agraruli saq

nomerSi waikiTxavT:
ასკა
ASCA
vi atydeba,
4 aqdedaambaSvils
ar aiyvans!
ახალი აგრარული
საქართველო
AKHALI AGRARULI SAQARTVELO
(New Agrarian Georgia)
ყოველთვიური სამეცნიეროსაინფორმაციო ჟურნალი.
Monthly scientific-informative magazine
თებერვალი, 2013 წელი.
#2 (22)
სარე
რედაქ
დაქციო
ციო კო
კოლე
ლეგი
გია:
ა:
სა
შოთა
თა მა
მაჭა
ჭარაშ
რაშვი
ვილი
ლი (მთ.
(მთ. რედაქტორი),
რედაქტორი),
შო
ნუგზარ
ებანო
იძე,ამი
მიხეილ
სოხაძე,
ზვი
ად ბრეგ
ვაძე,
რან ადე
იშვილი,
თამარ
სანიკიძე,
ნოდარ
ბრეგვაძე,
კა
ხა ლაშ
ხი, მიხეილ
სოხაძე,
თამთა გუ
გუშვილიკონ
(ინგლ.
ვერს.
რედაქტორი).
თამარ
სანიკიძე,
სტანტი
ნე გურ
გენიძე,
ნოდარ ბრეგვაძე, მარიამ ლებანიძე,
თამ
თა ნი
გუეგუშ
ლიჭო:
(ინგლ. ვერს. რედაქტორი).
სამეც
როვისაბ
აკადემიკოსები, მეცნიერებათა
დოქ
ტო
ბი, საბ
პრო
ფესორები:
სა
მეც
ნირე
ერო
ჭო:
რევაზ მახარობლი
ძე ნი
(თავმჯდომარე),
აკადემიკოსები,
მეც
ერებათა
ნოდარ
ჩხარ
ვილი,
დოქ
ტორე
ბი,ტიშ
პრო
ფესონუგ
რეზარ
ბი: ებანოიძე,
პეტ
რე მა
ნას
დაშლი
ვიძე
ლი,(თავმჯდომარე),
ზვიად ბრეგვაძე,
რე
ვაზ
ხაყი
რობ
ელდარ
გუჯაჩხარ
გუგუშ
ურრეჯუნას
ლუ
ძე,ვილი,
ნო
ტიშვივილი,
ლი, ზა
პეტ
ყიხი
დაშ
ზუგუ
რაბ
ჯიხა
კახნიაშვილი,
ელ
ჯა ჯინ
გუგუშ
ვიძე,
ლი,ქრისტო
ზაურ ჯუ
ლუხიძე,
ადოლ
ვილი,
ნატო
ზუ
რაბ ტყე
ჯინშე
ჯილაშ
ხაძე,
ამირან
ადეკაკაბაძე,
იშვილი,
ვლადიმერ
ცალაშ
ნავა,ვიკუ
კური
რია,ნოკა
ხი,
ადოლ
ტყეშე
ლი,
ლეძერი
ზახა
ძე,ლაშ
ნატო
ომარ თევდორაძე,
კაკაბაძე,
ვლადიმერნუგ
ცაზარ
ნავა,სარჯველაძე,
კუკური ძერია,
დავაზ
ვით თევ
ბედიდო
ა, რა
თენ
გიზომარ
ყურაშთევდორაძე,
ვილი, ზურაბ
რე
ძე,
ლოლაძე,
კოა,
ბა თენ
კობა
ლაძე,
ნუკრი
მემარნიშვილი.
და
ვით ბედი
გიზ
ყურაშ
ვილი,
კობა კობალაძე, ნუგზარ ებანოიძე,
ნი
კოლოზ ზაზაშვილი, ნუკრი მემარნიშვილი.
გამომცემელი:
“აგრარული სექტორის
კომფუძ
პანიენე
ბის
ასოციაცია” (ასკა);
დამ
ბელი:
Agraruli Sectoris
“აგრარული
სექტორის
Companiebis
asociacia
კომ
პანიების ასო
ციაცია”(ASCA);
(ასკა);
(Association Sectoris
of Agrarian Sector Companies).
Agraruli
საქართველოსasociacia
რეგიონული
ეკონომიკური
Companiebis
(ASCA);
პრიორიტეტების
კვლევითი
ცენტრი. “რეგიონიკა”;
(Association
of Agrarian
Sector Companies)
Regionica
Georgian
რე
დაქციის- მი
სამართი:Research Center for
Regional
Economic
Priorities.
თბი
ლისი (0119),
აგლა
ძის ქ. # 32
რედაქცი
ის მისა+995
მართი:
ტელ/tel:
34-76-33/
(99) 16 -18-31
თბილისი
(0119),
აგლაძის
Tbilisi
(0119),
Agladze
str. ქ.##3232
ტელ/tel:[email protected]
+995 (33) 2 34-76-33
e-mail:
+995 (99) 16 -18-31
Tbilisi (0119), Agladze str. # 32
editor of English version Tamta Gugushvili
E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
Web: www.regionica.org/journal.html
დააკაბადონა გიორგი მაისურაძემ
editor of English
version Tamta
Gugushvili
დაიბეჭდა
შპს “დიოსის”
სტამბაში
ჟურნალი ხელმძღვანელობს
დააკაბადონა გიორგი მაისურაძემ
თავისუფალი პრესის პრინციპით.
ჟურნა
ლი ხელuses
მძღვაthe
ნელობს
The
magazine
principal of free press.
თავი
ფალი
სისბაპრინ
ცილი
პით.
©
სასუ
ავტო
რო პრე
უფლე
დაცუ
ა.
themagazine
author right
The
uses is
theprotected.
principal of free press.
© საავტორო უფლება დაცულია.
the author right
ფასიis 5protected.
ლარი
რეფერირებადია 2011 წლიდან
დაიბეჭდა შპს “გამომცემლობა კოლორში”
WORLD
მსოფლიო
TECHNIC
ტექნიკა
Tbilisi
tel./faqsi: (+995 32) 2 35 10 05.
tel.: (+995 32) 2 34 76 33,
(+995 32) 2 34 45 37
თებერვალი, 2013
თებერვალი
11
6
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da ra prioritetebzea maT regionSi gasamaxvilebeli yuradReba.
rogorc aqamde, arc axla, maT aravin, arafers ekiTxeba!
es ki, Tu marTlac asea, ver yofila kargad saqme. ar mgonia regionebTan mWidro kavSiris gareSe marto
saministrodan moxerxdes soflis
meurneobis aRorZineba da im miznis
miRweva, rasac dRevandeli mTavroba gvpirdeba da sazogadoebis didi
umravlesoba ase mouTmenlad elodeba.
SoTa maWaraSvili
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
5
მრგვალი მაგიდა
me Tes le o ba saqarTveloSi realoba da perspeqtiva
rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelo, arcTu Soreul warsulSi, marcvleuli Tu sxva kulturebis
saTesle masaliT sakuTar moTxovnas, TiTqmis mTlianad ikmayofilebda.
sagazafxulo samuSaoebi karzea momdgari, xarisxiani saTesle masalis SeZena glexisa Tu
fermerebisTvis Zalze aqtualuri sakiTxia.
rogor xvdeba qveyana gazafxuls, ra gvaqvs, ra problemebia meTesleobis mxriv, ra unda
gakeTdes dargis ganviTarebisTvis? am Temebze sasaubrod redaqciam gadawvyita mrgval magidasTan mecnierebi moewvia da maTTan erTad gaeanalizebina dargSi Seqmnili viTareba.
modiT, erTad movusminoT mecnierebs da daskvna Semdeg gamovitanoT.
Mmrgval magidasTan diskusiaSi monawileoben:
petre nasyidaSvili,
li, saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis w/ko
w korespondenti, saqarTvelos mecnierebis damsaxurebuli
moRvawe, saxelmwifo da l. dekapreleviCis saxelobis premiis laureati, s/m
s m doqtori, profesori:
kaxa laSxi,
xi, Sps „lomTagoras“ direqtori, soflis meurneobis akademiuri doqtori; xorblis seleqcioneri;
zurab jinjixaZe,
Ze, simindis seleqcioneri, soflis
meurneobis akademiuri doqtori;
gulnara CxutiaSvili,
li, soflis meurneobis akademiuri doqtori, xorblis seleqcioneri;
irakli rexviaSvili
li,, soflis meurneobis akademiuri doqtori, xorblis seleqcioneri;
zurab jinjixaZe:
— vidre mTavar saTqmels vityvi,
cota istorias gavixseneb.
saqarTveloSi simindi 200-250
aTas ha-ze iTeseboda. statistikis mixedviT, ramdenime aTeuli
weliwadia am kulturis saSualo
mosavlianoba, ar matulobs. 15-20
wlis masalebis mixedviT, es cifri heqtarze 2,3 tonis farglebSi
meryeobs. msoflioSi simindis saSualo mosavlianoba 4,5 t. Seadgens, ganviTarebuli qveynebSi es
maCvenebeli gacilebiT didia.
dRes saqarTveloSi simindi 121
aTas ha-ze iTeseba da, daaxloebiT, 225 aTas tona marcvals viRebT. 1996-2001 welebSi, roca cota stabiluri viTareba iyo, simindi 197 ha-ze iTeseboda da 417 000
tona marcvals vawarmoebdiT. gamodis, rom am wlebTan SedarebiT,
dRes 194 000 toniT nakleb siminds
6
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
giorgi RuniSvili, soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis fondis marcvleulis lojistikis kompniis
direqtori;
avTandisl mumlaZe
Ze,, soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori;
nato kakabaZe, soflis meurneobis doqtori, bostneul-baRCeuli kulturebis nacionaluri koordinatori saqarTveloSi;
leri nozaZe,
Ze, soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa
doqtori;
nana fancxava,
va, saqpatentis mTavari specialisti;
ana gulbani,
ni, Sps „agro qarTus“ saTesle da sargavi masalis warmoebis samecniero-sawarmoo centris
koordinatori.
vawarmoebT. e.i. qveyanam sakuTari
moTxovnileba rom daikmayofilos, siminds sazRvargareT yidva
uwevs.
saqarTveloSi, ise rogorc bevr
qveyanaSi, siminds sasursaTodac
moixmaren da safuraJedac.
roca am sakiTxs vswavlobdi,
darwmunebuli viyavi, CvenTan safuraJed meti simindi gamoiyeneboda, vidre — sasursaTod, magram
aRmoCnda, rom qveyanaSi moweuli
simindis marcvlis 47%-s sakvebad
moixmaren, xolo 45,5%-s ki — safuraJed.
irkveva, rom saqarTveloSi simindi, rogorc puri, TiTqmis ise
gamoiyeneba. e.i sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT mas qveynisTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.
cnobilia, rom sasursaTed CvenTan mxolod adgilobriv jiSebs Tesaven, radgan adgilobrivi
jiSis simindebisgan damzadebul
kerZebs, Romi, mWadi, fafa da sxva,
iseTi gemo da Tvisebebi aqvs, rac
Semotanil jiSebs, miTumetes hibridebs ar gaaCniaT.
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 350
wlis ganmavlobaSi siminds, ge-
თებერვალი, 2013
მრგვალი მაგიდა
moTi da sxva sasargeblo TvisebebiT arCevda. swored amis Sedegia
is, rom dRes amdeni unikaluri simindis jiSebi gvaqvs.
sasursaTo simindis 3000-4000
tona Tesls mosaxleoba TviTon
amzadebs, rasac 100 000 ha-ze Tesavs da, daaxloebiT, 191000 tona
marcvals iRebs.
simindis didi nawili CvenTanac
safuraJed gamoiyeneba. safuraJed, ZiriTadad, yviTelmarcvliani siminds moixmaren, radgan igi
didi raodenobiT karotinoidebs,
provitamins Seicavs, rac cxovelisa Tu frinvelis normaluri
zrda-ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli komponentia. Tu sakvebSi igi
ar aris, maSin xelovnurad amateben, magram gangebam yviTel siminds es Tviseba bunebrivad SesZina.
safuraJe simindi dRes 100 heqtarze iTeseba. aqamde, gamonaklisis garda, mTlianad adgilobrivi seleqciuri jiSebi iTeseboda:
abaSuri yviTeli, „qarTuli krugi“ kaJa simindi, geguTis yviTeli
da a.S. amis garda didi muSaoba iyo
gaCaRebuli seleqciur warmoebaze, ris Sedegadac qveyanaSi 11
safuraJe simindis hibridi Seiqmna da daregistrirda. aqedan rva
saqarTvelos miwaTmoqmedebis institutSi Seiqmna da sami — „firma
lomTagoras“ meurneobaSi. 11-ve
hibridi saqarTvelos mesimindeobis eqvsive agroklimatur zonas
moicavs.
imisaTvis rom qveyanaSi simindi
100 aTas heqtarze daiTesos, 2000
tona Teslia saWiro. erTi SexedviT dRes es ararealuri cifrad
gveCveneba, magram 80-ian wlebSi
TviTon vmonawileobdi Teslis
damzadebis procesSi da vici, miwaTmoqmedebis institutsa da masTan arsebul sawarmoo gaerTianeba „TavTavSi“ 1200 tona simindis
martivi hibridis Tesli rogor
mzaddeboda. mTlianad ki warmoebuli Teslis moculoba 2100 tonas aWarbebda.
