobas. Sesabamisad, wamebis akrZalvis gaeros ausd-Si CarTva arasdros yofila sadavo2.
ausd-is miRebis Semdeg wamebis akrZalvis formula reproducirebul iqna sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso xasiaTis adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso, regionul da `rbili samarTlis” instrumentebSi.
ausd-is miRebis Semdeg daiwyo muSaoba saerTaSoriso paqtze samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb (SemdgomSi – spspu),3 romelsac ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebebTan erTad ausd-is principebisTvis unda mieniWebina iuridiuli Zala.
spspu, iseve rogorc ausd-i, akeTebs wamebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb daTqmas. spspu, me-7
da me-10 muxlebSi wamebis akrZalvasTan erTad xazs usvams Semdeg garemoebebs: (1) ar SeiZleba vinmes mimarT samedicino an samecniero eqsperimentebis Catareba misi nebarTvis
gareSe; (2) yvela TavisuflebaSezRudul pirs unda epyrobodnen adamianurad da adamianis pirovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirsebis pativiscemiT, da (3) avaldebulebs wevr
saxelmwifoebs uzrunvelyon yvela dakavebuli piris adamianur mopyrobas.
bavSis uflebaTa konvencia (SemdgomSi – buk)4 ki, umniSvnelo cvlelebiT, 37-e (a)
muxlSi, imeorebs ausd-is wamebis akrZalvis formulas da uTiTebs, rom àrc erTi bavSvi
ar unda daeqvemdebaros wamebas an sxva sastik, araadamianur an damamcirebel mopyrobas
an dasjas~.
2.1.2 Jenevis konvenciebi da maTi damatebiTi oqmebi5
meore msoflio omis dros miRebul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis xangrZlivi konsultaciebis Sedegad SemuSavebuli iqna òmis
msxverplTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ Jenevis konvenciebi6.
Jenevis konvenciis me-3 muxlSi da meoTxe konvenciis 147-e muxlSi mocemulia wamebis akrZalava im pirTa mimarT, romlebic uSualod ar monawileoben saomar moqmede2
3
4
5
6
deklaraciis principebi ki, safuZvlad udevs adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobas da aRiarebulia qveynebis mier, rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebi.
spspu miRebulia 1966 wlis 19 dekembers generaluri asambleis mier, xolo ZalaSi Sevida 1976 wlis 23 marts da warmoadgens adamianis uflebebis kuTxiT fuZemdeblur saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebas, ix. <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm>, [17.11.2012].
buk miRebulia gaeros generaluri asambleis mier 1989 wlis 20 noembers 44/25 rezoluciiT da ZalaSi Sevida 1990 wlis 2 seqtembers, ix. <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm>,
[17.11.2012].
aRniSnuli konvenciebi miRebulia Sveicariis konfederacia, JenevaSi mowveuli 48 saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa mier 1949 wlis 12 agvistos. 1977 wlis 8 ivniss, agreTve,
miRebulia aRniSnuli konvenciebis ori damatebiTi oqmi. saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka, eleqtronuli resursebi, Jenevis 1949 wlis 12 agvistos
konvenciebi da maTi damatebiTi oqmebi, ix. <http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe>,
[17.11.2012].
Jenevis, wamebis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT, 1998 wlis 16 noembris ganaCeni, saqmeze No.: IT-96-21-T, Prosecutor v. Zejnil Delali, ix. <http://www.icty.org/x/cases/mucic/tjug/
en/cel-tj981116e.pdf>, [15.12.2012].
226
bebSi, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis warmomadgenelTa CaTvliT, romlebmac dayares iaraRi an
romlebic avadmyofobis, Wrilobis, dakavebis Tu raime sxva mizezis gamo monawileobas
aRar Rebuloben saomar moqmedebaSi. Jenevis konvenciebis me-3 muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom es
pirebi maTi rasis, kanis feris, religiuri an rwmenis, sqesis, warmomavlobis miuxedavad,
unda sargeblobdnen adamianuri mopyrobiT yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe da rom maTi wameba akrZalulia yovelTvis da yvelgan.
oTxi konvencia warmoadgens saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis mTavar rgols.
miuxedavad imisa, rom `konvenciebi~, ZiriTadad, exeba saerTaSoriso konfliqtebs, garkveuli debulebebi (gansakuTrebiT me-2 damatebiTi oqmi) gamoiyeneba Sida konfliqtebis
konteqstSi, rogoric aris, magaliTad, samoqalaqo omi, amboxeba da naklebad masStaburi saomari moqmedebebi mimarTuli SeiaraRebuli jgufebis winaaRmdeg. mocemul situaciebSi xSirad warmoiqmneba damatebiTi urTierTmoqmedeba adamianis uflebaTa sferos
standartebsa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis humanitarul normebs Soris. magram, nebismier garemoebebSi, wamebisa da sastiki mopyrobis nebismieri forma akrZalulia.7
2.2. wamebis akrZalva regionul instrumentebSi
2.2.1 evropuli instrumentebi
ausd-Si aRiarebul adamianis uflebaTa implementaciis mizniT miRebulia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia (SemdgomSi – auek)8, da evropis kavSirSi adamianis
fundamentur uflebaTa qartia (ekafuq)9. orive dokumenti, mxolod termin `sastikis~
amoRebiT amoklebs ausd-is wamebis akrZalvis formulas da uTiTebs, rom àravin ar unda daeqvemdebaros wamebas, an araadamianur an damamcirebel mopyrobas an dasjas~10.
2.2.2. adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli konvencia
adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli konvenciis (SemdgomSi – auak)11 me-5(2) muxli sityvasityviT imeorebs ausd-is wamebis akrZalvis formulas da iqve dasZens, rom `yvela pirs,
romelTac aRkveTili aqvT Tavisufleba unda moepyran pativiscemiT adamianis Tandayolili Rirsebis gamo~.
7
8
9
10
11
Обзор международных правовых механизмов предотвращения пыток, 6-7, ix. <www.bureau.kz/lib/
download/1617.doc>, [17.11.2012].
auek miRebulia q. romSi, 1950 wlis 4 noembers, xolo ZalaSi Sevida 1953 wlis 3 seqtembers, romelic cnobilia àdamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis~ saxeliT, ix. <http://
www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/ai/rti/international/laws_papers/uk/echr.pdf>, [17.11.2012].
ekafuq miRebulia 2000 wlis 7 dekembers, ix. <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_
en.pdf>, [17.11.2012].
ix. auek-is muxli 3, ekafuq-is muxli 4.
auak miRebulia 1969 wlis 22 noembers da amoqmedda 1978 wlis 18 ivliss, ix. <http://www.
hrcr.org/docs/American_Convention/oashr.html>, [17.11.2012].
227
2.2.3 adamianisa da xalxTa uflebaTa afrikuli qartia
adamianisa da xalxTa uflebaTa afrikuli qartia (SemdgomSi – axuaq)12 ar imeorebs
ausd-is wamebis akrZalvis msgavs daTqmas, igi krZalavs adamianTa eqspuliataciisa da
damamcirebel yvela formas da maT Soris wamebas.13
2.2.4 islamuri instrumentebi
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao islamuri deklaracia (SemdgomSi – ausid)14 ar imeorebs ausd-is wamebis akrZalvis formulas da gverds uvlis iseT terminebs, rogoric
aris `sastiki~, àraadamianuri~ da `dasja~. ausid-i, aseve ar iyenebs termin àkrZalvas~
da `wamebisagan dacvis uflebis~ muxlSi akeTebs daTqmas, rom àrc erTi adamiani ar unda
daeqvemdebaros fsiqikur an fizikur wamebas, an iqnes damcirebuli..~.15
islamSi adamianis uflebaTa kairos deklaraciam (SemdgomSi – iaukd)16 ki, moaxdina
wamebis akrZalvis daTqmis ganvrcoba. termin àraadamianuris~ gamoklebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iaukd-i iTvaliswinebs ausd-is wamebis akrZalvis formulas. Tu CavTvliT, rom
termini àraadamianuri mopyroba~ miekuTvneba `mopyrobis cud formas~, maSin SeiZleba
CaiTvalos, rom iaukd-i arapirdapir iTvaliswinebs ausd-is wamebis akrZalvis formulis yvela elements17.
12
13
14
15
16
17
axuaq miRebulia 1981 wlis 27 ivniss nairobSi da ZalaSi Sevida 1986 wlis 21 oqtombers,
ix. <http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/z1afchar.htm>, [17.11.2012].
axuaq, muxli 5, `yovel individs unda mieniWos misi Rirsebis pativiscemis ufleba da
aseve misi samarTlebrivi statusis cnobis ufleba. adamianTa eqsploataciisa da damcirebis yovelgvari forma, gansakuTrebiT, monoba, monebiT vaWroba, wameba, sastiki,
araadamianuri, damamcirebeli mopyroba an sasjeli unda iyos akrZaluli.~
ausid, miRebulia 1981 wlis 18 seqtembers, ix. <http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/islamic_
declaration_HR.html>, [17.11.2012].
ausid, me-7 muxli, àrcerTi adamiani ar unda daeqvemdebaros fsiqikur an fizikur wamebas, an iqnes damcirebuli, an dauSvebelia misTvis an misTvis Zvirfasi adamianis mimarT
raime zianis miyenebis muqara, an Cadenili danaSaulis gamo Zalis gamoyenebiT aRiarebis
mopoveba, an iZuleba daeTanxmos iseT moqmedebas, romelic misi interesebis sazianoa.~
iaukd miRebulia 1990 wlis 5 agvistos kairoSi, islamuri konferenciis organizaciis
(OIC) 45 qveynis sagareo saqmeTa ministrTa mier, me-19 islamur konferenciaze, ix. <http://
www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/cairodeclaration.html>, [17.11.2012].
iaukd, me-20 muxli, `kanonieri safuZvlis gareSe dauSvebelia individis dapatimreba,
misTvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva, gaZeveba an dasja. dauSvebelia fizikuri an fsiqologiuri wameba an cudad mopyrobis nebismieri forma, sastiki mopyroba an damcireba.
aseve dauSvebelia individis nebarTvis gareSe masze samedicino an samecniero eqsperimentebis Catareba an misi janmrTelobis an sicocxlis riskis qveS Cayeneba. agreTve
dauSvebelia sagangebo kanonebis gamocxadeba, romlebic aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebas uzrunvelyofs aseTi moqmedebebiT.~
228
2.3. wamebis akrZalvis interpretacia
saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis mier
wamebis akrZalva, zemoT moyvanil instrumentebSi warmoadgens jus cogens normis kodifikacias18 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis (auek) me-15 muxli, xelSekrulebis monawile arcerT saxelmwifos ar aZlevs uflebas gadauxvios wamebis absoluturi
akrZalvidan. wamebis akrZalvis daweseba, rogorc saerTaSariso samarTlis uapelacio
norma ilustrirebulia araerT saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi19.
yofili iugoslaviis saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis tribunalis ganaCenSi, furundzias (Furundzija) saqmeze, vkiTxulobT:
ùnda aRiniSnos, rom wamebis akrZalva, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia adamianis uflebaTa xelSekrulebebSi moicavs absolutur uflebas, romelic arasdros ar SeiZleba Selaxuli iqnes, arc sagangebo situaciis dros – es dakavSirebulia im faqtTan, rom
wamebis akrZalva aris uapelacio norma, anu jus cogens. … es akrZalva aris iseTi vrceli,
rom qveynebs, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Tanaxmad, ekrZalebaT piris gaZeveba, dabruneba
an eqstradicia iseT qveyanaSi, sadac arsebobs realuri safuZveli imisa, rom piri aRmoCndes wamebis safrTxeSi.”20
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom, saqmeSi al-adsani gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom), agreTve daafiqsira analogiuri pozicia:
`konvenciis sistemaSi aRiarebulia, rom me-3 muxlis uflebis qveS, aravin ar SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros wamebas an araadamianur an damacirebel mopyrobas an dasjas, gulisxmobs demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erT fundamentur uflebas. es aris absoluturi ufleba, romelic gamoricxavs nebis darTvas raime mdgomareobaSi~.21
wamebis akrZalva, rogorc jus cogens principi, Sedis saerTaSoriso samarTlis mkacr
normebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT iugoslaviis saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis tribunalma aRniSna:
ìm Rirebulebebis gamo, romelsac igi icavs, es principi gaxda uapelacio norma
anu jus cogens, rac imas niSnavs, rom norma saerTaSoriso ierarqiaSi sargeblobs maRali
rangis statusiT vidre samarTlebrivi xelSekruleba da `Cveulebrivi~ CveulebiTi wesebi. am maRali rangis yvelaze naTeli Sedegi aris is, rom es principi ar SeiZleba iqnes
18
19
20
21
yvela saerTaSoriso instrumenti, romelic Seicavs wamebis akrZalvis debulebas aris
absoluturi xasiaTis. aRniSnuli gulisxmobs imas, rom wamebis akrZalvis norma aranair garemoebaSi saxelmwifos ar aZlevs wamebis gamarTlebis saSualebas.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi: ribiCi avstriis winaaRmdeg (Ribitsch v. Austria), 4.12.1995, 38-e paragrafi; tekini TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Tekin
v. Turkey), 9.06.1998, 53-e paragrafi; asenovi bulgareTis winaaRmdeg (Asenov v. Bulgaria),
28.10.1998, 94-e paragrafi.
Prosecutor v. Furundzija, ICTY Case No. IT-95-17/1, Trial Chamber Judgment, 144 (1998), ix. Cullen
A., Defining Torture in International Law: A Critique of the Concept Employed by the European Court of
Human Rights, California West International Law Journal, Vol. 34, #1, 2003, 30, ix. <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2217008>, [17.11.2012].
Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom, App. No. 35763/97, 34,. 11, 29 (2001), ix. Cullen A., Defining Torture in International Law: A Critique of the Concept Employed by the European Court of Human Rights, California West
International Law Journal, Vol. 34, #1, 2003, 31, ix. <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2217008>, [17.11.2012].
229
xelyofili romelime qveynis mier saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis an adgilobrivi an
specialuri an saerTo CveulebiTi wesebiT~.22
wamebis akrZalvis principi kidev ufro srulyofilad warmoaCina sxva saerTaSoriso normebma23 da `rbilma samarTalma~,24 romlebSic moxda auek-is me-3 muxlis ganvrcoba.
3. wamebis gansazRvreba saerTaSoriso instrumentebSi
3.1. gaeros wamebisagan da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an
Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobisa da dasjisagan piris dacvis
deklaracia25
pirveli saerTaSoriso aqti, romelic iZleva wamebis gansazRvrebas aris gaeros
wamebisagan da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxveli da dasjisagan piris
dacvis deklaracia (SemdgomSi – `gaeros wamebis deklaracia~). pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad,
`gaeros wamebis deklaraciis~ miznebisTvis wameba niSnavs:
`1. nebismier moqmedebas, romliTac pirs ganzrax mieyeneba Zlieri tkivili an tanjva, fizikuri an sulieri, moxelis mier an misi waqezebiT iseTi miznebiT, rogoric aris,
pirisagan an mesame pirisagan informaciis an aRiarebis mopoveba, misi dasja qmedebisTvis, romelic man Caidina, an romlis CadenaSic eWvmitanilia, an piris an sxva pirebis
daSineba. igi ar moicavs im tkivils an tanjvas, romelic gamomdinareobs, ganuyofelia
an SemTxveviT gamoiwveva mxolod kanonieri sanqciiT patimarTa mopyrobis minimaluri
standartuli wesebis Sesabamisad.
22
23
24
25
Prosecutor v. Furundzija, ICTY Case No. IT-95-17/1, Trial Chamber Judgment, 144 (1998), ix. Cullen
A., Defining Torture in International Law: A Critique of the Concept Employed by the European Court of
Human Rights, California West International Law Journal, Vol. 34, #1, 2003, 31, ix. <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2217008>, [17.11.2012].
1. magaliTad, wamebis, an damamcirebeli mopyrobis, an sasjelis Sesaxeb evropuli konvencia (wdmsek), romelic miRebulia 1987 wels strasburgSi da ZalaSi Sevida 1989 wlis 1
Tebervals, misi ratifikacia moaxdina evrosabWos yvela wevrma saxelmwifom, ix. <http://
www.cpt.coe.int/en/documents/eng-convention.pdf> (mopovebulia: 17.11.2012); 2. konvencia aris
mravalmxrivi dokumenti da sxva dokumentebisagan gansxvavebuli midgomiT gamoirCeva.
wdmsek-i ufro metad profilaqtikuri midgomisaken ixreba, anu wamebis prevenciisaken,
radgan wamebis aRmofxvris ZiriTad saSualebas warmoadgens misi prevencia vidre misi
akrZalva da represia. wdmsek-is safuZvelze Seiqmna wamebis Tavidan acilebis komiteti,
romelsac evaleba estumros dakavebis centrebs, imis gasarkvevad Tu ramdenad Seesabameba iq arsebuli pirobebi konvencias.
saerTaSorisosamaTlebrivi aqtebi, romlebic miekuTvneba egreT wodebul `rbil
samarTals~ ar iTvleba saerTaSoriso samarTlis wyarod, magram maT aqvT didi roli
da farTomasStabiani moralur-politikuri mniSvneloba. msgavsi xasiaTis aqtebia,
magaliTad: venis deklaracia da moqmedebis programa; policiis Sesaxeb deklaracia;
samarTaldamcavi organoebis TanamSromelTa qcevis kodeqsi; adamianis uflebebTan
dakavSirebuli 10 ZiriTadi standarti (romlebic safuZvlad udevs samarTaldamcavi
organoebis TanamSromelTa qcevas); nebismieri formiT dakavebul an dapatimrebul
pirTa dacvis principebis nakrebi da sxv.
miRebulia 1975 wlis 9 dekembers, gaeros generaluri asambleis mier # 3452 (XXX) rezoluciiT, ix. <http://www.un-documents.net/a30r3452.htm>, [17.11.2012], `gaeros wamebis deklaracia~ ix. <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ declarationcat.htm>, [17.11.2012].
230
2. wameba warmoadgens sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxvli mopyrobis an
dasjis damamZimebel da winaswarganzraxul formas~.
`gaeros wamebis deklaraciis~ Tanaxmad, wamebis nebismieri aqti warmoadgens adamianis Rirsebis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSauls, romelic ganixileba, rogorc gaeros wesdebis, aseve ausd-Si gacxadebuli adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa darRveva.
gaeros wamebis deklaraciaSi `wamebis~ gansazRvreba miCneulia, rogorc arazusti
da mravalgzisaa gakritikebuli. diskusiebma cxadyo, rom `wamebis~ gansazRvreba unda
daxvewiliyo, rac SemdgomSi aisaxa gaeros wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an damacirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis winaaRmdeg konvenciis (SemdgomSi – gwk)26 pirveli muxlis
pirvel paragrafSi.27
faqtobrivad, gaeros wamebis deklaracia gansazRvruli iyo wamebis winaaRmdeg samomavlod muSaobis sawyis poziciad. momdevno rezoluciiT, romelic, agreTve, miRebulia 1975 wlis 9 dekembers, gaeros generalurma asambleam wamebis deklaraciis efeqtiani
ganxorcielebis uzrunvelsayofad adamianis uflebaTa komisias daavala wamebisa da wamebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Seswavla. ori wlis Semdeg, 1977 wlis 8 dekembers, gaeros generalurma asambleam adamianis uflebaTa komisias mosTxova wamebis deklaraciaSi (#№32/62 rezolucia) mocemuli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT wamebisa da sxva sastiki,
araadamianuri an damacirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis winaaRmdeg konvenciis SemuSaveba.28
3.2. gaeros wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an damacirebeli
mopyrobis an dasjis winaaRmdeg konvencia
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komisiam gwk-ze muSaoba daiwyo 1978 wlis TebervalmartSi. gansaxilvel mraval sakiTxTa Soris29 `wamebis~ gansazRvrebis SemuSaveba iyo erT-erTi sadavo Tema, radgan `gaeros wamebis deklaraciaSi~ wamebis gansazRvreba miiCneoda arazustad.30
unda aRiniSnos, rom wamebis aRmofxvrasTan dakavSirebiT gwk miCneulia msoflio
donis samarTlebriv xelSekrulebad da, Sesabamisad, Seicavs saerTaSorisod aRiarebul wamebis gansazRvrebas. gwk-is me-4 muxlis Tanaxmad:
26
27
28
29
30
1984 wlis 10 dekembers, #39/46 rezoluciiT gaeros generalurma asambleam miiRo gwk,
romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1987 wlis 26 ivniss. literaturaSi aRniSnuli konvencia ki, cnobilia `gaeros wamebis konvenciis~ saxeliT.
Danelius H., Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or DegradingTreatment or Punishment,
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, 1. ix. <http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/catcidtp/
catcidtp_e.pdf>, [17.11.2012].
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, 1. ix. <http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/catcidtp/
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, 1-2. ix. <http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/catcidtp/
catcidtp_e.pdf>, [17.11.2012]; gansaxilveli sakiTxebs Soris iyo mag., wamebis akrZalvisTvis
ùniversaluri iurisdiqciis~ statusis miniWeba, saerTaSoriso implementacia, monitoringis meqanizmis Seqmna da sxv.
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, 1-2. ix. <http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/catcidtp/
231
`TiToeulma monawile saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos, rom wamebis yvela aqti danaSaulad iTvlebodes am konkretuli saxelmwifos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT.
igive unda gavrceldes wamebis mcdelobasa da iseT qmedebaze, romelic warmoadgens wamebaSi amsruleblobas an Tanamonawileobas da ganxorcielebulia nebismieri piris mier“.
am garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilia sxva saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv
aqtebSi mocemuli wamebis gansazRvrebebis analizisas, agreTve movaxdinoT maTi gwk-is
wamebis gansazRvrebasTan31 Sedareba.
gansxvaveba gaeros `wamebis deklaraciasa~ da `wamebis konvenciis~ wamebis gansazRvrebas Soris mdgomareobs SemdegSi: a) nacvlad `sxva pirebisa~ gwk iyenebs `mesame piris”
cnebas; b) `sxva pirebis daSinebis~ nacvlad Caiwera `mesame piris daSineba an iZuleba an
nebismieri xasiaTis diskriminaciaze dafuZnebuli nebismieri mizezi~; g) gwk afarToebs
danaSaulis subieqtis cnebas da aseve, qmedebis obieqturi mxaris niSnebs, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom wameba miyenebulia ara mxolod `moxelis mier, an misi waqezebiT~, aramed `moxelis nebarTviT, an misi usityvo TanxmobiT, an sxva piris mier romelic moqmedebs moxelis uflebamosilebiT~; d) wamebis gamomricxvel garemoebasTan dakavSirebiT, gwk ar imeorebs `gaeros wamebis deklaraciaSi~ gakeTebul daTqmas `kanonieri sanqciis patimarTa
mopyrobis minimaluri standartuli wesebTan Sesabamisobas~ da Semoifargleba mxolod
`kanonieri sanqciis~ aRniSvniT; e) `gaeros wamebis konvenciis~ pirveli muxli ar Sedgeba
ori nawilisagan da, Sesabamisad, ar imeorebs gaeros `wamebis deklaraciis~ pirveli muxlis meore nawilis daTqmas, rom `wameba warmoadgens sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis
Semlaxvli mopyrobis an dasjis damamZimebel da winaswarganzraxul formas~.
wamebis prevenciis saxelmZRvaneloSi aRniSnulia, rom gwk calsaxad gamoricxavs,
rom tkivili an tanjva, romelic gamomdinareobs, ganuyofelia an SemTxveviT gamowveulia mxolod kanonieri sanqiiT; rom sanqciebis kanoniereba unda ganisazRvrebodes
erovnuli da saerTaSoriso standartebiT, maT Soris, gaeros patimarTa mopyrobis minimaluri standartuli wesebiT, radgan aseTi midgoma aRiarebs rogorc wamebis akrZalvis absolutur bunebas, aseve misi gamoyenebis aucileblobas.32
gwk-is gansazRvrebis dadebiTi mxare da Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi
ar aris statikuri. gwk ar gamoricxavs wamebis gansazRvrebis arealis gafarToebas da,
Sesabamisad, ar zRudavs wamebis farTo definiciis gamoyenebas.33
31
32
33
gwk-is muxli 1: `nebismier moqmedebas, romliTac pirs ganzrax mieyeneba Zlieri tkivili
an tanjva, fizikuri an sulieri, iseTi miznebiT, rogoricaa pirisgan an mesame pirisagan
informaciis an aRiarebis mopoveba, misi dasja qmedebisTvis, romelic man an mesame pirma Caidina, an romlis CadenaSic eWvmitanilia, an misi an mesame piris daSineba an iZuleba,
an nebismieri xasiaTis diskriminaciaze dafuZnebuli nebismieri mizeziT, rodesac amgvari tkivili an tanjva miyenebulia moxelis mier, an misi waqezebiT, an misi nebarTviT,
an misi usityvo TanxmobiT, an sxva piris mier, romelic moqmedebs moxelis uflebamosilebis farglebSi. igi ar moicavs im tkivils an tanjvas, romelic gamomdinareobs, ganuyofelia an SemTxveviT gamoiwveva mxolod kanonieri sanqciiT.~
Preventing Torture: An Operational Guide for National Human Rights Institutions, Association for the Prevention of Torture, OHCHR, APT and APF, Sydney, Australia and Geneva, Swetzeland May, 2010, 13, ix.
<http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/PreventingTorture.pdf>, [17.11.2012].
(1) gwk-is 1(2) muxlis Tanaxmad: ès muxli ar ewinaaRmdegeba arcerT saerTaSoriso dokuments an Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobas, romelic moicavs an SeiZleba moicavdes
debulebas ufro farTo gamoyenebis Sesaxeb~; (2) gwk-is 16-e (2) muxlis Tanaxmad: `konvenciis debulebebi ar ewinaaRmdegeba sxva sarTaSoriso aqtebs an saxelmwifoTa Sida
232
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, wamebis farTo gansazRvreba, romelic moicavs
situaciis mraval speqtrs, SesaZleblobas iZleva sxva saerTaSoriso, regionuli da nacionaluri kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebas. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac wamebis farTo
definicia gamoiyeneba, gwk-is definicia ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas mis Sesaviwroeblad34.
3.3. sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos
romis statuti35
sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis statutis (SemdgomSi – romis statuti) miRebis mizani iyo sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos daarseba. es organo warmoadgens mudmivmoqmed saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos, romlis wesdebamac Tavis iurisdiqciaSi, mTeli saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisaTvis SemaSfoTebel sxva
umZimes danaSaulebTan36 erTad, wameba moaqcia, rogorc adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli da omis danaSauli.
3.3.1 wameba, rogorc adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
danaSauli
romis statutis me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad, wameba, rogorc adamianurobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli, saxezea roca igi Cadenilia nebismier samoqalaqo mosaxleobaze farTomasStabiani an sistematuri Tavdasxmis farglebSi, Tavdasxmis gacnobierebiT. romis statutis me-7 muxlma, faqtobrivad, gaimeora gwk-is pirveli muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli
`wamebis~ redaqcia, kerZod, romis statusis me-7 muxlis, àdamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis~ pirveli paragrafis miznebisaTvis `wameba~ niSnavs:
`mZime tkivilis an tanjvis, iqneba es fizikuri Tu fsiqikuri, miyenebas im pirisTvis, romelic imyofeba patimrobaSi an kontrolis qveS; amasTan wamebad ar iTvleba tkivili an tanjva, romelic gamowveulia kanonieri sanqciiT an ganuyofelia am sanqciebisgan an SemTxveviT warmoiqmneba maTi aRsrulebis procesSi~.37
adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze mwvave gansaxilveli aRmoCnda. dava mimdinareobda imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis unda ganxiluliyo
moqmedeba `farTomasStabianad~ an `sistematurad~, da zustad romeli moqmedeba SeiZ-
34
35
36
37
kanonmdeblobis debulebas, romlebic krZalavs sastik, aradamianur an Rirsebis Semlaxav mopyrobas an sasjels an, romlebic Seexeba gadacemas an gaZevebas.~
precedentul samarTalSi, wamebis gansazRvrebis farglebTan dakavSirebiT damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT Tavi III.
miRebulia 1998 wlis 17 ivliss, gaeros uflebamosil warmomadgenelTa konferenciaze,
ix. <http://untreaty.un.org/cod/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm>, [18.11.2012].
sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis statutis me-5 muxlSi wamebasTan, rogorc adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTan erTad, gansazRvrulia
sasamarTlos iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebuli Semdegi danaSaulebi: genocidi, omis danaSaulebi da agresia.
ix. romis statutis me-7 (e) muxli.
233
leboda ganxiluliyo qmedebad, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia romis statutis me-7 muxlSi da ra saerTo elementebisagan unda Semdgariyo aseTi qmedeba38.
adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis saerTo elementebad ganisazRvra: `qmedeba, Cadenili rogorc farTomasStabiani da sistemuri Setevis nawili, romelic mimarTuli iyo samoqalaqo mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg; damnaSavem icoda, rom qmedeba
aseTi Setevis nawili iyo~.39
Sesabamisad, adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis wamebis elementebia:40 1. damnaSavis mier erTi an ramdenime piris mimarT sastiki fizikuri an mentaluri tkivilis an tanjvis miyeneba; 2. aseTi piri an pirebi unda iyvnen patimrobis an braldebulis kontrolis qveS; 3. tkivili an tanjva ar iTvleba wamebad Tu igi gamowveulia
kanonieri sanqciiT an ganuyofelia am sanqciebisgan an SemTxveviT warmoiqmneba maTi
aRsrulebis procesSi; 4. qmedeba Cadenili unda iyos rogorc farTomasStabiani da sistemuri Setevis nawili, romelic mimarTuli unda iyo samoqalaqo mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg; 5. damnaSave unda moqmedebdes ganzrax.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, naTlad Cans, rom wamebis, rogorc adamianurobis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis, gwk-is wamebis gansazRvrebasTan msgavsebis miuxedavad, mTavari gansxvaveba mdgomereobs specialuri miznis ararsebobaSi, da rom, romis
statutis me-7 muxli ar moiTxovs danaSaulis diskriminaciul safuZvelze Cadenas.
3.3.2 wameba, rogorc omis danaSauli
omis danaSaulebi aRwerilobiT, admianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebs
esatyviseba. me-8 muxlSi CamoTvlil omis danaSaulTa pirveli kategoria Jenevis 1949
wlis konvenciebis `mZime, seriozuli darRvevebia~, xolo meore kategoria `saerTaSoriso samarTlis CarCoTi gaTvaliswinebuli saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi gamoyenebadi samarTlisa da Cveulebebis sxva seriozuli darRvevebia~.41
romis statutis omis danaSaulebis wamebis elementebia42: 1. damnaSavis mier erTi
an ramdenime piris mimarT sastiki fizikuri an mentaluri tkivilis an tanjvis miyeneba;
2. damnaSavis mier miyenebuli tkivili an tanjva unda emsaxurebodes Semdeg miznebs: informaciis an aRiarebis mopoveba, dasja, daSineba an iZuleba, an nebismieri mizeziT nebismieri saxis diskriminacia; 3. aseTi piri an pirebi daculni arian Jenevis 1949 wlis erTi
an meti konvenciiT; 4. damnaSave acnobierebs im faqtobriv garemoebebs, romelic adgenda
aseT dacul statuss; 5. qmedeba Cadenilia saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebul konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT da asocirebuli iyo saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebul konfliqtTan; 6. damnaSave
38
39
40
41
42
xuciSvili q., gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosa da sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos konkurentuli da komplementaruli kompetenciebi, Tb., 2011, 62-63.
iqve.
ix. romis statuti, me-7 (1)(v) da (2)(e) muxli; 2. UN, Preparatory Commission for the International
Criminal Court Distr.: PCNICC/2000/1/Add.2, General 2 November 2000, 12. ix. <http://daccess-dds-ny.
un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/724/27/PDF/N0072427.pdf?OpenElement>, [18.11.2012].
xuciSvili q., gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosa da sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos konkurentuli da komplementaruli kompetenciebi, Tb., 2011, 66-68.
ix. 1. romis statuti, me-8 (2)(a)(ii) da (b)(i) muxli; 2. UN, Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court Distr.: PCNICC/2000/1/Add.2, General 2 November 2000, 19., ix. <http://daccess-ddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/724/27/PDF/N0072427.pdf?OpenElement>, [18.11.2012].
234
acnobierebda im faqtobriv garemoebebs, romlebic ayalibebda SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis arsebobas.
maCteld buuti ganmartavs, rom romis statutiT kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis, omis danaSaulebis wamebisagan ganmasxvavebel aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens mizani43 Tumca, wameba, rogorc adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli,
romis statutis me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad, akeTebs pirdapir daTqmas, rom specialuri miznis
dadgena aucilebeli ar aris44 miznebis CamonaTvali, romlebic CamoTvlilia omis danaSaulebis wamebis elementebSi atarebs ilustraciul xasiaTs da gamoiyeneba farTo interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT.45
garda amisa, omis danaSaulebis wameba, adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulisagan gansxvavebiT, ar moiTxovs, rom adamiani imyofebodes patimrobaSi an damnaSavis
kontrolis qveS. mZime darRvevebis elementi moiTxovs, rom yvela dazaralebuli iyos
Jenevis romelime konvenciiT `daculi piri~. es moTxovna ar Seicavs patimrobas da kontrolis kriteriums, romelic mocemulia romis statutis me-7(1)(e) muxlSi.46
3.4. interamerikuli konvencia wamebis aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb
interamerikuli konvencia wamebis aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb (SemdgomSi – ikwad)47-is wamebis gansazRvreba48 aSkarad scildeba gwk-is `wamebis~ gansazRvrebis far43
44
45
46
47
48
Boot M., Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity, War Crimes: Nulum Crimen Sine Lege and the Subject Matter Jurisdiction of The International Criminal Court, School of Human Rights Research, Intersentia, Leiden,
2001, 587.
2001, 587, sq. 177, 2. UN, Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court PCNICC/2000/1/
Add.2, Distr.: General 2 November 2000, muxli. 7(1) paragrafi f, 12. ix. <http://www.iccnow.org/documents/ElementsofCrimeEng.pdf>, [18.11.2012].
2001, 587.
1. Boot M., Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity, War Crimes: Nulum Crimen Sine Lege and the Subject Matter Jurisdiction of The International Criminal Court, School of Human Rights Research, Intersentia, Leiden,
2001, 587. sq. 178, 2. UN, Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court PCNICC/2000/1/
Add.2, Distr.: General 2 November 2000, muxli. 7(1) paragrafi f, 19. cit. 35, ix. <http://www.iccnow.
org/documents/ElementsofCrimeEng.pdf>, [18.11.2012].
ikwad, miRebul iqna 1985 wlis 12 seqtembers, ix. <http://www.iadb.org/Research/legislacionindigena/pdocs/CONVENCIONTORTURA.pdf>, [18.11.2012].
ìnteramerikuli wamebis konvenciis~ me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, konvenciis miznebisTvis
wameba niSnavs: `nebismier ganzrax moqmedebas, romliTac pirs adgeba fizikuri an gonebrivi tkivili an tanjva, sisxlis samaTlis gamoZiebis miznebisTvis, rogorc daSinebis,
piradi dasjis, prevenciuli RonisZiebis an dasjis saSualeba an nebismieri sxva miznebisTvis. wameba, agreTve, gagebuli unda iqnes, rogorc pirebze zemoqmedebis meTodebis
gamoyeneba, romlebic mimarTulia dazaralebulis pirovnebis ganadgurebisaken an
romlebic aqveiTebs fizikur da gonebriv SesaZleblobebs, miuxedavad imisa, Tu aseTi
meTodebi ar iwveven fizikur an mentalur tkivils. wamebis koncefcia ar moicavs iseT
fizikur da mentalur tanjvas, romelic gamomdinareobs kanonieri sanqciidan an war-
235
glebs. mocemul gansazRvrebaSi sayuradReboa Semdegi aspeqtebi: 1. gansazRvreba aqcents ar akeTebs tkivilisa da tanjvis `sisastikeze~; 2. uTiTebs `nebismier sxva mizanze~; 3. afarToebs wamebis koncefcias iseTi moqmedebebis CarTviT, romlebic ar iwveven
tkivilsa da tanjvas: `wameba agreTve gagebuli unda iqnes, rogorc... Tu aseTi meTodebi
ar iwveven fizikur an mentalur tkivils~.
garda amisa, ikwad, akonkretebs wamebis subieqtTa wres da, wamebis gansazRvrebasTan erTad, calke muxlSi akeTebs maT CamonaTvals.49
3.5. msoflios samedicino asociaciis tokios deklaracia50
msoflios samedicino asociaciis tokios deklaracia (SemdgomSi – tokios deklaracia) preambulaSi, deklaraciis miznebisTvis termin `wamebas~ ganmartavs, rogorc:
èrTi an ramdenime piris mier sakuTari iniciativiT an brZanebiT, winaswarganzrax, sistemur an umizezo fizikuri an fsiqikuri tanjvis miyenebas sxva pirisaTvis informaciis,
aRiarebis miRebis an sxva mizniT~.51
`tokios deklaraciaSi~ mocemuli `wamebis~ gansazRvreba gwk-sTan SedarebiT, warmoadgens Semoklebul variants, magaliTad, igi ar iTvaliswinebs iseT elementebs, rogoric aris tanjvis simZime da ganixileba, rogorc `naklebad samarTlebrivi xasiaTis
mqone gansazRvreba~52.
4. wamebis Semadgeneli elementebi da wameba da cudi mopyrobis
sxva formebi precedentul samarTalSi
4.1. gwk-is wamebis Semadgeneli elementebis daxasiaTeba
imisaTvis, rom qmedeba CaiTvalos gwk-is pirveli muxlis darRvevad, pirobiTad
SegviZlia gamovyoT Semdegi aucilebeli elementebi, kerZod:
49
50
51
52
moadgens uSualod kanonieri sanqciis Sedegs da ar moicavs wamebis im meTodebs, romlebic am muxlSia gaTvaliswinebuli~.
ikwad, muxli 3: `moxeles an im TanamSromels, romelic asrulebs iseT brZanebas, romelic xels uwyobs an aqezebs wamebis gamoyenebas, an romelic uSualod sCadis mas an
maT visac SeuZlia misi aRkveTa samsaxurebrivi movaleobidan gamomdinare. piri, romelic moxelis waqezebiT an moxele, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia a. qvepunqtSi, mbrZaneblobs, xels uwyobs an aqezebs wamebis gamoyenebas, uSualod sCadis mas an aris
wamebis Tanamonawile.~
1975 wlis oqtomberSi, 29-e msoflios samedicino asociaciis asambleam, iaponiis qalaq tokioSi miiRo deklaracia, romelic eZRvneba samedicino personalis saxelmZRvanelo principebs, dakavebulTa da patimarTa wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri
an Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobis an sasjelis SemTxvevebSi. aRniSnuli deklaracia,
cnobilia 1975 wlis msoflios samedicino asociaciis `tokios deklaraciis~ saxeliT.
aRniSnuli aqti warmoadgens `rbili samarTlis~ aqts.
`tokios deklaracia~, 1975, preambula.
ix. <http://phrtoolkits.org/toolkits/istanbul-protocol-model-medical-curriculum/module-1-international-legal-standards-overview/torture/other-definitions/printpage/>, [18.11.2012].
236
1. moqmedeba, romelic pirs ayenebs sastik tkivils an tanjas;
2. ganzraxva, romelic ukavSirdeba specialur miznebs;
3. moqmedeba, Cadenili moxelis mier. 53
4.1.1. sisastike
wamebis pirveli elementi da albaT yvelaze ganmasxvavebeli, aris tkivilis an tanjvis miyenebisas `sisatikis~ niSani.
zogadad, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTalSi, imisaTvis, rom moqmedeba CaiTvalos wamebad, aseTma moqmedebam unda gamoiwvios garkveuli donis fizikuri an
fsiqikuri tkivili an tanjva.54 aRniSnuli debuleba asaxulia sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos iurisprudenciaSi,55 auek-Si56 da adamianis uflebaTa komitetSi57. Sesabamisad, `sisastike~ miCneulia wamebis, sxva msgavsi danaSaulebebisagan, ganmasxvavebel niSnad.
Tumca, `sisastikis~ elementis problemur aspeqts warmoadgens is, rom Znelia `sisastikis~ donis gansazRvra, raTa qmedeba CaiTvalos wamebad58. antoni kuleni aRniSnavs,
rom `sisastikis~ zRvaris dadgena problemuria dazaralebulis azris gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe59. kris ingelsi iziarebs dazaralebulis azris faqtors da xazs usvams im garemoebasac, rom wamebis sakiTxis realuri ganmsazRvreli, agreTve aris is Sedegi, romelic
dazaralebuls miadga60. mafred novakis gancxadebiT, `wamebis ganmasxvavebeli da gadam53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
literaturaSi, aseve, gvxvdeba gwk-is wamebis gansazRvrebis Semadgeneli elementebis
sxvadasxvagvari klasifikacia. magaliTad, nacvlad sami komponentisa arsebobs oTxi an
Svidi elementi da, Sesabamisad, mocemulia elementebis sxvagvari Tanmimdevroba; magaliTad, calke elementad SeiZleba gamoyofili iyos `moqmedeba~, `fizikuri tkivili
an mentaluri tanjva~ an `kanonieri sanqciidan gamomdinare tkivili an tanjva~ da sxv.
wamebis gansazRvrebis elementebTan dakavSirebiT, damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. 1.
<http://echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/0B190136-F756-4679-93EC-EEBEAD50C3/0/DG2ENHRHAND062003.
pdf [17.11.2012]; 2. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/torture/ law/definitions.shtml>, [17.11.2012]; 3. Long D.,
Naumovich N., Practical Handbook on Torture Prevention, Inter-American Institute, Geneva, 2006, 20.
Cullen A., Defining Torture in International Law: A Critique of the Concept Employed by the European Court
of Human Rights, California West International Law Journal, Vol. 34, #1, 2003, 34, cit. 37, ix. <http://ssrn.
com/abstract=2217008>, [17.11.2012].
Prosecutor v. Delalic et al., ICTY Case No. IT-96-21-T, Trial Chamber Judgment, 455, 456, 468 (1998), ix.
<http://www.icty.org/x/cases/mucic/acjug/en/cel-aj010220.pdf>, [15.12.2012].
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT Tavi III-is, meore paragrafis is nawili, romelic
exeba diskusias, saqmeze ìrlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg~.
ix. iqve, 32, United Nations Human Rights Committee General Comment 20, U.N. CCPR 44th Sess., 1138th
mtg. 5 (1992) reprinted in Compilation of General Comments and Gen-eral Recommendations Adopted by
Human Rights Treaty Bodies, U.N. GAOR, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/rev.5 (2001).
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT: Burgers H., & Danelius H., The United Nations Conventions
Against Torture: A Handbook on the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment (1988), 117-18.
of Human Rights, 32. ix. <http://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/Media/Anthony_Cullen_Defining_Torture_Article.
pdf>, [17.11.2012].
kris ingelsis azriT: `mxolod dazaralebuls SeuZlia gamodges tkivilisa da tanjvis
237
wyveti kriteriumi sastikis, araadamianuris da damamcirebeli mopyrobisagan aris moqmedebis mizani da dazaralebulis uZlureba, vidre tkivilis intensioba an miyenebuli
tanjva~.61 aqve aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rom saqmeze irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos
winaaRmdeg aues-ma ar gaiTvaliswina dazaralebulis azri qmedebis wamebad dakvalificirebis dros.62 garda amisa, arsebobs ufro radikaluri midgomac, romelic sruliad
gamoricxavs qmedebis wamebad misaCnevad ara mxolod `sisastikis~ elementis, aramed Zaladobis arsebobasac.63
aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom gwk-is SemzRudvel niSans warmoadgens is faqti, rom
gansazRvreba ar moicavs cudi mopyrobis yvela saxes, romelic iwvevs fizikur da fsiqikur tkivilsa da tanjvas, aramed moicavs mxolod iseT moqmedebas, romelic Tavisi bunebiT aris mxolod `sastiki~.64
4.1.2 ganzraxva, romelic ukavSirdeba specialur miznebs
4.1.2.1 ganzraxva
gwk-is gansazRvreba moiTxovs, pirisaTvis ganzrax sastiki tkivilis an tanjvis miyenebas. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, moqmedeba CaiTvleba wamebad, Tu moxele pirs ganzrax
miayenebs tanjvas an tkivils. antoni kulens miaCnia, rom Tu cudi mopyroba gamowveulia
SemTxveviTi daudevrobiT, rogoric aris, magaliTad, patimrebisaTvis sakvebis micemis
daviwyeba, maSin es ar niSnavs wamebas. aseTi qmedeba SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc sastiki, araadamianuri an damacirebeli mopyroba an dasja. imisaTvis, rom qmedeba miCneul iqnes wamebad aucilebelia damnaSavis mxridan tkivilis an tanjvis miyenebis `ganzraxvis~
elementis arseboba.65
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom ganzraxvis mtkicebis tvirTi gadaitana mTavrobaze. magaliTad, saqmeze selmouni safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom `rodesac pirs aTavseben policiis dakavebis
sakanSi janmrTel mdgmareobaSi, magram gaTavisuflebis dros dakavebuls aRmoCndeba
sxeulis dazianebebi, am dros saxelmwifo valdebulia axsnas Tu ra viTarebaSi miadga
61
62
63
64
65
mowme. Sedegi, romelic miadga dazaralebuls agreTve sakiTxis ganmsazRvrelia realurad wameba moxda Tu ara. damnaSavis tkivilis miyenebis ganzraxva ararelevanturia,
sul mcire intensiurobis subieqturi gagebisaTvis... es gvaZlevs ramdenime varaudis
saSualebas, romlidanac SesaZlebelia gamovitanoT obieqturi daskvna~. ix. iqve, 33.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of punishment,
UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/6, paragrafi 39.
Ireland v. United Kingdom, App. No. 5310/71, 2 Eur. H.R. Rep. 25 (1980), ix. Cullen A., Defining Torture in
International Law: A Critique of the Concept Employed by the European Court of Human Rights, California
West International Law Journal, Vol. 34, #1, 2003, 30, ix. <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2217008>, <http://www.
lcil.cam.ac.uk/Media/Anthony_Cullen_Defining_Torture_Article.pdf>, [17.11.2012].
aRniSnul sakiTxze ixileT Tavi III, me-2 paragrafis, qveparagrafi 2.2.
Garcia M., U. N. Convention Against Torture (CAT): Overview and Application to Interrogation Teqniques,
Congressional Research Service, 2009, 2.
238
pirs sxeulis dazianeba~.66 imis gamo, rom saxelmwifom ver warmoadgina dazianebis Sesaxeb axsna-ganmarteba, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom saxelmwifom Caidina wameba, miuxedavad ganzraxvisa da wamebis Camdeni piris identobis Sesaxeb
mtkicebulebebis ararsebobisa.67 dakavebis periodSi miyenebuli fizikuri dazianeba da
dazaralebulis Cveneba sakmarisi aRmoCnda wamebis ganzraxvis elementis dasadgenad68.
Tumca, auak-is Tanaxmad, saqmeze `panagua moralesi guatemalas winaaRmdeg” damnaSavis
ganzraxvis dadgena ar aris saWiro.69 ganzraxvis elementTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom gwk-is wamebis gansazRvreba `ganzraxvaSi~ gulisxmobs qmedebas, zianis miyenebas
da miznebs.70
4.1.2.2 specialuri miznebi
ganzraxvis ZiriTadi arsi mdgomareobs specialuri miznis miRwevaSi, kerZod: `pirisagan an mesame pirisagan informaciis an aRiarebis mopoveba, misi dasja qmedebisTvis,
romelic pirma an mesame pirma Caidina, an romlis CadenaSic eWvmitanilia, an piris an
mesame piris daSineba an iZuleba, an nebismieri xasiaTis diskriminaciaze dafuZnebuli
nebismieri mizeziT~71. iuridiul litereturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom gwk-is definiciaSi, daTqma ìseTi miznebiT, rogoricaa..~. migviTiTebs, rom miznebi ar aris amomwuravi72, magram sakmaris miTiTebebs gvaZlevs im miznis Sesaxeb, romlebic SesaZloa idges fizikuri an fsiqologiuri zianis ukan.73 burgersisa da danielis azriT, imisaTvis,
rom cudi mopyroba CaiTvalos wamebad mizans unda gaaCndes `raRac, Tundac Soreuli
kavSiri saxalmwifosa da misi organoebis politikasTan an interesebTan.”74 zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, imisaTvis, rom qmedeba dakvalificirdes wamebad `mizani” ubralod
ki ar unda iyos gwk-is wamebis gansazRvrebaSi mocemuli erT-erTi mizanTagani, aramed
`mizans” unda gaaCndes saxelmwifosTan damakavSirebeli elementi, anu kavSiri saxalmwifosa da misi organoebis politikis interesebTan. saxelmwifos faqtori ki efuZneba mo66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
Selmouni v. France, 29 E.H.R.R. 403, 426 (2000) ix. Miller G., Defining Torture, New York, Benjamin
N Cardozo School of Law, 2005, 13, cit. 71, ix. <http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.
aspx?i=001-58287>, [20.11.2012].
ix. iqve, cit. 72.
