agraruli saq

Transcript

agraruli saq

nomerSi waikiTxavT:
ასკა
agroseqtorSi mdgomareoba
imaze mZimea,
vidre zedapirulad Cans!
ASCA
4
11 CiTilebi da maTi warmoeba
avis perspeqtiuli
13 qli
jiSebi saqarTvelosTvis
ახალი აგრარული
საქართველო
AKHALI AGRARULI SAQARTVELO
(New Agrarian Georgia)
ყოველთვიური სამეცნიეროსაინფორმაციო ჟურნალი.
Monthly scientific-informative magazine
დეკემბერი, 2012 წელი.
#12 (20)
სარე
რედაქ
დაქციო
ციო კო
კოლე
ლეგი
გია:
ა:
სა
შოთა
თა მა
მაჭა
ჭარაშ
რაშვი
ვილი
ლი (მთ.
(მთ. რედაქტორი),
რედაქტორი),
შო
ნუგზარ
ებანო
იძე,ამი
მიხეილ
სოხაძე,
ზვი
ად ბრეგ
ვაძე,
რან ადე
იშვილი,
თამარ
სანიკიძე,
ნოდარ
ბრეგვაძე,
კა
ხა ლაშ
ხი, მიხეილ
სოხაძე,
თამთა გუ
გუშვილიკონ
(ინგლ.
ვერს.
რედაქტორი).
თამარ
სანიკიძე,
სტანტი
ნე გურ
გენიძე,
ნოდარ ბრეგვაძე, მარიამ ლებანიძე,
სამეც
როვისაბ
თამ
თა ნი
გუეგუშ
ლიჭო:
(ინგლ. ვერს. რედაქტორი).
აკადემიკოსები, მეცნიერებათა
დოქტორები, პროფესორები:
სამეცნიერო საბჭო:
რევაზ მახარობლიძე (თავმჯდომარე),
აკადემიკოსები, მეცნიერებათა
ნოდარ ჩხარტიშვილი, ნუგზარ ებანოიძე,
დოქტორები, პროფესორები:
პეტრე ნასყიდაშვილი, ზვიად ბრეგვაძე,
რევაზ მახარობლიძე (თავმჯდომარე),
ელგუჯა გუგუშვილი, ზაურ ჯულუხიძე,
ნოდარ ჩხარტიშვილი, პეტრე ნასყიდაშვილი,
ზურაბ ჯინჯიხაძე, ქრისტო კახნიაშვილი,
ელგუჯა გუგუშვილი, ზაურ ჯულუხიძე,
ადოლ ტყეშელაშვილი, ნატო კაკაბაძე,
ზურაბ ჯინჯიხაძე, ამირან ადეიშვილი,
ვლადიმერ ცანავა, კუკური ძერია, კახა ლაშხი,
ადოლ ტყეშელაშვილი, ლერი ნოზაძე, ნატო
ომარ თევდორაძე, ნუგზარ სარჯველაძე,
კაკაბაძე, ვლადიმერ ცანავა, კუკური ძერია,
დავით ბედია, თენგიზ ყურაშვილი, ზურაბ
რევაზ თევდორაძე, ომარ თევდორაძე,
ლოლაძე, კობა კობალაძე, ნუკრი მემარნიშვილი.
დავით ბედია, თენგიზ ყურაშვილი,
კობა კობალაძე, ნუგზარ ებანოიძე,
გამომცემელი:
ნი
კოლოზ ზაზაშვილი, ნუკრი მემარნიშვილი.
“აგრარული სექტორის
კომპანიების ასოციაცია” (ასკა);
დამფუძნებელი:
Agraruli Sectoris
“აგრარული
ტორის (ASCA);
Companiebisსექ
asociacia
კომ
პანიების
ასოციაSector
ცია”Companies)
(ასკა); .
(Association
of Agrarian
Agraruli
Sectoris
საქართველოს
რეგიონული ეკონომიკური
Companiebis
asociacia
პრიორიტეტების
კვლევითი(ASCA);
ცენტრი “რეგიონიკა”;
4
jeri xelisuflebazea
fermerebi laparakobdnen mtkivneul Temebze, gulwrfelad, emociurad...
დააკაბადონა გიორგი მაისურაძემ
editor of English version Tamta Gugushvili
დაიბეჭდა შპს “დიოსის” სტამბაში
დააკაბადონა გიორგი მაისურაძემ
ჟურნალი ხელმძღვანელობს
ჟურ
ხელპრე
მძღსის
ვანეპრინ
ლობს
თა
ვინა
სული
ფალი
ციპით.
თავიmagazine
სუფალი პრე
ციპით.
The
usesსის
theპრინ
principal
of free press.
Theსაmagazine
usesლეthe
©
ავტორო უფ
ბა principal
დაცულია.of free press.
© the
საავauthor
ტორო right
უფლე
დაცულია.
isბაprotected.
the author right is protected.
რეფერირებადიაფასი
20115 წლიდან
ლარი
დაიბეჭდა შპს ”გამომცემლობა კოლორში”
WORLD
მსოფლიო
TECHNIC
ტექნიკა
Tbilisi
tel./faqsi: (+995 32) 2 35 10 05.
tel.: (+995 32) 2 34 76 33,
(+995 32) 2 34 45 37
www. worldtechnic.ge
დეკემბერი, 2012
დეკემბერი
19
22 Zroxis jiSis SerCeva
Roris afrikuli cxeleba saSiSroeba evropisaTvis,
daavadebis gavrcelebis
2012 wlis dinamika
7 25
marto survili ar kmara,
saWiroa moqmedeba! 26 qarTuli broilerebi
TiTqmis yvelaferi gauqmda, zogi
rac darCa, isic ar moqmedebs. rac ki
ram kontrolis meqanizmi arsebobda, yvelafers xazi aqvs gadasmuli.
28
xorblis yviTeli silaqavis
Sidasaxeobrivi
mravalferovnebis daxasiaTeba
virulentobis niSniT
mcenaris foTlovani
gamokveba da Tanamedrove
sasuqebi
(Association of Agrarian Sector Companies).
Regionica - Georgian Research Center for
რე
დაქციის
მისამარPriorities.
თი:
Regional
Economic
თბი
ლისი
(0119),
აგლა
ძის ქ. # 32
რედაქ
ციის
მისამარ
თი:
ტელ/tel:
34-76-33/
+995
(99)
თბილისი (0119), აგლაძის 16
ქ. -18-31
# 32
Tbilisi
str. # 32
ტელ/tel:(0119),
+995 Agladze
(33) 2 34-76-33
e-mail: [email protected]
+995 (99) 16 -18-31
Tbilisi (0119), Agladze str. # 32
editor
English version Tamta Gugushvili
e-mail:[email protected]
Web: www.regionica.org/journal.html
èlkanas~ Sinauri
cxovelebis adgilobrivi
jiSebis sakonservacio
ferma zemo xodaSenSi
17
zedaSes kultura saqarTveloSi
zedaSes Sesaxeb erTob gansxvavebul cnobas vxvdebiT, magaliTad, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis konaSi, sadac vkiTxulobT.
31
Tuli Tafli egvipturze
14 saukuniT Zvelia
32 qar
33 futkris sadede rZe
34
amierkavkasiis puris
bzuala - mexorbleebis
udidesi problema
Jurnali àxali agraruli saqarTvelo~ gTavazobT!
JurnalSi erTi kvadratuli santimetri sareklamo farTis
Rirebuleba Seadgens: ydis meore gverdze _ 60 TeTrs (mTliani
gverdi _ 350 lari), boloswina gverdze _ 50 TeTrs (mTliani
gverdi _ 300 lari), bolo gverdze _ ukana ydaze _ 60 TeTrs
(mTliani gverdi _ 350 lari). Sida gverdebze _ 35 TeTrs (mTliani
gverdi _ 200 lari).
Jurnali „axali agraruli saqarTvelo” referirebadia 2009
wlidan. samecniero statiis moculoba reziumis TanxlebiT ar
unda aRematebodes 1,5 intervaliT, 12-iani SriftiT nabeWd 5
Tabaxis gverds.
Jurnalis gamowera SegiZliaT presis gavrcelebis saagentoebis:
èlva.jis~ (tel.: (032) 2-38-26-73; (032) 2-38-26-74); `saqpresa+~ (577 97 90 10);
`saqarTvelos fosta~ (577 117 272).
1 wliT Jurnalis gamowera dagijdebaT 12 lari, 6 TviT _
6 lari.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
შეხ ვედრა ფ
შეხვედრა
ფერმერებთან
ერმერებთან
je ri xe li suf le ba zea
30 noembers Tbilisis Wadrakis sasaxleSi „memamuleTa kavSiris” (raul babunaSvili) TaosnobiT, saqarTvelos parlamentis agraruli komitetis Tavmjdomare gigla agulaSvili da soflis meurneobis ministris pirveli moadgile daviT ServaSiZe, saqarTvelos regionebidan
mowveul fermerebsa da soflis meurneobis specialistebs Sexvdnen.
vidre ZiriTad saTqmels vityode, kmayofilebiT unda aRvniSno,
rom Cveni Jurnalis gamocemis periodSi, ukve mesame weliwadia bazarze varT, ver vixseneb faqts,
rom parlamentisa da mTavrobis
Sesabamis uwyebebs, maT xelmZRvanelebs agrarul seqtorSi Seqmnil
realur viTarebaze da problemebze sasaubrod fermerebTan aseTi
masStaburi Sexvedra gaemarTos.
saqme azris gaziarebiTa da viTarebis sworad gaanalizebiT iwyeba.
axali mTavrobis pirveli nabijebi, am mxriv, udavod, dadebiTad
aRiqmeba. imdRevandeli Sexvedrac
aseTi paTosiT iyo gamsWvaluli.
parlamentis komitetis Tavmjdo-
marem da ministris pirvelma moadgilem fermerebs sTxoves, gulRiad elaparakaT im problemebze,
rac maT konkretul regionSi awuxebT da mokled CamoeyalibebinaT
TavianTi Tvalsazrisi, rogor xedaven gamosavals.
fermerebi parakobdnen mtkivneul Temebze gulwrfelad, emociurad: qveyanaSi miwebi usistemod, xSirad saeWvo investorebze
iyidebao, rom miwis gadasaxadi
aris Zalian Zviri, mouwesrigebelia sairigacio sistemebi, sarwyav
wyalSi, glexebs axdevineben usaSvelo fass, ar arsebobs sasoflosameurneo produqtebis bazari;
soflis meurneobis produqcias
ar aqvs fasi, qveyanaSi veterinaruli viTareba mZimea; ikargeba ukve
moZiebuli bazrebi; cxvris faris
gadarekvaSi fermerebs axdevineben
ararealur fass; ar aris sakmarisi
teqnika, Zviria miwis damuSaveba da
sxva.
problemebis siuxvis miuxedavad
darbazSi imdenad Zlieri, imediani
muxtiT iyo savse, rom bolos fermerebi kmayofilebas ver faravdnen: es muxti da energia mTavrobam
rom ar gamoiyenos da sworad ar
mimarTos, ar epatiebao.
saqarTvelos parlamentis agraruli komitetis Tavmjdomare, da
soflis meurneobis pirveli moadgile fermerebs dahpirdnen, rom es
bolo Sexvedra ar aris, rom kvlav
mravalgzis Sexvdebian fermerebs, Cavlen regionebSi, dargebis,
sakiTxebis mixedviT moismenen maT
mosazrebebs da gaiTvaliswineben
kidec.
Sexvedra imedianad davtove. axla jeri, marTlac, xelisuflebazea. Tu es energia, swori geziT
ganviTardeba, Sedegi usaTuod male dadgeba.
SoTa maWaraSvili
PS. aqve gTavazobT soflis meurneobis mecnierebis doqtor Tamaz burdulaZis werils, romelic
man Sexvedris dasrulebis Semdeg
gadmomca, sadac, TiTqmis, yvela is
satkivaria asaxuli, rac Cvens qveyanas, sofelsa da soflis meurneobas awuxebs da razec fermerebma
ilaparakes.
ag ro seq tor Si mdgo ma re o ba ima ze mZi mea,
vid re ze da pi ru lad Cans!
saqarTvelos avbediTi xelisuflebis mizeziT
qarTul miwebs axali safrTxe daemuqra, marto qiziySi bolo 3-4 TveSi ucxoelebze 2000 heqtari saxnav-saTesi miwis farTobebi gaiyida. masobrivad mimdinareobs sacxovrebeli saxlebis gayidvac, radgan
xelisuflebis araswori ekonomikuri politikisa da
gauazrebeli reformebis Sedegad valebSi Cavardnil mosaxleobas sxva gza aRar darCenia, ukanaskneli sacxovrisi gayidos, rom vali dafaros.
miwebis masobrivi gayidva alaznis velis saukeTeso
sarwyavi farTobebis Semdeg, mdinare iorsa da Siraqis zeganzec daiwyo. saqarTvelo mciremiwiani qveyanaa da erT sulze mxolod 0.16 ha. saxnavi miwa modis.
4
qarTvel glexsa Tu fermers miwis gadasaxadi gamouval mdgomareobaSi agdebs, amitom saswrafod gasatarebelia RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi, maT Soris cvlilebebia Sesatani sagadasaxado kodeqsSi; fizikuri
pirebisTvis 2010 wels 500%-iT gazrdili miwis sagadasaxado ganakveTi unda daubrundes sawyis dones.
fizikuri pirebi, visac 5 hetari farTobi aqvs, miwis
SeZenis TariRis miuxedavad, unda ganTavisufldnen
gadasaxadisgan. 5 ha-ze zemoT miwis gadasaxadis aTvla
principiT — 5+1 unda moxdes, anu 6 ha-is mflobelma
erTi heqtaris safasuri unda gadaixados da a.S.
aseve unda SeCerdes im moqalaqeebis sagadasaxado
devna, visac Zveli mTavrobis gauazrebeli politikis
ინ ფორმ აცია
ინფორმაცია
Sedegad miwis gadasaxadi daugrovda, Camoeweros e.w. sauravi da 3-4 wliT meceT ganvadeba Ziris dasafaravad.
glexebs umZimes tvirTad awevT xelovnurad gamogonili rwyvis gadasaxadi, romelic 1 ha-ze 150 laria. aseTive mdgomareobaa akvakulturis (tborebis)
gadasaxadzec.
bolSevikebma gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi aRadgines Tamar mefis dros gayvanili da Semdgom avbediTi istoriis wlebSi gauqmebuli alaznis arxi, Cvens
dros ki igi msoflio bankis programiT gaiwminda da
amoqmedda, saidanRa gaCnda „melioraciis kompania”,
romelic kavkasionidan Tavisi dinebiT momdinare
mRvrie wyals, rom lamis litrobiT gankargavs?!
daiRrCo glexi mogonili, nacionaluri xelisuflebis gasamdidreblad mogonili gadasaxadebiT: glexma
dedaqalaqamde manqaniT rogorme Tu CaaRwia, ugulavas
„siTi parki” ajarimebs, metropolitenSi ar uSveben,
avtobusSi Cajdeba da iqve isev ugulavas „satransporto kompaniis” monitoringis samsaxuria Casafrebuli,
venaxs morwyavs da samelioracio kompania xdis suls,
cxvris faris gadarekvaSi Sps „meqanizatori” 500 lars
axdevinebs, qamari kargad ver gadaiWira venaxidan manqaniT momavalma, patruli ajarimebs. sajaro reestri
da saaRsrulebo biuro waleka uZravi qonebis, maT Soris sacxovrebeli saxlebis yadaRebma. yovelive iwyeba 5 lariani jarimiT, rac ramdenime TveSi saxl-karis
dayadaRebiT mTavrdeba. gaukuRmarTebuli kanonmdebloba da sakuTari moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
sadamsjelo manqana saxelmwifos siZliered saRdeba.
yovelive amis gamo, mimaCnia, rom soflis winaaRmdeg kanonis saxeliT mimarTul Zaladobas bolo unda
moeRos. samSoblo Tvalsa da xels Sua rom ar gagviqres, zemoaRniSnul RonisZiebebTan erTad, saswrafod
unda Seiqmnas saadgilmamulo fondi, romelic Tavad
Seisyidis miwis mflobelebisgan Rirseul fasad (rac
dasabams miscems miwis realuri fasis Camoyalibebas)
da miwas agrosawarmoo kooperativebs gadascems.
sawyis etapze sagadasaxado tvirTis Semsubuqeba
fizikur pirebs saSualebas miscems, ar gaasxvison
miwa mizerul fasad.
vfiqrobT, evropisken svla, soflis meurneobis evropulad gaZRolasac niSnavs. Tu es asea, maSin unda
gaviTvaliswinoT is, rom evrokavSiris biujetSi soflis meurneobis danaxarjebi 2013 wels krizisis gamo
32% procentamde mcirdeba manamde, 1992 wlidan 2013
wlamde igi 49% iyo. dRemde Cveni xelisufleba soflis meurneobisTvis mxolod 0,01%-s imetebda, amitomac aris sofeli da soflis meurneoba am dReSi.
ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier agroseqtorSi Cadebuli finansebis mizani fermeris cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba, materialurad gaZliereba,
momxmareblis xarisxiani produqciiT momarageba,
qveynis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da
soflad mosaxleobis SenarCunebaa.
samwuxarod, aseTi midgoma CvenSi CamorCenilobad aRiqmeboda da soflisTvis aravis ecala, amitom
dRes aq imaze ufro mZime mdgomareobaa, vidre zedapirze Cans.
Tamaz burdulaZe,
soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
omisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis veterani.
evrokavSiri saqarTvelos soflis
meurneobisaTvis 40 milion evros gamoyofs
soflis meurneobis ministrma daviT kirvaliZem, evrokavSiris aRmosavleT evropis TanamSromlobis misiis xelmZRvanelma andrea fontanam da evrokavSiris elCma saqarTveloSi, filip dimitrovma proeqtis dawyebis
TariRi da ZiriTadi prioritetebi ganixiles.
evrokavSiri saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis sferosTvis 40 mln evros odenobiT grants gamoyofs.
„momaval wels evropis saqarTvelosadmi mxardaWeris erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba soflis meurneoba iqneba. Tumca, misia aseve muSaobs grZelvadiani samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebaze 2014-17 wlebisTvisac. Cven SevxvdiT qarTul mxares, rom gangvesazRvra is mimarTulebebi, romelic ufro saintersoa saqarTvelosTvis evropuli daxmarebis miRebis
kuTxiT. vfiqrob, Sexvedra saintereso da nayofieri
iyo“, — aRniSna filip dimitrovma.
programa moicavs saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministros daxmarebas kooperaciis mxardaWerisa da servis centrebis Seqmnis programaSi, aseve
daexmareba aWaris soflis meurneobis saministros,
xels Seuwyobs arasamTavrobo seqtoris CarTviT
kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebas.
Rvinis erovnul saagentos axali
xelmZRvaneli hyavs
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ministri daviT
kirvaliZe Rvinis erovnuli saagentos axladdaniSnul xelmZRvanels levan daviTaSvils Sexvda da
saagentos ZiriTad mimarTulebebze esaubra. Sexvedraze qarTuli Rvinis konkurentunarianobis da
xarisxis, aseve eqsportis gazrdis da axali bazrebis aTvisebis sakiTxebi ganixiles.
dResve, soflis meurneobis ministris pirvelma moadgilem daviT ServaSiZem levan daviTaSvili
Rvinis erovnuli saagentos TanamSromlebs piradad
warudgina.
levan daviTaSvili daibada 1978 wlis 10 dekembers.
daamTavra milanis marTvis swavlebisa da gamocdilebis centri (CESMA
(CESMA).
). aqvs marTvis magistris xarisxi.
2009 wlidan dRemde iyo Sps „SCHUCHMANN
„SCHUCHMANN WINES
GEORGIA”-s
GEORGIA
”-s gayidvebisa da marketingis menejeri.
aseve muSaobda USAID — is soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis proeqtis Ag Vantag
Vantage-is
e-is gayidvebisa da marketingis menejerad.
iyo Sps „winandlis Zveli marnis“ generaluri menejeri.
igi aris qarTuli Rvinis asociaciis sabWos Tavmjdomare, saqarTveloSi italiis saelCos italiis biznesmenTa sabWos wevri. aseve, qarTul-italiuri ekonomikuri korporaciis asociaciis vice prezidenti.
5
მრგვალი მაგიდა
mar to sur vi li ar kma ra,
sa Wi roa moq me de ba!
mcenareTa dacvis mxriv qveyanaSi rom rTuli viTarebaa, es SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac Cans.
am Temis gasaSlelad da problemebze sasaubrod, redaqciam „mrgvali
magida” moawyo da specialistebi moiwvia.
diskusiaSi monawileobdnen:
zurab lolaZe — biologiur mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori,
„SYNGENTA AG.” warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi;
arCil supataSvili — saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis vasil
gulisaSvilis satyeo institutis tyis dacvis ganyofilebis ufrosi,
biologiur mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori;
nana CigogiZe — Sps. „agroTreidingis” mTavari konsultanti, biologiur mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori;
mirian gvritiSvili — biologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.
samwuxarod, soflis meurneobis saministros, mcenareTa dacvis departamentis specialistebma mrgval magidaSi monawileobis misaRebad
ver moicales. dasanania, radgan maTi azri Seqmnil viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso iqneboda. imeds vitovebT, rom morigi diskusiis
dros, isini Cveni Jurnalis „mrgvali magidis” stumrebi iqnebian.
modiT movusminoT maT da daskvna Cven TviTon gavakeToT.
arCil supataSvili — saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis vasil gulisaSvilis satyeo instititis tyis dacvis ganyofilebis
ufrosi, biologiur mecnirebaTa
akademiuri doqtori:
— daviwyeb, Cveni qveynisaTvis
yvelaze didi simdidriT — tyiT.
uaresi mdgomareoba, rac dRes
Cvens tyeebs adgas Tavs, warmoudgenelia. wiwvovan tyeebs gvinadgurebs mbeWdavi qerqiWamia, romelic Cvens qveyanaSi gasuli saukunis miwuruls gamoCnda.
6
2000 wels biZina ivaniSvili dagvexmara da specialuri saSualebebi borjomis xeobis tyeebSi
erTjeradad SevitaneT. saerTod,
feromonebis gamoyeneba monitoringis xarisxianad Catarebis saSualebas iZleva.
am mavneblebis winaaRmdeg karg
Sedegs iZleva — WianWvela xoWo.
am mwers Turqebi, maTac udgaT es
problema, Cvens mier damuSavebuli meTodikiT amravleben da bunebaSi uSveben. CvenTan ki aseTi samuSaoebi aRar warmoebs, arada, am
meTodebiT mavneblebTan brZolis
gagrZeleba aucilebelia.
SarSan borjomis xeobaSi 26000ha
gamovikvlieT, iq iseTi mdgomareobaa, warmodgena gagiWirdebaT.