saqarTveloSi es sakiTxi, Teoriulad ki ara, praqtikulad iyo
gadaWrili. dRes ki yvelaferi
ganadgurebulia, miwaTmoqmedebis instituti, gauqmebuli da
miwasTan gasworebulia. moqmedi
თებერვალი, 2013
specialistebi, mecnierebi jiSebisa da hibridis avtorebi, visac
kidev SeuZlia muSaoba, saxlSi
gauSves. erTaderTi, me var darCenili, magram jer mizezi ver
gavarkvie, ratom damtoves, ras
elodebian.
amitom hibriduli Teslis warmoeba qveyanaSi, TiTqmis, gaCerebulia. erTaderTi organizacia,
romelic am saqmes misdevs, firma
„lomTagoraa“.
am firimis direqtors, batonma
kaxa laSxs, rom ar Semoekriba mecnierebi, TviTon ar Cadgomoda am
saqmes saTaveSi, xorblisa da simindis seleqcia qveyanaSi mTlanad Cakvdeboda.
firma „lomTagoraSi“ xorblis
3 jiSi da simindis 5 hibridia gamoyvanili. maT miRebuli aqvT
serTifikati da patenti. gamoyvanili gvaqs sasursaTe hibridebic.
saxelmwifo rom xels gviwyobdes,
mokle vadaSi, pirvel etapze 300
tonamde simindis uxvmosavliani Teslis warmoebas SevZlebdiT,
magram, rgorc vxedav, maincdamainc did interess arc axali mTavroba iCens, arada qveyanaSi Teslis mwarmoebeli sxva organizacia aRar arsebobs.
meTesleobis dargi rom aRorZindes, unda aRdges is organizaciebi, romlebic meTesleobiT iyvnen dakavebuli. miwaTmoqmedebis
instituti, Sesabamisi yuradRebis da daxmarebis SemTxvevaSi, 2-3
weliwadSi 400-500 tona pirveli
Taobis Teslis warmoebas SeZlebs,
rac milionobiT lars udris, magram viRacis ugunuri gadawyvetilebiT, qveyanas es saSualeba dRes
mospobili aqvs da Teslis SesaZenad qveyana fuls iqiT xarjavs.
ras yidulobs, es kidev ufro mZime Temaa.
kaxa laSxi:
— mecnierebam, maT Soris genurma inJineriam Tavisi resursi amowura, bunebis kanonebs versad gaeqcevi. msoflioSi dRes miliard
naxevari adamiani SimSilobs. dedamiwaze yovelwliurad 7 milioni heqtari savarguli eroziis,
daWaobebis Tu sxva mizezTa gamo
nadgurdeba. Cvennair qveynebs, visac jer kidev raRac resursi Se-
mogvrCa, didi perspeqtiva aqvs,
rasac yvela aRniSnavs. qveyanam
Tavi rom gamokvebos da produqtis SesaZenad sazRvargareT miliardi dolari ar gaitanos, es xom
realuri saqmea da didi ambavi ar
sWirdeba.
ramdenime wlis winaT saxelmwifom CvenTan TanamSromlobis
survili gamoTqva, magram bolos
Cveni masStabi ar moewonaT. samwuxarod, qveyanaSi erTaderTi kompania varT, vinc xorblisa da simindis Tesls amzadebs, seleqcias
eweva. bolos ise wavida saqme, gafarToebis nacvlad, Tavi rom gadagverCina, warmoebis Semcireba
mogvixda. saxelmwifo manqanasTan
ras gavxdebodiT. Cven yuradReba
ar mogvaqcies, wavidnen, milionebi gadaixades, xorblis da simindis Teslis ucxoeTidan Semoitanes. ise simarTle iTqvas, „pionerma“ Cveni saqmec gaakeTa, rom
mosaxleobaSi hibridis gacnobas
Seuwyo xeli. hibridebis gareSe ki
simindis marcvleulis warmoebis
gazrda SeuZlebelia.
mogexsenebaT, mecniereba Zviri saqmea. gaTvlili gvaqvs, Cveni
SesaZleblobebiT, am tempiT ganviTarebas Tu gavagrZelebT, aTi
wlis Semdeg, raRac Sedegs mivaRwevT, magram Tu saxelmwifo dainteresdeba, or-sam weliwadSi karg
masStabebze gasvla SegviZlia.
rac mTavaria, sakmaoze meti genetikuri resursi gvaqvs, rom axali
seleqcia vawarmooT, jiSebi gamoviyvanoT da davxvewoT. dRemde
mecnierebi, faqtobrivad, enTuziazmis xarjze, muSaobdnen, samwuxarod Sesabamis anazRaurebas
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
7
მრგვალი მაგიდა
axlac ver vaZlevT, magram vmuSaobT.
Cvens mecnierebs „lomTagoras“
meurenobis bazaze Tavisi samecniero firma aqvT, „agrosamecniero
jgufi lomTagora“. gvaqvs Cveni
sanerge, sacdeli nakveTebi, sadac
Cveni xorblebis aborigenul jiSebs vinaxavT da vamravlebT.
xorblis seleqciaSic kargi Sedegebi gvaqvs, ramdenime uxvmosavlian jiSebi gvaqvs gamoyvanili
da daregistrirebuli.
dRes, rogorc cnobilia, imarjvebs ara Zlieri mcenare, aramed
is, romelic garemos egueba. rac
ufro binZurdeba garemo, miT
ufro Zlierdeba safrTxe. gansakuTrebiT didi problema SeiZleba dadges virusebis gavrcelebis
mxriv. amis realuri safrTxe arsebobs. ager axlaxans ra daemarTa irans, viciT, moweuli xorblis mosavlis 95% erTianad gaunadgurda. amitom, am problemas
rom momzadebuli davxvdeT, Cven
TviTon daviwyeT iseTi formebis Zebna, romelic Cvens garemos
ufro egueba. swored aseTi genetikuri masaliTaa Zlieri Cveni xorblis jiSebi. Cven viRebT
elitur Teslsac da vawarmoebT
pirvel reproduqciasac, rasac
fermerebs vTavazobT. saerTod
msoflioSi ara Tu elitas, pirveli reproduqciis Teslsac aravin yidis, amitom vambobT, rom simindis da xorblis uxvmosavliani
Teslis warmoebis kargi pirobebi
gvaqvs da qveynis mniSvnelovani
moTxovnilebis
dakmayofileba
SegiZlia, Tumca aseTi interesi
jer Cvens mimarT saministros ar
gamouCenia.
Cvens Sexvedras eswreba erT-erTi msxvili fermeri, kaxa qurdiani, romlsac 1000 ha-ze aqvs daTesili Cveni xorbali, pirveli
reproduqciis Tesli da sakmaod
did mosavals, 5000 tona marcvlis
miRebas elodeba.
gulnar CxutiaSvili:
— ra mdgomareobaa xorblis meTesleobis mxriv qveyanaSi? am
kiTxvaze pasuxi mokle da martivia: — dargi aRar arsebobs!
iyo dro, roca regionisaTvis
Sesabamisi xorblis jiSebi irCe-
8
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
oda, radgan erTi jiSi agropirobebisa da sxa mizezTa gamo ar SeiZleba yvela regionisTvis misaRebi
iyos, amitomac miRebuli jiSebis
gamocdas da daraionebas da mis
sworad gavrcelebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
meTesleoba ori safexurisgan
Sedgeba, pirveladi meTesleoba,
anu elituri Teslis miReba da
misgan reproduqciuli Teslebis
warmoeba. Tu ar iarsebebs elituri Teslis warmoeba, ar iqneba
reproduqciuli Teslebi. qveyanaSi es saqme Camkvdaria da mis
aRdgenaze mTavrobam unda ifiqros, erTi romelime pirovneba,
Tu kompania, am problemas ver gadaWris.
petre nasyidaSvili:
— Tu ar aRvadgineT jiSTa gamocda, saqarTveloSi soflis
meurneobis aRdgenaze laparaki
zedmetia. es soflis meurneobis
safuZvelia.
Cven yovelTvis Semogvqonda
da arasdros Segviwyvetia ucxoeTidan kargi jiSebis Semotana,
Semogvqonda simindis, xorblis,
lobios, bostneuli kulturebis
Teslebic, magram Semotanili jiSebi yovelTvis gadioda jiSTa gamocdas.
xorbalze 6 sagamocdo daskvna iwereboda, sadac asaxuli iyo
misi gasavrcelebeli klimaturi
da niadaguri pirobebi, sxva monacemebi, aseve iyo bostneuliTan da mravalwlian nargavebTan
dakavSirebiT. vazs oTx zonaSi
vcdidiT. xexils — 6 zonaSi. dRes
jiSTa gamocda aRar arsebobs,
meTesleobis mxriv, Tu ar CavTvliT „lomTagoras“, arsad aRaraferi xdeba.
arcTu didi xnis winaT saqarTveloSi xorblis jiSi, „jageri“ Semoitanes, romelic manamde
lomTagoras meurneobaSi icdeboda. „jageri“ Zvirfasi jiSia, maRalxarisxian produqcias iZleva,
magram misi potenciuri mosavlianoba heqtarze 5-6 tonas ar scildeba. ai, Cven ki gvaqvs qarTuli
jiSi — „lomTagora 123“, romlis
genuri Sedgeniloba iseTia, rom
Tu pirobebs Seuqmni, ha-ze 8-10
tona marcvals mogcems. qveyanas
Tu sworad gaTvlili programa
eqneba, Tavisuflad SeuZlia marcvleuliT sakuTari moTxovnileba daikmayofilos. es marto sityvebi ki ara, realobaa.
iyo dro, roca Cven simindi ar
Semogvqonda, sakmaris raodenobas TviTon vawarmoebdiT. saqarTveloSi es cnobili kulturaa da
sakuTari msoflio rekordsmeni
jiSebi gvaqvs: „ajameTis TeTri“,
„abaSis yviTeli“, „geguTis yviTeli“, „kaJovanebi“ da sxva. am jiSebis meSveobiT marto Cven moTxovnas ki ara, mTel Crdilokavkasias
vakmayofilebdiT. Cveni jiSebi
Sua aziis respublikaSic ki iTeseboda. taSkentis olqSi am jiSebidan heqtarze 1200 centneri
marcvali miiRes, amitom saTesle
masalaze saqarTveloSi yovelTvis rigi idga.
amis aRdgena SeiZleba. RvTis
madliT jer kidev aris xalxi, visac SeuZlia muSaoba da es unda SevunarCunoT momaval Taobebs.
თებერვალი, 2013
მრგვალი მაგიდა
ra mdgomareobaa
mebostneobaSi...
leri nozaZe
— 1990 wlebamde saqarTveloSi
bostneuli moTxovnilebis mixedviT 28-29 aTas heqtarze iTeseboda.
SarSanwin nivris deficiti iyo da
kilogrami 12 laric ki Rirda. aseTi Cavardna daugegmavi muSaobis
Sedegia. zogadad saqarTveloSi
900 000 tonamde bostneuli iwarmoeboda. muSaobda gadammuSavebeli
qarxnebi, rogorc dasavleTSi, ise
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, magram
maTgan dRes arcerTi aRarc funqcionirebs. arsebobs erTi qarxana
marneulSi, magram aq adgilobrivi nedleuli 5-10%-ze meti Sedis,
mTlianad nedleulze muSaobs,
radgan adgilobrivTan SedarebiT,
importirebuli iafi jdeba.
qveyanas yovelwliurad 2500 kg.
pomidvris da amdenive kombostos
da 3000 kg. xaxvis Tesli sWirdeba.
iyo dro, roca am raodenobis Tesli qveyanaSi iwarmoeboda, axla ki
mebostneobaSi meTesleobis saqme mTlianad moSlilia, sacdeli
nakveTebi aRar arsebobs. dResac
ki qveyanaSi 75 saxeobis bostneuli iTeseba, e.i 75 nakveTi maincaa
saWiro, am saxeobebis Tesli rom
awarmoo.
bevri jiSi da saxeoba ukve dakargulia. xaxvis ramdenime jiSi
gvqonda: kaxuri, qarTuli Tu sxva
uamravi, dRes aRarcerTi aRar
arsebobs, asevea pomidoric. mogvyavda „Woportula“, sakonservo
pamidvrebi, ar vici Tu kidev sadmea SemorCenili. qalbatoni nana kakabaZe ki muSaobs pomidvris
seleqciaze, magram sad waiRos es
Tesli? sWirdeba vinmes?
amitom soflis meurneobis saministros dRes didi movaleoba
თებერვალი, 2013
akisria, rom am dargSi saqme gamoswordes. meTesleobis Sesaxeb kanonia misaRebi. unda aRdges
jiSTa gamocda, sacdeli sadgurebi, Tu Cvens niadagur pirobebs
Seguebuli jiSebi ar aRvadgineT,
araferi gamova. sanam kidev arian
SemorCenili specialistebi, maTi
gamocdileba unda gamoviyenoT,
daviwyoT seleqcia, aRvadginoT
pirveladi meTesleoba.
ki batono, metyvian ucxoeTidan rogor Teslsac gindaT, SemovitanTo, magram Tu is am ganeds,
Cvens klimatze ar aris Seguebuli, pirvel wels SeiZleba raRac
Sedegi mogces, magram mere aucileblad Cavardeba.
