3.3. ANALISI ARMONICA - Banda passante dei sistemi lineari 3.3 i

Transcript

3.3. ANALISI ARMONICA - Banda passante dei sistemi lineari 3.3 i
 !""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
4%5 4 6
798;:.<=8?>@8BACA8;:EDGFH<JILK;:AMINAODGFQPR8TS#I1:.FE8VUF
WRXZY\[^]`_baMcedf_hgMijYlkM[m]`_b])nceiogqpN_r[^cCgdscutGY\[mvkM[^w_bY\[^cxaE_yn`dzg^]vzcedf_rijce[OnY|{~}f€`ƒ‚g
vkM[^w_bY\[^c„aE_ydf_b]†…Y])n%g‡gdˆijY\[_btCg‰aMcep!]`_b])nceiogupN_r[^cCgdsc‹c‡
Š {~}ŒMŽ€`
W‘…M…MpN_bte’_hgMijY“_r[”_r[^•\dscG]–]–Y—gMp]`_b])nceiog˜pN_r[^cCgdsc˜kM[™]–cG•\[gMp,clšJ}›€xtGY\[™]†…c†nn`dsY
œ
}ŒMŽ€`Ž‚Yx]†…c†nn`dsYžR}ŒMŽ€LaMcep'pŸg df_b]†…Y])n%g‹¡¢}›€L]`_!Ynn_bce[^c£tGY\ijc¤
R}ŒMŽ€¦¥§{~}ŒMŽ€ œ
}ŒMŽ€
WR¨¦pN_!]†…c†nn`df_!aE_BgMi‹…_bcGwwOg£covg^]–c£aMcep'pŸg df_b]†…Y])n%g‰¡¢}›€9df_b]†kMp©n%gM[^YuªBk_r[^aE_«¤
¬ |}ŒMŽ€ ¬b­®
±
¬ {~}ŒMŽ€ ¬b­®¯°¬ œ
¥
|}ŒMŽ€—¥
±
{~}ŒMŽ€ ¯
±
œ
}ŒMŽ€ ¬b­®
}ŒMŽ€
Wl‚Y—]†…c†nn`dsY—|}ŒMŽ€aMcep'pŸg“df_b]†…Y])n%g²c™
Š aBkM[^ªBk^c³kM[g™´ceds]`_bY\[^cµ„gMp©ncedzgOn%g™a!gMp'pŸg
vkM[^w_bY\[^c‡aE_;df_b]†…Y])n%gxgdˆijY\[_btCg~{~}ŒMŽ€µZaMcep'p,Y]†…c†nn`dsY
_r[^•\dscG]–]–YB¹¸y_!aE_btGc„te’^c‡_rp!]`_b])nceiogžpN_r[^cCgdsc»º½¼#¾f¿0À
œ
}ŒMŽ€¶aMcep.]–cG•\[gMp,c·aE_
_rpÁ]–cG•\[gMp,c„aE_@_r[^•\dscG]–]–YB
Wl‚c·aE_,ÂQcedsce[^wc~[^cep'p,Yƒ]†…c†nn`dsY~cGªBk_ôegMp,•Y\[^Y|gxaE_,ÂQcedsce[^wc~[^cep'pŸgƒdf_b]†…Y])n%gžncei‹…YÄ
dzgMp,c”Å«p;]`_b])nceiogÆpN_r[^cCgdscÇdf_rk^]–t_rdˆg|
Š gl_r[^]–cG•\k_rdscƒcG]gOnn%gMijce[OncÈprÉ'gM[^a!gMijce[OnYÆaMcep
]–cG•\[gMp,c£aE_@_r[^•\dscG]–]–YEµ.Y´C´cedsYx¡¢}›€¥§Ê˚J}›€»ÌÊ
¬ {~}ŒMŽ€ ¬ ¥ÑÊ
Ò
±
ÍÏÎеB]–c£c£]–Y\p,Yu]–c¤
{~}ŒMŽ€¥ÏÎ
Wl‚cuaE_,ÂQcedsce[^wc‡n`dzgÈpŸg|df_b]†…Y])n%gm¡¢}›€Óc_rpy]–cG•\[gMp,cxaE_Ô_r[^•\dscG]–]–YȚJ}›€9]–Y\[^Yqn%gM[OnY
Õ Ê
Õ Î\
iog^••(_bYMdf_(ªBkgM[OnYq…_«kŠ ¬ {~}ŒMŽ€ ¬;¥Ñ
c ± {~}ŒMŽ€ ¥Ï
WlÖEced;ijY\p©n_^]`_b])ncei‰_pN_r[^cCgdf_cG]`_b])nc‘]–Y\p,YžkM[„_r[Onced+´egMp'p,YoaE_Á…MkMp,]g^w_bY\[_C?…ced¢_rp^ªBkgMp,c
´egMp,c·pŸgudscepŸg^w_bY\[^c ¬ {~}ŒMŽ€ ¬!×
Ê
c ± {~}ŒMŽ€ ×
Î\¹Øjk^cG])nY~_r[Onced+´egMp'p,YžaE_M´egMp,YMdf_
aE_MÙ]`_(te’_hgMiogqÚ`ÀMÛ¢Ü(À‰ÝyÀÞ`ÞOÀMÛZ¾ß 
WlÖEced(tGY\[O´ce[^w_bY\[^c9pŸg9àgM[^a!gj…g^]–]gM[Onc¶Ì–[^cep'pŸgÓiog^••(_bYMdV…gd+nc¹aMc_tCg^]`_aE__r[OncedscG]–]–c
…dzgOn_btGYÁжc£
Š a!gOn%g‹a!g_Á´egMp,YMdf_(aE_Má…ced_(ªBkgMpN_ ¬ {~}ŒMŽ€ ¬b­®˜â
Ê
ã“ä ­® 
Wƒå‘_r…_btCgMijce[OncƒpŸg|àgM[^a!gDžg^]–]gM[Onc~c Š a!gOn%g~a!gRkM[R_r[Onced+´egMp'p,YÈaE_V´egMp,YMdf_QaMcep@n_r…Y
æƒçèéçèê?tGY\[„æ~cjê?aMc†nncjÝ¢ë.¼ìÞOÀeíGîïÛVîŽÜMî½¾ÀðÁ¼«îï 
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
4%5 4
ÔgM[^a!g …g^]–]gM[Onc£ÎxçٍÑçٍ
Wq¸y_b])nceiog£aE_!n_r…Y‡ÝyÀÞ`ÞOÀÇÚ`ÀÞ`ÞCï 
ê