Miller G., Defining Torture, New York, Benjamin N Cardozo School of Law, 2005, 13, ix. <http://hudoc.echr.
coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-58287>, [20.11.2012].
Paniagua Morales v. Guatemala, Judgment of March 8, 1998, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) NO.37 (1998),
paragrafi 134.
wamebis ganzraxvis elementTan dakavSirebiT, damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. Miller G.,
Defining Torture, New York, Benjamin N Cardozo School of Law, 2005, 14-15, cit. 71, ix. <http://hudoc.
echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-58287>, [20.11.2012].
gwk, muxli 1.
Nowak M., and MacArtur, E., UN Convention against Torture, A commentary, Oxford Commentaries on International Law, Oxford University Press, 2008, 75.
of Human Rights, California West International Law Journal, Vol. 34, #1, 2003, 34, cit. 31. ix. <http://ssrn.
com/abstract=2217008>, [17.11.2012].
239
xelis CarTulobas. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu moxele sadisturi mosazrebiT pirs ayenebs
tkvivils an tanjvas da gamoricxulia saxelmwifos interesebi, maSin gwk-is Tanaxmad,
qmedeba wamebad ver CaiTvleba.
wamebis miznebTan dakavSirebiT75, yvelaze sayuradRebo aspeqts warmoadgens Tavad
gwk-is wamebis miznebis erT sibrtyeze moTavseba. konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT migvaCnia, rom informaciis mopovebis mizani imsaxurebs gansakuTrebul midgomas, radgan informaciis mopoveba SeiZleba motivirebuli iyos samarTlebrivi sikeTis dasacavad an
gadasarCenad, rasac ver vityviT wamebis sxva miznebze76.
4.1.3 wameba moxelis mier
gwk-is definicia aRiarebs, rom wameba Cadenili unda iyos `moxelis mier, an misi waqezebiT, an misi nebarTviT, an misi usityvo TanxmobiT an sxva piris mier, romelic moqmedebs moxelis uflebamosilebis farglebSi~. piris mimarT yvelaze sazareli Seuracxyofa an yvelaze araadamianuri mopyroba ar ganixileba gwk-is wamebis darRvevad, Tuki
saxelmwifo raime saxiT ar monawileobs, radgan kerZo piris mier Cadenili wameba zogadad eqceva qveynis sisxlis samarTlis kanonis moqmedebis farglebSi. gwk-is avtorebma
ar CaTvales saWirod kerZo piris saerTaSoriso konvenciaSi CarTva.77 romis statutis
me-7(2)(e) muxli ki, wamebis gansazRvrebaSi saerTod ar akeTebs moxelis Sesaxeb daTqmas.
antoni kuleni aRniSnavs, rom `Tumca konvencia (igulisxmeba gwk, Camateba d. wulaia) uSualod mimarTulia moxelis qmedebis winaaRmdeg, definiciis formulireba sakmaod farToa, raTa efeqturad moicvas kerZo piris qmedebebi~ da iqve miuTiTebs kris
ingelsis mosazrebas:
`konvenciaSi mTavrobasTan urTierTobis rekvizitis Sesaxeb formulireba iseTi
farToa (termini usityvo Tanxmoba), rom arsebobs mravali gza, raTa konvenciis moqmedebam moicvas kerZo piris mier Cadenili sxvadasxva saxis qmedebebi, Tuki saxelmwifo
raime saxiT saSualebas miscems aseTi qmedebebis ganxorcielebis gagrZelebas~.78
rodesac moxele sastik tkivils an tanjvas ayenebs pirs, saxelmwifos CarTulobis
moTxovna, moxelis piradi miznebiT moqmedebis garda, vrceldeba yvela SemTxvevaze.79
saxelmwifos CarTuloba SeiZleba iyos Soreuli, magram mainc akmayofilebdes gwk-is definicias, Tu moxelis waqezebiT, an misi nebarTviT, an usityvo TanxmobiT, aRwevs kerZo
75
76
77
78
79
wamebis `miznebis~ elementTan dakavSirebiT, damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. Miller G.,
Defining Torture, New York, Benjamin N Cardozo School of Law, 2005, 15-17, ix. <http://hudoc.echr.coe.
int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-58287>, [20.11.2012].
aRniSnul sakiTxze damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT me-4 Tavis, me-2 paragrafi.
Miller G., Defining Torture, New York, Benjamin N Cardozo School of Law, 2005, 15-17, ix. <http://hudoc.
echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-58287>, [20.11.2012].
of Human Rights, California West International Law Journal, Vol. 34, #1, 2003, 34, cit. 36. ix. <http://ssrn.
com/abstract=2217008>, [17.11.2012].
Khouzam v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 161, 171 (2004), ix. Miller G., Defining Torture, New York, Benjamin N
Cardozo School of Law, 2005, 18, ix. <http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-58287>,
[20.11.2012].
240
piris moqmedebas, rac imas gulisxmos, rom saxelmwifos umoqmedoba kerZo piris saxiT
gulisxmobs wamebas.80
moxelis monawileobis moTxovna qmnis seriozul SezRudvebs wamebis gansazRvrebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. aRniSnuli sakiTxi sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier miCneul iqna, rogorc `winaaRmdegobrivi, saerTaSoriso danaSaulebSi
kerZo individis pasuxismgeblobis gamoyenebis kuTxiT, saerTaSoriso humanitarul da
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi~.81
naijel rodli aRniSnavs, rom saxelmwifos moqmedebis moTxovna saxezea maSinac ki,
rodesac `moxelem ver uzrunvelyo an moxeles ar surs uzrunvelyos cudi mopyrobisagan efeqtiani dacva, maT Soris, arasajaro piris mxridan cudi mopyroba~.82 aRniSnuli,
adasturebs im faqts, rom saxelmwifos sinamdvileSi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba valdebulebis Seusruleblobis gamo83.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, wamebis gansazRvrebis srulyofis mizniT, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, rom wamebis gansazRvreba Seicavdes moxelis pasuxismgeblobis araorazrovan daTqmas da iTvaliswinebdes saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobas arasajaro piris
mxridan, cudi mopyrobisagan efeqtiani dacvis valdebulebis darRvevisaTvis.
4.2. wameba da cudi mopyrobis sxva formebi
precedentul samarTalSi
4.2.1 saberZneTis saqme
saberZneTis saqmeze adamianis uflebaTa evropulma komisiam gansazRvra auek-is
me-3 muxlis terminebi Semdegnairad:
àraadamianuri mopyrobis cneba moicavs sul mcire iseT mopyrobas, romelic ganzrax ayenebs sastik tanjvas, fizikurs an mentalurs, romelic konkretul situaciaSi
aris gaumarTlebeli. sityva `wameba~, xSir SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneba araadamianuri mopyrobis dasaxasiaTeblad, romelsac gaaCnia mizani, iseTi, rogoric aris informaciis an
aRiarebis mopoveba, an dasja, da igi zogadad aris araadamianuri mopyrobis damamZimebeli forma. individis mopyroba an dasja, SeiZleba iTqvas, aris damamcirebeli, Tu igi zedmetad Seuracxyofs mas sxvebis winaSe, an aiZulebs mas imoqmedos sakuTari nebis an sindisis winaaRmdeg~.84
`sisastikis~ progresireba - damamcirebeli mopyrobidan, araadamianuris gavliT
wamebamde – warmoSobs tkivilis ierarqias, romelSic wamebis tkivili aris yvelaze aSka80
81
82
83
84
Khouzam v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 161, 171 (2004), ix. Miller G., Defining Torture, New York, Benjamin N
Cardozo School of Law, 2005, 18, ix. <http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-58287>,
[20.11.2012].
Prosecutor v. Kvocka, ICTY Case No. IT-98-30/1, Trial Chamber Judgment, 119 (2001).
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Fact Sheet: No. 4 Combating Torture, at 34 (May 2002) ix. Miller G., Defining Torture, New York, Benjamin N Cardozo School of
Law, 2005, 18, ix. <http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-58287>, [20.11.2012].
damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. 1. Z v. The United Kingdom, 34 E.H.R.R. 3 (ECHR 2001); 2. E. v.
United Kingdom, 36, E.H.R.R. 31, 88 (ECHR 2002).
The Greek Case, Yearbook November 18, 12 Y.E.C.H.R (1969), 186.
241
ra.85 saberZneTis saqmis Semdeg adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom am ierarqiis
koncefcia mravalgzis gamoiyena gadawyvetilebebSi.86
imis gamo, rom ar arsebobs standarti `sisastikis~ dasadgenad, rogorc xazgasmulia komisiis mier saberZneTis saqmeSi87, yvela saxelmwifos mier, yovelTvis da yvela
saqmeze gadawyvetileba miiReba saqmis faqtebze dayrdnobiT.88
`mravali mowmis Cvenebidan Cans, rom policielebisa da samxedroebis mier ganxorcielebuli mopyrobis zogierTi uxeSoba Sewynarebulia umetesoba dakavebulebis mier
da Rebuloben ise, TiTqos amas isini imsaxurebdnen. aseTi uxeSoba SeiZleba iyos saxeSi
silis gawna an xelis dartyma TavSi. aRniSnuli xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom patimrebs
da sazogadoebas SeuZlia miiRos fizikuri Zaladoba, rogorc arc sastiki da arc gadametebuli da Sesabamisad isini gansxvavdebian sxvadasxva sazogadoebebSi da ufro metic
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva segmentebs Sorisac89.
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gasaTvaliswinebelia marTlmadidebluri religiis swavlebebic, romlis Tanaxmad, movlenili gansacdelebi aRiqmeba, rogorc RvTis
wyaloba, risTvisac adamiani unda madlobdes kidec ufals, rom aseT dros mTavaria gansacdelis daTmena. es garemoeba ki, wamebis sakiTxebis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, imsaxurebs
saTanado yuradRebas.
marTalia, saberZneTis saqmeze wameba ganixileba, rogorc àraadamianuri mopyrobis damamZimebeli forma~, sasamarTlom ar aRniSna, rom tkivilis an tanjvis zRvari aucilebelia wamebis misaCnevad, rasac iTvaliswinebs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos saqmeze.
4.2.2 irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg90
precedentul samarTalSi saqme irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg miiiCneva erT-erT yvelaze didi mniSnelobis mqoned, ori mizezis gamo, kerZod: (1) adamianis
85
86
87
88
89
90
Miller G., Defining Torture, New York, Benjamin N Cardozo School of Law, 2005, 9, ix. <http://hudoc.echr.
coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-58287>, [20.11.2012].
Miller G., Defining Torture, New York, Benjamin N Cardozo School of Law, 2005, 9, cit. 45. ix. <http://
hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-58287>, [20.11.2012].
Aydin Y., The European Court of Human Rights approaches to the prohibition of Torture, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishments, 7, cit. 20, The Greek Case, Yearbook November 18, 12 Y.E.C.H.R (1969), ix.
<www.justice.gov.tr/e-journal/pdf/Prohibition_Torture.pdf>, [15.12.2012].
Aydin Y., The European Court of Human Rights approaches to the prohibition of Torture, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishments, 7. cit. 21., Addo M. and Grief N., ‘Is there a policy behind the decisions and
judgments relating to Article 3 of the ECHR?’, (1995) E L Rev., 188, ix. <www.justice.gov.tr/e-journal/pdf/
Prohibition_Torture.pdf>, [15.12.2012].
Aydin Y., The European Court of Human Rights approaches to the prohibition of Torture, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishments, 7. cit. 22, Commission Report in the Greek Case, 501, op. cit., ix. <www.
justice.gov.tr/e-journal/pdf/Prohibition_Torture.pdf>, [15.12.2012].
saqmis arsi Semdegia: terorizmSi eWvmitanili pirebis mimarT, saaTebis ganmavlobaSi
gamoyenebuli iqna e.w. xuTi teqnika informaciis mopovebis mizniT: 1. zemoT aweuli
xelebiT da ganze gadgmuli fexebiT dgoma; 2. sakvebisa da sasmelis gareSe yofna; 3.
Zilis saSualebis armicema; 4. mudmiv xmaurSi yofna; 5. Tavze muqi sakravis iZulebiT
tareba., ix. http://sitemaker.umich.edu/drwcasebook/files/republic_of_ireland_v._united_kingdom.pdf>,
[20.12.2012].
242
uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom `sisastikis minimaluri done~ aucilebelia cudi mopyrobis saqmeebisaTvis, raTa qmedeba miCneul iqnes wamebad, da (2) adamianis
uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom moaxdina auek-is me-3 muxlis terminebis gansazRvra91.
(1) adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom `sisastikis minimaluri
donis~ dadgenis kriteriumebad miCneulia tanjvis miyenebis intensioba. garda amisa, sisastikis zRvaris Sefaseba xdeba saqmis specifikuri garemoebebiT da sasamarTlo mxedvelobaSi iRebs Semdegs: 1. mopyrobis xangrZlivobas; 2. mopyrobis fizikur Sedegebs; 3.
mopyrobis mentalur Sedegebs, da 4. dazaralebulis sqess, asaks da janmrTelobis mdgomareobas; 5. qmedebebis kombinacias; 6. mizans. magram aRiarebulia, rom `sisastikis minimaluri zRvris~ dadgena `sagnis bunebidan gamomdinare SefardebiTia~.92
(2) wamebisa da araadamianuri mopyrobis ganmamsxvavebeli ZiriTadi kriteriumi gamomdinareobs tanjvis miyenebis intensivobidan93 da terminebs ganmartavs Sendegnairad:
a) `wameba~ aris ganzrax araadamianuri mopyroba, romelic iwvevs Zalian seriozul
da sastik94 tanjvas da Tan sdevs specialuri stigma;95
b) àraadamianuri mopyroba iwvevs intensiur fizikur da mentalur tanjvas;
g) damamcirebeli mopyoba aris iseTi mopyroba romelic dazaralebulSi aRZravs
SiSis, tanjvisa da Rirsebis Semlaxvel grZnobas, romelic iwvevs dazaralebulis damcirebas da SeuZlia fizikuri an mentaluri rezistentobis darRveva~.96
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos pozicia farTod iqna gakritikebuli
auek-is me-3 muxlis SezRudvis gamo im fonze, rodesac wameba gamijna cudi mopyrobis
sxva formebisagan intensiurobis xarisxiT da wameba ganmarta, rogorc ganzrax araadamianur mopyrobad `romelic iwvevs Zalian seriozul da sastik tanjvas~ da Tan dasabuTebaSi uTiTebs, rom `xuTive teqnika gamoyenebuli iqna kombinirebulad, winaswari SecnobiT da saaTobrivi xangrZlivobiT, romlebsac Tu ar gamouwvevia realurad fizikuri
dazianeba, sul mcire gamoiwvia intensiuri fizikuri da mentaluri tanjva am pirebisaTvis da agreTve gamoiwvia dakiTxvis dros fsiqikuri aSliloba~ da aseTi moqmedeba CaiTvala auek-is me-3 muxlis araadamianuri mopyrobis kategoriad~.97
of Human Rights, California West International Law Journal, Vol. 34, #1, 2003, 35, ix. <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2217008>, [17.11.2012].
92
Ireland v. United Kingdom, (No. 5310/71), Strastburg 1978, ganaCeni, paragrafi 162, ix. <http://sitemaker.umich.edu/drwcasebook/files/republic_of_ireland_v._united_kingdom.pdf>, [20.12.2012].
93 Ireland v United Kingdom (No. 5310/71), Strastburg 1978, ganaCeni, paragrafi 167, 39, ix. <http://sitemaker.umich.edu/drwcasebook/files/republic_of_ireland_v._united_kingdom.pdf>, [20.12.2012].
94
1. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom termini `sastiki” bundovani da Riaa interpretaciis kuTxiT, ix. diskusia Ireland v United Kingdom (1978), 39-42; 2. erT-erTi komentatoris azriT,
`faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia sisastikisa da damamZimebeli araadamianuri mopyrobis
gansazRvra wamebis misaCnevad~ ix. Nigel Rodley, The Treatment of Prisoners under International Law,
(2d ed. 1999), 98.; 3. IACtHR, Loayza-Tamayo v. Peru. 1997. Series C No. 33; ECtHR, Ribitsch v. Austria,
1995, Series A no. 336, par. 36; Ireland v. the United Kingdom, 1978, Series A no. 25, paragrafi 167.
95
Ireland v United Kingdom (No. 5310/71), Strastburg 1978, ganaCeni, paragrafi 167, ix. <http://sitemaker.umich.edu/drwcasebook/files/republic_of_ireland_v._united_kingdom.pdf>, [20.12.2012].
96
ECHR, Council of Europe, Strasburg, France, 8, cit. 24.: O’Boyle H., Law of the European Convention on
Human Rights (1995), 80, cit. 18, ix. Ireland v. UK, 2 EHRR 25 (1978), ix. <http://www.errc.org/cms/
upload/media/02/D9/m000002D9.pdf>, [20.12.2012].
97
Ireland v United Kingdom (No. 5310/71), Strastburg 1978, ganaCeni, paragrafi 167, ix. <http://sitemaker.umich.edu/drwcasebook/files/republic_of_ireland_v._united_kingdom.pdf>, [20.12.2012].
91
243
kritika, ZiriTadad, Seexeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoric aris:
1. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos poziciam realurad ugulebelyo,
rogorc, 1975 wlis 9 dekembris `gaeros wamebis deklaraciis~ me-2 muxli, aseve adamianis
uflebaTa evropulma komisiis erTsulovani gadawyvetileba `me-3 muxli dairRva xuTi
teqnikis gamoyenebiT, rogorc wamebis forma~.98
2. saqmeze ar iyo gamoyenebuli subieqturi testi, dazaralebulis azris gaTvaliswinebiT cudi mopyrobis Sesafaseblad. aseTi midgoma adasturebs adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebis TviTnebobas, aRniSnavs mosamarTle
zekia. igi dasZens, rom sasamarTlos mier, zaralis anazRaurebis kuTxiT, dazaralebulebisaTvis 10.000-dan 25.000 funti sterlingis odenobis gansazRvra aris `sisastikis,
intensivobisa da tanjvis xangrZlivobis maRali xarisxis damadasturebeli maCvenebeli~.99 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas akritikeben, aseve,
sxva mosamarTleebic: o’donogu, fitzmaurisi, evrigenisi da matsCeri.100
3. sayuradReboa, rom saqmeze aqsio TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom (Palestinian hooding) `palestinuri sakravis iZulebiT
tareba~ iyo `sakmaod seriozuli da sastiki Tavisi bunebiT, rom igi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes mxolod, rogorc wameba~.101
4. saqmeze irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic Seexeba damamcirebel mopyrobas `damamcirebeli mopyoba dazaralebulSi aRZravs SiSis, tanjvisa da Rirsebis
Semlaxvel grZnobas, romelic iwvevs dazaralebulis damcirebas da SeuZlia fizikuri
an mentaluri rezistentobis darRveva~ sayuradReboa precendentul samarTalSi dafiqsirebuli ori urTierTgamomricxavi pozicia. ilaskus saqmeze102 adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmadac, msjavrdebuls
Sefardebuli hqonda sikvdiliT dasja samarTlebrivi safuZvlis ararsebobis miuxedavad. wlebis ganmavlobaSi satusaRos pirobebSi yofnis gamo ki, qmedeba dakvalificirda
wamebad. meore mxriv, okalan TurqeTis winaaRmdeg103 saqmeze miCneul iqna, rom araobieqturi sasamarTlo procesis Sedegad gamotanili sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCeni utoldeba araadamianur mopyrobas, radgan tkivilis Sedegi gamowveuli iyo sikvdilis dasjis
SiSiT. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, iavuz aidinis azriT, sasamarTlos standartuli
98
99
100
101
102
103
of Human Rights, 38, cit. 60. ix. <http://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/Media/Anthony_Cullen_Defining_Torture_
Article.pdf>, [17.11.2012].
Ireland v United Kingdom (No. 5310/71), Strastburg 1978, ganaCeni, mosamarTle zekias daskvna, 61. ix.
<http://sitemaker.umich.edu/drwcasebook/files/republic_of_ireland_v._united_kingdom.pdf>, [20.12.2012].
detaluri informaciisaTvis ixileT Ireland v United Kingdom (No. 5310/71), Strastburg 1978, ganaCeni, 63-86. ix. <http://sitemaker.umich.edu/drwcasebook/files/republic_of_ireland_v._united_kingdom.
pdf>, [20.12.2012].
European Court of Human Rights, Aksoy v. Turkey, Communication 21987/93 18 December 1996, paragrafi 64.
Aydin Y., The European Court of Human Rights approaches to the prohibition of Torture, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishments, 12, cit. 20, Ilaşcu and others v Moldova and Russia (App. 48787/99),
Judgment of the Grand Chamber of 8 July 2004; (2005) 40 EHRR 1030, paras. 434-42 of the Judgment, ix.
<www.justice.gov.tr/e-journal/pdf/Prohibition_Torture.pdf>, [15.12.2012].
ix. iqve, Öcalan v Turkey (App. 46221/99), Judgment of the Grand Chamber of 12 May 2005
244
midgomebis ararsebobis gamo damamcirebeli mopyrobis fiqsirebuli definiciis SemuSaveba SeuZlebelia, iseve rogorc konvenciis me-3 muxlis sxva darRvevebisa. iqve dasZens,
rom standartuli midgoma iqneboda konvenciis dinamikurobis da demokratiuli sazogadoebis dabrkoleba.104
5. antoni kuleni aRniSnavs, rom saqmeze irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom xuTi teqnikis gamoyenebis Sefasebisas daadgina, wamebis yvela elementi erTis garda, kerZod, (1). mizani, – rac iyo
àRiarebis da/an informaciis mopoveba~; (2) xuTi teqnikis `sistematuri” gamoyeneba; (3)
òficialuri piri~ – uSiSroebis Zalebis warmomadgenlebi. aqedan gamomdinare, `tkivilisa da tanjvis sakmarisi sisastikis~ ararsebobis gamo adamianis uflebaTa evropulma
sasamarTlom xuTi teqnikis gamoyeneba ar CaTvala wamebad.105
gwk-is wamebis gansazRvrebasTan SedarebiT, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos wamebis ganmarteba, aris sakmaod SezRuduli, romelmac ar gaiTvaliswina gwk-is
wamebis gansazRvrebis `miznisa~ da `moxelis~ elementebi, romelic ganasxvavebs wamebas
arasajaro piris mier Cadenili nebismieri sxva Zaladobisagan. miuxedavad amisa, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlom mogvianebiT gamoiyena gwk-is wamebis gansazRvreba106 saerTaSoriso samarTlis miznebSi.
5. gansxvavebuli midgomebi wamebis gansazRvrebasTan dakavSirebiT
da wamebis akrZalvis absoluturobis gamarTleba da
misgan gadaxvevis SesaZlebloba
5.1. gansxvavebuli midgomebi wamebis gansazRvrebasTan dakavSirebiT
haris boilis Tanaxmad, im azris miuxedavad, rom àkrZalva aris absoluturi, `cudma mopyrobam~ unda miaRwios `sisastikis minimalur dones~ raTa moeqces auek-is me-3
muxlis farglebSi~.107 gasaziarebelia debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, `sisastikis minimaluri zRvris~ dadgena `sagnis bunebidan gamomdinare, SefardebiTia~108 da rom mxedve104
105
106
107
108
Aydin Y., The European Court of Human Rights approaches to the prohibition of Torture, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishments, 12, ix. <www.justice.gov.tr/e-journal/pdf/Prohibition_Torture.pdf>,
[15.12.2012].
of Human Rights, California West International Law Journal, Vol. 34, #1, 2003, 39, ix. <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2217008>, [17.11.2012].
ix. Selmouni v. France (2000) 29 EHRR 403, paragrafi 67, 100; Al-Adasani v. United Kingdom (2001)
34, 273, paragrafi 29.
O’Boyle H., Law of the European Convention on Human Rights (1995), 56 ix. Ireland v. UK, 2 EHRR 25
(1978), <http://www.errc.org/cms/upload/media/02/D9/m000002D9.pdf>, [20.12.2012].
1. Ireland v. United Kingdom, (1979-80), paragrafi 162; Selmouni v. France, paragrafi 160; Assenov
v. Bulgaria, Judgment of 28 October 1998, paragrafi 94; Aydin v. Turkey, 25 EHRR 251 (1996), paragrafi 84; Tyrer v. United Kingdom, 2 EHRR 1 (1978), paragrafi 30; Costello-Roberts, 19 EHRR 112
(1993), paragrafi 26-28, ix. <www.errc.org/cms/upload/media/02/D9/m000002D9.pdf>, [15.12.2012];
2. saqmeSi Moldovan and others v Romania, Judgment No. 2 (Apps 41138/98 and 64320/01), Judgment of
12 July 2005., Tavdasxma ganxorcielda dazaralebulis cxovrebis stilze, rac motivi-
245
lobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli is kriteriumebi, romlebic adamianis uflebaTa evropulma
sasamarTlom daadgina, kerZod: `qmedebebis kombinacia109, mizani110, cudi mopyrobis xangrZlivoba, misi fizikuri an mentaluri Sedegebi da, zog SemTxvevaSi, msxverplis sqesi,
asaki da janmrTelobis mdgomareoba~.111
garda amisa, `Sefasebis zRvari~ (margin of appreciation) sxvadasxva iqneba krizisul da
normalur periodSi.112 es kriteriumebi aris relevanturi or konteqstSi, kerZod, `rodesac dgindeba, aris Tu ara tanjvis farglebi sakmarisi, raTa miCneul iqnas araadamianur da damacirebel mopyrobad da rodesac vmijnavT am naklebad cudi mopyrobis saxeebsa da wamebas~,113 magram es midgomac fardobiTia da ara absoluturi.
iavuz aidini aRniSnavs, rom sasamarTlom yvela saqmeze faqtebi unda Seiswavlos
yuradRebiT, arsebuli mdgomareobis moTxovnebisa da darRvevebze gacxadebuli specifikuri faqtebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT.114 `sisastikis moTxovnis da qmedebis SefardebiTobis zRvari gviCvenebs, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos akrZalva
ar aris statikuri, aramed iZens interpretaciis cocxal Tvisebas (living interpretation) da
ganxiluli unda iyos arsebuli mdgomareobis WrilSi~.115 dasZens, rom sasamarTlos mier
sxvadasxva dros miRebuli sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebebi sinamdvileSi dinamizmis damadastrebelia da, Sesabamisad, rogorc selmounis116 saqmeSia gacxadebuli, adrindeli
sasamarTlo precedentebi da komisiis gadawyvetilebebi bevrad ver dagvexmareba winaswar imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ra gadawyvetileba iqneba miRebuli mimdinare saqmeze. saqmeebze miRebul aseT gadawyvetilebebs Semoaqvs gaugebroba sasamarTlos iurisprudenciaSi, magram, meore mxriv, es garemoeba aris gadawyvetilebis miRebis gardauvali nawili
mudmivad cvalebad msoflioSi.117
rozmari patendeni aRniSnavs, rom wamebasa da cudi mopryobis sxva formebs Soris
gamyofi xazi `kvlavac sustia~,118 xolo naijel rodli dasZens, rom `wamebis misaCnevad,
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
rebuli iyo rasizmze dafuZnebuli diskriminaciiT. aRniSnuli garemoeba miCneuli iqna
damamZimebel faqtorad.
I I v. Bulgaria (2005) ECHR 378, paragrafi 68. ix. European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 32, Number
3 (2012), 397.
iqve.
iqve, Ireland v. United Kingdom (1978) 2 EHRR 35, paragrafi 162; Selmouni v. France (2000) 29 EHRR
403, paragrafi 100.
ix. Aydin Y., The European Court of Human Rights approaches to the prohibition of Torture, inhuman and
degrading treatment or punishments, 8, cit. 24, ix. <www.justice.gov.tr/e-journal/pdf/Prohibition_Torture.
pdf>, [15.12.2012]; Cullen A., Defining Torture in International Law: A Critique of the Concept Employed
by the European Court of Human Rights, 41, ix. <http://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/Media/Anthony_Cullen_Defining_Torture_Article.pdf>, [17.11.2012].
European Journal of Social Sciences – Vol. 32, Number 3 (2012), 397.
iqve, 8.
Aydin Y., The European Court of Human Rights approaches to the prohibition of Torture, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishments, 8, cit. 25, Ovey C., White R., European Convention on Human Rights, 3rd
Ed., Oxford, 2002, 6, ix. <www.justice.gov.tr/e-journal/pdf/Prohibition_Torture.pdf>, [15.12.2012].
Selmouni v. France (App. 25803/94), Judgment of 28 July 1999; (2000) 29 EHRR 403, paragrafi 101 of
the judgment.
Moldovan and others v Romania, Judgment No. 2 (Apps 41138/98 and 64320/01), Judgment of 12 July 2005,
522.
Hayajneh A., Qtaishat K., and Al-Laimoon A., The Legal Value of Evidence Obtained in English Law by
Torture, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.32 No.3, Eurojurnals publishing, (2012), 391-406, 397,
246
faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad sastiki an araadamianuri unda iyos
mopyroba~.119
adamianis uflebaTa komitetma CaTvala, rom `saWiro ar aris akrZaluli qmedebebis
CamonaTvalis gakeTeba an dadgindes mkacri gansxvavebebi dasjisa da mopyrobis sxvadasxva formebs Soris; gansxvavebebi damokidebulia gamoyenebuli mopyrobis bunebaze, mizanze da sisastikeze~.120
5.2. wamebis akrZalvis absoluturobis gamarTleba da misgan
gadaxvevis SesaZlebloba
winamdebare naSromis pirvel da meore TavebSi identificirebuli iqna Semdegi Svidi aspeqtebi, romelic axasiaTebs wamebis abslolutur bunebas, kerZod, wamebis norma
warmoadgens: 1. zogadi xasiaTis saerTaSoriso standarts; 2. saerTaSoriso samarTlis
princips; 3. saerTaSoriso samarTlis imperatiul normas – jus cogens; 4. absoluturi xasiaTis normas; 5. wameba ganixileba, rogorc konkretuli danaSauli; 6. wameba ganixileba,
rogorc adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli, da 7. wameba ganixileba, rogorc omis danaSauli. zemoaRniSnulis garda, agreTve SeiZleba daematos iseTi aspeqtebic, rogoric aris: 8. aut dedere aut judicare principi;121 9. saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi
aqtebi krZalavs wamebas msxverplis qcevisagan damoukideblad; 10 wamebis akrZalva TavisTavad niSnavs wamebis muqaris akrZalvas~.122
119
120
121
122
cit. 46, Rosemary Pattenden, Op. Cit, 21. ix. <http://www.europeanjournalofsocialsciences.com/issues/
EJSS_32_3.html>, [15.12.2012].
Rodley N., The Treatment of Prisoners under International Law, US, Oxford University Press, New York, (2d
ed. 1999), 98.
Committee on Civil and Political Rights, General Comment No. 20 on article 7 of the ICCPR, paragrafi 4.
Aut Dedere Aut Judicare aris samarTlebrivi principi da laTinurad niSnavs èqstradirebas an sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas~. igi, sajaro saerTaSoriso samarTlis Tanaxmad,
gulisxmobs saxelmwifoebis samarTlebriv valdebulebas awarmoon sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna im pirTa winaaRmdeg vinc Caidina seriozuli saerTaSoriso danaSauli
da rodesac sxva saxelmwifom ar moiTxova maTi eqstradicia. aRniSnuli principis moqmedebis sferoSi, sxva danaSaulebTan erTad, aseve eqceva wameba. ix. <http://definitions.uslegal.com/a/aut-dedere-aut-judicare/>, [17.11.2012]; gaeros 1984 wamebis konvenciam me-5-me-8 muxlebiT daadgina ùniversaluri iurisdiqcia~ wamebasTan mimarTebaSi. aRniSnuli niSnavs
imas, rom TiToeulma monawile saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos TavianTi iurisdiqciis
gavrceleba wamebis SemTxvevaSi (roca danaSaulSi eWvmitanilTa eqstradireba ar xdeba
sxva qveynis sasamarTlos winaSe wardgenis mizniT), uzrunvelyos wamebaSi eWvmitanili
pir(eb)is sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna, maTi moqalaqeobisa da Cadenili qmedebis adgilmdebareobis miuxedavad da gadascen isini kompetentur organoebs.
iuridiul literaturaSi wamebis muqara vlindeba sulieri, fsiqologiuri, mentaluri
tanjvis miyenebiT. wamebis muqarasTan erTad, aseve xSirad iyeneben termins `fsiqologiuri wameba. wamebis muqaris Sesaxeb detaluri informaciisaTvis ixileT: IACtHR,
Baldeón-García v. Peru. 2006. Series C No. 147, par. 119; Maritza Urrutia v. Guatemala. 2003. Series C
No. 103, par. 92; Tibi v. Ecuador. 2004. Series C No. 114, par. 147; Bámaca-Velásquez v. Guatemala. 2000.
Series C No. 70.; ECHR, Soering v. United Kingdom, 1989, Series A Vol. 161, par. 111; ICCPR, Miguel
Angel Estrella v. Uruguay (74/1980), 29 March 1983, paragrafi 8(3) and 10; ix. <http://linguistics.uc-
247
mocemuli aspeqtebi aris pirobiTi CamonaTvali, rac cxadyofs wamebis akrZalvis
universalur bunebas, romlis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, wamebis normidan gadaxvevis aranairi gamonaklisi ara Tu ar daiSveba, aramed piriqiT akrZalulia.123
miuxedavad amisa, Amnesty International-is monacemebiT, msoflio masStabiT Catarebuli kvlevebiT dgindeba, rom wamebas sistemurad sCadian qveynebis 75%, romelTac ratificirebuli aqvT gwk-s.124 garda amisa, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac saxelmwifo oficialurad gascems nebarTvas wamebis gamoyenebaze. magaliTad, israelis iusticiis maRalma
sasamarTlom 1996 wlis 14 ianvars, gamosca wamebis gamoyenebis nebarTva dakavebuli palestinelebis winaaRmdeg.125
wamebis absolutur akrZalvas, literaturaSi hyavs mowinaaRmdegeebi, romlebic
Teoriulad cdiloben daasabuTon eqstremalur SemTxvevebSi misgan gadaxvevis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba. wamebis akrZalvis normidan gadaxveva ukavSirdeba magaliTad:
(1) RirebulebaTa Soris konfliqts eqstremalur situaciaSi, kerZod, rodesac gamtaceblis Rirsebas upirispirdeba msxverplis Rirseba da warmoiSoba am ukanasknelis samarTlebrivi dacvis ufleba;126 (2) pozitiuri samarTali cdilobs, interpretaciis
meTodebiT moZebnos gamosavali, wamebis akrZalvidan raTa sazogadoebis konsesusunariani umravlesobis mier aRiarebul iqnes, rogorc moqmedebis mqone `marTali samarTali~;127 (3) wamebis akrZalvis Teleologiuri SezRudva; (4) wamebis gamarTleba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli garemoebebiT128 da sxv.
iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac wamebisa da wamebis muqaris gareSe gamoricxulia iseTi
informaciis miReba, romelic emsaxureba samarTlebrivi sikeTis gadarCenas, v. brugeris TvalsazrisiT, sazogadoebis umetesoba aseT SemTxevaSi wamebasa da wamebis muqaraze ityvis `wesiT ara, magram~..., swored es magram aris dadgenili da iwvevs diskusias.129
aqedan gamomdinare, yvelaze sayuradRebo aspeqts warmoadgens Tavad gwk-is wamebis miznebis erT sibrtyeze moTavsebis mizanSeuwonloba. Sesabamisad, informaciis mopovebis mizani imsaxurebs gansakuTrebul midgomas, radgan informaciis mopoveba SeiZleba motivirebuli iyos samarTlebrivi sikeTis dasacavad an gadasarCenad, rasac ver
vityviT gwk-is wamebis sxva miznebze. literaturaSi ganviTarebuli Tvalsazrisi, miznad
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
davis.edu/People/fzojeda/human-rights/what_is_pt.pdf>, <http://humanrights.ucdavis.edu/resources/library/
documents-and-reports/ojeda.pdf>, [19.12.2012].
ix. UDHR, me-5 muxli; Jenevis konvencia, me-3 muxli; ECHR, me-3 muxli. ICCPR, me-7 muxli;
IACHR, me-5 muxli, UNCAT, me-2 muxli. ACHPR, me-5 muxli da sxv.
Quiroga J., Torture, From the Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma, Copenhagen, Denmark, John Wiley &
Son, Inc., 2008, 2. ix. <file:///G:/Torture-definition_Quiroga_Jaranson.pdf>, [22.12.2012].
ix. <http://www.pchrgaza.org/portal/en/index>; <http://aftermathnews.wordpress.com>, [22.12.2012].
turava m., wameba da wamebis muqara adamianis sicocxlis gadasarCenad – sisxlissamarTlebrivad nebadarTuli iZulebis RonisZieba? (erovnuli da evropuli midgomebi magnus gefgenis saqmis mixedviT), statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, red. korkelia k., Tb., 2011, 202.
iqve, 207.
iqve, 208.
iqve, 207.
248
isaxavs, rom wamebis akrZalva garkveul SemTxvevebSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mZevalTa
sicocxlis gadarCena, Teleologiurad iqnes SezRuduli, romelic policiuri samarTlisaTvis Camoayaliba v. brugerma.130 v. brugeri msxverplis sicocxlis gadarCenisken
mimarTul gamouval SemTxvevebSi wamebas Teleologiurad zRudavs da miTiTebulia
Semdegi rva pirobis arsebobis moTxovnaze: safrTxe unda iyos (1) aSkara; (2) uSualo; (3)
mniSvnelovani; (4) mimarTuli arabraleuli piris sicocxlis an sxeulebrivi mTlianobis
winaaRmdeg; (5) safrTxe Seqmnili unda iyos individualurad identificirebadi piris
mier; (6) romelic aris erTaderTi da SeuZlia safrTxis aRkveTa sicocxlis gadamrCeni
informaciis gacemis gziT; (7) romlis valdebulebac mas aseve aqvs; (8) sxeulebrivi iZulebis gamoyeneba unda iyos efeqtis gamomwvevi erTaderTi saSualeba aseTi informaciis
misaRebad~. 131
literaturaSi, wamebis absoluturi akrZalvis momxreebi aviTareben mosazrebas,
romlis Tanaxmadac, `hipoTeturi situacia manipulirebs auditoriis emociur reaqciebs da ivaraudeba rom: arsebobs safrTxe; Tavdasxma gardauvalia; Tavdasxma gamoiwvevs
uamravi adamianis mokvdinebas; dakavebuli piri aris Tavdasxmis momwyobi; pirovnebas
aqvs informacia, romelic Tavidan aacilebs Tavdasxmas; rom mxolod Tavdamsxmelis wameba droulad uzrunvelyofs informaciis miRebas Tavdasxmis Tavidan asacileblad~.132
ganviTarebulia azri, rom sinamdvileSi am varaudebidan erTi an meti, yovelTvis mcdaria, rom wameba arsebiTad arasaimedoa informaciis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT, rom profesionalma gamomZieblebma araerTxel daadastures, rom wamebis gareSe dakiTxva SeiZleba ufro efeqturad warimarTos.133
garda amisa, literaturaSi aqcenti keTdeba, rom “ticking bomb”-is scenarSi wamebis
gamarTleba, gamoiwvevs misi gamoyenebis gavrcelebas sxva SemTxvevebzec, rom scenari
Seicavs `farul siyalbes, romelic unda ganimuxtos~, kerZod:
`miuxedavad imisa, rom mwamebels SeiZleba dasawyisSi amoZravebdes informaciis
mopovebis WeSmariti motivi, wameba ryvnis damnaSaves. es aris wamebis gardauvali nawili.
garda amisa, varaudi imisa, rom mizani aris informaciis mopoveba aris sakmaod martivi.
cxovrebiseul situaciebSi, sxva motivebs da emociebs, rogoric aris sibraze, dasja da
Zalis gamoyeneba, SeuZlia privelireba~.134
130
131
132
133
134
Brugger W., Darf der Staat ausnahmsweise Foltern?, JurnalSi: Der Staat, 1996, 67; Brugger W., Vom
unbedingten Verbot der Folter zum bedingten Recht auf Folter?, JurnalSi: JZ, 2000, 165, ix. turava m.,
wameba da wamebis muqara adamianis sicocxlis gadasarCenad – sisxlissamarTlebrivad
nebadarTuli iZulebis RonisZieba? (erovnuli da evropuli midgomebi magnus gefgenis
saqmis mixedviT), statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, red. korkelia k., Tb., 2011, 208.
Preventing Torture: An Operational Guide for National Human Rights Institutions, Association for the Prevention of Torture, OHCHR, APT and APF, Sydney, Australia and Geneva, Swetzeland, May 2010, 13-14, ix.
<http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/PreventingTorture.pdf>, [17.11.2012].
iqve.
iqve.
249
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, miCneulia, rom wamebis bunebis gamo, wamebis raime saxiT gamarTleba gardauvlad gamoiwvevs xelisuflebis organoebis mier normidan gadaxvevis praqtikas.135
wamebis akrZalvis Teleologiur SezRudvas akritikebs f. zaligeri, miaCnia, rom
wamebis akrZalvis norma ukidures mdgomareobaSic ki araviTar gamonakliss ar uSvebs,
aramed krZalavs, da v. brugeris `RirebulebaTa xarvezis~ Teleologiurad Sevseba mas
miaCnia `meTodurad dauSvebeli~ samarTlis ganviTarebad (contra legem).136
literaturaSi urTierTgamomricxavi argumentebis miuxedavad,137 migvaCnia, rom
xSir SemTxvevaSi da gansakuTrebiT, rodesac saqme exeba WeSmaritad safrTxis Tavidan
acilebis funqcionaluri datvirTvis RonisZiebas, romelic miznad isaxavs samarTlebrivi sikeTis gadarCenas, saxelmwifos mier wamebis absoluturi akrZalva atarebs formalur xasiaTs da zustad miesadageba v. brugeris Semdegi Tvalsazrisi: `wamebis gamoyeneba arasdros ar daiSveba, Tumca wameba SeiZleba iSviaTi gamonaklisis saxiT mainc iqnes
gamoyenebuli~.138
im drosac ki, rodesac saxelmwifo krZalavs wamebas, `RirebulebaTa xarvezis~ Teleologiurad Sevseba miaCnia `meTodurad dauSveblad~, moxelis mier wamebiT mopovebuli informacia samarTlebrivi sikeTis dasacavad an gadasarCenad mainc gamoiyeneba.
Sesabamisad, moxelis mier wamebis muqariT mopovebuli informaciis gamoyenebis faqti,
gadarCenili samarTlebrivi sikeTis gamo realurad ar eqvemdebareba kritikas da sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. aRniSnuli garemoeba ki, gvaZlevs Semdegi daskvnis
gakeTebis saSualebas: (1) garkveulwilad, eWvqveS ayenebs wamebis absoluturi akrZalvis
bunebas, (2) garkveulwilad, amarTlebs wamebis absoluturi akrZalvidan gadaxvevis SesaZleblobas da (3) adasturebs im garemoebas, rom wamebis absoluturi akrZalva nakarnaxebia prevenciuli miznebiT.
135
136
137
138
Preventing Torture: An Operational Guide for National Human Rights Institutions, Association for the Prevention of Torture, OHCHR, APT and APF, Sydney, Australia and Geneva, Swetzeland, May 2010, 14, cit.
17, Defusing the Ticking Bomb Scenario: Why we must say NO to torture, always; Association for the Prevention of Torture; 2007, 13–16. ix. <http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/PreventingTorture.pdf>,
[17.11.2012].
wamebis absoluturi akrZalvis gadaxvevis SesaZleblobebze, damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. turava m., wameba da wamebis muqara adamianis sicocxlis gadasarCenad –
sisxlissamarTlebrivad nebadarTuli iZulebis RonisZieba? (erovnuli da evropuli
midgomebi magnus gefgenis saqmis mixedviT), statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, red. korkelia k., Tb., 2011, 199-228.
turava m., wameba da wamebis muqara adamianis sicocxlis gadasarCenad – sisxlissamarTlebrivad nebadarTuli iZulebis RonisZieba? (erovnuli da evropuli midgomebi
magnus gefgenis saqmis mixedviT), statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, red. korkelia k., Tb., 2011, 207; kacobriobis istoriidan Zalian bevri faqtis moyvana SeiZleba, rodesac saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli
samarTlebrivi sikeTis gadarCenisa Tu dacvis mizniT Zalas iyenebda, rasac Sedegad
mohyveboda misi wmindanad Seracxva.
250
6. daskvna
wamebis gansazRvra warmoadgens rTul samarTlebriv sakiTxs. naSromSi gadmocemulia wamebis akrZalvis buneba, wamebis gansazRvrebis Taviseburebebi, Sedarebulia sinonimur cnebebTan, warmoCenilia misi lingvisturi da konceptualuri naklovanebebi
da is problemebi, romlebic Tavs iCens wamebis normebis gamoyenebis dros.
naSromis farglebSi Catarebuli kvleva SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, yuradReba gavamaxviloT ramdenime aspeqtze, kerZod:
(1) sakiTxi, romelic exeba wamebis gansazRvrebas;
(2) sakiTxi, romelic exeba wamebis absolutur akrZalvas.
1. wamebis normebis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis problemebi ganpirobebulia wamebis gansazRvrebebSi arsebuli rogorc lingvisturi, aseve konceptualuri SeusabamobebiT,
rac dasturdeba saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis analiziT.
garda amisa, wamebis normebis praqtikaSi gamoyenebam, cxadyo, rom wamebis saqmeebi
individualuri xasiaTisaa qveynebisda mixedviT. SesaZlebelia erTi da igive saqme sxvadasxva sasamarTlos mier sxvadasxavgavrad dakvalificirdes. aqedan gamomdinare, wamebis gansazRvreba ar unda iyos SemzRudveli. gasaTvaliswinebelia, (1) wamebis saerTaSoriso normatiuli aqtebi aris cocxali dokumentebi da Riaa interpretaciisaTvis da
rom (2) wamebis gansazRvrebis SezRudulma interpretaciam da praqtikaSi gamoyenebam
SeiZleba gamoiwvios samarTliani kritika, ise rogorc adgili hqonda mag., irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos saqmeze.
Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia wamebis gansazRvrebis modificireba, raTa
wamebis normam xelovnurad ar gamoiwvios wamebis, cudi mopyrobis sxva formad dakvalificirebis garduvaloba.
amisaTvis migvaCnia, rom wamebis gansazRvrebam Tavis SemadgenlobaSi, damatebiT
SeiZleba moicvas iseTi elementebi, rogoric aris:
a) dazaralebulis azris gaTvaliswineba. aRniSnuli moTxovna efuZneba anton kulenis, kris ingelsis, mafred novakisa da sxvebis mosazrebebs. garda amisa, wamebis koncefciam aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinos is garemoeba, rom sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo
dazaralebulma SeiZleba uaryos masze ganxorcielebuli wamebis faqti;
b) wamebiT miyenebuli Sedegis gaTvaliswineba. kvleviT gamoirkva, rom cudi
mopyrobis Sedegi pirdapir kavSirSia rogorc `sisastikis“ donis gasazRvrasTan, aseve
intensivobasTan. aRniSnuli elementis gauTvaliswineblobam ki, SeiZleba gamoiwvios
normis araswori gamoyeneba;
g) moxelis pasuxismgebloba. wamebis gansazRvreba ar Seicavs moxelis pasuxismgeblobis erTmniSvnelovan daTqmas, rac garkveul gaugebrobas warmoSobs wamebis normis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. garda amisa, moxelis pasuxismgebloba unda iTvaliswinebdes: (1) naijel rodlis `saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis~ moTxovnas, arasajaro piris
cudi mopyrobisagan efeqtiani dacvis valdebulebis Seusruleblobis gamo da (2) burgersisa da danielis moTxovnas, rom qmedebis wamebad misaCnevad unda dadgindes ara ubralod wamebis gansazRvrebaSi mocemuli erT-erTi mizanTagani, aramed wamebis `mizans~
unda gaaCndes `raRac, Tundac Soreuli kavSiri saxalmwifosa da misi organoebis politikasTan an interesebTan~.