Tu ar gvinda, naZvnari moispos,
saxelmwifom amaze unda izrunos
da saTanado RonisZiebebi gaataros. saWiroa kompleqsuri midgoma. magaliTad, wleuls satyeo
departamentma 200 cali feromoni Camoitana, ha-ze 4 cali gamoiyeneba. es aris erTgvari satyuara
Wiqa, sadac specialuri siTxe asxia, romelic mamrebs izidavs. e.i.
50 heqtris samyofi, rac, bunebrivia, saqmes ver Svelis. saWiroa maTi masStaburad gamoyeneba. dRes
msoflioSi yvela analogiuri mavneblebis winaaRmdeg biologiuri
brZolis meTods iyenebs.
gaxsovT, albaT, gasuli saukunis
60-ian wlebSi CvenSi gavrcelebuli iyo naZvis lafanWamia, Tavidan
qimiuri meTodebiT vcadeT masTan
brZola, magram didi Sedegi ar gamoiRo. Semdeg Cexoslovakiidan SemoviyvaneT izofakusi, — bioagenti, roelic xelovnurad gavamravleT da bunebaSi gavuSviT. 1970-75
wlebidan moyolebuli am mwerma
lafanWamiis gavrceleba SeaCera,
viTareba zRvars ar gadasula.
— meore, aranakleb mwvave, problema gvaqvs foTlovan mcenareebSi, — es aris wablis kibo.
— Cven am mimarTulebiT Sveicariis, xorvatiisa da makedoniis specialistebTan erToblivad vswavlobT am problemas, vamuSavebT
mis winaaRmdeg brZolis meTodebs.
wleuls, seqtemberSi Cveni masalebi amerikaSi waiRes. CvenTan am daavadebis iseTi formebi aRmoCnda,
romelic jer arsad SexvedriaT.
amerikelebi Zalian dainteresdnen.
CvenTvis cnobilia iseTi virusebi, romelic Trgunavs wablis
kibos da karg Sedegs iZleva. 2011
wels SveicariaSi Seqmnes suspenzia, romelic xis qerqSi gakeTebul patara naxvretSi ideba. marTalia igi mTlianad ver ereva daavadebas, magram 30-40%-Tac rom
gaanadguros, esec didi saqmea.
cnobilia, rom amerikidan evropaSi Semovida Wadris baRlinjo,
Cvens sazRvrebTan igi jer krasnodarSi gavrcelda, Semdeg afxazeTidan mTel saqarTvelos moedo.
pirvelad igi 2008 wels aRmovaCine dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
Wadris baRlinjo amerikul pepelasTan erTad zamTrobs, TiTqmis
quTaisamde iyo mosuli. meore weliwads ukve wifis gvirabamde iyo
mosuli, dRes ukve mTel saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli.
Turq kolegebsac Sevatyobine
amis Sesaxeb, vTxove, erTad vibrZoloT meTqi. maT esmiT, aq Tu
gaCnda iqeTac gadava, verafriT
Seakaveb.
rTuli mdgomareobaa aWaraSi,
mtiralas mTis midamoebSi. mavnebeli mTel xeobaSia modebuli, romelic Tavidan wablis CrCili gvegona. muxis erTferovani CrCili aRmoCnda. vizualurad muxis erTferovani CrCili Zalian gavs wablis
CrCils. CvenTan laboratoriebi
aRar aris, ungreTSi gavagzavneT da
dagvidastures, muxis erTferovani
CrCiliao. Turqebma TviTon SemogvTavazes, erToblivad am mavneblis
winaaRmdeg brZola.
TbilisSi wiwvovnebis masobrivad xmobas rac Seexeba, amis ZiriTadi mizezi gvalvaa da es mavneblebis brali ar aris. wiwvovanis
gaxmobis Semdeg gamxmar qerqSi
saxldeba mavnebelebi da hgoniaT,
rom mavneblebisganaa gamxmari.
nana CigogiZe — Sps. „agroTreidingis” mTavari konsultanti, biologiur mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori:
— magasTan dakavSirebiT minda
giTxraT, rom maTi xmobis mizezi
marto gvalvebis brali ar unda
iyos. aris adgilebi,sadac fiWvebs
rwyaven, magram problema analogiuria,an 20 wlian fiWvebs rad unda
morwyva?! vfiqrob, marto gvalvis
problema ar unda iyos, es sakiTxi
Sesaswavlia.Cemi azriT, garegnuli
simptomebiT es Zalian gavs Reros
nematodas, magram jer amiT saqarTveloSi aravin dainteresebula.
arCil supataSvili:
— Cven yvelanairad gamovikvlieT es problema, Tqven kargad
iciT, rom 50 weliwadia TbilisSi
fiWvebi ar daurgavT, bevri mcenare amortizirebulia, zogierTi
mcenaris fesvebi ukve kldemdea
dasuli da esec iwvevs maT xmobas.
mirian gvritiSvili — biologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori:
ri
— agraruli universitetis ukan
gaSenebuli fiWvebic xmeba, iq
arc sokoebia, arc mwerebia, aseve
wyneTSi, samadlosTan, naxeT, ra
dReSia fiWvebi.
es aris xmobis ekologia, ase
qvia. es Savi fiWvebi, romlebic
CrdiloeTis qveynebidan aris Semotanili, bolomde ver egueba
aqaur garemos. aba naxeT, eldaris
fiWvebi oqroyanaSi, an sxaldidisken gaiareT, iseTi koromebia,
yurebiT ver gaZRebi. iq Savi fiWvebic aris, magram araferi emarTeba, Camodixar dabla da ukve
xmoba iwyeba.
— tye da miwaTsargeblobis saqme yvelaze maRla dgas, CvenTan ra
barbarosulad eqcevian tyes da ra
kanonebs iReben, yvelani vxedavT,
magram gamogvdis brZoliT rame?!
borjomSi navTobsadenma rom gaiara, Cven viyaviT winaaRmdegobis
moZraobaSi, maSin am navTobsadenis mSeneblobaze eqspertad viyavi
miwveuli. 50 kacis xelmoweriT mixeil saakaSvils werili gavugzavneT, rom navTobsadenis am xeobaze
gatareba arafriT ar SeiZleboda,
magram ra gamovida, araferi! mSeneblebsac ar undodaT navTobsadens borjomis xeobaze gaevlo.
yvelaze kargi varianti axalqalaqis marSruti iyo. bolos Tedo jafariZemde mivitaneT saqme,
magram mainc araferi gamovida da
ratom iciT? kompensaciebze gaiyida miwebi. Tedo jafariZes rom
velaparake, pirdapir miTxra, es
politikuri saqmeao, me vuTxari,
ekologia politikaze maRla dgas
meTqi. holandielebis ki gveubnebodnen, amas ras akeTebTo, magram
vinmem moismina?
qveyanaSi bunebisa Tu mcenareTa
dacvis sistemis mxriv yvelaferi
moSlilia, araferi keTdeba, mgoni dadga dro, mogvisminon Cven,
visac am saqmis rame gagvegeba.
zurab lolaZe — biologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, "SYNGENTA
"
AG." warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi:
— yvelafris Tavi da Tavi aris
agraruli ganaTleba. saubedurod, agrarul universitetSi
dRes mcenareTa dacvis xsenebac
ki aRar aris.
adre instituti mcenareTa dacvis specialistebs amzadebda —
mcenareTa dacvis agronomebs.
isini Semdeg saqmdebodnen warmoebebSi da entomologebi erqvaT.
entomologebi iyvnen yvelgan mevenaxeobis, mexileobis, metyeveobis dargSi, am profiliT momuSave
institutebSi, sawarmoebSi. dRes
yvelaferi moSlilia, bolo 20 weliwadia mcenareTa dacvis dargi
TandaTan nadgurdeba. baza aRar
arsebobs, gadasuli varT marto
pesticidebis, Sxam-qimikatebis Semotana-gamoyenebaze. bunebrivia
soflis meurneobisaTvis es aucilebelia da sWirdeba sofels,
magram vinmem xom unda gansazRvros, ra aris saWiro, ra dozebia
da gamoyenebis ra periodulobaa
saWiro. Cvenze gadadis yvelaferi, radgan Cvens iqiT aravin aRar
aris. mcenareTa dacvaSi yvelaze
axalgazrda agronomi, albaT 60
wlisaa. es problema saswrafod
mosagvarebelia.
fulic rom iSovno da Tanamedrove teqnologiebi Semoitano, vin
7
unda mixedos amas. xom saWiroa specialisti, romelmac icis esa Tu is
mavnebeli, masTan brZolis meTodebi. axali teqnologiebis usistemod, ucodinrad gamoyenebam
marto mcenares ki ara, SeiZleba
garemosac gamousworebeli ziani
miayenos. dargobrivi institutebi
daingra da moiSala. gasagebia, rom
saqarTvelos ar sWirdeba 300-400
kaciani institutebi, magram yvela
dargSi, mcenareTa dacva iqneba es,
mevenaxeoba Tu meCaieoba, xom unda
muSaobdes mecnierTa jgufi, romelic mudmivad awarmoebs kvleviT samuSaoebs da ecodineba sad
ra mdgomareobaa da saWiro dros
aucilebel prevenciul RonisZiebebs SeimuSavebs, daexmareba maT,
visac es dasWirdeba.
saerTod, yovelwliurad yvela
dargSi mudmivad unda tardebodes
kvleva, rom saerTo mdgomareobis
efeqtianad kontroli SevZloT. es
sistemis nawili unda iyos.
nana CigogiZe:
— 2006 wels Seiqmna sursaTis uvneblobis, veterinariisa da mcenareTa dacvis erovnuli samsaxuri.
erT samsaxurSi gaerTianda sami
udidesi dargi, romelTac saqmianoba Zalian SeezRudaT. kadrebi
konkursis Sedegad SeirCa. roca
am specialistebze konkursi gamocxadda, ratomRac upiratesoba
mcenareTa dacvis departamentSi
biologebs mianiWes. ar vici, isini
SeiZleba biologiaSi profesionalebi iyvnen, magram warmodgena ar qondaT mcenareTa dacvaze,
fitosanitariaze, pesticidebze.
am samsaxurma da mcenareTa dacvis departamentma ratomRac ori
prioriteti amoirCia, erTi iyo
amerikuli TeTri pepela da kalia,
magram am problemis mogvarebac
ver moxerxda, amerikuli peplis
gavrcelebis areali ar Semcirebula, SeiZleba iTqvas, gaizarda.
maSin rodesac yovelwliurad am
mavneblis winaaRmdeg brZolis
RonisZiebaze kolosaluri Tanxa
ixarjeba.
— ratom, ra iyo amis mizezi?
mirian gvritiSvili:
— mebaReoba-mevenaxeobis instituti roca moSales da im SenobaSi soflis meurneobis saministro
gadmoitanes, maSin institutis
direqtors, nodar CxartiSvils
SevTavaze, SevewinaaRmdegoT am
gadawyvetilebas,
institutSi
mjdomare aqcia movawyoT meTqi,
magram, rogorc Cans, dRes TviTon
sazogadoebac ar aris Tavis doneze. dRes es instituti saerTod
moSlili da dangreulia, ise rogorc meabreSumeobis instituti
da dargi.
8
— imitom rom, es iyo piaris qveyana, saqme keTdeboda ara saqmisTvis, aramed — piarisTvis. me piradad Semeqmna aseTi problema.
dedofliswyaroSi kaliebze monitoringi Cavatare. Seviswavle
viTareba da davreke samsaxurSi,
samuSaoebi kaliebis winaaRmdeg
dauyovnebliv daewyoT.
Tbilisidan brZanebiT gvipasuxes, rom unda mavneblis gavrcelebis rukebi Segvedgina. romel
rukebzea laparaki, rodesac kaliebis frTiani forma aris, dRes
rom aq aris, xval 10 kilometriT
sxva mxares inacvlebs.amasobaSi
sanam saministros warmomadgenlebi dedofliswyaroSi CamobrZandnen, movida ivlisis Sua ricxvebi,
40 grdusian sicxeSi daiwyes fosfororganuli preparatis Sesxureba. im dReebSi kaliebis nacvlad
15 erTeuli pirutyvi daixoca. kalia am dros iq ukve iseT fazaSi
iyo, rom maT winaaRmdeg brZolis
qimiuri RonisZieba Zalian dabalefeqturi iyo.
kaliebs, magaliTad, azerbaijanSi maisSi ebrZvian, maSin roca isini
gamravlebis iseT fazaSi arian, ro-
ca preparatebi efeqtianad muSaobs. wamlis Sesxureba maRal temperaturaze ar SeiZleba, am dros mis
gamoyenebas ukve efeqti aRar aqvs.
dRes Zalian didi problemaa,
glexebamde, fermerebamde swori
informaciis mitana.
mcenareTa dacvaze xSirad laparakobs da wers iseTi, romelsac
aranairi saTanado ganaTleba ar
aqvs. mTeli cxovreba „vebrZvi jenerik produqcias”, cnobili evropuli da amerkuli firmebi, romlebic
saukeTeso pesticidebs amzadeben
da am preparatebis moqmed sawyiss
mudmivad xvewen da aumjobeseben,
garkveuli periodis gavlis Semdeg
Zveli preparatis patents yidian
da TviTon axal moqmed sawyiss igoneben. am patentis safuZvelze sxva,
ufro naklebganviTarebuli qveynis sawarmoebSi am prepatratebs masobrivad amzadeben da gacilebiT
dabal fasad yidian. samwuxarod,
Cveni bazari am iaffasianma „jenerikebma” daipyro. yovelTvis vambobdi da axlac vacxadeb: am erTi
cida saqarTvelos, Cvens fermers,
ar sWirdeba erTi moqmedi sawyisis
70 analogi, es Wirdeba im ukeTur
adamians, visac fulis keTeba unda
da analogebis simravle falsifikacias xels uwyobs.
evropuli produqcia Zalian Zviria. Cinuri an Turquli produqcia
aq 10-jer iafi Rirs. glexi tyuvdeba, aTasnair preparats sTavazoben,
veRar erkveva, ibneva da sabolood
savalalo Sedegs iRebs.
dRes Tbilissa Tu regionebSi
yvela firmas, visac pesticidebi
Semoaqvs, Tavisi maRazia aqvs. iSviaTad rom am maRaziaSi specialisti, mcenareTa damcveli naxoT.
yvela preparats aqvs xarjvis
norma, gamoyenebis wesi, reglamentebi, roca TviTon gamyidveli
ver erkveva, ra unda urCios klients. xSirad sTavazobs orjer met
dozas. amiT or kurdRels iWers,
bevrsac yidis da raRac momentSi,
Tavsac izRvevs, rom am preparatma
SeiZleba imoqmedos kidec. Sedegad ki binZurdeba garemo, iwamleba produqcia.
evropaSi aseT pirobebSi moyvanil produqts aravin iyidis!Cveni
produqciis evropaSi gatanis didi survilis miuxedavad, saqarTდეკემბერი, 2012
veloSi warmoebul Rvinos aravin
SeiZens, imitom rom iseTi yurZnisganaa damzadebuli, romelsac
aseTi uvargisi preparatebiT 12
jer da ufro metad wamlaven.
pesticidebis bazari saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad gajerebulia
„jenerik produqciiT”. aRniSnuli firmebi ekonomiurad gaZlierdnen, radgan, im preparatis Semotana Zalian iafi ujdebaT, mogeba ki sakmaod soliduria. karg
reklamasac ukeTeben da glexic
tyuvdeba.
amas Cven ver avkrZalavT, yovelives Zalian maxinji forma aqvs
miRebuli da es saxelmwifom unda
akontrolos.
kidev erTi, Zalian didi problema, rasac garemos damcvelebmac unda miaqcion yuradReba, SemoaqvT didi raodenobiT produqcia, ver yidian, vada gasdis, xdeba
axali etiketireba, aqve,saqarTveloSi, da Zveli produqcia axali vadebiT iyideba, es yvelaferi
Cvens ojaxebs da qveyanas awveba
kiserze. jer kidev komunistebis
droindeli, vadagasuli preparatebis gauvnebelyofa ar momxdara
da sakmaod didi raodenobiT aris
Zvel sawyobebSi.
agraruli universiteti moSlilia, kargi specialistebis seriozuli deficitia qveyanaSi. vinc
iyo, zogi gardacvlilia, vinc
darCa, universitetidan gamoyares... ganaTlebis im donis Seqmnas,
iseTi specialistebis gazrdas,
bevri wlebi dasWirdeba. Zalian
skeptikurad var ganwyobili.
— ra unda gakeTdes?
arCil supataSvili:
— me bevrjer davsvi sakiTxi amasTan dakavSirebiT, rom saqarTveloSi biopreparatebis warmoeba
dagvewyo. am saqmis asawyobad da
dasawyebad TbilisSi odesis bioteqnologiis institutis direqtoris moadgile iuri samoilovi
Camoviyvane, es metad Zlieri da
cnobili institutia, ramdenime
proeqti Camoitana, Tavidan saWiro iyo 300kv.m. farTobi da danadgarebi, parlamentamdec ki mivedi, magram dafinansebis sakiTxis
mogvareba ver SevZeli, sul 200
000 aTasi lari iyo saWiro. aseTi
warmoeba arc somxeTsa da azerbaijanSia da CvenTan nawarmoebi
preparatebi iqac gaiyideboda.
nana CigogiZe:
— biopreparatebis warmoeba,
marTlac Zalze aqtualuria, radgan Tu viTareba ar Seicvala, dRes
iseTi masStabebiT gamoiyeneba
qveyanaSi pesticidebi, rom verc
erTi bioagenti ver gadarCeba.
arcTu didi xnis winaT vazs 7-8
wamlobaze meti ar utardeboda,
dRes ukve wamlobis cifri 15-mde
avida. katastrofuli viTarebaa.
wina dRiT Sewamluli produqti,
meore dRes bazarSi gaaqvT gasayidad, rac yovlad dauSvebelia. arc
reglamentia daculi da arc aranairi kontroli xorcieldeba. gaauqmes kontrolis samsaxuri, daabrales korufciaao da axla ise
Semodis mcenareuli produqcia,
rom sinjic ki aRar keTdeba, saerTod ar kontroldeba. magaliTad,
bolo wlebia somxeTidan daiwyes
vazis nergebis Semotana da ukve
dafiqsirda vazis kibos ramdenime
SemTxveva, ase Semovida sakarantino mavneblebi kartofilis CrCili. 2006 wels Wadarze baRlinjo
vnaxe, samsaxuris ufross vuTxari, rame viRonoT meTqi: axla magisTvis ar gvcalia, pepelas unda
vebrZoloTo.
imis gamo, rom sasazRvro punqtebze ar hyavT specialisti, moSlilia kontroli, uamravi daavadeba da mavnebeli Semodis, rac
qveyanas Zalian did problemas
uqmnis.
— am dargSi viTareba rom gamoswordes, pirvel rigSi saxelmwifo
neba unda arsebobdes, meore da
mTavari sakiTxi specialistebis
momzadeba da dargSi dasaqmebaa.
specialisti aRar yavT, amitom
iseTi xalxi iRebs gadawyvetilebas, visac araferi esmis da raRac
gagonili terminebiT apelireben.
vin gamoasworebs am dargs?! roca sul raRac 15 kaciani jgufia
darCenili. yvelaferi isev Tavidanaa dasawyebi.
zurab lolaZe:
me getyviT Cems azrs, ra unda gakeTdes!:
1. kadrebis momzadeba;
2. vinc darCa maTi efeqtianad
gamoyeneba;
3. mezobeli qveynebis samecniero centrebis gamoyeneba, radgan
samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi samecniero centrebi aRar arsebobs,
mTlianad moSales;
4. Sesabamisi samTavrobo struqturebis Seqmna, romelic yovelive amas uxelmZRvanelebs;
amis garda, unda Seiqmnas mcenareTa dacvis saxelmwifo samsaxuri da Zlieri sakanonmdeblo
baza; is kanonebi rac moqmedebda
da gaauqmes: kanoni saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebis Sesaxeb, kanoni pesticidebis Sesaxeb da sxva,
sul Cveni dawerilia. benduqiZis mTavrobaSi mosvlis Semdeg
TiTqmis yvelaferi gauqmda, zogi rac darCa, isic ar moqmedebs.
rac ki ram kontrolis meqanizmi
arsebobda, yvelafers xazi aqvs
gadasmuli, erT dReSi gauqmda
yvelaferi. Tu darCa rame, masac
maxinji forma aqvs miRebuli, amitom sakanonmdeblo doneze unda
aRdges yvelaferi.
mariam lebaniZe
9
soflis meurneobis, kvebis mrewvelobis,
gadammuSavebeli da SesafuTi teqnologiebis
me-12 saerTaSoriso gamofena TbilisSi
Tbilisis gamofenebis centr „eqspo jorjiaSi” 28
noembridan 1 dekembramde soflis meurneobis, kvebis
mrewvelobis, gadammuSavebeli da SesafuTi teqnologiebis me-12 saerTaSoriso gamofena Catarda.
gamofenis organizatori iyo kompania „eqspo jorjia”, TurqeTis nacionaluri monawileobis organizatori, kompania „Tu
„Tuyap Fairs & Exhibitions Organization
Inc”,
Inc
”, mxardamWeri — saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis
saministro.
gamofenaSi qarTul kompaniebTan erTad monawileobdnen: germanuli, litvuri, avstriuli, kanaduri,
espanuri, ukrainuli, rusuli, Turquli, iranuli da
somxuri kompaniebi, romelTac warmodgenili hqondaT: sasoflo sameurneo teqnika, manqana-danadgarebi, tara da SesafuTi masalebi, sasaTbure da samacivre
meurneobebi, sarwyavi sistemebi, sasmelebi da sakvebi
produqtebi (rZis produqtebi, Cai, jemebi), laboratoriuli aRWurviloba, nergebi, sasuqebi, pesticidebi, sarwyavi sistemebi, sakonsultacio servisi da
satransporto momsaxureba.
gamofenis stumrebsa da damTvaliereblebs saSualeba hqondaT, uSualod mwarmoeblebisgan mieRo
misTvis sasurveli informacia im produqtis Sesaxeb,
rac gamofenaze iyo warmodgenili.
soflis meurneobis saministro sairigacio da
sadrenaJe sistemebis masStabur sareabilitacio
samuSaoebs iwyebs
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ministrma, daviT
kirvaliZem sofel misaqcielSi sarwyav sistemaze mimdinare samuSaoebi daaTvaliera.
aRniSnuli sarwyavi sistema bulaCauris saTave nagebobidan moedineba da arxis sigrZe 24,5 km-ia, romelic
10
duSeTisa da mcxeTis raionebs emsaxureba. dRemde lami-misaqcielis sarwyavi sistemiT 500 ha. sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli irwyveboda. arxis reabilitaciis Semdeg, 4 500 ha farTobis gasarwyaveba iqneba SesaZlebeli.
lami-misaqcielis sarwyavi sistema 1971 wlidan funqcionirebs da eqspluataciis xangrZlivi periodis manZilze kapitalurad ar SekeTebula da gawmendila. 1991
wels arxi mcired SekeTda. arxis mimdinare kapitaluri
reabilitacia 2013 wlis aprilSi dasruldeba.