Passa basso
| G ( jw ) |dB
20dB
3dB
K
K-3db
w
banda passante
wH
-20dB
ÔgM[^a!g …g^]–]gM[Oncj
Wq¸y_b])nceiog£aE_!n_r…Y‡ÝyÀÞ`ÞOÀRÀÁ¼#¾ï 
æ
á
çèéç
Passa alto
| G ( jw ) |dB
20dB
3dB
K-3db
K
w
banda passante
wL
-20dB
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
Wq¸y_b])nceiog£aE_!n_r…Y‡ÝyÀÞ`ÞOÀÇÚ`ÀMÛ¢Ü(À 
4%5 4 4
ÔgM[^a!g …g^]–]gM[OncӍ
æ
çٍÑçٍ ê

Passa banda
| G ( jw ) |dB
20dB
K
K-3db
3dB
w
banda
passante
wL
wH
-20dB
Wq¸y_b])nceiog£aE_!n_r…YÆßC¼«î
î3Û¢ÀRÚ`ÀMÛ¢Ü(À 
ÔgM[^a!gx…g^]–]gM[Onc„Îuçèéçè
æ
cj ê
çٍÑç
á
Elimina banda
| G ( jw ) |dB
20dB
K
K-3db
3dB
3dB
w
banda w
L
passante
wH banda
passante
-20dB
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
4%5 4
WRXZY\[^]`_baMcedf_hgMijYƒkM[‹]`_b])nceiog„aMcep@…df_rijYuYMdsaE_r[^c„tGY\[·•\kg^a!g^•\[^Y ])n%gOn_btGYkM[_Ãn%gdf_bYB¤
{~}f€¥
¯

WlÅe]`_b])ncei‰_OaMcepÁ…df_rijYoYMdsaE_r[^c¶]–Y\[^Y£aE_Cn_r…Y‡…g^]–]g£àg^]–]–Yoc
c„
Š Îxçèéçٍê
tGY\[!¤
 ê
¥
pŸg„p,YMdsYžàgM[^a!g„…g^]–]gM[Onc
W‘…M…MpN_bte’_hgMijYÆ_r[È_r[^•\dscG]–]–YRgMpy]`_b])nceiog{~}f€‰kM[|_ri‹…MkMp,]–Yldsc†nn%gM[^•Y\pŸgdscxšJ}›€9aE_
aBkMdzgOn%gț žcÈgMi‹…_bcGwwOg
Î\¤
› ÌˆªBk_r[^aE_JgdscCg
kM[_Ãn%gdf_hgeÐ`²¸y_hgÇg^a™cG]–cei‹…_bYǛ ƒ¥
Impulso rettangolare
1.6
1.4
1.2
Segnale
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
−0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Tempo [s]
Wl‚g£n`dzg^]vzYMdˆiogOn%g„aE_Q‚gM…MpŸg^tGc
œ
Wl‚Yu]†…c†nn`dsY
œ
œ
}f€LaMcep!]–cG•\[gMp,c£aE_@_r[^•\dscG]–]–YxšJ}›€»df_b]†kMp©n%g!¤
}f€¦¥
› V
ãTÒ
}ŒMŽ€LaMcep!]–cG•\[gMp,c£aE_y_r[^•\dscG]–]–YušJ}›€»df_b]†kMp©n%g‹ªBk_r[^aE_«¤
œ
}ŒMŽ€¦¥
› ÁŒM
ã?Ò
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
Wl‚Yu]†…c†nn`dsY
œ
}ŒMŽ€LaMcep!]–cG•\[gMp,c£aE_y_r[^•\dscG]–]–YušJ}›€»df_b]†kMp©n%g!¤
œ
WlÖEcedԛ L¥
4%5 4
}ŒMŽ€¦¥
Î~p,Yu]†…c†nn`dsY
œ
ã?Ò
› ÁŒM
}ŒMŽ€9df_b]†kMp©n%g!¤
Spettro delle Ampiezze
5
0
−5
|F(ω)| [dB]
−10
−15
−20
−25
−30
−35
−40
0
10
‚YÆ]†…c†nn`dsYÆ]`_ gM[M[MkMp'pŸg
1
2
10
…ced½
¥
£
ω
tGY\[q
10
¥
]†…c†nn`dsYmaMcep'p,cžgMi‹…_bcGwwc‹aMcepB]–cG•\[gMp,cucm
Š _r[Cvzcedf_bYMdscug
›
³ÖEcedL
Í
äC
p,Y
Îqdf_b]†…c†nnYƒgMp'p,Y~]†…c†nn`dsY
gMp'p,c‡àg^]–]–cž…MkMp,]g^w_bY\[_«
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
Wq¸y_hgo ê
¥ÏäeΉ¥ÏäC
4%5 4
Ž‚Yx]†…c†nn`dsYžR}ŒMŽ€½aMcep'pŸgxdf_b]†…Y])n%g‹¡¢}›€9df_b]†kMp©n%g!¤
Spettro delle Ampiezze
5
|X(ω)|(c), |G(jω)|(r), |Y(ω)|(b) [dB]
0
−5
−10
−15
−20
−25
−30
−35
−40
0
10
1
2
10
10
ω
Wl‚(É'gM[^a!gMijce[OnY‡ncei‹…YMdzgMp,coaMcep'pŸgxdf_b]†…Y])n%g [^cepMncei‹…Ydf_b]†kMp©n%g!¤
Risposta(r) all’impulso(b)
1.6
1.4
1.2
Segnale
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
−0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Tempo [s]
Wl‚cDždf_r[^t_r…gMpN_ÔtGY\i‹…Y\[^ce[On_=]†…c†nn`dzgMpN_J̖…cedL
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
 `Ðu…g^]–]gM[^Y…dzgOn_btCgMijce[Onc
_r[O´egdf_hgOnc·gMp'prÉk^]–t_Ãn%gžaMcepE]`_b])nceiogmpN_r[^cCgdsc„Å«[O´cGtGcmp,c‰tGY\i‹…Y\[^ce[On_.]†…c†nn`dzgMpN_Q…ced