251
d) ìnformaciis mopovebis~ gamijvna sxva miznebisagan. informaciis mopovebis
mizani SeiZleba motivirebuli iyos samarTlebrivi sikeTis dasacavad an gadasarCenad,
rac Tvisobrivad ganasxvavebs wamebis sxva specifikuri miznebidan. aqedan gamomdinare,
migvaCnia moxdes miznebis diferenciacia am TvalsazrisiT.
a) da b) elementebs, logikurad, mivyavarT im aucileblobasTan, rom wamebis yvela faqtze savaldebulo unda iyos fsiqiatriuli eqspertizis daniSvna. aseTi praqtika SesaZleblobas iZleva ganisazRvros wamebis muqariT miyenebuli sulieri tanjvis
rogorc xasiaTi da xarisxi, aseve mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri. garda amisa, aseTi midgoma
aucilebelia `sisastikis minimaluri donis“ gansazRvrisaTvis. dabolos, wamebis yvela
saqmeze fsiqiatriuli eqspertizis daniSvna gamarTlebulia im garemoebiT, rom fizikuri tkivilisa da fsiqikuri tanjvis miyeneba aris ori movlenis erTianoba, rac imas niSnavs, rom fizikuri tkivili pirdapir kavSirSia fsiqikur tanjvasTan da piriqiT.
2. wamebis absuluturma akrZalvam, gamonaklisis saxiT SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinos
wamebis muqaris daSvebis mxolod SesaZlebloba bralis gamomricxveli tragikuli koloziis dros v. brugeris mier ganviTarebuli rva pirobis moTxovnaTa dacviT.
im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom wamebis absoluturi akrZalva atarebs wminda
formalur xasiaTs, rodesac wameba emsaxureba WeSmaritad safrTxis Tavidan acilebas,
samarTlebrivi sikeTis gadarCenas an dacvas, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom wamebis absoluturi akrZalva ganpirobebulia prevenciuli mizniT.
wamebis absoluturi akrZalvis arsSi ukeT garkvevisa da qmedebis wamebad kvalifikaciisTvis, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens aseve iseTi sakiTxebis kvleva, rogoric
aris:
a) danaSaulis Camdeni piris mier danaSaulis Sedegebis gacnobiereba. mZime kategoriis danaSaulis Camden pirs, danaSaulis Cadenamde (mag., teroristuli aqti, organizebuli danaSauli da sxv.), sruliad gacnobierebuli aqvs sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos reaqcia, moraluri da samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. ufro metic, damnaSaves zogadad
gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom dakavebis SemTxvevaSi, gamoZiebis miznebidan gamomdinare, igi
SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros fizikuri da fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis sxvavadsxva formebs, maT Soris wamebasac. aseT mdgomareobaSi, damnaSave, gansakuTrebiT ki Tu misi cnobiereba fanatizms aRwevs (mag., kamikaZeebis SemTxveva), cnobierad Tu qvecnobierad momzadebulia daeqvemdebaros sxvadasxva saxis fizikur Tu fsiqologiur zemoqmedebas.
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom fizikurad da fsiqologiurad momzadebuli
damnaSave ise ar ganicdides tkivils, rogorc fizikurad da fsiqologiurad moumzadebeli damnaSave, romlisTvisac danaSaulis Cadenis Semdgom sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos reaqcia ùcnobi“ iyo.
b) danaSaulis Camdeni piris fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi. zogadi wesis Tanaxmad,
adamiani danaSaulis Cadenis mometSi aRwevs im kondicias, rasac sulieri (fsiqikuri) aSliloba ewodeba. aseTi mdgomareoba, romelic Tavis kvals tovebs adamianSi cxovrebis
bolomde, adamianSi warmoSobs fsiqikur konfliqts. acnobierebs ra Cadenili danaSaulis simZimes, adamiani yovelTvis ganicdis sindisis qejnas, rasac mohyveba sinanuli da
danaSaulis aRiareba. imis codna, rom damnaSave sabolood gaacnobierebs sakuTar danaSauls, daubrundeba saRi Sefasebis unari da dagmobs Cadenil danaSauls, gvafiqrebinebs damnaSavis mimarT misi nebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis
252
mizanSewonilobasa da mizanSeuwonlobazec. aRniSnuli ki, dakavSirebulia im sakiTxTan,
rom wamebis absoluturi akrZalva gulisxmobs saxelmwifos mxridan negatiur da pozitiur valdebulebas, rac niSnavs wamebiT mopovebuli informaciis argamoyenebasac.
g) sasjelis daniSvnis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi. Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, garkveulwilad, SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc adamianze fizikuri da fsiqologiuri zemoqmedeba, rac dRis wesrigSi ayenebs, agreTve, sasjelis daniSvnisa da sasjelis aRsrulebis sakiTxebis Seswavlis aucileblobas.
d) danaSaulis Sesaxeb absoluturi akrZalvis Sesaxeb codna. arcTu umniSvnelo aspeqtia wamebis absoluturi akrZalvis Sesaxeb codna. sagulisxmoa, rom damnaSave
Tavis sasargeblodac iyenebs aseT codnas, im SemTxvevaSi Tu mis mimarT adgili eqneba
fizikur Tu fsiqikur zemoqmedebas an aseTis mcdelobas.
unda aRvniSnoT, rom iuridiuli mecniereba am etapze bolomde ver gascems pasuxs
im problemur sakiTxebs, romlebic, ZiriTadad, ukavSirdeba: a) danaSaulis Camdeni piris mier danaSaulis Sedegebis gacnobierebas, b) danaSaulis Camdeni piris fsiqologiur
da g) sasjelis daniSvnis fsiqologiur aspeqtebs. aseTi mdgomareoba gamowveulia imiT,
rom Cven mier identificirebuli wamebis niuansebi (romelic Seexeba fizikuri da fsiqologiuri tanjvis arss, xarisxs, Sefasebas, wamebis akrZalvis mizanSewonilobas, mizanSeuwonlobas da sxv.), Tavisi arsiT araiuridiuli bunebisaa da dakavSirebulia metafizikur (sulierebis) sferosTan. garda amisa, problema, garkveulwilad, ganpirobebulia
aseve imiTac, rom zogadad mecniereba ikvlevs mxolod iseT sakiTxebs, movlenebsa Tu
faqtebs, romlebic eqvemdebareba mecnierebisaTvis misaReb empiriul kvlevasa da logikas. Cven mier identificirebuli sakiTxebis kvleva ki cdeba mecnierebis sazRvrebs da
obieqturad moiTxovs religiuri swavlebebis gaTvaliswinebas.
Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia, rom aRniSnul sakiTxebze Catardes kriminologiuri
kvleva, romelic kompleqsurad, multidisciplinuri midgomiT da religiuri swavlebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoikvlevs TiToeul aspeqts.
253
maka xodeli*
wamebis Sedegad mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis
problema sisxlis samarTlis procesSi
(qarTuli da germanuli samarTlis mixedviT)
1. Sesavali
braldebuls aqvs ufleba, Tavad miiRos gadawyvetileba misces Cveneba, Tu uari
Tqvas Cvenebis micemaze. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis1 74-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, Cvenebis micema braldebulis uflebaa. mas aqvs ufleba Tavisuflad gadawyvitos, Tqvas is da imdeni, rac mas surs.2 aRniSnuli ufleba gamomdinareobs TviTinkriminaciisgan dacvis principidan (nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare), romelic
garantirebulia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxliT da mas aseve konstituciuri rangi gaaCnia (saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-8 nawili). TviTinkriminaciisgan dacvis privilegia sssk-is me-15 muxliT garantirebuli erT-erTi fundamenturi principia.
braldebulis nebis Tavisuflebaze zemoqmedebis dauSvebel meTodebs Soris aris
wameba. wamebis da wamebis muqaris akrZalvas aqvs absoluturi xasiaTi3, romelic gamomdinareobs iseTi saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi aqtebidan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxli da me-15 muxlis meore nawili, samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis me-7 muxli, gaeros 1984 wlis
wamebis sawinaaRmdego konvenciis pirveli muxlis pirveli abzaci, evrosabWos 1987 wlis
wamebis sawinaaRmdego konvencia. dasaxelebul aqtebSi mocemuli akrZalvidan raime saxis gamonaklisi dauSvebelia, vinaidan wameba da wamebis muqara xelyofs konstituciiT
garantirebul umTavres Rirebulebas, adamianis Rirsebas4.
kvlevis mizania wamebis Sedegad mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis ganxilva saproceso-samarTlebrivi aspeqtiT, wamebis materialur-samarTlebrivi kuTxiT
ganxilvis gareSe.
saqarTvelos sssk-is 72-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, am kodeqsis arsebiTi
darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba dauSvebelia da iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnia. wamebiT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba dauSveblad unda iqnes cnobili, radgan sisxlis samarTlis procesSi wamebis gamoyeneba kanonis arsebiT darRvevad unda Sefasdes. Tumca,
sainteresoa, Sefasdeba Tu ara dauSvebel mtkicebulebad wamebiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze kanonierad mopovebuli sxva mtkicebuleba, anu aqvs Tu ara wamebiT
*
1
2
3
4
254
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, asistent-profesori
SemdgomSi – sssk.
ix. Volk K., Grundkurs StPO, 6. Auflage, München, 2008, 41.
ix. tuRuSi T., burjanaZe g., mSvenieraZe g., gociriZe g., menabde v., adamianis uflebebi da
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos samarTalwarmoebis praqtika, Tb., 2013, 95.
iqve.
maka xodeli, wamebis Sedegad mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis problema
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi
mopovebuli mtkicebulebis sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan gamoricxvas Semdgomi gavlena5.
aq saqme exeba e.w. `mowamluli xis nayofis Teorias~, romlis sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia moxda dRes moqmedi 2010 wlis sssk-is 72-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi. Sesabamisad, metad
aqtualuria aRniSnuli sakiTxi sssk-is am novaciuri institutidan gamomdinare.
sainteresoa, aseve, sakiTxi sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis gangrZobad gavlenasTan dakavSirebiT6, anu moqmedebs Tu ara wamebiT miRebuli
Cvenebis dauSveblad cnobis wesi mogvianebiT ukve kanonierad warmoebuli dakiTxvis Sedegad miRebul monacemebze.
ramdenadac sssk-is 72-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sinaarsi dRes moqmedi kodeqsis
sakanonmdeblo siaxles warmoadgens, sainteresoa, Tu rogor aregulirebs wamebis Sedegad mopovebuli mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxs germaniis sisxlis samarTlis procesi. aseve mniSvnelovania am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ganviTarebuli Sexedulebebi da
poziciebi germanul mecnierebasa da marTlmsajulebaSi.
naSromSi warmoCenili problematika ganxilulia germaniaSi gaxmaurebuli magnus
gefgenis saqmis magaliTze.
rac Seexeba sakiTxTa Tanmimdevrobas, Tavdapirvelad ganxiluli iqneba magnus
gefgenis saqme.
kvlevis Semdgomi nawili exeba wamebis Sedegad mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobas qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis procesis mixedviT. am nawilSi mokled iqneba ganxiluli wamebis akrZalvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi. gaanalizebuli iqneba mtkicebulebaTa dauSveblad cnobis sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia da sakiTxi, Tu rogor gadawydeboda wamebis Sedegad mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba gefgenis saqmeze qarTuli sssk-is mixedviT.
momdevno nawilSi kvlevis sagani iqneba wamebis Sedegad mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba germanuli sisxlis samarTlis procesis mixedviT. mokled iqneba mimoxiluli 136a paragrafi, romelic exeba dakiTxvis akrZalul meTodebs. gaanalizdeba wamebis Sedegad mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesi. kerZod, sisxlis samarTlis
saqmidan mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis rogorc Semdgomi, aseve misi gangrZobadi gavlena. aRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Seswavlili da warmoCenili iqneba germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos praqtika.
naSromis bolo nawilSi Sejamdeba ganxilul sakiTxTa Sesaxeb germanul sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi Camoyalibebuli Teoriebisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi; aseve, moxdeba germaniis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, wamebis Sedegad mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis farglebze msjeloba saqarTvelos sssk-is 72-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT.
2. problemis dasma magnus gefgenis saqmis mixedviT
germaniaSi wamebisa da wamebis muqaris Sesaxeb mwvave diskusia gamoiwvia 2002 wels
axalgazrda studentis magnus gefgenis mier Cadenilma danaSaulma da Semdeg mis mimarT
policiis mxridan ganxorcielebulma qmedebam.
5
6
germanul sisxlis samarTalSi aRniSnuli moixsenieba terminiT Fernwirkung von Beweisverwertungsverbot.
germanul sisxlis samarTalSi aRniSnuli moixsenieba terminiT Fortwirkung von Beweisverwertungsverbot.
255
saqmis Sinaarsi Semdegia7: 2002 wlis 27 seqtembers magnus gefgenma motyuebiT gaitaca bankiris 11 wlis Svili iakob fon metcleri da maleve mokla, gvami ki erT-erT tbasTan axlos damala. amasTan gefgeni bavSvis ojaxisgan Svilis gaTavisuflebis sanacvlod
milioni evros gadaxdas moiTxovda. Tanxis gadacemisas gamtacebeli identificirebul
iqna policiis mier, ris Semdegac daiwyo misi sapolicio TvalTvali. gefgeni 30 seqtembers frankfurtis aeroportSi iqna dakavebuli. policiis ganyofilebaSi gadayvanis
Semdeg gamtacebeli daikiTxa. policiis vice-prezidentma volfgang daSnerma, iTvaliswinebda ra imas, rom 11 wlis bavSvis sicocxle safrTxeSi iyo, gasca gankarguleba gefgenis mimarT Zalis gamoyenebaze, sxeulebrivi tkivilis miyenebis muqaris ganxorcielebaze, radgan es ukanaskneli bavSvis adgilsamyofels nebayoflobiT ar asaxelebda, rac
erT-erTma policiis muSakma Seasrula. wamebis SiSiT gamtacebelma daasaxela bavSvis
adgilsamyofeli, Tumca, adgilze misul policias bavSvi gardacvlili daxvda. frankfurtis sasamarTlom magnus gefgens miusaja uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTa damamZimebel garemoebebSi Cadenili mkvlelobisTvis. sasamarTlom aseve gaasamarTla policiis
vice-prezidenti daSneri da misi xelqveiTi.8
sainteresoa, rom policias wamebis muqaris faqti ar daumalavs, piriqiT, moaxdina
misi oqmSi dafiqsireba, ramac sazogadoebaSi farTo diskusia gamoiwvia. policia mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebis gamo, TiTqos, sazogadoebis Tanadgomasa da dadebiT damokidebulebas moeloda.9 policiis ufrosis mimarT keTilganwyobili, mxardamWeri reaqciebi gaCnda, romlebic amarTlebdnen daSneris qmedebas10. kerZod, gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom wameba da wamebis muqara gamonaklisis saxiT dasaSvebia.11 magram gabatonebuli
SexedulebiT, adamianis Rirseba xelSeuxebelia, misi darRveva aranairi argumentiT ar
SeiZleba, igi absoluturi uflebaa.12 wamebisa da wamebis muqaris akrZalvis relativizacia, misgan gamonaklisis daSveba did safrTxes uqmnis samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arss.
7
8
9
10
11
12
ix. Ellbogen K., Zur Unzulässigkeit von Folter (auch) im präventiven Bereich, “Jura“, Heft 5/2005, 339.
frankfurtis sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 20 dekembris ganaCeniT orive cnobil iqna damnaSaved, magram SeefardaT pirobiTi msjavri.
ix. Schaefer C., Freibrief, „“Neue Juristische Wochenschrift“ (NJW), 2003, 947.
hilgendorfi am SemTxvevaSi moralurad amarTlebs wamebas, ix. Hilgendorf E., Folter im
Rechtsstaat? “Juristenzeitung“ (JZ), 2004, 337, 338; hercbergis mosazrebiT ki, policielebs danaSauli ar CaudeniaT da unda gamarTlebuliyvnen, ix. Herzberg R., Folter und Menschenwürde,
“Juristenzeitung“ (JZ), 2005, 321; sainteresoa aseve: Follmar P., Heinz W., Schulz B., Zur aktuellen
Folterdebatte in Deutschland, 2003, < http://www.institut-fuer-menschenrechte.de>, [7.07.2014].
Sead.: Miehe O., Nochmals: Die Debatte über ausnahmen vom Folteverbot, “Neue Juristische Wochenschrift“
(NJW), 2003, 1219; Brugger W., Vom unbedingten Verbot der Folter zum bedingten Recht auf Folter?, “Juristenzeitung“ (JZ), 2000, 165 ff.
ix.: Roxin C., Kann staatliche Folter in Ausnahmefällen zulässig oder wenigstens straflos sein? Festschrift für
Albin Eser zum 70. Geburtstag, München, 2005, 465; Gomes Navajas J., Darf der Staat foltern?, Festschrift
für Claus Roxin zum 80. Geburtstag, Berlin, 2011, 635, 638; Ellbogen K., “Juristische Ausbildung“, (Jura),
Heft 5/2005, 343; Jerouschek G., Kölbel R., Folter von Staats wegen? “Juristenzeitung“ (JZ), 12/2003, 613620; turava, m., danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tb., 2011, 495; turava, m., wameba da wamebis muqara
adamianis sicocxlis gadasarCenad – sisxlissamarTlebrivad nebadarTuli iZulebis
RonisZieba? (erovnuli da evropuli midgomebi magnus gefgenis saqmis mixedviT), adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, konstantine korkelia (red.), Tb., 2011, 194.
256
am absoluturi uflebis SezRudvis winapirobebis gansazRvra da misi moqceva samarTlebrivi regulirebis CarCoSi rTulad dasadgenia.13
gefgenis saqmeze adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom 2008 da 2010 wlebSi miiRo gadawyvetilebebi, romlebSic mniSvnelovani ganmartebebi gaakeTa wamebis nebadarTulobis, miRebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobisa da samarTliani sasamarTlos
principis Sesaxeb.14
3. wamebis Sedegad mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis sakiTxi
qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis procesis mixedviT
3.1. wamebis akrZalvis samarTlebrivi safuZveli
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-17 muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad adamianis pativi da Rirseba xelSeuvalia.15 amave muxlis meore nawilis mixedviT, dauSvebelia adamianis wameba, arahumanuri, sastiki an pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyroba da sasjelis gamoyeneba.16 aRniSnuli qmedebebi aris pativisa da Rirsebis xelyofis akrZalvasTan
dakavSirebuli. pativisa da Rirsebis damcavi normebi ar iTvaliswinebs aRniSnuli uflebis raime saxiT SezRudvas. es ori fundamenturi samarTlebrivi sikeTe arc sagangebo
da saomari mdgomareobis pirobebSi ar izRudeba.17 wamebisgan dacva adamianis absoluturi uflebaa.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis18, romelic sakanonmdeblo sistemis nawils warmoadgens, me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad „aravin SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros wamebas an araadamianur an damamcirebel mopyrobas an sasjels“.19
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
ix. Eisenberg U., Beweisrecht der StPO, Spezialkommentar, 8. Auflage, München, 2013, 220, Fn. 186; Sead.
Greco L., Die Regeln hinter der Ausnahme Gedanken zur Folter in sog. Ticking time bomb-Konstellationen,
“Goltdammer’s Archiv für Strafrecht“ (GA), 2007, 628-643.
ix.: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gefgeni germaniis
winaaRmdeg (Gäfgen v. Germany), 22978/05, 2008 wlis 30 ivnisi; adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
sasamarTlos didi palatis gadawyvetileba gefgeni germaniis winaaRmdeg (Gäfgen v. Germany), 22978/05, 2010 wlis 1 ivnisi; Jähnke B., Unverfügbares im rechtsstaatlichen Strafprozess und die
Rolle des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte, sisxlis samarTlis mecniereba erTiani
evropuli ganviTarebis procesSi, m. turava (red.), Tb., 2013, 486 da momdevno gverdebi.
ix. gociriZe e., pativisa da Rirsebis xelSeuvaloba; wamebis an sxvagvari arahumanuri
mopyrobis akrZalva, saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos
moqalaqeoba. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tb., 2013, 107 da momdevno
gverdebi.
iqve, 115 da momdevno gverdebi.
ix.: tuRuSi T., burjanaZe g., mSvenieraZe g., gociriZe g., menabde v., adamianis uflebebi
da saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos samarTalwarmoebis praqtika, Tb., 2013,
95; Sead. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-15 muxli.
adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias saqarTvelom xeli moawera 1999 wlis 27
aprils, xolo misi ratificireba parlamentma moaxdina 1999 wlis 20 maiss.
ix. wamebis akrZalva, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis ganxorcieleba, gzamkvlevi, Tb., 2005, 51 <http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/article3.pdf>,
[7.07.2014].
257
SesavalSi dasaxelebuli wamebis akrZalvis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebidan gamomdinare, Seiqmna qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1441-e (wameba), 1442-e (wamebis muqara) da 1443-e (damamcirebeli an araadamianuri mopyroba) muxlebi.20
saqarTvelos sssk-is me-4 muxli, romelic pirovnebis Rirsebis xelSeuvalobas exeba, Semdegi Sinaarsisaa:
1. mosamarTle, prokurori, gamomZiebeli da sisxlis samarTlis procesis sxva monawileebi valdebuli arian sisxlis samarTlis procesis yvela stadiaze daicvan procesis monawileTa Rirseba da piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba.
2. dauSvebelia adamianis nebis Tavisuflebaze zemoqmedeba wamebis, Zaladobis, sastiki mopyrobis, motyuebis, samedicino Carevis, hipnozis, aseve sxva iseTi RonisZiebebis
gamoyenebiT, romlebic zemoqmedebs adamianis mexsierebaze an azrovnebaze. agreTve dauSvebelia muqara an iseTi SeRavaTis dapireba, romlebic kanoniT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
3. sisxlis samarTlis procesis farglebSi iZuleba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi da dadgenili wesiT.
rac Seexeba gamoZiebisas braldebulis dakiTxvas, igi moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT
warmoebs 1998 wlis 20 Tebervlis sssk-iT dadgenili wesiT, romlis Tanaxmadac braldebuli unda daikiTxos winaswari gamoZiebis adgilas (311-e muxlis me-3 nawili). swored
sagamoZiebo organoSi dakiTxvis dros piris mimarT ganxorcielebuli wameba da mis Sedegad mopovebuli mtkicebuleba warmoadgens mwvave kritikis sagans sisxlis samarTlis
mecnierebaSi. Tumca, moqmedi sssk-is gardamavali da daskvniTi debulebebis 332-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, gamoZiebisas aRniSnuli wesiT dakiTxva warmoebs 2015
wlis 31 dekembramde. amis Semdeg ki gaTvaliswinebulia piris sasamarTloSi dakiTxvis
wesis amoqmedeba.
3.2. wamebis Sedegad mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxva
(sssk 72-e muxlis pirveli nawili)
kanonis zemoT dasaxelebul moTxovnaTa darRvevis safuZvelze miRebuli mtkicebuleba dauSvebelia.saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-7 nawilis Tanaxmad, kanonis darRveviT mopovebul mtkicebulebas iuridiuli Zala ara aqvs.21
1998 wlis 20 Tebervlis sssk konkretulad gansazRvravda pirobebs, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi mtkicebuleba dauSveblad iqneboda cnobili. kerZod, 111-e muxlis
pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad,
„mtkicebuleba dauSveblad miiCneva, Tu igi miRebulia:
a) im Tanamdebobis piris an organos mier, romelic uflebamosili ar aris Sekribos
mtkicebulebani am saqmeze;
20
21
ix. turava m., wameba da wamebis muqara adamianis sicocxlis gadasarCenad – sisxlissamarTlebrivad nebadarTuli iZulebis RonisZieba? (erovnuli da evropuli midgomebi
magnus gefgenis saqmis mixedviT), adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, konstantine korkelia (red.), Tb., 2011, 199.
ix. turava m., samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari,
Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani,
Tb., 2013, 552 da momdevno gverdebi.
258
b) kanoniT gauTvaliswinebeli wyarodan;
g) kanoniT dadgebili wesis darRveviT, agreTve Zaladobis, muqaris, motyuebis,
SantaJis, pirovnebis abuCad agdebis an sxva ukanono meTodis gamoyenebiT;
d) pirisagan, romelmac daarRvia kanoni an romelsac ar SeuZlia miuTiTos, ra wyarodan, sad, rodis da rogor gamovlinda mis mier warmodgenili monacemebi~.
moqmedma sssk-ma 72-e muxlSi dauSvebeli mtkicebulebis sruliad gansxvavebuli,
axali reglamentacia moaxdina. aRniSnuli muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, saproceso kodeqsis „arsebiTi darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba da amgvari mtkicebulebis
safuZvelze kanonierad mopovebuli sxva mtkicebuleba, Tu is auaresebs braldebulis
samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, dauSvebelia da iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnia~.
ra igulisxmeba kanonis arsebiT darRvevaSi? 1998 wlis sssk ganmartavda sisxlis
samarTlis saproceso kanonis arsebiT darRvevebs. kerZod, 563-e muxlis Tanaxmad, „arsebiTad iTvleba am kodeqsis moTxovnaTa iseTi darRvevebi, romlebmac SezRudes procesis monawileTa uflebebi, xeli SeuSales saqmis yovelmxriv, srulad da obieqturad
ganxilvas, gavlena moaxdines kanonieri, safuZvliani da samarTliani ganaCenis dadgenaze~. moqmedi sssk-is mixediT ki, mosamarTlis Sefasebis sagania, Tu ra CaiTvleba am kodeqsis arsebiT darRvevad.
sssk-is 72-e muxlma gansazRvra, Tu rogor unda gadawydes am kodeqsis arsebiTi
darRveviT mopovebuli pirveladi mtkicebulebis („mowamluli xe~) safuZvelze miRebuli SualobiTi mtkicebulebis bedi („mowamluli xis nayofi~). ase rom 1998 wlis kodeqsisgan gansxvavebiT, moqmed sssk-Si gaCnda Canaweri, romelic gansazRvravs e.w. „mowamluli xis nayofis~ samarTlebriv bunebas.
„mowamluli xis nayofis~ Teoria me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan damkvidrda aSS-Si.
misi mizani imaSi mdgomareobs, rom samarTlebrivi Sedegi ar moyves Tavdapirvel ukanono qmedebas da arc mis safuZvelze Semdgom kanonierad mopovebuli mtkicebuleba iqnes
daSvebuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze.
sssk-is 72-e muxlis formulireba gaakritika ia CxeiZem Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi.22 misi azriT, wingadadgmul nabijad ver CaiTvleba kanonmdeblobis aseTi cvlileba.23 avtori Tvlis, rom 1998 wlis sssk-is 111-e muxlSi mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis
pirobebis dadgeniT kanonmdebloba „informaciis obieqturobas~ uzrunvelyofda, 2010
wlis saproceso kodeqsis Sesabamisi normebi ki, mtkicebis procesis mkacr regulacias ar axdens.24 CxeiZe aucileblad miiCvevs samarTlebrivi urTierTobis iseTi sferos
mkacr regulirebas, rogoricaa mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba.25 igi Tvlis, rom „nebismieri mtkicebuleba, Tu is ukanono mtkicebulebis safuZvelzea mopovebuli, aucileblad
unda gamoiricxos sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan~26 da rom „mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis
wesi araviTar gamonaklisebs ar unda emorCilebodes~.27
22
23
24
25
26
27
ix. CxeiZe i., mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis problema sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, Tb.,
2010, 79-81.
iqve, 79.
iqve.
iqve, 80.
iqve.
iqve, 81.
259
wameba, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, sssk-is me-4 muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, miekuTvneba procesis monawilis nebis Tavisuflebaze zemoqmedebis dauSvebel meTods. am meTodis safuZvelze braldebulisgan mopovebuli mtkicebuleba sssk-is 72-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia da iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnia. merab turava saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis komentirebisas aRniSnavs, rom adamianis uflebaTa
konvenciis me-3 muxli demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi ZiriTadi Rirebulebaa da misi darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba, rogorc wesi, dauSvebel
mtkicebulebas warmoadgens.28 Tumca, sxva sakiTxia, SesaZlebelia, Tu ara sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze daSvebul iqnes wamebiT mopovebuli dauSvebeli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze kanonierad miRebuli sxva mtkicebuleba?
dasaxelebuli gefgenis saqmis viTareba rom warmovidginoT, gamoZiebam am saqmeze
iZulebiTi aRiarebis Sedegad moipova axali mtkicebulebebi. kerZod, gvami da manqanis
saburavebis kvali. dasaSvebad cnobs Tu ara qarTuli saproceso kodeqsi wamebis Sedegad mopovebul SualobiT mtkicebulebas, mocemul SemTxvevaSi gvams? am kiTxvas pasuxobs qarTuli sssk. radgan bankiris 11 wlis Svilis iakob fon metcleris gvams gamoZiebam gefgenis wamebis Sedegad miagno da aRniSnuli mtkicebuleba auaresebs braldebulis
samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, qarTuli sssk-is 72-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad,
gvami, iseve, rogorc Cveneba, dauSvebel mtkicebulebad unda iqnes cnobili.
sainteresoa, rogor gadawyvita germanulma sasamarTlom gefgenis saqmeze mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa bedi. aseve, mniSvnelovania germanuli kanonmdeblobisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis midgoma wamebiT mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobasTan dakavSirebiT.
4. wamebis Sedegad mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis sakiTxi
germanuli sisxlis samarTlis procesis mixedviT
4.1. sssk 136a paragrafis arsi da mizani
wamebis akrZalva gaTvaliswinebulia germaniis Semdeg normatiul aqtebSi: konstituciis pirveli muxlis pirveli abzaci, me-2 muxlis meore abzaci da 104-e muxlis pirveli abzaci, sssk-is 136a paragrafi, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 340-e da 343-e paragrafebi, Sesabamisi normebi miwis sapolicio samarTalSi sssk-is 136a paragrafze miTiTebiT.
germaniis federaluri respublikis sssk-is 136a paragrafi, romelSic wamebis akrZalvis saproceso samarTlebrivi regulirebaa gaTvaliswinebuli, eZRvneba dakiTxvis
akrZalul meTodebs. es paragrafi kodeqsSi Setanil iqna 1950 wlis 12 seqtembris kanoniT,29 romlis formulirebac SemuSavebuli iqna germaniis iusticiis saministros mier
SvedeTis sisxlis saproceso samarTlis magaliTis mniSvnelovani gavleniT.30
28
29
30
ix. turava m., samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari,
Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani,
Tb., 2013, 554.
ix. BGB1. I, 455.
ix. Rogall K., Systematischer Kommentar zur Strafprozessordnung mit GVG und EMRK, 4. Auflage, Band
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 1.
260
sssk-Si 136a paragrafis damateba, Tavdapirvelad Sefasda, rogorc araproduqtiuli, vinaidan germaniis sssk-Si misi ZalaSi Sesvlis dRidan moqmedebda rogorc Cvenebis
micemis Tavisufleba, aseve braldebulis procesis subieqtad aRiareba, rac dakiTxvis
dauSvebeli meTodebis akrZalvas TavisTavad gulisxmobda, e.i. moqmed saproceso princips warmoadgenda.31 aRniSnulis miuxedavad, axladdamatebuli paragrafis gauqmeba ar
damdgara dRis wesrigSi.32
profesori rogali miuTiTebs, rom kanonmdeblis gadawyvetileba, 136a paragrafis
sssk-Si SetanasTan dakavSirebiT, imsaxurebs pativiscemas.33 aRniSnuli paragrafi warmoadgens im mware gamocdilebis Sedegs, romelsac adgili hqonda arc Tu Soreul warsulSi, kerZod saqme exeba germaniis nacional-socialisturi reJimis dros ganxorcielebul adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis masiurad uxeS darRvevas.34 aqedan gamomdinare, 136a
paragrafis mizania konstituciiT aRiarebuli ZiriTadi principebis gaTvaliswineba
sisxlis saproceso samarTalSi.35 aRniSnuli paragrafi aris swored konstituciiT garantirebuli iseTi ZiriTadi uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis gamoxatuleba, rogoricaa
mag: adamianis Rirsebis xelSeuxebloba, wamebis akrZalva, TviTinkriminaciisgan dacvis
privilegia (nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare) Tu samarTliani sasamarTlos principi.36
136a paragrafi Sedgeba 3 abzacisgan:
pirveli abzacis mixedviT dauSvebelia braldebulis Tavisufali gadawyvetilebisa da nebis Tavisufali ganxorcielebis SezRudva dakiTxvis dauSvebeli meTodebiT.
maT Soris aris wameba, sastiki mopyroba, motyueba, hipnozi. iZuleba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod sisxlis saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi
da dadgenili wesiT. akrZalulia romelime dauSvebeli meTodiT muqara da iseTi SeRavaTebis dapireba, romelic kanoniT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
meore abzacis mixedviT, dauSvebelia iseTi zomis gamoyeneba, romelic zians ayenebs braldebulis mexsierebis an misi cnobierebis unars.37
dasaxelebuli paragrafis mesame abzacis pirveli winadadeba miuTiTebs imaze, rom
pirveli da meore abzaciT gansazRvruli akrZalva moqmedebs braldebulis Tanxmobis
miuxedavad.
dabolos, 136a paragrafis mesame abzacis meore winadadeba gansazRvravs dakiTxvis
akrZaluli meTodis gamoyenebis samarTlebriv Sedegs. kerZod, Cveneba, romelic miRebul iqna dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodiT, maSinac ar unda iqnes daSvebuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze, roca braldebuli mis dasaSvebobas eTanxmeba.
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 2
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
ix.: Eisenberg U., Beweisrecht der StPO, Spezialkommentar, 8. Auflage, München, 2013, 220, Rn. 625; Rogall K., Systematischer Kommentar zur Strafprozessordnung mit GVG und EMRK, 4. Auflage, Band II, Köln,
2010, §136a, Rn. 3; Meyer-Goßner L., Strafprozessordnung, 55. Auflage, München, 2012, §136a, Rn. 1.
normis es formulireba iZleva imis Tqmis safuZvels, rom 136a paragrafi ar iTvaliswinebs dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodebis amomwurav CamonaTvals. amasTan dakavSirebiT ix: Neuhaus R., Zur Notwendigkeit der qualifizierten Beschuldigtenbelehrung, “Neue Zeitschrift für
Strafrecht“ (NStZ), 1997, 313; Meyer-Goßner L., Strafprozessordnung, 55. Auflage, München, 2012, §136a,
Rn 6.
261
4.2. wamebis Sedegad mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesi
sssk 136a paragrafis me-3 abzacis mixedviT
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, Tu ramdenad Seuwyobs xels aRniSnuli mtkicebuleba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgenas. mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis
wesi38 ki gulisxmobs policiisTvis, prokuraturisTvis Tu sasamarTlosTvis WeSmaritebis dadgenis valdebulebis39 saxelmwifo-samarTlebriv SezRudvas,40 ramdenadac dauSvebelia saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgena yvelafris fasad41.
mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesi, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs imas, rom sasamarTlos ara
aqvs ufleba, ganaCenis gamotanisas daeyrdnos kanondarRveviT mopovebul mtkicebulebebs.42
literaturaSi arsebuli zogadi Sexedulebis mixedviT, mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesi, romelic mocemulia sssk-is 136a paragrafSi, warmoadgens germaniis konstituciis pirveli muxliT garantirebuli adamianis Rirsebis dacvis konkretul gamoxatulebas.43 saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos, rom braldebuli iyos sisxlis samarTlis
procesis subieqti da ara misi obieqti. sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgena
unda ganxorcieldes mxolod saxelmwifo-samarTlebrivad regulirebul sisxlis samarTlis procesis farglebSi.44 saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgenis valdebuleba yvelafris
fasad ar aris sisxlis samarTlis procesis principi.45
mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis ganxilvisas gadamwyveti unda iyos is, rom aRniSnulis gamoyenebam sasargeblo gavlena moaxdinos dazaralebulis mdgomareobaze,
mis interesebze.46
gabatonebuli mosazrebis mixedviT, mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis Sedegi aris gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni, Tuki braldebulisTvis msjavris dasadebad ar arsebobs sxva
mtkicebulebebi.47
swored aRniSnulze jer kidev adreul wlebSi miuTiTebda belingi.48
sainteresoa msjeloba imaze, unda moxdes Tu ara mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxva sisxlis samarTlis procesSi daSvebuli yvela Secdomis, yvela darRveuli normis gamo?
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
germanul sisxlis samarTalSi aRniSnuli moixsenieba terminiT Beweisverwertungsverbot.
ix. germaniis sssk-is 160-e, 163-e muxlebi da 244-e muxlis meore abzaci.
ix. Kühne H. - H., Strafprozessrecht, 8. Auflage, Heidelberg, 2010, 532, Rn. 880.1.
amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Semdegi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi: BVerfG NJW 1984, 428;
BVerfG NJW 2005, 2382; BGHSt 14, 358, 365.
Sead. Kühne H .- H., Strafprozessrecht, 8. Auflage, Heidelberg, 2010, 546 ff.
ix. Neuhaus R., Zur Fernwirkung von Beweisverwertungsverboten, “Neue Juristische Wochenschrift” (NJW),
1990, 1221.
amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Semdegi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi: BVerfG, NJW 1984, 428;
BVerfG NJW 2005, 2382; BGHSt 14, 358, 365.
ix. BGHSt 14, 358, 365.
ix. Eisenberg U., Beweisrecht der StPO, Spezialkommentar, 8. Auflage, München, 2013, Rn. 371.
ix. Beling E., Die Beweisverbote als Grenzen der Wahrheitserforschung im Strafprozeß, Darmstadt, 1968, 32.
klaus rogali belings mtkicebulebaTa dauSveblad cnobis fuZemdebels uwodebs. ix.
Rogall K., Hypothetische Ermittlungsverläufe im Strafprozeß, “Neue Zeitschrift für Strafrecht“ (NStZ), 1988,
Heft 9, 386.
262
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi dRemde erT-erT rTul da sakamaTo sakiTxad rCeba
mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis problematika. amasTan dakavSirebuli moZRvreba
mxolod bolo wlebSi Camoyalibda. germanul sisxlis samarTlis procesSi mtkicebulebaTa mopovebisa da dasaSvebobis moZRvrebis fuZemdeblad iTvleba belingi.49 swored man
aqcia msjelobis sagnad mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis procesis damoukidebeli problema.50 es sakiTxi sisxlis samarTlis mecnierebaSi kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda 1966 wels germaniis iuristTa dRisadmi miZRvnil 46-e sxdomaze.51
sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi Camoyalibebuli sxvadasxva Teoriebi, rogoricaa
e.w. „uflebaTa wris Teoria“52, „normis dacvis miznis Teoria“53, „moZRvreba konkretuli
SemTxvevis individualuri Sefasebis Sesaxeb“54, dRemde ver wyveten mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis problematikas da sakiTxi isev sakamaTod rCeba.55
belingis pozicias Tu gaviziarebT, maSin kanondarRveviT mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba yvela SemTxvevaSi unda gamovricxoT.56 mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis
wesis warmoSoba ganapiroba dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodebis gamoyenebam.57 aRniSnuli
meTodebis akrZalvas, romelic 136a paragrafis pirvel da meore abzacSi, aseve mesame abzacis pirvel winadadebaSia gaTvaliswinebuli, kanonmdebeli ufro efeqturs xdis imiT,
rom igi ar uSvebs miRebuli Sedegis (dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodiT miRebuli Cvenebis)
procesSi gamoyenebas,58 miuxedavad imisa aRniSnuli Cveneba mcdaria Tu ara, Seicavs Semamsubuqebel Tu damamZimebel garemoebebs.59
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
ix. Roxin C., Schünemann B., Strafverfahrensrecht, 27. Auflage, München, 2012, §24, Rn. 22.
ix. Jäger C., Beweiserhebungs- und Beweisverwertungsverbote als prozessuale Regelungsinstrumente im
strafverfolgenden Rechtsstaat, “Goltdammer’s Archiv für Strafrecht“ (GA), 2008, 473.
ix.: Roxin C., Schünemann B., Strafverfahrensrecht, 27. Auflage, München, 2012, §24, Rn. 24; Eisenberg U.,
Beweisrecht der StPO, Spezialkommentar, 8. Auflage, München, 2013, Rn. 364, 365.
iqve.
ix.: Rogall K., Gegenwärtiger Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen der Lehre von den strafprozessualen Beweisverboten, “Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft“ ( ZStW), 91 (1979), 1-44; Rogall K.,
„Abwägungen“ im Recht der Beweisverbote, Festschrift für Ernst-Walter Hanack zum 70. Geburtstag, Berlin, 1999, 293-309; Roxin C., Schünemann B., Strafverfahrensrecht, München, 2012, §24, Rn. 30; Jäger C,
Beweiserhebungs- und Beweisverwertungsverbote als prozessuale Regelungsinstrumente im strafverfolgenden Rechtsstaat, “Goltdammer’s Archiv für Strafrecht“ (GA), 2008, 473-499; Eisenberg U., Beweisrecht der
StPO, Spezialkommentar, 8. Auflage, München, 2013, Rn. 367.
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 101.
ix.: Meyer-Goßner L., Strafprozessordnung, 55. Auflage, München, 2012, §136a, Rn. 27; Eisenberg U., Beweisrecht der StPO, Spezialkommentar, 8. Auflage, München, 2013, 248, Rn. 704; Gleß S. in Löwe-Rosenberg, Die Strafprozeßordnung und das Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz, 26. Auflage, Berlin, 2007, §136a, Rn. 71;
Rogall K., Systematischer Kommentar zur Strafprozessordnung mit GVG und EMRK, 4. Auflage, Band II,
Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 99.
263
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze dauSvebeli meTodiT miRebuli Cvenebis gamoricxvasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli midgoma Camoayaliba e.w. „miulenTaixis Teoriam“.60 es
Teoria cnobilia, aseve, braldebulisadmi pozitiuri damokidebulebiT, e.w. „braldebulisadmi keTilganwyobiT“.61 am Teoriis mixedviT, akrZaluli meTodiT miRebuli
Cveneba SesaZloa ar daeqvemdebaros mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wess, Tuki is Seicavs
braldebulisTvis sasargeblo informacias; aseve is, rom 136a paragrafis mesame abzacis
meore winadadebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, mtkicebulebis gamoricxva unda moxdes maSin, rodesac aseTi mtkicebuleba braldebulisTvis damamZimebel garemoebebs Seicavs.62
„miulenTaixis Teoriis“ mTavari arsi Semdegnairad Camoyalibda: mtkicebulebaTa dauSveblad cnobas ar unda mohyves braldebulis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis damZimeba.63
sainteresoa 136a paragrafSi arsebuli formulireba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
Cveneba, romelic dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodiTaa miRebuli, maSinac ar SeiZleba procesSi iqnes daSvebuli, roca braldebuli mis gamoyenebas eTanxmeba.64 Sesabamisad, braldebulis Tanxmobac ver axdens dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodebis gamoyenebis legitimacias.65
germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos mesame senatma miiRo gadawyvetileba66 braldebulis Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi Cvenebis gamoyenebis dasaSvebobasTan dakavSirebiT, roca aRniSnuli Cveneba gamoricxvis wess eqvemdebareba. senatma Riad datova sakiTxi imis
Sesaxeb, SeiZleba Tu ara, arsebobdes SemTxvevebi, roca kanonis sityva-sityviTi ganmartebis sawinaaRmdegod kanondarRveviT miRebuli mtkicebuleba daiSveba fundamenturi
sakonstitucio samarTlebrivi principebidan gamomdinare. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom
mas ar SeuZlia, sssk-is 244-e paragrafis meore abzaciT dakisrebuli saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgenis valdebulebis saxeliT WeSmariteba daadginos 136a paragrafiT gansazRvruli akrZaluli meTodis gamoyenebiT.67
germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos am gadawyvetilebiT ganviTarebuli zogierTi midgoma gaakritika klaus roqsinma.68 igi fiqrobs, rom federaluri sasamarTlo did
mniSvnelobas aniWebs kanonis mxolod gramatikul (sityvasityviT) ganmartebas, rac imsaxurebs kritikas.69 roqsinis azriT, kanonis teqsti ar uzRudavs sasamarTlos SesaZ60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
saxeli miulenTaixi aRniSnul Teorias ewoda misi avtorebis Sekrebis adgilis mixedviT. Teoriis avtorebi arian klaus roqsini, gerhard Seferi da gunter vidmaieri,
romlebic 1996 wels Seikribnen. Sexvedrisas gamarTuli aqtiuri samecniero diskusiis
Sedegad Camoyalibda e.w. „miulenTaixis Teoria“. es Teoria Seexeba mtkicebulebaTa
gamoricxvis wesis mniSvnelobasa da mis gavlenas sisxlis samarTalSi. ix. Roxin C., Schäfer
G., Widmaier G., Mühlenteichtheorie, “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 11/2006, 655.
ix. Roxin C., Schäfer G., Widmaier G., Mühlenteichtheorie, “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 11/2006, 656.
iqve, 655-661.
iqve, 660.
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 97, 105.
ix. BGH StV 2009, 113.
iqve.
ix. Roxin C., Anmerkung zu BGH, Beschl. v. 5.8.2008 – 3 StR 45/08 (LG Lüneberg), “Strafverteidiger“
(StV), 2009, 113 ff.
iqve, 114.
264
leblobas, dasaSvebad cnos braldebulis gamamarTlebeli mtkicebulebebi.70 136a paragrafis mesame abzacis meore winadadebis mixedviT, Cveneba, romelic dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodiTaa miRebuli, maSinac ar SeiZleba iqnes daSvebuli, roca braldebuli mis
gamoyenebas eTanxmeba. kanonis es Canaweri, aRniSnavs roqsini, exeba mxolod damamZimebeli garemoebis Semcvel mtkicebulebebs, ramdenadac gamamarTlebeli mtkicebulebis
SemTxvevaSi braldebulis Tanxmoba dRis wesrigSi arc dgeba.71 davuSvaT SemTxveva, roca
braldebuli iRebs gadawyvetilebas, daibralos danaSauli an warmogvidgeba rogorc
msxverpli, ris safuZvelzec igi Semamsubuqebeli garemoebis Semcveli mtkicebulebis
gamoyenebas ar eTanxmeba. sasamarTlo am SemTxvevaSic valdebulia, ramdenadac amas saqmeze dadgenili garemoebebi moiTxovs, braldebuli gaamarTlos anda msubuqad dasajos.
sasamarTlom braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principidan gamomdinare, romelsac aqvs moqmedebis uryevi Zala, yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswinos saqmeze arsebuli nebismieri Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba.72 136a paragrafiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi ar unda
gadawydes sxvagvarad.73 dauSvebelia adamianis dasja bralis gareSe anda danaSaulSi misi
bralis xarisxze metad. braleuli pasuxismgeblobis principi icavs adamianis Rirsebas,
romelic garantirebulia germaniis konstituciis pirveli muxlis pirveli abzaciT, da,
imavdroulad, aris germaniis konstituciis me-20 muxlis mesame abzaciT gansazRvruli
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos moTxovnis Semadgeneli nawili.74
samarTalwarmoebis organoebs ar aqvT ufleba, Tundac WeSmaritebis dadgenis mizniT gamoiyenon kanoniT akrZaluli saSualebebi da RonisZiebebi. Tumca, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, Tu ganxorcielda aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi da, SeiZleba maTi miznis sawinaaRmdegodac ki, Sedegad miRebul iqna braldebulisTvis Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebis
Semcveli mtkicebiTi masala, samarTlianobisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principebidan gamomdinare ar unda gamoiricxos braldebulis sasargeblod misi gamoyeneba.75
aseTi mtkicebiTi masalis braldebulis sazianod gamoyeneba gamoiwvevs udanaSaulo
piris an danaSaulSi bralis naklebi xarisxis mqone piris araswor gasamarTlebas. marTlmsajulebisTvis ki es iqneba ufro mZime Sedegi, vidre imaze zrunva, rom samarTaldamcavma sistemam kanondarRveviT miRebuli mtkicebulebis gamoyenebiT „xeli ar gaisvaros“.76 ase rom, „miulenTaixis Teoriis“ mixedviT, udanaSaulo piris an danaSaulSi
bralis naklebi xarisxis mqone piris arasworad dasja imis gamo, rom saqmeze ar iqnes daSvebuli kanondarRveviT mopovebuli gamamarTlebeli mtkicebuleba, iqneba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis ara mxolod meToduri, aramed arsebiTi darRveva. 77
„miulenTaixis Teoriis“ mixedviT, 136a paragrafis mesame abzacis meore winadadeba
ar gulisxmobs mxolod braldebulis Cvenebas. Tu moxda kanoniT akrZaluli meTodiT
mowmis dakiTxva da Cveneba Seicavs mniSvnelovan Semamsubuqebel garemoebebs (magali70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
(StV), 2009, 113 ff.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
265
Tad, Tu aRniSnuli dakiTxviT moxdeba imis gamoaSkaraveba, rom braldebulma danaSaulis CadenaSi meorexarisxovani roli Seasrula), is ar unda iyos ugulebelyofili, Tu
sxva mtkicebulebaTa safuZvelze braldebuls gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni emuqreba.78
„miulenTaixis Teoriis“ arsi daskvnis saxiT rom Camoyalibdes, mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom 136a paragrafi marTalia, generalurad gamoricxavs kanondarRveviT mopovebuli
Cvenebis sisxlis samarTlis procesSi gamoyenebas, magram es akrZalva ar ewinaaRmdegeba
mtkicebulebis Semamsubuqebeli mizniT gamoyenebas.79 ase rom, „miulenTaixis Teoriis“
mixedviT 136a paragrafis mesame abzacis meore winadadebis Canaweri, rom „Cveneba, romelic dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodiTaa miRebuli, maSinac ar SeiZleba iqnes daSvebuli,
roca braldebuli mis gamoyenebas eTanxmeba,“ eqvemdebareba saxelmwifo-samarTlebrivi
principebisa da konstituciis farglebSi moqcevas.80
amasTan dakavSirebiT gerhard Seferi Tvlis, rom 136a paragrafis mesame abzacis
arasworma ganmartebam SesaZloa, braldebuli misi Rirsebis dacvis saxeliT paradoqsul mdgomareobaSi aRmoaCinos, ar dauSvas ra procesSi Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebis
Semcveli mtkicebulebis gamoyeneba.81
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT imsjela, aseve, germaniis federalurma sasamarTlom.
kerZod, sasamarTlos pirvelma senatma 2005 wels miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTa,
rom Tu kanondarRveviT miRebul mtkicebulebaSi arsebobs braldebulisTvis sasargeblo, gamamarTlebeli monacemebi, Zneli warmosadgenia is, rom sasamarTlom ar moaxdinos
aRniSnulis Sefaseba.82
roqsinis azriT 136a paragrafis mesame abzacis meore winadadebaSi arsebuli akrZalva ar moicavs Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebis Semcveli masalis procesSi dasaSvebobis sakiTxs.83 kanonmdebels surs, gamoiricxos is, rom dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodebiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis gamoyeneba damokidebuli iyos braldebulis nebaze.84
aRniSnuli im ideidan gamomdinareobs, rom dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodis gamoyenebas
SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos dakiTxuli pirisagan Tanxmobis miRebazec, rom moxdes am meTodiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebebis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, Tu pirma Zaladobis, wamebis Sedegad misca aRiarebiTi Cveneba, xSirad Tanxmobas ganacxadebs am Cvenebis gamoyenebazec, ramdenadac igi SeiZleba jer kidev zewolis qveS imyofeba, eSinia ra Zaladobis
gameorebis.85
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
iqve, 659.
iqve, 656.
iqve.
ix. BGHSt 50, 206.