„maRalmTianeTs gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba daeTmoba“
daviT kirvaliZe yazbegis raionis soflebis — snos,
arSisa da stefanwmindis mosaxleobas Sexvda da maT
sazRvrispira soflebis ganviTarebis gegmebze da am
mimarTulebiT centraluri xelisuflebis strategiul midgomebze esaubra, rom: „yazbegi saqarTvelosTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani raionia. es aris CrdiloeTis karibWe da mas centraluri xelisuflebisgan
gansakuTrebuli midgoma, Tanadgoma da siyvaruli
sWirdeba”.
soflis meurneobis ministrma yuradReba gaamaxvila
gazafxulidan gansaxorcielebel proeqtebze, romelic SeRavaTian da grZelvadian kredits, mcire fermerebisaTvis ufaso xvnasa da mcire sawarmoebis Seqmnas
iTvaliswinebs. misive TqmiT, yazbegis raionSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mecxoveleobis, mefutkreobis
sferoebs, sakalmaxe da sasaTbure meurneobebisa da
mcire sawarmoebis amoqmedebas mieqceva.
Sexvedraze glexebma maTTvis aqtualur problemebze
isaubres da soflis meurneobis konkretul dargebze
saxelmwifos midgomebiT dainteresdnen. — „mefutkreobis aRorZineba moxeveebisTvis erT-erTi prioritetia.
dRes xevSi patar-patara safutkre meurneobebia, magram amas organizebuli saxis micema sWirdeba. Tu saxelmwifo sofels daxmareba, sofeli welSi gaimarTeba“
— amboben yazbegelebi, romlebic ager ukve 15 welze metia xevSi mefutkreobas misdeven.
daviT kirvaliZe mark heines deniels da
“CA
CAPITAL PARTNERS GEORGIA
GEORGIA”” (CPG) fondis
warmomadgenlebs Sexvda
soflis meurneobis saministros „Raf
„Raffles Family Wealth
Trust”-is
Trust
”-is xelmZRvaneli da msoflioSi cnobili biznesmrCeveli mark heines denieli “Ca
“Capital Partners Georgia
Georgia””
(CPG
CPG)) fondis warmomadgenlebTan erTad ewvia.
fondis mxardaWeriT, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi kompaniebi „jeolaifi“ da „demetra“ wlis bolomde 500 heqtar miwaze zeTisxilis plantaciebs
gaaSenebs. martis bolosTvis dagegmilia produqciis gadammuSavebeli qarxnis aSenebac, rac qarTul bazars pirveladi gadamuSavebis umaRlesi xarisxis zeiTunis zeTiT moamaragebs. igegmeba gadamuSavebuli
produqciis eqsportze gatanac. fondis warmomadgenlebis gancxadebiT, isini mzad arian damatebiT SeiZinon miwebi, sadac zeTisxilTan erTad sxva sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebic gaSendeba.
mark heines denieli biznes konsultaciebs uwevs
msoflios wamyvan kompaniebsa da sxvadasxva qveynebis mTavrobebs. am etapze igi mzad aris saqarTvelos
soflis meurneobis saministros strategiis SemuSavebaSi da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, msxvili
investorebis mozidvaSi daexmaros.
CiTilebi da maTi warmoeba
bostneulis saxeobaTa 50%-ze meti momzadebuli CiTiliT mohyavT.
es xerxi bostneulis saadreo da maRali mosavlis misaRebad gamoiyeneba. amiT SesaZlebelia sagviano bostneuli mcenareebis kultivireba mokle savegetacio periodis raionebSi. Ggarda amisa, es meTodi
saSualebas iZleva erTeul farTobze mcenareTa optimaluri raodenoba miviRoT da pirdapir gruntSi Tesvisas saTesle masalis danaxarjebi SevamciroT, miTumetes Tu saqme ZviradRirebul hibridul
saTesle masalas exeba.
axalgazrda mcenareebi meti plastikurobiT da
axal garemo pirobebTan ukeT Seguebis unariT gamoirCevian. mcenareTa CiTilebis gamoyvana SesaZleblobas iZleva, axalgazrda mcenareebis dacul
gruntSi gamozrdisas, miviRoT bostneulis metad
maRali mosavali ufro xelsayreli pirobebis SeqmniT. moZravi, dinamiuri temperaturuli reJimi CiTilis zrdis fazebis Sesabamisad, niadagis tenianobis aucilebeli pirobebi da haeris SefardebiTi
tenianoba — yvelaferi es xels uwyobs kargi, myari,
Zlieri, maRalkondiciuri CiTilis da Sesabamisad
bostneulis maRali da saadreo mosavlis miRebas.
CiTilebis gamoyvanas mimarTaven ori meTodiT:
momzadebul gruntSi (mcire zomis kvalsaTburebSi)
pirdapir TesviT an kasetebSi gamoyvaniT.
momzadebul gruntSi (kvalsaTburebSi) pirdapiri
Tesvis meTodiT CiTilis gamoyvanas rigi uaryofiTi
mxareebi gaaCnia. Gveulebriv mimarTaven CiTilebis
gamoyvanas kargad gafxvierebul niadagSi (romelsac Sereuli aqvs gadamwvari nakeli, mdinaris lami
da a.S). fxvieri miwidan CiTili kargad amodis, magram
misi fesvTa sistema mainc ganicdis sakmaod did danakargebs amoRebis, transportirebisa da gadargvis
(xeliT, manqaniT) dros.
kaseturi meTodiT gamoyvanili CiTili srulad
SenarCunebuli fesvTa sistemiT.
amitom, fesvTa sistemis SenarCunebisaTvis da
dazianebisagan dasacavad, gadargvisas, kvalsaTburidan CiTilis amoRebis dros, mebostneebi mis
fesvebze miwis koSts toveben, magram mcenareebis
mimarT Zalian frTxili damokidebulebis drosac
ki fesvebis ZiriTadi masa gadargvisas mainc wydeba. gadargvisas pirdapir gruntSi daTesili CiTili gamtari fesvebis 80-85% da Semwovi bususebis
100% kargavs, (romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba niadagidan sakvebis miReba). rac ufro didia CiTili,
miT metia gadargvisas fesvTa sistemis danakargi.
aseTi CiTilebis dargvisas mcenareTa 10-15% iRupeba. gamoklebuli mcenareebis adgilze CiTilebis
gamorgva Sromis danaxarjebs da CiTilis gasavals
zrdis.
dawyvetili fesvTa sistema SeiZleba mSrali nivTierebis maragis xarjze aRdges, romelic mcenaris
mier mis gadargvamde iyo dagrovili, imitom, rom
gadargvis Semdeg mcenareebis daWknobis gamo, organuli nivTierebebis axali dagroveba fotosinTezis procesSi Cerdeba. fotosinTezi intensiurad
mimdinareobs mxolod im mcenareebSi, romelTa ujredebi TiTqmis mTlianad gajerebulia teniT. amgvarad, fesvebis dawyvetas mcenareTa dasustebamde
da araxelsayreli zemoqmedebisadmi gamZleobis dakargvamde mivyavarT. fesvTa sistemas aRdgenisTvis
12-14 dRe sWirdeba. amrigad, CiTilis gamozrdisas
miRebuli garbeni, misi gadargvis Semdgom ikargeba.
garbenis dakargviT uaryofilia CiTilis gamozrdis
ZiriTadi mizani — saadreo mosavlis miReba.
imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicilon gadargvisas fesvTa sistemis danakargebi, mimarTaven sxvadasxva RonisZiebebs.
maRalxarisxovani CiTilis misaRebad da gadargvisas fesvTa sistemis SenarCunebisaTvis mimarTaven
mis gamoyvanas kasetebSi, erTjerad WiqebSi an polieTilenis paketebSi. kasetebis zomebi gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan, erT kasetaSi SeiZleba moTavsebuli iyos 48-dan 211-mde kubura. kasetaSi kuburebis
raodenoba damokidebulia Tavad kuburebis zomaze
(2,5X2,5-dan 7X7 8X8 mde).
11
aseT WiqebSi an paketebSi gamoyvanili da gadarguli mcenareebi,gadargvisas stress ar ganicdian,
fesvTa sistemas mTlianad inarCuneben, msxmoiarobaSi adre Sedian da gacilebiT met mosavals iZlevian, (radgan axalgadargul mcenares ar uwevs energiis daxarjva fesvTa sistemis aRdgenaze).
Cveulebrivi bostneuli kulturebis gamosayvanad
saukeTesoa 5,5-6 sm-is diametrisa da siRrmis Wiqebi,
an kasetebi (salaTebisTvis 2,5-3X2,5-3, pomidori 5X5
an ^6X6, gogrovanTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebisTvis
ufro did moculobas iyeneben 7X6, 7X7, 8X8).
CiTilebisTvis sxvadasxva komponentisgan (torfi,
tyis miwa, gamomwvari nakeli, maT mcire raodenobiT
umateben naxerxs da sakveb elementebs) amzadeben
substrats. ZiriTadi komponentebis Tanafardoba
Seadgens 1:1. nakeli unda iyos aucileblad kargad
gadamwvari, winaamRdeg SemTxvevaSi igi sxvadasxva
sarevelebis TeslebiT da mavnebelebiT iqneba dabinZurebuli, rac fermers damatebiTi problemis winaSe daayenebs, Tu fermerebi nazavisaTvis gamzadebuli miwis da nakelis xarisxSi ar arian darwmunebuli,
mis gamowvas mimarTaven, (xelovnurad Termuli zemoqmedebiT, rkinis firfitaze, romelsac qvevidan
cecxls SeunTeben, gaSlian Sesarev komponentebs
zomieri sisqiT da gacxelebis dros Tanadroulad
ramdenjerme gadaureven). Sesarevi komponentebi unda gaicras, raTa msxvili koStovani Senarevebi moSordes.
maRaziebSi iyideba agreTve specilurad momzadbeuli substratebi, romlebic sarevelebis Teslebs
da mavneblebs ar Seicaven, maRali tentevadobiTa da
airtevadobiT gamoiCevian, warmoadgenen saukeTeso
ares CiTilebis ganviTrebisaTvis.
CiTilebis gamoyvana unda daviwyoT im periodis
gamoTvliT Tu rodis xdeba sawarmoebel regionSi
kaseturi meTodiT gamoyvanili CiTilebis sargavi
12
CiTilis gadargva (rogorc wesi umetes SemTxvevaSi es periodi emTxveva im dros, rodesac Caivlis
sagazafxulo wayinvebis saSiSroeba). normalur
pirobebSi bosteneulis Teslebs aRmocenebisaTvis 4-10 dRe sWirdebaT, xolo ganviTarebisaTvis
da gadasargav kondiciamde misaRwevad kidev damatebiT 30-45 dRe (yvelaze nela izrdeba da viTardeba tkbili da mware wiwaka, amitom maTTvis unda
aviRoT ufro xangrZlivi periodi daTesvidan aRmocenebamde 7-12 dRe, xolo aRmocenebis Semdeg
gadargvamde 45-55 dRe).
gadasargav CiTils unda hqondes kargad ganviTarebuli 5-7 namdvili foToli iyos kompaqturi, 1825 sm. simaRlis, mavnebelebisagan da daavadebisgan
dazianebebis gareSe. (pirveli ori lancetiseburi
formis foToli ar iTvleba namdvilad, maT savegatacio foTlebi ewodebaT. namdvili foTlebis
aTvla iwyeba mas Semdeg, rac CiTils didi mcenarisaTvis damaxsiaTebeli formis foToli uviTardeba),
garda amisa, kaseturi meTodiT CiTilebis gamoyvana saSualebas iZleva bostneuli kulturebis did
farTobebze warmoebisas SevamciroT xeliT Sroma,
gadasargavad gamoviyenoT CiTilis sargavi manqanebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian sakmaod maRali warmadobiT (5-7 ha dReSi).
zogjer saCiTileSi adgili aqvs CiTilebis simeCxeres, amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos:
araxarisxovani Tesli, romelsac dabali aqvs aRmocenebis unari;
zedmetad mkvrivi (struqturulad mZime) niadagi;
gadaWarbebuli rwyva. gadaWarbebulma rwyvam da
dabalma temperaturebma TanxvedraSi SesaZlebelia
gamoiwvion, aRmonacenebis dalpoba, normalur siRrmeze CaTesvis drosac ki.
wylis nakleboba, gansakuTrebiT aRmoc nebis pirvel periodSi, Tuki dRis temce
p raturebi maRalia, imis gamo rom aRmope
n cenebi moTavsebulini arian niadagis
na
z dapirTan axlos, xolo kasetis kuburebi
ze
a gamoirCeva didi moculobiT, advilad
ar
S ba da am dros adgili aqvs aRmonaceneSre
b moxalvas.
bis
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare,
C Tilebis warmoebis procesSi isini intenCi
s ur movlas, zomier rwyvas da optimalur
si
t peraturebs saWiroeben.
tem
saCiTileSi xSirad adgili aqvs CiTilebis
d avadebas fesvis sidampliT, am problemis
da
T vidan asacileblad unda mivmarToT SemTa
d
deg
RonisZiebas. CaTesli substrati (kaset bi, erTjeradi Wiqebi, kvalsaTburi, grunte
t da a.S), mcenareTa aRmocenebamde unda dati
v muSaoT preparat previkuris, finalis an
va
f dazolis 0,2 % xsnariT (10 litr wyalSi
fun
i sneba 20 gr preparati), igive RonisZiebis
ix
g meorebas mimarTaven, rodesac mcenaregan
e pirveli namdvili foTlebi ganuviTarebs
debaT.
qli a vis per s peq ti u li
ji Se bi sa qar T ve los T vis
qliavi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kurkovani kulturaa, romelic
farTod aris gavrcelebuli msoflioSi, miekuTvneba Prunus-is gvars,
romelic aerTianebs 100-ze met saxeobas. amJamad, msoflioSi qliavis nargaoba gaSenebulia 2 400 000
heqtarze, xolo yovelwliuri warmoeba 11 milion tonas aRwevs.
qliavis mTavari mwarmoebeli
qveyana CineTia, romelic yovelwliurad 5 664 000 tonas awarmoebs,
sxva qveynebidan qliavis mniSvnelovani mwarmoeblebia aSS, rumineTi da serbia.
saqarTveloSi qliavis warmoeba ZiriTadad koncentrirebulia
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos regionSi — Sida qarTlSi, mcxeTa-mTianeTSi da samcxe-javaxeTSi.
biologiur-sameurneo Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT qliavi iTvleba zamTargamZle, tenisa
da sinaTlis moyvarul saxeobad.
qliavis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba lurjad Seferili, mogrZo, TavSi
vaSlTan da msxalTan SedarebiT da boloSi Seviwroebuli nayofemcirea. axalgazrda asakSi qliavi qliavis warmoeba saqarTveloSi, 2007-2011 ww, aTasi tona
Zlier
izrdeba,
2007 2008
2009
2010
2011
srul msxmoiaroSida
qarTli
4,0
2,3
2,7
2,1
2,3
baSi Sesvlis Semdeg ki zrdas Se- mcxeTa-mTianeTi 2,8
1,8
1,0
0,4
1,6
darebiT anelebs. kaxeTi
0,7
1,1
0,3
0,2
0,7
qliavis jiSebi Se- qvemo qarTli
1,2
1,8
0,4
0,3
0,4
iZleba moiTxov- samcxe-javaxeTi 4,5
2,8
1,2
2,0
1,3
des jvaredin damsxva regionebi 2,2
1,8
0,4
0,9
0,5
tvervas an TviTwyaro. Geostat,2012
,2012
fertili iyos.
qliavis
Tanamedrove samrewvelo asortimenti biT) — stenli, Savqliava, italiuSedgeba Semdegi ZiriTadi saxeo- ri ungrula, renklodebi (Prunus
bebisagan: PPrunus domestica (Sina- domestica subvari Italica) (momwvanouri qliavi), Prunus salicina (Cinur- moyviTalo, mrgvali nayofebiT)
iaponuri qliavi) da Prunus cerasi- — altanis renklodi, mwvane renklodi da kvercxiseburi qliavebi
fera (tyemali).
Sinauri qliavis jiSebi nayofis (msxvili, kvercxiseburi formis,
Sefervis da formis mixedviT iyofa yviTeli an wiTeli nayofebiT — vaSemdeg jgufebad: ungrulebi (muq Singtoni, jefersoni da sxva.
qliavis nargaoba msxmoiarobaSi
Se
dis dargvidan me-3-4 wels. sadiagrama. qliavis warmoeba msoflioSi, aTasi tona, CineTis gareSe
Sualo mosavlianoba standartul
baRebSi Seadgens 15-18 tona/ha.
xelsayreli pirobebis dros baRi
sawarmoo Rirebulebas inarCunebs 35-40 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
qliavis warmatebiT moyvanisaTvis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
unda mieqces jiSis Sesabamis SerCevas. amJamad saqarTvelos pirobebisaTvis gamoyofilia rekomendebuli da perspeqtiuli jiSebi,
romelTa gaSeneba komerciuli
mizniT mizanSewonilia. qvemoT
mocemulia am jiSebis mokle samewyaro. FAOstat,, 2012
urneo-biologiuri daxasiaTeba:
13
siamovno gemoTi, kurka msxvili,
rbilobs rTulad scildeba.
stenli ame
stenli
m ri
r kuli jiSia.
S
mi
m ekuTvneba ungrulebis tips. miRebulia aSS-Si niu-iorkis sacdel
sadgurSi aJanis ungrulasa da didi hercogis SejvarebiT.
msxmoiarobaSi Sedis me-4-5 wels,
mavnebel-daavadebebis mimarT SedarebiT gamZlea, xasiaTdeba sagviano yvavilobiT, TviTfertilia, maRalmosavliani da regularulad msxmoiare jiSia. nayofi
mwifdeba seqtembris dasawyisSi,
gamoiyeneba sasufred, mzaddeba
saukeTeso xarisxis Ciri, nayofis
masa 40-45 g, nayofi wagrZelebuli, kvercxisebri formisaa, kanis
Seferva muqi iisferia, dafarulia nafifqiT. rbilobi mkvrivi,
motkbo gemosi, kurka rbilobs ZiriTadad advilad scildeba, Tumca xandaxan rTuladac. qliavis
rekomendebuli jiSia.
prezidenti miRebulia riversis
mier saukunis dasawyisSi. msxmoiarobaSi Sedis male — me-3-4 wels.
xasiaTdeba saSualo-sagviano yvavilobiT. maRalmosavliani da
regularulad msxmoiare jiSia,
erTi xis saSualo mosavali srulmsxmoiarobaSi 50 kg-ze metia —
heqtarze gadaangariSebiT 20 tona. nayofi Zalian msxvilia — 60-70
grami, zogjer 100 gramsac aRwevs.
mwifdeba seqtembris bolos, xangrZlivad inaxeba samacivro pirobebSi. ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba
sasufred. nayofi kvercxisebri
formisaa, kani muqi iisferia, romelic gadadis mowiTalo ferSi,
odnav aris dafaruli nafifqiT.
rbilobi mkvrivi, xasiaTdeba sa-
14
empresi kanaduri jiSia. msxmoiarobaSi Sedis me-3-4 wels. xasiaTdeba saSualo periodis yvavilobiT, maRalmosavliani jiSia, erTi
xis saSualo mosavali srulmsxmoiarobaSi 50-55 kg-ia. nayofi Zalian msxvilia — 60 -70 grami, zogierTi egzemplaris masa 120 gramsac
aRwevs. mwifdeba agvistos bolos
— seqtembris dasawyisSi, ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba sasufred. nayofi
kvercxisebri formisaa, kani muqi
iisferia, dafarulia muqi nafifqiT. rbilobi mkvrivi da xraSuna,
xasiaTdeba gamorCeuli gemoTi.
kurka msxvili, rbilobs naxevrad
scildeba. qliavis axlad introducirebuli perspeqtiuli jiSia.
Savqliava adgilobrivi jiSia.
msxmoiarobaSi Sedis me-3-4 wels,
xasiaTdeba saSualo periodis yvavilobiT. mwifdeba agvistos bolos — seqtembris dasawyisSi, ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba sasufred. nayofi kvercxisebri formisaa, kanis
Seferva muqi iisferi, dafarulia
nafifqiT. rbilobi wvniani, xasiaTdeba gamorCeuli gemoTi, kurka
msxvilia, rbilobs kargad scildeba. qliavis rekomendebuli jiSia.
vistos me-2 dekadaSi, kargi transportabeluria. Warbtenian regionebSi xSirad ziandeba monilioziT.
nayofis feri mowiTaloa, srul
simwifeSi muqi wiTelia, dafarulia
nafifqiT, rbilobi muqi yviTeli,
mkvrivi, wvniani, aromatuli, xasiaTdeba kargi sagemovno TvisebebiT,
kurka rbilobs naxevrad scildeba.
gamoiyeneba rogorc sasufred, aseve kompotebis dasamzadeblad.
atmiseburi — Zveli evropuli
jiSia. xe saSualoze Zlieri zrdisaa, xasiaTdeba araregularuli
mosavlianobiT. ikrifeba ivlisis
II — III dekadaSi, kargi transportabeluria. Seferva moyviTalomowiTaloa, dafarulia sqeli nafifqiT, rbilobi yviTelia, wvniani, momJavo gemosia, kurka rbilobs kargad scildeba. farTod
aris gavrcelebuli mexileobis
samrewvelo raionebSi. qliavis
rekomendebuli jiSia.
ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi introducirebuli iqna Cinur-iaponuri qliavebis ramdenime jiSi, romelsac
mcdarad „berZnul-qliavebsac” uwodeben. mocemuli jgufi mniSvnelovbad gansxvavdeba standartuli
qliavis jiSebisagan pomologiuri
da biologiur-sameurneo TaviseburebebiT. qvemoT mocemulia am
jiSebis mokle daxasiaTeba.
anjeleno amerikuli jiSia, miekuTvneba Cinur-iaponuri qliavebis rigs. msxmoiarobaSi Sedis sakmaod adre, dargvidan me-3 wels.
xasiaTdeba saadreo-saSualo periodis yvavilobiT. msxmoiarobs
regularulad da uxvad. nayofi
msxvilia, 80-100 grami, zogierTi
egzemplari 120-150 gramsac aR-
altanis renklodi — evropuli
jiSia, miRebulia mwvane renklodis
naTesarebidan. xe saSualo zrdisaa, yvavilobs aprilis meore dekadaSi (goris pirobebSi), xasiaTdeba
maRalmosavlianobiT. ikrifeba agდეკემბერი, 2012
wevs. mwifdeba agvistos bolos—
seqtembris dasawyisSi. moiTxovs
ramdenime vadaSi krefas da kargad
inaxeba Cveulebrivi sardafis pirobebSi 3-4 kviris ganmavlobaSi.