ͧ ê
]–Y\[^YqgOnnce[MkgOnc·a!gMpB]`_b])nceiog‡aMcep¢…df_rijY~YMdsaE_r[^c‰Øjk_r[^aE_;pŸgƒdf_b]†…Y])n%g
¡¢}›€[^Y\[„…MkÁY£
Š cG]–]–cedsc ´cep,Y!tGc½tGY\ijc9_rpC]–cG•\[gMp,c‘aE__r[^•\dscG]–]–YošJ}›€µ\iogŽ]`_MiogM[On_bce[^c
kM[g àMk^Y\[g·]`_ri‰_rpN_Ãn`k^aE_r[^covdzgu_(aBk^c„]–cG•\[gMpN_«
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
Wq¸y_hgo ê
¥
Ή¥?
4%5 4
¶‚Yu]†…c†nn`dsYu|}ŒMŽ€½aMcep'pŸg df_b]†…Y])n%g‰¡¢}›€9df_b]†kMp©n%g!¤
Spettro delle Ampiezze
5
|X(ω)|(c), |G(jω)|(r), |Y(ω)|(b) [dB]
0
−5
−10
−15
−20
−25
−30
−35
−40
0
10
1
2
10
10
ω
Wl‚(É'gM[^a!gMijce[OnY‡ncei‹…YMdzgMp,coaMcep'pŸgxdf_b]†…Y])n%g [^cepMncei‹…Ydf_b]†kMp©n%g!¤
Risposta(r) all’impulso(b)
1.6
1.4
1.2
Segnale
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
−0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Tempo [s]
W
0
Ô_b]†…c†nnYÇgMpZtCg^]–Y™…dscGtGcGaMce[OncƒgM[^te’^c|kM[gl…gd+ncmaMcep'p,c|…df_r[^t_r…gMpN_;tGY\i‹…Y\[^ce[On_
]†…c†nn`dzgMpN_(̖…cedy
?