(StV), 2009, 114.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, roca mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxva SeiZleba, rom braldebulis Tavisufali gankargvis uflebamosilebaze iyos damokidebuli, aseve braldebulis
sasargeblod mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobasTan dakavSirebiT, ix.: Hamm R., Verwertung
rechtswidriger Ermittlungen – nur zugunsten des Beschuldigten, “Strafverteidiger Forum“ (StraFo), 1998,
361 ff.; Nack A., Verwertung rechtswidriger Ermittlungen nur zugunsten des Beschuldigten, “Strafverteidiger
Forum“ (StraFo), 1998, 366 ff.; Amelung K., „Verwertbarkeit rechtswidrig gewonnener Beweismittel zugunsten des Angeklagten und deren Grenzen“, “Strafverteidiger Forum“ (StraFo), 1999, 181 ff.
(StV), 2009, 114.
266
germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos senati Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi86, garkveulwilad, uSvebs kanondarRveviT mopovebuli gamamarTlebeli mtkicebulebis gamoyenebas.
kerZod, aseTi mtkicebulebebi dasaSvebobas ori winapirobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi eqvemdebareba. pirveli, Tu braldebuli calsaxad miuTiTebs imaze, rom igi uars ambobs
misTvis 136a paragrafis mesame abzacis meore winadadebiT miniWebul individualuri
dacvis uflebaze. meore, man unda aCvenos, rom misTvis efeqturi dacvis ganxorcieleba
masTan arsebuli, gasaidumloebuli mtkicebiTi masalis saqmeze gamoyenebis gareSe warmoudgenelia.87 senatma daadgina, rom samarTlebriv sikeTeTa awon-dawonvisas braldebulis efeqturi dacvis uflebas upiratesoba unda mieniWos 136a paragrafis mesame abzacis meore winadadebiT garantirebul saxelmwifos samarTalwarmoebis ZiriTad principebTan mimarTebaSi.88
roqsinis azriT, aq saxeze ver iqneba samarTlebriv sikeTeTa awon-dawonva, radgan
sasamarTlos mier aRniSnul „efeqturi dacvis uflebas“ ar upirispirdeba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos samarTalwarmoebis principebis aranairi darRveva.89 avtoris mosazrebiT, aseT darRvevas adgili hqonda 136a paragrafiT akrZaluli dakiTxvis meTodebis
gamoyenebisas, aRniSnuli ki ukve ganxorcielda da amis gamosworeba SeuZlebelia.90 roqsini miiCnevs, rom dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodiT aRmoCenili Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebis gamoyeneba ar warmoadgens saxelmwifo-samarTlebrivi principebis darRvevas; piriqiT, aseTi garemoebebis gamoyeneba gamomdinareobs saxelmwifo-samarTlebrivi principebis moTxovnidan, radgan sasamarTlos ar aqvs ufleba, Segnebulad miiRos braldebulis saziano, mcdari gadawyvetileba.91
roqsinis azriT, Tu 136a paragrafis darRveviT miRebuli iqneba aRiarebiTi Cveneba, romelic aseve Seicavs Semamsubuqebel garemoebebs, is ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli,
Tuki braldebulis pasuxisgebaSi micema SesaZlebelia mxolod am aRiarebiTi Cvenebis
dasaSvebobis safuZvelze, radgan amis Sedegad braldebuli isedac unda gaTavisufldes
pasuxismgeblobisgan; magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu braldebulis pasuxisgebaSi micema sxva
mtkicebulebebiT xdeba SesaZlebeli, maSin kanondarRveviT mopovebuli Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebis Semcveli mtkicebuleba braldebulis sasargeblod unda iqnes procesSi daSvebuli.92 igi miiCnevs, rom samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis darRvevis
simZime ar unda ganapirobebdes mcdari ganaCenis Segnebul miRebas da Tvlis, rom mosamarTlem gamamarTlebeli, Tu Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi braldebulis sasargeblod
yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswinos.93
rac Seexeba sakiTxs, Tu rodis aris mtkicebuleba damamZimebeli an Semamsubuqebeli, rogali Tvlis, rom xSirad Zneli dasadgenia, miT ufro Sefasebis sawyis etapze.94
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
ix. BGH StV 2009, 113.
iqve.
iqve.
(StV), 2009, 115.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
267
roqsini am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 5 agvistos gadawyvetilebis95 komentirebisas ganmartavs, rom, marTalia, rTulia Semamsubuqebel da damamZimebel garemoebaTa gamijvna, magram mosamarTle unda amovides dakiTxvis mTliani konteqstidan.96
avtorTa umravlesobis mixedviT, mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis dros daSvebuli yvela Secdoma TavisTavad ar iwvevs procesidan maT gamoricxvas.97 Tanamedrove germanul
marTlmsajulebaSi dominirebs konkretuli SemTxvevis individualuri Sefasebis Teoria.98
Temis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, calke unda daisvas sakiTxi, SeiZleba Tu ara sisxlis samarTlis procesSi wamebis Sedegad mopovebuli mtkicebulebis daSveba? avtorTa nawili miiCnevs, rom am meTodiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis dasaSveboba konkretuli SemTxvevis individualur Sefasebas ar unda daeqvemdebaros, radgan am SemTxvevaSi
miuRebelia mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesidan raime saxis gamonaklisis daSveba.99
aRniSnuli ar unda moxdes maSinac ki, roca wamebiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis gamoyeneba braldebulis interesSi Sedis.100 mtkicebulebaTa mopovebisas daSvebuli kanondarRvevis simZime gansazRvravs mopovebuli mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobas. rac ufro mZimea
kanondarRveva, miT ufro didia albaToba imisa, rom miRebuli mtkicebulebis sisxlis
samarTlis saqmeze daSveba srul process mniSvnelovnad daazaralebs.101 wameba, rogorc
mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis meTodi, Tavis mxriv, ukve warmoadgens braldebulis uflebaTa uxeS darRvevas; misi gamoyeneba usamarTlos xdis sisxlis samarTlis mTel process.102 amitomac, sssk-is 136a paragrafis Sinaarsi gamoricxavs wamebiT mopovebuli pirveladi mtkicebulebis sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze dasaSvebobas.103
ganxiluli mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis sakiTxi rom Sejamdes, saxeze iqneba Semdegi mocemuloba: calkeul SemTxvevebSi kanondarRveviT ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebis Sedegad miRebuli mtkicebuleba SeiZleba Seicavdes braldebulisTvis sasargeblo,
xelsayrel mtkicebiT masalas. amitom, samarTlianobisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
principebidan gamomdinare ar unda gamoiricxos braldebulis sasargeblod misi gamoyeneba. am pozicias emxroba ganxiluli „miulenTaixis“ Teoriac. Tumca, wamebis SemTxvevaSi, kanoniT akrZaluli am meTodis gamoyenebiT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba swored
samarTlianobisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principebidan gamomdinare upirobod
unda iqnes cnobili dauSvebel mtkicebulebad.
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
ix. BGH StV 2009, 113.
ix.: Roxin C., Anmerkung zu BGH, Beschl. v. 5.8.2008 – 3 StR 45/08 (LG Lüneberg), “Strafverteidiger“
(StV), 2009, 115; Roxin C., Schäfer G., Widmaier G., Mühlenteichtheorie, “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 11/2006,
658.
ix. Rogall K., Hypothetische Ermittlungsverläufe im Strafprozeß, “Neue Zeitschrift für Strafrecht“ (NStZ),
1988, Heft 9, 386.
ix. Roxin C., Schünemann B., Strafverfahrensrecht, 27. Auflage, München, 2012, §24, Rn. 23 ff.
ix. Ambos K., Die transnationale Verwertung von Folterbeweisen, “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 3/2009, 158.
ix.: Meyer-Goßner L., Strafprozessordnung, 55. Auflage, München, 2012, §136a, Rn. 27; Eisenberg U., Beweisrecht der StPO, Spezialkommentar, 8. Auflage, München, 2013, Rn. 704; Gleß S. in Löwe-Rosenberg, Die
Strafprozeßordnung und das Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz, 26. Auflage, Berlin, 2007, §136a, Rn. 71.
ix. Ambos K., Die transnationale Verwertung von Folterbeweisen, “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 3/2009, 152-153.
iqve, 157.
268
4.3. wamebiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis gamoricxvis
Semdgomi gavlena
sainteresoa, SeiZleba Tu ara mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesi gavrceldes wamebiT mopovebuli informaciis safuZvelze miRebul axal (SualobiT) mtkicebulebaze.
magaliTad, roca gamomZiebelma braldebulis wamebis Sedegad moipova misi aRiarebiTi
Cveneba, romelze dayrdnobiTac aRmoCenil iqna braldebulis mier damaluli gvami. aq
unda daisvas sakiTxi Semdegnairad: moicavs Tu ara 136a paragrafis me-3 abzacidan gamomdinare mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesi mxolod aRiarebiT Cvenebas, rogorc pirdapir
mopovebul mtkicebulebas, Tu igi vrceldeba aseve gvamze da masze arsebul danaSaulis
kvalzec.
aRniSnuli sakiTxis, anu mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semdgomi gavlenis
(Fernwirkung von Beweisverwertungsverbot) ganxilvisas centralur problemas warmoadgens
mtkicebulebis gamoricxvis wesis moqmedebis arealis dadgena. sssk-is 136a paragrafis
me-3 abzacis me-2 winadadebaSi mocemul mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis gamoyenebis
dros problema mdgomareobs normis ganmartebaSi,104 ramdenadac kanonis teqsti ar iZleva misi ganmartebisTvis saWiro miTiTebas. 136a paragrafis me-3 abzacis me-2 winadadeba
krZalavs Tavad Cvenebis da ara mis safuZvelze mopovebuli informaciis dasaSvebobas.
kanonSi ar moxda imis gaTvaliswineba, rom mogvianebiT mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba, romelTa arseboba gamomdinareobs Tavdapirvel ukanono mtkicebulebaTa Sedegidan, akrZalulia.105 sakmaod rTulia gansxvavebis dadgena kanonis teqstis mixedviT
dasaSvebi da dauSvebeli monacemebis gamoyenebas Soris. ase rom, mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semdgomi gavlenis sakiTxi 136a paragrafis me-3 abzacis me-2 winadadebaSi
normis gramatikuli (anu sityvasityviTi) ganmartebidan ar ikveTeba.106
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kanondarRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze miRebuli SualobiTi mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxi SefasebiTia.107
amitom, rogorc literaturaSi, aseve sasamarTlo praqtikaSi ganviTarebuli ZiriTadi
principebi mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Sesaxeb, kerZod ki misi moqmedebis arealTan dakavSirebiT, misasalmebeli da aucilebelia.108
4.3.1. SualobiTi mtkicebulebis gamoricxvis mowinaaRmdegeTa
argumentebi
mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semodgomi gavlena, e.w. SualobiTi mtkicebulebis gamoricxva sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan, principulad iqna uaryofili rogorc
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, aseve literaturis nawilSi.109 rogorc klaus folki aRniSnavs,
104
105
106
107
108
109
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn.109.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
ix.: BGHSt 27, 358; 32, 71; 34, 362, 364; Meyer-Goßner L., Strafprozessordnung, 55. Auflage, München,
2012, §136a, Rn. 31.
269
dauSvebelia wamebiT miRebuli aRiarebiTi Cvenebis gamoyeneba, magram sxva mtkicebulebebi, romelic gamoZiebam swored am Cvenebaze dayrdnobiT moipova, ar aris 136a paragrafis darRvevis gamo „inficirebuli“.110 Sesabamisad, SeiZleba procesSi maTi daSveba.111
rac Seexeba germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos midgomas dasaxelebul sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT, federalurma sasamarTlom mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semdgomi
gavlenis uaryofa Semdegi ori argumentiT daasabuTa: pirveli, miuRebelia, rom procesSi daSvebuli erTi Secdomis gamo moxdes „mTeli sisxlis samarTlis procesis paralizeba“ da meore, „daSvebuli Secdomis Sedegis aseTi SezRudva aucilebelia danaSaulis winaaRmdeg efeqturi brZolisTvis“.112
4.3.2.SualobiTi mtkicebulebis gamoricxvis momxreTa argumentebi –
e.w. `mowamluli xis nayofis Teoria~
literaturaSi mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semdgomi gavlenis principuli
uaryofa, e.i. SualobiTi mtkicebulebis daSveba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze, nawilobriv
iqna gakritikebuli. ralf noihausi upirispirdeba mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis
Semdgomi gavlenis uaryofas da ambobs, rom ar arsebobs germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos mier Camoyalibebuli zemoxsenebuli argumentebis empiriuli safuZveli.113 misi
azriT, ukanono mtkicebulebis safuZvelze mopovebuli informaciis daSvebiT, sisxlis
samarTlis procesi, garkveulwilad, aRiarebs SuasaukuneebSi arsebuli inkviziciuri
procesis principebs.114 avtori xedavs risks, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis organoebisTvis prioritetuli da aucilebeli gaxdeba, moaxerxos braldebulisgan yvela informaciis gamoZalva, rasac ki igi flobs.115
maSin, roca 136a paragrafis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ukanono mtkicebuleba
ar iqnes daSvebuli sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, ratom ar unda gavrceldes mtkicebulebis gamoricxvis wesi am mtkicebulebis safuZvelze SemdgomSi mopovebul monacemebze. amasTan dakavSirebiT noihausi miuTiTebs, rom SualobiTi mtkicebulebis daSvebiT
kanondarRveviT warmoebul dakiTxvas sabolood mainc eqneba „Sedegi“.116 saxeze iqneba
SemTxveva, rodesac braldebuli rac SeiZleba didxans, motyuebiT an fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebiT daikiTxeba, vidre sxva, axal monacemebs ar miscems gamoZiebas, romelTa sisxlis samarTlis procesSi gamoyenebasac sasamarTlo xels ar SeuSlis.117 aRniSnuli ki,
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
ix. Volk K., Grundkurs StPO, 6. Auflage, München, 2008, 47.
iqve.
ix.: BGHSt 34, 364 ff., aseve BGHSt 32, 71. iuristebisTvis cnobili es fenomeni, roca ver
xorcieldeba raime movlenis dadastureba an gamoricxva, grunvaldis azriT, ver daZlevs mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis problemas. misi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, kanondarRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba maSinac ar unda iqnes daSvebuli sisxlis samarTlis
procesSi, roca misi mopoveba kanondarRvevis gareSec SeiZleboda. ix. Grünwald G., Anmerkung zu BGH, Urt. v. 28.4.1987 – 5 StR 666/86 (LG Hannover), “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 1987, 472.
ix. Neuhaus R., Zur Fernwirkung von Beweisverwertungsverboten, “Neue Juristische Wochenschrift“ (NJW),
1990, Heft 19, 1221.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve, 1222.
iqve.
270
rogorc avtori varaudobs, provocirebas gauwevs gamoZiebis procesSi dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodebis intensiur gamoyenebas.118
rogalis azriT, kanondarRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze kanonierad miRebuli sxva mtkicebulebis dasaSveboba pirveladi (uSualo) mtkicebulebis Sedegis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs, radgan axali (SualobiTi) mtkicebuleba swored rom kanondarRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis Sedegia.119
anglo-amerikul sisxlis samarTalSi ganviTarebuli e.w. „mowamluli xis nayofis
Teoriis“ (fruit of the poisonous tree-doctrine) mixedviT SualobiTi mtkicebulebebic dauSveblad unda iqnes cnobili. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis akrZalva
dauSvebeli meTodiT azrs kargavs.120
4.3.2.1. `mowamluli xis nayofis Teoriis~ moqmedebis samarTlebrivi
farglebis SezRudva
sisxlis samarTalSi mtkicebiTi procesi unda xorcieldebodes samarTlebrivi regulirebis farglebSi. ukve naxsenebi `mowamluli xis nayofis~ Teoria xels uwyobs mtkicebiTi procesis mkacrad formalizebas. sisxlis saprocesosamarTlebriv literaturaSi ganviTarebulma bolo droindelma Teoriebma safuZveli daudo mtkicebiTi procesis
mkacri formalizebidan gamonaklisebis Camoyalibebas. imis dasadgenad, unda Sefasdes
Tu ara SualobiTi mtkicebuleba `mowamlul xis nayofad~, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba mizezobrivi kavSiris formula, kanondarRvevasa da SualobiT mtkicebulebas Soris.121 Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi arsebuli es midgoma, dadgindes normatiuli kavSiri daSvebul Secdomas, SualobiT mtkicebulebasa da ganaCens Soris, Camoyalibda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sisxlis samarTlis procesSi.122 swored amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi ganviTarda sami ZiriTadi gamonaklisi, romlebic zRudaven `mowamluli xis nayofis~ Teoriis moqmedebis samarTlebriv farglebs. esenia:123

damoukidebeli wyaros gamonaklisi (independent source exception);

ukanonod mopovebuli mtkicebulebis ganwmendis gamonaklisi (purged taint exception);

mtkicebulebaTa gardauvali aRmoCenis gamonaklisi (inevitable discovery exception).
dasaxelebuli gamonaklisebis Sesaxeb msjeloben, aseve, germanul iuridiul literaturaSi da, Sesabamisad, maTi gamoyenebiT xdeba sakiTxis gadawyveta xSir SemTxvevaSi.
mtkicebulebis e.w. `damoukidebeli wyaros~ sagamonakliso SemTxvevis mixedviT,
SualobiTi mtkicebuleba ar unda gamoiricxos sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan, Tu is mo118
119
120
121
122
123
ix. Neuhaus R., Zur Fernwirkung von Beweisverwertungsverboten, “Neue Juristische Wochenschrift“ (NJW),
1990, Heft 19, 1222.
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 109.
ix. Jäger C, Beweiserhebungs- und Beweisverwertungsverbote als prozessuale Regelungsinstrumente im
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 115.
iqve, Rn. 116.
iqve; aseve, ix. CxeiZe, i., mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis problema sisxlis samarTlis
procesSi, Tb., 2010, 73.
271
povebis akrZaluli saSualebis miuxedavad, SeiZleba, damoukidebeli wyarodanac iqnes
mopovebuli.124 saqme exeba iseT SemTxvevebs, roca magaliTad, mtkicebulebis mosapoveblad xorcieldeba ramdenime sagamoZiebo moqmedeba, amaTgan erT-erTis warmoebis dros
adgili hqonda kanonis uxeS darRvevas, magaliTad, braldebulis dakiTxvas dauSvebeli
meTodiT, wamebiT. Sedegad gamoZiebam miiRo informacia nivTieri mtkicebulebis adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb. Tumca, kanondarRveviT Catarebuli am sagamoZiebo moqmedebisgan damoukideblad sxva gamomZieblebma kanonierad Catarebuli Cxrekis safuZvelze moipoves es nivTieri mtkicebulebebi.
germaneli profesori iegeri iseT SemTxvevebSi, roca SualobiTi mtkicebulebis
mopoveba efuZneba aseve sxva absoluturad damoukidebel wyaros, SesaZleblad miiCnevs
germanul sisxlis samarTalSi mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis Semdgomi gavlenis SezRudvas mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis normis dacvis miznidan gamomdinare.125
germanul iuridiul literaturaSi miuTiTeben, rom germanuli sisxlis samarTlis procesis midgoma am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Semdegnairad unda iqnes gagebuli:
zogadad da gansakuTrebiT 136a paragrafis me-3 abzacis me-2 winadadebiT gansazRvrul
mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas eWvgareSea, rom SualobiTi mtkicebuleba ar gamoiricxeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan, Tu is efuZneba aseve damoukidebel wyaros (eigenständigen Erkenntnisvorgang).126
rac Seexeba ukanonod mopovebuli mtkicebulebis e.w. `ganwmendis~ gamonakliss, am
gamonaklisis mixedviT, ukanonod miRebuli SualobiTi mtkicebuleba maSinac ki SeiZleba iqnes daSvebuli sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, Tu is sagamoZiebo organos mxridan kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebis gareSe, marTalia, ver iqneboda mopovebuli, magram ar dgindeba pirdapiri kavSiri braldebulis konstituciiT garantirebuli ZiriTadi uflebis
darRvevasa da mtkicebulebis mopovebas Soris.127 maT Soris arsebul kavSirSi Cndeba
raRac garemoeba, SeiZleba es iyos braldebulis qmedeba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs imas, rom mtkicebuleba aRar iqnes ukanono qmedebis safuZvelze mopovebulad
aRqmuli.128
rogali mizanSewonilad miiCnevs germanul sisxlis samarTalSi ukanonod miRebuli
mtkicebulebis e.w. ganwmendis gamonaklisis gamoyenebas.129 rogorc igi aRniSnavs, procesSi daSvebuli Secdomis, xarvezis daZleva SeiZleba moxdes TviTon sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis organos mier. aq igulisxmeba e.w. procesSi daSvebuli Secdomis `gankurneba~.130
xSirad, daSvebulma Secdomam SeiZleba sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis organos moqmedebis gareSec dakargos mniSvneloba. erTi mxriv, aq igulisxmeba, magaliTad, braldebulis
an mesame piris raime nebayoflobiTi qmedeba, meore mxriv, daSvebul Secdomasa da miRebul SualobiT mtkicebulebas Soris e.w. didi drois gasvlis SemTxvevebi.131
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 116, 117.
Jäger C, Beweiserhebungs- und Beweisverwertungsverbote als prozessuale Regelungsinstrumente im
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 117.
iqve, Rn. 116.
iqve.
iqve, Rn. 118.
iqve.
iqve.
272
dabolos, mtkicebulebis e.w. `gardauvali aRmoCenis~ sagamonakliso SemTxvevaSi,
kanondarRveviT mopovebuli SualobiTi mtkicebulebebi SesaZloa, daSvebul iqnes sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze, Tu maTi mopoveba sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis organoebis mier albaTobis maRali xarisxiT (mit größter Wahrscheinlichkeit) isedac SeiZleboda.132 kristian
iegeri aRniSnavs, rom SualobiTi mtkicebulebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba mxolod maSin, roca gamoZiebis igive Sedegi kanonierad warmoebuli sagamoZiebo RonisZiebis Catarebis
SemTxvevaSi realobasTan axlos mdgomi albaTobis maRali xarisxiT (mit an Sicherheit grenzender Wahrscheinlichkeit) miiRweoda.133
iegeris azriT, mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesi arsebiTad vrceldeba SualobiT
mtkicebulebebze, ramdenadac isini Tavis gamoyenebad bunebas mopovebis wesis darRvevas unda umadlodnen.134 procesSi daSvebuli Secdomis Sedegad miRebulma SualobiTma
mtkicebulebam unda ganapirobos saqmis gamoZiebis SesaZleblobis SesamCnevi zrda.135
aRniSnuls ar aqvs adgili maSin, roca SualobiTi mtkicebulebis mopoveba zogadi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT isedac mosalodneli iyo (magaliTad, gvamis aRmoCena, roca is
damnaSavem tyeSi ise datova, rom ar daumarxavs da, Sesabamisad, misi aRmoCena martivad
SeiZleboda).136
sagamoZiebo procesSi aseTi hipoTezis arsebobas, albaTobis daSvebas aqvs (mxolod) argumentis Zala, romelic mtkicebulebaTa saqmeze daSvebisTvis SeiZleba iqnes
gamoyenebuli.137 magram SesaZlebelia, es argumenti garkveul SemTxvevebSi ar an ver iqnes gamoyenebuli, anda is sxva argumentiT iqnes gabaTilebuli.138
4.3.2.2. sagamoZiebo procesis e.w. hipoTeturi warmoeba
mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis gadawyvetisas jer kidev Riad rCeba sakiTxi sagamoZiebo procesis e.w. hipoTeturi warmoebis (hypothetische Ermittlungsverläufe) gamoyenebasTan
dakavSirebiT, romelic germanul iuridiul literaturaSi ganviTarda.
sainteresoa sakiTxi, Tu raSi mdgomareobs sagamoZiebo procesis hipoTeturi warmoebis arsi da ra Sedegebamde mivyavarT mis gamoyenebas? aseT warmoebas mivyavarT sisxlis samarTlis procesSi iseT garemoebasTan, roca saxezea kanondarRveva da saWiroa
misi daZleva, rogorc germanul literaturaSi gvxvdeba, saproceso Secdomis „gankurneba“.139 aseTi „gankurneba“ SeiZleba, erTi mxriv, mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobaze uaris TqmiT, anda kanondarRvevis gareSe am mtkicebulebaTa xelaxali mopovebiT.140
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 116.
Jäger C, Beweiserhebungs- und Beweisverwertungsverbote als prozessuale Regelungsinstrumente im strafverfolgenden Rechtsstaat, “Goltdammer’s Archiv für Strafrecht“ (GA), 2008, 494.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 120.
iqve.
1988, Heft 9, 386.
iqve, 387.
273
Tumca, xSirad SeuZlebelia mtkicebulebaTa xelaxali mopoveba. amitom gaCnda sxva, axali gamosavlis Zebnis moTxovnileba kanonis darRvevis Sedegebis winaaRmdeg procesis
e.w. „imunizaciis“ mizniT.141 sagamoZiebo procesis hipoTeturi warmoeba warmoadgens am
e.w. „imunizaciis mcdelobis“ mniSvnelovan nawils.142 hipoTezebis SeqmniT xdeba Cadenili Secdomebis Sedegis SezRudvis mcdeloba.143 ismis kiTxva, dasaSvebia Tu ara „wminda
azrobrivi gadawyvetiT“ Secdomis kompensacia?144 miT ufro maSin, roca am azrobriv gadawyvetas ar aqvs erTiani kriteriumi.145
sagamoZiebo procesis hipoTeturi warmoeba ar aris procesSi Cadenili Secdomis
daZlevis mesame gza, romelic SeiZleba arsebobdes mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis gamoricxvis anda saproceso Secdomis e.w. gankurnebis gverdiT.146 is ufro win uswrebs SecdomaTa daZlevis dasaxelebul or SesaZleblobas.147 Tumca, pasuxi unda gaeces kiTxvas,
aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli sagamoZiebo procesis hipoTeturi warmoebis daSveba yvela SemTxvevaSi da gamonaklisis gareSe.
sagamoZiebo procesis hipoTeturi warmoebis daSveba SeiZleba kanondarRveviT mopovebuli mxolod SualobiTi mtkicebulebis sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan gamoricxvis
sakiTxis gadawyvetisas.148 mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis wesis darRveviT, miRebuli uSualo mtkicebulebisgan gansxvavebiT, SualobiT mtkicebulebas aqvs is maxasiaTebeli, rom
is mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis wesis darRvevamde ukve arsebobda.149 braldebulis wamebiT miRebuli aRiarebiTi Cveneba mxolod misi mopovebis wesis aseTi uxeSi darRveviT
Tu iqneboda miRebuli, Zaladobis gareSe igi bunebaSi ar iarsebebda.150 SualobiTi mtkicebulebebi ki, rogoricaa magaliTad, tyeSi napovni gvami, pirveladisgan gansxvavebiT,
mtkicebulebad mopovebis wesis darRvevamde arsebobda.151 ase rom, mxolod misi xelmisawvdomoba SeiZleba gamartivdes mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis wesis darRveviT. iegeris
azriT, es aris arsebiTi gansxvaveba uSualo da SualobiT mtkicebulebas Soris, romelic amarTlebs gansxvavebul midgomas da, aqedan gamomdinare, am gansxvavebas SeuZlia,
ufro gaamartivos hipoTezebis daSveba mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semdgomi
gavlenis problematikis dros.152
erT-erT mniSvnelovan moTxovnas sagamoZiebo procesis hipoTeturi warmoebisas
warmoadgens hipoTezis konkretuli gansazRvra.153 aRniSnuli saWiroa braldebulis
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
1988, Heft 9, 387.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
sagamoZiebo procesis hipoTetur warmoebis kritikasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Rogall K., Hypothetische Ermittlungsverläufe im Strafprozeß, “Neue Zeitschrift für Strafrecht“ (NStZ), 1988, Heft 9, 390.
iqve, 391.
iqve.
iqve, 495.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 121.
274
dacvis mizniT. ar aris sakmarisi imis varaudi, moyveba Tu ara zogadad process esa Tu is
Sedegi. mTavaria, konkretuli saqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare Sefasdes sagamoZiebo
msvleloba da misi mosalodneli Sedegi.154 amitom ukeTesia im hipoTezebis mxedvelobaSi miReba, romlebic gamoZiebis msvlelobis dros ganixileboda.155 ase rom, SualobiTi
mtkicebulebis mopoveba unda iyos ara SesaZlebeli, aramed ufro didi albaTobiT mosalodneli (höchstwahrscheinlich) .156
klaus rogali sagamoZiebo procesis hipoTeturi warmoebis Sefasebas oTxi samagaliTo SemTxvevis ganxilviT Seecada.157 wamebiT mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis sakiTxisTvis sainteresoa mxolod meoTxe magiliTi. kerZod, axalgazrda gogos
mkvlelobaSi braldebulma policiis mier wamebis Sedegad daasaxela gvamis adgilsamyofeli. aq sakiTxavia Semdegi: dasaSvebia Tu ara gvamis povnis Sedegad miRebuli mtkicebulebebi, roca ukve dawyebuli Zebnis safuZvelze gvami braldebulis dakiTxvidan
ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi isedac iqneboda napovni.158
rogalis azriT, mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semdgomi gavlenis SemTxvevebSi, anu rodesac sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan unda gamoiricxos SualobiTi mtkicebulebebi, sagamoZiebo procesis hipoTeturi warmoebis saWiroeba ufro didia, vidre sxva
garemoebebis dros.159 mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semdgomi gavlenis garkvevisas
arsebobs imis saSiSroeba, rom gamoZiebis dros daSvebulma Secdomam, romelic iwvevs
mopovebuli mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis akrZalvas, SeiZleba sisxlis samarTlis saqmis
Sewyveta, mTeli procesis paralizeba gamoiwvios.160 am problemis gadawyvetis germaniis
federaluri sasamarTlos mier damkvidrebuli xerxi, rac mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis
wesis Semdgomi gavlenis uaryofaSi gamoixateba, rogals ar miaCnia marTebulad.161 igi
Tvlis, rom sasurveli Sedegi miiRweva mxolod calkeul SemTxvevaTa SefasebiT.162 misi
azriT, swored aq unda iqnes gamoyenebuli sagamoZiebo procesis hipoTeturi warmoeba,
rogorc saimedo damxmare saSualeba.163
miuxedavad imisa, rom mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semdgomi gavlenis SemTxvevebSi efeqturi da saWiroa sagamoZiebo procesis hipoTeturi warmoebis daSveba,
samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba garkveul gamonaklisebs moiTxovs.164 sagamoZiebo
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
1988, Heft 9, 392.
iqve; Rogall K., Systematischer Kommentar zur Strafprozessordnung mit GVG und EMRK, 4. Auflage, Band
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 121.
1988, Heft 9, 392.
iqve, 385.
iqve, 386.
iqve, 392.
am riskze miuTiTebs germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos zemoT ukve xsenebuli praqtika. ix: BGHSt 34, 364, aseve BGHSt 32, 71.
1988, Heft 9, 392.
iqve.
iqve.
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 121.
275
procesSi hipoTeturi warmoebis gaTvaliswineba sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. is
ar SeiZleba SezRudvis gareSe iqnes daSvebuli da gamoyenebuli.165 rac ufro mZimea admianis uflebaTa darRveva, miT ufro mkacrad unda gadawydes mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis sakiTxi. Tu saqme exeba adamianis konstituciiT garantirebul ZiriTad uflebaTa
darRvevas, maSin sagamoZiebo procesSi hipoTeturi warmoebis gaTvaliswineba ar unda
iqnes daSvebuli.166 gamodis, rom wamebis SemTxvevaSi ar unda moxdes sagamoZiebo procesis hipoTeturi wamoebis Sedegis gaTvaliswineba.167
4.3.2.3. SemTxveviT aRmoCenil monacemTa gamoyenebis sakiTxi
sainteresoa, aseve, gamoZiebis dros kanondarRvevis safuZvelze SemTxveviT aRmoCenil monacemTa procesSi daSvebis sakiTxi (Zufallserkenntnisse).168 aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi saxeze gvaqvs garemoeba, roca mopovebuli mtkicebuleba 136a paragrafis me-3 abzacis meore winadadebis safuZvelze ar iqna daSvebuli da gamoricxul iqna sisxlis samarTlis
saqmidan. SesaZlebelia Tu ara aRniSnuli mtkicebulebidan miRebuli monacemebis, garemoebebis gamoyeneba sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyebis mizniT sxva danaSaulze imave braldebulis winaaRmdeg an, Tundac sxva danaSaulze sxva braldebulis winaaRmdeg.
aRniSnuls germanul literaturaSi moixsenieben mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis e.w.
„winaswar moqmed Zalad“ („Frühwirkung“ von Verwertungsverboten).169
klaus rogali am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTebs germaniis iuristTa dRisadmi
miZRvnil 67-e Sekrebis gadawyvetilebaze.170 aRniSnulis mixedviT mtkicebuleba, romelic gamoricxvis wess eqvemdebareba, magram Seicavs Sesabamis sakmaris garemoebebs, SesaZlebelia, gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc axali gamoZiebis dawyebis safuZveli.171
germaniis federalurma sasamarTlom jer kidev adreul gadawyvetilebebSi172 uaryo mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semdgomi gavlena gamoZiebis dros SemTxveviT aRmoCenil monacemebze.173 sasamarTlom dasabuTebisas argumentad isev sisxlis samarTlis
procesis „paralizebis“ dauSvebloba moiyvana da daurTo, rom aRniSnuli, Tavis mxriv,
ewinaaRmdegeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis efeqtur ganxorcielebas.174
kristian iegers gamoZiebis dros SemTxveviT aRmoCenil monacemTa Sesaxeb Semdegi magaliTi mohyavs: braldebuli policiaSi awames, raTa mas gamoZiebisTvis eTqva, sad
damala gvami. wamebis Sedegad miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze policia miTiTebul
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 121.
iqve, Rn. 123.
ix.: Rogall K., Hypothetische Ermittlungsverläufe im Strafprozeß, “Neue Zeitschrift für Strafrecht“ (NStZ),
1988, Heft 9, 392; Rogall K., Systematischer Kommentar zur Strafprozessordnung mit GVG und EMRK, 4.
Auflage, Band II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 125.
ix.: BGH NStZ 2006, 402; OLG Hamburg NJW 1973, 157.
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn.114.
iqve.
iqve.
ix.: BGHSt 34, 364ff.; BGH StV 1995, 283 (286); BGH NStZ 1998, 426 (427).
ix. BGH NStZ 2006, 402.
iqve.
276
adgilze Cxrekas awarmoebda, roca danaSaulis Tanaamsrulebelma gadawyvita, kidev erTxel moenaxulebina danaSaulis Cadenis adgili. ase, SemTxveviT misuli Tanaamsrulebeli adgilze iqna dakavebuli.175 am SemTxvevaSi mtkicebulebis mopoveba iseT garemoebebzea damokidebuli, romelsac sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis organo ver marTavs.176
kanondarRveviT mopovebul uSualo mtkicebulebasa da misgan gamomdinare SualobiT
mtkicebulebas Soris kavSiri gawyvetilia. aq saqme gvaqvs ara „mowamlul xis nayofTan“,
aramed ufro „mezobel xis nayofTan“.177 orive xis fesvebi ki erTmaneTTan SemTxveviT
arian dakavSirebulni.178
4.3.3. Sualeduri midgoma
sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis Semdgom gavlenasTan dakavSirebiT Camoyalibda Sualeduri Sexeduleba, romelmac uaryo, erTi
mxriv, akrZaluli meTodiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis sisxlis samarTlis procesSi
dasaSveboba generalurad, meore mxriv ki, aseTi mtkicebulebis zogadad gamoricxva da
misi procesSi ardaSveba. Sualeduri Sexeduleba mxars uWers sakiTxis gadawyvetas yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevis individualuri SefasebiT (Einzelfallabwügung).179 am moZRvrebis mixedviT, mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesi warmoadgens adamianis individualur
uflebaTa dacvis instruments. es wesi gamoiyeneba maSin, roca individualuri interesi aRemateba sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis interess.180 sisxlis samarTlis saproceso
normis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi unda moxdes Tu ara mtkicebulebis gamoricxva sisxlis
samarTlis saqmidan, SefasebiTia.181 igi unda gadawydes saxelmwifos mxridan konkretul saqmeze sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis interesidan, normis darRvevis simZimis, aseve, darRveuli interesis mniSvnelobisa da misi dacvis saWiroebidan gamomdinare.182 am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT literaturaSi bevri midgoma Camoyalibda. zogierTi avtori
interesTa koliziaSi upiratesobas saxelmwifo, sajaro interess, e.w. sistemis dacvas
(Systemschutz) aniWebs.183
germaniis federaluri sasamarTlo mis gadawyvetilebebSi mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis ganxilvisas miuTiTebs am sakiTxis SefasebiT, normatiul bunebaze da yu175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
ix.: Rogall K., „Abwägungen“ im Recht der Beweisverbote, Festschrift für Ernst-Walter Hanack zum 70.
Geburtstag, 1999, 293 ff.; Jäger C, Beweiserhebungs- und Beweisverwertungsverbote als prozessuale Regelungsinstrumente im strafverfolgenden Rechtsstaat, “Goltdammer’s Archiv für Strafrecht“ (GA), 2008, 494;
Eisenberg U., Beweisrecht der StPO, Spezialkommentar, 8. Auflage, München, 2013, Rn. 408.
1988, Heft 9, 391.
iqve.
iqve.
ix.: Popp A., Verfahrenstheoretische Grundlagen der Fehlerkorrektur im Strafverfahren, Berlin, 2005, 373;
Rogall K., Beweiserhebungs- und Beweisverwertungsverbote im Spanungsfeld zwischen den Garantien des
Rechtsstaates und der effektiven Bekämpfung von Kriminalität und Terrorismus, “Juristenzeitung“ (JZ),
17/2008, 820, 825.
277
radRebas amaxvilebs or ZiriTad kriteriumze: procesSi kanondarRvevis simZimesa da
dazaralebulis samarTlebrivad daculi sferos mniSvnelobaze.184 germaniis federaluri sasamarTlo SeniSnavs, rom Tu, erTi mxriv, dauSvebelia saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgena yvelafris fasad, meore mxriv, mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesi abrkolebs, arTulebs imis SesaZleblobas, rom sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze moxdes WeSmaritebis dadgena.
es ukanaskneli ki, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifosaTvis samarTlebrivad savaldebuloa.185
avtorTa nawili miiCnevs, rom zemoT ganxiluli principebis da Teoriebis gamoyenebisas upiratesoba unda mieniWos mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semdgom gavlenas,
e.i. sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan unda gamoiricxos kanondarRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze miRebuli SualobiTi mtkicebuleba, roca saqme exeba 136a paragrafis pirveli da meore abzaciT gaTvaliswinebul uflebaTa uxeS darRvevas,186 kerZod, wamebas. rogorc oto miuTiTebs, aRniSnuli Seesabameba kanonis istoriul nebas.187 wamebiT
mopovebuli informacia ar unda iqnes daSvebuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze.
frankfurtis miwis sasamarTlom daSneris saqmis SemTxvevaSi (romelic exeboda
wamebis muqaras) mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semdgomi gavlena principulad ar
gamoricxa.188 amiT man mxari dauWira aq warmodgenil Sualedur Sexedulebas.189 frankfurtis miwis sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi daadgina, rom Tanazomieri ar iqneba braldebulis Cvenebis safuZvelze miRebuli mtkicebulebebis (am SemTxvevaSi bavSvis napovni gvami da gvamis eqshumaciis Sedegebi) dauSveblad cnoba.190 aRniSnuli Sedegi
sasamarTlom miiRo, erTi mxriv, braldebulis uflebaTa darRvevis simZimisa da, meore
mxriv, Cadenili qmedebis simZimis Tanafardobis safuZvelze.191 roqsini swored am Tanafardobis meTodis gamoyenebas miiCnevs saeWvod da Tvlis, rom roca saqme exeba adamianis Rirsebis Selaxvas, samarTlebriv sikeTeTa awon-dawonva unda gamoiricxos.192 roqsinis azriT, swori iqneboda, Tu sasamarTlo mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semdgom
gavlenas, e.i. kanondarRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze miRebuli SualobiTi mtkicebulebis gamorixcvas sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan, generalurad daeTanxmeboda.193 ludersenic eTanxmeba roqsins da miuTiTebs, rom mas ar unda imis damalva, rom
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 112.
ix.: BGHSt 38, 219 ff.; BGHSt 38, 373 ff.; BGHSt 44, 243 (249); BGHSt 51, 285, 289 ff.; BGHSt 53, 112,
116.
ix.: Rogall, K., Gegenwärtiger Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen der Lehre von den strafprozessualen Beweisverboten, “Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft“ (ZStW), 1979, 1; Jäger C, Beweiserhebungs- und Beweisverwertungsverbote als prozessuale Regelungsinstrumente im strafverfolgenden Rechtsstaat, “Goltdammer’s Archiv für Strafrecht“ (GA), 2008, 493 ff.
ix. Otto H., Grenzen und Tragweite der Beweisverbote im Strafverfahren, “Goltdammer’s Archiv für
Strafrecht“ (GA), 1970, 294.
ix. LG Frankfurt “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 2003, 327.
iqve; Weigend T., Anmerkung zu LG Frankfurt/M., Beschl. V. 9.4.2003 – 5/22 Ks 3490 Js 230118/02,“Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 8/2003, 436.
ix. LG Frankfurt “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 2003, 327.
iqve.
ix. Roxin C., Kann staatliche Folter in Ausnahmefällen zulässig oder wenigstens straflos sein? Festschrift für
Albin Eser zum 70. Geburtstag, München, 2005, 471.
iqve.
278
igi mxars uWers mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semdgomi gavlenis absoluturobas
(absoluten Fernwirkung).194
klaus roqsini Tvlis, rom Tu gamoiricxeba braldebulis akrZaluli meTodiT
dakiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli mtkicebuleba, magram moxdeba aseTi dakiTxvis Sedegad napovni gvamis braldebulisTvis danaSaulis damtkicebis mizniT gamoyeneba, maSin saxeze
gveqneba 136a paragrafis darRveva, radgan am gziT, faqtobrivad, moxdeba dauSvebeli
mtkicebulebis (Cvenebis) iribad gamoyeneba sisxlis samarTlis procesSi.195
sainteresoa, rom gefgenis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi
strasburgis adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom imsjela mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis Semdgom gavlenasTan dakavSirebiT. man aRniSnul sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze
SualobiTi mtkicebulebebis dasaSveboba braldebulis aRiarebiTi Cvenebis gadamowmebis mizniT ar gamoricxa.196 sasamarTlom daadgina, rom wamebiT mopovebuli SualobiTi
mtkicebulebis dasaSveboba, rogorc wesi, arRvevs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxliT garantirebul samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas, Tuki gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni an sasjeli mizezobriv kavSirSia am mtkicebulebasTan.197 Tumca, kanondarRveviT mopovebuli SualobiTi mtkicebulebis dasaSveboba yovelTvis ar aris gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis dadgomis aucilebeli piroba; magaliTad, maSin, roca sasamarTlo
gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis damafuZnebeli aRiarebiTi Cvenebis gadamowmebis mizniT sxva
mtkicebulebebTan erTad, aseve, iyenebs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3
muxlis darRveviT mopovebul SualobiT mtkicebulebas.198
mtkicebulebis gamoricxvis Semdgomi gavlenis Sesaxeb ganxiluli sakiTxebi rom
Sejamdes, saxeze iqneba Semdegi situacia: marTalia, sisxlis samarTalSi mtkicebiTi
procesis ganxorcielebisas mkacrad unda iyos daculi samarTlebrivi regulirebis
farglebi, ar unda iqnes daSvebuli kanondarRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba, Tumca,
aRniSnuli zogierT SemTxvevaSi, roca saqme exeba SualobiTi mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobas, SesaZlebelia, ar iyos Tanazomieri. mtkicebiTi procesis mkacri formalizebidan
gamonaklisebis daSveba, rogorc ganxilulidan gairkva, SesaZlebeli gaxda Tanamedrove
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi. Tumca, SualobiTi mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxi,
Camoyalibebuli Teoriebisa da gamonaklisebis miuxedavad, dRemde sakamaTod rCeba.
problemis racionaluri gadawyveta yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevis individualuri SefasebiT ufroa SesaZlebeli. magram wamebis SemTxvevaSi mis Sedegad miRebuli SualobiTi mtkicebuleba dauSveblad unda iqnes cnobili. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rogorc wame194
195
196
197
198
ix. Lüderssen K., Die Folter bleibt tabu – Kein Paradigmenwechsel ist geboten, Festschrift für Hans-Joachim
Rudolphi zum 70. Geburtstag, Neuwied, 2004, 709.
ix.: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos didi palatis gadawyvetileba gefgeni
germaniis winaaRmdeg (Gäfgen v. Germany), 22978/05, 2010 wlis 1 ivnisi; Jähnke B., Unverfügbares
im rechtsstaatlichen Strafprozess und die Rolle des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte, sisxlis
samarTlis mecniereba erTiani evropuli ganviTarebis procesSi, merab turava (red.),
Tb., 2013, 487.
ix. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos didi palatis gadawyvetileba gefgeni
germaniis winaaRmdeg (Gäfgen v. Germany), 22978/05, 2010 wlis 1 ivnisi.
iqve.
279
biT miRebuli aRiarebiTi Cveneba – `mowamluli xe~, aseve wamebiT miRebuli informaciis
safuZvelze mopovebuli sxva mtkicebuleba – `mowamluli xis nayofi~ unda gamoiricxos
sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan.