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba sasufred. nayofi mrgvali, sferos
formisaa, kani muqi wiTelia, romelic SavSi gadadis, dafarulia
nafifqiT, rbilobi mowiTalo feris, mkvrivi da xraSuna, xasiaTdeba momJavo, metad originaluri
gemoTi, kurka wvrili — rogorc
tyemals, rbilobs ar scildeba.
friari amerikuli jiSia, miekuTvneba Cinur-iaponuri qliavebis rigs, romelic saqarTveloSi
regularulad da uxvad. nayofis
saSualo masa 70-80 grami, zogierTi egzemplari 120-130 gramsac
aRwevs, mwifdeba agvistos Sua
ricxvebSi, moiTxovs ramdenime vadaSi krefas. sasufre daniSnulebis jiSia. nayofi mrgvali, sferuli formisaa. kani muqi wiTelia,
romelic simwifeSi Savi xdeba.
dafarulia intensiuri nafifqiT.
rbilobi mkvrivia, xasiaTdeba momJavo-motkbo, sasiamovno gamorCeuli gemoTi. kurka sakmaod wvrilia, rbilobs ar scildeba.
x li in
ntro
r ducire
r bu
b lia. msxmomsxm
axa
iarobaSi Sedis male dargvidan me2-3 wels, xasiaTdeba saSualo periodis yvavilobiT, msxmoiarobs
zviad boboqaSvili
soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa
akademiuri doqtori
Cveni fosta
1. — ras gvetyviT wveTovani sarwyavi sisitemis gamoyenebasa da
xarjebze, am sistemis asawyobad
ra aris saWiro, ra upiratesoba
aqvs wveTovani sistemiT rwyvas?
(raWa)
— wveTovani sistemis Rirebuleba da awyobis simartive, an sirTule bevr faqtorzea damokidebuli:
wveTovani milebis sisqeze, sarwyavi wylis xarisxze, milebis eqsploataciis xangrZlivobaze, mosayvan
kulturaze, nakveTis konfiguraciaze da a.S.
wveTovani
sarwyavi
sistemis
upiratesobebidan
aRsaniSnavia,
rom is ar iwvevs niadagis erozias, datborvas, saSualebas iZleva
Tanabarzomierad moxdes niadagis
datenianeba, wveTovanis saSualebiT niadagSi sakvebi nivTierebis,
(sasuqebi), mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebis Setana, wylis resursebis
dazogva da a.S.
2. — mainteresebs, ratom uCndeba
kartofils xoWo da riT unda vuwamloT. ratom Savdeba kartofili
Signidan. riT vuSveloT, rom jansaRi mosavali miviRoT? (nina melaZe, raWa)
— kolorados xoWo kartofilis
sakmaod cnobili mavnebelia da didad azianebs kartofilis naTesebs.
am problemis Tavidan asacileblad
rekomendebulia, daTesvis win, saTesle kartofilis Sewamvla iseTi
preparatebiT, rogoricaa: presti-
Ji 1 l. erT tona saTesle masalaze,
selestopi 0,4 l. 1 tona saTesle
masalze, sidopriti 250 gr. 1 tona saTesle masalaze (es ukanaskneli yvelaze mimzidvelia finansuri
TvalsazrisiT). preparatis aRniSnuli dozebi ixsneba 10-15 litr
wyalSi da daTesvis win iwamleba saTesle masala.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar moxda saTesle masalis Tesviswina damuSaveba, nakveTSi mavneblebis erTeuli egzemplarebis gamoCenisTanave naTess asxureben preparatebs,
rogoricaa: pirineqsi, nurel-de,
imiji, cipipliusi, aqteliki da a.S.
0,2 % (20 gr preparati ixsneba 10 l.
wyalSi), konfidor maqsi, kunfu superi da a.S. 0,1-0,15 %-iani.
gTxovT, TqvenTvis saintereso Temebze SekiTxvebi
da rekomendaciebi mogvawodoT sainformacio
furcelze, regionis mixedviT miTiTebul misamarTze.
pasuxebi ixileT Jurnal „axali agraruli saqarTvelos” momdevno nomerSi:
saxeli, gvari
misamarTi
tel.:
el. fosta
3. — ra dros SeiZleba moweuli kartofilis miwidan amoReba, rom Seinaxos da ar gafuWdes? (Sida qarTli)
— kartofilis mosavlis aReba
unda daviwyoT, rodesac mcenaris
foCi mTlianad CaWkneba da bolqvis kani gamagrdeba, es saSualebas
mogvcems mosavlis aRebis dros
minimumamde SevamciroT bolqvebis meqanikuri dazianeba. Tavad
kartofilis Senaxvis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia jiSze da Sesanax pirobebze. rogorc wesi, saadreo jiSebi Senaxvis SedarebiT
mcire xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdeba.
kartofilis bolqvebis Sesanaxad
unda SavarCioT grili sacavebi an
sardafi, sadac optimaluri temperatura 2-5 gradusi iqneba.
4. — rogor unda movamzadoT niadagi, rom kartofilis uxvi mosavali miviRoT? (raWa)
— kartofilisaTvis niadagis momzadeba Semodgomaze unda daviwyoT.
— mzralad moxvniT. kartofili ver
itans struqturulad mZime, Tixnar, Warbtenian niadagebs, misTvis
gamousadegaria mJave da damlaSebuli niadagebi. kartofilze uaryofiTad moqmedebs agreTve sinaTlis nakleboba (daCrdilva), am SemTxvevaSi mcenare iwoweba, sustdeba
da xSirad bolqvebs ver iviTarebs.
kartofilisTvis unda gamovyoT
struqturuli, kargad damuSavebuli niadagebi, sasurvelia dargvisas budnaSi SevitanoT 400-600
gr. gadamwvari nakeli. organuli
sasuqis Setana Semodgomaze niadagis ZiriTadi damuSavebis drosac
SeiZleba.
5. — mogaxsenebT, rom sof. wromSi arsebobs Termuli cxeli wyali.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, iq aSendes sasaTbure meurneoba? (paata saraliZe, Sida qarTli)
— potenciurad es SesaZlebelia,
magram ra masStabis da ra kulturis sawarmoeblad, es mraval faqtorzea damokidebuli: Tavad Termuli wylis debetze da temperaturaze, marilebiT gajerebulobaze,
savaraudod mosayvani kulturis
tipze, periodze da a.S.
6. — gTxovT, mogvawodoT informacia qinZisa da niaxuris moyvanis
Sesaxeb? (samegrelo)
— es cota vrceli Temaa, amitom
statia mwvanilebis warmeobis Sesaxeb Cveni Jurnalis uaxloes nomrebSi gamoqveyndeba.
7. — rogor vebrZoloT xaxvis xvatars? (Sida qarTli)
— savaraudod, Tqvens mier naxsenebi mavnebeli xaxvis buzia,
romlis winaamRdeg unda gamoiyenoT iseTi preparatebi, rogoricaa bi-58, nurel-de, pirineqsi,
cipipliusi 0,2 % xsnari (10 litr
wyalSi ixsneba 20 gr. preparati),
kinfidormaqsi, kunfusuperi, imiji 0,1 % da a.S. wamloba unda ganmeordes ramdenjerme 7-10 dRis
inetrvaliT da preparatebis monacvleobiT.
8. — ra saSualebebi gamoviyeno
imisaTvis, rom xaxvs gudafSuta ar
gauCndes? (vasil jariaSvili, samegrelo)
— savaraudod, Tqvens mier naxsenebi daavadeba xaxvis Wraqia, misi
ganviTreba iwyeba, rodesac haeris
SefardebiTi tenianoba maRalia,
xolo temperatura — zomieri. mis
winaaRmdeg mimarTaven profilaqtikur wamlobebs iseTi fungicidebiT, rogoricaa: antarakoli,
polirami, cixomblu, rapid goldi,
mankocebi superi, merpani, akrobati
mc, kadilaki da a.S. 2 kg/ha-ze; Saviti, ridomil goldi da S. 0,2-0,25 %.
aucilebelia davicvaT Teslbrunva. xaxvi winamdebare nakveTze
2-3 weliwadze adre ar unda dabrundes.
9. — rogor da ra periodSi unda
vebrZoloT pomidvris kulturaSi
fitoflorozs, e.w. „kibos”? (Sida
qarTli)
— pomidvris fitoftorizis winaaRmdeg unda gamoviyenoT iseTi
kontaqturi da sistemuri fungicidebi, rogoricaa: antarakoli,
polirami, cixomblu, rapid goldi,
mankocebisuperi, merpani, akrobati mc, kadilaki da a.S. 2 kg/ha-ze;
Saviti, ridomil goldi da S. 0,20,25 %. rekomendebulia sistemuri
da kontaqturi fungicidebis urTierTmonacvleoba.
P.S. winamdebare statiebis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID
(USAID)) mier gaweuli daxmarebis Sedegad. dokumenti
SemuSavebulia USAID/NEO proeqtis mier da misi Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. statiebi
ar gamoxatavs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentosa da
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis mosazrebebs.
NEO-s Tbilisis ofisi:
Tbilisi, ramiSvilis q. 6a.
tel: (+995 32) 225 05 61/ 71/81
faqsi: (+995 32) 225 05 41
[email protected]
NEO-s goris ofisi:
gori, i.evdoSvilis q. 30
tel: (+995 0 370) 27 84 00
[email protected]
NEO-s duSeTis ofisi:
duSeTi, daviT aRmaSenebelis q. 52
tel: (+995 0 346) 22 11 28
[email protected]
NEO-s zugdidis ofisi:
zugdidi, Tbilisis q. 19
tel: (+995 0 415) 22 19 20
[email protected]
NEO-s onis ofisi:
oni, vaxtang VI q. 120
tel: (+995 595) 677 047
[email protected]
ბიომეურნე
Jurnali àxali agraruli saqarTvelo~ gTavazobT rubrikas _
”biomeurne”, romelsac biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia
èlkanas~ specialistebi amzadeben.
ze da Ses kul tu ra sa qar T ve lo Si
miuxedavad imisa, rom qvevrSi Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba erT mTlian sagans warmoadgens, SeiZleba sazedaSe qvevri da Rvino mainc calke movlenad gamoiyos.
qarTul meRvineobaSi, garda qarTuli saRvine WurWlis — qvevrisa, vxvdebiT: muxis kasrs, minis WurWels,
liTonis cisternebs, magram sazedaSe Rvinis WurWeli ara CamoTvlil WurWels, aramed upirvelesad
qvevrs gulisxmobs. sazedaSe Rvinis dayeneba met-naklebad gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi Rvinis dayenebisagan. gansxvaveba mdgomareobs, rogorc teqnologiur,
ise Sinaarsobriv mxareSi. qarTuli enis ganmartebiT
leqsikonebSi termini „zedaSe“ asea axsnili: ase, magaliTad, sulxan-saba orbelianis „leqsikoni qarno“ n. CubinaSvilis
Tuli“ — „zedaSe — Sesawiravi Rvino“;
„qarTuli leqsikoni“: „zedaSe — Rvino, xmarebuli Jamis wirvasa zeda sefiskversa Tana, msoflioni uxmoben Rvinosa Senaxulsa sTulis dros patara qocoSi,
vidre dReobadmde salocavis adgilisa da maSin moxdian, Tan waiReben nakvebis zvariTurT eklesiis kars,
sadaca nawilsa zedaSisa da daklulis zvarisas miarTmeven samRudeloTa. zogs daurigeben glaxakTa da
danaSTens miiReben TYT munve“.
zedaSes Sesaxeb erTob gansxvavebul cnobas vxvdebiT, magaliTad, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis konaSi, sadac vkiTxulobT: „zedaSe — (mTiul.) bambis narTi, romelic xatSi eklesias samjer unda Semoavlon,
roca xati vinmes daYmizezavs (l. kaiS.)“.
sainteresoa, rom qarTlSi, konkretulad metexerTawmindis maxlobel soflebSi, zedaSe, Rvinis
paralelurad, ewodeba aseve erbosac, romelic Rvinis msgavsad eklesia-monastrebSi Sesawiravad iyo
gankuTvnili. mosaxleobas saamisod specialuri WurWelic ki hqonda taZarSi misatanad. es iyo mcire
moculobis Tixis qilebi, romlebic, maTi gaxarjvis
SemTxvevaSi, Semwirvelebs ukanve ubrundebodaT. amrigad, termini „zedaSe“ met-naklebad gansxvavebuli
Sinaarsis matarebeli sityvaa, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom xsenebuli termini upirvelesad RvinosTan
da qvevrTanaa dakavSirebuli da sxva, gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobebi, mxolod amis Semdeg aqvs miRebuli.
rogorc aRiniSna, termin zedaSis SinaarsSi pirvel yovlisa Rvino igulisxmeba, magram, magaliTad
qarTl-kaxeTSi da albaT upirvelesad kaxeTSi, aRniSnuli sityva qvevrebTanac asocirdeba, anu sazedaSe qvevrs kaxeTSi moixsenieben zedaSedac.
zedaSis qvevri maranSi erTgvar orientirs warmoadgenda da mas yovelTvis gamorCeuli adgili unda sWeდეკემბერი, 2012
roda. xolo danarCeni qvevrebi swored zedaSis qvevrisa Tu qvevrebis mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT ganlagdeboda maranSi. es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom zedaSis
qvevrs Sua, centraluri adgili unda sWeroda maranSi,
sxva qvevrebs Soris. piriqiT — zedaSis qvevri gancalkevebul adgils ikavebda, magram misi adgili, Rvinis
xarisxianad Senaxvis TvalsazrisiT, unda yofiliyo
saukeTeso sxva qvevrebis mdebareobasTan SedarebiT.
igulisxmeba sigrile, mzis sxivebis miuwvdomloba da
SedarebiT myudro adgili. Tumca, albaT, isic unda
iTqvas, rom qarTveli kaci marans ise awyobda, rom araTu mxolod zedaSis qvevri, aramed sxva yvela qvevri
daculi yofiliyo arasasurveli mdgomareobisagan.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki marani sacxovrebeli saxlis qveda
sarTuls warmoadgenda, zeda sarTulze, saZinebeli
oTaxi iseT adgilas iyo gamarTuli, rom uSualod mis
qvemoT zedaSis qvevrebi ar yofiliyo Cayrili...
Cven dRemde ar mogvepoveba werilobiTi masala imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra gansxvaveba arsebobda Cveulebrivisa
da zedaSis qvevrebis damzadebis teqnologias Soris.
gansxvavebas zedaSisa da Cveulebriv qvevrebs Soris
arc maTi cviliT damuSavebisa Tu kiriT daduRabebis
SemTxvevaSi vxvdebiT, Tumca didad savaraudoa, rom
zedaSis qvevrebi ufro gulmodgined irecxeboda da
am mniSvnelovan process meti dro da energia daeTmoboda warsul droSi. Zvelad, praqtikulad, ar arsebobda arc erTi marani, sadac zedaSis, Tundac erTi qvevri ar yofiliyo Cafluli. amave adgilas iyo
17
ბიო მეურნე
m w b
mowyo
bili s
sax
xate ni
n Sic,
S
sa
s dac in
nTebo
b da san
s nTeli.
aqedan gamomdinare, TiTqmis yvela marnis mflobel
ojaxs hqonda zedaSis qvevri, romelSic mzaddeboda, rogorc taZar-monastrebisaTvis Sesawiri, ise saeklesio dResaswaulebze, sakuTari moxmarebisTvis
gankuTvnili Rvino. xSirad zedaSis qvevri winaswarve
iyo gankuTvnili romelime dResaswaulisaTvis, magaliTad, giorgobisaTvis, mariamobisaTvis, SobisaTvis da sxv. zogierT SemTxvevaSi amgvari wesi venaxis
zvrebzec vrceldeboda. aseT dros venaxis mepatrone winaswar gamoyofda Tavis mamulSi garkveuli raodenobis venaxebsa Tu zvrebs, sadac dakrefili yurZenic gankuTvnili iyo romelime wmindanis saxelze
Tu dResaswaulze zedaSis Rvinis dasayeneblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT, gansakuTrebiT kaxeTis mxareSi, araerTi tradiciuli marani aSenda da
aRdga, is ZirZveli qarTuli wesi, rasac warmoadgens
zedaSis Rvinis dayeneba, TiTqmis daviwyebulia, rac,
samwuxarod, saqarTvelos Rvinis kulturis dabal
doneze mianiSnebs.
ori sityviT SevexoT Tavad sazedaSe Rvinis dayenebis wessac. sazedaSe Rvinos esaWiroeba gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, movla, mopyroba, dawyebuli
qvevris recxviTa da marnis sisufTaviT, vidre yurZnis gadamuSavebiTa da misi daduReba-daRvinebisa Tu
Senaxvis procesamde. qvevrebSi moduRar WaWas alkoholuri duRilis periodSi sWirdeba xSiri Careva. es
procesi SesaZloa dReSi minimum 5-jer ganmeordes.
saerTod kargia, Tu qvevrSi WaWas yovel sam saaTSi erTxel mainc daureven dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki mZafri duRilis periodSi. duRilis damTavrebis Semdeg WaWa da Rvino unda gancalkevdes da Rvino gadaRebul unda iqnes calke qvevrSi, ris Semdegac sazedaSe Rvinos garkveuli drois
ganmavlobaSi esaWiroeba sruli simSvide.
sazedaSe Rvinis dasayeneblad unda daiwuros mxolod wiTelyurZniani vazis jiSis yurZeni (saubaria
sabarZime Rvinoze). aseT dros yovlad dauSvebelia
TeTri yurZnis gamoyeneba, an Tundac misi umciresi nawilis Sereva wiTel yurZenSi. aseve ar SeiZleba wiTel
sazedaSe RvinoSi TeTri Rvinis Serevac, Tundac es
iyos Rvinis sul mciredi raodenoba. amis garda, unda
gamoiricxos sazedaSe RvinoSi wylis moxvedrac. amis
Tavidan asacileblad WurWeli (qvevri, kasri, minis
18
WurWeli da sxv.) unda gamoiyenoT maSin, rodesac igi
recxvis Semdeg kargad gaSreba. sazedaSed aseve ar gamoiyeneben vardisferi Rvinis momcem vazis jiSebs, romelTa Rvinis Seferiloba sustia. zogadad, sazedaSe
da aqedan gamomdinare, sabarZime RvinisaTvis umjobesia, Tu gamoyenebuli iqneba qarTuli wiTelyurZniani
saRvine vazis jiSebi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, „saferavi“, „ZelSavi“, „ocxanuri safere“, qarTlisa Tu kaxeTis „Tavkveri“, „Savkapito“ da sxva, dasavleTisa Tu
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vazis adgilobrivi jiSebi.
sazedaSe Rvinis dasayeneblad e.w. „uwamli“ (saxeobaTa Soris hibridebi) vazis yurZnis gamoyeneba ar aris
sasurveli. saqarTvelos yoveli mxare ganTqmulia da
moepoveba ara erTi, aramed, zogjer aTeulobiT adgilobrivi wiTelyurZniani vazis jiSi, romlebic Cveni winaprebis mier saukuneebis winaa gamoyvanili, da
Cven ratom unda gamoviyenoT sazedaSed da, aqedan gamomdinare, sabarZimed iseTi, xSir SemTxvevaSi gaurkveveli warmoSobis vazis „hibridebi“ Tu sxv. rogorebicaa, magaliTad: vaqirula, dirbula, „moldavanka“,
„SaniZe“, „adesa“ da sxva? CamoTvlilTagan zogierTi
yurZnis gamoyeneba araTu wminda barZimSi, aramed saqarTvelos vazisa da Rvinis kanonis Tanaxmad, meRvineobaSic ki ikrZaleba... ojaxur pirobebSi dayenebul
sazedaSe Rvinos damuSaveba (igulisxmeba filtracia,
gawebva da qimiuri danamatebi) ar esaWiroeba. aseve
aranair saWiroebas ar warmoadgens, da arc aris rekomendebuli, alkoholuri duRilis dawyebis win safuvris wminda kulturis damatebac. zogadad, ojaxur pirobebSi, araTu sazedaSe Rvinos, aramed Cveulebriv Rvinosac ar esaWiroeba zemoT CamoTvlili
danamatebi da filtracia, radgan Rvino, Tuki mas
codniT mivudgebiT, bunebrivad da yovelgvari qimiuri danamatebisa da konservantebis gareSec gaivlis
daRvinebis yvela etaps. erTaderTi meTodi, romlis
gamoyenebac daSvebulia zedaSis Rvinis dayenebisas,
esaa qvevrebSi gogirdis Caboleba. am meTodsac Cveni winaprebic iyenebdnen qvevris dezinfeqciisaTvis,
Tumca arc es meTodia gardauvali da aucilebeli. ra
Tqma unda, gogirdis Caboleba ar gamoricxavs WurWlisa da marnis higienis wesebis dacvas, rac erT-erTi winapirobaa xarisxiani Rvinis misaRebad. aqedan
gamomdinare, sazedaSe Rvinos esaWiroeba ara filtracia Tu safuvrebiTa da qimiuri danamatebiT gajereba, aramed WaWidan drouli moxsna, gadaRebis swori drois SerCeva, wesebis dacviT Senaxva da, rogorc
ukve iTqva, marnisa da qvevrebis higienuri wesebis
zedmiwevniT dacva. rogorc sxvadasxva eTnografiuli wyaroebidan irkveva, sazedaSe Rvinis dayenebis
procesis dros ara mxolod higienuri wesebis dacva
iyo aucilebeli, aramed eTikurisac. kerZod, amgvari
Rvinis dayenebis procesSi nasvami mamakaci monawileobas ar iRebda, xolo vinc am dros maranSi bilwsityvaobda an zedmets xmaurobda, mas marnidan iTxovdnen.
yurZnis wurvis dros maranSi aucileblad inTeboda
wminda sanTeli. imas, rom qarTveli kaci zedaSis Temas gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiTa da mniSvnelobiT
ekideboda, is faqtic amtkicebs, romelic Zvel saqarTveloSi yofila miRebuli; kerZod, rodesac saდეკემბერი, 2012
zedaSe qvevri ziandeboda da saWiro iyo misi Secvla,
magaliTad 100-litriani sazedaSe qocos sanacvlod
marnis mepatrone SeiZenda 110-litrian an ufro meti
moculobis WurWels.
qarTul maranSi zedaSis qvevris arseboba iseTive
damaxasiaTebelia, rogoric, magaliTad, buxrisa da,
arcTu iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, dedaboZisa, romlebsac,
garda esTetikurisa Tu sakralurisa, praqtikuli
daniSnulebac hqondaT. sazedaSe qvevrTan dedakacebs Sexeba arasdros ar hqondaT. zogadad, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mandilosnebi arc sawnaxliT
yurZnis dawurvaSi da arc qvevrSi Rvinis dayenebaSi
ar monawileobdnen. sazedaSe qvevrTan ikrZaleboda aseve ucxo adamianebis Sexebac da aseT qvevrTan
da RvinosTan SeZlebisdagvarad erTsa da imave pirs
hqonda urTierToba. qarTul qvevrebs meqvevre ostatebi pirze ukeTebdnen damRebs, romlebzec gamosaxuli iyo: meqvevris inicialebi; damzadebis weli
Tu adgili; ornamentebi; raime rituali; borjRa-
li... zogierT qvevrze xSiria jvris gamosaxulebac,
rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom aseTi qvevris upirvelesi
daniSnuleba swored sazedaSea.
zedaSis kultura qarTuli meRvineobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli da ganuyofeli nawilia. igi Cveni
qveynis meRvineobis kulturis umaRlesi gamovlinebaa. RviniTve qarTveli kaci adidebs cisa da qveynierebis Semoqmeds da es Rvinoc marTlmamdidebluri
wirvis dros macxovris sisxlad gardaiqmneba. qarTuli marani zedaSis qvevris gareSe isevea warmoudgeneli, rogorc qarTveli kaci winaparTa danatovari tradiciebis gareSe. amitomac, Cven yoveli Rone
unda vixmaroT imisaTvis, rom aRmovfxraT qarTuli
tradiciuli meRvineobis iseTi danaklisi, rogoric
zedaSis kulturis daviwyebaa; uamisod saqarTvelos
meRvineoba yovelTvis naklulad CaiTvleba.
giorgi barisaSvili
„elkanas” mrCeveli mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis dargSi
èlkanas~ Sinauri cxovelebis adgilobrivi
jiSebis sakonservacio ferma zemo xodaSenSi
saqarTvelo tradiciulad agraruli qveyanaa. arqeologiuri masalebiT mtkicdeba, rom saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobas jer kidev Zv.w.