bostneulis Tesli Cven unda vawarmooT, radgan Semotanili Tesli Zalian Zviria, kilogrami 500550 lari Rirs, kartofilis erTi
kilogrami elituri Tesli 2,5 lari. erTi heqtaris dasaTesad 7000
laris Rirebulebis Teslia saWiro. Cvens fermers aseTi Teslis
yidvis saSualeba sad aqvs? amitom
adgilobriv warmoebas unda Seeqmnas pirobebi. samecniero potencials amoqmedebis SesaZlebloba
mieces, es iqneba swori gadawyvetileba da dRevandeliviT aRar
dagvWirdeba Tavis mtvreva, sad
viyidoT sasurveli kulturis xarisxiani Tesli.
nato kakabaZe:
— miwaTmoqmedebis institutSi
Semotanili Tesli vidre gamocdis yvela safexurs ar gaivlida
da daskvna ar daiwereboda, ise
vin gaavrcelebda meurneobebSi.
dRes miwaTmoqmedebis instituti,
faqtiurad aRar arsebobs, iq aranairi samuSaoebi ar tardeba. mebostneobis dargis specialisti
institutSi aRar darCa, kaTedra
gauqmda, ganyofilebebi daixura,
momavali specialistebi sad unda
aRizardon, vin unda aswavlos, gaurkvevelia.
me mWidrod vTanamSromlob mebostneobis saerTaSoriso organizaciasTan, romlis saTavo ofisi taivanSia. saukeTeso saTesle
masalas gvigzavnian, romelic Cven
klimatur pirobebSi icdeba. ukve
xuTi, CvenTan gavrcelebulic da
aratradiciulic jiSebic, gvaqvs
daregistrirebuli, magaliTad:
sabostne soio, sabostne barda da
sxva, magram es zRvaSi wveTia. CaTvaleT rom qveyanaSi es sfero, daxurulia.
nana fancxava:
— sagangaSo faqtia, rom dRes
axalgazrdoba am saqmiT ar interesdeba, qveyanaSi specialisti
aRar izrdeba. agrarul seqtorSi ganaTlebis sistema moSlilia.
mebostneobaSi specialisti aRar
datoves. RmerTma didxans gvicocxlos batoni petre nasyidaSvili, yvela Tqvengani, magram mere
ra iqneba, amaze unda dafiqrdes
saxelwifo, Cveni sazogadoeba.
me saqpatents warmovadgen da
CvenTan axli jiSebis daregistrireba kanoniT regulirdeba. jiSi
unda gamoicados gansxvavebulobaze, erTgvarovnebaze, stabilurobaze.
sagangaSoa is, rom Zalian bevri
Tesli ukontrolod Semodis qveyanaSi. faqtobrivad, rac CvenTan
daregistrirebuli ar aris da ise
Semodis, kontrabandaa. es ki did
safrTxes Seicavs, radgan ar viaxali agraruli saqarTvelo
9
მრგვალი მაგიდა
ciT, ras vTesavT. es yovlad dauSvebelia. aseTi ram ara Tu civilizebul, aracivilizebul qveynebSic ar xdeba.
bolo wlebSi saqpatentSi „lomTagoras“ ramdenime jiSia daregistrirebuli, gvaqvs kidev sxadasxva saxeobis bostneulis jiSi,
romelic ukve konkretul pirTa
sakuTrebaa da kanoniT daculia.
axali Tu Zveli jiSebis daregistrireba imitomacaa saWiro, rom
Semdeg masze pretenzia aravis gauCndes.
giorgi RuRuniSvili
mixaria, rom aq gulanTebul
qarTvelebs vxedav, romlebic did
saqmes arian SeWidebuli. am saqmeSi axali adamiani var, magram ukve
Semiyvarda. daaxloebiT vici, ra
mdgomareobacaa dargSi. pirveli nabijs vdgamT, kanonmdeblobas vxvewT. eqspertebad ayvanili
gvyavs mecnierebi baton petre
nasyidaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT
da intensiurad vixilavT am sakiTxebs.
paralelurad vmuSaobT 19 sacdeli meurneobis aRsadgenad, sa-
dac jiSTa gamocda moxdeba. intensiurad muSavdeba dargis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo programa.
soflis meurneoba da mecniereba
ganuyofeli nawilebia. vxedavT,
rom didi problemebis winaSe
vdgavarT, bevri winaRoba gvxvdeba, magram, merwmuneT, yvela bariers davZlevT.
baton petresTan erTad sofel
maRaroSi 600 ha-ze xorblis 12
jiSi davTeseT. kaxeTSi, sadac miwaTmoqmedebis instituts sacdeli sadgurebi hqonda, aq gvindoda
10
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
meTesleobis infrastruqturis
aRdgena da teritoriis SeZena,
mecnierebis mowveva, axalgazrda
specialistTa Taobis aRzarda,
magram moxda ise, rom es miwa Cven
ar mogvyides da naCqarevad iranelebs imis naxevar fasad misces, ra
fasSic Cven gvTavazobdnen.
saqme ise martivad aris, rogorc
garedan Cans. es marto soflis meurneobis saministros problema
ar gaxlavT, globaluri problemaa.
gmadlobT, dRes Zalian saintereso Sexvedra gamovida. kargi iqneba Tu aseTi Sexvedrebi da diskusiebi mxolod SexvedrisTvis
ar gakeTdeba. Cemi survili iqneba,
gakeTdes reziume, momzaddes winadadebebi, Seiqmnas muSa jgufi,
romelic paralelurad rekomendaciebs gagviwevs da dagvexmareba. Cvenc yoveldRiurad mogawvdiT informaciebs ras vakeTebT,
ra etapze varT, kanonmdeblobis
Tu sxva sakiTxebis SemuSavebis
mxriv. Tqveni daxmarebiT, imedi
gvaqvs, mivxedoT seleqcias, jiSTa gamocdas. aucileblad unda
aRvadginoT da ganvaviTaroT is,
rac gvqonda. SeiZleba im masStabebiT vera, rac iyo, magram unda
daviwyoT Seneba.
dRes gvaqvs idealuri Sansi. iseTi resursi, rac Cvens soflis meurneobas, albaT, arc arasdros
hqonia amxela dafinanseba da aseTi yuradReba. qveynis momavali
mijaWvulia soflis meurneobaze. iqmneba saxelmwifo programa.
vfiqrob, dotaciaze unda iyos
yvela is sfero, romelic soflis
meurneobis
ganviTarebisTvisaa
aucilebeli. es aris Cveni mizani
da am mimarTulebiT vmuSaobT kidec.
saxelmwifos midgoma aseTia,
rom jiSTa gamocdis garda, igi
minimaluri doziT unda Caerios
konkretul saqmeSi, fermerma Tavis saqme unda akeTos, moiyvanos
mosavali, Semoitanos sasoflosameurneo teqnika da ase Semdeg.
yvelaferi rac dRes saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia, ramdenime weliwadSi kerZo sakuTrebaSi unda
gadavides. saxelmwifo CaerTveba
im programebSi, romelic mecnierebis ganviTarebas exeba: jiSTa
gamocdas, specialistebis momzadebas, sakonsultacio centrebis
aRdgenas da a.S.
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis qveyanaSi didi proeqtebi mzaddeba, rac yvela dargs moicavs.
avTandil mumlaZe:
miwaTmoqmedebis instituts 65
jiSi da hibridi aqvs gamoyvani-
li. qarTveli mecnierebis amdeni
wlis naSromi, ratom unda daekargos qveyanas, ver gamigia.
Cven varT specialistebi, TiToeuls SeuZlia Tavis saqmis keTeba,
magram vin unda gauwios am saqmes
koordinacia, mgoni mTavari es
aris. mividivarT mTavrobamde, da
sxvaTaSoris me Zalian imedianad
var, xandaxan soflis meurneobis
saministroSi misvla mixdeba, vxedav axalgazrdobas saqmis keTebis
survili gauCnda, rac Zalian maxarebs.
gulistkiviliT vambob: ase rom
gagrZelebuliyo, ramdenime weliwadSi saerTod davkargavdiT
yvelafers, amitom vTxov saministros warmomadgenels, rom RvTis
madliT, saqarTveloSi jer kidev
arian mecnierebi, romelTac saqmis keTeba aramc Tu SeuZliaT,
survili aqvT, Tanac sxvasTan SedarebiT arc did moTxovnebs aravis uyeneben, gamoiyeneT es xalxi!
giorgi RuRuniSvili:
Cven, rogorc vTqvi, mzad varT
mogisminoT da Tqveni mosazreba
gaviziaroT. jiSTa gamocdisa da
sacdeli sadgurebis aRdgenaSi
Tqveni daxmarebisa da Tanadgomis
imedi gvaqvs.
თებერვალი, 2013
მეცნიერთა თვალსაზრისი
mar c v le ul kul tu ra Ta war mo e ba Si ar se bu li
mdgo ma re o ba da gan vi Ta re bis per s peq ti ve bi
msoflio eqspertTa analitikuri monacemebis safuZvelze dadasturebulia, rom XXI saukunes kacobrioba metad gamwvavebuli sasursaTo problemiT Sexvda. Tu axali saukunis damdegisaTvis dedamiwaze mosaxleobis 17% SimSilobda, uaxloes 10-15 weliwadSi es safrTxe planetis
mcxovrebTa 25%-s emuqreba, amitom sasursaTo uzrunvelyofis ZiriTadi problema iyo da momavalSic aseTad darCeba, marcvleulis warmoebis moculobis gazrda. am sakiTxis warmatebiT
gadawyveta nebismieri qveynis erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis safuZvelTa safuZvelia.
kulturul mcenareTa Soris Cveni qveynisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania marcvleuli kulturebi, romelic kulturaTa or jgufs aerTianebs: 1) TavTaviani
pureuli (xorbali, qeri, Wvavi, Svria) da burRuleuli (simindi, Romi, fetvi, wiwibura), 2) samarcvle parkosnebi (lobio, soia,) da zeTovani (mzesumzira).
samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi ZiriTadi marcvleuli
kulturebis mosavlianoba Zalian dabalia. 2010 wlis
monacemebiT xorbali 47,5 aTas ha-ze daiTesa, saidanac saSualo mosavlianobam ha-ze 1,0 tona Seadgina;
simindi 99,8 aTas ha-ze daiTesa da saSualo mosavlianoba ha-ze 1,4 t. iyo; qeri daiTesa — 20,6 aTas ha-ze,
mosavlianoba 1,1 t/ha; lobio daiTesa 6,7 aTas ha-ze,
mosavlianoba — 0,6 t/ha.
mizezi imisa, rom marcvleuli kulturebis mosavlianoba dabalia, is aris, rom ugulvebelyofilia seleqcia-meTesleobis sistema, ris gamoc ar arsebobs dRes
Teslis warmoebis sakanonmdeblo baza; ar mimdinareobs kulturaTa morigeoba — Teslbrunva; ar arsebobs
marcvleul kulturebze orientirebuli mcenareTa
dacvis integrirebuli sistema; dabalia fermerTa kooperaciis done; gaumarTavia grZelvadiani da iafi sakredito sistema; saqarTvelos mravalferovani niadaguri da klimaturi zonebisaTvis (22 zona) ar tardeba
Sesaferisi jiSebisa da hibridebis SerCeva; warmoebaSi
iTeseba winaswar Seumowmebeli jiSebisa da hibridebis Tesli; sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikisa da sawvavis
siZviris gamo droulad da xarisxianad ver tardeba
agroteqnologiuri RonisZiebebi (niadagis ZiriTadi
damuSaveba, Tesviswina damuSaveba, Tesva, kultivacia,
naTesis movla, mosavlis aReba — dabinaveba, Senaxva).
saqarTveloSi obieqturi mizezebis (mcire miwianoba, maRalmTianoba) gamo sakuTari warmoebis marcvleuliT, ara Tu optimaluri, aramed minimaluri
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebac, TiTqmis, SeuZlebelia. magram es ar niSnavs, rom qveyanaSi dRes ar iyos
marcvleulis warmoebis Semdgomi mkveTri gazrdisa
da sasursaTod sakmarisi marcvleulis miRebis realuri SesaZleblobani. sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebis prognozi mWidrodaa damokidebuli axali miwebis aTvisebis mosalodneli transformaciis,
melioraciul da miwebis dacvis sxva RonisZiebebTan.
kulturisaTvis Sesaferisi agroteqnologiuri RonisZiebebis gatarebiT, maRalxarisxovani reproduqciuli TesliT, saukeTeso bunebrivi, materialuri,
SromiTi, inteleqtualuri da geopolitikuri potencialis realurad amoqmedebiT da efeqtianobis amaRთებერვალი, 2013
lebis gziT, saqarTvelos SeuZlia Rirseuli adgili
daimkvidros msoflios integraciul procesebSi.
Cvens qveyanas sami ZiriTadi piroba da Zlieri mxare
aqvs, rom sagrZnoblad gaizardos marcvleuli kulturebis mosavlianoba. es gaxlavT: 1) marcvleuli
kulturebis moyvanisaTvis xelsayreli niadaguri da
klimaturi pirobebi; 2) mecnierebis mier gamoyvanili
da warmoebaSi danergili marcvleuli kulturebis
jiSebi da hibridebi, romlebic gamoirCeva, rogorc
mosavlianobiT, aseve mosavlis xarisxiT; 3) zonis pirobebisaTvis, mecnierebis mier damuSavebuli marcvleuli kulturebis movla-moyvanis teqnologiebi.