4.4. wamebiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis gamoricxvis
gangrZobadi gavlena
gefgenis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT frankfurtis miwis sasamarTlom 2003 wlis 9 aprils miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi imsjela mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesze braldebulisTvis Sesabamisi kvalificiuri ganmartebis ararsebobis gamo.199 am gadawyvetilebis
mixedviT, radgan braldebulis winaaRmdeg misi pirveli dakiTxvis dros gamoyenebul iqna wamebis meTodi, misi Semdgomi, kanonierad warmoebuli dakiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli
monacemebi unda daeqvemdebaros gamoricxvis wess, Tu braldebuls cxadad da garkveviT
ar ganemarta, rom wina dakiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan gamoiricxeba (e.w. `kvalificiuri~ ganmarteba).200
miwis sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTebs braldebul gefgenis Canawerze, romlis mixedviTac, es ukanaskneli aRniSnavs, rom mis mimarT wamebis meTodi gamoyenebul iqna 2002 wlis 1 oqtombers. SemdgomSi dakiTxvis dros masze aRar ganxorcielebula wamebis muqara. man danaSaulis Sesaxeb gamoZiebas Cveneba misca, radgan Tvlida,
rom igi amas saWiroebda.201
sainteresoa, moqmedebs Tu ara wamebiT miRebuli Cvenebis gamoyenebis akrZalvis
wesi SemdgomSi warmoebuli dakiTxvis Sedegad miRebul monacemebze,202 anu 136a paragrafis darRveviT miRebuli mtkicebulebebis gamoricxvas aqvs Tu ara gangrZobadi xasiaTi
(Fortwirkung von Beweisverwertungsverbot).
germanul literaturasa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, ZiriTadad, moqmedebs wesi,
rom Tu braldebulma pirveli dakiTxvis dros gamoyenebuli akrZaluli meTodis zegavlenis qveS misca momdevno Cveneba, is, aseve, unda daeqvemdebaros mticebulebaTa gamoricxvis wess, Tuki am momdevno Cvenebis Sedegad informaciis miRebaze kanonsawinaaRmdego meTodi jer kidev axdens gavlenas.203 am wesis gangrZobadi gavlena TavisTavad
199
200
201
202
203
ix. LG Frankfurt/M., Beschl. V. 9.4.2003, “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 6/2003, 325-327.
es termini ukavSirdeba cnobili germaneli profesoris bernd Sunemanis saxels, ix.
Schünemann B., Die Belehrungspflichten der §§243 IV, 136 n.F.StPO und der BGH, “Monatsschrift für
Deutsches Recht“ (MDR), 2/1969, 101-102.
ix. LG Frankfurt/M., Beschl. V. 9.4.2003, “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 6/2003, 326.
ix.: Rogall K., Systematischer Kommentar zur Strafprozessordnung mit GVG und EMRK, 4. Auflage, Band
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 103; Roxin C., Schünemann B., Strafverfahrensrecht, 27. Auflage, München, 2012,
§24, Rn. 61; Eisenberg U., Beweisrecht der StPO, Spezialkommentar, 8. Auflage, München, 2013, Rn. 711;
Gleß S. in Löwe-Rosenberg, Die Strafprozeßordnung und das Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz, 26. Auflage, Berlin,
2007, §136a, Rn. 74; Meyer-Goßner L., Strafprozessordnung, 55. Auflage, München, 2012, §136a, Rn. 30.
ix. LG Frankfurt/M., Beschl. V. 9.4.2003, “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 6/2003, 326; magaliTad, klaus rogalis Tanaxmad, Tavad es fenomeni – mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis gangrZobadi wesi
imas niSnavs, rom mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesi im yvela sxva Cvenebaze vrceldeba,
romelzec gavlena moaxdina dakiTxvis akrZalulma meTodma. ix. Rogall K., SK-StPO, 2010,
§136a, 1381, Fn. 604.
280
mocemuli ar aris, igi dadasturebul unda iqnes.204 mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis gangrZobadi gavlena advilad dasturdeba Tu, magaliTad, akrZaluli meTodiT dakiTxvis
Semdeg drois mokle monakveTSi ganxorcielda braldebulis xelmeore dakiTxva.205 am wesis gangrZobadi xasiaTis dadgenisTvis mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli braldebulis
nebis Tavisuflebis xelyofis simZime.206
magaliTad, unda vivaraudoT, rom dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodi isev axdens gavlenas braldebulze, roca igi mogvianebiT warmoebuli dakiTxvis dros damoukideblad ar
iZleva Cvenebas, aramed mxolod adasturebs anda imeorebs wina CvenebaSi arsebul monacemebs.207 miwis sasamarTlo mis gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTebs, rom pirveli dakiTxvis dros
daSvebuli Secdomis `gankurneba~ SesaZlebelia, Tu braldebulma icis imis Sesaxeb, rom
igi mogvianebiT warmoebuli dakiTxvis dros Tavisufalia da araa dakavSirebuli pirveli dakiTxvis dros micemul CvenebasTan.208 Tomas vaigendi akritikebs kanondarRveviT
warmoebuli dakiTxvis dros daSvebuli Secdomis `gankurnebis~ SesaZleblobas.209 avtori miuTiTebs, rom aRniSnuli kanondarRveva ukve arsebobs da misi `gankurneba~ SeuZlebelia, swored amis gamo rCeba dakiTxvis Sedegi dauSveblad sisxlis samarTlis procesSi. mniSvnelovania, rom SemdgomSi warmoebuli dakiTxva iyos kanonis farglebSi warmoebuli.210
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi daSvebuli Secdomis gamosworebas mxolod maSin eqneba adgili, Tuki braldebuli kanondarRvevis gareSe warmoebuli xelmeore dakiTxvis
dros gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavisuflebas de faqto flobs.211 braldebulisTvis am
Tavisuflebis uzrunvelsayofad, aseve imisTvis, rom ar mieces mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvas gangrZobadi saxe, ar gavrceldes igi SemdgomSi warmoebuli dakiTxvis Sedegeb204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 103; Eisenberg U., Beweisrecht der StPO, Spezialkommentar, 8. Auflage, München, 2013, Rn. 711.
gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT noihauss. misi azriT, adre
da Semdgom warmoebul dakiTxvas Soris drois ra monakveTia gasuli, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar unda mieniWos mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis gangrZobadi wesis moqmedebisTvis. drois gasvlam SeiZleba ufro gaamyaros braldebulis mcdari azri, rom misi
wina dakiTxvis Sedegis anulireba SeuZlebelia. miT ufro maSin, roca braldebuli Sesabamis samarTlebriv rCevas ar miiRebs. ase rom, noihausis mixedviT, es kriteriumi –
adre da Semdgom warmoebul dakiTxvas Soris gasuli drois monakveTi, rogorc wesi,
gamousadegaria kanondarRveviT warmoebuli dakiTxvis gangrZobadi gavlenis dadgenisTvis. ix. Neuhaus R., Zur Notwendigkeit der qualifizierten Beschuldigtenbelehrung, “Neue Zeitschrift
für Strafrecht“ (NStZ) 1997, 314.
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 103.
ix.: LG Frankfurt/M., Beschl. V. 9.4.2003, “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 6/2003, 326; Rogall K., Systematischer
Kommentar zur Strafprozessordnung mit GVG und EMRK, 4. Auflage, Band II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 103.
ix. Weigend T., Anmerkung zu LG Frankfurt/M., Beschl. V. 9.4.2003 – 5/22 Ks 3490 Js 230118/02,“Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 8/2003, 438.
iqve.
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 104.
281
ze,212 saWiroa braldebuls ganemartos, rom akrZaluli meTodiT warmoebuli dakiTxvis
Sedegi gamoiricxeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan.213
miwis sasamarTlo garkveviT miuTiTebs imaze, rom momdevno dakiTxvis Sedegi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze mxolod maSin unda iqnes daSvebuli, Tu braldebuls `kvalificiuri~ ganmarteba mieca wina dakiTxvis SedegebTan dakavSirebiT.214 braldebulisTvis
cxadi unda gaxdes, rom is Cvenebas aZlevs ise, rom ar aris dakavSirebuli mis wina Cvenebis monacemebTan. braldebuli mis gadawyvetilebas, misces Cveneba anda gamoiyenos
dumilis ufleba, garemoebebisgan absoluturad damoukideblad da axlidan unda Rebulobdes.215sasamarTlos aseT midgomas Zalian progresuls da misasalmebels uwodebs
Tomas vaigendi.216 samarTalwarmoebis organoTa mxridan braldebulisTvis `kvalificiuri~ ganmartebis moTxovnas ar hqonia adgili sasamarTlos mier 2003 wlamde arsebul
gadawyvetilebebSi. magaliTad, germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos 1988 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSnulia, rom mticebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesi vrceldeba mxolod iseTi
dakiTxvis Sedegebze, romlis drosac adgili qonda 136a paragrafiT gaTvaliswinebul
romelime akrZalul meTods.217 braldebulis mier SemdgomSi micemuli Cvenebis Sedegi
ki, romelic Tavisufalia dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodis gamoyenebisgan, unda iqnes saqmeze `srulad daSvebuli~.218
gefgenis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom braldebuls `kvalificiurad~
ar ganemarta saqmidan wina Cvenebis Sedegebis gamoricxvis Sesaxeb, rom msgavsi ganmarteba ar aris oqmSi Setanili.219 Tumca, arsebobs mosazreba, rom savaldebulo ar aris oqmSi
Canaweris arseboba, rom sakmarisia, Tuki sxva garemoebebis mixedviT calsaxad dgindeba
is, rom braldebuli acnobierebs misi arCevanis uflebas, misces Cveneba an gamoiyenos
dumilis ufleba.220 braldebul gefgenis sityvebi, `gamoZiebas informacia miveci, radgan es CemTvis saWiro iyo~221, sxvadasxva interpretaciis saSualebas iZleva da calsaxad
ar adasturebs braldebulis codnas misi mxridan Tavisufali arCevanis SesaZleblobis
Sesaxeb.222
miwis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis gangrZobadi wesi, radgan braldebuls ar mieca kvalificiuri ganmarteba imis
Sesaxeb, rom wamebiT micemuli Cveneba gamoiricxeba saqmidan da rom misi moqmedeba anulirebulia.223 Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi, braldebulisTvis micemuli ganmarteba wina da212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
II, Köln, 2010, §136a, Rn. 104; Roxin C., Schünemann B., Strafverfahrensrecht, 27. Auflage, München, 2012,
§24, Rn. 61.
iqve.
ix. Weigend T., Anmerkung zu LG Frankfurt/M., Beschl. V. 9.4.2003 – 5/22 Ks 3490 Js 230118/02, “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 8/2003, 438.
ix. BGH StV 1988, 369 = BGH NStZ 1988, 419.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve, 327.
282
kiTxvis monacemebis anulirebasTan, maTi sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan gamoricxvasTan
dakavSirebiT, rac aseve aisaxa oqmSi, Tavad braldebulisTvis aris TiTqmis warmoudgeneli; igi aseT SesaZleblobas naklebad uSvebs.224
vaigendi aRniSnavs, rom mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis gangrZobadi gavlenis SemTxvevebSi, pirvel rigSi, mniSvnelovania ara is, rom braldebuli didi albaTobiT imyofeba pirveli dakiTxvis dros masze ganxorcielebuli fizikuri Tu fsiqikuri Zaladobis gavlenis qveS, aramed is, rom braldebulis gadawyvetileba, xelmeored misces gamoZiebas aRiarebiTi Cveneba, ar aris Tavisufali.225 braldebuli am SemTxvevaSi Tvlis, rom
misi dumili uSedego da umizno iqneba. braldebuli, romelic fiqrobs, rom pirvelad
mis mier micemuli CvenebiT yvelaferi damTavrebulia, Semdgomi dakiTxvis win ganmartebas misi dumilis uflebis Sesaxeb aRiqvams procesis mxolod formalur momentad.226 ra
sargeblobas moutans axla mas dumili? ase rom, gamoZiebam yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswinos aRniSnuli garemoebebi da mxedvelobaSi unda iqonios, rom braldebuli, rogorc
wesi, mcdarad fiqrobs, rom mis mier adre dakiTxvis akrZaluli meTodis safuZvelze
micemuli Cveneba iribad mainc gamoyenebuli iqneba mis winaaRmdeg.227 am sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT vaigendi dadebiTad afasebes miwis sasamarTlos 2003 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi
Camoyalibebul moTxovnas, rom jer erTi, swored saxelmwifos unda daekisros, uzrunvelyos braldebulisTvis Semdgomi dakiTxvis dros gadawyvetilebis damoukideblad
miRebis SesaZlebloba, meorec, ar kmara dakiTxvis win braldebulisTvis misi uflebebis
Sesaxeb `kvalificiuri ganmartebis~ micema da aRniSnulis oqmSi dafiqsireba.228 mTavaria, samarTaldamcavma organom daadginos, rom braldebuls Segnebuli aqvs misi mxridan arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba, misces Tu ara gamoZiebas Cveneba.229
mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesTan dakavSirebiT, roca dakiTxvis dawyebamde ar
momxdara braldebulisTvis `kvalificiuri ganmartebis~ micema, germaniis federaluri
sasamarTlos meoTxe senatma 2008 wels mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba miiRo.230 aRniSnuli ganaCenis mixedviT, ramdenime mniSvnelvani sakiTxi gamoikveTa, kerZod:
1. braldebuls unda ganemartos dakiTxvis dawyebamde, rom pirveli dakiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi ar iqneba daSvebuli sisxlis samarTlis procesSi (e.w. `kvalificiuri ganmarteba~);
2. Tu aseT ganmartebas ar eqneba adgili, dakiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis
gamoyeneba SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros Sefasebas;
3. procesSi daSvebuli darRvevis da saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgenis interesTa Sefardebis miuxedavad, mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas mniSvnelovania, dadgindes, Tvlis Tu ara braldebuli Tavs wina dakiTxvis SedegebTan isev dakavSirebulad.231
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
ix. Weigend T., Anmerkung zu LG Frankfurt/M., Beschl. V. 9.4.2003 – 5/22 Ks 3490 Js 230118/02, “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 8/2003, 438.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve, 439.
iqve.
ix. BGH NJW 2009, 1427; NStZ 2009, 281.
iqve.
283
am ganaCeniT germaniis federalurma sasamarTlom, misi adreuli praqtikisgan232
gansxvavebiT, xazgasmiT miuTiTa im garemoebaze, rom savaldebuloa, braldebuls zedmiwevniT ganemartos, rom wina dakiTxvis Sedegebi ar iqneba saqmeze daSvebuli da rom
mxolod sssk 136 paragrafis mixedviT gakeTebuli ganmarteba ar kmara.233 aseTi ganmartebis savaldebuloba dakavSirebulia sisxlis samarTlis procesSi erT-erT yvelaze
mniSvnelovan braldebulis TviTinkriminaciisgan dacvis privilegiasTan (nemo tenetur se
ipsum accusare).234 ar icis ra braldebulma wina dakiTxvis Sedegebis saqmidan gamoricxvis
Sesaxeb, Semdgomi dakiTxvis dros SesaZloa, xeli SeeSalos imas, rom braldebulma gamoiyenos dumilis ufleba.235 igi TiTqos valdebuli xdeba, misces Cveneba sakuTari interesis winaaRmdeg.236
rac Seexeba samarTlebriv Sedegs, literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis mixedviT, `kvalificiuri ganmartebis~ ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi miRebuli monacemebi unda daeqvemdebaros mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis generalur wess.237 am SemTxvevaSi germaniis
federaluri sasamarTlo aseTi poziciisgan Tavs ikavebs da sakiTxs yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevis Sesabamisad afasebs.238 Tumca, aRniSnuli metad sakamaToa. roqsinis azriT,
sakiTxis konkretul SemTxvevaSi awon-dawonvis mixedviT gadawyveta dasaSvebi SeiZleba iyos, roca saqme exeba sisxlis samarTlis procesis umniSvnelo darRvevas.239 magram
maSin, roca saxezea braldebulis iseTi mniSvnelovani uflebis darRveva, rogoricaa
dumilis ufleba, romelic samarTliani sasamarTlos qvakuTxedia, saqmeze mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba unda gamoiricxos.240 sisxlis samarTlis procesis aseTi centraluri
principis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis sakiTxi yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevis SefasebiT gadawydes.241 Sedegs ar unda cvlides is garemoeba,
rom SesaZloa pirs, romelic awarmoebda dakiTxvas, daaviwyda braldebulisTvis ganmartebis micema, anda ar icoda aRniSnuli valdebulebis Sesaxeb.242
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
ix. BGHSt 47, 172 (175); BGHSt 22, 129 (134), am ukanaskneli gadawyvetilebis mixedviT e.w.
`kvalificiuri ganmarteba~ ar aris savaldebulo da 136 paragrafis darRveva ar iwvevda aucilebeli wesiT mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvas.
ix. Kasiske P., Entscheidungsanmerkung, Beweisverwertungsverbot bei Unterbleiben einer „qualifizierten“
Belehrung, “Zeitschrift für Internationale Strafrechtsdogmatik“ (ZIS), 6/2009, 319, <www.zis-online.com>,
[8.07.2014].
iqve, 323.
iqve, 321.
iqve.
ix.: Neuhaus R., Zur Notwendigkeit der qualifizierten Beschuldigtenbelehrung, “Neue Zeitschrift für
Strafrecht“ (NStZ), 1997, 312; Roxin C., Beschuldigtenstatus und qualifizierte Belehrung, “Juristische Rundschau“ (JR), 2008, 16, 18.
ix. BGH NJW 2009, 1427.
ix. Roxin C., Für ein Beweisverwertungsverbot bei unterlassener qualifizierter Belehrung, HRRS, 5/2009,
187, <www.hrr-strafrecht.de>, [8.07.2014].
iqve.
Kasiske P., Entscheidungsanmerkung, Beweisverwertungsverbot bei Unterbleiben einer „qualifizierten“
Belehrung, “Zeitschrift für Internationale Strafrechtsdogmatik“ (ZIS), 6/2009, 323, <www.zis-online.com>,
[8.07.2014].
Roxin C., Für ein Beweisverwertungsverbot bei unterlassener qualifizierter Belehrung, HRRS, 5/2009, 187,
<www.hrr-strafrecht.de>, [8.07.2014].
284
ra xdeba maSin, rodesac braldebulisTvis dakiTxvis win uflebebi ar ganumartavT, Tumca, dadgenilia, rom braldebulma icoda dumilis uflebis Sesaxeb. germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos praqtika aseT SemTxvevaSi braldebulis Cvenebas dasaSveb
mtkicebulebad miiCnevs.243
gefgenis saqmeze frankfurtis miwis sasamarTlom ki gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna,
rom braldebulis profesiul kvalifikaciaze miTiTeba ver Secvlis kvalificiuri ganmartebis valdebulebas gamoZiebis mxridan.244
mtkicebulebis gamoricxvis gangrZobadi gavlenis Sesaxeb daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba
iTqvas Semdegi: gamoZiebis interesidan gamomdinare, misaRebia samarTaldamcavi organos mcdeloba, gamoasworos procesSi daSvebuli Secdoma da uzrunvelyos sagamoZiebo
RonisZiebis kanonieri warmoeba. braldebulis wamebiT dakiTxvis Semdeg, Tuki kanonis
farglebSi moxdeba misi xelmeore dakiTxva, SesaZlebelia, rom am bolo dakiTxvis Sedegad miRebul Cvenebaze ar gavrceldes mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesi. aRniSnuli
Cvenebis dasaSvebobisTvis saWiroa, dadasturdes dakiTxvis dros braldebulis nebis
Tavisufleba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dairRveva sisxlis samarTlis procesis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi principi, kerZod, braldebulis TviTinkriminaciisgan dacvis privilegia.
5. Sejameba
naSromis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli kvlevis Sedegad irkveva, rom sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze mtkicebulebaTa dauSveblad cnoba mkacrad gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi
unda moxdes. Tu belingis Tanaxmad, kanondarRveviT mopovebul mkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba yvela SemTxvevaSi unda gamoiricxos,245 germanel Tanamedrove mecnierTa didi nawili Tvlis, rom mtkicebulebaTa sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan gamoricxvis sakiTxis ganxilvisas gadamwyveti unda iyos braldebulis interesi. kerZod, kanondarRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba SesaZloa, ar daeqvemdebaros mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wess,
Tuki is Seicavs braldebulisTvis sasargeblo informacias.246
qarTul sisxlis samarTlis procesSi mtkicebulebaTa dauSveblad cnobisTvis
mTavari kriteriumi swored braldebulis samarTlebivi mdgomareobis, misi interesebis
gaTvaliswinebaa. naSromSi ganxiluli „miulenTaixis Teoriis“ mTavari arsi, rom mtkicebulebaTa dauSveblad cnobas ar unda mohyves braldebulis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis damZimeba, Seesabameba saqarTvelos sssk-is 72-e muxlis Sinaarss. am muxlis pirveli
nawilis Tanaxmad, saproceso kodeqsis àrsebiTi darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba
da amgvari mtkicebulebis safuZvelze kanonierad mopovebuli sxva mtkicebuleba, Tu is
auaresebs braldebulis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, dauSvebelia da iuridiuli Zala
ar gaaCnia~.
243
244
245
246
BGHSt 38, 214; BGHSt 47, 172; Kasiske P., Entscheidungsanmerkung, Beweisverwertungsverbot bei Unterbleiben einer „qualifizierten“ Belehrung, “Zeitschrift für Internationale Strafrechtsdogmatik“ (ZIS), 6/2009,
322-323, <www.zis-online.com>, [8.07.2014].
LG Frankfurt/M., Beschl. V. 9.4.2003, “Strafverteidiger“ (StV), 6/2003, 327.
Beling E., Die Beweisverbote als Grenzen der Wahrheitserforschung im Strafprozeß, Darmstadt, 1968, 30.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ix. qveTavi, 4.2.
285
kanondarRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT naSromis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli analizis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom, germanel
mecnierTa umravlesobis mixedviT, mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis dros daSvebuli yvela
Secdoma TavisTavad ar iwvevs sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan maT gamoricxvas. germanul
Tanamedrove marTlmsajulebaSi dominirebs konkretuli SemTxvevis individualuri Sefasebis Teoria. sakiTxi unda gadawydes saxelmwifos mxridan konkretul saqmeze sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis interesidan, normis darRvevis simZimis, aseve, darRveuli
interesis mniSvnelobisa da misi dacvis saWiroebidan gamomdinare. germaniis federaluri sasamarTlo aqcents akeTebs or ZiriTad kriteriumze: procesSi kanondarRvevis
simZimesa da samarTlebrivad daculi sferos mniSvnelobaze.247
konkretuli SemTxvevis individualur Sefasebas ar eqvemdebareba wamebis Sedegad
mopovebuli mtkicebulebis dasaSveboba. am SemTxvevaSi miuRebelia mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesidan raime saxis gamonaklisis daSveba. aRniSnuli ar unda moxdes maSinac
ki, roca wamebiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis dasaSvebad cnoba braldebulis interesSi Sedis. germanul sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi gavrcelebuli poziciis Tanaxmad, wameba, rogorc mtkicebulebis mopovebis meTodi, Tavis mxriv, ukve warmoadgens
braldebulis uflebaTa iseT uxeS darRvevas, rom misi gamoyeneba usamarTlos gaxdis
sisxlis samarTlis mTel process.248 rac Seexeba qarTuli sisxlis saproceso kanonmdeblobis midgomas, wameba aucileblad unda Sefasdes, saqarvelos sssk-is 72-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi mocemul saproceso kodeqsis arsebiT darRvevad da mis safuZvelze miRebuli mtkicebuleba daeqvemdebaros gamoricxvas.
kanondarRvevis safuZvelze kanonierad mopovebuli SualobiTi mtkicebulebis
dasaSvebobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli sssk-gan gansxvavebiT, germanul kanonmdeblobaSi is araa gansazRvruli. aRniSnuli sakiTxi SefasebiTia.
Tumca, wamebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wamebiT miRebuli aRiarebiTi Cveneba – `mowamluli
xe~, aseve, wamebiT miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze mopovebuli sxva mtkicebuleba –
`mowamluli xis nayofi~ unda gamoiricxos sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan. rogorc klaus
roqsini aRniSnavs, roca saqme exeba adamianis Rirsebis Selaxvas, samarTlebriv sikeTeTa
awon-dawonva unda gamoiricxos.249
mtkicebiTi procesi, misi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, mkacrad gansazRvrul samarTlebriv regulacias unda eqvemdebarebodes. Tumca, qarTul sssk-is 72-e muxlSi mocemulma e.w. `mowamluli xis nayofis~ doqtrinis formulirebam, SesaZloa, praqtikaSi
garkveuli problemebi Seqmnas. aRniSnuls adgili eqneba maSin, rodesac kanondarRveviT
mopovebuli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze miRebuli SualobiTi mtkicebulebis dauSveblad cnoba zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaumarTlebeli iyos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT (aq ar igulisxmeba wamebiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze miRebuli SualobiTi mtkicebuleba).
sainteresoa kvlevaSi ganxiluli germaniis sasamarTlo praqtikis gamocdileba da
germanul mecnierebaSi Camoyalibebuli midgoma mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesTan
247
248
249
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ix. qveTavi, 4.3.3.
286
dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, gefgenis saqmeze wamebiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze miRebuli sxva mtkicebulebis dauSveblad cnoba frankfurtis miwis sasamarTlom
araTanazomierad miiCnia. germanel mecnierTa didi nawili ki sworad miuTiTebs imaze,
rom wamebiT mopovebuli uSualo mtkicebulebis sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan gamoricxva absoluturad unda gavrceldes mis safuZvelze miRebul sxva mtkicebulebaze. amiT
isini mxars uWeren wamebis SemTxvevaSi mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvis wesis Semdgomi gavlenis absoluturobas.250
saqarvelos sssk-is 72-e muxlis pirveli nawili am kodeqsis rogorc arsebiTi darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis, aseve, amgvari mtkicebulebis safuZvelze kanonierad mopovebuli sxva mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas adgens pirobas, rom isini dauSveblad iqnebian cnobili, Tu auareseben braldebulis samarTlebriv
mdgomareobas. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa, rogor gadawydeba uSualo, Tu SualobiTi mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxi iseT SemTxvevaSi, roca, magaliTad, braldebuli Svilis mier Cadenil danaSauls ibralebs. saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgenis mizniT
ki, dakiTxvis dros, masze ganxorcieldeba wameba, ris Sedegadac braldebuli aRiarebs
simarTles da gamoZiebas Svilis mier danaSaulis Cadenis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebis (video firze aRbeWdili mkvlelobis Canaweris) adgilsamyofelsac dausaxelebs.
unda moxdes Tu ara sssk 72-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad sisxlis samarTlis
saqmeze braldebulis wamebiT mopovebuli dakiTxvis oqmis da mis Sedegad braldebulis
sacxovrebeli saxlidan kanonierad amoRebuli videofiris dasaSvebad cnoba im argumentiT, rom es mtkicebulebebi aumjobeseben braldebulis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas? Zneli warmosadgenia, rom gamoZiebam am SemTxvevaSi saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgenis
mizniT uari Tqvas kanonis arsebiTi darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis da am mtkicebulebis safuZvelze kanonierad mopovebuli sxva mtkicebulebis gamoyenebaze. Tumca,
wamebis SemTxvevaSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principidan gamomdinare, konstituciiT garantirebuli absoluturi uflebis, adamianis Rirsebis dacvis mizniT, am meTodiT
mopovebuli rogorc uSualo, ise SualobiTi mtkicebuleba yovelgvari pirobis, gamonaklisis gareSe unda iqnes cnobili dauSvebel mtkicebulebad.
sainteresoa germaniis sasamarTlo praqtika kvlevaSi ganxilul mkicebulebaTa
gamoricxvis gangrZobad gavlenasTan dakavSirebiT, anu moqmedebs Tu ara wamebiT miRebuli mtkicebulebis dauSveblad cnobis wesi SemdgomSi ukve kanonierad warmoebuli
dakiTxvis Sedegad miRebul monacemebze. gefgenis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT miwis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am SemTxvevaSi mtkicebulebaTa gamoricxvas aqvs gangrZobadi gavlena, radgan braldebuls ar mieca kvalificiuri ganmarteba imis Sesaxeb, rom wamebiT
micemuli pirveli Cveneba gamoiricxeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan da mas iuridiuli
Zala ar gaaCnia. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mxardaWeras imsaxurebs germanel mecnierTa
didi nawilis damokidebuleba, roca isini braldebulisTvis misi uflebebisa da samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kvalificiuri ganmartebis micemas sakmarisad ar miiCneven. mTavaria, samarTaldamcavma organom uzrunvelyos braldebulisTvis Semdgomi
dakiTxvis dros gadawyvetilebis damoukideblad miRebis SesaZlebloba, misces an ar
misces Cveneba.251
250
251
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ix. qveTavi, 4.3.3.
287
6. daskvna
magnus gefgenis saqmis magaliTze wamebiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobis sakiTxis ganxilvis Sedegad gamoikveTa germanul mecnierebaSi dominirebuli pozicia, rom wamebis Sedegad mopovebuli mtkicebuleba, aseve mis safuZvelze kanonierad
mopovebuli sxva mtkicebuleba dauSveblad unda iqnes cnobili. uSualo mtkicebulebaTa sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan gamoricxvis wesi absoluturad unda gavrceldes SualobiT mtkicebulebaze. ase rom, wamebis SemTxvevaSi uSualo mtkicebulebaTa sisxlis
samarTlis saqmidan gamoricxvas aqvs Semdgomi gavlena.
saqarTvelos sssk-is 72-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sinaarsic swored imgvarad unda
iqnes ganmartebuli, rom wamebis Sedegad mopovebuli mtkicebuleba, aseve mis safuZvelze kanonierad mopovebuli sxva mtkicebuleba upirobod iqnes cnobili dauSvebel mtkicebulebad.
ganxorcielebuli analizis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom braldebulis wamebiT dakiTxvis Semdeg, Tuki kanonis farglebSi moxdeba misi xelmeored dakiTxva, SesaZlebelia,
rom pirveli dakiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli Cvenebis gamoricxvam bolo dakiTxvis Sedegad
miRebul Cvenebaze ar iqonios gangrZobadi gavlena. kanonierad warmoebuli aRniSnuli
Cvenebis dasaSvebobisTvis saWiroa, dadasturdes dakiTxvis dros braldebulis nebis
Tavisufleba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneba sisxlis samarTlis procesis erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi, kerZod, braldebulis TviTinkriminaciisgan dacvis principis
darRvevas.
mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor gadawyvets qarTuli marTlmsajuleba naSromSi warmoCenil am sakiTxebs sssk-is 72-e muxlis pirveli nawilis praqtikaSi gamoyenebisas.
ganxorcielebuli kvleviT ki dadasturda, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi wamebis, rogorc mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis meTodis akrZalva
da mis Sedegad mopovebuli mtkicebulebis dauSveblad cnoba. am mxriv misasalmebelia
saqarTvelos sssk-is 332-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli dakiTxvis wesis Secvla, romelic,
kanonis dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, unda amoqmeddes 2016 wlidan. es sakanonmdeblo novacia dakiTxvis sasamarTloSi warmoebiT uzrunvelyofs, raTa maqsimalurad iqnes daculi adamianis Rirseba, ar moxdes braldebulis sisxlis samarTlis procesis obieqtad
qceva.
288
karlo nikoleiSvili*
pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmxilveli
adgilobrivi sabWos saqmianobis Sesabamisoba samarTliani
sasamarTlos standartTan
(zogierTi sakiTxis analizi)
1. Sesavali
patimrobis da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebis gadatvirTuloba da cixis
mosaxleobis zrda mniSvnelovani problemaa sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis sistemisTvis, gansakuTrebiT dawesebulebis administraciisTvis rogorc adamianis uflebaTa dacvis, ise sasjelaRsrulebis institutebis efeqturad marTvis kuTxiT.1 es problema ubiZgebs saxelmwifos izrunos msjavrdebulTa gaTavisuflebis efeqturi politikis gansazRvraze.
1847 wels frangma a. bonevil de marsanJim gamoigona pirobiT gaTavisufleba, romelic gulisxmobda msjavrdebulis gaTavisuflebas sasjelis garkveuli periodis moxdis Semdgom, momavalSi damakmayofileblad qcevis pirobiT.2 sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis sistemisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis
institutis arseboba. TumcaRa msjavrdebulTa am uflebis arasworad ganxorcielebam
SeiZleba savalalo Sedegamdec ki migviyvanos. amitom mniSvnelovania pirobiT vadamde
gaTavisuflebis sistemis samarTlianobis principze ageba.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi ganxorcielebulma bolo periodis cvlilebebma
mravali kiTxvis niSani gaaCina pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis institutis saTanadod
funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebiT. gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia gadawyvetilebis miRebis meqanizmi. sakiTxavia, pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis gadawyvetis uflebis sasamarTlosTvis CamorTmeva da adgilobrivi sabWosTvis gadacema xom ar xelyofs samarTliani sasamarTlos konstituciur da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv principebs.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 84-e muxlis me-5 punqtis Tanaxmad, `sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba, Secvla an SeCereba SeuZlia mxolod sasamarTlos~. Tumca, es
debuleba avtomaturad ar usvams xazs saqarTveloSi moqmedi pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sistemis arakonstituciurobas. evropis qveynebis kanonmdeblobac icnobs
gansxvavebul midgomas; sxvadasxva qveynebSi pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebebs iReben gansxvavebulad Seqmnili da struqturirebuli organoebi.
uflebamosili organo SeiZleba iyos ara marto sasamarTlo, aramed Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebis administracia, specialuri tribunali, sazogadoebrivi proku*
1
2
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti
evropis sabWos ministrTa komiteti, rekomendacia No. R (99) 22, cixis gadatvirTulobis
da cixis mosaxleobis gazrdis Taobaze, preambula.
pradeli J., SedarebiTi sisxlis samarTali, e. sumbaTaSvilis Targmani, red. T. niniZe,
Tb., 1999, 467.
289
rori da sxva.3 magaliTad, inglisSi, uelssa4 da SotlandiaSi5 gadawyvetilebas iRebs specialurad Seqmnili pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sabWo. belgiaSi msjavrdebulebi,
romelTac sasjelis saxed da zomad ganesazRvraT sam wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTa,
SeiZleba gaTavisufldnen pirobiT vadamde iusticiis ministris mier gamocemuli administraciuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, xolo sam welze meti vadiT msjavrdebulebi – sasjelis aRmasrulebeli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT.6 sloveniaSi gadawyvetilebas iRebs specialurad Seqmnili komisia, romelic sami wevrisgan Sedgeba: uzenaesi
sasamarTlos mosamarTle, uzenaesi saxelmwifo prokurori da iusticiis saministros
cixis administrirebis sammarTvelos sajaro moxele.7
mniSvnelovania ara sakiTxis ganmxilveli organos saxelwodeba, aramed saqmianobis Sinaarsi, marTlmsajulebis funqcia. precendentuli samarTali cxadyofs, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo8 gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs im organos
dasaxelebas, romelic axorcielebs marTlmsajulebas.9 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlomac Tavis erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom samarTlebrivi
kategoriis bunebas gansazRvravs ara misi saxelwodeba, aramed Sinaarsi, am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi subieqtze dakisrebuli funqcia. mosamarTle da samosamarTlo uflebamosilebis ganmaxorcielebeli piri funqciurad identuria; erTic da meorec marTlmsajulebas axorcielebs.10
saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis saqmeebis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWo11 uflebamosilia Secvalos sasamarTlos mier sasjelis SefardebasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli gadawyvetileba saqmis
yovelmxriv da srulyofilad ganxilvis Semdeg, Seswavlili masalebis safuZvelze. am
ganmartebebidan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom saqmianobis arsis gaTvaliswinebiT, es organo samosamarTlo funqciis ganmaxorcielebelia. Sesabamisad, uzrunvelyofili unda
iyos sasamarTlo garantiebi da adgilobrivi sabWos saqmianoba unda akmayofilebdes samarTlianobis standarts.
did interess iwvevs pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili modelis am kuTxiT Seswavla. mecnieruli kvlevis interess ufro metad
amZafrebs is garemoeba, rom sakiTxi, faqtobrivad, gamoukvlevelia, auTvisebelia.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
N. Panfield, D. van Zyl Smit and F. Dunkel, Release from Prison, European Police and Practice, Willan
Publishing, USA, 2010, 425. cit.: miqanaZe g., patimris pirobiT vadamde ganTavisuflebis
ufleba – evropuli gamocdileba da saqarTvelos realoba, statiaTa krebulSi: adamianis uflebaTa dacva: miRwevebi da gamowvevebi, red. k. korkelia, Tb., 2012, 130.
Padfield N., Recalling Conditionally Released Prisoners in England and Wales, EJP, Vol. 4, №.1, 2012, 34-45.
Weaver B., Tata C., Munro M., Barry M., The Failure of Recall to Prison: Early Release, Front-Door and BackDoor Sentencing and the Revolving Prison Door in Scotland, EJP, Vol. 4, №.1, 2012, 85-98.
Ridder S., Beyens K., Snacken S., Does Reintegration Need REHAB? Early Release Procedures Without a
Legal Permit of Residence in Belgium, European Journal of Probation (EJP), Vol. 4, №3, 2012, 31.
Sugman Subbs K., Ambroz M., Recalling Conditionally Released Prisoners in Slovenia, EJP, Vol. 4, №.1,
2012, 103.
SemdgomSi, aseve, evropuli sasamarTlo.
magaliTad, ix. Demicoli v. Malta, [1991] ECHR, App. № 1305/87, 40.
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi – irakli lekveiSvili, koba gociriZe, koba kobaxiZe da saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentisa da saqarTvelos prezidentis winaaRmdeg, 2003
wlis 26 Tebervali, I punqti;
SemdgomSi, aseve, adgilobrivi sabWo an sabWo.
290
karlo nikoleiSvili, pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmxilveli
adgilobrivi sabWos saqmianobis Sesabamisoba samarTliani sasamarTlos standartTan
statiis mTavar kiTxvas warmoadgens, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebs pirobiT vadamde
gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWos saqmianoba samarTliani sasamarTlos standarts. pasuxamde misvla SesaZlebelia struqturirebulad analizis,
sinTezis da interdisciplinuri Sedarebis meTodebis gamoyenebiT. mTavar kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad aucilebelia samarTliani sasamarTlos konstituciuri da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi principebis gaanalizeba, pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis erovnuli meqanizmis gaazreba da Semdgom kvleviT miRebuli Sedegebis urTierTSejereba,
Sedareba, sinTezireba.
2. msjavrdebulis ganxilvaSi monawileobis ufleba
samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis standarti sakuTar TavSi aucileblad moiazrebs procesSi msjavrdebulis monawileobas. aravin ar unda gaxdes sasamarTlo procesis SiSveli obieqti, aramed yvelas unda hqondes SesaZlebloba gamoxatos sakuTari
Sexeduleba da zegavlena moaxdinos gadawyvetilebis miRebaze.12 pirovnebis ufleba, daafiqsiros sakuTari pozicia, uzrunvelyofili unda iyos ara zogadad, aramed yoveli
konkretuli faqtobrivi garemoebis mimarT. mxares ufleba aqvs Seafasos sasamarTlos
gansaxilveli yvela garemoeba. xolo, Tavis mxriv, marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorcielebel
organos ekrZaleba gadawyvetilebis miRebisas daeyrdnos im garemoebas, romlis Sesaxebac mxareebs ar daufiqsirebiaT pozicia.13
2.1. msjavrdebulis mier sabWos gansaxilveli informaciis codna
samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebidan gamomdinare, uzrunvelyofili unda iyos
Tanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba. arcerT mxares ar SeiZleba mieniWos upiratesoba; TiToeul maTgans unda hqondes informacia mowinaaRmdegis argumentebis Taobaze.14
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina konvenciis me-6 muxlis, samarTliani sasamarTlo uflebis, darRveva im saqmeebSi, sadac erovnulma sasamarTloebma gadawyvetileba miiRes im mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT, romelTa Sesaxebac mopasuxes informacia ar miewoda an, rodesac erT-erT mxares uari eTqva saqmis masalebis
gacnobaze.15
saqmeSi brandSteteri avstriis winaaRmdeg evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada,
rom SejibrebiTi sasamarTlo procesi mxares aZlevs Tanabar SesaZleblobas icodes da
Seafasos meore mxaris mier wardgenili mtkicebulebebi Tu faqtobrivi informacia. mo12
13
14
15
kublaSvili k., ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tb., 2003, 336. izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili
k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da
Tavisuflebani, Tb., 2005, 366.
iqve.
izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tb., 2005, 366.
iqve, 366-367.
291
cemul saqmeSi prokuroris wardginebis asli ar gadaegzavna ganmcxadebels, ramac gamoiwvia kidec konvenciis darRveva.16
saqmeSi buluTi avstriis winaaRmdeg evropulma sasamarTlom kvlav gaimeora, rom
Tanasworobis principze dayrdnobiT samarTliani sasamarTlo TiToeul mxares aZlevs
Tanabar SesaZleblobas saqme waradginos iseT pirobebSi, romelic mas ar Caayenebs mowinaaRmdegesTan SedarebiT araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi.17
saqmidan garsia alva germaniis winaaRmdeg irkveva, rom ganmcxadebels dakavebisas
zogadad acnobes eWvis gamomwvevi mizezebis, mtkicebulebebis da dapatimrebis safuZvlebis Taobaze. prokuraturam ar daakmayofila damcvelis moTxovna sagamoZiebo masalebis gacnobasTan dakavSirebiT, sagamoZiebo interesebis safrTxeSi Cayenebis mizeziT.
informaciis arasrulad miRebis gamo, ganmcxadebelma ver gaasaCivra gadawyvetileba.
vinaidan mxarem ver moaxerxa sakuTari poziciis am gziT gamoxatva, dairRva evropuli
konvenciis moTxovnebi.18
saqmeSi fuSeri safrangeTis winaaRmdeg ganmcxadebeli aprotestebda, rom misTvis
xelmisawvdomi ar iyo sakuTari sisxlis samarTlis saqme da SesaZlebloba ar mieca gadaeRo dokumentebis aslebi. evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom pirovnebisaTvis
sakuTar saqmeze daSveba warmoadgenda gasaCivrebisaTvis aucilebel winapirobas. ganmcxadeblisTvis xelmisawvdomi unda yofiliyo saqmis masalebi efeqturi dacvis mosamzadeblad.19
saqmeSi viksi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg adamianis uflebaTa evropulma
sasamarTlom yuradReba miapyro im garemoebas, rom pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis
sabWo ar iyo valdebuli yvela gansaxilveli dokumenti gaecno msjavrdebulisaTvis.
sasamarTlom msjavrdebulis saTanado informireba CaTvala aucilebel garemoebad sakuTari Tavis jerovnad dacvisTvis da daadgina mniSvnelovani proceduruli xarvezis
arseboba.20
saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa
ministris 2010 wlis 28 oqtombris №151 brZanebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros adgilobrivi sabWos tipuri debulebis~21 me-81
muxli miuTiTebs, rom sakiTxis ganxilvis dawyebis safuZvelia sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebis Suamdgomloba, romelsac Tan unda erTvodes daxasiaTeba. Tumca arcerTi sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqti ar gansazRvravs valdebulebas, rom
sabWos mier gansaxilveli masalebi gaecnos msjavrdebuls. faqtobrivad, SesaZlebelia
adgilobriv sabWos gadaegzavnos daxasiaTeba mxaris informirebis gareSe. msjavrdebuli rCeba SesaZleblobis miRma daafiqsiros sakuTari pozicia, mosazreba daxasiaTebaSi
miTiTebul garemoebasTan dakavSirebiT.
16
17
18
19
20
21
Brandstetter v. Austria, [1991] ECHR, App. no 11170/84, 67.
Bulut v. Austria, [1996] ECHR, App. No 17358/90, 47.
Garcia Alva v. Germany, [2001] ECHR, App. no 23541/94, 39-40.
Foucher v. France, [1997] ECHR, App. no 22209/93, 36.
Weeks v. The United Kingdom, [1987] ECHR, App. no 9787/82, 66.
SemdgomSi, aseve, adgilobrivi sabWos debuleba an debuleba.
292
2.2. zepiri mosmenis ufleba
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg
mimarTul gadawyvetilebebSi miuTiTa, rom pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis
ganmxilveli sabWoebi ar akmayofilebdnen evropuli konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtiT dadgenil standarts. kerZod, sasamarTlom ganmarta: rodesac Sesafasebelia
msjavrdebulis pirovneba da gonebrivi ganviTareba, simwife, saSiSroebis xarisxi, aucilebelia zepiri mosmenis, SejibrebiTi procesis uzrunvelyofa. msjavrdebuls unda
hqondes SesaZlebloba monawileoba miiRos zepir ganxilvaSi, gamoiZaxos da dakiTxos
mowmeebi, waradginos mtkicebulebebi.22
evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis kvaldakval gaerTianebul samefoSi
Seicvala kanonmdebloba da savaldebulo gaxda zepiri mosmenis Catareba, romelsac
sabWos erT-erTi wevri intervius formiT axorcilebda. am cvlilebam gamoiwvia zepiri
mosmenebis raodenobis mniSvnelovani zrda.23 erTi mxriv, praqtikulma analizma cxadyo,
rom pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sabWos mier zepiri mosmenebis Catarebam arsebiTad gaaumjobesa msjavrdebulis dosies Semadgeneli dokumentebis xarisxi. Tavad sabWos wevrebic miuTiTebdnen, rom zepiri ganxilvebi maTi saqmianobis, gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesSi iyo mniSvnelovani. meore mxriv, zepiri ganxilvebis matebam arsebiTad
gazarda sabiujeto danaxarjebi.24 lordTa palatamac gaamaxvila yuradReba zepiri mosmenis aucileblobaze. Tumca SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda yvela saqmeze msjavrdebulTan gasaubrebis gamarTva.25 Sesabamisad, zepirad gansaxilveli saqmeebis Sesamcireblad aucilebeli gaxda meTodis SemuSaveba.
adgilobrivi sabWos tipuri debulebis me-6 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad, sabWo
zepiri mosmenis gareSe iRebs gadawyvetilebas Suamdgomlobaze uaris Tqmis, saqmis zepir mosmenaze daSvebis an sasjelis moxdisagan pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis Taobaze. xolo me-12 muxlis me-4 punqtis `b~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, sabWo zepiri mosmeniT ganixilavs saqmeebs Tu saWirod CaTvlis, rom sasjelis moxdisagan pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis gadawyvetis mizniT, msjavrdebulisagan miiRos damatebiTi informacia.
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli jer kidev Tavis 2010 wlis saparlamento angariSSi miuTiTebda, rom umjobesi iqneboda iseTi subieqturi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa msjavrdebulis pirovneba an/da ojaxTan damokidebuleba, urTierToba ganxiluli yofiliyo
mxolod zepir mosmenaze, msjavrdebulis monawileobiT. marTalia, kriteriumebis naTlad Camoyalibeba da riskebis Sefasebis sistemis SemoReba udavod wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo, Tumca zepiri mosmenis gareSe Sefaseba SeiZenda formalur xasiaTs, bolomde ver
asaxavda msjavrdebulis realur mdgomareobas.26
22
23
24
25
26
Hussain v. The United Kingdom, [1996] ECHR, App. no 21928/93, 60. Singh v. The United Kingdom,
[1996] ECHR, App. no 23389/94, 68. Curley v. The United Kingdom, [2000] ECHR, App. no 32340/96,
32-33. E.H.R.L.R., Parole – Release and Recall Decisions for Children Convicted of Murder, 1996, 3, 334;
E.H.R.L.R., Parole – Release Decisions for Prisoners Detained at Her Majesty’s Pleasure, 2000, 4, 435.
Padfield N., The Role and Functions of the Parole Board, Crim.L.R., 2006, May, 382.
Padfield N., The Parole Board in Transition, Crim.L.R., 2006, Jan., 4.
Naylor B., Schmidt J., Do Prisoners Have a Right to Fairness Before the Parole Board, Sydney Law Review,
Vol. 32:437, 2010, 455.
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis angariSi saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, 2010, 62.
293
2011 wlis saparlamento angariSSi saxalxo damcveli kvlav aRniSnavs, rom mTavari
gadawyvetileba sabWos mier miiReba zepiri mosmenis gareSe. sabWo am sxdomaze afasebs
kriteriumebs, romelTa saerTo analizis safuZvelze msjelobs miRweulia Tu ara sasjelis mizani. vinaidan ZiriTadi daskvna miiReba zepiri mosmenis gareSe, kriteriumebis
Sefasebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom proceduris meore stadiaze msjavrdebulis CarTva mxolod formalur xasiaTs atarebs. es ver uzrunvelyofs
dainteresebuli piris realur, adekvatur monawileobas gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.27
saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa
ministris 2011 wlis 10 maisis №82 brZanebiT damtkicebuli `braldebulTa/msjavrdebulTa reestrebisa da piradi saqmeebis warmoebis wesis~ danarTi №18 gansazRvravs daxasiaTebis formas. rodesac sasjelis individualuri dagegmva ar mimdinareobs msjavrdebulTa udidesi nawilis mimarT28 da penitenciuri sistema ar aris uzrunvelyofili
sakmarisi raodenobis kvalificiuri fsiqologebiT da socialuri muSakebiT, eWvis qveS
dgas adgilobrivi sabWos gansaxilveli dokumentebis srulyofileba. Sesabamisad, umetes SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebelia sabWos mier zepiri mosmenis gareSe samarTliani gadawyvetilebis miReba.
faqtia, moqmedi kanonmdebloba ver akmayofilebs saerTaSoriso moTxovnebs da saWiroa Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gatareba. bunebrivia, saqarTveloSi arsebuli sami adgilobrivi sabWo verc adamianiseuli resursiT da verc finansuri SesaZleblobebiT ver
uzrunvelyofs yvela saqmesTan dakavSirebiT zepiri mosmenis sxdomis gamarTvas. amisaTvis saWiro gaxdeba damatebiTi resursis Seqmna. saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdebloba zepiri mosmenis gamarTvis Taobaze sakmaod formalur xasiaTs atarebs da obieqtur
damkvirvebels eWvs aRuZravs. sul mcire aucilebelia dawvrilebiT gaiweros sabWos mier zepiri mosmenis Catarebis proceduruli normebi, romelic naTlad gansazRvravs ra
SemTxvevaSi unda gaimarTos zepiri mosmena da ra kriteriumebiT unda ixelmZRvanelos
sabWom.