VI-V aTaswleulidan misdeven. mecnierebi miiCneven, rom pirvelad mcenareTa da cxovelTa moSinaureba da, Sesabamisad, soflis meurneobis warmoSoba wina aziis teritoriaze, daaxloebiT 9-10 aTasi wlis win moxda.
es teritoriebi uSualod esazRvreba saqarTvelos da, amave dros, nawilobriv emTxveva preistoriul xanaSi qarTveluri tomebis gavrcelebis areals. uZvelesi kulturebisa da maTi veluri naTesavebis dRemde
arsebuli didi morfologiuri da genetikuri mravalferovneba, iseve
rogorc Sinaur cxovelTa zogierTi uZvelesi jiSi safuZvels gvaZlevs
vifiqroT, rom saqarTvelo Tavad warmoadgens rigi umniSvnelovanesi
kulturuli mcenarisa da cxovelis moSinaurebis erT-erT keras.
xalxuri seleqciis Sedegad, saqarTveloSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda sasoflo da sameurneo Sinauri cxovelebis mravali
jiSi, rogoricaa qarTuli mTis,
megruli da kavkasiuri wablas Zroxis jiSebi, kavkasiuri kameCis qarTuli jilagi, cxvris TuSuri da
imeruli jiSebi, megruli jiSis Txa,
TuSuri da megruli cxeni, kaxuri,
raWuli da svanuri Rori, javaxuri
bati, qaTmis populaciebi: Savi, nacara, Calisferi, megrula da yeltitvela da sxv. es jiSebi xalxuri
seleqciisa da garemo pirobebis
erToblivi moqmedebiT Camoyalibdnen. warmoadgenen ra qveynis konkretuli ekologiuri zonis ganuyofel nawils, isini, xasiaTdebian
rigi unikaluri TvisebebiT; maT
Sorisaa cvalebadi klimaturi pirobebisadmi tolerantoba, Waobiani, an mTis cicabo ferdobebis savargulebis Tanabrad kargad aTvisebis unari, sakvebis xarisxisadmi naklebi momTxovneloba,
erTeul produqciaze sakvebis
mcire danaxarji, zogierTi
daavadebisadmi mdgradoba da
sxv. amasTan erTad, sawarmoo
saSualebebis (damatebiTi sakvebi, Sroma da sxv.) minimaluri
danaxarjiT isini sasargeblo
produqts gvaZleven, romlebic soflad mcxovrebTa Semosavlebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani, xSirad ki erTaderTi
wyaroa.
XX saukuneSi industriuli soflis meurneobis ganviTarebam zogierTi tradiciuli jiSi gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe daayena. am
procesma gansakuTrebiT intensiuri saxe miiRo sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Semdeg, rodesac moiSala
saseleqcio sadgurebi da xelovnuri ganayofierebis centrebi.
zogierTi jiSi usistemo Sejvarebis gamo saerTod gaqra, sxva jiSebi ki mxolod ramdenime aseuli
individis saxiTaa SemorCenili,
romlebsac aseve gadaSenebis safrTxe emuqreba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli
jiSebis umravlesoba iseTi produqtiuli araa, rogorc maTi Ta-
19
namedrove analogebi, isini mniSvnelovan masalas warmoadgens
seleqcionerebisa da fermerebisaTvis, vinaidan maT iseTi Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, rogoricaa maRali
nayofiereba, gamZleoba da rezistentoba mkacri klimaturi pirobebisa da daavadebebis mimarT da
sxv. es Tvisebebi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania cvalebad ekonomikur da klimatur pirobebSi da
arsebiT faseulobas warmoadgens
msoflio sasursaTo usafrTxoebisaTvis. adgilobrivi jiSebi
Taobebis manZilze adaptirdnen
fermerTa moTxovnilebebTan da
adgilobriv pirobebTan.
amdenad, sasoflo-sameurneo da
Sinaur cxovelTa adgilobrivi,
qarTuli jiSebi Cveni eris kulturuli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani nawilia da maTi SenarCuneba uaRresad mniSvnelovania.
* * *
amJamad, Sinauri cxovelebis adgilobriv jiSebs ramdenime faqtori uqmnis safrTxes, pirvel
rigSi es ukontrolo Sejvarebaa —
Sinauri cxovelebis adgilobrivi
jiSebs xalasjiSiani egzemplarebi
ukiduresad cota raodenobiT SemorCa, isic pirobiTad xalasjiSiani, vinaidan cxovelTa identifikaciis sistemis ararsebobis gamo
jiSis dadgena xdeba fenotipuri
Sefasebis safuZvelze. amas garda,
cxovelTa epidemiuri daavadebebis gavrceleba da veterinariuli kontrolis sistemis arafeqturoba mniSvnelovani problemaa
jiSebis SenerCunebis Tvalsaz-
20
r
risiT (mag., 2006-2007
w
wlebSi Roris afrik
kuli Wiris gavrcel
lebam kaxuri Roris
u
uZvelesi adgilobriv
vi populacia gadaSen
nebis piras miiyvana).
iindustriul soflis
m
meurneobaze gadasvla
d
da standartul prod
duqciaze orientireb
ba aseve safrTxes uqmn
nis adgilobriv jiSebs
((mag., imis gamo, rom kax
xuri Roris tyavi moS
Savo ferisaa, yasbebi
m
mis Sesyidvas eridebian da Sesabamisad, am Roris xorci
bazarze ufro iafi Rirs).
bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi agraruli biomravalferovnebis konservaciis mimarTulebiT ramdenime saerTaSoriso da
adgilobrivi programa ganxorcielda, Tumca es programebi da proeqtebi ZiriTadad mcenareTa genetikuri resursebis konservacias
isaxavdnen miznad. amis gamo, dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs
fermebi, romlebic adgilobrivi
jiSebis moSenebas axdenen wminda
saxiT da aseve mZime mdgomareobaa
cxoveluri genetikuri resursebis
ex situ konservaciis TvalsazrisiTac, vinaidan ar arsebobs cxovelTa genetikuri resursebis banki. am
mdgomareobaSi uZvelesi adgilobrivi jiSebis sruli gaqrobis safrTxe sruliad realuria.
2011 wels asociacia „elkanas”
iniciativiT da saqarTvelosa da
somxeTSi niderlandebis samefos
saelCos socialuri gardaqmnebis
programis (MATRA) dafinansebiT
daiwyo proeqti „gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe myofi Sinauri cxovelebis konservacia da mdgradi
gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi”. proeqti miznad isaxavs fermaze Sinauri
cxovelebis ramdenime gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani adgilobrivi jiSis konservacias, moSenebas
da dainteresebul fermerebSi
gavrcelebas. es jiSebia:
1. qarTuli mTis Zroxa — qarTuli mTis Zroxa uZvelesi jiSia.
masze pirveli werilobiTi cnoba ekuTvnis aristoteles (Zv.w. IV
s.). jiSSi ganasxvaveben fSav-xev-
surul, TuSur, raWul, svanur,
osur, afxazur da aWarul jilagebs. 2009-10 wlebis eqspediciuri
kvlevebiT (l. tabataZe) dadgenilia, rom fSav-xevsuruli jilagis
pirobiTad xalasjiSian cxovelTa
raodenoba 3000 suls ar aRemateba. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom am
jiSis zogierTi jilagi saerTod
gaqra (afxazuri da osuri), xolo
zogierTi jilagi (mag., aWaruli)
Zalze Semcirebulia.
2. TuSuri cxvari — TuSuri cxvari gamoyvanilia mTabarobis eqstremalur pirobebSi, qarTveli
mecxvareebis mier saukuneebis manZilze ganxorcielebuli mizanmimarTuli gadarCevisa da SerCevis
safuZvelze. m. rCeuliSvilis monacemebiT Zveli qarTuli cxvari
mWlekudiani yofila. romelsac
saseleqcio muSaobis sxvadasxva
etapze ujvarebdnen uxeSmatylovan, cximkudian da dumian cxvrebs.
dRes arsebuli saxiT TuSuri
cxvari Camoyalibda XIII-XIV saukuneebSi. amJamad es jiSi usistemod ujvardeba azerbaijanul da
Crdilokavkasiur populaciebs;
ase rom, xalasjiSiani cxovelebis
raodenobaze dReisaTvis monacemebi ar arsebobs.
3. megruli Txa — megruli Txa
uZvelesi jiSia. gamoyvanilia xalxuri seleqciiT, mravali saukunis
manZilze xalasjiSiani moSenebis
gziT da sarZeo produqtiulobaze orientirebuli gadarCeviT.
gavrcelebulia samegreloSi, svaneTSi, aWarasa da afxazeTSi, agreTve CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. 19521953 wlebSi Txis mTliani raodenoba 250-300 aTass aRwevda, 19801985 wlebSi — 100-102 aTass, xolo
2000 wlisaTvis 20-22 aTasi suli
iyo (v. RliRvaSvili, 2003). dReisaTvis am jiSis Txis suladoba kidev ufro Semcirebulia.
4. kaxuri Rori — gavrcelebuli
mosazrebiT, saqarTveloSi tradiciulad gavrcelebuli Rori
Camoyalibebulia xalxuri seleqciiT, kavkasiuri mokleyura gareuli Roris moSinaurebis gziT.
meore mosazrebiT, saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli Roris adgilobrivi populaciebi anatoliis zeganze moSinaurebuli Roris Camomavlebi arian. saqarTveloSi
ინ ფორმაცია
gansaxvavebdnen adgilobrivi
Roris kaxur, svanur da raWul populaciebs, romelTagan yvelaze ukeT Seswavlili
kaxuri populaciaa, romelsac samrewvelo miznebiTac
aSenebdnen sabWoTa periodSi. kaxuri Rori farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli duSeTis, TianeTis, yvarlis, lagodexis,
gurjaanisa da sxva raionebSi. biomeurneobaTa asociacia „elkanas“ mier 2011 wels
Catarebuli
eqspediciuri
gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia,
rom kaxuri Roris pirobiTad
xalasjiSiani erTeuli egzempliarebi SemorCenilia axmetis raionis sof. sakobianos
saTemo sakrebuloSi Semaval
soflebSi — dedisferulsa da
bayilovanSi (g. gogoli, T. yuraSvili, r. barkalaia, 2011).
aseTi mdgomareoba metad damafiqrebelia, radgan arsebobs jiSis
mTlianad dakargvis saSiSroeba.
5. qaTmis adgilobrivi populaciebi — saqarTvelo
gamoirCeva qaTmis
mravalferovani populaciebiT, romlebic
sxvadasxva
zonaSi sxvadasxva
tipebad arian Camoyalibebuli. es populaciebia:
yeltitvela, megrula, Calisferi,
ri Savi da nacara (r. nozaZe da sxv., 2007). sakarmidamo
meurneobebis pirobebSi, sxva
jiSebTan da krosebTan SedarebiT adgilobrivi qaTmebi
gamoirCevian sicocxlisunarianobiT, cvalebadi garemo pirobebisadmi adaptaciis kargi
unariT da damakmayofilebeli
kvercxmdeblobiT. miuxedavad
amisa, dReisaTvis dasaxelebuli populaciebis qaTmebis raodenoba Zalze Semcirebulia.
proeqtis farglebSi kaxeTis
regionSi, sofel zemo xodaSenSi daarsda sanaSene-sakonservacio meurneoba, sadac,
konservaciisa da Semdgomi
gamravlebis mizniT, Semoyvanili iqna sasoflo-sameurneo
cxovelebis zemoT aRniSnuli
adgilobrivi jiSebis pirobiTad xalasjiSiani egzemplarebi, romlebic asociacia
„elkanas” eqspertTa jgufma
(r. barkalaia, T. yuraSvili, g.
gogoli) moiZia kaxeTSi, mcxeTa-mTianeTsa da samgreloSi
ganxorcielebuli eqspediciebis meSveobiT.
ferma 2012 wlis gazafxulidan funqcionirebs. asociacia
„elkana” gegmavs Sinaur cxovelTa adgilobrivi jiSebis
konservaciis programis farglebSi erTis mxriv saqmiani
kontaqtebi daamyaros im fermerebTan, romlebic dainteresebuli arian adgilobrivi
jiSebis moSenebiT da meores
mxriv saganmanaTleblo da samecniero dawesebulebebTan,
pirvel rigSi saqarTvelos agrarul universitetTan. aseve
igegmeba adgilobrivi jiSebisa da maTi produqtebis sapopularizacio saqmianobis ganxorcieleba.
am mimarTulebiT pirveli
nabijebi ukve gadaidga, 28 seqtembers moewyo fermeris dRe,
romelsac
dainteresebuli
fermerebis garda agraruli
universitetis profesorebi
eswrebodnen.
imeds gamovTqvamT, rom „elkanas” es mcire iniciativa
mxardaWeras hpovebs dainteresebul sazogadoebaSi da erToblivi ZalisxmeviT realur
wvlils Seitans Sinaur cxovelTa uZvelesi qarTuli jiSebis konservaciis saqmeSi.
giuli gogoli,
elene SatberaSvili
profesorebi
soflis meurneobis saministro
saqarTveloSi ekologiurad sufTa
miwaTmoqmedebis kulturis
momavals mxars uWers
Sveicariis saelCos mxardaWeriTa da
kavSir „momavlis miwis“ organizebiT sastumro „betsiSi“ „ekologiurad sufTa miwaTmoqmedebis kulturis momavali saqarTveloSi“ konferencia gaimarTa, sadac
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ministrma daviT kirvaliZem Sveicariis elCs
saqarTveloSi, giunTer bexlers madloba
gadauxada aqtiuri TanamSromlobisTvis
da aRniSna, rom soflis meurneobis saministro dainteresebulia xeli Seuwyos
ekologiuri warmoebis ganviTarebas.
— „Cven gvaqvs didi bunebrivi SesaZleblobebi, rom zedmeti Zalisxmevis gareSe
SevZloT ekologiurad sufTa produqtis
warmoeba. Tumca, es mainc ar aris ioli saqme
da saerTaSoriso standartebTan TanxvedrisTvis saTanado gamocdilebas moiTxovs.
soflis meurneobis saministro miesalmeba
da mxars dauWers iseT iniciativebs, romelic qarTvel fermerebs msgavs gamocdilebas SesZens“, — aRniSna daviT kirvaliZem.
Sveicariis elCma madloba gadauxada soflis meurneobis ministrs im interesisTvis,
rasac is ekologiuri sakiTxebis mimarT
iCens: „dRes mTel msoflioSi ekologia erTerTi wamyvani sakiTxia da misasalmebelia,
rom saqarTvelo aqtiurad CaerTo am mimarTulebiT“, — ganacxada giunTer bexlerma.
konferenciaze Sveicarielma specialistebma qarTvel kolegebTan erTad miwis damuSavebisa da mosavlis aRebis inovaciuri
meTodi ganixiles, romlis erT-erTi mTavari principi pesticidebze uaris Tqmaa.
Sveicariis saelCosTan arsebuli organizacia „momavlis miwa“soflis meurneobis
saministros masStabur TanamSromlobas
sTavazobs. „vfiqrob, es proeqti qarTvel
fermerebs Rirsebis grZnobas gauzrdis. aq
imisTvis SevikribeT, rom saministrosTan
erTad samomavlo TanamSromlobis gegmebi
SevimuSavoT“, — ganacxada „momavlis miwis“
xelmZRvanelma Jan Jak jakobim.
proeqti „momavlis miwa“ ukve 2 welia
rac saqarTveloSi xorcieldeba da miznad isaxavs soflis meurneobis ekologiur safuZvlebze ganviTarebas da ekologiurad sufTa produqciis warmoebis
xelSewyobas.
21
Zro xis ji Sis Ser Ce va
fermerma Tavisi meurneoba momgebianad rom warmarTos, didi mniSvneloba aqvs swor gadawyvetilebas, Tu romeli jiSis Zroxa moaSenos.
sabazro ekonomikuri urTierTobis pirobebSi fermeris arCevani, ra Tqma unda, damokidebulia pirad mosazrebebze, magram amisaTvis mas unda hqondes obieqturi
informacia Zroxis arsebuli jiSebis sameurneo-biologiur Taviseburebebze da agreTve icodes, Tu ra
kriteriumebs daeyrdnos am sakiTxis gadawyvetisas.
am procesze gavlena SeiZleba iqonios sxva mravalma faqtorma, maT Soris: mocemul zonaSi gavrcelebulma jiSma, rZis warmoebis teqnologiam, produqciis realizaciis bazarma, jiSis gasuqebis unarianobam, saklavma produqtiulobam da sxv. mokled
SevexoT maT mniSvnelobasa da gavlenas konkurentunariani fermeruli meurneobis Camoyalibebaze:
1. piradi mosazrebebi: iseve rogorc yvela adamians, fermersac aqvs garkveul saganze Tavisi mosazreba. zogierTebi amas megobrebis, axloblebis an
sxvaTa gavleniT xsnian, rogorc wesi, jiSis SerCevisas fermeri, arcTu iSviaTad, met yuradRebas cxovelis fersa da niSnebs, temperaments, simkvircxlesa
da sicocxlisunarianobas aqcevs. cxadia, gamocdili meurne jiSs irCevs, ekonomikuri mosazrebebidan
gamomdinare, anu romeli jiSis Zroxas SeuZlia meti
sargeblis motana.
es procesi saeWvo mosazrebebs ar unda efuZnebodes, romelTa gaTvaliswineba met-naklebad dasaSvebia mxolod maSin, rodesac SerCevis sxva obieqturi
meTodis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia.
2. konkretuli jiSis Zroxis garemo pirobebTan Seguebis unari: problema, saqarTvelos baris raionebis subtropikuli klimatis Taviseburebebis gamo,
metad mwvaved dgas. saqme is aris, rom dRes arsebuli
Zroxis yvela Tanamedrove kulturuli jiSi Camoyalibebulia zomier da gril klimatur zonebSi da
met-naklebi siZlieriT reagirebs garemo pirobebis
Secvlaze, ragdanac es damokidebulia ara marto
movla-Senaxvis pirobebis (zoohigienuri parametrebis), aramed sakvebis qimiuri Sedgenilobisa da,
maSasadame, xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis cvalebadobasTan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom garemo pirobebTan Seguebis
problemis gadaWra SesaZlebelia pirutyvis mTeli
wlis manZilze bagurad Senaxvisas, romlis efeqturobis sakiTxi biznesproeqtis damuSavebisas unda
dasabuTdes.
3. xorcis warmoebisaTvis jiSis vargisianoba: ramdenadac CvenSi specializebuli saxorce meZroxeoba
ganviTarebuli araa, xorcis warmoebis erTaderTi
wyaroa sarZeo da kombinirebuli jiSebi. aqedan ga-
22
momdinare, jiSis SerCevisas, saxorce produqtiulobis potenciur SesaZleblobasa da xorcis xarisxis maCveneblebs fermerebi ufro met yuradRebas
aqceven, vidre im qveynebSi, sadac ganviTarebulia
specializebuli saxorce meZroxeoba.
ra Tqma unda, kombinirebuli mimarTulebisadmi erTgvari eWvi, romelsac gamoTqvamen aSS-isa da
zogierTi sxva qveynis fermerebi da seleqcionerebi, udavod gasaTvaliswinebelia. saqarTvelos meZroxeobaSi arsebuli mdgomareoba da xorcis bazris
moTxovnileba aiZulebs fermerebs garkveuli yuradReba miaqcion SerCeuli jiSis saxorce produqtiulobasac. es procesi gagrZeldeba manam, vidre ar
warmoiqmneba adgilze warmoebuli rZis realizaciis problema da fermerebi iZulebulni ar iqnebian,
Seamciron sarZeo mimarTulebis furebis suladoba
da moaSenon saxorce jiSebi.
Zroxis jiSebis gaumjobesebis gzebi
meZroxeobis ganviTarebisaTvis mTavari amocanaa
pirutyvis genetikuri resursebis gaumjobeseba. am
mimarTulebiT pirveli rigis RonisZiebaa Semdgomi
ganviTarebisaTvis arsebuli jiSobrivi resursebis
gamoyenebis saerTo sistema SemuSavdes. praqtikulad genetikuri resursebis mdgomareoba damokidebulia adgilobrivi, gaumjobesebuli da aborigenuli jiSebis SenarCunebaze.
adgilobriv jiSebs axasiaTebs garemos pirobebTan
Semgueblobis unikaluri unari, bunebrivi saZovrebis
efeqturi da racionaluri gamoyeneba, produqciiT
sakvebis maRali anazRaureba da zogierTi daavadebebisadmi organizmis maRali rezistentuloba. magaliTad,
megruli wiTeli jiSis Zroxebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi iseT daWaobebul saZovrebs iyeneben, sadac sxva kulturuli jiSis pirutyvs gavlac ki gauWirdeboda.
dRes adgilobrivi jiSebis sakmaod dabali produqtiuloba imiT aixsneba, rom ar arsebobs sanaSene meurneobebi da absoluturad ugulebelyofilia
saseleqcio muSaoba, problemad rCeba mdgradi sakvebi baziT cxovelebis uzrunvelyofa. arada adgilobrivi jiSebis furebs saTanado da gaumjobesebul pirobebSi namdvilad aqvT potenciali, ramdenimejer gazardon rZis produqtiuloba, rZis
cximianobis Seucvlelad, da SeuZliaT konkurencia
gauwion cnobil sarZeo evropul jiSebs. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces am ukanasknelTa sanaSene gamoyenebis efeqturobis gazrdas Zvirfasi
SidajiSobrivi genofondis safuZvelze.
sagenofondo suladobis gamravlebis safuZvelia xalasjiSiani moSeneba, autbreduli (aranaTesauri) jgufobrivi wyvilebis SerCevis tipiT da xazebis rotaciiT.
naxirSi unda iyos 3-dan 5-mde sxvadasxva genealogiuri
xazebi 2-2 kuro-mwarmoebliT TiToeulSi. aseT Sekrul
populaciebSi inbridingi sasurveli aRaraa.
cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo
cxovelebis Zvirfasi endemuri jiSebis genofondis
mdgomareoba arasaxarbieloa. am garemoebas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces da sanaSene saqmianoba faqtobrivad Tavidan unda daiwyos.
aborigenuli jiSebis genofondis SenarCunebisa
da misi Semdgomi gamoyeneba-ganviTarebis araerTi
mcdelobis miuxedavad, sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo,
dasaxuli RonisZiebebi srulfasovnad bolomde ver
ganxorcielda da, arsebuli situaciidan gamomdinare, axleburi midgomebis Camoyalibebas saWiroebs.
genetikuri resursebis gaumjobesebis meore gza
sxvadasxva qveynebidan maRalproduqtiuli jiSebis
Semoyvana.
bolo wlebSi sarZeo jiSis pirutyvis ucxoeTidan
Semoyvanaze sakmao Tanxebi ixarjeba. Tumca, transportirebis stresuli pirobebi da, rac mTavaria,
Semoyvanili cxovelebis axal saarsebo garemosTan
cudi adaptacia-aklimatizacia da mdgradi sakvebi
bazis uqonloba ganapirobebs am cxovelebis dabal
produqtiulobas, rac fermerTa ekonomikaze uaryofiTad aisaxeba. amitom, ucxouri jiSebis SemoyvanasTan erTad, aucilebelia yuradReba mieqces adgilobriv jiSebs da maT Soris saseleqcio muSaobis
warmarTvas.