ÐLc Š
gOnnce[MkgOn%gja!gMp]`_b])nceiogÓaMcep\…df_rijY‹YMdsaE_r[^cŽÅ«[
|}ŒMŽ€¦]`_E…cedsaMc‹àMk^Y\[gž…gd+ncjaMceptGY\[Once[MkOnYm_r[‰gMp©n%gjvdscGªBk^ce[^wOg£aMcep]–cG•\[gMp,cÓaE_
_r[^•\dscG]–]–YuªBk_r[^aE_QpŸgxdf_b]†…Y])n%g‹¡¢}›€Žcž
Š …_rkOnnY])nYqp,ce[On%g!
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
Wq¸y_hgo ê
¥
„¥?
4%5 4
¶‚Yu]†…c†nn`dsYuR}ŒMŽ€LaMcep'pŸg df_b]†…Y])n%g‰¡¢}›€9df_b]†kMp©n%g!¤
Spettro delle Ampiezze
5
|X(ω)|(c), |G(jω)|(r), |Y(ω)|(b) [dB]
0
−5
−10
−15
−20
−25
−30
−35
−40
0
10
1
2
10
10
ω
Wl‚(É'gM[^a!gMijce[OnY‡ncei‹…YMdzgMp,coaMcep'pŸgxdf_b]†…Y])n%g [^cepMncei‹…Ydf_b]†kMp©n%g!¤
Risposta(r) all’impulso(b)
1.6
1.4
1.2
Segnale
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
−0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Tempo [s]
WlÅ«[oªBk^cG])nY·tCg^]–Y‡gM[^te’^c‹p,cÓtGY\i‹…Y\[^ce[On_M]†…c†nn`dzgMpN_Mg‡àg^]–]gjvdscGªBk^ce[^wOg£]–Y\[^YugOnnc`Ä
[MkgOncoa!gMpM]`_b])nceiog£aMcep.…df_rijYžYMdsaE_r[^c£c
w_hgMp'ijce[Onc¶]–tGY\i‹…gds]–c½‚g‹df_b]†…Y])n%g
ªBk^cep'p,c‡_r[·gMp©n%g£vdscGªBk^ce[^wOg‰]–Y\[^Yu]–Y])n%gM[GÄ
¡¢}›€¹c‰
Š ijY\p©nYxp,ce[On%gjc‰[^Y\[‡df_bcG]–tGcjgj]–cG•\k_rdsc
…ced¦[MkMp'pŸg prÉ«_r[^•\dscG]–]–YxšJ}›€`
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
W‘…M…MpN_bte’_hgMijY˜_r[
aBkMdzgOn%g
_r[^•\dscG]–]–Y
› ¶c‰gMi‹…_bcGwwOg
4%5 4
gMp ]`_b])nceiogl{~}f€ kM[
_ri‹…MkMp,]–Yln`df_hgM[^•Y\pŸgdscȚJ}›€‹aE_
› oÌgdscCg kM[_Ãn%gdf_hgeÐ`¹¸y_hg‡g^a cG]–cei‹…_bY‡› L¥
Î\
Wq¸y_hgoê³¥ÏäeÎ\Ž‚Yx]†…c†nn`dsYžR}ŒMŽ€LaMcep'pŸg df_b]†…Y])n%g‹¡¢}›€9df_b]†kMp©n%g!¤
Spettro delle Ampiezze
5
|X(ω)|(c), |G(jω)|(r), |Y(ω)|(b) [dB]
0
−5
−10
−15
−20
−25
−30
−35
−40
0
10
1
2
10
10
ω
Wl‚(É'gM[^a!gMijce[OnY‡ncei‹…YMdzgMp,coaMcep'pŸgxdf_b]†…Y])n%g [^cepMncei‹…Ydf_b]†kMp©n%g!¤
Risposta(r) all’impulso(b) triangolare
1.6
1.4
1.2
Segnale
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
−0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Tempo [s]
Wl‚Y£]†…c†nn`dsYoaMcep'p,c9gMi‹…_bcGwwc½aE_R}ŒMŽ€c»
Š ]–Y])n%gM[^w_hgMp'ijce[Onc9_baMce[On_btGY‰gMp'p,Y£]†…c†nn`dsY
aE_ œ
}ŒMŽ€‘g‹tGY]gžc£
Š aMY´ÁkOnY~gMp'p,YMdzgx_rp@df_Ãn%gdsaMYuaE_(¡¢}›€9df_b]†…c†nnY g‰šJ}›€
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
4%5 4 6
Wl‚Yu]†…c†nn`dsYuaMcep'p,covg^]`_!aMcep'pŸg df_b]†…Y])n%g‹¡¢}›€»df_b]†kMp©n%g!¤
Spettro delle Fasi
200
arg X(ω)(c), G(jω)(r), Y(ω)(b) [deg]
150
100
50
0
−50
−100
−150
−200
−250
0
10
1
·ce[On`dsc„p,Y·]†…c†nn`dsY‹aMcep'p,c
]†…c†nn`dsYqaE_ œ
10
ω
W
2
10
gMi‹…_bcGwwc»aE_M|}ŒMŽ€Lcj
Š ]–Y])n%gM[^w_hgMp'ijce[Onco_baMce[On_btGYžgMp'p,Y
}ŒMŽ€µ_QaBk^cx]†…c†nn`df_VaMcep'p,cuvg^]`_VaE_,ÂQcedf_b]–tGY\[^YqvdzgRp,YMdsYEµ gM[^te’^cq…ced
…MkMp,]g^w_bY\[_EdscepŸgOn_ôegMijce[Onc£…_btGtGY\p,cŽÅ«[‡…gd+n_btGY\pŸgdsc‹p,Y‹]†…c†nn`dsY‹aE_vg^]–cÓaE_M|}ŒMŽ€
…dscG]–ce[On%g‡gM[^•Y\pN_yi‰_r[^YMdf_ df_b]†…c†nnY gMp'p,Yu]†…c†nn`dsYžaE_(vg^]–coaE_ œ
Wq¸y_…gdˆpŸg9_r[½ªBk^cG])nY9tCg^]–Y»aE_Þ OÀÞOÀ
ßOÛZ¾ïî3Û
}ŒMŽ€`
¿îf¾ÀM¿0Ü\ï Y9aE_¿îf¾ÀM¿0Ü\ïÈÜMî OÀÞCß aMcep'pŸg
vg^]–coaMcep!]–cG•\[gMp,c£aE_Vk^]–t_Ãn%gxdf_b]†…c†nnY g‰ªBk^cep'pŸg·aMcep!]–cG•\[gMp,c£aE_y_r[^•\dscG]–]–YB
WÈØjkgMpN_Ãn%gOn_ôegMijce[Onc»kM[„df_Ãn%gdsaMY
aE_Cvg^]–c9_r[On`dsY!aMYnnYoa!g£kM[»]`_b])nceiog
pN_r[^cCgdscÓ_r[^aBk^tGc
kM[ df_Ãn%gdsaMYuvdzgx_rpÁ]–cG•\[gMp,c£aE_y_r[^•\dscG]–]–Yuc‡_rp!]–cG•\[gMp,c£aE_Vk^]–t_Ãn%g!
Risposta(r) all’impulso(b) triangolare
1.6
1.4
1.2
Segnale
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
−0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Tempo [s]
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
4%5 4 66
Wq¸y_!tGY\[^]`_baMcedf_Bg^a cG]–cei‹…_bY_rpÁ]`_b])nceiog‹g‰vg^]–c‡[^Y\[mi‰_r[_riog!¤
G}f€¦¥ {
gO´ce[Onc|ijY!aBkMp,Y
ã?
¯