3. gadawyvetilebis dasabuTeba
saqarTvelos konstituciaSi konkretulad ar aris gawerili sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis valdebuleba. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis
saproceso kodeqss, 271-e muxlis pirveli punqti gansazRvravs, rom ganaCeni unda moicavdes aRwerilobiT-samotivacio nawils, xolo 273-e muxli azustebs, rom ganaCenSi
miTiTebuli unda iyos mtkicebuleba, romelsac emyareba sasamarTlos daskvna da motivi, romlis mixedviTac erTi mtkicebuleba miiReba, gaiTvaliswineba da meore ara; sasamarTlo valdebulia, aseve, daasabuTos sasjelis saxe da zoma. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
27
28
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis angariSi saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, 2011, 354.
sasjelis individualuri dagegmva oficialurad mimdinareobs mxolod №11 arasrulwlovanTa sareabilatacio dawesebulebaSi. ix. sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da
iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris 2012 wlis 2 Tebervlis №19 brZanebiT damtkicebuli `sasjelis moxdis individualuri dagegmvis instruqcia~.
294
saproceso kodeqsis 249-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gadawyvetileba Sedgeba samotivacio nawilisagan, romelSic unda aRiniSnos samarTlebrivi Sefaseba da kanonebi, romliTac sasamarTlom ixelmZRvanela.
adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb arcerTi saerTaSoriso dokumenti pirdapir ar miuTiTebs erovnuli sasamarTlos valdebulebaze daasabuTos gadawyvetileba.29 Tumca adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxli sasamarTlo organos akisrebs
valdebulebas jerovnad ganixilos mxareTa wardginebebi, argumentebi da mtkicebulebebი, miuxedavad imisa miaCnia Tu ara saqmisaTvis relevanturad.30 unda aRiniSnos, rom
samarTlianobis moTxovna vrceldeba ara mxolod sasamarTlo ganxilvis etapze, aramed samarTalwarmoebis erTian procesze. evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxli ar Semoifargleba procesis konkretuli nawiliT, aramed emsaxureba mTlianad marTlmsajulebis
interess, romelic faravs kidec sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis valdebulebas.31 evropuli konvencia moiTxovs, rom erovnulma sasamarTloebma gamoitanon motivirebuli gadawyvetileba rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve sisxlis samarTalwarmoebasTan
dakavSirebul saqmeebze.32 dasabuTebis valdebuleba vrceldeba yvela saxis, kategoriis
gadawyvetilebaze. magaliTad, brikmonis saqmeze komisiam daadgina konvenciis moTxovnebis darRveva, vinaidan sasamarTlom yovelgvari mizezis gareSe ar daakmayofila ganmcxadeblis Suamdgomloba mowmis Cvenebis mosmenis Taobaze.33
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba aucileblad unda moicavdes faqtebis aRweras, mtkicebulebebis gaanalizebas, proceduruli sakiTxebis Sefasebas da samarTlebriv motivacias.34 erovnuli sasamarTloebi valdebulni arian upasuxon procesze mxareTa mier
wamoWril yvela mniSvnelovan sakiTxs.35 Tumca saqmeSi van de hurki holandiis winaaRmdeg evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom es ar unda ganimartos, rogorc `TiToeul
argumentze detaluri pasuxis gacemis moTxovna~.36 marTlmsajulebis organom dawvrilebiT unda ganixilos mxolod saqmisaTvis arsebiTi aspeqtebi da upasuxos yvela dasmul sakiTxs, romelsac gadamwyveti, fundamenturi mniSvneloba SeiZleba mieniWos saboloo SedegTan mimarTebaSi.37 saqmidan hiro balani espaneTis winaaRmdeg irkveva, rom
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
treqseli S. (s. j. samersis daxmarebiT), adamianis uflebebi sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, v. gogelias, e. lomTaTiZis, e. qarcivaZis, T. ivaniSvilis, n. narindoSvilis Targmani,
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, Tb., 2009, 129.
Kraska v. Switzerland, [1993] ECHR, App. no. 13942/88, 30.
boxaSvili b., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali,
saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, Tb., 2004, 244.
rik moni belgiis winaaRmdeg, §151-3. cit.: treqseli S. (s. j. samersis daxmarebiT), adamianis uflebebi sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, v. gogelias, e. lomTaTiZis, e. qarcivaZis,
T. ivaniSvilis, n. narindoSvilis Targmani, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo,
Tb., 2009, 129.
Higgins and others v. France, [1998] ECHR, App. №20124/92, 40-43.
saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, Tb., 2004, 244.
Van de Hurk v. The Netherlands, [1994] ECHR, App. № 16034/90, 61.
saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, Tb., 2004, 244-245.
295
ganmcxadebelma erovnul sasamarTlos gadasawyvetad warudgina sakiTxi, romelic saWiroebda konkretul, cxad pasuxs. uzenaesma sasamarTlom aRniSnuli kiTxva upasuxod,
gaurkvevlad datova, arc uaryo da arc ugulebelyo. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, evropulma
sasamarTlom daadgina konvenciis me-6 muxlis darRveva.38
mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, dasabuTebis ra standarts unda akmayofilebdes
erovnuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos
precendentebi zogad, magram mniSvnelovan ganmartebas gvTavazobs: dasabuTebis valdebulebis farglebi dakavSirebulia gadawyvetilebis bunebasTan da SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodes sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi. aRniSnulis gansasazRvrad mxedvelobaSi
miiReba mxareTa wardginebebis mravalferovneba, kanonmdeblobis, CveulebiTi normebis, samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebis da gadawyvetilebis formulirebis gansxvavebuloba.
Sesabamisad, dasabuTebulia Tu ara gadawyvetileba me-6 muxlis miznebisaTvis unda gadawydes yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, sxvadasxva garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT.39
daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTaSoriso da erovnuli kanonmdebloba adgens sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis valdebulebas. samarTliani marTlmsajulebis dasasruls unda warmoadgendes motivirebuli gadawyvetileba.
3.1. gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis aucilebloba
3.1.1. gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis aucilebloba samarTlis
mecnierebis bunebidan gamomdinare
yvelaze zogadi dayofiT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben humanitarul da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis ZiriTadi meTodia gamocdileba, maSasadame, dakvirveba da eqsperimenti.40 samarTali ufro humanitarul mecnierebaTa jgufs miekuTvneba da ama Tu im mtkicebis sisworis garkveva SeuZlebelia sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis zemoT xsenebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT. samarTalSi hipoTezis
Semowmeba SesaZlebelia mxolod amomwuravi da logikuri mizezebis moxmobiT. Sesabamisad, samarTlis mecnierebis bunebidan gamomdinare, konkretuli mizezebis, argumentebis da Sefasebebis gareSe gadawyvetilebas ver eqneba pretenzia ara mxolod sizusteze,
aramed samarTlebrivi xasiaTis qonaze.41
3.1.2. gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis aucilebloba TviTnebobis
asacileblad
gadawyvetilebis safuZvlebis miTiTeba, Sesabamisi mizezebis moxmoba warmoaCens,
rom mxareTa argumentebi sasamarTlom moismina da gaaanaliza. amis sapirispirod ki
Suamdgomlobebis, winadadebebis, mtkicebulebebis Tu sxva sakiTxebis dausabuTebeli
38
39
40
41
Hiro Balani v. Spain, [1994] ECHR, App. no 18064/91, 28.
Ruiz Torija v. Spain, [1994] ECHR, App. no 18390/91, 29.
xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 2004, 26.
296
uaryofa mianiSnebs, rom sasamarTlos mxareebisaTvis ar mousmenia da TviTneburi gadawyvetileba miiRo.42 Sesabamisi motivaciis gareSe SeuZlebeli gaxdeba swori gadawyvetilebis gansxvaveba TviTneburisgan.43 motivirebuli gadawyvetilebis ufleba axlos
dgas swori gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebasTan.44 SeiZleba dausabuTebeli gadawyvetileba arc ki iyos TviTneburi, magram aseTis STabeWdilebas tovebdes.45
sazogadoebisa da obieqturi damkvirveblis STabeWdilebas ki gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba. maT ar unda daekargoT warmodgena sasamarTlo sistemaze, marTlmsajulebis organoze, rogorc samarTlianobis aRdgenis saSualebaze.
3.1.3. gadawyvetilebis dasabuTeba gasaCivrebis uflebis
uzrunvelsayofad
gadawyvetilebis adresats unda hqondes gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba. am uflebis
efeqturi ganxorcielebisTvis mxarem unda icodes is safuZvlebi, romelze dayrdnobiTac marTlmsajulebis organom miiRo gadawyvetileba. Sesabamisad, dasabuTebis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia efeqturi gasaCivrebis uzrunvelsayofadac.46
saqmeSi hajianastasiu saberZneTis winaaRmdeg adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom erovnulma sasamarTloebma sakmarisi sicxadiT unda miuTiTon safuZvlebi, romelze dayrdnobiTac miiRes gadawyvetileba. es braldebuls SesaZleblobas aniWebs jerovnad ganaxorcielos gasaCivrebis ufleba.47
3.2. adgilobrivi sabWos gadawyvetileba, rogorc individualuri
administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti da misi dasabuTeba
saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros adgilobrivi sabWos tipuri debulebis me-20 muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, sabWos gadawyvetileba
aris individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti, romelzec, aseve, vrceldeba saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis moqmedeba. msjavrdebulis pirobiT
vadamde gaTavisufleba warmoadgens sabWos diskreciul uflebamosilebas, romelic
xorcieldeba sxvadasxva kriteriumebis Sefasebis safuZvelze. saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 53-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `werilobiTi formiT gamocemuli individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti unda Seicavdes werilobiT dasabuTebas~. vinaidan administraciuli organo, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, moqmedebs diskreciuli
uflebamosilebis farglebSi, dasabuTebaSi, garda normatiuli safuZvlebisa, unda mieTiTos yvela is faqtobrivi garemoeba, romelsac mniSvneloba eniWeba gadawyvetilebis
42
43
44
45
46
47
iqve, 130.
iqve, 132.
renuCi (2002) 143. cit.: iqve, 130.
iqve, 129.
Hadjianastassiou v. Greece, [1992] ECHR, App. no 12945/87, 33.
297
gamotanisas.48 adgilobrivi sabWos tipuri debulebis me-12 muxli gansazRvravs im kriteriumebs, romelTa Sefasebis safuZvelze adgilobrivma sabWom unda miiRos gadawyvetileba: danaSaulis xasiaTi, msjavrdebulis qceva sasjelis moxdis periodSi, msjavrdebulis mier warsulSi danaSaulis Cadenis faqtebi, ojaxuri pirobebi da msjavrdebulis
pirovneba.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom 2013 wlis 27 Tebervlis cvlilebebamde adgilobrivi sabWo gadawyvetilebas iRebda specialuri formulis gamoyenebiT. kerZod, TiToeuli kriteriumi fasdeboda quliT (0, 1 an 2) da mravldeboda Sesabamis koeficientze.
saqmis zepir mosmenaze dasaSvebad Sefasebis maCvenebelTa jami ar unda yofiliyo 6.5-ze
meti.49 mocemul SemTxvevaSi sabWo valdebuli iyo gaeanalizebina TiToeuli kriteriumi
cal-calke da ise mieRo saboloo gadawyvetileba. Tumca adgilobrivi sabWos debulebis ukanaskneli cvlilebiT gauqmda Sefasebis formularuli sitema, TviT kriteriumebi ucvleli darCa. amgvarad, sabWom SesaZloa gadawyvetileba imgvarad miiRos, rom
Sefasebis yvela kriteriumze ar gaamaxvilos yuradReba.
aucilebelia imis xazgasma, rom danaSaulis xasiaTi warmoadgens kriteriums, romelic sasamarTlom pirveladi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas gaaanaliza da sasjelis Sefardebis procesSi gaiTvaliswina. danaSaulis simZime, aseve, dakavSirebulia pirobiT
vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganxilvis drosTan.50 Sesabamisad, gaurkvevlobas iwvevs misTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba sakiTxis gadawyvetis stadiaze.
msjavrdebulis gamosworebis da resocializaciis Sesafaseblad danaSaulis xasiaTis
gaanalizeba naklebad mizanSewonili unda iyos.
faqtobriv garemoebas warmoadgens da calke Sefasebas ar saWiroebs msjavrdebulis mier warsulSi danaSaulis Cadenis, nasamarTlobis da sasjelis moxdis periodSi
qcevis51 sakiTxi. es kriteriumebi uSualod arian miTiTebulni msjavrdebulis daxasiaTebaSi.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi kriteriumebi, rogoricaa, msjavrdebulis
pirovneba da ojaxur pirobebi. swored msjavrdebulis pirovnebiT SesaZloa ganisazRvros misi resocializaciis xarisxi da sazogadoebaSi dabrunebis mzaoba; xolo ojaxuri
pirobebi reabilitaciis procesis gagrZlebis garantia.
48
49
50
51
saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi~, 25/06/1999,
№2181, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne №32(39), 15/07/1999, 53-e muxlis me-2 da me-3
nawilebi.
saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris 2010 wlis 28 oqtombris №151 brZanebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros adgilobrivi sabWos tipuri debuleba~, me-12 muxlis me-4 da me-5 punqtebi (2013 wlis 27 Tebervlamde moqmedi redaqciiT).
patimrobis kodeqsis me-40 muxlis Tanaxmad, msjavrdebulis pirobiT vadamde gaTavisufleba SeiZleba, Tu man faqtobrivad moixada naklebad mZime danaSaulisaTvis daniSnuli sasjelis naxevari, mZime danaSaulisaTvis – ori mesamedi, xolo gansakuTrebiT mZime
danaSaulisaTvis – sami meoTxedi; gansxvavebuli pirobebia dadgenili arasrulwlovani
msjavrdebulis mimarT: naklebad mZime danaSaulisaTvis – erTi mesamedi, mZime danaSaulisaTvis – naxevari, xolo gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulisaTvis – sami meoTxedi.
sasjelis moxdis periodSi msjavrdebulis qceva dakavSirebulia waxalisebasTan da
disciplinur dasjasTan, romelic gaformebulia Sesabamisi aqtiT, dawesebulebis direqtoris brZanebiT an gankargulebiT.
298
saxelmwifo xelisuflebas ekisreba pasuxismgebloba da mtkicebis tvirTi imis Taobaze, rom msjavrdebuli ar akmayofilebs mocemul kriteriumebs.52 yovel gadawyvetilebaSi unda aisaxos ganmsazRvreli mizezebi da adresats ecnobos werilobiT.53
am kriteriumebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze, pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sakiTxis ganmxilvelma adgilobrivma sabWom, diskreciuli uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis farglebSi, unda gamosces dasabuTebuli individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti.
3.2.1. dasabuTeba, rogorc individualuri administraciuli
samarTlebrivi aqtis formaluri kanonierebis kriteriumi
individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtis formaluri kanonierebis
gasaanalizeblad aucilebelia dasabuTebis ganxilva. rogorc wina qveTavSi aRiniSna,
werilobiTi formiT gamocemuli aqti aucileblad unda Seicavdes dasabuTebas, sadac
moyvanilia samarTlebrivi da faqtobrivi wanamZRvrebi.54
individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtis dasabuTeba emsaxureba
sxvadasxva faqtorebs. upirvelesad, igi warmoadgens TviTkontrolis saSualebas, vinaidan motivaciis formirebis procesSi gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organo zustad moiazrebs da gaamagrebs sakuTar pozicias. meore mxriv, aqtis adresats uadvildeba kanonierebisa da gasaCivrebis SesaZlo Sedegebis gaanalizeba. bolos, sarCelis ganmxilveli
an zedamxedveli organosTvis is xelSemwyobia kanonierebisa da mizanSewonilebis gadamowmebisas.55
3.2.2. diskreciuli uflebamosilebis dasabuTeba
saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis meore muxlis pirveli nawilis `l~
qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, diskreciulia uflebamosileba, romelic gadawyvetilebis mimReb
organos aniWebs Tavisuflebas sajaro da kerZo interesebis dacviT ramdenime gadawyvetilebidan SearCios yvelaze misaRebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs ara
erT, aramed ramdenime samarTlebriv Sedegs, romelTa Soris arCevani administraciuli
organos prerogativaa. diskreciuli uflebamosileba SeiZleba moiazrebdes gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organos SesaZleblobas ganaxorcielos an ara raime RonisZieba, an misaRebi RonisZiebebidan gamoiyenos mxolod erTi.56 magram diskreciuli uflebamosilebis
ganxorcieleba aucileblad unda iyos dasabuTebuli.
52
53
54
55
56
evropis sabWos ministrTa komiteti, rekomendacia Rec (2003) 22, pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis Taobaze, me-20 muxli.
iqve, 32-e muxlis `d~ qvepunqti.
turava p., wkeplaZe n., zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2010,
58. adeiSvili z., vardiaSvili q., izoria l., kalandaZe n., kopaleiSvili m., sxirtlaZe n.,
turava p., qitoSvili d., zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, GTZ, Tb.,
2005, 140.
iqve.
ix.: turava p., xarSilaZe i., administraciuli warmoeba, Tb., 2006, 52; turava p., wkeplaZe
n., zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2010, 36.
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adgilobriv sabWos aqvs diskreciuli uflebamosileba gaaTavisuflos an ar gaaTavisuflos msjavrdebuli. administraciulma organom gadawyvetileba unda miiRos
imis gaTvaliswinebiT miRweulia Tu ara kanoniT dadgenili mizani, mocemul SemTxvevaSi – damnaSavis resocializacia, samarTlianobis aRdgena da axali danaSaulis Tavidan acileba. aucilebelia sajaro da kerZo interesebs Soris proporciulobis dacva.
kerZo pirisaTvis miyenebuli ziani ar unda aWarbebdes sajarosTvis miniWebul sikeTes
da piriqiT. Sesabamisad, rodesac sabWo iRebs gadawyvetilebas, erTi mxriv, man kiTxvis
niSnis qveS ar unda daayenos sazogadoebis usafrTxoeba, mxedvelobaSi miiRos axali danaSaulis Cadenis safrTxe, meore mxriv, ar unda daabrkolos msjavrdebulis resocializacia-reabilitaciis procesi.
3.3. adgilobrivi sabWos praqtika
gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis WrilSi, adgilobrivi sabWos saqmianobis samarTliani sasamarTlos standartTan Sesabamisobis gasaanalizeblad, mniSvnelovania, uSualod
individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtebis Seswavla. 2013 wlis 27 Tebervlis cvlibebamde moqmedi formularuli Sefasebis gziT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi
gansxvavdeba Semdgomi periodisagan. mizanSewonilia maTi damoukideblad ganxilva.
3.3.1. adgilobrivi sabWos praqtika debulebis
2013 wlis 27 Tebervlis cvlilebebamde periodSi
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos adgilobrivi sabWos 2011 wlis 29 ivlisis №2/11-1640 gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilSi mxolod miTiTebulia, rom sabWom imsjela debulebis me-12 muxliT dadgenili kriteriumebis Sefasebis formuliT da sabolood gansazRvra 7.5 qula.57 cxadia, gadawyvetileba srulad dausabuTebelia da masSi araferia
mocemuli faqtebze, argumentebze da Sefasebebze. gadawyvetilebis miRebis motivi ar
aris miTiTebuli arc sxdomis oqmSi, mxolod qulobrivad aris Sefasebuli TiToeuli
kriteriumi, argumentebis gareSe. amgvari midgoma yovlad Seusabamoa rogorc erovnul,
ise saerTaSoriso standartTan.
ufro met dausabuTeblobas avlens Semdgomi periodis gadawyvetilebebi. magaliTad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos adgilobrivi sabWos 2012 wlis 28 dekembris №02/12-5006
gadawyvetileba samotivacio nawilSi asaxavs mxolod normis Sinaarss da miuTiTebs, rom
`debulebis me-12 muxliT dadgenili kriteriumebis Sefasebis formuliT gansazRvrulma qulam Seadgina 6.5-ze meti.~58 mxolod sxdomis oqmidan irkveva, rom qulaTa raodenoba, faqtobrivad, 7.5-s Seadgens. cxadia, individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtis adresatisaTvis sruliad ucnobia Tu rogor Seafasa sabWom misi gaTavisuflebisTvis mzadyofna. gadawyvetileba tovebs STabeWdilebas, rom TviTneburi xasiaTisa.
aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos adgilobrivi sabWoebis am periodis gadawyvetilebebi agebulebiT msgavsia da avlens zemoT ganxilul magaliTebSi ganviTarebul
tendenciebs. SedarebiT gansxvavebulia arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis ganmxilveli sab57
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zepiri mosmenis gareSe gadawyvetileba №2/11-1640, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos adgilobrivi sabWo, 2011 wlis 29 ivlisi.
zepiri mosmenis gareSe gadawyvetileba №02/12-5006, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos adgilobrivi sabWo, 2012 wlis 28 dekemberi.
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Wos gadawyvetilebebi. magaliTad, 2010 wlis 27 noembris №32/04-10 gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilidan irkveva, rom sabWom misTvis miwodebul informaciaze dayrdnobiT msjavrdebulis qceva Seafasa saSualod, erTi quliT, vinaidan igi sasjelis moxdis
periodSi arc dasjila da arc waxalisebula; warsulSi danaSaulis Cadenis faqtebi – 0
quliT, nasamarTlobis ar qonis gamo; vinaidan msjavrdebuli gasamarTlebuli iyo qurdobisTvis, romelic faruli xerxiT xorcieldeba da naklebi sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebiT gamoirCeva, danaSaulis xasiaTi Sefasda erTi quliT; ojaxuri pirobebi – erTi quliT da msjavrdebulis pirovneba – ori quliT.59 aSkaraa, rom aRmosavleT da dasavleT
saqarTvelos adgilobrivi sabWoebis gadawyvetilebebis samotivacio nawilebisagan
gansxvavebiT, es metad dasabuTebuli da gamyarebulia. Tumca am SemTxvevaSic argumentebis simcire SeimCneva da TviTnebobis STabeWdilebas tovebs ojaxuri pirobebisa da
msjavrdebulis pirovnebis Sefasebis sakiTxi. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom arc aRwerilobiT
nawilSi mocemuli informacia iZleva msjavrdebulis pirovnebisa da ojaxuri pirobebis argumentirebulad Sefasebis SesaZleblobas. am SemTxvevaSi mizanSewonili iqneboda
zepiri mosmenis sxdomis gamarTva da damatebiTi informaciis mopoveba. magram sabWo gadawyvetilebis miRebisas mxolod zepiri mosmenis gareSe ganxilviT Semoifargla.
arasrulwlovan msjavrdebulTa gadawyvetilebebis aRwerilobiTi nawili SedarebiT srulyofilebiT xasiaTdeba momdevno periodSi. magaliTad, arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWos 2012 wlis 28 aprilis №04/12-047 gadawyvetilebis SinaarsSi dawvrilebiT aris mocemuli informacia msjavrdebulis individualuri
dagegmvis procesSi CarTulobis, administraciasTan da sxva msjavrdebulebTan urTierTobis, kriminaluri subkulturisadmi midrekilebis, ojaxuri garemos, saganmanaTleblo da sareabilitacio programebSi CarTulobis, fsiqo-emociuri mdgomareobis,
Cadenil danaSaulTan damokidebulebis, cxovrebis wesis Secvlis motivaciis da sxva garemoebebis Taobaze.60 miuxedavad amisa, argumentirebis kuTxiT arsebiTad ar gazrdila
gadawyvetilebebis samotivacio nawili.
daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom debulebis 2013 wlis 27 Tebervlis cvlilebebamde periodSi aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos adgilobrivi sabWoebis mier gamocemuli gadawyvetilebebi arsebiTad dausabuTebelia, xolo arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWos aqtebi argumentebis naklebobiT gamoirCeva.
Tumca formularuli Sefasebis sistemis dadebiT mxared unda aRiniSnos, rom gadawyvetilebebi miiReboda yvela kriteriumis aucilebeli Sefasebis safuZvelze.
3.3.2. adgilobrivi sabWos praqtika debulebis 2013 wlis 27 Tebervlis
cvlilebebis Semdgom periodSi
kriteriumebis formularuli Sefasebis periodisagan gansxvavebiT, 2013 wlis 27
Tebervlis cvlilebebis Semdgom etapze sxvadasxva sabWoebis gadawyvetilebebi erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba. arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWos 2013 wlis 28 Tebervlis №01/13-011 gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilSi
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zepiri mosmenis gareSe gadawyvetileba №04/12-047, arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWo, 2012 wlis 28 aprili.
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aRniSnulia, rom administraciulma organom yuradReba gaamaxvila warsulSi nasamarTlobaze, danaSaulis simZimeze – jgufurad Cadenil Zaladobrivi xasiaTis qmedebaze,
romelic mometebuli sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebiT xasiaTdeba.61 naTlad warmoCndeba,
rom sabWom Sesafasebeli xuTi kriteriumidan gadawyvetileba miiRo mxolod orze dayrdnobiT. mas saerTod ar Seufasebia iseTi garemoebebi, romlebic asaxaven msjavrdebulis resocializaciisaken progress da sazogadoebaSi normaluri dabrunebis risks,
kerZod, msjavrdebulis pirovneba da ojaxuri pirobebi. rac Seexeba warsulSi nasamarTlobas igi warmoadgens faqtobriv garemoebas da saWiroebs mxolod dadgenas, ara Sefasebas; xolo danaSaulis simZime sasamarTlom Tavis droze ukve Seafasa sasjelis Sefardebis procesSi da mas yvelaze naklebi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi sabWom gadawyvetileba miiRo mxolod erT kriteriumze dayrdnobiT.62 arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWos 2013 wlis 28
Tebervlis №01/13-06 gadawyvetilebidan irkveva, rom msjavrdebuls uari eTqva pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebaze danaSaulis simZimis, jgufuri xasiaTisa da gansakuTrebiT didi odenobiT miyenebuli zianis gaTvaliswinebiT. mocemuli dasabuTeba yovelgvar safuZvels moklebulia. aqtis adresati gasamarTlebuli iyo qurdobisTvis, rac,
rogorc adgilobrivi sabWos wina praqtikidan Cans, naklebi sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebiT gamoirCeva. xolo dazaralebulebisaTvis miyenebuli ziani srulad Seadgens 1370
lars.63 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 177-e muxlis SeniSvnis Tanaxmad, es
Tanxa warmoadgens mniSvnelovan zians; gansakuTrebiT didi odenobis zians kanoni am SemTxvevaSi ar iTvaliswinebs.64
daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom gansxvavebiT wina periodisagan, debulebis 2013
wlis 27 Tebervlis cvlilebebis Semdgomi praqtika naklebad dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebebiT warmoCndeba. umetes SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba miiReba ara yvela, aramed
ramdenime kriteriumis SefasebiT, mniSvnelovani argumentirebis gareSe. saxezea aSkara
regresi formularuli Sefasebis periodTan SedarebiT. Sesabamisad, adgilobrivi sabWos mier gamocemuli individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtebi ar Seesabamebian arc erovnul da arc saerTaSoriso standarts.
4. gadawyvetilebis sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebis ufleba
gadawyvetilebis sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebis ufleba emsaxureba or ZiriTad mizans.
upirvelesad, igi mxareebisTvis samarTalwarmoebis ufro sasurveli SedegiT dasrulebis meqanizmia. meore mxriv, samarTlebrivi gadaxedva xels uwyobs kanonis erTgvarovan
ganmartebas, gadawyvetilebis samarTlianobas da Tanmimdevrulobas.65 gasaCivrebis uf61
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zepiri mosmenis gareSe gadawyvetileba №01/13-011, arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWo, 2013 wlis 28 Tebervali.
magaliTad, mxolod danaSaulis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT 2013 wlis 28 Tebervlis
№01/13-008 gadawyvetilebiT sabWom uari Tqva msjavrdebulis pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebaze.
zepiri mosmenis gareSe gadawyvetileba №01/13-006, arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWo, 2013 wlis 28 Tebervali.
did odenobad iTvleba 10000 laris ziani.
302
leba prevenciul xasiaTsac atarebs, kerZod, mosamarTleebs aRuZravs keTilsindisieri
muSaobis motivacias, uzrunvelyofs Secdomebis daSvebis Tu TviTneburi qcevis Tavidan aridebas. am kuTxiT gasaCivrebis ufleba uSualod ukavSirdeba gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebis uflebas.66
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis
sabWos gadawyvetilebis gadaxedvis mniSvnelobaze yuradReba gaamaxvila saqmeSi viksi
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg. sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorcielebeli organos gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi gadaxedva udavod warmoadgens sasargeblo procesualur danamats, romelic individs SesaZleblobas aZlevs sasamarTlos meSveobiT ganaxorcielos kontroli pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis sabWos
saqmianobaze. amgvarad uzrunvelyofili iqneba garantiebi xarvezebis aRmosafxvrelad.
Tumca es organo aucileblad unda warmoadgendes xelmisawvdoms da efeqturs. evropulma sasamarTlom, moaxdina ra lord diklopis sityvebis citireba, ganacxada, rom sasamarTlo zedamxedvelobisas unda Sefasdes gadawyvetilebis àrakanoniereba~, àraracionaluroba~ da `procesualuri darRvevebi~. àrakanoniereba~ gulisxmobs normebis
araswor gamoyenebas, kerZod, normatiuli moTxovnebis darRvevas; àraracionaluroba~ moicavs logikisa da moralis ugulebelyofas, romelic nebismieri saRad moazrovne
adamianisTvisaa TvalSisacemi; xolo `procesualuri darRvevebi~ dakavSirebulia gadawyvetilebis SeusabamobasTan procedurul wesebTan, samarTlian marTlmsajulebasTan.67
patimrobis kodeqsis 42-e muxlis me-6 nawilis Tanaxmad, adgilobrivi sabWos gadawyvetileba pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebaze uaris Tqmis Taobaze SeiZleba administraciuli wesiT gasaCivrdes sasamarTloSi.
sasamarTlo praqtika erTgvarovan midgomas ar avlens, or mimarTulebad iyofa.
mosamarTleTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom adgilobrivma sabWom diskreciuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela kriteriumis mixedviT unda miiRos
gadawyvetileba, romelic iqneba sabWos wevrTa Sinagani rwmeniT nakarnaxevi, sadavo sakiTxis obieqtur da subieqtur garemoebaTa kvalificiur Sefasebaze dafuZnebuli. sasamarTlo xazs usvams, rom gadaxedvas, kontrols eqvemdebareba adgilobrivi sabWos
mier kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili procedurebis dacvis sakiTxi da ara msjavrdebulebTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva subieqturi Tu obieqturi garemoebebis Sefasebis raoba.68 marTalia, sasamarTlos uflebamosilebas ar warmoadgens kriteriumebis Sefaseba
da pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miReba, magram misi valdebulebaa gadaamowmos sul mcire individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtis formaluri da materialuri kanoniereba. es Tavis TavSi moicavs zogadad gadawyvetilebis, konkretulad ki diskreciuli uflebamosilebis, dasabuTebis gadamowmebas.
mosamarTle ver Seafasebs kriteriums, magram daadgens sabWos Sefasebis dasabuTebis
xarisxs, rac gadamwyveti unda iyos sarCelis ganxilvisas. mocemul saqmeSi am mxriv arse66
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saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, Tb. 2009, , 407.
Weeks v. The United Kingdom, [1987] ECHR, App. № 9787/82, 69.
saqme №3/1682-10, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa kolegia,
2011 wlis 5 ivlisi, 5.5-e punqti.
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biTi yuradReba ar gamaxvilebula. evropuli sasamarTlos precendentebis gaTvaliswinebiT, garda proceduruli garantiebis uzrunvelyofisa, saqmis gadamxedavma organom
yuradReba unda miaqcios administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtis kanonierebas da racionalurobas. Sesabamisad, erovnuli sasamarTlos amgvari midgoma yovlad miuRebelia.
mosamarTleTa meore nawili miiCnevs, rom aucilebelia gadamowmdes sabWos mier
kriteriumebis Sefasebis mizanSewoniloba. administraciuli organos mier Tavisi diskreciuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi miRebuli gadawyvetileba, rac, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli kriteriumebis Sefasebis Sedegia, unda gadaixedos kanonTan Sesabamisobisa da mizanSewonilobis dasabuTebis kuTxiT. gadawyvetilebis miRebisas srulyofilad unda gamokvleva yvela mniSvnelovan safuZvels, romlis aucilebloblad gaTvaliswinebaze adgilobriv sabWos debulebiT mieTiTa.69 wina TavSi ganviTarebuli msjelobebis kvaldakval erovnuli sasamarTloebis aseTi midgoma ufro metad misaRebia da
Seesabameba saerTaSoriso standarts.
mniSvnelovania imis Sefaseba, erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier adgilobrivi sabWos
gadawyvetilebis gadaxedva warmoadgendes Tu ara dacvis efeqtur saSualebas. adgilobrivi sabWo aris administraciuli organo da misi saqmianoba xorcieldeba administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtis saxiT. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo organos ar Seswevs unari Secvalos adgilobrivi sabWos mier miRebuli uaryofiTi gadawyvetileba da gaaTavisuflos msjavrdebuli. pirobiT vadamde gaTavisflebis gadawyvetaze uflebamosilia
adgilobrivi sabWo. sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxolod gaauqmos am ukanasknelis gamocemuli individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti da daavalos mas axali aqtis
gamocema. Sesabamisad, miuxedavad gasaCivrebis uflebamosilebis arsebobisa, saboloo
gadawyvetileba mainc adgilobrivi sabWos jerzea. sasamarTlo adgilobrivi sabWos gadawyvetilebis mimarT ver ganixileba efeqtur saapelacio organod.
daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom adgilobrivi sabWos gadawyvetilebis sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebis ufleba ar aris dacvis efeturi saSualeba. sasamarTlo praqtika
cxadyofs, rom samarTlebrivi zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebisas xSiria procesualuri da kanonismieri moTxovnebis darRveva. erTgvarovani praqtikis CamoyalibebisTvis,
mniSvnelovania, kanonmdeblobaSi minimaluri garantiebis asaxva.
5. mudmivmoqmedi komisia
saqrTvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministros mudmivmoqmedi komisia pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis ganmxilveli sabWos zedamxedveli organoa. adgilobrivi sabWo aranakleb sam TveSi erTxel mudmivmoqmed komisias warudgens angariSs
ganxorcielebuli saqmianobis Taobaze. es ukanaskneli uflebamosilia gamoiTxovos sabWos uaryofiTad gadawyvetili saqmeebi da miiRos Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba, maT Soris
msjavrdebulis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.70
mudmivmoqmedi komisiis saqmianobis wesi ganisazRvreba saqrTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris 2010 wlis 27 dekembris
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2012 wlis 18 dekemberi.
saqarTvelos kanoni `patimrobis kodeqsi~, 09/03/2010, №2696, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne №12, 24/03/2010, 44-e muxlis pirveli da me-7 nawilebi.
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№185 brZanebiT damtkicebuli debulebiT. am debulebis Tanaxmad, komisiis uflebamosileba arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba adgilobrivi sabWosagan. komisia mxolod sazedamxedvelo funqciis ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtia da ara zemdgomi administraciuli organo.
adgilobrivi sabWos gadawyvetilebebi pirdapir saCivrdeba sasamarTloSi da mudmivmoqmed komisias ar aqvs uflebamosileba ganixilos msjavrdebulTa administraciuli saCivrebi. gaurkvevlobas kidev ufro amZafrebs is garemoeba, rom arsad araa gawerili is kriteriumebi, romlis safuZvelzec mudmivmoqmedi komisia gamoiTxovs adgilobrivi sabWos
uaryofiTad gadawyvetil saqmeebs. faqtia, yvela daukmayofilebeli saqmis gamoTxova
logikas da mizanSewonilobas moklebulia.
samarTlebrivi regulirebis kuTxiT iqmneba aSkara vakuumi da amas cxadyofs mudmivmoqmedi komisiis gadawyvetilebebic. 2011 wlis 30 dekembris №08/11/k-025 gadawyvetilebidan irkveva, rom mudmivmoqmedma komisiam gamoiTxova arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis
ganmxilveli adgilobrivi sabWos mier uaryofiTad gadawyvetili saqme, ganixila warmodgenili masalebi, miRebuli informaciis saerTo analizis safuZvelze miiCnia, rom
sasjelis mizani miRweulia, msjavrdebuli ganicdis resocializacias da mowodebulia
sazogadoebas daubrundes srulfasovan wevrad, pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis sruli
aRqmiT.71 igive informacias asaxavs mudmivmoqmedi komisiis sxdomis oqmic. zustad imave
sityvebs imeorebs mudmivmoqmedi komisiis 2013 wlis 11 martis №05/13/k-016 gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili.72 mudmivmoqmedi komisiis gadawyvetilebebi da sxdomis oqmebi
ar miuTiTeben im mizezebs, romelTa safuZvelzec moxda adgilobrivi sabWos ganxiluli
saqmeebis gamoTxova da gadawyvetilebebis Secvla. administraciuli organos saqmianoba
ewinaaRmdegeba samarTliani sasamarTlos standarts. es kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs mudmivmoqmedi komisiis arsebobis aucileblobis sakiTxs.
mudmivmoqmedi komisiis debulebis me-7 muxlis me-8 punqtis Tanaxmad, gadawyvetileba administraciuli wesiT SeiZleba erTjeradad gasaCivrdes sasamarTloSi. rodesac
mudmivmoqmedi komisia mxolod sakuTari iniciativiT gamoiTxovs saqmeebs, mizanSeuwonelia gasaCivrebis uflebis arseboba. ar arsebobs arc Sesabamisi sasamarTlo praqtika.
ufro metad ikveTeba mudmivmoqmedi komisiis arsebobis mizanSeuwonloba.
amgvarad, saqarTveloSi erT struqturaSi arsebobs ori erTi da imave funqciis
ganmaxorcielebeli organo, romelTagan mudmivmoqmedi komisia warmoadgens zedamxedvels, magram ara zemdgoms. orive organos gamocemuli administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti saCivrdeba sasamarTloSi. samarTliani sasamarTlos standartTan Sesabamisobis
kuTxiT maT gaaCniaT erTgvarovani xarvezebi. adgilobrivi sabWosa da mudmivmoqmedi komisiis erTdroulad arseboba dakavSirebulia ekonomikuri da adamianiseuli resursebis
damatebiT xarjvasTan. Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia, mudmivmoqmedi komisiis gauqmeba.
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gadawyvetileba №08/11/k-025, mudmivmoqmedi komisia, 2011 wlis 30 dekemberi.
gadawyvetileba №05/13/k-016, mudmivmoqmedi komisia, 2013 wlis 11 marti.
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6. daskvna
erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi ganxorcilebuli ukanaskneli cvlilebebis safuZvelze, pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis gadawyvetis uflebamosileba CamoerTva sasamarTlo organos da gadaeca specialurad Seqmnil adgilobriv sabWos. gadawyvetilebis
uflebis pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis adgilobrivi sabWosTvis miniWeba TavisTavad ar xelyofs saerTaSoriso da erovnul doneze dadgenil principebs. mniSvnelovania, rom sakiTxis ganmxilveli organo akmayofilebdes samarTliani sasamarTlos standarts.
statiaSi ganviTarebulma Sefasebebma da daskvnebma cxadyo, rom erovnuli kanonmdebloba da praqtika ver uzrunvelyofs samarTliani sasamarTlo procesis mniSvnelovan garantiebs. kerZod, normatiul doneze ar aris gawerili msjavrdebulisTvis im
masalebis gacnobis valdebuleba, romelic adgilobrivma sabWom unda Seafasos; bundovania zepiri mosmenis sxdomebis Catarebis sakiTxi; ar arsebobs gadawyvetilebis efeqturi gasaCivrebis meqanizmi; sazedamxedvelo organos, mudmivmoqmedi komisiis saWiroeba srulebiT ar ikveTeba; praqtika cxadyofs, rom gadawyvetilebebi arsebiTad dausabuTebelia da, metic, uaresobisken viTardeba.
naSromSi ganviTarebuli daskvnebis safuZvelze aucilebelia kanonmdeblobaSi
Sevides cvlilebebi pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis adgilobrivi sabWos saqmianobis
konstituciur da saerTaSoriso standartebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis mizniT. mniSvnelovania, gauqmdes mudmivmoqmedi komisia da Seiqmnas efeqturi saapelacio organo.
sabWoebma unda uzrunvelyon msjavrdebulis CarTuloba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi da gamocemuli aqtebi Seusabamon dasabuTebulobis standarts.
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niklas lumani*
eTika saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
I.
mraval sferoSi, romelSiac Tanamedrove sazogadoeba rTulad gadasawyvet problemebs warmoSobs, imedis mzera mipyrobilia „eTikisaken“. saubaria „bioeTikaze“, imisaTvis, rom ganixilon Tanamedrove teqnikis Sedegebi dedamiwaze sicocxleTan dakavSirebiT. universitetebi ayalibeben eTikis komisiebs, rodesac saqme Seexeba maT wevrTa
sawinaaRmdego braldebebs. samecniero organizaciebi SeimuSaveben eTikis kodeqsebs
kvlevisaTvis. igive sakiTxi ganixileba parlamentebSi deputatebTan dakavSirebiT. gaismis mosazreba, rom saWiroa arsebobdes ekonomikuri eTika (yovel SemTxvevaSi, bankebma SeimuSaves „eTikuri investiciebi“), ekologiuri eTika an samedicino eTika. da, yovelive amis Semdeg, ratomac ara saerTaSoriso eTika?
magram, saerTod ra igulisxmeba, rodesac amgvarad saubroben eTikaze? pirveli
SexedviT, Cans, rom akademuri eTika ver dagvexmareba, mas kiTxviT arc mimarTaven (maSinac, rodesac profesionali eTikosi monawileobs ganxilvebSi). verc transcendentaluri eTika, iseve, rogorc faseulobaTa eTika Tu utilitaristuli eTika ver SeZlebs
gadawyvetilebamde misvlas Tavis principebsa Tu maqsimebze dayrdnobiT. regulirebis
nebismieri SemoTavazeba imTaviTve im interesTa aRiarebas ganapirobebs, romlebic misive meSveobiTaa mowonebuli an dawunebuli. Sedegad, eTika xSirad mxolod is mediduri
tonia, romeliTac interesebi ganixileba. swored amitomac iqneboda gonivruli saqmeSi
iuristebis CarTva; rameTu maT ician saqmis viTareba da aqvT gamocdileba regulirebaSi interesTa CarTvis Sesaxeb.
problemebi TvalnaTelia, Tumca ar Cans, Tu rogor SeiZleba maTi gadaWra eTikis
formiT. SesaZloa saqme wminda akademiur diskurss Seexebodes. magram, erTi mxriv, mocemuli problemebi metad seriozuli da gadaudebelia. da, meore mxriv, aSkarad ikveTeba
ganzraxva praqtikulad qmediTi regulirebis amoqmedebisa. magram es SesaZloa mxolod
samarTlis formiT ganxorcieldes. amitomac imsaxureben mocemuli diskusiebi iuristis yuradRebasac. SesaZloa isini moicaven – da, Semdeg unda iTqvas: iRbliani SemTxveviTobis wyalobiT – im ideebs, romelTa gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia isedac Seferxebuli
gadawyvetilebebis dasabuTebisaTvis an im mosazrebebs, romlebic SeiZleba iqces Temad
samarTlebrivi regulaciebis politikuri momzadebisaTvis.
*
Targmani Sesrulebulia Semdegi gamocemidan: Luhmann, Niklas: „Ethik in internationalen Beziehungen“, in: Soziale Welt, Band 50 (3), 1999: 247-254, Baden-Baden: Nomos. avtorma naSromis teqsti
moxsenebis saxiT waikiTxa braziliis advokatTa kavSiris XV erovnul konferencaze,
romelc 1994 wlis 4-8 seqtembers gaimarTa braziliaSi. 1995 wels ki mocemuli naSomi
gamoqveynda portugaliur enaze.
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eTikis sxva sferoebisgan gansxvavebiT, saerTaSoriso eTikasTan dakavSirebiT ar
arsebobs eTikur rekomendaciaTa samarTalSi gadatanis instancia, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar
miviRebT saerTaSoriso marTlmsajulebis mcireoden da naklebad qmediT SemTxvevebs.
Sedegad, mivadeqi Cems Temas: ra mosazreba unda hqondes iurists, rodesac esmis,
rom „eTikis“ cnebis gamoyenebiT msjeloben saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis problemebze?
Semdgomi mosazrebani davyavi sam nawilad. Tavdapirvelad saqme Seexeba eTikis cnebis interpretirebas Tavisi evropuli tradiciidan gamomdinare. aRniSnuli warmoSobs
Semdgom kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu da romeli gansxvavebebis gaTvaliwinebiT SeiZleba es
mxolod evropuli tradicia saerTod iyos relevanturi globaluri sistemis, msoflio
sazogadoebis dRevandeli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT? magaliTad, gaigeben Cinelebi, Tu
razea saubari? bolos, davubrundebi uSualod samarTlis sistemas da, Tumca ar gavcem
pasuxs, magram sul mcire davsvam kiTxvas, Tu samarTlis sistema, rogorc sistema, Tavis
dinamikaSi rogor unda ganewyos msoflio sazogadoebis mzard konsolidirebasTan dakavSirebiT.
II.