Zroxis gavrcelebuli jiSebis sarZeo produqtiulobis potenciis amaRlebis ZiriTadi meTodi aris
xalasjiSiani moSeneba msoflio genofondis maRalproduqtiuli naTesauri jiSebis genotipis gamoyenebiT. qarTul jiSebSi aseTi SesaZlebloba mxolod
kavkasiur wabla jiSsa aqvs, romelic Svicuri jiSis
monaTesavea.
muSaobis efeqturobis gazrdis mizniT arsebuli
sarZeo jiSebis srulyofisaTvis, moTxovnilebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, iqmneba axali jiSsSigniTa, an zonaluri tipebi. sanaSene saqmianobis efeqturobas
afaseben furebis genetikuri potencialis sididiT,
romelic seleqciis Sedegad aris miRebuli.
Zroxis ZiriTadi saseleqcio Tvisebebia: 305 dRiuri monawveli, cximis da cilis Semcveloba rZeSi
(procentulad), rZis cximisa da cilis raodenoba,
cocxali masa, cxovelebis konstitucia-eqsterieri, sakvebis anazRaureba da a.S.
memkvidrulobis mniSvneloba
sarZeo produqtiulobas gansazRvravs Semdegi
faqtorebi: cxovelis memkvidreoba, movla-Senaxvis
pirobebi, sakvebis xarisxi da kveba, laqtaciis periodi, servisperiodi, mSralobis periodi, mogebis
sezoni, cocxali masa, asaki, furis janmrTelobis
mdgomareoba da sxv.
erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic ganapirobebs furebis sarZeo produqtiulobas, aris memkvidreoba. gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom Teoriulad meZroxeobaSi genetikuri gaumjobesebis tempi
xalasjiSiani moSenebisas 3000 kg-ian saSualo wveladobis naxirSi Seadgens 1,4—2%-s, anu 45—60 kg-s
weliwadSi. adgilobrivi jiSebis arsebuli produqtiulobis donis gaTvaliswinebiT es maCveneblebi
Seadgenen, Sesabamisad: kavkasiuri wabla jiSSi 41—55
kg-s (saSualo wveladoba 2730 kg weliwadSi), qarTuli mTis ZroxaSi 17—23 kg-s (saSualo wveladoba 1140
kg) da megrul wiTel ZroxaSi 19—26 kg-s (saSualo
wveladoba 1300 kg).
cnobilia, rom sarZeo produqtiulobaze memkvidreobiTi da aramemkvidreobiTi faqtorebis gavlena
sruliad gansxvavebulia. rZis raodenoba ZiriTadad
(75—80%-iT) damokidebulia garemo pirobebze, xolo
rZeSi cximisa da cilis Semcveloba, piriqiT, ZiriTadad memkvidreobiT aris ganpirobebuli.
sarZeo produqtiulobis gazrdis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria seleqciis procesis swori warmarTva. pirvel etapze es iTvaliswinebs SedarebiT
maRalproduqtiuli da sasurveli niSan-Tvisebebis
mqone furebis gadarCevas, Semdgom ki wyvilebis SerCevis sxvadasxva meTodebis gamoyenebas.
Cveni mizania, rom adgilobriv gaumjobesebul da
aborigenul jiSebSi, garemo pirobebTan unikaluri
Semgueblobis unaris, bunebrivi saZovrebis efeqtu-
ri da ra
racionaluri
gamoyenebisa
zogierTi
daacionaluri ga
moyenebisa da zo
gierTi da
avadebebisadmi maRali rezistentulobis ganviTarebasTan erTad, produqtiulobac gaizardos.
rac Seexeba SerCevis meTodebs, es problema dRemde
yvelaze rTuli da naklebad gamokvleuli sakiTxia.
xalasjiSobrivi moSenebiT miRebul STamomavlobaSi
arcTu ise iSviaTia genetikuri potencialis araerTgvarovani realizacia. saqme is aris, rom nebismier
SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba mSoblebis genotipebis urTierTqmedeba, romelic poligenur xasiaTs atarebs.
garda amisa, garemo pirobebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdens niSan-Tvisebebis formirebaze.
sakiTxi furis sarZeo produqtiulobis memkvidreobiT gadacemaze dRemde ar aris srulfasovnad
gaSuqebuli. sarZeo produqtiulobis memkvidreobiT gadacema bevrad rTul xasiaTs atarebs, vidre
sxva ufro martivi niSan-Tvisebebi, mag., cxovelis
feri, sqesi da sxv. sarZeo da saxorce produqtiuloba poligenuri niSan-Tvisebebia da amitom memaxali agraruli saqarTvelo
23
kvidr
rulobs
bs Su
S aleduri
r for
rm
miT. am
m Tvise
s bis
b s mem
m mkvidreobiT gadacemaze ufro meti gavlena ded-mamas
aqvs, vidre Soreul winaprebs.
sarZeo produqtiulobis memkvidreobiT gadacemis rTuli meqanizmi ganpirobebulia Semdegi faqtorebiT: furis dReRamuri monawveli damokidebulia
miRebuli sakvebis raodenobaze da xarisxze. amitom,
rogori maRali genetikuri Tvisebebic ar unda hqondes furs, Tu is ar iRebs misTvis aucilebel sakvebs,
produqtiulobasac ver gamoavlens. imavdroulad
sakvebis miReba rZis warmosaqmnelad efeqturi iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu furis sakvebis gadamamuSavebel organoTa rTuli sistema kargadaa ganviTarebuli. swored amaze aris damokidebuli mTeli
rigi niSan-Tvisebebis ganviTareba.
rZis warmosaqmneli sxva mniSvnelovani faqtorebia
sisxlis Sedgeniloba da organizmis nivTierebiTa
cvlis tipi. am SemTxvevaSi did rols asrulebs Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebi, romlebic kavSirSia sxva
Tvisebebis kompleqsTan. maSasadame, furebis sarZeo
produqtiuloba mravali memkvidreobiTi faqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli.
kuro-mwarmoeblebis mniSvneloba
pirutyvis jogis gasaumjobeseblad wamyvani adgili uWiravT kuro-mwarmoeblebs.
rZis produqtiulobis gasaumjobeseblad ganviTarebuli meZroxeobis qveynebSi inergeba xelovnuri daTesvla, risTvisac monaSenis xarisxiT Sefasebuli, gamaumjobesebeli kuro-mwarmoeblebis spermas iyeneben.
sarZeo pirutyvis gaumjobesebas ZiriTadad asaxavs kuro-mwarmoeblebis monaSenis produqtiulobisa da sxva maCveneblebis Sedareba sxva mwarmoeblis
furSvilebis maCveneblebTan. gaumjobesebis misaRwevad sarZeo meZroxeobaSi SemuSavebulia saerTo
debulebebi, romelTa arsi SemdgomSi mdgomareobs:
sanaSenod gadarCeuli yvela kuro-mwarmoebeli
unda Semowmdes da Sefasdes STamomavlobis xarisxis
mixedviT;
mwarmoeblebis Semowmeba, maTi furSvilebis produqtiulobisa da sxva Tvisebebis mixedviT, unda
24
Catardes iseT fermebSi, sadac produqtiulobis saSualo done 3000 kg-ze naklebi araa.
mwarmoeblebs afaseben erT specializebul meurneobaSi an ramdenime fermaSi, amasTanave TiToeul
maTganSi unda Semowmdes aranakleb 3 mwarmoebeli.
kuro-mwarmoeblebis sanaSene Tvisebebs afaseben
maTi fur-Svilebis sarZeo produqtiulobisa (monawveli 1 laqtaciaze, rZis cximianoba da cilianoba) Tanatolebis monacemebTan SedarebiT. amasTan
erTad iTvaliswineben fur-Svilebis da dedebis Semdeg sameurneo-sasargeblo Tvisebebs: cocxali masa, manqanuri wvelisadmi vargisianoba, rZis gacemis
siswrafe, sxeulis agebuleba, agreTve Sesafasebeli
kuros aRwarmoebis unars (temperamenti, spermis raodenoba da xarisxi, gayinvisTvis vargisianoba, ganayofierebis unari). es maCveneblebi gamoiyeneba cxovelebis gadarCeva-SerCevis, sanaSene cxovelebze
fasebis dadgenisa da spermis realizaciis dros.
mniSvnelovania, sworad Catardes STamomavlobis
xarisxiT Sesafasebeli kuro-mwarmoeblebis gadarCeva da gamozrda. amisaTvis yovelwliurad saukeTeso meurneobebSi amoarCeven yvelaze maRalproduqtiul furebs, romelTagan gamoyofen sadede jgufs,
anu momavali kuroebis dedebs da maT anayofiereben
saukeTeso kuro-mwarmoeblebis spermiT.
sadede furebi unda akmayofilebdnen Semdeg minimalur moTxovnilebebs: jiSiereba — aranakleb IV Taobisa, 305 dRis monawveli — jiSis standartis 150%
da meti, rZeSi cximis Semcveloba — jiSis standartze 0,2% meti, cocxali masa — jiSis standartze meti,
curi — moculobiani, abazanisebri an momrgvalebuli formis, Sefasebuli aranakleb 3 quliT, kompleqsuri klasi elitaze aranaklebi.
furebis gadarCeva iwyeba sanaSene dokumentaciis
SeswavliT, Semdeg ki adgilze naxviT da, bolos, damtkicdeba momavali mwarmoeblis dedad.
saremonto kuroebis mamebad gamoiyeneba STamomavlobis xarisxiT Sefasebuli saukeTeso kuro-gamaumjobeseblebi. maT unda miniWebuli hqondeT A1
kategoria furSvilebis monawvelis mixedviT, da B1
— sanaSene kategoria rZis cximianobiT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kuro-mwarmoebeli ar aris Sefasebuli STamomavlobis xarisxiT, maSin misi dedis da mamis dedis
monawveli unda iyos jiSis standartis aranakleb
200%, xolo rZis cximianoba standartze 0,2% meti.
miRebul kuroebs 10 Tvis asakSi miRebuli saerTo
meTodikiT afaseben sqesobriv aqtivobasa da spermis
xarisxze. arsebuli monacemebiT, erTi kuro-mwarmoeblis fasi 95 t rZis Rirebulebis tolia, xolo misi
gamoyenebiT miRebuli mogeba saSualod 3,5—5,5 aTas
t rZis tolfasia.
gamaumjobeseblebis mniSvneloba sul ufro izrdeba. dReisaTvis xelovnuri ganayofierebis centrebis da/an sadgurebis formireba sarZeo meZroxeobaSi xorcieldeba im mwarmoeblebis xarjze, romlebic Tavad miiRebian sanaSened Zvirfasi genofondis
mqone cxovelebisagan.
rusudan barkalaia
„elkanas” mrCeveli mecxoveleobis dargSi
ვეტერინარია
Roris afrikuli cxeleba saSiSroeba evropisaTvis daavadebis gavrcelebis 2012 wlis dinamika
2012 wlis 28 Tebervals kareliis respublikis (ruseTis sazRvari
norvegiasa da fineTTan) meRoreobis erT-erT kerZo fermaSi 8 suli
Roris dacema dafiqsirda, Rorebis sikvdilianobis mizezi Roris afrikuli cxeleba aRmoCnda, rac ruseTis Sesabamisma samsaxurebmac daadastura. daavadeba, savaraudod, sakvebis narCenebisagan gavrcelda,
romelic fermaSi sabavSvo baRisa da saavadmyofosagan moxvda. es iyo
pirveli SemTxveva ruseT-fineTis sazRvarTan, manamde ruseTSi daavadeba dafiqsirebuli iyo murmanskSi, arxangelsksa da sankt-peterburgSi. am regionebSi daavadeba samxreTidan Setanili inficirebuli
produqtiT, avaraudod xorcis meSveobiT gavrcelda.
mas Semdeg rac rostovis olqSi
(2011) afrikuli cxelebis faqti
dadasturda (2012 wlis Tebervlamde ruseTSi ukve 174 daavadebis keris afeTqeba aRiricxa), evropis bevrma qveyanam am daavadebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis
gegmebis momzadeba daiwyo. imis
miuxedavad, rom evropis qveynebis umravlesobas Zlier ganviTarebuli, sabaJo da veterinaruli
samsaxuri aqvT, daavadebis gavrcelebis riski mainc maRalia. gansakuTrebul SeSfoTebas iwvevs,
Roris afrikuli cxelebis gareul RorebSi gavrceleba, radgan
am dros daavadebis kontroli
rTuldeba, an sulac ukontrolo
xdeba. rac evrokavSiris qveynebisaTvis Zalian sariskoa, sadac
Roris xorcis warmoebis industria Zalzed Zlier aris ganviTarebuli da am daavadebis SeRwevis
SemTxvevaSi ekonomikuri zarali
Zalian didi iqneba, dazaraldeba
ara marto Roris industria, aramed mTlianad agraruli da xorcproduqtebis gadamamuSavebeli
seqtorebi, rac saboloo jamSi seriozul zians miayenebs mTlianad
ekonomikas.
dania, estoneTi, fineTi, latvia, litva, norvegia, islandia da
Svecia — es is qveynebia, sadac Catarda realurTan miaxloebuli
situaciebis ganxilva e,w simulaciuri savarjiSoebi daavadebis
evrokavSiris teritoriaze SeRwevis SemTxvevaSi.
pirvel dRes yuradReba gamaxvilda qveynebs Soris TanamSromდეკემბერი, 2012
lobis aspeqtebze: pasuxismgebel
pirebs Soris informaciis gacvla
gamocvlaze, yvela saWiro resursebis xelmisawvdomobaze.
meore dRe ki daeTmo sagangebo
situaciaTa gegmebis testirebas,
strategiisa da yvela CarTuli
2009 — ruseTi (CeCneTi, inguSeTi, daRestani, CrdiloeT oseTi,
kaliningradi);
2010 — ruseTi (krasnodari, rostovi, volgogradi);
2011 — ruseTi (rostovi, volgogradi, kaliningradi, krasnodari,
niJni novgorodi, arxangelski,
murmanski);
2012 — belorusia (neznanovo)
erT-erT kerZo fermaSi srulad
gawyda Rorebis populacia, ris
gamoc ukrainam 1 martidan SeaCera xorcisa da xorcproduqtebis
importi belorusiidan — belorusiis veterinaruli samsaxuri
ar adasturebs Roris afrikuli
cxelebis SemTxvevas Tavis teritoriaze.
2012 — ukraina, zaporoJies olqi, sofeli komiSevatka.
Roris afrikuli cxeleba
ukrainaSi
rgolis mobilizebis siswrafes.
simulaciuri
savarjiSoebisas
monawileobda TiTqmis yvela veterinari oficeri, agreTve fermerebi da Roris xorcis gadammuSavebeli sawarmoebis warmomadgenlebi.
Roris afrikuli cxelebis gavrceleba qveynebis mixedviT:
2007 — saqarTvelo;
2007 — somxeTi;
2008 — azerbaijani;
Roris afrikuli cxeleba ukrainaSi pirvelad, zaporoJies
mxareSi 2012 wlis ivlisSi dafiqsirda. daavadeba gamowveuli iyo
Roris afrikuli cxelebis (ASF)
— virusis me 2-e genotipis mier,
romelic 2006 wlidan dafiqsirda
saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da ruseTis federaciaSi. daavadebis gavrcelebis siswrafe, mimarTuleba
da, aqedan gamomdinare, epidemiologiuri analizi evrokavSiris
qveynebisaTvis sakmaod SemaSfoTebelia.
ukrainis veterinariisa da biousafrTxoebis servisi 2012 wlis
30 ivliss adasturebs Roris afrikuli cxelebis SemTxvevas kerZo saojaxo fermaSi zaporoJies
regionis, primorskis raionis sofel komiSevatkaSi.
reportis mixedviT, 5 Sinauri
Roridan 3 ucabedi sikvdiliT
mokvda, maT ar aReniSnebodaT
araviTari klinikuri niSnebi
rac Roris afrikul cxelebaze
miuTiTebda, Tumca kievis saxelaxali agraruli saqarTvelo
25
ვეტერინარ ია
ვეტერინარია
mwifo veterinarul-sanitaruli eqspertizis kvleviTma laboratoriam daadastura Roris afrikuli cxeleba PCR
meTodis gamoyenebiT. diagnozis gadasamowmeblad erT-erTi Roris elenTis nimuSebi gadagzavnil iqna referens laboratoriaSi, kerZod CISA-INIA, madridi,
espaneTi.
ni muSebis miRebidan 24 saaTis Semdgom, Ro ris afriku li cxelebis aRmZvre lis ar sebo ba dadasturda PCR-sa da
ELISA meTo debis gamoyenebiT — analize bi Catarebul iqna cxovelTa jandacvis saer TaSo riso organizaciis mier
dadgenili pro tokolis mixedviT (OIE
2012), gar da amisa moxda viru sis izola cia (PBM).
sami genomis sekvensirebis analizma aCvena, rom ukrainaSi dacemuli Rorebis
sikvdilis mizezs warmoadgens igive me-2
genomi, romelic dafiqsirebul iqna aRmosavleT evropis rig qveynebSi, mas Semdeg rac is 2007 wels pirvelad dadasturda saqarTveloSi.
Roris afrikuli cxelebis me-2 genomidan dRemde izolirebul iqna 14 sxvadasxva izolati (Stami), romlebic inaxeba
evrokavSiris referens laboratoriebis
(EURL) virusul bankSi.
mixeil soxaZe
izolati
qveyana
Abk07
Arm07
Che07
Az08D
Az08B
Ing08
Oren08
NO08/Av
NO08/Ap
Dagestan09
StPet09
Kalmykia09
Rostov09
Ukr12/Zapo
saqarTvelo
somxeTi
ruseTi
azerbaijani
azerbaijani
ruseTi
ruseTi
ruseTi
ruseTi
ruseTi
ruseTi
ruseTi
ruseTi
ukraina
regioni/ra
ni raioni
afxazeTis a.r
diliJani
CeCneTis a.r
qebalis r-ni
qebalis r-ni
inguSeTis a.r
orenburgi
Cr. oseTis a.r
Cr. oseTis a.r
daRestani
kirovski
yalmuxeTi
rostovi
zaporoJie
maspinZ.
Sinauri
Sinauri
gareuli
Sinauri
Sinauri
gareuli
Sinauri
Sinauri
Sinauri
gareuli
Sinauri
Sinauri
Sinauri
Sinauri
TariRi
04/07/2007
07/08/2007
04/12/2007
22/01/2008
22/01/2008
21/07/2008
10/07/2008
18/07/2008
21/07/2008
11/09/2009
01/10/2009
10/10/2009
20/10/2009
30/07/2012
gamoyenebuli literatura:
Bonshoff, C. I., Bastos, A.D., Gerber, L.J&Vosloo, W(2007). Genetic
Characterization of African Swine Fever viruses from outbreaks in southern Africa (1973-1999).
Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations, FAO (20092010) EMPRESS Watch: Transboundary animal diseases.
Gallardo, C., Mwaengo, D. M., Macharia, J. M., Arias, M., Taracha,
E.A., Soler, A., Okoth, E., Martin, E., Kasiti, J. &Bishop R.P. (2009).
Enchanced discrimination of African Swine Fever virus isolates through
nucleotide sequencing of the p54, p72, and pB602L (CVR) genes.
Malogolovkin A, Yelsukova A, Gallardo C, Tsybanov S, Kolbasov D.
Molecular characterization of African Swine Fever virus isolates originating from outbreaks in the Russian Federation between 2007 and
2011.
OIE. May 2012, posting date. Chapter 2.8.1. African swine fever.