xg£Ä Î †
kM[_Ãn%gdf_bYlgn`kOnnc|p,c|…MkMp,]g^w_bY\[_̈ªBk_r[^aE_àgM[^a!gl_r[ V[_Ãn%geе½iog
te’^c‡_r[On`dsY!aBk^tGcukM[mdf_Ãn%gdsaMYuaE_!vg^]–c
a!g
WR¨¦pN_ ]†…c†nn`df_ aMcep'p,c gMi‹…_bcGwwclaE_ œ }ŒMŽ€~c aE_LR}ŒMŽ€~]–Y\[^YÙ_baMce[On_bt_LcG]–]–ce[^aMY
¬ { G}ŒMŽ€ ¬ ¥
…ced ¢ Æ‚YR]†…c†nn`dsY|aMcep'p,c vg^]`_ ̖…ced
¥
ÎÐ aMcep'pŸgÇdf_b]†…Y])n%g
¡¢}›€»df_b]†kMp©n%g!¤
Spettro delle Fasi
200
100
50
0
−50
−100
r
arg X(ω)(c), G (jω)(r), Y(ω)(b) [deg]
150
−150
−200
−250
−300
−350
0
10
WlÅ«pVdf_Ãn%gdsaMYxaE_!vg^]–c
1
2
10
10
ω
G}f€Ž]`_(n`dzg^aBk^tGcx_r[kM[df_Ãn%gdsaMYmaMcep
g^a£kM[ŽgM[^a!gMijce[OnYj_r[†
ïÛZ¾f¿ï OÀÞCß _r[L]–cG•\k_ÃnY
_r[On`dsY!aMYnnY~a!gMpE]`_b])nceiogu{
]–cG•\[gMp,c¡¢}›€ df_b]†…c†nnY»gLšJ}›€µ^Y\p©n`dsc
g_!tCgMi‹à_!aE_(aMcedf_ôegOn%g‹aMcep!]–cG•\[gMp,c£aE_@_r[^•\dscG]–]–YB¤
Risposta(r) all’impulso(b) triangolare
1.6
1.4
1.2
Segnale
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
−0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Tempo [s]
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
4%5 4 6
798;:.<=8?>@8BACA8;:EDGFH<;FyI AMINAODGFQPHILUFÁDU;8@I :y8EDeI
WRXZY\[^]`_baMcedf_hgMijYƒkM[‹]`_b])nceiogudsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnYutGY\[mdsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[^cžkM[_Ãn%gdf_hg!¤
R(s)
X(s)
C(s)
{}f€xc˜pŸgHvkM[^w_bY\[^cHaE_n`dzg^]vzcedf_rijce[OnY
Å«p•\kg^a!g^•\[^Y—aE_LgM[^cep'p,Y²aMcep¦]`_b])nceiog
_r[^•\dscG]–]–YÄk^]–t_Ãn%gu{
{
}f€9df_b]†kMp©n%gM[^YB¤
}f€¦¥~}f€%{~}f€
{
|}f€
}f€¥
¥
}f€
~}f€%{~}f€
¯
~}f€%{~}f€
Wl‚gžpŸgds•\’^cGwwOg„aE_.àgM[^a!g‰aMcepM]`_b])nceiog·dsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnY {
tGY\[^Y]–tGce[^aMYq_rp!•\kg^a!g^•\[^Y a.É'gM[^cep'p,Y{}f€`
WlÖEced¦p,cž…MkMp,]g^w_bY\[_M
¬{
n%gMpN_!te’^c
¬{
}ŒMŽ€ ¬
}ŒMŽ€ ¬ ¥
ijce[On`dsc·…ced¦p,cž…MkMp,]g^w_bY\[_Á?n%gMpN_(te’^c
¬{
O}ŒMŽ€ ¬ ¥
¬
Y(s)
G(s)
¬ {}ŒMŽ€ ¬
¯
{
}ŒMŽ€ ¬
×
¬
{
¯
}f€
{}f€
}f€¶…MkÁYž
Š cG]–]–cedscj])n_riogOn%g
µ\´egMp,c‡prÉ'gM…M…dsY]–]`_riog^w_bY\[^c¤
¬{
}ŒMŽ€ ¬
¯
{}ŒMŽ€ ¬
¥
×
¬ {}ŒMŽ€ ¬Bâ
¬ {}ŒMŽ€ ¬
Î(µ.]`_@’g!¤
¬{
C}ŒMŽ€ ¬Bâ
Î
Å«[^aE_btCgOn_ôegMijce[Onc9aBkM[^ªBk^c·p,c‹…MkMp,]g^w_bY\[_MaE_n%g^•\pN_bY‹te’^cjaMcepN_ri‰_Ãn%gM[^Y pŸg‡àgM[^a!g£aMcep
]`_b])nceiog™dsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnY”{
¬ { }ŒMŽ€ ¬!×