Tu evropuli azrovnebis tradiciaSi eTikis saTaveebis Taobaze raRacis Tqma
surT, naklebad gamarTlebulia aristoteleseul eTosis cnebasTan dabruneba (rasac
dRes egreT wodebuli „neokomunitaristebi“ gvTavazoben). am cnebas evropa me-17-18 saukuneebSi, saTanado mizezebis gamo sabolood daemSvidoba. dRes SeuZlebelia misi rogorc sazogadoebriv-struqturuli, aseve Teoriuli winapirobebis restavrireba (da,
faqtobrivad, am saxis araviTari seriozuli mcdelobebi ar SeiniSneba). amdenad, Semovifarglebi im saazrovno formebiT, romlebic me-18 saukuneSi aRmocenda da Tumca garkveuli TvalsazrisiT moZvelda, dRemde gabatonebulia diskusiebSi. rasakvirvelia, es
SesaZloa mxolod ramdenime Tezisis formiT moxerxdes.
jer erTi, moyolebuli me-18 saukunidan, eTika (da masTan erTad moralic) gamijnulia samarTlisagan an sulac upirispirdeba mas (bunebiT samarTalsac ki). eTika ganixilavs Forum Internum-s, samarTali ki Forum Externum-s. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saxezea sindisis Sinagani iZuleba, meore SemTxvevaSi ki saxelmwifos organoTa mxridan garegani
iZuleba. wored es gamijvnaa, romelic dResac ki uyuradRebod rCeba, rodesac imgvarad
msjeloben eTikaze, TiTqos is SesaZloa ganxorcieldes interesebis (Tundac „goniTi
interesebis“) da moqmedi samarTlis gauTvaliswineblad.
meorec, me-18 saukuneSi, yvela doneze – fsiqologiasa da romanSi, kerZo sakuTrebaze orientirebul ekonomikis TeoriaSi, romelic sakuTrebas aRar miiCnevda Zalauflebad, aramed gankargvis uflebamosilebad, bunebiT samarTalsa da reformaTa Sesaxeb politikur diskusiebSi – damkvidrda radikaluri individualizmi. es iZleva SesaZleblobas, socialuri wesrigi ganisazRvros wodebrivi sazogadoebisTvis Cveuli
Zveli ganawilebisagan damoukideblad – socialuri statusisa da warmomavlobisagan,
eTnikuri Tu regionuli Taviseburebebisagan da eklesiaTa Tu seqtebis konfesiuri gansakuTrebulobisagan damoukidebladac. ekonomikisaTvis aRniSnuli gansazRvrul iqna,
rogorc bazarze orientirebuli warmoebisa da vaWrobis Tavisufleba, politikisaTvis
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niklas lumani, eTika saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
– rogorc moTxovna individTa „bunebiTi“ uflebebis aRiarebisa da warmomadgenlobiTi konstituciis formis meSveobiT maTi gamoxatulebis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb. SesaZloa, swored aqedan gamomdinare igulisxmeboda, rom Zalauflebis gamoyenebis ukanono
gadaWarbebisadmi winaaRmdegobis Zveli ufleba miviwyebas imsaxurebda.
mesamec, Tavisufleba, nacvlad Zveli mniSvnelobiT politikurad ganmartebisa,
axla ukve formulirebul iqna individebTan mimarTebaSi da iZulebis sawinaaRmdego
cnebad. individi, miuxedavad misi nebsmieri socialuri mdgomareobisa, Tavisufalia,
Tu da ramdenadac ar xdeba misi iZuleba. mocemul (rogorc fsiqologiuri, aseve sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT saTuo) Tavisuflebis cnebaSi arc me-19 da arc Tavad me-20
saukunes araferi ar Seucvlia, ramdenadac ideologiuri uTanxmoeba liberalizmsa da
socializms/komunizms Soris mxolod im kiTxviT iyo dakavebuli, Tu sad da rogor unda
SezRuduliyo es Tavisufleba – kanonierad, saxelmwifos mier dadgenili marTlwesrigiT, Tu aralegitimirebadi wesiT – kapitalizmis sawarmoo urTierTobebis meSveobiT.
meoTxec, eTika gadaiqca TiTqmis martooden filosofiur sakiTxad imis gamo, rom
regionul-saxelmwifoebriv doneze politikuri amonaxsenebis Zieba warmarTul iqna samarTlebrivi saxelmwifoebis (rule of law) meqanizmis gamoyenebiT. aRniSnulis meSveobiT,
samarTlis sruli pozitivireba da, mis Sesabamisad, politikuri procesebis demokratizeba SeuerTda imeds, rom SeZlebodaT misi ukugdeba sazogadoebrivi azris zewolis
meSveobiT. is, rom amasTan dakavSirebiT eTika aranair rols ar TamaSobda an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, literaturuli utopiis nairsaxeobad miiCneoda, mravali magaliTiT dasturdeba. davasaxeleb mxolod monobis SenarCunebas amerikis kontinentze me-19 saukunis
naxevramde, evropasTan dakavSirebiT ki – koloniebis dasafuZneblad humanitaruli intervenciis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi institutis gamoyenebas.
me-19 da me-20 saukuneTa inteleqtualuri samyaro efuZneboda swored am varaudebs, metadre eWvgareSe gaziarebul evropul warmodgenebs – individTa sxvadasxvagvarobis mniSvnelovnad ugulebelmyof individualizms da regionalur saxelmwifoze
orientirebul politikas. eTikis adresatad individebi miiCneodnen, samarTlebriv regulirebaTa adresatad ki – saxelmwifo. amgvarad danaxuli, ar moiZebneboda aranairi
sagani „saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa eTikisaTvis“. Cemi Tezisis Tanaxmad ki, amasobaSi
bevri ram Seicvala; da es cvlilebebi TvalsaCinoa maTi am tradiciul saazrovno wanamZRvrebTan Sedarebisas.
III.
upirveles yovlisa, Seicvala msoflio masStabis, zeregionalur urTierTdamokidebulebaTa siaSkarave. socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi saubroben „globalizaciis“
da „global system“-is Sesaxeb. amJamad sadavoa, SeiZleba Tu ara Tanxmoba erTiani „msoflio
sazogadoebis“ Sesaxeb, rac sakiTxs iqamde miiyvanda, rom ukve SeuZlebeli iqneboda regionalur sazogadoebebze, braziliur, argentinul, Turqul, somxur da sxva sazogadoebebze saubari. magram sadavoa mxolod imitom, rom gaurkvevelia, Tu romel pirobebSia
„sazogadoebis“ cneba gamoyenebadi. Tumca davas ver gamoiwvevs komunikaciis, masobrivi
mediis, samecniero kvlevis, sakredito da safinanso sistemebSi yoveldRiuri cvlilebebis, politikuri interesebis, ekologiuri sazrunavis da, amasTan dakavSirebiT, po-
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litikuri aSlilobis qseluri gafarToeba. aseve, dafiqrebis sababs iZleva savsebiT
gansxvavebul qveynebSi TiTqmis erTdroulad gamovlenili cvlilebebi – moyolebuli
axalgazrdobisa da migraciis problemebidan, religiuri Tu eTnikuri fundamentalizmidan, vidre centralurad marTuli warmoebis dagegmvis sirTuleebamde rogorc saxelmwifoebSi, aseve sawarmoebSi. Cemi TvalsazrisiT, es yovelive sakmarisi unda iyos
msoflio sazogadoebis Sesaxeb saubrisa da, amis fonze, regionalur zemoqmedebaTa
Zalze gansxvavebuli formebis gaTvaliswinebisaTvis.
amgvari msoflio sazogadoebis ganviTareba aSkarad cvlis im konteqsts, romelSiac SesaZlebelia saubari saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa eTikis Sesaxeb. ukve „saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis“ cnebac, saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebis mniSvnelobiT,
moqmedebs rogorRac moZvelebulad. saxezea moralur molodinTa mTeli simravle,
mowodebebisa da protestis formiT, rac saerTod aRaraa mimarTuli saxelmwifoebisaken, nacvlad amisa, masobrivi mediis meSveobiT, pirdapir sazogadoebrivi azrisaken
miemarTeba. vifiqroT Tundac Amnesty Interna onal-is saqmianobis Sesaxeb. magram, aseve saxelmwifoebis SigniTac SesaZlebelia dakvirveba, rom protestis gamomxatvelebi pirdapir qarxnebis WiSkrebTan ikribebian da samSeneblo Robeebs anjRreven, nacvlad saxelmwifosaTvis, rogorc maTi moTxovnebis SuamavlisaTvis mimarTvisa. es gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTelia evropaSi, sadac aRaravin icis, marTva xorcieldeba erovnuli dedaqalaqebidan Tu briuselidan, saboloo sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebani ki ukve evropul
sasamarTloSi miiReba. mTavaria: warmoebs saqmianobisa da gadawyvetilebaTa Cveneba da
dokumentireba, imgvarad, rom masobrivi mediiT xdeba maTi gavrceleba, maSin, rodesac
SeumCneveli rCeba sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi, eWvebi, grZelvadiani gamoTvlebi kompaniebSi, saministroebSi, bankebSi, saerTaSoriso daxmarebis organizaciebSi da a.S.
magram, ra saxisaa es „eTika“, romelic amgvari impulsurobiTaa warmodgenili? rasakvirvelia, mas aRaraferi aqvs saerTo yvela im akademiuri dasabuTebis sakiTxTan, rasac saSineli pedanturobiTa da sizustiT ganixilaven filosofosebi. nacvlad amisa,
saubaria „Rirebulebebze“ da „RirebulebaTa cvlaze“. magram, ramdenadac uricxvi Rirebuleba arsebobs da Ria sakiTxad rCeba, Tu calkeul SemTxvevaSi romeli Rirebuleba
imsaxurebs upiratesobas, amiTi verc veraferi gadawydeba – garda imisa, rom TiToeuli
swored Tavis Rirebulebas miiCnevs sasurvelad da miiswrafvis misi ganxorcielebisaken. is niadagi, romelzec xorcieldeba RirebulebaTa msgavsi konfliqtebis gadawyveta, mxolod SezRuduli moculobiTaa politika. sul ufro da ufro Cans masobrivi media, upiratesad televiziiT wina planze – da ara im saxiT, rom xdebodes ganwyobebis an
sulac „politikis“ rCeva da Semdgom maTi gaziareba, aramed ufro imgvarad, rom problemebi amoZravdes sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi da am problemaTa gadaWris moTxovnam
gamoxmaureba miiRos. amgvarad miiReba saWiroebebisa da SesaZleblobebis, moTxovnaTa
enTuziazmisa da konkretul RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebuli eWvis erTgvari feTqebadi
naerTi. amasTanave, artikulirebis upiratesoba calsaxad moralistebis mxaresaa da seriozulad veravin idavebs imaze, rom maT problemebs mogvareba esaWiroeba. da mainc,
yalibdeba saerTo jamSi naklebad gawonasworebuli suraTi situaciisa, romelSiac amJamad imyofeba Tanamedrove sazogadoeba.
garda amisa, eTikuri komunikaciis am tipTan dakavSirebiT umravlesobaTa da umciresobaTa sakiTxi aSkarad aranair rols ar asrulebs. ugulebelyofilia klasikur
warmomadgenlobiT konstituciaTa gulmodgined dabalansebuli iuridiuli aparati.
„demokratiis“ Sesaxeb jer kidev mxolod – laparakia. vinc eTikis mxares dadgeba, marTa-
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li iqneba, miuxedavad imisa, axla umciresobaSia Tu umravlesobaSi. nacvlad aRniSnuli
gansxvavebisa, rasac saparlamento komisiaTa gadawyvetilebebi unda ganesazRvra, sajaro komunikaciaSi artikulirebis sxvadasxvagvari Sansi gamoCndeba.
bolos, warumateblobisTvisaa ganwiruli mcdelobani gansxvavebuli qcevebis SedegTa eTikuri regulirebis qveS moqcevisa. ganixileboda miukerZoeblad Sefasebuli
zaralis Semcireba, Tundac ekologiis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. magram mizezobrivi
konteqstebi Zalze kompleqsuria, momavali ki kvlavindeburad ucnobi. yvela Tavis recepts SemogvTavazebs. Tu am situaciaSi samomavlo perspeqtivebis moralizebas visurvebdiT, es umalve gaaRvivebda moralur konfliqtebs.
faqtobrivad, saerTaSoriso eTikis mqadageblebi amgvar eWvebs angariSs ar uweven.
SeiZleba visaubroT „velur“ eTikasa da „enTuziastur“ eTikaze. magram es samarTlis
sociologiis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs dafaravda. Tu Tanxmobaa imaze, rom
msoflio sazogadoeba aRmocenda an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aRmocenebis procesSia: rogor
unda moxdes maSin msoflio samarTlis aRmocenebis gaazreba? cxadia, ara saxelmwifoTa
Soris xelSekrulebebis formiT, romelTa Sinaarsic, xangrZlivi diplomatiuri molaparakebebis Semdeg, Zneli dasadgenia. da, miT umetes, ara saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
dadgenilebebisa Tu memorandumebis formiT, romelTa arsebobac mxolod qaRaldze Semoifargleba. im samarTlebrivi principebis ganviTarebas, romlebic ar gamomdinareobs
erovnuli samarTlidan, amJamad SesaZlebelia davakvirdeT evropul samarTalSi, magram ara instituciurad ganmtkicebul msoflio marTlmsajulebaSi. rac, nacvlad amisa, Semzadebis procesSia, aris erTgvari saxe normebis protoiuridiuli aRmocenebisa
normisave darRvevis mizeziT, aRSfoTebis safuZvelze, emil diurkemis citirebas rom
mivmarToT – colère publique-is safuZvelze. normebi aRmocendeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rogorc Tanamdevi Sedegi sakuTriv maTi darRvevisa, anu ukuqmedebiT. iuristebi tipobrivad fiqroben, rom normis darRveva mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac norma ukve
arsebobs. magram samarTlis sociologebi da, upirveles yovlisa, samarTlis anTropologebi icnoben sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevasac: swored maSin iwyeba normebis Camoyalibeba, rodesac xdeba molodinTa darRveva da TvalsaCino SemTxvevebiTac dasturdeba, rom
SeuZlebelia amasTan Segueba. es Seexeba, magaliTad wamebas sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi, politikur mkvlelobebs, SesaZloa male aseve Seexos birTvuli usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul darRvevebs an ekologiuri sifrTxilis minimalur pirobebs.
dRes es Seexeba egreT wodebul „eTnikur wmendebs“, mosaxleobis didi nawilis gandevnas
maTi odindeli sacxovrebeli adgilebidan, rac 1945 wels, aseve, farTo masStabiT xorcieldeboda, samarTlebrivi eWvebis aRZvris gareSe. igive Seexeba samxedro danaSaulTa
sisxlissamarTlebriv dasjadobas – im sakiTxisgan damoukideblad, qmedebis Cadenisas
mocemuli saxelmwifos pozitiuri samarTali Seicavda Tu ara Sesabamis sisxlissamarTlebriv kanons (anu TvalsaCino darRveva, aseve, moqmedi wesisa, romlis mixedviTac
sisxlissamarTlebriv kanons ar aqvs ukuqmedebis Zala). amdenad, SesaZlebelia msoflio
masStabiT normaTa aRmocenebis procesebze sakmaod kargi dakvirveba da albaT eTika
aris amisi mxolod mcdari saxeldeba, rameTu saqme araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar Seexeba martooden sindisis problemebs an moralur sifrTxiles, aramed usaTuod samarTlis nairsaxeobas, romlis sanqcirebis SesaZlebloba Ziebis procesSia.
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IV.
amgvari, ufro metad sociologiuri analizebi TviTCamoyalibebadi msofliosazogadoebrivi samarTlebrivi kulturis Sesaxeb iuristebisTvisac saintereso unda
iyos. magram iuristebi mocemul problemebs pirdapir ar upirispirdebian, aramed mxolod im zomiT, rasac maTi erovnuli saxelmwifos samarTlis sistema da maTTvis moqmedi
samarTali amis Taobaze miuTiTebs. amdenad, SesaZloa daskvnis gamotana, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa eTikis sakiTxi maTTvis wminda akademiuri sakiTxia, yovelgvari
praqtikuli interesis gareSe.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, saxezea sul mcire erTi Tvalsazrisi, romliTac ignorirebis
es moxerxebuli gamosavali eWvis qveS dgeba. kantma Tavis traqtatSi maradiuli mSvidobis Sesaxeb aRniSna, rom msoflio mSvidoba mxolod maSin iqneboda uzrunvelyofili,
Tu teritoriul saxelmwifoTa doneze samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos garantias Seqmnida respublikuri konstitucia, imgvarad, rom yoveli konfliqti samarTlis kalapotSi
iqneboda moqceuli da amis meSveobiT – mSvidobianad gadawyvetili. SesaZlebelia mocemuli warmodgenis gadmotana Cveni problemis konteqstSi, Tu vifiqrebT ara marto
msoflio mSvidobaze, aramed aseve im TvalsazrisTa erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv gadaadgilebaze, romlebic saerTaSoriso eTikis protoiuridiuli formebiT gamoirCevian. rogor SeiZleba amgvari faseulobebisa Tu principebisaTvis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi
rezonansis uzrunvelyofa? rogor unda mivaRwioT imas, rom maT saerTod daimsaxuron
samarTlebrivi problemebiT dakavebuli iuristebis yuradReba? rogor unda mivideT
iqamde, rom isini – azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa da gansxvavebuli interesebis sruli dasaSvebobis gaTvaliswinebiT – saerTod moeqcnen iuridiuli formis gadawyvetilebaTa mxedvelobis areSi?
problema, rasakvirvelia, ver gadaiWreba kantis stilSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos eTikur-politikur postulatad wamoyenebiT. magram misi minebeba aseve ar SeiZleba
eTikis enTuziazmisaTvis, romelic protests acxadebs realuri urTierTobebis sapirispirod da, saboloo jamSi, Zalauflebis garda sxva gamosavals ver xedavs. Tavdapirvelad, uSualod problemas ufro zusti konturebi unda mivceT da vfiqrob, es SesaZloa moxerxdes samarTlis sociologiuri Teoriis meSveobiT.
gavrcelebuli mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod, upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos,
rom problema ar mdebareobs iuridiuli gadawyvetilebis farglebSi, anu, aseve, arc
samarTlis sistemaSi. samarTlis sistema mudam TviTreferirebisa da rekursiulobis
pirobebSi operirebs. es niSnavs: yoveli samarTlebrivi gadawyvetileba imave sistemis
sxva gadawyvetilebebs imowmebs, magaliTad kanonebs an kanonmdeblobis SemTxvevaSi –
konstitucias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, iTvaliswinebs kanonmdeblobis, iuridiuli praqtikis, xelSekrulebebis da a.S. arsebobas. xazgasmiT aRvniSnav: es nebismier SemTxvevaSi
asea, sxvagvarad samarTlebrivi gadawyvetileba verc iqneboba Secnobadi samarTlebriv
gadawyvetilebad. aqaa imisi sababi, rom iuristebma aseve unda iTanamSromlon sakanonmdeblo da kompleqsur saxelSekrulebo procesebSi; rameTu sxvagvarad ver moxerxdeboda axali samarTlis Camateba ukve arsebul samarTalSi, anu samarTlis reproduci-
312
reba. klasikurma Teoriam amasTan dakavSirebiT „samarTlis gamoyenebaze“ isaubra da
mas safuZvlad samarTlis wyaroTa ierarqiis Sesaxeb warmodgena daudo. dResdReobiT
samarTlis Teoria, upiratesad, cirkularul models iyenebs da, Sedegad, saubrobs samarTlis kvlavwarmoebaze samarTlis meSveobiT.
sistemis amgvari operaciuli daxuruloba, marTlac, aucilebeli pirobaa imisaTvis, rom samarTali saerTod Secnobil iqnes samarTlad. magram sociologiurad mniSvnelovani winaswari kiTxva iqneboda: saerTod amazea Tu ara es damokidebuli da saxeldobr ra pirobebSi xorcieldeba samarTlis amoqmedeba Tu SeCereba?
amasTan dakavirebiT msurs erTi SemTxvevis ganxilva, romelic, imedia, naTelyofs
problemas. samxreT italiis universitetma, romelic saxelmwifosgan finansdeboda,
Tavisi zrdis procesSi regionis mmarTvelobisagan miiRo Senoba ijariT. xelSekrulebaSi fiqsirebuli iyo ijaris Tanxa. imavdroulad, zepiri molaparakebisas, miRweul iqna
Tanxmoba, rom universitets SeeZlo Tavad ganesazRvra sargeblobis farglebi da ganexorcielebina aucilebeli saremonto samuSaoebi da rom saijaro Tanxis gadaxdis moTxovna ar iyo daSvebuli. amgvari Tanxmobis garegani Sinaarsi iyo: didsulovneba, daxmareba, Tavazianoba da savaraudod, pirovnul doneze: Semxvedr moqmedebaTa Txovnis SesaZlebloba. aT welze meti xnis Semdeg, aSkarad saxecvlil pirobebSi (antikorufciuli
kampania Mani pulite, sufTa xelebi, it.), ijaris safasuri, mniSvnelovani Tanxa, ukuZaliT
iqna moTxovnili. sakiTxavia, rogor SeiZleboda xelekrulebis dadeba misi seriozulad
aRqmis gareSe? rogor SeiZleboda mindoba imaze, rom xelSekruleba namdvilia da imavdroulad – baTili? rogor SeiZleboda imisi varaudi, rom aravin ar miaqcevda xelSekrulebas yuradRebas da yoveli gamoCenili problemis mogvareba SesaZlebeli iqneboda
megobruli urTierTgagebis qselis daxmarebiT – aseve da swored maSin, rodesac saqme
ukanonobaTa dafarvas exeboda. sxvagvarad rom iTqvas, qseli yovelTvis moaxerxebda
imaT povnas, visac ukidures SemTxvevaSi SeuZliaT daxmareba. anu, xelSekruleba mxolod sabuTebisTvis. magram Tu asea, ratom?
sirTule ar unda iyos am magaliTis ganvrcoba Semdgomi da kidev ufro mZime magaliTiT – Tundac, korufcia farTo mniSvnelobiT, sajaro moxeleTa kerZo sargebeli, policiis marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba da a.S. magram es ar aris Cemi Tema. aseve, is
gansakuTrebuli pirobebi, ramac italiaSi masStaburi antikorufciuli RinisZiebis
– Mani pulite swored rom revoluciuri warmateba da politikuri mRelvareba gamoiwvia
(upirveles yovlisa, aq unda vaxsenoT prokurorebis, mosamarTleebisa da masobrivi mediis saSualebaTa gulmodgined dagegmili erToblivi moqmedeba da SedegebisaTvis politikuri pasuxismgeblobis ararseboba), aq ver iqneba ganxiluli. magram am moxsenebis
TemisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom samarTlis sistemis amoqmedebis an SeCerebis aRniSnul
sakiTxSi nacionaluri pirobebi mravalgvaria. samarTlis sistema Tavadve moiTxovs da
ganapirobebs Tavisi gadawyvetilebebis msoflio masStabiT aRiarebas. es iZleva, msgavsad enisa, mis komunikaciaTa Targmnadobis garantias. amas vicnobT, magaliTad, saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis formiT da saerTaSoriso sajaro samarTliT moTxovnili
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi „suverenitetis“ pativiscemis saxiT. magram, rac saxelmwifodan
saxelmwifoSi, qveynidan qveyanaSi gansxvavdeba, aris sakiTxi, Tu saerTod ramdenad xdeba samarTlis gaTvaliswineba. sxvagvarad rom iTqvas, saxezea Zalze gansxvavebuli soci-
313
aluri pirobebi, romlebic saerTod azrs ukargavs marTlzomiersa da marTlsawinaaRmdegos Soris gansxvavebas. magaliTad, SeiZleba ukiduresad mniSvnelovani iyos, Tu vin
gamoxatavs gansazRvrul survilebs an vis exeba gadawyvetilebani.
aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, dRevandel msofliosazogadoebriv viTarebaze dakvirvebisas, sociologiuri perspeqtividan gamomdinare, sulac aRaraa ueWveli, rom me-11
saukunidan evropaSi ganviTarebuli samarTlebrivi kultura gamoyenebadia msoflio
masStabiT. magram masze iqneba damokidebuli, moxerxdeba Tu ara protoiuridiul ganviTarebaTa gadatana saerTaSoriso eTikis sferoSi – praqtikulad gamoyenebadi, gansjadobas daqvemdebarebuli samarTlis saxiT.
V.
dasasrul, msurs ori aqtualuri problema vaxseno, rac naTelyofs, Tu saerTaSoriso eTikis problemebi rogor gardaiqmneba samarTlebriv problemebad. saqme exeba sakiTxebs, romelTa mimarTac, sul mcire germaniaSi, mosaxleobis da, gansakuTrebiT,
axalgazrdobis mkafio simpaTiebis aRmoCena da gaaqtiureba SeiZleba, metadre imis mimarT simpaTiebisa, rasac eTika unda moiTxovdes, magram risi konkretul samarTlebriv
kalapotSi gadatanac sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. mxedvelobaSi maqvs Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis ekologiuri problemebi, nawilobriv teqnikis Sedegebis saxiT, magram, Tu
tropikuli wvimis tyeebsa da zogierT zRvaSi Tevzis gaqrobaze vifiqrebT, aseve resursebis windauxedavi moxmarebis saxiT. sxva problema Seexeba egreT wodebul adamianis
uflebebs.
diplomatiur molaparakebebSi, romlebic win uswrebs SesaZlo ekologiuri zomebis Sesaxeb saerTaSorio konvenciebs, magram, aseve, garemos dacvis calmxrivi saxelmwifoebrivi zomebis kritikaSic, kvlav da kvlav SexvdebiT protests, rom saqme xelovnurad win wamoweul Tvalsazrisebs Seexeba, rodesac sinamdvileSi savaWro akrZalvebis
SemoReba gamiznulia adgilobrivi mrewvelobis dasacavad. rasakvirvelia, aravis SeuZlia – iuristebma es yvelaze ukeT ician – gacxadebuli miznisa da namdvili motivis
gamijvna. komunikaciis doneze mxolod imisken aris SesaZlebeli mimarTulebis aReba,
rac komunicirdeba. igive problema gvaqvs Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSic, rodesac
ekologiuri moTxovnebi imdenad matulobs, rom mxolod finansurad Zlier did industrias SeuZlia adgilis SenarCuneba da misma ufro sustma konkurentebma ki imedi unda
dakargon. germaniaSi es problema aqtualuria, magaliTad benzingasamarTi sadgomebis
axali kriteriumebiT gadawyobasTan dakavSirebiT. am SemTxvevaSi, samarTlis sistemas,
upirveles yovlisa, konstituciursamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, moeTxoveba ganaviTaros ekologiurad orientirebuli politikis SezRudvis kriteriumebi bazris mxedvelobaSi miRebiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, iuristebi miCveulni arian dasacavi da gasawiri
interesebis gansxvavebas da kompleqsuri mowesrigebis SemoTavazebaTa SemuSavebas –
Tundac, gardamavali vadis an kompensaciis gansakuTrebuli kriteriumebis meSveobiT.
magram swored amisaTvis unda SeeZlos samarTlis sistemas aucilebeli integrirebis
garantireba, rom imTaviTve gansazRvrul erovnul da/an ekonomikur interesTa msaxurad ar gamoCndes. anu, mniSvnelovania: unda moxdes argumentireba specifikuri iuridi-
314
uli maneriT – sxva, ukve gadawyvetil SemTxvevebTan Sedarebis gziT an gadawyvetilebis
samarTlebriv SedegTa winaswarganWvretiT.
adamianis uflebaTa SemTxveva sxvagvari da mniSvnelovnad ufro rTulia. aq, Tavdapirvelad, rac magaliTad Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobas Seexeba, arsebobs specifikuri evropuli tradicia, risi istoriuli da regionaluri Tavisebureba mxedvelobaSia
misaRebi. rogorc Tavisufleba, aseve Tanasworoba SesaZlebelia mxolod SezRudvebis
safuZvelze. aqedan gamomdinareobs kiTxva, Tu romeli SezRudvebia Cveuli da rogori
gamovlineba aqvs am SezRudvebs sxva struqturul faqtorebze, magaliTad SromiT mzaobaze an demografiul cvalebadobaze. es warmoSobs eWvs, rom aseve adamianis uflebebi
gamoiyeneba sababis saxiT politikur urTierTobebSi intervenciisaTvis, romelTa sapasuxismgeblo gadawyveta SesaZlebelia mxolod erovnul doneze – iqneba es axla demokratiuli, Tu ara.
am problemas rom Tavi avaridoT, avirCev mZime da saerTaSoriso eTikaSi namdvilad udavo SemTxvevas: wamebis SemTxvevas saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa mxridan. rasakvirvelia, Tu msgavsi SemTxvevebi cnobili gaxda, mosalodnelia sayovelTao aRSfoTeba.
magram, rogor gadawydeboda ukve sulac ara SeuZlebeli SemTxveva, rodesac teroristebis gankargulebaSi iqneboda atomuri bombi da saqme iqamde mividoda, rom patimarTa wamebis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda maTi samalavis mikvleva. miscemdiT wamebis
uflebas, Tu usargeblod miutevebdiT? da Tu am SemTxvevaSi, maSin aseve ufro naklebad
mZime SemTxvevaSic? da Tu ki, maSin ra farglebSi?
germaniaSi SemTxveva konstituciursamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT naTladaa mowesrigebuli: adamianis Rirseba xelSeuxebelia. anu, wamebis ufleba aravis aqvs – miuxedavad Sedegebisa. magram mocemuli SemTxveva, SeuZliaT iuristebs aRniSnon, konstituciis miRebis dros sulac ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, anu SesaZlebeli iqneboda fiqciuri
kalkulaciiT Tavis daRweva. rogor gadawyvetilebas miiRebda sakonstitucio kanonmdebeli, Tu mas am SemTxvevis ganxilva mouwevda?
samarTlis sistemas, miuxedavad moCvenebiTad mkafio iuridiuli Semadgenlobisa,
aqvs SesaZlebloba, gadawyvetilebaTa Tavisuflebis interpretaciiT miaRwios Tavis
Riaobas. magram, rogor iqneboda gadawyvtileba miRebuli „tragikuli arCevanis“ amgvar
SemTxvevaSi an „saxelmwifo aucileblobis“ SemTxvevaSi, sadac, marTlac da mxolod Secdomis daSvebaa SesaZlebeli?
iuristis Cveulebrivi samuSao praqtikidan danaxuli, moTxovnili iqneboda wamebis, Tundac xvneSiTa da oxvriT, nebarTva, rameTu es gadawyvetileba SeiZleba SemzRudveli pirobebiT mainc aRiWurvos, anu iuridiulad gakontroldes, maSin, rodesac sapirispiro gadawyvetileba yvelafers arakontrolirebad SemTxveviTobas miandobda.
magram, aseve unda davinaxoT, rom samarTali, rac mis principebsa da eTikur Senaarss
Seexeba, amgvari gadawyvetilebiT Tavis Tavs daupirispirdeboda da, amdenad, unda iyos
moxaruli, Tu garegSe instancia mas am gadawyvetilebas CamoarTmevs – argumenti, romelic logikaSi giodelis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.
wamoyenebuli kiTxva aq ar damisvia imisaTvis, rom sakiTxi Tavad gadamewyvita an
uflebamosil dawesebulebebs Wkviani rCeviT davxmarebodi. nacvlad amisa, Cemi kiTxvaa:
xom ar vcxovrobT iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelic mzadaa amgvari sakiTxi gadasawyvetad
315
dauTmos samarTlis sistemas? an, sxvagvarad: aris es is sakiTxi, romelic saerTod SeiZleba gadawydes kodiT – samarTlebrivi da arasamarTlebrivi? an, kidev erTxel sxvagvarad: Tu am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT eTika da interesebi erTmaneTs ejaxeba da yovel
Cvengans SeuZlia orive mxares argumentireba da veranairi gadawyvetileba ver iqneba
miCneuli marTlzomierad: vin unda miiRos gadawyvetileba, Tu ara samarTlis sistemam?
magram da, kidev erTxel: romeli winapirobebis ZaliT iqneboda sazogadoeba mzad samarTlis sistemis gadawyvetilebis gasaTvaliswineblad? rasakvirvelia mxolod maSin, Tu
misi integrireba imTaviTve uzrunvelyofilia.
germanulidan Targmna laSa bregvaZem*
*
TinaTin wereTlis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis institutis direqtori.
316
klaus hopti1
evropis kompaniaTa samarTlis moqmedebis gegmis
gadasinjva2, 3
I. Sesavali
èvropis kompaniaTa samarTlis moqmedebis gegmis 2003 wlis gadasinjva~ gansakuTrebuli sakiTxia leuvenis kaTolikuri universitetis ian ronsis institutis 20 wlis
iubilis aRsaniSnavad. aRniSnuli instituti daarsda profesor ian ronsis mier, romelic belgiisa da holandiis (Dutch) kompaniaTa samarTalis cnobili specialisti iyo.
misi mizani iyo ganexorcielebina saganmanaTleblo da samecniero kvleva kompaniebis,
asociaciebis da safinanso samarTlis safuZvelze. profesori ronsi dasaxuli miznisken gzas sworad ikvlevda sakuTari SorsmWvretelobis xarjze.4 aucilebelia imis cnobierebaSi CabeWvda, rom 1980 wels „evrosklerozis~ lozungis popularizacia xdeboda
maSin, roca deloris komisia mis mier Seqmnili 1985 wlis Sida bazris dakompleqtebis
Sesaxeb „TeTri wigniT~ jer kidev Sors iyo misi praqtikuli Sesrulebisgan. aseve dasamaxsovrebelia faqti, rodesac 1988 wlis 20 seqtembers margaret tetCerma briugeSi
warmoTqva misi cnobili sityva da evropa „erebis ojaxad (gaerTianebad)~ moixsenia. amave dros evropis kompaniaTa samarTali axlad Camoyalibebuli iyo da imedismomcemad ar
miiCneoda. magram profesor ronsis xedva gamarTlda da ronsis instituti misi saqmianobis zrdis kvaldakval izrdeboda. saerTo CamonaTvali kompaniaTa samarTlis jgu1
2
3
4
winamdebare naSromi Targmnilia Semdegi statiidan: Hopt K., The European Company Law Action Plan Revisited, Law Working Paper #140/2010.
Sead. Geens K., Hopt K. (eds.), The European Company Law Action Plan Revisited, Reassessment of the
2003 priorities of the European Commission, Leuven (Belgium), 2010.
samarTlis profesori, maqs plankis institutis SedarebiTi da saerTaSoriso kerZo
samarTlis yofili direqtori, hamburgi, evropis komitetis kompaniaTa samarTlis
eqspertTa umaRlesi jgufis wevri. winamdebare Sesavali dafuZnebulia 2009 wlis 9
ianvars leuvenSi ian ronsis institutis 20 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT gamarTuli
konferenciis „The European Company Law Action Plan 2003 Revisited” Sesaval sityvaze. aRniSnuli moxsenebis Sesavlis maxasiaTebeli mxardaWeril da damowmebul iqna mimdinare
konferenciaze warmodgenili statiebisaTvis da ganaxlebuli versiis saxiT xelaxla
daibeWda.
Sead. 2009 wlis 9 ianvars leuvenSi profesor ian ornsis (1921-1988) iubiles aRmniSvnel akademiur sxdomaze, romelic gaimarTa volter van gervinis TavmjdomareobiT,
leqciebi gamarTul iqna jaap vinteris mier Temaze Moving forward EU Corporate Governance
and Company Law / Voortgang maken met Corporate Governance en het Vennootschapsrecht in Europa, da
jo vandeurzenis mier Temaze The message of Professor Jan Ronse for the lawyers of tomorrow“ / „De
boodschap van Professor Jan Ronse voor de juristen van morgen. Sead. agreTve, Winter J., Jus Audacibus.
The future of EU company law, in: Tison M., Wulf H., Elst C., Steennot R. (eds.), Perspectives in Company
Law and Financial Regulation. Essays in Honour of Eddy Wymeersch, Cambridge (Cambridge University
Press) 2009, 43.
317
fis mier gamoqveynebuli publikaciebisa leuvensa da mis ronsis institutSi marTlac
rom STambeWdavia.5 profesor koin giinsis erT-erTi ukanaskneli publikaciis saTauri
svams Semdeg kiTxvas: „saiT midis sazogadoebaTa samarTali? (Quo vadis ius societatum?)~.6
konferenciis Temas bevri saerTo aqvs imasTan, rac arc Tu ise adre iqna uaryofili. 2001 wlis 4 ivliss moxda erTgvari gamaognebeli faqti: evropis parlamentma CaSala
me-13 direqtivis proeqti, ramac gamoiwvia institucionaluri krizisi. es iyo komisiis
wevri bolkesteini, romelmac kompaniaTa samarTlis umaRlesi donis jgufis mowveviT
gamosaxa momavlis gza, rogorc kompaniaTa samarTlis moqmedebaTa gegma 2003-is mimarT
gadadgmuli misi pirveli nabiji7. me8 winaaRmdegobas gavuwev moqmedebaTa gegmis istoriaze, Sinaarsze da Sedegebze damkvidrebis cdunebas.9 winaaaRmdegoba arsebobs imisda
miuxedavad, rom profesori hopti da misi megobrebi, romlebic konferencias eswrebian eqspertTa umaRlesi donis jgufis wevrebi iyvnen. zemoaRniSnulis miuxedavad, minda
davsva dReisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da erTgvarad ritorikuli kiTxva: ra Sansebia, rom aRniSnuli moqmedebaTa gegma iseTive warmatebuli iqneba moqmedebis ganmavlobaSi, rogori warmatebac amJamad ronsis instituts Tavis samoRvaweo asparezze aqvs?
pasuxis arcerT prizmaSi es aSkara da cxadi ar aris. arsebul mdgomareobaSi ki realobaa is, rom „sawarmoTa dauflebis Sesaxeb~ direqtivis Taobaze ori jgufis moxseneba
da moqmedebis gegma uCveulod didi yuradRebis qveS moeqca rogorc evrogaerTianebis
SigniT, ise mis farglebs gareTac. moklevadiani moqmedebebis gegmis Sesrulebis pirveli etapi damTavrda me-14 direqtividan (registrirebuli samuSao adgilmdebareobis
sxva qveyanaSi gadatanis Taobaze – es direqtiva jer ar aris miRebuli) mniSvnelovani
gamonaklisebiT. magram Sua stadiaze is SeCerebul iqna komisiis wevris mak qrivis mier
da gegmis erTaderTi grZelvadiani etapis - meore direqtivis SesaZlo Sesavlis alter5
6
7
8
9
ix. <www.law.kuleuven.be/jri>.
ix. Tijdschrift voor Rechtspersoon en Vennootschap 2006, 75.
kompaniaTa samarTlis Tanamedrove maregulirebeli sistema evropaSi, Report of the High
Level Group of Company Law Experts, European Commission, Brussels, 4 November 2002, 161 xelaxla
gamocemulia: Ferrarini G., Hopt K., Winter J., Wymeersch, E. (eds.), Reforming Company and Takeover
Law in Europe, Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2004, Annex 3, 925-1086. aseve, ix. Report of the High
Level Group on Issues Related to Takeover Bids, European Commission, Brussels, 10 January 2002, 96, idem
at Annex 2, 825-924. igive wignSi ixileT damateba 2, 825-924. Sead. Hopt K., Modern Company and
Capital Market Problems: Improving European Corporate Governance After Enron, in: Journal of Corporate Law Studies 3 (2003) 221-268, xelmisawvdomia aseve sociologiuri kvlevis qselze (ssrn);
Sead. Hopt K., Wymeersch E. (eds.), Company Law and Corporate Governance in Europe – Interim Report
and Reflections on the Ongoing Reforms in the European Union and in Selected Member States, RabelsZ 69
(2005) issue 4, 611-795. garda amisa, umaRlesi donis jgufis wevrebma daweres sxva moxseneba komisiisaTvis, ix. European Corporate Governance in Company Law and Codes, Report of the High
Level, Group of Company Law Experts, Rivista delle società, 2005, 534-587.
igulisxmeba profesori klaus hopti (g.m.).
urTierToba evropis komisiidan evropis sabWosa da evropis parlamentamde, kompaniaTa
samarTlis modernizireba da sawarmoTa korporaciuli marTvis gazrda evropis gaerTianebaSi – winsvlis gegma, briuseli, 21.5.2003, COM (2003) 284 dasrulebuli. aRniSnul
samoqmedo gegmasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT Feerrarini et al. (note 5) da Hopt K., European Company Law and Corporate Governance: Where Does the Action Plan of the European Commission Lead? in: Hopt
K., Wymeersch E., Kanda H., Baum H. (eds.), Corporate Governance in Context – Corporations, States, and
Markets in Europe, Japan, and the US, Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2005, 119.
318
klaus hopti, evropis kompaniaTa samarTlis moqmedebis gegmis gadasinjva
natiuli reJimis Seqmna – ganxorcieleba gadaido. es mZime droa, rac mxolod evropis
kompaniaTa samarTlze ar axdens gavlenas. im situaciis paralelurad, rodesac evropis
komisia garkveuli qmedebebisgan Tavs ikavebs, suraTi Sebrunebulia evropis parlamentTan mimarTebiT. kerZod, mas (evropis parlaments) surs win wasvla da qmediTi nabijebis
gadadgma. federalurobaze fiqris nacvlad, wevr saxelmwifoebs subordinacisken aqvT
midrekileba. TviTon wevr saxemwifoebSic ki nacionaluri egoizmi ufro popularulia,
vidre odesme yofila. yvelaferTan erTad am saxelmwifoebSi proteqcionalizmis didi
talRa SeiniSneba. garda amisa, safinanso bazris krizisi istoriul zRvars avlebs presubprime-sa da post-subprime era-s Soris (winare-substandartul da Semdgom-substandartul epoqas Soris).
zomoT aRniSnuli faqtobrivi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, koin ginis mier am
konferenciaze dasmuli CixSi Semyvani kiTxva – „saiT midis sazogadoebaTa samarTali?
(Quo vadis ius societatum?)~ - gacilebiT metia, vidre akademiuri kiTxva. is exeba evropis integraciis fundamentur Sedegebs. ismis kiTxva: rogor SeiZleba aseT situaciaSi winaaRmdegobis gaweva da gamosavlis povna? neba miboZeT niadagi movamzado am programis 5-6
sareformo sferos SeqmniT, agreTve movamzado reformis ramdenime perspeqtiva safinanso bazris krizis miRma.
II. kompaniis inventarizacia
kompaniis inventarizaciis Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia lakonurad saubari imdenad, ramdenadac sxvadasxva statiam amisaTvis SesaniSnavi baza Seqmna. evropis kompaniaTa samarTlis Sesaxeb sami mTavari kiTxva ismis: ra iqna miRweuli? sad ganvicadeT marcxi? ratom
varT axla iq, sadac varT da ratom ar varT ufro Sors mocemuli mdgomareobidan?
pirvel kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT zogs sjera, rom evropis kompaniaTa samarTali
trivialuria. vfiqrob, es zedapiruli dakvirvebis Sedegia. ra Tqma unda, Cven yvelam
kargad viciT, rom imas, rac xelT gvaqvs, bevri nakli aqvs. amasTan, evropis kompaniaTa
samarTalis udidesi nawili saerTod ar aris harmonizirebuli, rogorc amas me-5 direqtivis proeqtis da me-9 direqtivis proeqtis bedi warmogviCens. meore mxriv, kompaniaTa
samarTalTan dakavSirebuli direqtivebisa da evropis sasamarTlos saqmeebis absolituri umravlesoba Zalian STambeWdavia.10 Sesabamisad, ramdenime cvlileba swored aqedan iqna aRebuli miuxedavad imisa, es gadawyvetilebebi swori iyo Tu mcdari an is cvlilebebi, romelic maT Semoitanes – kargi iyo Tu cudi.11 ubralod Tvali gadavavloT direqtivebis aRricxvasa da Semowmebas. zogierT qveyanaSi, Cemi qveynis CaTvliT,12 srulad
Secvales erovnuli samarTali da praqtika an aiRes evropis kompaniaTa sakanonmdeblo
aqtebi. SesaZloa vikamaToT imaze, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania praqtikisaTvis es axali
samarTlebrivi forma, magram iseT gaxmaurebul saqmeebSi, rogoricaa germanuli
10
11
12
ix. Hopt K., Wymeersch E.(eds.), European Company and Financial Law, Texts and Leading Cases, 4th ed.,
Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2007.
Sead. Grundmann S., European Company Law, Antwerpen/Oxford (intersentia) 2007; wevri saxelmwifoebis kompaniaTa samarTlis Sesaxeb, Sead. Andenas M., Wooldridge F., European Comparative
Company Law, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press) 2009.
igulisxmeba germania (g.m.).
319
Allianz an Porsche Corporation, aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi formebi namdvilad mniSvnelovani iyo. rac Seexeba evropis sasamarTlos saqmeebis mniSvnelobas, masze kamaTic ki
ar SeiZleba. centrosis saqmem da mis safuZvelze miRebulma gadawyvetilebebma sruliad Secvala evropis kompaniaTa samarTlis landSafti da biZgi misca kompaniaTa konkurenciis samarTlis kanonmdeblebs evrogaerTianebis farglebs gareTac SeeqmnaT axali
epoqa. britanuli Public limited Company-is warmateba kontinentze da germanuli SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis samarTlis reforma e.w. 2008 wlis oqtombris “oi”
amis mxolod ori magaliTia.
es ar niSnavs imas, rom am reformebSi ar aris bevri Cavardna. mravali urTierTgansxvavebuli magaliTidan kompaniaTa dauflebis direqtivac gamodgeba. „gaakeTe arCevani da gaiziare direqtivis me-12 muxlis reJimi an transformaciis mravalferovneba da
moaxdine misi pirdapir Tavidan aridebac ki~, es swored asea aRwerili komisiis Stabis
2007 wlis moxsenebaSi.13 wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris Zlieri „zizRia~ sawarmoTa dauflebis barierebis gadalaxvasTan dakavSirebiT, rac globalizaciis sayovelTao SiSis da
politikuri proteqcinalizmis zogadi tendenciiTaa nakarnaxevi.14 samwuxarod, germania ar aris gamonaklisi. magram, meore mxriv, yuradReba unda mieqces TiToeul saqmes.
arCevans/Tavisuflebas SesaZloa, aseve, hqondes dadebiTi efeqti,15 Tu is miecema ara
wevr saxelmwifoebs rogorc es tradiciul SemTxvevebSi xdeba xolme, aramed Tavad bazris monawileebs, rogorc es me-12 muxlSi orjer iqna citirebuli. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
urTierTmoqmedebaze. cxadia, igi gamoyofilia anti-flustraciuli principidan, magram metma Tavisuflebam SesaZloa kompaniebs gauadvilos gadawyvetilebis miReba me-9
da me-11 muxlis reJimSi monawileobasTan mimarTebiT.
ratom varT axla iq, sadac varT da ratom ar varT ufro Sors wasulni evropis kompaniaTa samarTalTan mimarTebaSi? pasuxi politikuria da, ZiriTadad, evropis sabWosa
da wevr saxelmwifoebSi SeiZleba moinaxos. im dros, rodesac evrokomisiasa da evropis
sasamarTlos evropis kompaniaTa samarTalSi mniSvnelovani winsvla hqondaT, wevr-saxelmwifoebma bevr instanciaSi Seaneles am procesis msvleloba, zogjer aferxebdnen
arakeTilsindisieri moqmedebebiTac ki, rogorc es sawarmoTa dauflebis direqtivis
msvlelobisas moxda. magram am yvelafris Semdeg, rogorc bismarkma Tqva, politika aris
SesaZleblobis xelovneba. saerTo jamSi, evropis kompaniaTa samarTlis dasayrdeni nawili am WrilSi arc Tu ise cudad gamoiyureba.
III. reformis problemebi
reformis problemebi, romelic moqmedebis gegmam gamoavlina da romelic sajaroa, Zalian bevria gansakuTrebiT erTdRiani konferenciisTvis. magram am reformis
problemebis umTavresi kritika ganixileba konferenciis samuSao Sexvedris ganmavlobaSi. amitom SemiZlia Semovifarglo ramdenime sityviT evropisa da SedarebiTi samar13
14
15
dauflebis direqtivis implementaciis Sesaxeb moxseneba, komisiis samuSao dokumenti,
briuseli, 2007, 268.
Hopt K., Obstacles to corporate restructuring: observations from a European and German perspective, in:
Essays in Honour of Eddy Wymeersch, supra note 2, 273.
Hertig G., McCahery A., A Legal Options Approach to EC Company Law, in: Ferrarini G., Wymeersch E.
(eds.), Investor Protection in Europe, Oxford (Oxford University Press), 2006, 119; Sead. Bartman S., The
Impact of Optional EU Law Making on National Company Law, European Company Law 5 (2008) 271-276
da Bachmann G., Optionsmodelle im Privatrecht, Juristen-Zeitung, 2008, 11.
320
Tlis WrilSi. ra Tqma unda, saxeze gvaqvs personaluri dakvirvebebic da me, rasakvirvelia, ar vgulisxmob raime gziT daveuflo am moxsenebebis prezentaciebs an samuSao
jgufis gadawyvetilebebs. magram erTi an ori kiTxva SesaZloa ganxilul iqnes samuSao
jgufSi da SesaZloa mrgval magidasTan wina planze wamoiwios dasmul kiTxvebze gacemulma pasuxebma da moqmedebis gegmisaTvis rekomendaciis saxe miiRos.
1. kapitali16
dRevandeli evropis kompaniaTa samarTlis debatebis yvelaze sadavo sakiTxebidan
erT-erTi sakanonmdeblo savaldebulo kapitalia. eqspertTa umaRlesi donis jgufSi
kamaTisas SeimCneoda ekonomistebis saerTo xedvis zegavlena nebadarTul kapitalTan
dakavSirebiT, agreTve iseTi samarTlebrivi gamocdilebis gavlena, rogoric aris aSSis biznes korporaciaTa modeluri kanoni; aseve, axali zelandiis da britanuli “Private
limited Company”-is gavlena.17 kreditorTa dacvis sxva proeqtebma daadastura, rom isini
iq kargad muSaoben. kerZod, gadaxdisuunarobis testis ganxorcieleba sertificirebuli auditoris mier, rogorc es axal zelandiaSia da mniSvnelovani valdebulebiTi
normebis mier. Cven gaTvicnobierebuli gvqonda, rom me-2 direqtivis deregulacias misi
savaldebulo nebadarTuli kapitalis dacvis CaTvliT yvela wevri saxelmwifo miesalmeboda. amitom SevTavazeT winsvlis Zalian frTxili gza. evropis komisia mihyva am windaxedul midgomas Tavis moqmedebis gegmaSi da daivaldebula Tavi mxolod am midgomis
realurad ganxorcielebis mxriv.18 magram grZelvadiani moqmedebis CarTva kapitalis
mxardaWeraze, e.i. me-2 direqtivis alternatiuli reJimis SesaZlo Sesavali (romelic
realurad damokidebulia samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis gzebis gansazRvris Seswavlis Sedegebze), SeTavazebuli winadadebis mimarT urTierTgagebasa da simpaTias gamoxatavda.