Tu gvinda, gvqondes marcvleuli kulturebis,
qveynisaTvis saWiro jiSiani Tesli, unda aRdges seleqcia-meTesleobis sistema xuTive safexuriT: 1)
seleqcia (axali jiSebisa da hibridebis miReba); 2)
jiSTa gamocda da daraioneba, 3) meTesleoba, 4) Teslis warmoeba da damzadeba, 5) Teslis kontroli.
kulturebis maRali da stabiluri mosavlis misaRebad saWiroa maTi movla-moyvanis Tanamedrove srulyofili agroteqnologia, riTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba
qveyanaSi vawarmooT: xorbali -3,5 t/ha; qeri — 2,5t/ha;
simindi - 5,5t/ha; wiwibura - 2,2t/ha; mzesumzira -2,5t/ha;
lobio - 2,0t/ha; soia - 2,5t/ha. amiT saqarTvelo, dasaxelebuli kulturebis saSualo mosavlianobis doniT miuaxlovdeba evropis qveynebis saSualo mosavlianobis
dones da am kulturebis Sesabamisi odenobis saTesle
farTobebze TesviT marto saqarTvelos sasursaTo da
saTesle masaliT uzrunvelyofa ki ara, zogierTi kulturis marcvlis Teslis, an damzadebuli produqtebis
qveynis farglebs gareT gatanac SegveZleba.
petre nasyidaSvili
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
erovnuli akademiis w/ko
w korespodenti, saqarTvelos
mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawe, saxelmwifo da
l. dekapreleviCis saxelobis premiis laureati,
s/mm doqtori, profesori;
oTar liparteliani
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa
akademiis w/ki
w kirespondenti, saxelmwifo da dargobrivi premiis laureati, s/m
s m doqtori, profesori;
gulnari CxutiaSvili
saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis miwaTmoqmedebis
institutis mecnier muSaki, s/m
s m akademiuri doqtori.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
11
მემც ენარ ეო ბა
მემცენარეობა
bostneulisa da mindvris kulturebis
xarisxiani produqciis warmoeba bunebrivi
resursebis maqsimaluri gamoyenebiT
oTxmociani wlebidan, saxnav-saTesi miwebis dacvas da nayofierebis
amaRlebas qveyanaSi aranairi yuradReba aRar eqceva, maSin roca savargulebis 49% qarisa da wylismier erozias ganicdis. gasaTvaliswinebelia
isic, rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi niadagSi humusis Semcveloba 0,8-1,5 %-iT Semcirda, rac katastrofis tolfasia, radgan humusis 0,5%-is momatebas bunebriv pirobebSi saukunec ar hyofnis.
aRar arsebobs organuli sasuqebis gamoyeneba. ugulvebelyofilia Teslbrunvebi da sideracia,
ganoyiereba warmoebs mxolod mineraluri sasuqebis maRali dozebis calmxrivi da usistemo gamoyenebiT. niadagis gasanoyiereblad
TiTqmis yvela mxolod azotian sasuqs iyenebs, rac iwvevs didi raodenobiT produqciaSi nitratebis
dagrovebas, romelic kuWnawlavSi
ufro sawamlav nitritebad gadaiqceva. amasTanave mineraluri sasuqebis maRali dozebis gamoyenebiT
produqciaSi grovdeba mZime liTonebi (dariSxani, kadmiumi, tyvia
da sxva) yovelive es iwvevs adamianis organizmSi organoebis SeSupebasa da simsivnis Camoyalibebas.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare
sakmaod didi farTobis sasoflosameurneo brunvidan amovardnis
saSiSroeba iqmneba. rac Seexeba miRebul produqcias axla Znelad
mosaZebnia iseTi, romelic dasaSveb farglebSi Seicavdes nitratebs da mZime metalebs.
niadagis nayofierebis TandaTanobiTi gaumjobeseba, dabali
TviTRirebulebis xarisxiani produqciis warmoeba da mineraluri
sasuqebis gamoyenebis Semcireba,
dRes erT-erTi mTavari amocanaa.
aRniSnulis misaRwevad saWirod
migvaCnia agrowesebSi arsebul
teqnologiur procesebs daematos mravalwlovani da erTwlovani parkosani balaxebis axleburad
gamoyenebis teqnologiebi:
agrowesebis sruli dacviT momzadebul niadagze, gabatonebuli qarebis da morwyvis pirobe-
12
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
bis gaTvaliswinebiT, farTobis
yovel 150 sm-is daSorebiT erT
mwkrivad unda daiTesos mravalwlovani lurji ionja saTesi manqaniT (mcire nakveTze xeliT) im
angariSiT, rom erT grZiv metrze
aRmocendes 90-110 mcenare.
ionjis mwkrivTaSorisebSi iwarmoeba bostneulisa da mindvris
kulturebis produqcia Sesabamisi manqana iaraRebis gamoyenebiT.
ZiriTad kulturebSi vegetaciis periodSi unda SeiTesos erTwlovani, mokle vegetaciis mqone
parkosani (magaliTad axalqalaqis cercvela) siderati imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom produqciis
mosavlis aRebis dros siderati
iyos daparkebis sawyis fazaSi da
Caixnas niadagSi erTad (am SemTxvevaSi ionjis naTibic igulisxmeba) ar unda dagvaviwydes kontroli, dazianebuli mcenareebis
moTxra da specialurad gamoyofil adgilze dawva. nacari ki dabrundeba imave nakveTze.
aRniSnuli teqnologiis gamoyenebiT pirvelive wlidan iwyeba
dasaxuli miznis ganxorcieleba.
mravalwliani ionja da siderati
mcenare yovelwliurad niadags amdidrebs tonobiT organuli anarCenebiT da haeridan fiqsirebuli
mniSvnelovani odenobis azotiT,
fosforiT da sxva, rac imis saSualebas iZleva, rom TandaTan SevamciroT mineraluri sasuqebis gamoyeneba da sami-oTxi wlis Semdeg, Tu
mTlianad ver gamovricxavT, gamoviyenebT mxolod Zalze mcire raodenobiT niadagis laboratoriuli
analizis Sedegebis Sesabamisad.
mosalodneli Sedegi: yovelwliurad TandaTan amaRldeba niadagis nayofiereba, mniSvnelovnad
davicavT qarisa da wylis mieri
eroziisagan, miviRebT sakvebad
gemriel da sufTa, dabali TviTRirebulebis maRal mosavals.
aleqsandre saraliZe
sm mecnierebaTa doqtori.
mTavari mecnier konsultanti.
nato kakabaZe
smm doqtori. bostneul-baRCeuli kulturebis nacionaluri
koordinatori saqarTveloSi.
nugzar bendianiSvili
mecnier TanamSromeli.
თებერვალი, 2013
კონ სულტაცია
კონსულტაცია
sa ga zafxu lo sa mu Sa o e bi
sa Se mod go mo xor b lis na Tes Si
adamianisaTvis saWiro sasursaTo produqtebSi puri yvelaze gamorCeulia, amitom xorbals sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa naTesebs Soris pirveli adgili ukavia.
biologiuri Taviseburebis mixedviT arCeven xorblis saSemodgomo (romlebic mxolod Semodgomaze iTeseba), sagazafxulo (romlis Tesva gazafxulze xdeba) da
orTesela (romelic iTeseba rogorc Semodgomaze, ise gazafxulze) formebs. xorblis marcvlis
warmoebaSi saSemodgomo xorblis
xvedriTi wili gacilebiT metia,
vidre misi sagazafxulo formebisa, rac imiTaa gamowveuli, rom
misi mosavlianoba ufro myari da
saimedoa. saSemodgomo xorbali
ukeTesad iyenebs niadagis tens,
iviTarebs mZlavr fesvTa sistemas
da sagazafxulo xorbalTan SedarebiT meti bartyobis unari aqvs.
saqarTveloSi TavTaviani kulturebis saerTo naTesebSi 70%
saSemodgomo formebs ukavia.
xorblis gavrcelebis ZiriTadi
zonebia: kaxeTi, qarTli, mesxeTjavaxeTi.
saSemodgomo xorbali grZeli
dRis mcenarea. misi aRmocenebis
siswrafe damokidebulia Teslis
xarisxze, niadagis damuSavebis
mdgomareobaze, tensa da siTboze.
civ da mSral periodSi aRmoceneba
ori-sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi xangrZlivdeba, xolo Tbilsa da teniT
თებერვალი, 2013
uzrunvelyofisas naTesi me-6 me-7
dRes aRmocendeba. Teslis gaRiveba iwyeba 1-20C temperaturaze, magram aRmocenebisa da normaluri
zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa
12-150C, xorblis bartyoba normalurad mimdinareobs 8-100C pirobebSi, xolo 3-40C-ze wyvets vegetacias. masze uaryofiTad moqmedebs
dReRamuri temperaturis mkveTri
ryeva, dRisiT plius 5-100C da RamiT — 100C-mde, uTovlo zamTarSi
damRupvelia -16-180C.
normalur pirobebSi moTavsebuli xorblis Teslis gaRivebisaTvis saWiroa oTxi faqtori:
siTbos, sinaTlis, haeraciis da
tenis erToblivi moqmedeba, romelTa gavleniT endospermSi arsebuli sakvebi elementebi iSleba, gadadis xsnad mdgomareobaSi
da xmardeba aRmonacenis ganviTarebas. niadagSi moTavsebuli marcvali swrafad iTvisebs wyals im
momentamde, sanam tenianoba ar
gaTanabrdeba niadagSi da marcvalSi. xorblis marcvlis gasaRiveblad saWiro wylis raodenoba
saSualod tolia marcvlis wonis
55-60%-isa. kidev ufro izrdeba
tenze moTxovnileba bartyobis,
aRerebis, marcvlis Casaxvisa da
damsxvilebis periodSi. tenis simcire aferxebs am procesebs, radgan Semcirebulia sakvebi elementebis Sesvla mcenareSi, xorblis
kultura cudad itans gvalvas.
Teslis garSemo haeris Seuferxebeli moZraoba misi gaRivebis
aucilebeli pirobaa. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela is piroba, romelic niadagSi (niadagis piris Sekvra, wakirva an zedapiris gayinva,
datborva, Warbi teni Teslis ganlagebis adgilze da sxva) haeris
cirkulacias aferxebs, gaRivebis
process xels uSlis.
jejilis ganoyiereba
da farcxva
gazafxulze, Cveulebriv saSemodgomo naTesebi ramdenadme
dasustebulia. pirvel rigSi naTesis swrafi gamojansaRebisa da
zrda-ganviTarebis daCqarebisaTvis zrunvaa saWiro. am mizniT jejils sagazafxulod, umTavresad
azotiani sasuqebiT kvebaven. sarwyav da teniT uzrunvelyofil miwebze mineraluri sasuqebis ufro
didi dozebi SeaqvT, vidre urwyav
da gvalvian zonebSi, radgan teniT uzrunvelyofil pirobebSi
mcenare mineralur sasuqebs ufro ukeT iTvisebs da misi efeqtic
metia.
naTesis gamosakvebad saWiroa
80-100 kg. azoti moqmedi nivTieaxali agraruli saqarTvelo
13
კო ნსულტაცია
კონსულტაცია
rebis saxiT, rac fizikuri woniT
240-300 kg. amoniumis gvarjilas
udris. urwyav pirobebSi mizanSewonilia mocemuli normebis 180200 kg-mde Semcireba.
gazafxulze naTesebis gamokvebis efeqtis asamaRleblad azotiani sasuqis Setana mcenaris fesvTa sistemis areSi 6-8 sm siRrmeze
umjobesia, rac Cveulebrivi marcvleuli kulturebis saTesiT
sruldeba. gamokveba tardeba kargad dabartyebul naTesSi. susti, fesvebmoumagrebeli naTesis
gamosakvebad saTesi manqanis gamoyeneba mizanSewonili ar aris,
radgan saTesi manqana naTess daazianebs.
gamokveba warmoebs adre gazafxulze, rogorc ki Tovli
aiReba, an niadagis zedapiri SeSreba da SesaZlebeli iqneba naTesSi teqnikiT Sesvla. sasuqebis SetanisTanave xSirad naTess msubuq
kbilebiani farcxiT farcxaven.
mwkrivebis gardi-gardmo dafarcxva, imis garda, rom axlad Setanil sasuqs aqcevs niadagis tenian
fenaSi, rac aadvilebs mcenaris
mier mis SeTvisebas, afxvierebs
niadags da xels uwyobs jejilis
ganaxlebul bartyobas, spobs sarevelebsa da rac mTavaria, xels
uwyobs niadagSi tenis SenarCunebas. mcenareebis naklebad dazianebis mizniT, jejilis farcxva
tardeba dabal siCqareze. naTesebis sagazafxulo dafarcxva 2-3
centneriT zrdis marcvlis saheqtaro mosavlianobas.
saSemodgomo xorblis jejili
gazafxulze SeiZleba daifarcxos, ris Sedegad iSleba niadagis
qerqi, mcenareebs scildeba gamxmari nawilebi, iqmneba normaluri pirobebi xorblis mcenareTa
zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis.