მეფრინვ ელეობა
მეფრინველეობა
qar Tu li
bro i le re bi
adgilobriv frinvelTa genetikuri mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba im saerTo problemis nawilia,
romelsac adamiani da garemo hqvia. msoflioSi Tanamedrove mefrinveleoba frinvelTa mcire genetikur bazas eyrdnoba, ris gamoc arsebuli jiSebi
TavianTi warmoSobiT TiTqmis erTgvarovania, genetikuri mravalferovnebis gareSe ki, seleqciis Semdgomi progresi SeuZlebelia. amitomac, udidesi
mniSvneloba frinvelTa adgilobrivi genofondis
SenarCunebas eniWeba. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli
26
adgilobrivi frinvelis seleqciaSi CarTva saSualebas mogvcems gamoviyvanoT Cveni klimaturi pirobebisadmi gamZle frinvelebi, romlebic advilad
Seeguebian sicxes da daxasiaTdebian maRali produqtiulobiT. aRniSnuli sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove etapze, radgan mecnierebi varaudoben, rom axlo momavalSi dedamiwaze
temperatura 0,6-2,5 gradusiT moimatebs. es procesi ki moiTxovs siTbo gamZle frinvelis moZiebas.
swored aseT frinvels miekuTvneba adgilobrivi
მეფ რინ ველეობა
qaTmis populaciebi, romlebic gamoirCevian maRali temperaturisadmi SemgueblobiT, ar moiTxoven
kveba—movlis idealur pirobebs, primitiuli tipis
safrinveleSic Tavs kargad grZnoben, xasiaTdebian saukeTeso kvercxisa da xorcis xarisxiT, kargad arian Seguebulni adgilobriv pirobebs da rac
mTavaria gamoirCevian mTeli rigi daavadebebis mimarT rezistentobiT anu gamZleobiT. adgilobrivi
frinvelis mecnierulma Seswavlam da eqsterieris
analizma gamoavlina, rom isini aRnagobiT kombinirebuli, anu mexorcul-mekvercxuli mimarTulebis
qaTmebs miekuTvnebian.
dasaxelebul problemas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs Tanamedrove etapze, roca mefrinveleobis produqcia msoflio masStabiT ganicdis did
konkurencias. imisaTvis, rom bazarze SenarCundes
konkrentunarianoba, saWiro xdeba, uSualod momxmareblis moTxovnis gaTvaliswineba. momxmarebeli
yovelTvis upiratesobas aniWebs bunebriv pirobebSi gamozrdili frinvelisgan miRebul produqcias,
amitomac, maTi sabazro fasi ufro metia. konkurentunarianoba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom bunebriv pirobebSi frinvelisTvis iqmneba xelsayreli garemo,
rac dadebiT gavlenas axdens kvercxisa da xorcis
xarisxze. ZiriTadad aseTi garemos Seqmna SesaZlebelia sakarmidamo, fermeruli (glexuri) meurneobis pirobebSi, sadac frinveli mTeli dRe imyofeba
sufTa haerze, sargeblobs mzis sxivebiT, niadagSi
kenkvis gziT damatebiT moipovebs sakvebs.
amJamad, roca saqarTveloSi prioritetul mimarTulebad turizmi miiCneva, aucilebeli xdeba
naturaluri, ekologiurad sufTa, maRali xarisxis da kargi sagemovno Tvisebebis mqone produqciis warmoeba, rac turistTa dainteresebis erT-erTi winapirobaa. Tumca, aseTi produqciis warmoeba
qveyanaSi minimaluria. dResdReobiT mosaxleobis
moTxovna frinvelis xorcze kmayofildeba importis xarjze, bazris mxolod 20 % ukavia adgilobriv warmoebas. saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis frinvelis xorciT dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiroa 64 aTasi
tona frinvelis xorci, rasac sWirdeba 35 milioni
frTa broileri. arsebuli simZlavreebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo SeZlebs mxolod 5 mil. broileris gamozrdas, isic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
sakuTari sainkubacio kvercxi gveqneba. aqedan gamomdinare, darCenili 30 mil. broileri SeiZleba
gamovzardoT sakarmidamo meurneobaSi, risTvisac
saWiroa am saqmianobaSi CavabaT 2000 ojaxi (Tu erTi ojaxi gamoyofs 100 m2 Senobis farTobs, maSin
igi weliwadSi gamozrdis 14800 frTas da mTlianad
saqarTveloSi gamoizrdeba 30 mln-mde broileri).
vinaidan sakarmidamo pirobebSi Znelia broilerebis gamozrda, radgan es frinveli moiTxovs daxurul sivrces da kveba-movlis idealur pirobebs,
aucilebeli xdeba iseTi broilerebis gamoyvana,
romlebic sakarmidamo, fermeruli meurneobis pirobebSi daxasiaTdebian adgilobriv frinvelze
ukeTesi produqtiulobiT da saukeTeso xorcis
xarisxiT.
swored aRniSnul sakiTxs mieZRvna Cveni
samecniero kvleva, romelic daiwyo gasuli
saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. pirvelad saqarTveloSi broilerebis
misaRebad gamoyenebuli iqna adgilobrivi
yeltitvela qaTmebi,
romlebic Seujvares
maRalproduqtiul meSavi
xorcul jiSs- korniSs.
dedali
miRebuli broilerebi,
xasiaTdebodnen sicxis
amtanobiT, maRali SenarCunebis procentiT da saukeTeso sagemovno Tvisebebis mqone xorciT. saqarTvelos bazarze didia moTxovna nakleb cximian da
mcire masis (800-900 gr-ian) broilerebze. amasTan
aseTi wiwilebisgan yvelaze ukeT mzaddeba qarTuli
tradiciuli kerZi „tabaka”.
amJamad kvlav mimdinareobs kvlevis gameoreba samtrediis raionSi Sps „verZi”Si, sadac adgilobrivi
qaTmebis sxvadasxva populaciebs SevujvareT maRalproduqtiuli korniSis jiSi. SeviswavleT mozardis
zrdis dinamika, cxovelmyofeloba, Sebumbvlis siswrafe, xorcis anatomiuri analizi, xorcis qimiuri
Sedgeniloba. ukve miRebulia broilerebis pirveli
Taoba, romlebic xasiaTdebian maRali cocxali masiT - 35 dRis asakSi iwonian 1,2-1,5 kg-s. SenarCuneba
98%-ia, xorci gamoirCeva cilis maRali SemcvelobiT da naklebi cximianobiT.
qarTuli broilerebi daxasiaTdnen, adgilobriv
wiwilebTan SedarebiT, ukeTesi cocxali masiT, 35
dRis asakSi maTma cocxalma masam 1,2 kg-s miaRwia,
rac adgilobriv wiwilebTan SedarebiT 47,3% -iT metia, gaizarda wiwilebis SenarCuneba 3%-iT, wiwilebi xasiaTdebian swrafi SebumbvliT, rac ase aucilebelia broileris cxovelmyofelobisaTvis.
amJamad, broileruli mefrinveleobis erT-erTi problema msoflioSi aris broilerebis zedmetad gadasuqeba, amitomac mimdinareobs mecnieruli
kvleva xorcSi cximis Sesamcireblad da cilis gasazrdelad.
adamianis kvebaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani cilaa,
romlis deficiti msoflioSi 50% Seadgens. mecnieruli gaangariSebiT dadginda, rom amJamad
msoflioSi iwarmoeba 70 mln. tona cxoveluri cila. wliurad saSualod erT sul mosaxleze modis
10kg. dReSi 30g. Yyvelaze met cilas msoflioSi
dRiurad moixmars okianeTis mosaxleoba (160g.),
Semdeg modis samxreT amerika (90g.), evropa (60g.),
statistikuri monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi erT sul
mosaxleze modis mxolod 7,3 g cxoveluri cila,
aqedan 5,4 g xorcis saerTo raodenobidan, xolo 1,9
g kvercxidan.
dadgenilia, rom yvelaze met cxovelur cilas
erT heqtar naTesze uzrunvelyofs indauris xorcis warmoeba, Semdeg modis kvercxi da broilerebi.
27
მეფრინველე ობა
megruli dedali
megruli mamali
msoflioSi weliwadSi frinvelis xorcidan miiReba 15303 aTasi tona cxoveluri cila (17,6%), xolo
kvercxidan 7459aTasi tona (erT cal kvercxSi-12,7%
cila). saqarTveloSi cxoveluri cilis mkveTri deficitia, romlis aRmofxvris erT-erTi wyaro mefrinveleobis produqtebis warmoebaa. swored am mizniT SeviswavleT Cvens mier gamoyvanil broileris
xorcSi cilis Semcveloba, romelic SevadareT broileris xorcs. aRmoCnda, rom qarTul broilerSi
cximis Semcveloba 1,7%-iT Semcirda, xolo naklavSi
cila 0,85%-iT gaizarda, rac sakmaod maRali maCvenebelia. msoflios seleqcionerebi 1%-mde cximis
Semcirebasac did progresad miiCneven. yvela am TvisebebTan erTad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom
qarTuli broilerebi kargad Seeguen ezos pirobebs.
Tu miRebul najvar wiwilebs pirveli 2 kviris ganmavlobaSi safrinveleSi +300C temperaturamde gamovzrdiT, Semdeg SesaZlebeli iqneba ezoSi gamoSveba, sadac broileri darCenil periodSi mTlianad
gaizrdeba bunebriv pirobebSi. aq igi damatebiT, niadagSi kenkvis gziT, moipovebs sakvebs. amasTan ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom frinvels aucileblad mivceT
daRerRili simindi 75% da masSi SevurioT cilovanvitaminovani danamati (premiqsis saxiT) 25%-is raodenobiT. aseTi sakvebnarevi bunebrivia da absoluturad usafrTxo.
amrigad, korniSis jiSis samamle formis SejvarebiT adgilobrivi populaciis qaTmebTan miRebuli
iqna qarTuli broileri, romlis gamoyeneba SesaZleblobas iZleva adgilze, sakarmidamo, fermeruli
(glexuri) tipis meurneobaSi vawarmooT ekologiurad sufTa, maRali xarisxis, organuli mefrinveleobis produqtebi.
roza nozaZe
soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori, saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis sruli profesori,
koba nacvalaZe
sofl. meurn. mecnierebaTa doqtori, saqarTvelos
agraruli universitetis mix. rCeuliSvilis
mecxoveleobis biologiuri safuZvlebis
institutis direqtori
მცე ნა რე თა და
მცენარეთა
დაცვა
ცვა
xorblis yviTeli silaqavis Sidasaxeobrivi
mravalferovnebis daxasiaTeba virulentobis niSniT
xorblis yviTeli silaqave, romlis gamomwvevi sokovani mikroorganizmi Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs; [ana
anaforma Drechslera triticirepentis (Died.) Shoemaker]ker]-ia,
ia, gasuli saukunis 80-ani wlebidan foTlis
silaqaveebs Soris msoflioSi erT-erT saSiS, swrafad progresirebad,
ekonomikurad mniSvnelovan da farTod gavrcelebul daavadebaTa
ricxvs miekuTvneba. is aavadebs rogorc sagazafxulo, aseve saSemodgomo xorblebs da mniSvnelovad azaralebs xorblis mwarmoebeli bevri qveynis ekonomikas (Maraite
(Maraite at all, 1992; Sarova at all, 2003; Bankina and
Priekule, 2011).
2011
saqarTveloSi xorblis yviTeli silaqavis Seswavla fitopaTologiis institutSi 2000
wlidan mimdinareobs. 2009-2011
wlebSi sadoqtoro programis
farglebSi detalurad iqna Seswavlili saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
geografiul zonaSi gavrcelebuli paTogenis biologiuri, epidemiologiuri, morfologiuri,
28
kultruraluri da virulenturi
Tvisebebi.
fitopaTogenuri
sokoebis
populaciis cvalebadobis Seswavlas mikroevoluciis Teoriis ganviTarebasa da seleqciaSi
daavadebebisadmi
gamZleobaze
(Афанасенко, 1998) farTo gamoyenebiTi da fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs.
bunebriv populaciebSi paTogenis virulentobis mravalferovnebis Sesaswavlad jiS-diferenciatorTa nakrebi, an xorblis
monogenuri xazebis nakrebi (konkretuli daavadebisadmi gamZleobis genebiT) gamoiyeneba. sokos
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis populaciebis virulentoba, sxvadasxva
sistemebis gamoyenebiT, msoflios mraval qveyanaSia Seswavlili (Ali and Francl, 2003; Duvelier et
all,2005). virulentobis mixedviT
daavadebis klasifikaciis sistemebis umetesoba xarisxis iseT parametrebs eyrdnoboda, rogorebicaa dazianebis zoma (Wolf et al.,
1998), dazianebis tipi (Strelkov
and Lamari, 2003), infeqciis ganviTarebis procentuli maCvenebeდეკემბერი, 2012
მცენარეთა დაცვა
cxrili 1. yviTeli silaqavis gamomwvevis populaciis fenotipuri struqtura
li (Nagle et all, 1982),
an maTi kombinaciebi izofenoxorblis nimuSebi
(Luz and Hosford, 1980). lati
tipi
lamari Tanaavtoreb1
8
5
2
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
6
3
7
4
Tan erTad aRniSnavs1
G1
S SH MS MS S MR S MR MR MR S S S S S MS S MR S
da yviTel silaqavess2 MS S S S MS MR S MR MR MR S S S S S MS S MR S
G2
Tan dakavSirebul or
s3
G1
simptoms: nekrozsa
s4
G3
S
S S S S MR S MR MR MR S S S S S MS S MR S
da qlorozs. pats5
G1
ron-mcenaresa
da
s6
G3
S
paTogens Soris spes7 MS S S S MS MR S MR MR MR S S S S S MS S MR S
G2
cifiur urTierTqmes8 MS S S S MS MR S MR MR MR S S S S S MS S MR S
G2
debebis Sesaswavlad
a9 MS S S S MS MR S MR MR MR S S S S S MS S MR S
G2
maT mier Catarebula10
G1
ma kvlevebma aCvena,
a11 MS S S S MS MR S MR MR MR S S S S S MS S MR S
G2
rom xorblis xazebia12
G3
S
sa da jiSebis genotia13
G3
S
pis miuxedavad, sokos
a14 MS S MS MS S MR S MR MR MR S MS S S S MR S MR MS G4
calkeul izolatebs
a15 MS S MS MS S MR S MR MR MR S MS S S S MR S MR MS G4
maTze
sxvadasxvaga16 MS MS MS MS MS MR MS MR MR MR MS MS MS MS S MR S MR S
G5
vari simptomebis gad17
G4
S
MS
MS
MS
MR
MS
MR
S
S
MR
S
S
MR
MS
MR
S
MR
S
S
mowveva
SeuZliaT
d18
G5
S
S
MS
MS
MR
MS
MR
MS
MS
MR
MS
S
MR
MS
MR
MS
MR
MS
MS
(Lamari et all, 1989).
d19
G4
S
MS
MS
MS
MR
MS
MR
S
S
MR
S
S
MR
MS
MR
S
MR
S
S
warmodgenili kvled20
G4
S
MS
MS
MS
MR
MS
MR
S
S
MR
S
S
MR
MS
MR
S
MR
S
S
vis mizanic virulend21
G4
S
MS
MS
MS
MR
MS
MR
S
S
MR
S
S
MR
MS
MR
S
MR
S
S
tobis niSniT xorblis
d22
MS S MS MS S MR S MR MR MR S MS S S S MR S MR MS G4
yviTeli
silaqavis
d23
G5
MS MS MS MS MS MR MS MR MR MR MS MS MS MS S MR S MR S
Sidasaxeobrivi mrad24
G5
MS MS MS MS MS MR MS MR MR MR MS MS MS MS S MR S MR S
valferovnebis Sesk25 MS S MS MS S MR S MR MR MR S MS S S S MR S MR MS G4
wavlaa.
k26 MS MS MS MS MS MR MS MR MR MR MS MS MS MS S MR S MR S
G5
2009-2011
wlebk27 MS S MS MS S MR S MR MR MR S MS S S S MR S MR MS G4
Si Cven SeviswavleT
k28 MS S MS MS S MR S MR MR MR S MS S S S MR S MR MS G4
saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva geografiul
G5
zonaSi Segrovebuli
k30 MS S S S MS MR S MR MR MR S S S S S MS S MR S
G2
daavadebis gamomwk1
G3
S
vevis virulenturi
Tvisebebi
yviTeli
G5
silaqavis
mimarT
xorblis mravali nimuSis sapasuxo reaqSeniSvna: cxrilSi mocemuli ninekrozuli da qlorozuli laqeciis mixedviT.
bis ganviTarebis 5 baliani skalis muSebis numeraciis TanmimdevpaTogenisadmi sxvadasxva reaq- Tanaxmad (mixailova, 2002) gamov- roba Seesabameba Semdeg CamonaTciis tipis miRebis gamo, Cvens mier linda paTogenis virulenturi, vals: 1. bezostaia-1 2. pobeda-50
SeirCa xorblis 19 diferenciato- anu fenotipuri struqtura. ro- 3. saratnica 4. olimpia 5. varZia
ri: 3 — zendemuri saxeoba, 3 — qar- gorc cxrili 1-dan Cans, diferen- 6. lomTagora 123 7. aisi 8. maxa 9.
Tuli, 4 — rusuli, 1 — amerikuli, 4 ciatorebze calkeuli izolati- Zveli kolxuri asli 10. georgiku— inglisuri, 2 — Turquli, 1 — som- sadmi miRebuli reaqciis mixedviT mi 11. konsort 12. malaka 13. roxuri da 1 — azerbaijanuli jiSi.
identificirebula 5 fenotipi: bigus; 14. qlea; 15. viqtoria; 16.
saCxeris, duSeTis, axalcixis G1, G2, G3, G4 da G5. fenotipebi nurlu 17.
1 Ggoksu; 18 .Aadana
Aadana 99;
da siRnaRis naTesi farTobebis populaciaSi sxvadasxva sixSiriT 19.. koperi.
gamokvlevisas Segrovili nimu- aris gavrcelebuli. kerZod, yvepirobiTi aRniSvnebi: s1-s8, a9Sebidan gamoiyo paTogenis 34 mo- laze farTod gavrcelebuli fe- a16, d17- d24 da k25-k34 aris Sesanosporovani izolati. calkeu- notipia G4, romelic izolatebis bamisad, saCxeridan, axalcixidan,
li izolatiT Catarda aRniSnuli 35.3%-Si gvxdeboda, 20.6%-iT iyo duSeTidan da siRnaRidan gamoyodiferenciatorTa nakrebis xe- gavrcelebuli fenotipi G5, xo- fili izolatebi.
lovnuri inokulacia. inokula- lo G1, G2 da G3 fenotipebis Sexciidan 5-7 dRis Semdeg aRirica vedris sixSire Sesabamisad 11.7%,
calkeuli raionidan gamoyofigamovlenili sapasuxo reaqcia, 17.6% da 14.7% iyo.
li paTogenTa populaciebis fenoდეკემბერი, 2012
29
მცე ნა რე თა და
მცენარეთა
დაცვა
ცვა
cxrili 2. P. tritici-repentis sxvadasxva populaciebis virulenturi izolatebis raodenoba
nimuSis
aRebis adgili
gamoyofili izolatebis
raodenoba, c
saCxere
axalcixe
duSeTi
siRnaRi
sul
8
8
8
10
34
tipuri struqturis Sedarebisas
aRmoCnda, rom yvelaze ufro didi
fenotipuri
mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeva axalcixis populacia,
sadac 5 fenotipi aRiricxa. isini
populaciaSi, TiTqmis, Tanabari
sixSiriTaa ganawilebuli. fenotipebi G1 da G5 or-ori izolatiT
iyo warmodgenili, Sesabamisad
12.5% da12.5% SemcvelobiT. siRnaRis populaciaSi aRricxuli iyo
4 fenotipi: G2 (10%), G3 (10%), G4
(50%) da G5 (30%). duSeTis populaciaSi gamovlinda 2 fenotipi:
G4 (50%) , G5 (50%) da saCxeris populaciaSi – 3 fenotipi: G1 (37.5
%), G2 (37.5%), G3 (25%).
mixailovas zemoTmocemuli skalis mixedviT yviTeli silaqavis
populaciaSi gaanalizebulia virulenturi da avirulenturi
izolatebis Semcveloba. kerZod,
1/2 da 2/2 (nekrozi/qlorozi) reaqciis tipis gamomwvevi izolatebi
fenotipebis sixSire, %
G1
37.5
12.5
0
0
G2
37.5
25
0
10
G3
25
25
0
10
G4
0
25
50
50
G5
0
12.5
50
30
avirulenturebad CaiTvala, xolo
3/2, 3/3, 4/4, 4/3¾ reaqciis tipis
izolatebi virulentur izolatebad iyo miCneuli (cxrili 3).
mocemuli cxrilidan Cans, rom 19
diferenciatorze paTogenis monosporovani izolatebis gaanalizebis Sedegad maTi didi umravlesoba - 62.5% maRalvirulenturia.
danarCeni 37.5% ki - avirulenturia. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, 19
nimuSidan 14 diferenciatorisadmi 34-ve izolati virulenturia,
xolo 5 diferenciatoris (jiSebi:
lomTagora 123. adana 99, endemuri saxeobebi: Zveli kolxuri asli, nurlu maxa, georgikum) mimarT
yvela izolati avirulenturia.
amgvarad, saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli xorblis yviTeli silaqavis gamomwvevis populacia
maRalvirulenturia da maRali
fenotipuri mravalferovnebiT
ar gamoirCeva.
cxrili 3. virulenturi izolatebis Sexvedris sixSire, yviTeli silaqavis populaciaSi
virulenturi izolatebis sixSire, %
N
diferenciatorebi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
bezostaia-1
pobeda-50
saratnica
olimpia
varZia
lomTagora 123
aisi
maxa
Zveli kolxuri asli
georgikumi
Consort
Malacca
Robigus
Claire
Viktoria
Nurlu 99
Goksu
Adana 99
Cooper
30
saCxere
100
100
100
100
100
0
100
0
0
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0
100
axalcixe
100
100
100
100
100
0
100
0
0
0
100
100
100
100
100
62.5
100
0
100
duSeTi
100
100
100
100
100
0
100
0
0
0
100
100
100
100
100
0
100
0
100
siRnaRi
100
100
100
100
100
0
100
0
0
0
100
100
100
100
100
0
100
0
100
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популяций возбудителей пятнистостей листьев ячменя. Сборник методических рекомендаций по защите
растений. СПб., 1998. С.127-133.
Михайлова, Л.А. Гультяева Е.И,
Кокорина И.М. Лабораторные методы культивирова-ния возбудителя желтой пятнистости пшеницы
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Микология и фитопатология. - 2002. - Т.36.ВыпЛ.- С. 63-67.
Ali, S. and Francl L.J. Population Race
Structure of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis Prevalent on Wheat and Noncereal
Grasses in the Great Plains. Plant Disease, 2003. - Vol. 87, N 4. - P. 418-422.
Bankina B., Priekule I. A review of tan
spot research in the Baltic countries: occurrence, biology and possibilities of
control. Agriculture, vol.98, No.1(2011),
p.3-10
Diaz de Ackermann and Kohli M.M.
Research on Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
tan spot of wheat in Uruguay / // Helminthospodum Blights of Wheat and Tan Spot.
(International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), Mexico.-1998.-P. 134-141.
Duveiller, E. Kandel Y.R., Shrestha S.M. Epidemiology of Foliar Blights
(Spot Blotch and Tan Spot) of Wheat in
the Plains Bordering the Himalayas / //
Phytopathology. - 2005. - Vol. 95, № 3.
- P. 248-255.
Lamari, L. Gilbert J,.Tekauz A. Race
idifferentiation in Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and survey of physiologic variation in western Canada. Can.J. Plant
Pathol.1998.Vol.20,№4. -P. 396-400.
Luz W.C., Hosford R.M. Twelve
Pyrenophora trichostoma races forvirulence of wheat in central Plains of North
America // Phytopathology. 1980. Vol.70, N 12.- P.l 193-1196.
Maraite, H. Веrny J.F.,Goffi A. Epidemiology of tan spot in Belgium . Proceedings. of the 2»'' Internat. Tan spot
workshop. Fargo: North Dakota State
University, 1992.-P.73-79.
Nagle, BJ. Frohberg R.C., Hosford
R.M. Inheritance of resistance to tan spot
of wheat, // Tan spot of wheat and related
diseases workshop. North Dakota Agric
Exp Station, Fargo.1982. P. 40-45.
Sarova, J. Hanzalova A., Bartos P. Incidence of wheat leaf spot pathogens in the
Czech Republic. Cereal Research Communication. - 2003. Vol. 31.-P. 145-151.
Strelkov, S.E. Lamari L. Host-parasite interactions in tan spot [Pyrenophora
triticirepentis]of wheat / / Can. J. Plant
Pathology. 2003. № 25. P. 339-349
Wolf, E.D. Effertz R.J., Ali S., Francl
L.J. Vistas of tan spot research. // Canadian Journal. Plant Pathology.1998.