Cven rac ver SevafaseT, es iyo cvlilebebis mimarT ramdenime wevr-saxelwifoSi
winaaRmdegoba. kerZod, germaniaSi. iseT qveyanaSi, rogoricaa didi britaneTi praqtikisa da saganmanaTleblo swavlebiT reformirebis moxdenis didi valdebulebis arseboba (daweseba) naklebad gasakviri iyo. germaniaSi, sakanonmdeblo minimalur kapitals
kreditorTa sapatio dacvis devizi hqonda rogorc saaqcio sazogadoebisTvis, ise
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebisTvis. germanuli sakoporacio samarTlis
warmoSobis adreuli wlebidan is ganicdis sxvadasxva sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebisa
da mravaltomiani samarTlebrivi komentarebis meSveobiT srulyofas. kanonmdeblebisgan ar modioda gansakuTrebuli winaaRmdegoba, magram igi momdinareobda akademiuri
personalisa da mosamarTleTa gaerTianebis mxridan iseve, rogorc zogadad samarTlis
praqtikidan, romelic ganpirobebuli iyo im CveulebiT, rac maT yovelTvis hqondaT.
reaqciam naTelyo Tu ramdenad Zlieri SeiZleba iyos moqmedebis wesis damokidebuleba
sxvadasxva garemoze. magaliTisTvis gamodgeba is, Tu moqmedi normebi ramdenad iqneba
danergili samosamarTlo samarTalsa da mravalricxovan doqtrinaSi.
16
17
18
ix. Grade N., Wauters M, infra 25, the response by Rickford, 62, the discussion, infra, 70, and the summary,
infra, 61.
Sead. Marx P., Der Solvenztest als Alternative zur Kapitalerhaltung in der Aktiengesellschaft, Baden-Baden
(Nomos) 2006.
am swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic Seqmnil iqna KPMG-is mier, ix. Grade N., Wauters
M., infra, 30.
321
dRevandeli sabrZolo xazi niSandebulia ori cnobili moxsenebis mier did britaneTsa da germaniaSi, romelic ori pirovnebisa da megobris mier aris Sesrulebuli. eseni arian jonaTan rikfordi, romelsac qalaqSi miRebuli kargi praqtikuli codna aqvs
da markus luTeri, romelmac Tavisi profesoruli Tesizi SedarebiT samarTlebriv kapitalze evropis gaerTianebaSi didi xnis win dawera.19 Cemi amocana ar aris debatebSi
monawileobis miReba, Tumca rogorc eqspertTa umaRlesi donis jgufis wevri Cemi erTpirovnuli rekomendaciebiT komisiisadmi germaniaSi gamorCeuli viyavi, rogorc Cemi
Taobis saxifaTo modernisti. erTaderTi SeniSvna, romelic minda gavakeTo aris is, rac
meCveneba, rom unda iyos mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo kapitalis diskusiasTan erTad.
es Seexeba midgomas, romelic evropis kompaniaTa samarTalma unda SeiTvisos, Tu aseTi
Zlieri moqmedebis wesis damokidebuli mdgomareoba arsebobs. kanoniT nebadarTuli kapitalis diskusiebSi, orive mxares aris ramdenime kargi punqti. kerZod, bevri ram aris
damokidebuli empiriul faqtebze, romelic Cven jer kidev ar gvaqvs. magram es Tu asea, ratom unda vaiZuloT yvela wevri saxelmwifo gamoiyenon igive kanonieri kapitalis
standarti? Tu saxeze iqneba misaRebi uTanxmoeba amis sasargeblod an sawinaaRmdegod,
ratom ar unda davrToT qveyanas neba hqondes sakuTari gza da Caataros eqsperimenti
masze? argumentma, rom evropuli landSafti gaxdeba Zalian areul-dareuli, ar imuSava. bazris monawileebi sakmarisi gaxsnilobiT realurad SeZleben ganasxvaon da Seafason kanonieri kapitalis arseboba an uqonloba imisTvis, rasac es kapitali niSnavs
maTTvis (bazris monawileTaTvis). samarTlebrivi erTgvarovneba saerTo bazarze TavisTavad ar aris TviTmizani. rasac mniSvneloba aqvs, es aris kargad funqcionirebadi Sida
bazari. aSkaraa, rom bazari funqcionirebs da muSaobs. ramdenime wevri saxelmwifo, maT
Soris germania, reagirebs sazRvargareTidan bazarze zemoqmedebis mimarT da Semoitana
S.p.s-is ufro msubuqi forma, rogorc es moxda germaniaSi MoMiG sakanonmdeblo aqtiT
2008 wlis oqtomberSi.
kanonieri kapitalis problemebTan dakavSirebulma sakanonmdeblo ganviTarebebma daadastura kidev erTi garemoeba, rac Cveni diskusiisTvis mniSvnelovani iqneba,
Tumca es SeiZleba qvemoT mieTiTos: kompaniaTa samarTali mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli
samarTlis sxva seqtorebTan. evropis kompaniaTa samarTali ar unda davinaxoT izolirebulad da ar unda moxdes misi calke reformireba. es kargadaa cnobili kompaniaTa
samarTalsa da kapitaluri bazris samarTals Soris urTierTobaSi,20 magram aranakleb
realuria kompaniaTa samarTlisa da gakotrebis samarTlisaTvis. germanuli MoMiG sakanonmdeblo aqti adasturebs am punqts. kompaniis mimarT aqcionerTa sesxebze grZelvadianad moqmedi kompaniaTa samarTlis wesebi Canacvlda gakotrebis samarTalSi sadavo normebiT da ganicada transformacia germanuli S.p.s-is sakanondeblo aqtidan
gakotrebis sakanonmdeblo aqtSi. ra Tqma unda, amis erT-erTi mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo evropis sasamarTlos kompaniaTa samosamarTlo samarTlis Sedegebis Tavidan acilebis imedi; imedi, romelic SesaZloa mcdari aRmoCndes. rac namdvilad saWiroa, es aris
gakotrebis samarTlis evropuli harmonizaciis WeSmariti xarisxi. es harmonizacia
unda Seicavdes direqtorebis Sida pasuxismgeblobas gakotrebasTan siaxloveSi21, rogorc finansurma krizisma22 gviCvena, es harmonizacia unda Seicavdes ukeTes sistemas
19
20
21
22
Grade N., Wauters M., infra, 40 et seq.
Sead. Moloney N., EC Securities Regulation, 2d ed., Oxford (Oxford University Press), 2008.
ix. Grade N., Wauters M., infra, 49, 55.
ix. iqve III 3, 22-23.
322
gakotrebisken mimavali kompaniebisaTvis adreul etapze gadarCenisaTvis. am yvelafris
Semdeg, kompaniaTa samarTali ar aris mxolod warmoSobis da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb samarTali, is aris agreTve kompaniaTa dacemisa da gadarCenis samarTli.
1. korporaciuli marTva23
korporaciuli marTva iseTi Temaa, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebelia uamravi samecniero samuSaos Sesruleba, amitom amis Sesaxeb mokled gadmogcemT mimdinare statiaSi. iseve rogorc daufleba, korporaciuli marTva Seicavs Sida da gare meqanizmebs.
kargi korporaciuli samarTlis qvakuTxedi aris gamgeoba, muSaTa klasi (kerZod, Tu gamgeobaSi Tanamonawileoba arsebobs), bankebi da kreditorebi, damoukidebeli auditebi
da, ra Tqma unda, bazari, ZiriTadad, aqciaTa bazari da korporaciuli kontrolis bazari.24 es qvakuTxedi SeiZleba yvela industriul sazogadoebaSi moinaxos, Zalian gansxvavebuli moqmedebebis kombinaciasa da modelebSic ki. gamgeoba aris realurad ZiriTadi
(sadavo) sakiTxi,25 iseve rogorc uaRresad gansxvavebuli aqcionerTa struqtura,26 erTi mxriv, did britaneTsa da aSS-Si da, meore mxriv, kontinentur evropaSi. ramdenadac
sakiTxi maregulirebel zomebs exeba, yvelaze gamorCeulia savaldebulo gaxsniloba,
romelic amerikuli samarTlis27 zegavleniT Semovida evropaSi da axla evropis kompaniaTa samarTlis centrSia. axlaxans korporaciuli marTvis Taobaze diskusiam miaRwia
daxuruli (non-listed) tipis kompaniebsa28 da aramogebaze orinetirebul seqtoramdec ki.29
garda amisa, es farTo safuZvelia ara marto samarTalmcodneebisa da ekonomistebisTvis, aramed sxva istoriuli da socialuri disciplinebisaTvisac.30 am stadiaze SeiZleba vinmem la portas cnobil debatze31 sityvis warmoTqmis cdunebas ver gauZlos, Tumca
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
ix. Laga H., Parrein F., infra, 79, the response by Wymeersch, E., infra, 126, the discussion, infra, 129, and
the summary, infra, 125.
Sead. Hopt K., Die internationalen und europarechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen der Corporate Governance,
in: Hommelhoff P., Hopt K., Verder A. (eds.), Handbuch Corporate Governance, Leitung und Uberwachung
borsennotierter Unternehmen in der Rechts- und Wirtschaftspraxis, Stuttgart (Schäffer-Poeschel) 2d ed. 2009,
39. ix. Buhler B., Regulierung im Bereich der Corporate Governance, Zurich/St.Gallen (Dike) 2009.
Laga H., Parrein F., infra, 101 et seq.
Geens K., Clottens C., infra, 149 et seq. da Laga H., Parrein F., infra, 84 et seq. ixileT agreTve: Hopt K.,
American Corporate Governance Indices as Seen from a European Perspective, Uninversity of Pennsylvania
Law Review Pennumbra 158, 2009, 27.
Laga H., Parrein F., infra, 86 et seq., 118 et seq. Von Hein J., Die Rezeption US-amerikanischen Gesellschaftsrechts in Deutschland, Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck) 2008; Hopt K., Company Law Modernization: Transatlantic Perspectives, Rivista delle società 51, 2006, 906.
McCahery J., Vermeulen E. (eds.), Corporate Governance of Non-Listed Companies, Oxford University Press
(Oxford) 2008.
Hopt K., Hippel T. (eds.), Comparative Corporate Governance of Non-Profit Organizations, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press) 2010.
Sead. Frentrop P., History of Corporate Governance 1602-2002, Amsterdam (deminor) 2002; Milhaupt C.,
Pistor K., Law & Capitalism, Chicago/London (The University of Chicago Press) 2008.
Sead. La Porta R., Lopez-De-Silanes F., Shleifer, A., The Economic Consequences of Legal Origins, Journal
of Economic Literature, 46 (2008) 285; Roe M., Siegel J., Finance and Politics: A Review Essay Based on
Kenneth Dam’s Analysis of Legal Traditions in The Law-Growth Nexus, Journal of Economic Literature 47,
2009, 781.
323
me Tavs Sevikaveb. neba momeciT vTqva, rom kargi korporaciuli marTva aris kompaniebis
Sefasebis mniSvnelovani elementi Cvens qveynebsa da evropis gaerTianebaSi, ramdenadac
orivegan igi ukavSirdeba rogorc erTmaneTs Soris, ise multinacionalur kompaniebTan
da ucxo saxelmwifoebs Soris konkurencias.32
korporaciuli marTvis inteleqtualuri gamowveva da sirTule ganapirobebs meqanizmebis swor sinTezs, pasuxobs kiTxvas, Tu rodis da ra xarisxiTaa saWiro savaldebulo an „ukandaxevis~ samarTali, xolo Tu saWiroa, maSin ra roli unda hqondes evropis
gaerTianebas mimdinare procesebSi. rac Seexeba sxva sakiTxebs, eWvis TvaliT vuyureb aq
gacemul martiv pasuxebs, e.i. nebarTvas, rom yvelaferi bazris mier regulirdeba, TviTregulirebis saSualebiT an saxelmwifo reaqciis ufro metad moTxovniT da mkacri nacionaluri da evropuli samarTlebrivi normebiT. magram gacnobierebuli maqvs, rom
sakiTxis Sualeduri gadawyveta ufro rTulia, vidre eqstremaluri gadawyvetilebis
miReba. rac Cven gvWirdeba, es aris evropuli normebis CarCo proeqti. magram isini hgvanan „hamletis~ kiTxvas Cveni diskusiisaTvis. dResdReobiT es ufro realuria finansuri krizisis fonze.33
2. erTi aqcia / erTi xma34
mocemul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT kidev erTxel warmoCindeba stereotipTa konfliqti. moqmedebis gegmam gansazRvra erTi aqcia/erTi xma, an rogorc mas zogadad
eZaxian `1a1x~ saSualo vadian qmedebebSi korporaciul marTvasTan dakavSirebiT da gamocxadebulia „aqcionerTa sruli demokratiulobis miRwevisaTvis (erTi aqcia/erTi
xma) erT-erT mTavar faqtorad sul mcire birJaze registrirebuli kompaniebisTvis
mainc~. umaRlesi donis eqspertTa jgufi sawarmoTa dauflebis/SeZenis SeTavazebis Sesaxeb sakiTxs Seexo 2002 wlis 10 ianvars mis pirvel moxsenebaSi. man iSuamdgomla monawileTa Soris sawarmoTa dauflebis winadadebaze, SesTavaza ra axali „SemRwevi~ normebi da or saxelmZRvanelo principad gamoacxada aqcionerTa mier gadawyvetilebebis
miReba da riskis aRebasa da kontrols Soris proporciulobis dacva. aRniSnul jgufs
Segnebuli hqonda, rom am ori principis logika SeaRwevda kompaniaTa samarTlis SigniT,
magram Tavi Seikava winadadebis SeTavazebisagan sawarmoTa dauflebis regulirebis Taobaze. es ar iyo gamowveuli mxolod Cveni SezRuduli uflebamosilebiT pirvel moxsenebasTan dakavSirebiT, magram amasTan erTad vicodiT, rom am gziT siaruli iqneboda
is ZiriTadi moqmedeba, romelic fundamenturad imoqmedebda birJaze registrirebul
kompaniaTa umetesobaze, romelic evropis gaerTianebaSia kontrolirebuli, dafinasebuli da moqmedi.
Cven yvelani gakvirvebulebi viyaviT imiT, rom komisiis wevrma mak kreivim daasaxela es sakiTxi kompaniaTa samarTlis wamyvan prioritetad mis gamosvlaSi. man saTanadod
32
33
34
Sead. Bhagat S., Bolton B., Corporate Governance and Firm Performance, Journal of Corporate Finance, Vol.
14, 2008, 257.
ix. Wymeersch E., infra, 126, „boards have been utterly ineffective“.
ix. Geens K., Clottens C., infra, 145, the response by Garrido J., infra p. 192, the discussion, infra 197, and
the summary, infra, 191.
324
ver Seafasa sastiki politikuri winaaRmdegoba dainteresebuli jgufebidan, agreTve,
sxvadasxva wevr-saxelmwifoSi kontrolis gazrdis RonisZiebebis Tavisufali ekonomikis mravalferovneba da maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi, rogorc es aRwerilia ISS evropis da ECGI-is (evropis korporaciuli marTvis institutis)
or moxsenebaSi da Sermangsa da sterlingSi.35 180 gradusiT sapirispirod, komisionerma
gadawyvita Tavi Seekavebina am konteqstSi nebismieri qmedebisagan, ufro met transfarentulobasTan dakavSirebiTac ki. es SesaZloa yofiliyo mimdinare komisiis politikuri gadawyvetileba, magram es SeuZlebelia iyos grZelvadiani pasuxi. ori sxvadasxva
swavlebis mier aRmoCenili uamravi Ria kiTxvis fonze evropis korporaciuli marTvis
forumis samuSao jgufSi 2007 wlis ivnisSi,36 romelsac umaRlesi donis jgufis ramdenime wevri miekuTvneboda, naCvenebi iqna problemasTan miaxloebis etapobrivi gza ufro meti gaxsnilobis dawyebis saSualebiT. am jgufis xedviT, sruli gamgeobis simyare
sruliad miuRebelia korporaciuli marTvis konteqstSi. magram asevea makontrolebeli aqcionerebis Tavisufleba kompaniisagan miiRon piradi upiratesobebi sxva aqcionerebis zaralis miuxedavad. Cven jgufs kargad aqvs Segnebuli „erTi aqcia – erTi xmis~
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi, iseve rogorc savaldebulo SeTavazebis naklebad
Sors mimavali normebis da „SemRwevi~ normebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.37 dasasrul, vfiqrobT, rom Sida bazris saqme ar unda darCes ise, rogorc axlaa. yovelgvari
damTxvevis uaryofis gareSe, veWvob, rom Soreul momavalSi kontinenturi evropa TandaTanobiT SeeTavseba didi britaneTis models.38 didi britaneTisgan gansxvavebiT, industria jer kidev mniSvnelovania kontinentze da institucionalur investorebi ar
asruleben erTnair rols39 sxvadasxva moZvelebul sistemaTa debulebebis wyalobiT.
magram vimedovneb, rom momavali evropis komisiis Semadgenloba da axali komiiis Tavjdomare ufro marjve iqneba, vidre misi winamorbedi iyo, an Tu ase ar iqneba, vimedovneb,
rom evropis sasamarTlo gaagZelebs Tavisi, rogorc evropisa da misi Sida bazris biZgis
mimcemi funqciis Sesrulebas.40 ra Tqma unda, sayovelTao problemad „erTi aqcia – erTi xmis~ wesTan dakavSirebiT keTilsindisierebasa da efeqtianobas Soris Tanafardobis dadgena rCeba.
35
36
37
38
39
40
ix. Geens K., Clottens C., infra, 147 et seq. ori uaxlesi statia aris Adams R., Ferreira D., One Share
– One Vote: The Empirical Evidence, Review of Finance 12, 2008, 51-91, da Burkarts M., Lee S., One Share
– One Vote: The Theory, Review of Finance 12, 2008, 1.
ufro dawvrilebiT am moxsnebis Sesaxeb, ix. Hopt K., in: Essays in Honour of Eddy Wymeersch,
supra n. 11, at 392 et seq.
ix. Geens K., Clottens C., infra, 147 et seq., 149 et seq. zogadad, Sead. Davies P., Hopt K., Control Transactions in: Kraakman R., Armour J., Davies P., Enriques L., Hansmann H., Hertig H., Hopt K., Kanda H.,
Rock E., The Anatomy of Corporate Law, A Comparative and Functional Approach, 2d ed., Oxford (Oxford
University Press), 2009, 225.
ix. Geens K., Clottens C., infra, 184.
institucionaluri investorebi ufro mniSvnelovanni arian did britaneTSi, vidre
aSS-i.
veTanxmebi Geens K., Clottens C., infra, 184, rom sasamarTlos mniSvneloba, Cveulebriv,
SezRudulia.
325
3. finansuri angariSgeba41
Cven axla varT revoluciis Sua periodSi. me ar maqvs saubari finansuri moxsenebis
mxolod mravalricxovan teqnikur detalebze, arc naadrev da gacxarebul debatebze
samarTliani fasis Taobaze. gacilebiT fundamenturi kiTxvebia dasasmeli da gadawyvetilebebi misaRebi: rogor unda SevuTavsdeT evropelebi Cveni specifikuri samarTlebrivi tradiciiT IAS-sa da IFRS-Si uamrav masalas? kontinentze mainc viyenebT saerTo
principebs da samarTlebrivi wesebis mTavar nawils, romlebic SenarCunebulni arian
gonivrul farglebSi. aris ki safondo birJaze registrirebul da araregistrirebul
kompaniebs Soris gasxvaveba erTaderTi gamarTlebuli dayofa finansuri angariSgebisaTvis, an aris ki sidide da ekonomikuri mniSvneloba ufro Rirebuli kriteriumi? rogor aviridebT Tavidan mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis wayenebul metismetad mZime
moTxovnebs kreditorebisa da bazrisaTvis adekvaturi gaxsnilobis msxverplad Sewirvis gareSe?42 ra unda iqnes gakeTebuli konsolidirebul angariSebTan dakavSirebiT
da rogor unda SevuTavsoT finasuri angariSsworeba fiskalur angariSsworebas? IAS/
IFRS aris ZiriTadi normebis morigi damfuZnebeli. germaniaSi zogierT konstitucionalists im mimarTulebiT aqvs xedva, rom kanonmdebels ar SeuZlia brmad miiRos aseTi
normebi da daadginos rogorc savaldebulo wesebi. ase gaakeTa evropis gaerTianebamac, roca daadgina konkretuli moTxovnebi. magram aris ki evropis gaerTianebis dadasturebis procesi sakmarisi garantia umaRlesi teqnikuri standartebis udidesi raodenobis43 fonze, Tu es ubralod politikuri da ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis Sedegebis
umravlesobis nimuSad aRebas utoldeba? xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi IFRS da US GAAP-is
Tanxvedris saWiroeba udavoa da am kuTxiT garkveuli progresi ukve miRweulia, magram
gagrZeldeba es aSS-is axali administraciis dros44 da SegviZlia Tu ara Cveni principebis umravlesoba gaviRoT msxverplad? ukanaskneli, magram ara umniSvnelo kiTxva: ra
iqneba safinanso bazris krizisis saboloo dartyma finansur angariSsworebaze?45 finansuri angariSsworebis procikluri Sedegebis Semsubuqeba mniSvnelovani problemaa,
magram dafaruli rezervebi rogorc Zvel dros germaniasa da sxva qveynebSi iyo, ar aris
misi gadawyvetis gza da finansuri angariSworeba iyo mxolod erT-erTi mravali sakiTxidan, romelic warmoiSva finasuri krizisis dros da saWiroebs reformirebas.
41
42
43
44
45
ix. Hulle K., Hellemans F., infra, 209, the response by Zarden P., Beckman H., infra, 268, the discussion,
infra, 274, and the summary, infra, 267.
Hulle K., Hellemans F., infra, 255 et seq.
ixileT grZeli CamonaTvali: Hulle K., Hellemans F., infra, 228 et seq.
xangrZlivi molaparakebebis Semdeg aSS-Si ucxour kompaniebs miecaT ufleba gamoeyenebinaT saerTaSoriso finansuri angariSsworebis standartebi TavianTi finansuri
angariSsworebisaTvis, magram am funqciis amoqmedebis procesi amerikuli kompaniebisaTvis SeCerda. Tu rogori moqnili iqneba axali fasiani qaRaldebisa da safondo
birJis komisia, jer kidev ganxilvis procesSia.
Hulle K., Hellemans F., infra, 262 et seq., 266.
326
4. korporaciuli mobiloba 46
korporaciuli mobiloba Sida bazris dedaarsia. yvelaferi unda gakeTdes imisTvis, raTa xeli SevuwyoT mas (korporaciul mobilobas) sawarmoTa TavisuflebisaTvis,
iseve, rogorc konkurenciis jansaR Sedegebs. evropeli kanonmdeblebis da evropis sasamarTlos mier ukve Zalian bevri iqna miRweuli, magram evropis komisiisa da evropis
sasamarTlos mier jer kidev ar aris bevri scenari Seqmnili.47
ramdenadac komisias Seexeba, komisiis Tavmjdomare mak kreivis mier me-14 direqtivis gegmis Cagdeba, romelic sawarmos registrirebuli ofisis sxva qveyanaSi gadatanas Seexeboda, samwuxaro faqtia da is sworad iqna gakritikebuli evropis parlamentis
da praqtikisa da akademiuri personalis mier wevr saxelmwifoebSi. cnobilia germanuli muSaTa Tanamonawileobis gamo Seqmnili sirTuleebi da sxva dabrkolebebi, magram,
saboloo jamSi, msgavsi problemebi gadailaxa. amis magaliTebia evropis kompaniis sakanonmdeblo aqti, saaqcio sazogadoebaTa saerTaSoriso SerwymaTa regulirebis Sesaxeb me-10 direqtiva da sawarmoTa SeZenis direqtiva. vimedovnebT, rom momavali komisiis
Tavjdomare am problemas xelaxla daubrundeba.48
evropis sasamarTlosTan dakavSirebiT unda gavacnobieroT, rom man miiRo bevri
gabeduli gadawyvetileba, magram iqneba ki evropis sasamarTlo imdenad guladi, rom ganagrZos marTlmsajulebis aseTi tendencia? nuTu kartesio ukanaskneli sityvaa?49 erT
punqtSi sasamarTlo ambobs, rom „gaerTianebaTa samarTali erT adgilas dgas~, da dasZens, rom sawarmoTa maregistrirebel wevr-saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia „kompaniis daSlis
an likvidaciis moTxovniT xeli SeuSalos am kompaniis gardaqmnas im kompaniad, romelic
mowesrigebuli iqneba sxva wevri-saxelmwifos samarTlis mier im farglebSi, rac Sesabamisi samarTlis mier iqneba nebadarTuli~. es SesaZlebelia gaxdes momavali gadawyvetilebebis miRebis mimarTulebis mimcemi, magram evropis sasamarTlo ase Sorsac rom wavides, mas marto ar SeuZlia samuSaos Sesruleba. erTma germanelma praqtikosma miTxra,
rom Sevic aris udidesi gadawyvetileba, romelic gaxsnis gzas ufro meti korporaciuli
mobilobisaken, magram safuZvels Cauyris konkretul saerTaSoriso Serwymas, rac darCenilia me-10 direqtivis regulirebis farglebs gareT Sevic-is saqmeze da es iqneba imde46
47
48
49
ix. Wyckaert M., Jenne F., infra, 283, the response by Timmerman L., infra, 328, the discussion, infra, 330,
and the summary, infra, 327.
Wyckaert M., Jenne F., infra, 286 et seq., 290 et seq., 296 et seq., sadac scades warmoedginaT yvela
SesaZlo scenari.
ZiriTadi Sexeduleba aseTia praqtikasa da TeoriaSi, Sead. Wyckaert M., Jenne F., infra, 314 et
seq.
me im adamianebs mivekuTvnebi, romlebic imedovnebdnen, rom evropis sasamarTlo gadawyvetda im proceduris gegmis gverdiT, romelic SemoTavazebul iqna advokat-general maduros mier 2008 wlis 22 maiss. magram Wyckaert M., Jenne F., infra, 213, samarTlianad
svamen sakiTxs, rom cneba da gaTavisuflebuli korporaciuli mobilobis safuZvlebi
Seswavlil unda iqnes ufro detalurad. ix. Timmerman L., infra, 3, romelic asabuTebs, rom
kompaniaTa samarTalSi arsebobs Cveuli daZabuloba mis (kompaniaTa samarTlis) nakleb
mniSvnelobasa da aqcionerTa dacvis mizans Soris da rom am ukanasknelis nakleboba
SeiniSneba evropis sasamarTlos marTlmsajulebaSi. Cemi azriT, evropis kompaniaTa
samarTlisaTvis saintereso mimarTuleba SeiZleba iyos makontrolebel aqcionerebze
fiduciuri movaleobebis gavrceleba germanuli samarTlis msgavsad.
327
nad riskiani saqme, ramdenadac sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas ar SeuZlia msgavsi tranzaqciisTvis saWiro yvela detalis uzrunvelyofa.
mravali damatebiTi kiTxvaa korporaciul mobilobasTan da aseT tranzaqciaSi
CarTuli monawileebTan dakavSirebiT da maT Sesasruleblad mravali rTuli xelSekrulebaa saWiro. Zalian martivi axsna aqvs imas, Tu ratom ar ganvixilavT ufro dawvrilebiT am statias moqmedebaTa gegmasa da umaRlesi donis jgufis moxsenebaSi.50 notariatis funqcia zogadad cdeba kompaniaTa samarTlis farglebs da aRwevs komerciul
samarTalSi (kerZod, komerciuli da sawarmoo registracia), sakuTrebis samarTalSi da
Tu kargad davakvirdebiT Tanamedrove mediaciis moZraobas is aRwevs saproceso samarTalSic ki. garda amisa, notariatis sistemebi wevr saxelmwifoebSi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. Tu evropis komisia an Tundac evropis sasamarTlo SeiTavseben am sferos, sxvadasxva qveynebSi Cveulebrivi sazogadoebisa da kanonmdeblebis mier Semdegi kiTxvebi
daismeba: ra gamocdilebebia laTinur da sxva sistemebTan dakavSirebiT im qveynebSi, sadac isini erTdroulad arseboben? aris ki saerTaSoriso konkurencia sxvadasxva wevr
saxelmwifoebis notariusebs Soris, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT notariusis sajaro statusze, romelic mas aqvs zogierT saxelmwifoSi? ra SeiZleba iTqvas, magaliTad, germaniis notariusebs an sxva wevri saxelmwifos notariusebs da Sveicariel notariuss Soris
konkurenciaze? unda gazardos Tu ara evropis kompaniaTa samarTalma notariusebis
savaldebulo xasiaTi aqcionerebisa da, zogadad, sazogadoebis dasacavad? aris ki es
is, rac am profesias surs? aris es SeTavsebadi kompaniaTa samodelo xelSekrulebebis
SeTavazebis da sxva formebis dacvasTan, rogorc es SesaZlebelia vnaxoT axal britanul kompaniaTa kodeqsSi da evropis kerZo sazogadoebis statusis proeqtSi? dabolos,
Tu sawarmoTaTvis SeTavazebuli notariusTa momsaxureba gafarTovdeba, ra mniSvneloba eqneba amas profesiuli asociaciebisaTvis notariussa da did saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da auditorul firmebs Soris arCevanisas da iqneba ki es Tavsebadi notariusis
specifikur damoukideblobasTan? mokled: ra rekomendaciebi SeiZleba mieces evropis
komisias momavali evropuli samarTlisaTvis?
IV. perspeqtivebi
ra daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba ZiriTadi nawilis aRwerisa da evropis kompaniaTa
samarTlis reformis problemebis gadaxedvis Sedegad? zogierTi pasuxis povna SesaZlebelia zemoxsenebul moxsenebebSi, pasuxebSi, diskusiebsa da Semajamebel sityvebSi,
magram maT ganWvretamde neba momeciT warmogidginoT Cemi piradi mosazrebebi.
erTi drouli pasuxi aris „ukeTesi regulireba~ rogorc es komisioner mak krevis mier iqna propagandirebuli, magram es truizmia da Sexeduleba, romelic ayalibebs
ukeTesi regulirebis mravalferovnebas. sxva SemoTavazebuli winadadeba arsebuli direqtivebis Sors mimavali deregulaciaa, rogorc es zemoT iqna naxsenebi komisiaSi imave
komisioneris mier sxva winadadebebs Soris. magram evropis parlamenti, iseve rogorc
industria da praqtika, sul mcire germaniaSi mainc, Sors arian am mimarTulebis Tanad50
swored esaa mizezi, ratomac sabolood gadawyda, rom leuvenSi gamarTul konferenciaze warmodgenil wignSi ar Sesuliyo seqtori notariusis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb kompaniaTa samarTalSi.
328
gomisagan. mesame pasuxi Semdegia: evropis kompaniaTa samarTalma, iseve rogorc zogierTma evropis samarTalma unda SezRudos sakuTari Tavi saerTaSoriso sakiTxebisagan.
evropis kompaniaTa statusSi aris msgavsi winapiroba. Sida da saerTaSoriso vaWrobasa da nacionalur da multinacionalur kompaniaTa Soris gamyofi xazi ufro da ufro
bundovani xdeba. rogorc viciT, antimonopoliuri samarTlidan tranzaqciam, romelic
ganxorcielda evropis gaerTianebis farglebs gareT, SesaZlebelia gamoiwvios evropis
gaerTianebasTan konkurencia da bevri saSualo da mcire kompaniebic ki dResdReobiT
axorcieleben eqsports da zogjer msoflio bazarze arian kidevac wamyvani kompaniebi
TavianT segmentSi. evropis kerZo kompaniis sakanonmdeblo proeqtma sworad Seikava Tavi saerTaSoriso rekvizitebisagan, miuxedavad imisa, rom es aris politikurad sadavo
sakiTxi. imedi viqonioT, rom proeqtis Semdgenlebi warmatebulad daasruleben saqmianobas da ar moeqcevian wevr saxelmwifoTa zewolis qveS.
Cemi daskvnebi zemoT naCvenebisgan gansxvavdeba. neba momeciT sul samiode Semajamebeli Tezisis saxiT warmovadgino Cemi Ria SeniSvnebi. es Seexeba 1) evropis kompaniaTa
samarTlisaTvis moqnili sistemuri gadawyvetis saWiroebas, 2) adekvatur zemoqmedebas
da 3) safinanso bazris krizissa da sxva sakiTxebsac mis miRma.
1. moqnili sistemuri gadawyveta
rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, undoblobas vucxadeb problemuri sakiTxis ubralo da
martiv gadawyvetas. isini Teoriulad sakamaTo da xSirad azrobrivad martivia, magram
warmoSobilni arian ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi sawyisebidan, rac iaSviaTad aris
gamarTlebuli. Cveulebriv, aucilebelia Sereul-hibridul sistemaSi moqnili gadawyveta, Tumca swori gamosavlis povna, swori variantis SerCeva sakamaTo da rTulia. swori varianti napovni unda iqnes Semdeg or doneze: bazarsa da regulirebas da nacionalur regulirebasa da evropul wesebs Soris.
pirvel dones rac Seexeba: unda iyos saxeze bazris prezumfcia da bazris monawileTa piradi Tavisufleba. germaniis magaliTidan gamomdinare, muSaTa Tanagadawyvetilebas kerZo SeTanxmebas vamjobinebdi. germanuli sistema Zalian mkacria da amitomac
ar aqvs eqsportis warmateba. sakiTxis evropuli gadawyveta, romelsac vpoulobT evropis saaqcio sazogadoebis direqtivaSi, ra Tqma unda, politikuri kompromisia. evropis
kompaniaTa samarTlis harmonizacia germaniam ramdenime aTeuljer dabloka. miuxedavad amisa, kompromisis miRweva iwyeba sworad Camoyalibebuli ideis safuZvelze, saxeldobr, Sromasa da kapitals Soris SeTanxmebisas Tanagadawyvetilebaze.51 aliansis saqme
naTlad gviCvenebs, rom aman SesaZloa mokrZalebul gadawyvetilebamde migviyvanos, rogoricaa Semcirebuli gamgeoba da gare muSaTa warmomadgenloba. kompaniaTa samarTlis
fonze vxedav kanonSemoqmedebis rols, rogoricaa ufro meti Tavisufleba korporaciis wesdebiT, vidre es savaldebuloa germanuli saaqcio sazogadoebaTa samarTlis mi51
samwuxarod, politikuri mizezebis gamo angela merkerma dado piroba, rom misi axali
mTavroba ar Seexeboda arc germanul muSaTa Tanagadawyvetilebas da arc muSaTa samsaxuridan daTxovnis uflebis deregulirebas moaxdenda, miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli
RonisZieba kompaniebs daexmareboda ucxo kapitalis mozidvaSi, xolo meore daexmareboda umuSevrebs.
329
xedviT. internacionalur magaliTSi es moicavda ufro met sivrces eqsperimentisaTvis da sarekomendacio xasiaTis qcevis kodeqsis mier dawesebul Semakavabel meqanizms,
rogorc saerTaSoriso korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsis mamoZravebels. magram Tavisufalma bazarma ganicada marcxi saaqcio sazogadoebebSi, sadac isini adekvaturad ar
axorcielebdnen menejerTa poziciebis gamyarebasa da aqcionerTa kontrols ukanono
miTvisebisa da finansuri garRvevis procesSi.52 amitom, aucilebelia antifrustraciuli norma-wesebis SemoReba ise, rogorc amas ara marto dauflebis, aramed sxva direqtivebic moicavda, da fiduciuri movaleobebis makontrolebeli da mcire aqcionerebis
kompaniis mimarT, sadac msgavsi fiduciuri movaleobebi vrceldeba erTi kompaniis gareT sxva kompaniebzec.53
rac Seexeba meore dones, Cven gvWirdeba Sereuli mowyoba, sadac kompaniaTa samarTlis ZiriTadi nawili darCeba wevr saxelmwifoebSi, magram sadac wesebis ganmsazRvrelebisa da kanonmdebelTa, agreTve evropis sistemuri wesebis konkurencia daawesebs
SezRudvebs. ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia SevinarCunoT gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi imasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tu sad unda iqnes es SezRudvebi Sedgenili, ra SeiZleba amovardes kanonmdebelTa konkureciidan da ra unda darCes evropis kompaniaTa samarTlidan. Cemi piradi rCeva mdgomareobs imaSi, rom eWvis dros gamoyenebul iqnes konkurencia. normis
damdgenis rCevac Zalian mniSvnelovania. magram zogjer gamomcemlis rCeva saWiroebs
samarTlebriv mxardaWeras wevri saxelmwifoebis egoizmis winaaRmdeg, rogorc evropis sasamarTlos centrosisa da valdebulebaTa uflebamonacvleobis gadawyvetileba
vrclad akeTebs amis demonstirebas.54 rac Seexeba kapitalis direqtivas, mxars vuWer
met Tavisuflebas, raTa amovarCio arasamarTlebriv kapitalze dafuZnebuli gasxvavebuli sistemebidan erTi, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini warmoadgenen kreditorebis ekvivalentur an ufro karg dacvas. rac Seexeba erTi aqcia – erT xmis princips, sirTule mdgomareobs efeqturobasa da keTilsindisierebas Soris balansis povnaSi. saerTaSoriso
mobiloba sazRvrebis gasaxsnelad saWiroebs savaldebulo evropul wesebs, ramdenadac
es arsebiTia Sida bazrisaTvis. dauflebis sferoSi, vfiqrob, rom Tu arCevanis gakeTeba
SesaZlebeli iqneba, is ar iqneba daSvebuli mxolod wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis, aramed
gaivlis bazris monawileebzec, romlebic TavianT Tavze iReben msgavsi rCevebis finansur Sedegebs. miuxedavad amisa, vfiqrob, rom me-12 muxli progresulia. amis niSnad gamodgeba aseve is, rom didxans vicavdi Tavisufal arCevans erTsafexurian da orsafexuriani gamgeobis sistemebs Soris.55
52
53
54
55
Jonson S., La Porta R., Lopez-De-Silanes F., Shleifer A., Tunneling, 90(2) American Economic Review 22
(2000); Enriwues L., Hertig G., Kanda H., Related-Party Transactions in: Kraakman R., Armour J., Davies
P., Enriques L., Hansmann H., Hertig H., Hopt K., Kanda H., Rock E., The Anatomy of Corporate Law, A
Comparative and Functional Approach, 2d ed., Oxford (Oxford University Press), 2009, 153.
Sead. sqolio 48.
ix. sqolio 48.
Sead. Hopt K., Leyens P., Board Models in Europe - Recent Developments of Internal Corporate Governance
Structures in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy, European Company and Financial Law Review 2004, 135 at 163 et seq., available also at ssrn; reprinted in Gepken-Jager E., Van Solinge G., Timmerman L. (eds.), VOC 1602-2002, 400 Years of Company Law, Deventer (Kluwer) 2005, 281. ixileT aseve:
Gillette A., Noe T., Rebello M., Board Structures Around the World: An Experimental Investigation, Review of
Finance 12, 2008, 93.
330
2. adekvaturi zemoqmedeba
evropis kompaniaTa samarTalze saubrisas xSirad gamoikveTeba xolme kompaniaTa
samarTlis damoukidebel-TviTmyofad normebze aqcentis gakeTeba da tendecia gvaqvs
imis daviwyebisaken (vcdilobT daviviwyoT), rom iZulebis meqanizmi mniSvnelovania.56
saxezea fundamenturi urTierTqmedeba Tvidmyofad da procedurul kompaniaTa samarTals Soris. aqcionerebisaTvis uflebebis miniWeba am uflebebiT menejmentze an makontrolebel aqcionerebze zemoqmedebis ganxorcielebis uflebis gareSe aragonebamaxviluria. es naTels hfens derivaciuli sarCelis Taobaze diskusias, umciresobis uflebebs da SesaZloa sazogadoebaTa sarCelsa da aqcionerTa jgufis sarCels, rogorc es
ganxilul iqneba antimonopoliur safuZvelze da farTo momxmarebelTa regulaciaze.57
kvlav vxedav argumentebs saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobasa da kerZo zemoqmedebas Soris
adekvaturi Sereuli variantis mxareze. kapitaluri bazris urTierTkavSiri kompaniaTa
samarTlis sivceSi-sferoSi, zedamxedveloba da zemoqmedeba kapitaluri bazris uflebamosilebebis mier gacilebiT mniSvnelovania, vidre kerZo zemoqmedeba an iZuleba. magram am ukanasknelma SesaZloa Seavsos pirveli. amis gasakeTeblad SesaZloa saWiro iyos
ufro meti gamWvirvaloba da eqspertebis specialuri moTxovnebi, romelic farTo jgufis TvalsazrisiT SeZlebisamebr sifrTxiliT iqneba Sedgenili. dasasrul, zemoqmedeba
aucilebelia sasamarTloebisaTvis, kargi sasamarTloebisaTvis. amis garda Cven viciT
realurad xelmisawvdom kandidatTagan, rom nacionalur kompaniaTa samarTlis zustad adaptireba dauflebul sazogadoebebTan SeiZleba gacilebiT advili iyos, vidre
kompetenturi da arakorumpirebuli sasamarTlo sistemis Seneba. Tu saxelmwifos jer
kidev ar aqvs aseTi sasamarTlo, ex post wesebi ar muSaoben da ex ante wesebis naTeli xazi
(mimarTuleba) SesaZlebelia saWiro iyos kompaniaTa samarTlisaTvis.
3. safinanso bazris krizisi da aramarto es krizisi
dabolos, rac Seexeba finansur kriziss. 2008 wlis ianvarSi briuselSi gakeTebuli
evropis kompaniaTa samarTlis ganviTarebis oficialuri angariSidan, romelic dafuZnebulia dakvirvebaze, vkiTxulob komisiis gegmebze Semdegs: „miuxedavad SedarebiT
mcire iniciativebisa, 2008 wels metismeti simSvidis safrTxe ar emuqreba~. erTi wlis
Semdeg Cven varT ufro dabrZenebulebi. finansuri bazris krizisma safuZveli Cauyara axal epoqas, ara marto safinanso samarTals, aramed, zogadad, kanonSemoqmedebas.58
56
57
58
Kraakman R., Armour J., Agency Problems and Legal Strategies, in: Kraakman R., Armour J., Davies P.,
Enriques L., Hansmann H., Hertig H., Hopt K., Kanda H., Rock E., The Anatomy of Corporate Law, A Comparative and Functional Approach, 2d ed., Oxford (Oxford University Press), 2009, 45 et seq.; Fox M., Civil
Liability and Mandatory Disclosure, 109 Colum Law Review, 2009, 237.
Mattill P., Desoutter V., Die europäische Sammelklage ß Rechtsvergleichende und EUßrechtliche Betrachtunger, Wertpapier-mitteilungen 2008, 521.
ixileT, magaliTad, De Larosiere-is jgufis mier SemoTavazebuli analizi da sareformo
winadadebebi, romelic evropis komisiis mier gaziarebul iqna mis mier SemoTavazebul
winadadebebSi 2009 wlis 23 seqtembers evropis axal finansur struqturaze: The HighLevel Group on Financial Supervision in the EU, Report, Brussels, 25 Feburary 2009. Sead. Hellwig M.,
Systemic Risk in the Financial Sector, an Analysis of the Subprime-Mortgage Financial Crisis, Jelle Zijlstra
331
problema ormagi saxisaa: krizisuli mdgomareobisaTvis adekvaturi wesebis moZieba,
romelic moicavs evropis kompaniaTa samarTlis normebs da maTi sagamonakliso situaciebiT Semofargvla. precendentuli samarTlidan viciT, rom „rTuli saqme qmnis cud
samarTals~. dResdReobiT es aris safrTxe krizisuli kanonmdeblobisaTvis yvela wevr
saxelmwifoSi. ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifo unda Caerios aseT krizisSi, magram amasTan krizisis gadalaxvisTanave ukan unda daixios. arsebobs realuri safrTxe, rom is progresi,
rasac mivaRwieT aqciebis, fuladi asignebis, proteqcionalizmis RonisZiebebis SemcirebiT, Sida bazarTan sxva araSeTavsebadi fuladi asignebi SesaZlebelia darCes aseT
mdgomareobaSi imaze met xans, vidre gaTvaliswinebuli iyo. magram, adre Tu gvian, ekonomika gamojansaRdeba da bazari kvlav gaagrZelebs ufro karg regulatorad yofnas,
vidre saxelmwifo. mocemul momentSi saWiroa saxelmwifos mxridan naklebi Careva da
ufro meti bazari, xolo bazarze Cven gvWirdeba naklebi dacva menejmentisa da naklebi
finansuri garRveva makontrolebeli aqcionerebisagan. kompaniaTa samarTlis mniSvneloba akademiur wreebsa da praqtikaSi ar aris dasaviwyebeli da unda imuSaon nacionalur da evropis kanonmdeblebTan erTad evropis kompaniaTa samarTlis momavalze.
neba miboZeT madloba gadavuxado profesor koin giinss Cveni erTad mowvevisaTvis
am konferenciaze da aseTi drouli gansjis sagnis SerCevisTvis. Cven namdvilad SegviZlia davelodoT mastimulirebel ideebs da gacxovelebul diskusiebs am samuSao jgufSi 5 gansaxilvel sakiTxze (romelTaganac veliT moxsenebas reziumes saxiT srul sxdomaze) da finalur debatebze. magram Cven, aseve, mouTmenlad velodebiT am dRis miRma
SeTanxmebul saerTo publikacias59 im mizniT, rom warmodgenil iqnes evropis sakorporacio samarTlis xelovneba 21-e saukunis meore aTwleulis dasawyisisTvis.
Targmna giorgi maxarobliSvilma*
59
*
Lecture, Wassenar, 2008. germaniis advokatTa asociacia gadaxedavs sareformo kiTxvebsa
da problemebs misi Camoyalibebis 150 wlis iubelesTvis miZRvnil sesiaze berlinSi,
2010 wlis seqtemberSi (Tavjdomare: Hopt K.).
ix. SeniSvna 1.
samarTlis doqtori, asistent-profesori, Tsu.
332
natalia burduli*
warmoadgens Tu ara diplomatiuri garantiebi
efeqtur zomebs wamebis winaaRmdeg?
1. Sesavali
11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Sedegad1 terorizmis problematikis
mimarT saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis yuradReba mkveTrad gaizarda. saxelmwifoebma
terorizmis winaaRmdeg sxvadasxva kampaniebi wamoiwyes, ramac Sedegad uamravi sakamaTo sakiTxi daayena dRis wesrigSi. erT-erTi maTgani gaxlavT adamianis fundamenturi
uflebebis dacvis gamowvevebi, gansakuTrebiT ki terorizmSi eWvmitanilTa uflebebis
dacva. es naSromi fokusirebulia terorizmSi eWvmitanilTa wamebis akrZalvaze. mocemuli sakiTxis problematika, umeteswilad, gamowveulia antiteroristuli politikiT.
kvlevis kiTxva mdgomareobs imaSi, SeiZleba arsebobdes Tu ara pirobebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac diplomatiuri garantiebi uzrunvelyofen terorizmSi eWvmitanilTa usafrTxo dabrunebas samSobloSi an maT gadagzavnas mesame qveynebSi, sadac isini
SesaZloa dadgnen wamebis realuri safrTxis winaSe. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso
samarTlis mixedviT, arcerT qveyanas ar gaaCnia imisi ufleba, rom gadagzavnos piri
iseT qveyanaSi, sadac igi SesaZloa daeqvemdebaros wamebis an araadamianuri mopyrobis
arsebiT safrTxes.2 mravali dasavluri qveyana, miiCnevs ra terorizmSi eWvmitanilebs
„safrTxed qveynis usafrTxoebisaTvis“, cdilobs moaxdinos msgavsi „safrTxeebis“ eqstradicia imgvarad, rom amasTan maTze saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobiT dakisrebuli
movaleobebi ar daarRvion. maSasadame, qveynebi iyeneben diplomatiur garantiebs wamebis winaaRmdeg im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu msgavsi garantiebi ar arian saTanadod uzrunvelyofilni.3
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis damcvelebi gamodian diplomatiuri
garantiebis gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg, radgan aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios wamebis akrZalvis
*
1
2
3
doqtoranti saerTaSoriso samarTlis mimarTulebiT, Tsu iuridiuli fakulteti.
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis magistri, eseqsis universiteti, gaerTianebuli samefo; saerTaSoriso samarTlis magistri, iuridiuli fakulteti, Tsu;
internacionalizaciisa da samecniero kvlevebis samsaxuris ufrosi specialisti,
iuridiuli fakulteti, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti.
2001 wlis 11 seqtemberi, aSS.
gaeros generaluri asamblea, konvencia wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an
Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobis an sasjelis winaaRmdeg, muxli 3, 1984 wlis 10 dekemberi, gaero, xelSekrulebaTa seria, tomi 1465, <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b3a94.
html>, [29.04. 2014].
mag., sami iranelis saqme, romlebmac gait

2, 2014

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