Tavis
droze dafarcxva mniSvnelovnad amcirebs wylis aorTqlebas,
RonisZieba tardeba im dros, roca niadagi kargad fxvierdeba, ar
izileba gadaWarbebuli tenianobisgan da ar imtvereba gamoSrobis gamo.
naTesis morwyva. saSemodgomo
xorbali vegetaciis periodSi mniSvnelovnad met wyals moiTxovs,
vidre sagazafxulo xorbali. es
dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom saSe-
14
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
modgomo xorbals axasiaTebs ufro grZeli savegetacio periodi
da iZleva ufro met mosavals.
saSemodgomo xorblis normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisTvis ufro xelsayrelia, roca niadagis
zRvruli tentevadoba 80-75%-ze
dabali ar aris. savegetacio periodSi saSemodgomo xorbali xarjavs 2500-4000 m3 wyals ha-ze.
tenze moTxovna damokidebulia
mcenaris xnovanebaze, zrdis intensivobaze, ganviTarebis siZliereze, niadagSi tenis arsebobaze,
temperaturaze, haeris fardobiT
tenianobaze, ganaTebaze, fesvTa
sistemis ganviTarebaze, sakvebi
nivTierebebis uzrunvelyofaze
da sxva faqtorebsa da pirobebze.
rekomendebulia naTesis Tesvis
Semdgomi da savegetacio morwyvebis Catareba. pirveli savegetacio morwyva Catardeba mcenaris
aRerebis fazaSi, xolo momdevno
saWiroebis mixedviT daTavTaveba-yvavilobis da marcvlis Sevsebis dros.
mavneblebis winaaRmdeg brZola.
xorbals mniSvnelovan zians ayenebs da zogjer naTesebs da miRe-
gazafxulze, saSemodgomo xorblis naTesebSi, marcvlovanTa mavneblebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi
mavneblebis winaaRmdeg inseqticidebis Sesxureba tardeba. aseTi
wamloba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba ganmeordes.
TavTaviani kulturebis umTavresi mavneblebi
mwvaneTvala buzi - masobrivi
gamravlebis SemTxvevaSi xorblis
aRerebis dros mcenareebis 50%
azianebs. dazianebuli mcenareebis TavTavi foTlis xalTidan ver
amodis, ibereba da ganviTarebas
wyvets. mavne buzebs Soris mwvaneTvala buzi yvelaze meti mavneobiT gamoirCeva.
puris bzuala — TavTaviani kulturebis specifikur mavnebelTa
Soris erT-erTi mTavari mavnebelia. bzuala Sebindebidan dilamde soroebSi iTrevs jejils da
fleTs, dRisiT soroebSi imaleba.
Wia-wurbela — xorbleulis foTlebs azianebs rogorc matli, ise
xoWo, ris Sedegadac moTeTro
feris wagrZelebuli laqebi warmoiqmneba, mcirdeba saasimilacio
moedani da mcenare sustdeba.
xorbalSi gamosayeneblad rekomendebuli herbicidebi
mavnebelis
dasaxeleba
preparatis dasaxeleba, gamoyenebis xergamoyenebis
xarjvis norma (l/ha,
(l ha, kg/ha,
kg ha, xi, dro, gamoyenebis Tavisebureba jeradoba
l/t,
t, kg/t)
kg t)
rwyilebi, Trifsebi, arivo (cipermetrini) 0,2
bugrebi, kusebura baR- l/ha,
ha, aqteliki (pirimif- Sesxureba vegelinjo, Wia wurbela, ma- os-meTili) 1,0 l/ha,
l ha, decisi taciis periodSi
rcvlovanTa buzebi
(deltametrini) 0,25 l/ha.
l ha.
2
mavne kusebura, rwyilebi, WriWinoblebi, bug- alpaki (alfacipermetri- Sesxureba vegel ha deltarini taciis periodSi
rebi, Trifsebi, puris ni) 0,1-0,15 l/ha
(deltametrini) 0,25 l/ha
l ha
xoWoebi, buzebi
2
mdelos farvana, bug- decisi (deltametrini)
Sesxureba vegerebi, Wiawurbela, mar- 0,25 l/ha.
l ha. zoloni (fozataciis periodSi
cvlovanTa buzebi, rwyi- loni) 1,5-2,0 l/ha
l ha
lebi, puris xoWo
2
valsimba (labdacigalotrini) 0,2-0,4 l/ha,
l ha, kaizo Sesxureba vege0,2 kg/ha,
kg ha, karate (labdaci- taciis periodSi
galotrini) 0,2 l/ha
l ha karate zeoni 0,2 l/ha
l ha
1
xorblis xoWoebi, Trifsebi, mavne kusebura,
bugrebi, xerxiebi, Wiawurbela, WriWinoblebi
bul mosavals mavneblebi mTlianad anadgurebs. nawili mwerebisa
xorblis mcenares azianebs wuwniT, nawili ki RrRniT. yovelive amis codnas mniSvneloba aqvs
brZolis qimiuri RonisZiebebis
gamoyenebis dros, radgan nawili
pesticidebisa moqmedebs kontaqturi, nawili ki sistemuri gziT.
sarevelebisgan naTesebis dacva.
sarevelebisgan naTesebis dacvis
RonisZiebaTa SemuSavebis dros
uwinares yovlisa mxedvelobaSi
unda miviRoT, rom sustad dasarevlianebis SemTvevaSi saheqtaro
mosavlianoba 6-8%-iT mcirdeba,
xolo Zlieri dasarevlianebisas 25-30%-iT da metadac. amitom saთებერვალი, 2013
კონ სულტაცია
კონსულტაცია
revelebTan brZola mosavlianobis gazrdis metad mniSvnelovani
da efeqtiani faqtoria.
mozamTre da saSemodgomo sarevelebis mosaspobad saSemodgomo
xorblis mcenareTa aRmocenebamde zogierT mikro-regionSi reko-
mendebulia Zlieri herbicidebis
Setana. Zlieri herbicidebi gamoirCeva maRali efeqtianobiT, naTesebs sarevelebisgan 90-95%-iT
asufTavebs da marcvlis mosavlis
matebas heqtarze 0,30-,059 tonamde uzrunvelyofs.
her bicidebs, ro gorc wesi,
bar tyo bis fa za Si asxu reben,
ma Sin, ro ca ha eris tem peratura 12-150C miaR wves, ufro ad re
Sesxureba uar yo fiTad moqmedebs mcena ris Semdgom ganvi Tareba ze.
xorbalSi gamosayeneblad rekomendebuli herbicidebi
preparatis
dasaxeleba
xarjvis norma l/ha,
l ha, kg
2,4 d aminis marili (avstria)
0,8-1,2
erTwlovani da mravalwlovani naTesebis Sesxureba mcenaris 3-4 foTlis fazidan
farTofoTlovani
aRerebamde
1
granlendi
(TurqeTi)
15-20g/ha
15-20g
ha
erTwlovani da orlebnianebi, naTesebis Sesxureba sarevelis 2-3 foTlis fazaSi,
maT Soris 2,4 d-s mimarT gamZle xorblis mcenaris bartyobis damTavrebamde
1
eranstari
(Sveicaria)
15-20g/ha
15-20g
ha
erTwlovani da orlebnianebi, naTesebis Sesxureba sarevelis 2-3 foTlis fazaSi,
maT Soris 2,4 d-s mimarT gamZle
xorblis mcenaris bartyobis damTavrebamde
1
lominatori
(safrangeTi)
2-3
Sesxureba mosavlis aRebamde 2 kviriT adre (marcvlis
tenianoba (3%-ze naklebi) xorblis gamosaSrobad da
sarevelebis nawilibrivi gaxmobisaTvis
1
valsmani (aSS)
0,8-1,0
lograni
(Sveicaria)
6,5-10g/ha
6,5-10g
ha
erTwlovaniorlebnianebi,maT So- Sesxureba xorblis bartyobis dasawyisidan aRereris 2,4 d-s mimarT gamZle, zogierTi bamde gadasvlamde. erTwliani da mravalwliani sarevelebis winaaRmdeg gamoyeneba SeiZleba maSin, Tu
mravalwlovani orlebnianebi
niadagebSi PH ar aRemateba 7-s
1
puma superi
0,8-1,2
erTwlovani marcvlovnebi (Svri- sarevelebze Sesxureba xorblis mcenaris 2 foTlis
uka, Zurwas yvela saxeoba)
fazidan bartyobis damTavrebamde
1
topiki
(Sveicaria)
0,3-0,4
Sesxureba sarevelebis ganviTarebvis 2-3 foTlis
ganviTarebis fazidan.
1
gamoyenebis wesi
sarevelebi
erTwlovani marcvlovnebi
orlebniani sarevelebi
da
erTwlovani orlebniani, maT Soris 2,4 d-s mimarT gamZle, agreTve
RiWas saxeobebi (nari da sxva)
Svriuka
Sesxureba xorblis bartyobis fazaSi
gamoyenebis
jeradoba
1
ეს საინტერესოა
mandarins SeuZlia gaxdomaSi dagexmaroT
koreelma mecnierebma kvlevis axali Sedegebi gamoaqveynes, romelsac isini mandarinze atarebdnen.
rogorc irkveva, am citrusis regularulad miRebas
adamianis zedmeti cximianobasa da cirozisgan daicva SeuZlia.
samxreT koreelma mecnierebma eqsperimenti skolaSi Caatares, sadac 60 iseTi bavSvi SearCies, romlebsac zedmeti wona awuxebdaT da sportul darbazebSi yoveldRiurad specialur varjiSebs itarebdnen. varjiSTan erTad mkvlevarebi eqsprimentSi
monawile 60 bavSvidan 30 regularulad yoveldRe
asmevdnen mandarinis wvens. eqsperimentis dasrulebis Semdeg, gairkva rom 30 mozardi, romlebic mandarinis wvens iRebdnen, TavianTi Tanaskolelebisgan
SedarebiT sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi wonaSi 1.5%-iT
daikles.
kidev erTi cda Catarda virTagvebze. mRrRnelebs
ukeTebdnen mandarinis koncentratis ineqcias. eqsperimentis ganmavlobaSi mRrRnelebma muclis areSi
cximebis 59% dakarges, saerTod ki virTagvebma wonaSi 45%-iT daikles.
თებერვალი, 2013
amasTan erTad koreeli mecnierebi mividnen im azramde, rom mandarini dadebiTad moqmedebs RviZlis ujredebze, xels uwyobs maT aRdgenas. amJamad, isini mandarinisgan samkurnalo sasmelis dasamzadeblad muSaoben.
xalxur medicinaSi cnobilia, rom spirtze damzadebuli mandarinis qerqis nayeni xels uwyobs madis
momatebas da saWmlis monelebis procesis normalurad warmarTvas. agreTve igi cnobilia, rogorc
bronqitis sawinaaRmdego saSualeba.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
15
საკონსულტციო სამსახური
wiTeli da Savi mocxari _ moyvanis
agroteqnologiuri Taviseburebebi
mocxari Ribes-is gvaris erT-erTi uZvelesi da cnobili kenkrovani
kulturaa, romelic mraval saxeobas aerTianebs. samrewvelo mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod ramdenime maTgans, romelTagan gamoyofen wiTel
(Ribes rubrum) da Sav mocxars (Ribes nigrum), aseve SezRuduli komerciuli datvirTva aqvs oqrosfer (narinjisfer) mocxars (Ribes
sativum), romelic botanikurad wiTeli mocxaris saxesxvaobas warmoadgens.
karmidamo nakveTebze, ZiriTadad
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi erTeuli buCqebis an mcire jgufuri
nargaobis saxiT. ramdenime sammocxaris 11 umsxvilesi mwarmoebeli msoflioSi, tona, 2010
mocxari maRali sakvebi TvisebebiT gamoirCeva da didi raodenobiT janmrTelobisaTvis sasargeblo nivTierebebs Seicavs. mis
moxmarebas urCeven samedicino
mizniT arTritebis da revmatizmebis samkurnalod. dadgenilia,
rom mocxaris miReba RviZlis da
Tirkmlis funqciebis cxovelqmedebas aumjobesebs. miCneulia,
rom es kenkra xasiaTdeba anTebis
sawinaaRmdego efeqtiT da sasargebloa gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis gamarTuli muSaobisaTvis.
mocxari warmoadgens askorbinis
mJavis erT-erT saukeTeso wyaros
sxva xil-kenkrovan kulturebTan
SedarebiT (wiTeli mocxari — 40 45 mg/100g, Savi mocxari — 170 - 190
mg/100g).
msoflioSi mocxaris farTobebi
120 000 ha. moicavs, xolo mTliani
warmoeba 642 000 tonas (2010) Seadgens, romlis 50 %-ze meti ruseTze (327 000 tona) modis. mocxaris
msxvili mwarmoeblebi aseve arian:
ukraina, poloneTi, avstria, inglisi da sxva.
samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi mocxaris warmoebis Sesaxeb statistikuri monacemebi ar arsebobs.
igi gavrcelebulia mxolod sa-
16
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
ruseTi
327 000.00
poloneTi
190 782.00
ukraina
25 800.00
avstria
22 920.00
inglisi
17 300.00
germania
11 927.00
dania
11 500.00
axali zelandia
7 800.00
safrangeTi
7 440.00
ungreTi
3 853.00
holandia
3 000.00
wyaro: FFAOstat,2012
agrobiologiuri
Taviseburebebi
mocxari mravalwliani buCqia,
romlis axali totebi warmoiqmneba buCqis qveda nawilidan. iviTarebs funja fesvTa sistemas, romelic ZiriTadad ganlagebulia
niadagis zedapirTan 10-40 sm-is
siRrmeze. Savi mocxaris nayofebi erT buCqze da erT mtevanzec
araerTgvarovnad mwifdeba, sanayofe mtevnis zeda nawilSi ufro msxvil nayofebs isxams, xolo
mtevnis wverisken nayofebi ufro
wvrilia. nayofebi ufro adre Semodis buCqis fuZesTan, xolo gvian - buCqis kenweroSi. rogorc wiTeli, aseve Savi mocxari jiSebis
mixedviT, ZiriTadad ivnisis meore naxevridan ivlisis bolomde
mwifdeba. Savi mocxari, nayofis
feris garda, wiTeli mocxarisgan
mkafiod gamoxatuli specifikuri
suniTac gansxvavdeba.
rewvelo daniSnulebis
mcire plantacia gaSenebulia goris da kaspis
municipalitetebSi.