C}f€‡]–Y\[^Y³_r[OnYMdˆ[^Y”gMp'p,c
…MkMp,]g^w_bY\[_ 
…ced·p,c|ªBkgMpN_
Wl‚gàgM[^a!gƒ…g^]–]gM[Onc‰aE_¢kM[u]`_b])nceiog _r[ƒdsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[^cmkM[_Ãn%gdf_hgžtGYMdˆdf_b]†…Y\[^aMcm_r[^aE_©Ä
tCgOn_ôegMijce[Onc»gMp'p,c£…MkMp,]g^w_bY\[_è…ced p,c9ªBkgMpN_(_rp!ijY!aBkMp,Y‰aMcepe•\kg^a!g^•\[^Y‹aE_MgM[^cep'p,Y
¬ { }ŒMŽ€ ¬ cu
Š iog^••(_bYMdsc£aE_
W cepetCg^]–Y‰te’^c‰[^Y\[ot_]`_hgM[^Y …MkMp,]g^w_bY\[_Ï…ced p,c9ªBkgMpN_(_rp\ijY!aBkMp,Y‰aMcep•\kg^a!g^•\[^Y
aE_=gM[^cep'p,YÇ]`_hg ¬ { }ŒMŽ€ ¬ Í
µLpŸglàgM[^a!gqaMcep¢]`_b])nceiog|_r[ldsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[^cRkM[_Ãn%gdf_hg
tGY(_r[^t_baMc„tGY\[‹ªBk^cep'pŸg·aMcep!•\kg^a!g^•\[^Y aE_EgM[^cep'p,YB
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
W‘[^te’^cx…ced¹_rp(]`_b])nceiog dsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnY{
4%5 4 6f4
}f€L´egMp,•Y\[^Y|p,c„])ncG]–]–c„tGY\[^]`_baMcedzg^w_bY\[_
te’^c‡p,cG•MgM[^YƒpŸgx…dsY\[OncGwwOg‹aMcepÁ]`_b])nceiog‰gMp'pŸg‰]†kgxpŸgds•\’^cGwwOg‰aE_yàgM[^a!g!¶ÖEced+n%gM[OnY
…cedJiog^]–]`_ri‰_bwwOgdsc£pŸgo´cep,Y!t_Ãn`g„
Š aE_.df_b]†…Y])n%g„Y!tGtGYMdˆdsc„gMp'pŸgds•Mgdsc‹_rpB…_«k Š …Y]–]`_rà_rp,c·pŸg
àgM[^a!g‹aMcep!]`_b])nceiogudsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnY~{
}f€`
¦gOnYxte’^cž_rp(•\kg^a!g^•\[^Y~aE_BgM[^cep'p,Yƒ{}f€ ¥
W
~}f€%{~}f€LtGY\[On_bce[^c‰tGY\ijc£vgOnnYMdsc
~}f€£c Š c†´M_baMce[Oncxte’^cx•ce[^cedzgMp Ä
pŸg vkM[^w_bY\[^cmaE_yn`dzg^]vzcedf_rijce[OnYqaMcepVtGY\[On`dsY\p'p,YMdsc
ijce[Onc‹tGY\[O´M_bce[^cÌˆtGY\i‹…gOn_rà_rp'ijce[Onc·tGY\[ÈpŸgu])n%gMà_rpN_Ãn`gu
Š aMcep.]`_b])nceiogžc‡tGY\[mgMp©n`dsc
]†…cGt_ \te’^c„aE_EtGY\[On`dsY\p'p,YÁÐ
~}f€½tGY\[‡•\kg^a!g^•\[^YRiog^•Ä
…dsY•c†nn%gdscu_rp(tGY\[On`dsY\p'p,YMdsc
•(_bYMdscƒ…Y]–]`_rà_rp,c~Å«[mªBk^cG])nYlijY!aMYƒ]`_QgMp'pŸgds•MgÈpŸgÈàgM[^a!g|̈cžªBk_r[^aE_¢gMkMijce[On%gqpŸg
…dsY\[OncGwwOgeÐLaMcep!]`_b])nceiogudsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnYB
W
ÓÖÔdsY•c†nn%gM[^aMY
_r[ÆijY!aMY|Y\…M…YMd+n`kM[^Y
_rpQtGY\[On`dsY\p'p,YMdsc
~}f€
cÆ
Š •ce[^cedzgMp'ijce[Onc…Y]–]`_rà_rp,cµ£ijcGaE_hgM[OncÇtGY\[On`dsY\p'p,YT_r[”dsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[^cµÓgMp'pŸgds•MgdscHg
…_hg^tGcedsc‡pŸg àgM[^a!g·aE_ykM[·]`_b])nceiog·{~}f€`
Å«p…dsY\àMp,ceiog£…dzgOn_btGY„cŽ
Š te’^c
tCg‡prÉ'gM…M…MpN_btCg^w_bY\[^c
prÉ'gMp'pŸgds•MgMijce[OnYjaE_MàgM[^a!g9aE_ÁkM[»]`_b])nceiog
p,ce[OnY·_ri‹…MpN_©Ä
aE_M]–cG•\[gMpN_MaE_E_r[^•\dscG]–]–Y‡aE_Mcep,c†´egOn%g„gMi‹…_bcGwwOgjte’^c·…Yn`dsceàMàcedsY
[^Y\[ df_bce[On`dzgdsc‡[^cep'p,co]†…cGt_ \te’^coaMcepÁ]`_b])nceiog£tGY\[On`dsY\p'pŸgOnYÌˆcG]–cei‹…_«¤J]gOn`kMdzg^w_bY\[_ìµ
pN_ri‰_Ãn_.ijcGtGtCgM[_bt_!Y
\]`_bt_ìµZpN_ri‰_Ãn_!ce[^ceds•c†n_bt_ìµ+##'Ð`
!"$# %$&('%$)+*,-#-)/.0."&(,)1%2!"!3.")546&78&7 9., %%$&(,)
:746;8<)5,)59.")= +%$)>8)5)5!"!"?. &@ A 9., %%$8B
W
{~}f€
WRXZY\[^]`_baMcedf_hgMijY g^a cG]–cei‹…_bY~_rp!]–cG•\k^ce[Onc£]`_b])nceiogudsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnYB¤
R(s)
X(s)
K
G(s)
Y(s)
{~}f€¦¥

 ê
¯
 ê
Å«p\•\kg^a!g^•\[^Y~aE_.gM[^cep'p,Yq{}f€‘cxpŸg·vkM[^w_bY\[^c‹aE_\n`dzg^]vzcedf_rijce[OnYƒ_r[^•\dscG]–]–YÄk^]–t_Ãn%g
{
O}f€9df_b]†kMp©n%gM[^YB¤
}f€—¥
{
{
C}f€—¥
Ê
Ê
{~}f€¥
|}f€
}f€
¥

 ê
¯
¯
Ê
ê
Ê
{~}f€
{~}f€
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
¥

¯
Ê
ê
}fÊ
¯
€ˆ ê
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
4%5 4 6
W
(]–cei‹…_bY„aE_MgMp'pŸgds•MgMijce[OnY„aMcep'pŸg‹àgM[^a!gÓn`dzgMi‰_Ãncodsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[^c„…ced=kM[o•\kg^a!g^•\[^Y
aE_EgM[^cep'p,YuaE_!n_r…Yƒ…g^]–]gGÄàg^]–]–YB
wH
20dB
banda passante
guadagno d’anello
| Ga ( jw ) |dB
w
0dB
-20dB
| G0 ( jw ) |dB
banda passante
sistema retroazionato
wH0
W
(]–cei‹…_bY„aE_MgMp'pŸgds•MgMijce[OnY„aMcep'pŸg‹àgM[^a!gÓn`dzgMi‰_Ãncodsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[^c„…ced=kM[o•\kg^a!g^•\[^Y
aE_EgM[^cep'p,YuaE_!n_r…Yƒ…g^]–]gGÄàgM[^a!g!
wL
20dB
banda passante
guadagno d’anello
wH
| Ga ( jw ) |dB
0dB
w
| G0 ( jw ) |dB
wL0
banda passante
sistema retroazionato
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
wH0
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
4%5 4 6
Wl‚g„vkM[^w_bY\[^c‰aE_Án`dzg^]vzcedf_rijce[OnYžaMcep(]`_b])nceiogudsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnYmc‹
Š gM[^tGYMdzg‹aMcepy…df_rijY
YMdsaE_r[^c
{
|}f€
}f€”¥
}f€
¥
Ê
¯
Ê
ªBk_r[^aE_V…Y\[^ce[^aMY
Ê
{~}f€
¥
{~}f€
 ê
ê
¥