- Vol. 20, № 4. - P.349-360.
l. gorgilaZe,
g. mefariSvili, z.sixaruliZe
SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo
universitetis samecniero centri
აგროქიმია
mcenaris foTlovani gamokveba da
Tanamedrove sasuqebi
mcenareuli ujredis moTxovnileba ZiriTad sakveb
elementebze praqtikulad ucvlelia. cnobilia, rom
mcenareTa normaluri zrda— ganviTarebisaTvis 16
elementia saWiro. aqedan sams — naxSirbads, Jangbads
da wyalbads, mcenare uSualod atmosferodan iRebs,
danarCen 13 elementze mcenareuli ujredis moTxovnilebas niadagi (sasuqebi an sxvadasxva organuli naerTebi) uzrunvelyofs. aRsaniSnavia, rom TiToeuli sakvebi elementi mcenaris ujredSi specifikur
rols asrulebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom misi romelime
sxva elementiT Secvla SeuZlebelia. yvela sakvebi
elementi gayofilia sam ZiriTad jgufad:
makroelementebi — azoti, fosfori da kaliumi;
mezoelementebi — kalciumi, magniumi da gogirdi;
mikroelementebi — rkina, marganeci, bori, cinki,
spilenZi, molibdeni da qlori.
makro da mezoelementebi mcenares yvelaze didi raodenobiT sWirdeba, radganac isini ujredis
komponentebis ZiriTadi Semadgenlebia, m.S. iseTis
rogoricaa cila, nukleinis mJavebi, naxSirwylebi,
qlorofili da sxva. isini aseve mniSvnelovan rols
asruleben iseT fiziologiur procesebSi, rogoricaa sunTqva, osmiuri wnevis regulireba da sxva.
mikroelementebis mTavari roli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini Sedis fermentebis SemadgenlobaSi da
ujredSi warmarTaven bioqimiur process. mikroelementebis nakleboba marto mosavlianobis Semcirebas
ki ar iwvevs, aramed mcenareTa mravali daavadebebis
da zog SemTxvevaSi kvdomis mizezic xdeba.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu niadagSi an atmosferoSi mcenarisaTvis saWiro romelime sakvebi elementis deficitia (arasakmarisi raodenobiTaa, an ver axerxebs
mcenare mis aTvisebas), mcenare normalurad ver
ganviTardeba da sasurveli mosavlis miRebac SeuZlebelia. rodesac mcenaris kvebiT racionSi erTi
romelime elementis naklebobaa, es xels uSlis nivTierebaTa cvlaSi sxva elementebis efeqtian, srulyofil monawileobas. sakveb racionSi deficituri
elementis Setanis SemTxvevaSi balansi aRdgeba da
yvela sxva elementis efeqtianobac aRsdgeba.
arsebobs mcenareTa gamokvebis ori meTodi, — fesvuri da foTlovani. amjerad ganvixilav foTlovan gamokvebas da mis rols Tanamedrove soflis meurneobaSi. kvebiTi elementebis miwodeba foTlis zedapiridan
— aris sasargeblo Sevseba mcenareTa gamokvebaSi.
„foTlovani gamokveba“ — esaa sakvebi elementebis
miwodeba foTlebidan da ylortebidan Sefrqvevis
meTodiT. mecnierTa mier dadgenilia, rom mcenaris
ujredi foTlebidan ufro swrafad iTvisebs sakveb
elementebs, vidre — fesvebidan. foTlovani kvebis
upiratesoba swored sasuqis SeTvisebis siswrafeSia.
foTlovani gamokveba Seucvlelia maSin, rodesac saWiroa dakninebul mcenareTa swrafi reanimacia. aseT
kritikul situaciaSi „saswrafo daxmarebis“ rolSi
swored foTlovani kveba gvevlineba, romelic mcenaris swraf gadarCenas uzrunvelyofs. foTlovani gamokvebiT aseve SesaZlebelia mcenares calkeuli kvebiTi elementebis deficitis Sevseba. igi gansakuTrebiT efeqtiania araxelsayreli klimaturi pirobebis
dadgomis SemTxvevaSi, roca mcenareul ujredSi nivTierebaTa cvlis procesebi Seferxebulia. es procesebi Tan axlavs civ da wvimian gazafxuls an gvalvebs.
am dros mxolod foTlovani kvebiT aris SesaZlebeli
mcenarisaTvis aucilebeli sakvebi elementebis miwodeba. foTlovani gamokveba saSemodgomo marcvlovani kulturebis SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. Semodgomis da gazafxulis periodSi
stresuli situaciebis dros (dabali temperatura,
Ramis wayinvebi, naleqebis nakleboba da sxva), roca
praqtikulad SeCerebulia fesvuri kveba. niadagSi
sakvebi elementebis optimaluri arsebobis pirobebSic ki fesvTa sistemebiT SeTviseba ver xorcieldeba.
gansakuTrebiT ferxdeba azotis da fosforis SeTviseba. am pirobebSi mcenaris normaluri zrda-ganviTareba sagrZnoblad ferxdeba, rac saboloo jamSi mosavlianobaze aisaxeba. aseT situaciebSi gamosavali
foTlovan gamokvebaSi mdgomareobs.
dRes bazarze arsebuli sasuqebi, Semadgenlobis mixedviT, pirobiTad SeiZleba Semdeg jgufebad daiyos:
31
აგროქიმია
martivi, anu erTkomponentiani — Seicaven erT
sakveb elements: azots, fosfors an kaliums. aseve
arsebobs martivi orkomponentiani sasuqebi, romlebic erT naerTSi Seicaven or sakveb elements, magaliTad: azots da fosfors; kaliums an kalciums
azotTan erTad; fosfors kaliumTan da sxva.
kompleqsuri, anu rTuli sasuqebia, romlebic
Seicaven erTdroulad ramdenime komponents, m.S.
mikroelementebs.
moxmarebis wesis mixedviT:
wyalSi xsnadi — isini gamoiyeneba xsnaris formiT, morwyvis sistemiT da foTlovani (arafesvuri)
gamokvebis meTodiT. aseTi Tanamedrove sasuqebi ar
Seicaven uxsnad minarevebs, eTviseba umetes pesti-
cidebs da SesaZlebelia maTi erT samuSao xsnarSi
gamoyeneba;
granulirebuli — niadagSi vegetaciis sxvadasxva periodSi mSrali saxiT SetanisaTvis.
saqarTvelos bazarze ukanasknel periodSi iyideba
rogorc ucxouri, aseve adgilobrivi warmoebis Txevadi sasuqebi, romlebic warmatebiT gamoiyenebian
foTlovani gamokvebisaTvis. maTi moxmareba efeqtiania rogorc sasaTbure pirobebSi, aseve Ria— gruntSi. am sasuqebis upiratesoba imiTac gamoixateba,
rom isini Tavsebadia bazarze amJamad arsebul ZiriTad pesticidebTan da erTidaigive danaxarjebiT SesaZlebelia mcenaris gamokvebac da mavneblebisa Tu
daavadebebisagan dacvac. gansakuTrebiT efeqtiania
Txevadi sasuqebis herbicidebTan erT kombinaciaSi
gamoyeneba. am dros kulturuli mcenare Tavisufldeba herbiciduli stresisagan da gamokveba dabalansebuli makro da mikroelementebiT xdeba.
Sps „agrovita“ momxmarebels sTavazobs organulmineralur sasuqs, romelic aris farTo moqmedebis
speqtris da dabalansebulia makro da mikro elementebiT. is gamoiyeneba yvela saxis mcenareTa gamosakvebad, nebismieri regionisaTvis, mcenareTa ganviTarebis yvela fazaSi — Teslis damuSavebidan vegetaciis bolomde da aseve niadagis gasanoyiereblad
SemodgomiT an gazafxulze miwis damuSavebis dros.
sasuqi „agrovita“ warmatebiT gamoiyeneba ekologiurad sufTa produqciis mwarmoebel meurneobebSi, rogorc ekologiurad usafrTxo preparati.
qristo kaxniaSvili,
biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori
Sps „agrovitas“ inovaciuri proeqtebis menejeri
ჩვ ენი სიმდიდრე
ჩვენი
სიმ დიდრ ე
qarTuli Tafli egvipturze 14 saukuniT Zvelia
— msofliom saqarTvelo SesaZloa Taflis samSoblod aRiaros.
saqme isaa, rom qarTvelma arqeologebma, borjomis raionis sofel sakiresTan, kodianis mTis
ZirSi, yorRani aRmoaCines, romelic mesame aTaswleulis Sua xanebiT TariRdeba. arqeologiuri
gaTxrebis Sedegad, Taflis ori
WurWeli iqna aRmoCenili, romelic tutanhamonis samarxSi arsebul cnobil Taflze, TiTqmis 14
saukuniT ufro Zvelia.
borjomis raionis sofel sakiresTan, kodianis mTis ZirSi, 2003
wels, samcxe-javaxeTis arqeologiurma eqspediciam, yorRani
aRmoaCina, romelic mesame aTasw-
32
leulis Sua xanebiT TariRdeba. es
yorRani, sadRac 5500 wlis aris.
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad, ori cali WurWeli aRmoCnda,
magram samarxi gaZarcvuli iyo.
aRsaniSnavia, rom arqeologiuri samuSaoebi
kompania — britiS-petroliumma
daafinansa, radgan am yorRanis
aRmoCena baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenis
gayvanis dros moxda.
aRmoCenil orive WurWels, palinologiuri
kvlevebi, TbilisSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli
muzeumis laboratoriaSi Cautarda da mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines,
rom WurWelSi iyo Tafli. amasTan,
kvleviT dadginda, rom aq aris is
mravalferovani mcenareuli mtveri, romelic am SemogarenSi
aqvs mcenareebs. mecnierebma dades daskvna,
rom saqarTvelos erTerTi uZvelesi Tafli
aqvs. marTalia, Tafli
tutanhamonis
samarxSic iqna aRmoCenili,
magram tutanhamonis
Taflze, qarTuli Tafli gacilebiT, sadRac
14 saukuniT, Zvelia.
აპი თერაპ ია
აპითერაპია
fut k ris sa de de rZe
deda futkris rZe adamianebis
samkurnalod uxsovari droidan
gamoiyeneba.
sadede futkris rZes gadia-futkari hipofaringialuri jirkvlebis meSveobiT gamoimuSavebs.
deda futkari mxolod sadede
futkris rZes Wams.
muSa futkrebs sqesi ar aqvs, roca
deda futkari iRupeba, futkrebi
irCeven nebismier muSa futkars,
mas deda futkris rZiT kvebaven,
ris Sedegadac, igi deda futkrad
gadaiqceva da gamravlebis unars
iZens.
deda futkris rZes uSvilobis
samkurnalod iyeneben.rogorc yvela srulyofili sakvebi produqti
deda futkris rZe, wyals, cximebs,
cilebs, naxSirwylebs, 100-ze met
mineralsa da vitaminebs Seicavs.
deda futkris rZe saukeTeso biostimulatoria, aregulirebs nivTierebaTa cvlis procesebs, aZlierebs fermentul aqtiurobas, aumjobesebs qsovilebis kvebas, xsnis
angiospazms, amcirebs qolesterinisa da trigliceridebis Semcvelobas sisxlSi.
aris saukeTeso adaptogeni, zrdis
organizmis gamZleobas fizikuri
da fsiqiuri datvirTebis mimarT.
stimuls aZlevs endokrinuli sistemis (hipotalamusi-hipofizi —
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis sistema) gamarTul muSaobas. aqvs gamoxatuli
imunomodulatoruli Tvisebebi.
sadede futkris rZis Tvisebebi: zrdis kunTovan masas, normaSi
moyavs sisxlis formula, aregulirebs nivTierebaTa cvlis procesebs, astimulirebs potencias
da zrdis aqtiurobas (kvlevebma
aCvena rom sadede futkris rZe winamdebare jirkvlis (prostatis)
daavadebebis
profilaqtikisTvis saukeTeso stimulatoria) rekomendebulia orsulebisTvis da
meZuZuri dedebisTvis, radganac
xels uwyobs orsulobis normalur
mimdinareobas da aZlierebs laqtacias, aregirulirebs arteriul
wnevas, aumjobesebs mexsierebas,
xsnis uZilobas da daRlilobas,
amaRlebs Sromisunarianobas.
deda futkris rZe saqveynod aRiarebulia, rogorc aTerosklerozis mZlavri saprofilaqtiko saSualeba. aseve misi miReba rekomendirebulia postinfaqtur da postinsultur periodebSi.
sadede rZe araCveulebrivad moqmedebs adamianis imunitetze, xolo kargi imuniteti avTvisebia-
ni simsimneebisa da mutaciebisgan
Tavdacvis saukeTeso saSualebaa.
futkris rZe miiReba uzmoze, Wamamde 30 wuTiT adre. enis qveS, rogorc validoli, unda gavaCeroT
rac SeiZleba didi xniT, raTa misi
Sewova lorwovani garsis meSveobiT moxdes. 25 wuTis Semdeg is ukve
sisxlSi fiqsirdeba.
profilaqtikis mizniT futkris
rZe miiReba 3-4 kviriani kursiT, Semdeg keTdeba Sesveneba. wlis ganmavlobaSi sasurvelia gavimeoroT 3-4
kursi yvelaze datvirTul periodSi,
an roca gacivebis albaToba maRalia.
naturaluri
profilaqtiuri
dRiuri norma zrdasrulTaTvis
gramis mexuTedi, anu 0,2 gramia, xolo 16 wlamde mozrdilebisaTvis
norma — 0,1 grami.
imisaTvis, rom SexedoT wveTebis
raodenobas, unda dadgeT sarkis
win da enis qveS gadmouSvaT Spricidan 1 an 2 wveTi futkris rZe, rac
0,1 an 0,2 gramis tolia.
gTavazobT zogierT samkurnalo-profilaqtikur recepts:
Saqrini diabetis dros — 0,2 gr. naturaluri futkris rZe, Wamamde 30 wuTiT adre 2-jer dReSi, miiReT 6
Tvis ganmavlobaSi. rZe miiReba enis qveS dadebiT.
bronqialuri asTmis dros — naturaluri futkris
rZe unda Seerios 40% spirtian xsnars SefardebiT 1 :
2 da aZleven avadmyofs 5-10 wveTs 3-4-jer dReSi, Wamamde 1,5 saaTiT adre, an Taflis 2%-iani narevi, 1 Cais
kovzi 3-jer dReSi, 1 Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
ku Wisa da Tor metgoja nawla vis wylu lis, kuWnaw lavis daavadebis dros mi i ReT Taflis 2%-iani
na revi 2 Cais kovzi, 3-jer dRe Si, 2 Tvis gan mav loba Si. 2 kviriani Ses ve ne bis Semdeg kursi me or de ba.
reko mendirebulia da ic vaT di e ta da na re vis mi Rebam de 10 wuTiT ad re mi i RoT na xe va ri Ca is Wi qa borjomi.
gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis daavadebis (stenokardiis, gadatanili gulis infaqtis, aTero sklerozis,
hipertoniis sawyisi stadiebis, gulis kunTis distrofiis) dros miiReT Taflis 1%-iani narevi, 1 Cais kovzi, 2-jer dReSi 1 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. 2kviriani Sesvenebis Semdeg kursi meordeba.
Sizofreniis da nervozebis (nevrasTeniis, isteriuli, seqsualuri, depresiuli, ipoqondriuli da
sxva) dros miiReT Taflis 1%-iani narevi, 1 Cais kovzi 2-jer dReSi, 1 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. 2kviriani Sesvenebis Semdeg kursi meordeba.
uSvilobis dros 0,2 gr naturaluri futkris rZe Wamamde 30 wuTiT adre 2-jer dReSi, miiReT 2 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. 2kviriani Sesvenebis Semdeg kursi meordeba.
imunitetis dasustebis, organizmidan sxvadasxva
Sxamebis gamodevnis, Tavis tkivilebis, klimaqsis, impotenciis, saxsrebis revmatoiduli arTritis, saxsarTa distrofiis, qronikuli hepatitis, RviZlis
cerozis, Tirkmelebis daavadebis, hipertoniis, mwvave respiratoruli daavadebis da bavSvebis sqesobrivi
momwifebis dros 0,2 gr naturaluri futkris rZe Wamamde 30 wuTiT adre 2-jer dReSi, — 1 Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
hipotrofiul (wonaukmarisi) Cvil bavSvebs uniSnaven naturalur futkris rZes sanTlebis saxiT—dRenaklulebs 2,5 mg. 3-jer dReSi, 2kviris ganmavlobaSi.
erTi da meti Tvis bavSvebs 5 mg. 3-jer dReSi 2 kviris
ganmavlobaSi.
evropasa da iaponiaSi naturaluri futkris rZis
dRiur profilaqtikur dozad miRebulia 0,5 gr 2-jer
dReSi.
33
მა ვნებლები
ვნ ებლ ები
amierkavkasiis puris bzuala mexorbleebis udidesi problema
simindis
qarTuli
bolo xuTi welia mexorbleebis isedac momravlebul problemebs daemata xorblis seriozuli mavnebeli _ amierkavkasiis puris bzuala.
mavnebeli gavrcelebulia yvelgan, sadac xorbali mohyavT _
evropa, afrikis CrdiloeTi nawili, mongoleTi, ruseTi, samxreT
amerika, ukraina da a.S. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia qveynis aRmosavleT nawilSi, gansakuTrebiT dablob zonaSi. mniSvnelovani
ziani ZiriTadad sagazafxulo xorbalSi moaqvs, Tumca am bolo
wlebSi saSemodgomo xorbalsac seriozulad azianebs, zogjer ki
mTlianad spobs. albaT am mavneblis gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia uCveulod Tbilma Semodgomam da agroteqnikis zereled Catarebam.
mavneblis mier dazianebuli
naTesi
lomTagora 1
samarcvle hibridi;
sixSire — 55-60 aTasi Ziri ha;
vegetacia — 124-126 dRe;
uxvmosavliani, ha-ze
iZleva 8-10 tona marcvals.
lomTagora 2
samarcvle-sasilose hibridi;
simaRle — 265-280 sm;
sixSire — 45-50 aTasi Ziri/ha;
ri ha;
uxvmosavliani, heqtarze
iZleva 8-10 tona marcvals,
an 60-70 tona — sasilose masas;
kargad egueba tenian pirobebs.
lomTagora 3
samarcvle hibridi;
sixSire — 55-60 aTasi Ziri/ha;
ri ha;
uxvmosavliani; ha-ze iZleva
8-10 tona marcvals;
rekomendebulia aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos sarwyavi zonebisTvis.
lomTagora 4
TeTri hibridi;
sasursaTe, SeiZleba sasilosed
da safuraJed gamoyeneba;
mcenaris simaRle 308 sm;
marcvlis mosavlianobiT 22-24%
aWarbebs „ajameTis TeTrs”;
sixSire 45-50 aTasi Ziri heqtarze;
gamZlea Cawolisadmi.
lomTagora 5
TeTri hibridi;
sasursaTe-safuraJe; simaRle 303 sm;
marcvlis mosavlianobiT 36-38%
aWarbebs „ajameTis TeTrs”;
sixSire 45-50 aTasi Ziri heqtarze;
gamZlea Cawolisadmi.
tel.: (+995 99) 56-26-16;
(+995 91) 20-25-25;
E-mail: [email protected]
www.lomtagora.com
34
amierkavkasiis puris bzuala azianebs TavTavian kulturebs, ZiriTadad xorbals, iSviaTad siminds da
Svrias. matli mcenaris foTlebiT
ikvebeba, xoWo ki — Wyinti marcvlebiT. bzualas zrdasruli forma
— xoWo Savia (zemodan), xolo qveda
mxridan Ria ferisaa. zeda frTebi
Savia, gaswvrivi cxra zoliT, romelTa Soris wertilovani rigebia.
sxeulis sigrZe 14-16 mm-ia, piri, TaTebi, ulvaSebi — moSavo qarci, wvivebze qacvebi aqvs ganlagebuli.
Cekili xoWoebi mavneobas iwyeben
rZisebur simwifeSi Sesuli xorblis marcvlebiT. roca temperatura 30OC-s gascdeba, xoWoebi Cadian
niadagSi 25-30 sm siRrmeze da gadadian diapauzaSi.
diapauzidan gamosvla iwyeba rodesac temperatura 30OC-ze dabla
Camodis, am droisaTvis isini kvlav
aqtiur kvebas iwyeben, ganayofierdebian da deben kvercxebs.
puris bzuala weliwadSi erT Taobas iZleva. am mavneblis winaaRmdeg
brZolisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT
is, rom aucilebelia agroteqnikis
imago xoWos matli
matli cilindruli formisaa,
ruxi moTeTro SeferilobiT, 20-25
mm sigrZis. matls mkerdis segmentebi moSavo feris aqvs. muclis segmentebze, zeda mxridan SuaSi SeiniSneba moyavisfro laqebi, muclis
bolo Seviwrovebulia, ukanaskneli segmenti muqia da or wanazards
atarebs.
bzuala zamTrobs niadagis vertikalur xvrelebSi umcrosi matlis
fazaSi, mezamTreobaSi gvian Semodgomaze gadadian. dekembris meore
dekadaSi matlebi gamosazamTreblad Cadian niadagSi 15-20sm siRrmeze. 12-13OC temperaturaze ki gamodian garindebuli mdgomareobidan
da iwyeben aqtiur kvebas. jejilis
foTlebs iTreven xvrelSi da fleTen mas, ise rom mxolod mcenaris
mTavari ZarRvi rCeba.
mavnebeli ZiriTadad RamiT ikvebeba. Rrublian amindSi ki dRisiTac. roca bzuala mavneobs yanaSi
SeimCneva egreTwodebuli kaloebi
— carieli laqebi jejilSi. mavnebeli ufro aqtiuri xdeba gazafxulze, daWuprebas iwyebs maisSi, zogjer ivnisSic.
matlebi iWupreben niadagSi vertikalur xvrelebSi. daWupreba
grZeldeba 2-3 kvira. xoWoebis gamosvla ivnisSi iwyeba da axalgamo-
xoWos
matli
imago
zusti dacva (xvna Sesabamis siRrmeze, drouli Tesva da a.S.) xolo rac
Seexeba brZolis qimiur RonisZiebas
karg Sedegs iZleva fosfororganuli preparatebi da neonikotinoidebi, magaliTad preparati aqtara.
aRniSnul preparats aqtiurad
gamoiyeneben evropaSi, ruseTSi,
ukrainaSi da sxva qveynebSi, xarjvis normaa — 0.150 kg/ha, magram imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom CvenTan niadagis struqtura SedarebiT mZimea,
ufro karg efeqts iZleva naTesebis
damuSaveba preparatis ufro didi
doziT — 0.200 kg/ha.
qimiuri brZolisas gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom radgan mavnebeli
dafarul cxovrebas eweva niadagSi
aucilebelia wylis xarjvis norma
300 — 400 l-s Seadgendes.
nana CigogiZe
biologiur mecnierebaTa
akademiuri doqtori

agraruli saq

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