Sida samomxmareblo
bazarze am produqtis
importi ar xdeba da arc
eqsportis monacemebia
dafiqsirebuli. sezonis ganmavlobaSi mocxaris sabiTumo sabazro
fasi 1,8 - 2,8 lari/kg-ze
farglebSi
meryeobs.
realizacia ZiriTadad
xdeba mcire partiebiT
(10-20 kg.).
თებერვალი, 2013
moTxovna garemo
pirobebisadmi:
mocxari tenis mimarT momTxovnia da wyliT uzrunvelyofil,
magram drenirebul niadagebs moiTxovs. mcenare kargad xarobs
rogorc msubuq Tixnar, aseve
qviSnar niadagebze. mJave niadagebi mocxaris gasaSeneblad ar
gamodgeba, amitom aseTi tipis niadagebSi dargvisas aucilebelia
kiris Setana. maRali karbonatebis
Semcvel niadagebze ki aRiniSneba
mosavlianobis Semcireba da mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebis SezRudva. aseT SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia
niadagis aris reaqciis damwevi
saSualebebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa, gogirdmJavas susti xsnari (swrafi moqmedebis), revoneti
(niadagis damamJavebeli agenti),
koloiduri gogirdi (prolongirebuli moqmedebis), da sxva.
mocxari xasiaTdeba maRali zamTargamZleobiT, uZlebs 28-320C
yinvas, Tumca gazafxulis gvian
wayinvebis mimarT mgrZnobiarea.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom rogorc Savi, aseve wiTeli mocxari
mgrZnobiarea zafxulis maRali
sicxeebis mimarTac. amitom cxeli
zafxulis pirobebSi zog pirobebSi ziandeba foTlebis awviT.
dargva.
va.
wiTeli da Savi mocxaris plantacia SesaZlebelia Semdegi sqemiT 3 X 1,0; 2,5 X 1,0 da 2,2 X 1,0 gaSendes. umjobesia SemaRlebul
bazo-kvlebis mowyoba da maTze
dargva. mocxaris nergi irgveba
40 sm diametris da 30 sm-i siRrmis
ormoSi. dargvisas odnav damokldeba fesvebi, xolo nergi dairgveba 3 - 5 sm-iT ufro Rrmad vidre
izrdeboda sanergeSi, odnav daxril mdgomareobaSi, raTa niadagSi moqceuli kvirtebidan intensiurad ganviTardes axali totebi,
rac xels uwyobs buCqis formis
swraf warmoqmnas. dargva SeiZleba rogorc Semodgomaze, aseve —
adre gazafxulze.
damtverva, amitom plantaciis erTi jiSiT gaSeneba rekomendebuli
ar aris.
dacva mavnebel
-daavadebebisagan:
mocxari ziandeba rogorc mavneblebiT, aseve daavadebebiT, saqarTvelos pirobebSi mcenareebs
gansakuTrebiT did zians ayenebs
nacari da anTraqnozi, aseve septoriozi. xolo mavneblebidan xurtkmelis mzomela da ablabudiani tkipa.
nacari Zlier azianebs gansakuTrebiT Sav mocxars, pirveli
simptomebi vlindeba yvavilobis
dasrulebis Semdeg, rac gamoixateba foTlebze moyviTalo-yavisferi laqebis warmoqmnaSi, romelic Semdeg muqi feris gamxmar adgilebs tovebs. sagulisxmoa, rom
rusuli seleqciis jiSebi naklebad ziandebian nacriT, vidre evropuli jiSebi.
zogadi dacvis sistema moicavs
rogorc meqanikuri, aseve qimiuri dacvis RonisZiebebis Catarebas. meqanikuri RonisZiebebidan
aucilebelia adre gazafxulze
nakveTis gasufTaveba Camocvenili foTlebisagan da gasxvla, moberebuli totebis mocileba.
pirveli wamloba kvirtis gaSlamde bordos narevis 3%-iani xsnariT tardeba, Semdegi wamlobebi ki
— Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: yvavilobamde koloiduri gogirdis 1%iani xsnariT Sesxureba, yvavilobis
dasrulebis Semdeg xorcieldeba
nacris sawinaaRmdego fungicidebis gamoyeneba: topazi (100 ml/100
litrze), falkoni (60 ml/100 litrze) da sxva. mavneblebis (tkipebi,
mzomelebi) kerebis SemTxvevaSi aRniSnul preparatebs ematebaT inseqticidebi (dursbani 200 ml/100
litrze an biologiuri inseqticidi Bt-is bazaze dipeli 100 ml/100
litrze, tkipebis gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi - masai an envidori (70 ml/100
litrze). Semdeg wamloba grZeldeba 10 - 12 dRiani intervaliT.
damtverva:
ganoyiereba:
imis miuxedavad, rom mocxaris
umetesi jiSebi TviTdamtveravia,
mosavlis xarisxs da raodenobas
mniSvnelovnad zrdis jvaredini
ganoyierebisaTvis iyeneben gadamwvar nakels da mineralur sasuqebs: srul msxmoiarobaSi azotiT gamokvebisaTvis iyeneben amo-
თებერვალი, 2013
niumis gvarjilas or vadaSi: adre
gazafxulze — 80 -100 grami mcenareze, naskvebis periodSi 40 - 50
grami mcenareze. axalgazrda baRSi iyeneben am dozis naxevars.
fosfor-kaliumiT kvebisaTvis
mimarTaven kompleqsuri sasuqebis Setanas gvian Semodgomaze miwaSi CakeTebiT, (8 - 26 - 26) sasuqis
SemTxvevaSi 100 - 150 grami sasuqi
erT mcenareze. aseve metad sasargebloa specialuri foTlis kompleqsuri sasuqebis erTjeradi an
orjeradi gamoyeneba miTiTebuli
dozis mixedviT fesvgareSe gamokvebisaTvis.
sarevelebis winaaRmdeg brZola: rogorc yvela kenkrovani
kultura, romlis fesvTa sistema
zedapirulad aris ganlagebuli,
mocxaric naklebad uZlebs sarevelebTan konkurencias, amitom
maT sawinaaRmdegod sabrZolvelad mimarTaven Semdeg meTodebs:
mocxaris rigis dafarva naxerxis
5 - 8 sm-iani simaRlis mulCiT, sxva
meTodebidan SesaZlebelia mxolod iseTi specifikuri seleqtiuri herbicidebis gamoyeneba,
rogoricaa pantera an targa superisuperi (mxolod marcvlovan
sarevelebze, adreul stadiebSi,
250 ml/100 litrze), lontreli,
stingeri (125 ml/100 litri) farTofoTlovan sarevelebze)
gasxvla:
wiTeli mocxari
wiTeli mocxaris gasxvlis mTavari mizania gadaSlili, kargad
ganaTebuli buCqis miReba, sadac
xorcieldeba moberebuli ZiriTadi totebis axali totebiT cikluri Canacvleba da regularuli
gameCxereba CaxSirebis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT.
I wels formireba iwyeba dargvis
Semdeg, dargvis dros nergis yvela toti niadagidan 3-4 kvirtze
gadaiWreba.
II wels wina wlis nazardebidan SeirCeva da darCeba mxolod
3-4 yvelaze Zlieri toti, xolo
yvela danarCeni toti amoiWreba
rgolze. Tu nazardi sustia, Zlieri totebis damokleba niadagidan 10-15 sm-is simaRleze xdeba.
III wels yvela orwliani toti
darCeba, maTze ganviTarebuli
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
17
zogierTi CamaxSirebeli meoradi
totebi an damokldeba an amoiWreba. wina wlis totebidan darCeba
mxolod yvelaze Zlieri, sivrceSi
proporciulad ganlagebuli 3-4
toti; danarCeni nazardebi amoiWreba rgolze.
IV wels buCqebze darCeba yvela
3-wliani da 2-wliani toti. maTze
ganviTarebuli zogierTi CamaxSirebeli meoradi totebi an damokldeba an amoiWreba. wina wlis
nazardidan darCeba mxolod yvelaze Zlieri 3-4 toti; danarCeni
nazardebi amoiWreba rgolze.
V weli da Semdeg - amoiWreba yvela 4-wliani, moberebuli toti.
wina wlis nazardidan darCeba mxolod yvelaze Zlieri 3-5 toti. zogadad mocxaris gasxvlisas daculi iqneba sxvlis Semdegi principi:
amoisxvleba dazianebuli, daavadebuli, niadagze garTxmuli da
CamaxSirebeli totebi, danarCeni
nazardebi amoiWreba rgolze. buCqSi ar darCeba 4 welze meti xnis
toti. sworad Camoyalibebuli
mocxaris buCqi Sedgeba 3-4 erTwliani, amdenive orwliani da samwliani ZiriTadi totebisagan.
Savi mocxari
Savi mocxaric isxvleba wiTeli
mocxaris msgavsad, gansxvavebulia mxolod 2-3 sanayofe wliani
totebis gasxvla: mesame wlidan
mimarTaven am totebis damoklebas gantotvis adgilamde da meorad totebze gadayvanas.
jiSebi
Savi da wiTeli mocxaris jiSebis
farTo speqtri arsebobs, romlebic gansxvavdebian simwifis periodiT, buCqis zrdis siZlieriT da
formiT, nayofebis zomiT, gamZleobiT daavadebebis mimarT da
sxva seleqcia mxolod ruseTSi
gamoyvanilia mocxaris 200-ze meti jiSi. qvemoT mocemulia mokle
informacia mocxaris zogierTi
farTod gavrcelebuli jiSis biologiur-sameurneo Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb:
Savi mocxari
globusi
warmoSoba: rusuli jiSia, miRebulia ekaterinburgis kvleviT
sadgurSi gasuli saukunis 80-ian
wlebSi t.Saginis mier.
mcenare: zemoTmimarTuli kompaqturi buCqia, xasiaTdeba TviTdamtvervis maRali procentiT (60
- 65%), uxvmosavliani, naklebad
ziandeba nacriT.
nayofi: saSualoze msxvili, (saSualo masa 1,5 - 1,8 grami), naklebad gamoxatuli mZafri gemoTi,
gamosadegia nedlad moxmarebisaTvis. saSualo mosavlianoba 7 8 tona/ha.
goliaTi
warmoSoba: ruseTSi gavrcelebuli jiSia, miRebulia peterburgis kvleviT institutSi. sinonimi:
leningradis bagatiri.
mcenare: iviTarebs Zlieri zrdis
buCqs, naklebad gamZlea anTraqnozisa da nacris mimarT.
nayofi: saSualo zomis, masa 1,2 1,5 grami, universaluri moxmarebisaa. saSualo mosavlianoba 8 - 11
tona/ha.
ben sareki
warmoSoba: Sotlandiis soflis
meurneobis kvleviTi institutis
(dandi, edinburgi) seleqciis jiSia.
mcenare: xasiaTdeba dabali,
kompaqturi buCqiT, uxvmosavliania, ziandeba nacriT, ufro naklebad - anTraqnoziT.
nayofi: msxvili, saSualo masa
1,5 - 2,1 grami, advilad mosakrefia dabertyviT. saSualo mosavlianoba 8 - 10 tona/ha.
Savi mocxaris gasxvla 1,2,3 da me-4
wels
titania
warmoSoba. Svedi seleqcioneris pal tamaSis jiSia, miRebulia
gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi.