¯
Ê
 ê
}fÊ
¯
€ˆê
ã
pŸgxpŸgds•\’^cGwwOg‹aE_yàgM[^a!g·aMcep!]`_b])nceiogždsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnYƒ…g^]–]g‹a!g£ ê
WRXZY\[ƍê
{
¥
ΙcÈê ™¥
}ŒMŽ€Ódf_b]†kMp©n%gM[^YB¤
go ê

ÎeΔ_aE_hg^•\dzgMi‹i‰_JaMcep'p,clgMi‹…_bcGwwcRaE_½{}ŒMŽ€xc
Diagramma delle Ampiezze con ωH=10 e K=9
20
|Ga(jω)| (b−−), |G0(jω)| (r) [dB]
15
10
5
0
−5
−10
−15
−20
0
10
1
10
2
ω
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
10
3
10
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
¥
WRXZY\[ƍ ê
{
Ιcȍ ê
O}ŒMŽ€Ódf_b]†kMp©n%gM[^YB¤
¥
4%5 4 6
ÎeΔ_aE_hg^•\dzgMi‹i‰_JaMcep'p,clgMi‹…_bcGwwcRaE_½{
}ŒMŽ€xc
Diagramma delle Ampiezze con ω =10 e K=9
H
20
|Ga(jω)| (b−−), |G0(jω)| (r) [dB]
15
10
5
0
−5
−10
−15
−20
0
10
WRXZY\[ƍê
{
¥
1
10
äeΙcÈê ™¥
O}ŒMŽ€Ódf_b]†kMp©n%gM[^YB¤
2
ω
3
10
10
ÎeΔ_aE_hg^•\dzgMi‹i‰_JaMcep'p,clgMi‹…_bcGwwcRaE_½{}ŒMŽ€xc
Diagramma delle Ampiezze con ω =30 e K=2.33
H
20
|Ga(jω)| (b−−), |G0(jω)| (r) [dB]
15
10
5
0
−5
−10
−15
−20
0
10
1
10
2
ω
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
10
3
10
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
WRXZY\[j ê
¥
΄c» ê
¥
ÎeÎup,c‰df_b]†…Y])nc
{~}f€ c£aMcep!]`_b])nceiogudsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnY~{
4%5 4 6
gMp'prÉ«_ri‹…MkMp,]–Ymdsc†nn%gM[^•Y\pŸgdscÓaMcep]`_b])nceiog
}f€»df_b]†kMp©n%gM[^YB¤
anello aperto(r−−), retroazione e comp.(g)
Confronto risposte all’impulso(b)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
−0.2
0
0.1
WRXZY\[jê³¥Ïäe΄c»ê ½¥
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Tempo [s]
ÎeÎup,c‰df_b]†…Y])nc
{~}f€ c£aMcep!]`_b])nceiogudsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnY~{
gMp'prÉ«_ri‹…MkMp,]–Ymdsc†nn%gM[^•Y\pŸgdscÓaMcep]`_b])nceiog
}f€»df_b]†kMp©n%gM[^YB¤
anello aperto(r−−), retroazione e comp.(g)
Confronto risposte all’impulso(b)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
−0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Tempo [s]
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
¥
WRXZY\[ƍ ê
Ιc| ê
dsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnYm{
¥
4%5 4 6
ÎeΙ•\pN_‘_r[^•\dscG]–]`_ gMpJ]`_b])nceiog
{~}f€ucHgMpJ]`_b])nceiog
C}f€9df_b]†kMp©n%gM[^YB¤
Confronto segnali di controllo
anello aperto(r−−), retroazione e comp.(g)
15
10
5
0
−5
−10
−15
WRXZY\[ƍê
¥
0
0.1
0.2
äeΙc|ê ™¥
dsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnYm{
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Tempo [s]
ÎeΙ•\pN_‘_r[^•\dscG]–]`_ gMpJ]`_b])nceiog
{~}f€ucHgMpJ]`_b])nceiog
}f€9df_b]†kMp©n%gM[^YƒÌgOnnce[^w_bY\[^c‰gMp'pŸg‹]–tCgMpŸg£´ced+n_btCgMp,c«Ð`¤
Confronto segnali di controllo
anello aperto(r−−), retroazione e comp.(g)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
−1
−2
−3
−4
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Tempo [s]
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
WRXZY\[u ê
¥
Îmc‹ ê
¥
4%5 4 6
ÎeÎ|p,cdf_b]†…Y])ncxgMp'prÉ«_ri‹…MkMp,]–YÇdsc†nn%gM[^•Y\pŸgdscžaMcepy]`_b])nc`Ä
V Å iogm{~}f€¶c‡aMcep.]`_b])nceiog~dsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnY|{
]†kMp'prÉ«_r[^•\dscG]–]–YB¤
}f€»tGY\[xc‡]–ce[^wOg ¸\Qå
Sistema con (−) e senza(−−) saturazione
Confronto risposte all’impulso(b)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
−0.2
WRXZY\[uê§¥
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Tempo [s]
äeÎmc‹ê £¥
ÎeÎ|p,cdf_b]†…Y])ncxgMp'prÉ«_ri‹…MkMp,]–YÇdsc†nn%gM[^•Y\pŸgdscžaMcepy]`_b])nc`Ä
iogm{~}f€¶c‡aMcep.]`_b])nceiog~dsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[gOnY|{
]†kMp'prÉ«_r[^•\dscG]–]–YB¤
V Å }f€»tGY\[xc‡]–ce[^wOg ¸\Qå
Sistema con (−) e senza(−−) saturazione
Confronto risposte all’impulso(b)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
−0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Tempo [s]
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
4%5 4
798;:.<=8T>@8BACA8;:EDGF
F
@FVS
yI÷D 8˜<JILUINA!> QAODC8
Wl‚g pŸgds•\’^cGwwOg‹aE_VàgM[^a!g‡aE_VkM[·]`_b])nceiog‡cž
Š _r[mdscepŸg^w_bY\[^c„tGY\[ _!ncei‹…_(aE_Bg^]–]–cG])n%gGÄ
ijce[OnYžc£aE_(]gMpN_Ãn%g‰te’^c‡_baMce[On_ \tCgM[^YqpŸg„´cep,Y!t_Ãn`g‰
Š aE_ydf_b]†…Y])n%g!
WlÖEced£kM[Ç]`_b])nceiogÈaMcep¹…df_rijY
YMdsaE_r[^cḦcH…ced9cG])nce[^]`_bY\[^cl…ced£_ ]`_b])ncei‰_=tGY\[
kM[
…Y\p,YÇaMY\i‰_r[gM[Onc^Ї_rpVncei‹…YRaE_Ôg^]–]–cG])n%gMijce[OnY|c|pŸgÆpŸgds•\’^cGwwOgƒaE_JàgM[^a!gq]–Y\[^Y
_r[O´ceds]gMijce[Onc·…dsY\…YMdsw_bY\[gMpN_«¤
 ê
{~}f€¥