18
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
თებერვალი, 2013
mcenare: saSualo sididis buCqs
iviTarebs, nacriT naklebad ziandeba, tolerantulia anTraqnozis mimarT.
nayofi: saSualo zomis, saSualo
masa 1,3 - 1,7 grami, heqtarze mosavlianoba 8 - 12 tona/ha.
wiTeli mocxari
rovada
mcenare: evropis wamyvani holandiuri jiSia,
mcenare: saSualo simaRlis buCqiT xasiaTdeba, wiTeli feris,
vertikaluri nacrisadmi naklebad gamZlea, adre moyvavilea da
advilad mosakrefia.
nayofi: saSualo-sagviano sim-
wifis periodis, gamoirCeva saucxoo sagemovno TvisebebiT. kenkra msxvilia, saSualo masa 0,70,8 grami, mtevnis sigrZe 8 - 10
sm, saSualo mosavlianoba 10 - 12
tona/ha.
jonker van tetsi
warmoSoba: Zveli holandiuri
jiSia, gamoyvanilia iohan maarses
mier gasuli saukunis 30 wlebSi.
mcenare: iviTarebs vertikalurad mimarTul buCqs, nacrisadmi
tolerantulia, adre iwyebs yvavilobas.
nayofi: saadreo simwifis periodis, xasiaTdeba saucxoo sagemovno TvisebebiT.
zviad boboqaSvili
soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa,
akademiuri doqtori
mulCireba
dRes, rodesac msoflioSi aqtualuri xdeba wylis
resursebis dazogva, Sxam-qimikatebis gamoyeneba da
SromiTi danaxarjebis Semcireba, axal teqnologiebs sul ufro meti fermeri iyenebs. erTerTi aseTi meTodia mulCireba, romelic mowinave qveynebis
soflis meurneobis produqtebis, gansakuTrebiT
bostneulisa da kenkris warmoebaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba.
mulCi es aris masala, romliTac niadagis zedapiri
ifareba. arsebobs mulCis ori ZirTadi saxeoba: organuli da araorganuli.
gTxovT, TqvenTvis saintereso Temebze SekiTxvebi
da rekomendaciebi mogvawodoT sainformacio
furcelze, regionis mixedviT miTiTebul misamarTze.
pasuxebi ixileT Jurnal „axali agraruli saqarTvelos” momdevno nomerSi:
saxeli, gvari
misamarTi
tel.:
el. fosta
ყველა სიახლე
mulCireba saSualebas iZleva minimalur donemde SevamciroT wylis moxmareba da aorTqleba, es
gasakuTrebiT im regionebisTvisaa mniSvnelovani,
romlebic kulturuli mcenareebis aqtiuri vegetaciis periodSi wylis naklebobas ganicdian (maRali temperaturebisa da sairigacio wylis simciris gamo).
mulCireba aCerebs niadagis eroziis procesebs,
aregulirebs niadagis temperaturas (diliT igi
Tbeba ufro adre, xolo saRamos civdeba ufro gvian,
dRe-Ramis manZilze niadagis gaTbobisa da gacivebis
procesi xdeba ufro Tanabari), aCerebs sarevelebis
ganviTrebas da Sesabamisad samuSaoTa siidan agdebs
iseT Sromatevad da rTul procesebs, rogoricaa
Toxvna da margvla, gamoricxavs herbicidebis gamoyenebas da Sesabamisad amcirebs garemos qimiur dabinZurebas.
organuli mulCi niadags amdidrebs sakvebi elementebiT da Wiayelebis cxovelqmedebisaTvis xel-
sayrel pirobebs qmnis, romlebic niadags humusiT
amdidreben.
mulCireba aferxebs niadagis struqturis gauaresebas da mis datkepvnas.
mulCirebul nakveTze, kulturuli mcenareebi ufro mZlavr fesvTa sistemas iviTareben, vidre
mulCirebis gareSe.
mravali fermeri iyenebs specialuri Savi feris
polieTilenis firs, romlis sisqe meryeobs 20 mikronidan 50 mikronamde. erTwlovani bostneulis
warmoebaSi mimarTaven Txeli 20-30 mikroniani plastikuri firis gamoyenebas, romlis eqspluataciis
xangrZlivoba 6-8 Tvidan erTwlamde ganisazRvreba,
xolo kenkrovan kulturebSi ufro sqeli polieTilenis firi, an sxva masalisagan damzadebuli firebi gamoiyeba (es firebi damzadebulia gansxvavebuli
teqnologiiT da Sesabamisad maT aqvT wylis da haeris gatarebis unari), romelTa eqsploataciis xangrZlivoba ramdenime welia.
did farTobebze mulCirebas speciluri mulCis
damgebi manqanebiT akeTeben. mulCirebis dros, gazafxulze niadags Cveulebrivad afxviereben, akeTeben SemaRlebul kvlebs, romelTa sigane teqnikazea damokidebuli, Tumca misi klasikuri zomebi
0,9metridan 1,1-1,2 metramde meryeobs. winaswar
kvlebze aTavseben erT an or wveTovani morwyvis
mils. dResdReobiT msoflioSi da saqarTveloSic
arsebobs agregatebi, romlebic yvela zemoT CamoTvlili opercias erTdroulad asrulebs (frezavs,
afxvierebs niadags, asworebs mis zedapirs, akeTebs
SemaRlebul kvals, romlis simaRlec SeiZleba 10
sm-dan 30 sm-mde daregulirdes (calkeul danadgarebs SeuZliaT ufro maRali kvlebis gakeTebac
30-50 sm, rac Zalzed mniSvnelovania Warbteniani
regionebisaTvis da kenkrovani kulturebisaTvis),
Slis wveTovan morwyvis milebs da agebs sxvadasxva
siganis polieTilenis firs.
NEO-s Tbilisis ofisi:
Tbilisi, ramiSvilis q. 6a.
tel: (+995 32) 225 05 61/ 71/81
faqsi: (+995 32) 225 05 41
[email protected]
NEO-s goris ofisi:
gori, i.evdoSvilis q. 30
tel: (+995 0 370) 27 84 00
[email protected]
NEO-s duSeTis ofisi:
duSeTi, daviT aRmaSenebelis q. 52
tel: (+995 0 346) 22 11 28
[email protected]
NEO-s zugdidis ofisi:
zugdidi, Tbilisis q. 19
tel: (+995 0 415) 22 19 20
[email protected]
NEO-s onis ofisi:
oni, vaxtang VI q. 120
tel: (+995 595) 677 047
[email protected]
daavadebuli kartofili
mulCis dagebisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces
firis kideebis miwiT Tanabrad
dafarvas, Tu raime mizezis gamo
(teniani niadagi, damreci nakveTi, niadagis mZime struqturuli
Semadgenloba, qariani amindi da
a.S.) firis kideebi ramdenime adgilas ar daifara qarian amindSi
Seiqmneba saSiSroeba, rom qarma
aaZros firi, an daazianos masze
gadarguli mcenareebi. mulCirebis firs CiTilebis gadargvis
win amoWrian daniT an makratliT,
amoWrili naxvreti unda iyos zomieri, mcirediT unda aRematebodes gadasargavi CiTilis substrtis daimetrs, winaamRdeg SemTxvevaSi Siqmneba imis safrTxe, rom
didi naxvretidan kulturuli
mcenaris ganviTarebamde amoaRwion sarevelebma da maTi moSoreba damatebiT SromiT danaxarjebs
gamoiwvevs. dResdReobiT arsebobs CiTilis sargavi manqanebi,
romlebic TviTonve Wrian firs
da rgaven CiTils. CiTilis gadargvis win SemaRlebul kvlebs
rwyaven.
garkveul problemebs qmnis mosavlis aRebis Semdeg firis narCenebis gawmenda, amis gamo ukanasknel wlebSi evropaSi da amerikaSi
sxvadasxva organuli masalebis
nazavisagan damzadebuli mulCirebis firebi inergeba, romlebic
kulturuli mcenareebis vegetaciis bolosaTvis TviTonve iwyeben daSlas.
mcire da sakarmidamo nakveTebSi ufro mniSvnelovania da upiratesoba unda mivaniWoT organuli
masalebisagan damzadebul samulCe masalas. amisaTvis SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT Tiva, kargad gadamwvari nakeli, balaxis ganaTibi,
moTibuli sarevelebi (isini unda
moiTibos Teslebis warmoqmnamde), naxerxi an xis burbuSela, muyao da a.S.
ilia mWedliZe
P.S. winamdebare statiebis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID
(USAID)) mier gaweuli daxmarebis Sedegad. dokumenti
SemuSavebulia USAID/NEO proeqtis mier da misi Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. statiebi
ar gamoxatavs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentosa da
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis mosazrebebs.
თებერვალი, 2013
sursaTis erovnulma saagentom
25 tona mcenareTa gansakuTrebiT
saSiSi sakarantino mavnebliT „kartofilis kiboTi” dasnebovnebuli
kartofili gaanadgura. aRniSnuli tvirTi importis saxiT Semovida TurqeTidan. sabaJo samsaxurSi
Semowmebis Sedegad dadginda, rom
nedleuli dasnebovnebuli iyo. laboratoriuli kvelvis Sedegebze
dayrdnobiT, sursaTis erovnulma
saagentom miiRo gadawyvetileba misi
ganadgurebis Sesaxeb. paralerulad,
TurqeTis mxares gaegzavna Setyobineba Semdgomi reagirebisaTvis.
kartofilis kibo saSiSi sakarantino daavadebaa, romlis gamomwvevia soko — Synchytrium endobioticum.
cum. igi Seicavs mikotoqsinebs,
ris gamoc misi sakvebad gamoyeneba ar aris mizanSewonili.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi
aRniSnuli sakarantino daavadeba
ar fiqsirdeba.
Sexvedra sasaklaos
warmomadgenlebTan
sursaTis erovnuli saagentos
ufrosi zurab CekuraSvili sasaklaos warmomadgenlebs Sexvda da
xorcproduqtebis bazarze arsebuli viTareba gaacno. biznesoperatorebs gaacnes aseve arsebuli
kanonmdebloba.
Sexvedraze saubari Seexo bolo
periodSi xorciT movaWreTa protests, romlebic sasaklaos gverdis
avliT iTxovdnen saqonlis dakvlis
nebarTvas, rac kanondarRvevaa.
arsebuli kanonmdeblobiT, Tu
raionSi aris erTi sasaklao mainc,
maSin saqonli sasaklaoze saxelmwifo veterinaris zedamxedvelobiT unda daiklas. misi ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi saqonlis dakvla
specialurad gamoyofil adgilze
mowveuli saxelmwifo veterinaris
zedamxedvelobiT unda moxdes.
Sexvedraze aRiniSna aseve, rom
cxovelis sasaklaoze dakvla aris
momxmareblisTvis erTaderTi garantia, rom Zroxis xorcis dasaxelebiT is ar miirTmevs saeWvo
warmomavlobis cxenis, viris an
sxva cxovelis xorcs.
am etapisTvis saqarTvelos masStabiT 46 sasaklao funqcionirebs.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
21
აგრო კო მპა ნია
აგროკომპანია
Syngen ta Agro services AG
Sveicaruli firma „Syngenta” maRalxarisxiani mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebis, sasoflo sameurneo da
dekoratiuli mcenareebis Teslis mwarmoebeli msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli lideri kompaniaa. „Syngenta“-s produqcias saqarTvelos bazarze ukve kargad
icnoben da igi qarTvel fermerebs Soris ndobiTa da
didi popularobiTac sargeblobs.
kompaniis warmomadgenlobis — „Syngenta” agroservisis amierkavkasiis ofisi saqarTveloSi 2009 wels
gaixsna da misi direqtori mcenareTa dacvis cnobili
specialisti, mecnierebaTa doqtori zurab lolaZea.
— Sveicaruli firma „Syngenta” msoflios 120 qveyanaSi muSaobs da 90 aTas TanamSromels iTvlis.
amierkavkasiis warmomadgenloba TbilisSi marTalia didi xani ar aris rac Seiqmna, Tumca qveyanaSi am
brends ukve maRali niSa uWiravs, rac udavod warmomadgenlobis menejmentis damsaxurebacaa.
rogorc direqtori ganmartavs, maT funqciaSi Sedis bazris mxardaWera, leqciebis, konsultaciebis,
sademonstracio cdebis Catareba, axali produqciis
registracia-popularizeba, fermerebis momzadeba
da treiningebis gamarTva rogorc mcenareTa dacvis
saSualebebze, ise — Teslze.
Syngenta-agroserviss saqarTveloSi sami oficialuri partniori firma hyavs: „agrotreiding pliusi“,
romelic „Syngenta“ produqciis realizacias eweva,
kompania „boran qimia“ da firma „agrosani“, romelic
bostneulis, rogorc Ria, aseve daxuruli gruntisaTvis, Teslis realizaciaze muSaobs. amis garda somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi kompanias or-ori partniori hyavs.
rogorc batoni zurabi ambobs, maTi specialistebi adgilze Cadian da fermerebs aswavlian, rogor
moiyvanon esa Tu is kultura, ra saSualeba gamoiyenon, rogor daicvan naTesebi mavneblebisgan, daavadebebisagan, sarevelebisagan, ra preparati rodis
gamoiyenon da sxva.
— Cven qarTul enaze yovelwliurad specialur
cnobars vamzadebT — gveubneba zurab lolaZe — sa-
22
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
dac yvela produqciazea amomwuravi informacia da
igi momxmareblebs urigdeba. ofisebSi gvyavs momzadebuli konsultantebi, romlebic mzad arian nebismier dros Cavidnen adgilze da Sesabamisi daxmareba
gauwion fermerebs. „Syngenta“-s produqcia mTel
saqarTveloSi popularulia da didi ndobiT sargeblobs. Cven absoluturad yvela kulturas movicavT,
rogorc — erTwlians, ise mravalwlians: xexils, marcvleuls, bostneuls, bolqvovnebs da sxva.
„Syngenta“-s produqcia maRali xarisxis evropuli
warmoebisa da standartebis Sesabamisia. amas axla gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan produqciis
SerCevisas Cvens fermerebs didi yuradReba marTebT.