¯
ê
¶¥
ä
ê
WlÖEced»kM[ƒ]`_b])nceiog aMcepV]–cGtGY\[^aMYRYMdsaE_r[^cmtGY\[DžY\pN_ZtGY\i‹…Mp,cG]–]`_QcxtGY\[_rk^•MgOn_ ̈cȅced
cG])nce[^]`_bY\[^c …cedL_.]`_b])ncei‰_\tGY\[q…Y\pN_.tGY\i‹…Mp,cG]–]`_Bc‹tGY\[_rk^•MgOn_@aMY\i‰_r[gM[On_÷е¢gƒ…gdf_
tGY!c žt_bce[Onc~aE_Ô]†ijYMdswOgMijce[OnYEµ _rpZncei‹…YÇaE_ g^]–]–cG])n%gMijce[OnY|cÇpŸglpŸgds•\’^cGwwOgqaE_
àgM[^a!g‹]–Y\[^Yƒ_r[O´ceds]gMijce[Onc‡…dsY\…YMdsw_bY\[gMpN_«¤
{~}f€¥


¯


¯

 ê
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
×

¥
ä

O
!""#%$'&()&+*"*,"$'&+-.*0/,*,%&132#*
WÈØjkgMpN_Ãn%gOn_ôegMijce[Onc„_rpncei‹…Y‡aE_!]gMpN_Ãn%g
4%5 4 –6
aE_@kM[‹]`_b])nceiog£aE_Mn_r…Y…g^]–]guàg^]–]–Y c Š
_r[O´ceds]gMijce[Onc·…dsY\…YMdsw_bY\[gMp,c·gMp'pŸgxàgM[^a!gm…g^]–]gM[Onc
diagramma di Nyquist
risposta nel tempo
1.5
1.8
1.6
1
1.4
0.5
1.2
1
1.2 1.5
2.2
1
0.68
0.56
0.47
1
0
0.82
0.68
0.8
0.39
0.33
−0.5
0.6
0.27
0.56
0.4
0.22
−1
0.18
0.47
0.2
0.15
0
−1.5
−2
−1.5
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
Øjk^cep'pN_Ždf_r…YMd+n%gOn_½_r[
\•\kMdzg
]`_b])ncei‰_«¤
{
6 }f€¦¥
(}f
¯
1
€
0
10
¯
20
30
40
2
΀
{
50
secondi
60
ªBk_b])nmaMc_¦]–cG•\k^ce[On_¦aBk^c
]–Y\[^YT_¦aE_hg^•\dzgMi‹i‰_ aE_
Î
}f
1.5
}f€¦¥
(}f
¯
€
}f
¯
΀
BgM[^tGYEµ;]–Y\[^Yldf_r…YMd+n%gOn_@•\pN_QgM[^a!gMijce[On_Encei‹…YMdzgMpN_.aMcep'pŸgÈdf_b]†…Y])n%g gMp.•\dzg^aE_r[^Y

aMc_¹tGYMdˆdf_b]†…Y\[^aMce[On_L]`_b])ncei‰_½_r[³dsc†n`dsYMg^w_bY\[^c²kM[_Ãn%gdf_hg!
×
a!g_J•\dzg \t_ìµ [^c_aBk^cÇtCg^]`_L_rp ncei‹…Y aE_]gMpN_Ãn%gÌ
6
XZY\ijcl]`_¶…MkÁY²
Š ´cGaMcedsc
×
c
]0Ðmc Š
t_rdstCg
x_r[O´ceds]gMijce[Onco…dsY\…YMdsw_bY\[gMp,cogMp'pŸg‹pŸgds•\’^cGwwOg aE_\àgM[^a!goaMc_aBk^cÓ]`_b])ncei‰_
×
dsc†n`dzg^w_bY\[gOn_LÌ3 ê 6 ×
Î cȍ ê ΠОt_bYÁcH
Š gMp'p,c™…MkMp,]g^w_bY\[_  ê aE_
_r[Onceds]–cGw_bY\[^c£aMc_(aE_hg^•\dzgMi‹i‰_ÁaE_ªBk_b])n‘tGY\[ _rp!tGcedste’_bYƒkM[_Ãn%gdf_bYB
ñ –"*0Mòó)&#2z$'òˆô%*hõsõ+32s)ò\=òz2#"+&+/,/,*eOò3%$h21ò3/,/,*0Eö)$'ò3-@$÷*hõ#*`Oøùfù3úûùü
O