CvenTan, saqarTveloSi xSirad aris SemTxvevebi,
rodesac glexi tyuvdeba, yidulobs, raRac saeWvo
warmoebis produqcias, Zalian iafad meoTxed, mexuTed fasad da mTeli wlis mosavali ekargeba. amis
Zalian bevri mware magaliTi gvaqvs. mere morbian es
fermerebi, — dagvexmareT, gviSveleTo, magram ganadgurebul mosavals ukve verafers uSveli. amitom unda gavTvaloT, SeviZinoT xarisxiani produqcia, romelic marTalia iafi ar Rirs, magram saimedoa da garantirebuli xar, rom mosavalsac daicav, arc ojaxs
dawamlav da arc maT, vinc am produqts SeiZens.
— Cven sakmaod bevri momxmarebeli gvyavs. ver getyviT rom yvela mcire meurnes SeuZlia masobrivad
Cveni produqciis SeZena, fasi maqvs mxedvelobaSi,
magram cota SeZlebul fermers Tavisuflad SeuZlia isargeblos, rogorc Cveni produqciiT, ise momsaxurebiT. axali mTavroba dapirebiT movida da saxelmwifo daxmarebebic iqneba. pirveli, ori weli saxelmwifo Seecdeba fermeri fexze dadges. rogorc
iTqva, mcire meurneebs, daaxloebiT naxevar milion
adamians, saxelmwifo dauxnavs, dauTesavs da sasuqiTa Tu mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofs, raTa isini fexze dadgnen, gaZlierdnen, mosavali moiyvanon da zedmeti produqti gayidon kidec.
mTavroba yvelafers akeTebs, rom qarTuli produqთებერვალი, 2013
აგროკომ პანია
აგროკომპანია
ciisTvis evropisa da ruseTis bazari gaxsnas. Tu
Semosavlis wyaro gauCndeba, glexi TviTon airCevs,
romeli produqti moiyvanos da mcenareTa dacvis ra
saSualebebi SeiZinos. roca saSualeba eqneba, eWvi ar
SegeparoT rom igi kargsa da xarisxians airCevs.
kompanias Tavisi konsultantebi da gamocdili agronomebi yavs, romlebic CvenTan mosul fermerebs
konsultacias uweven. amis garda, Cveni centrebi
gvaqvs raionebSi, romlebsac TavianTi konsultantebi yavT. raionebidan SeiZleba glexebi yovelTvis
ver Camovidnen, magram maT adgilze SeuZliaT Cveni
produqciac SeiZinon da konsultaciac miiRon. Tu
arada, Cveni telefonebi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi CarTulia da SeuZliaT dagvikavSirdnen. konsultaciis
miReba aseve SesaZlebelia internetiT.
mesame welia mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebTan erTad bazarze „Syngenta-s bostneulis Teslic SemovitaneT. Semogvaqvs rogorc saTburebis, ase Ria gruntisTvis gansazRvruli maRalxarisxiani Tesli, romelmac ukve aRiareba moipova, rogorc xarisxiT, aseve gemuri TvisebebiT. bevri kultura ukve bazarzec
gabatonda, magaliTad saTburis pamidori, sazamTro.
Cven ofisSi gvyavs, rogorc mcenareTa dacvis, aseve meTesleobis mcodne maRali donis specialisti,
sadac fermers yvela saWiro informaciis miReba SeuZlia. aqvea Cveni maRaziac, sadac SeiZleba SeiZinos
saWiro produqciac.
mcenareTa saSualebebi da Teslebi sezonis dadgomamde, TebervalSive Semova saqarTveloSi da moTxovSYNGENTA AGRO SERVICES AG warmomadgenloba
amierkavkasiis qveynebSi:
0119.Tbilisi, akaki wereTlis 142 (didube)
tel/faqsi: 2353312. mob. 599506235, 592146677
el.fosta: [email protected]
komerciuli partniorebi saqarTveloSi
Sps. „agrotreiding pliusi“
Tbilisi, ak.wereTlis 140a.
tel.790001201.
mob.: 599330763, 595 22 28 20, 59957 47 02, 555 441511
el.fosta: [email protected]
Sps. „boran qimia“
Tbilisi, marneulis quCa 44, tel.2157575
mob: 595954141, 599196169.
el.fosta: [email protected]
Sps. „agrosani“
Tbilisi, erisTavis q. 2
tel: 599150908, 571150908, 571470618, 577499420.
el.fosta [email protected]
singentas produqciis SeZena aseve SegiZliaT Semdeg kompaniebSi:
Sps „agroqarTli“
q. gori, cxinvalis gzatkecili 4.
tel. 599564304, 599511159, 599518299
el.fosta: [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]>
თებერვალი, 2013
nilebis mixedviT ganawildeba regionebSi. Cven ukve
gawerili gvaqvs gegma, romel regionSi unda CavideT,
vis unda SevxvdeT, ra mimarTebiT gavSaloT muSaoba..
Cveni muSaobis specifikidan gamomdinare gansakuTrebul yuradRebas vamaxvilebT meRvineobaze, mevenaxeebis xarisxiani produqciiT momaragebaze, rasac xarisxiani, evropuli donis Rvinoebis dasamzadeblad
da am bazarze gasasvlelad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
aqvs, amitom Cveni momxmareblebi arian: „Telavis Rvinis marani“, kompania „xareba“, kompania „badagoni“, „Sato muxrani“. isini garantirebulebi arian rom maRali
xarisxis mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebs moixmaren da
tradiciulad Cvengan problema ar SeeqmnebaT.
wleuls dagegmili gvaqvs sakuTari sademonstracio nakveTebis gakeTeba, rodesac axali produqcia
Semodis, sanam realizaciaSi gavuSvebdeT, mas daaxloebiT 9-10 wliani sagamocdo vada aqvs gavlili
sawarmoSi, mxolod amis Semdeg registrirdeba da
dasaSvebia realizacia. aseve mWidrod vTanamSromlobT soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis erovnul saagentosTan, mcenareTa dacvis departamentTan, romelic saqarTveloSi axali preparatebis registracias
axorcielebs. axali preparatebi jer sademonstracio nakveTebze icdeba, Sedegs vaCvenebT fermerebs,
paralelurad saTanado dokumentacia miewodeba saministros, Tu rogor daregistrirdes esa Tu is preparati. ase rom yvela produqti, rasac Cven momxmarebels vTavazobT, sertificirebuli, testirebuli da
garantirebulad maRali xarisxisaa.
Sps „gema“
Tbilisi. moskovis gamz, 2 (m.sadguri „samgori“)
tel: 079888 088, 574 74 74 64
Sps „agroveta“
marneuli, d. aRmaSeneblis 1. (bazris mimdebare teritoria), tel. 593328131
Sps. „agroservisi“
q. Telavi (qalaqSi Sesasvleli)
tel: 593334243, 598693131
ind. mewarme „fridon diRmelaSvili“
sagarejo, s. giorgiwminda tel: 593982987
ind. mewarme „efrem dulariZe“
gurjaani, sanapiros q.9 da i. WavWavaZis 10
tel. 599 57 13 60
Sps „saba“
q. dedofliswyaro, baraTaSvilis q. 2 tel. 599 90 36 15
Sps „zooagros ganviTarebis jgufi“
zestafoni, rusTavelis 69,
tel: 595 760710, 760 705
Sps „geguTis fermerTa momsaxurebis centri“
wyaltubo, s. geguTi, tel. 555 21 93 01, 599 96 10 99
ind. mewarme „Temur ormocaZe“
q. vani, rusTavelis 5, tel. 599 13 79 30, 557 35 65 65
Sps. „neqtari“
WiaTura, mRvimevis q. 5 tel. 595 770 659, 790 85 37 88
Sps „agroalgeTi“ tel. 599 60 01 31, 579 60 01 31
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
23
პრაქტიკ ოს ის ა
პრაქტიკოსის
აზრით
ზრ ით
saqarTvelos sasursaTo usafrTxoebis koncefcia
ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebis
safuZvelze unda SemuSavdes
sasoflo-sameurneo miwa qveynis is ZiriTadi sawarmoo saSualebaa,
romelmac misi sasursaTo usafrTxoeba da soflis mosaxleobis dasaqmeba unda uzrunvelyos.
samwuxarod, saqarTvelos ministrTa kabinetma e.w. miwis reformis
egidiT 1992 wlis 18 ianvris #48 dadgenilebiT qveyanaSi miwis fondis
daniavebas daudo saTave. Sedegad daingra specializebuli, gamsxvilebuli meurneobebi, sanaSene, saTesle, sanerge sadgurebi, aTasobiT
heqtari nayofieri saxnavi miwa gaudabnovda, daWaobda da eroziam gaanadgura.
sasoflo sameurneo produqciasa da sawarmoo saSualebebs Soris fasTa uTanasworoba (erTi
tona dizelis SesaZenad 4-5 tona
marcvleulia saWiro, erTi tona
azotovani sasuqisaTvis ki — or
tona marcvali, xolo saSualo
simZlavris traqtoris SesaZenad
—150 tona marcvli.) ganviTarebul qveynebs aiZulebs soflis
meurneobas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmon. aSS-bi soflis
meurneobaSi 30%-iT mets xarjavs,
vidre sxva dargebSi. aseve iqceva
yvela saxelmwifos gonieri xelisufleba, radgan sxvanairad soflis meurneoba ver iarsebebs.
saqarTvelos yofilma xelisuflebam, drakonuli, dausabuTebeli sagadasaxado wnexiT da saxelmwifos mxridan Caurevlobis
politikiT iqamde migviyvana rom,
qveynis marCenali miwa, keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis nacvlad,
soflis mosaxleobas mZime tvirTad daawva.
1989 wels pirad sargeblobaSi
arsebul miwaze moyvanili mosavlis 82% glexs bazarze gahqonda.
1998 wels es cifri 22%-mde Semcirda. 2010 wels ki — mxolod 18%
Seadgenda, maSin, roca glexis pirad sargeblobaSi arsebuli miwis farTobi am periodisTvis ukve 0.25 ha -dan, saSualod 1 ha-mde
iyo gazrdili, anu miwebis kerZo
sakuTrebaSi gadacemas, sasoflo
sameurneo produqciis warmoebis
zrda da glexis keTildReoba ar
24
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
gamouwvevia, piriqiT bolo wlebSi
Siga bazari mTlianad ucxoeTidan
Semotanilma produqciam daikava.
agroseqtoris
depresiuloba
daetyo dargSi ganxorcielebul
kapdabandebebsac, romelmac qve-
pirobebis gamo 2012 wlis ivlisdekemberSi mosaxleobam am miwebis
masobrivad gayidva daiwyo da danaSaulebrivi politikis wyalobiT 3000 ha-mde saukeTeso saxnavi
miwa ucxoelebs xelSi Calis fasad
CauvardaT. samwuxarod, process
arc axali xelisufleba aferxebs.
miwebis gayidvis procesi dRemde
grZeldeba.
dRes yofili xelisuflebis mizeziT ekonomiurad dauZlurebuli glexi Tu fermeri ojaxis,
Svilebis gadasarCenad miwas yidis, radgan adgilobrivebs am miwis yidvis SesaZlebloba ar aqvT.
Tamaz burdulaZe
yanaSi Semosuli investiciebis
mxolod 1,8% Seadgina. gazrdis
nacvlad, sabWoTa periodTan SedarebiT, 7-jer Semcirda Sromis
nayofiereba. erTi germaneli an
poloneli fermeri 20-30 kacs Tu
kvebavs, qarTvel glexs Tavis gamokvebac ver mouxerxebia.
1992-98 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli privatizaciis Sedegad mosaxleobas sakuTrebaSi yvelaze
nayofieri, maT Soris, sarwyavi miwebi gadaeca. wlebis ganmavlobaSi
am miwebidan sargeblis miuReblobisa da Seqmnili mZime ekonomiuri
qarTveli glexi jer daubadebel
SviliSvils uyidis miwas da saarsebod sivrces aRar utovebs. amitom es procesi warmoebis sferos
scdeba.
rodesac romelime axlomxedveli finansisti dRevandel biujets gegmavs, unda Seignos, biujetis Sesavsebi gasayidi miwa qveyanas aRar aqvs, rom dRes miwaSi
fulis Cadebis droa.
saqarTvelos donori institutebi, miwidan miRebuli finansebis
soflis meurneobis kvlavwarmoebaSi gamoyenebas ar miesalmebian
თებერვალი, 2013
პრაქტიკოს ის აზრით
პრაქტიკოსის
da ucxoeTidan mza produqciis
Semotanis politikas TiTqmis axalisebdnen. aseTma cxrawlianma eqsperimentma soflis meurneobis
dargi qveyanaSi sabolood daasamara da mis 90-iani wlebis donemde amoyvanas, Cveni gaTvlebiT 3-4
weliwadi amdenive miliardi lari
mainc dasWirdeba, radgan mTel
saqarTveloSi aRsadgenia sakomunikacio sistemebi: miwis nayofiereba da struqtura, Tanamedrove
teqnologiebiTaa mosawyobi Sida
sarwyavi da sadrenaJe sistemebi
(rogorc Ria ise daxuruli), aRsadgenia Sida samindvre gzebi, sadac mZime teqnikasac ki uWirs gadaadgileba da nebismieri Zvirad
Rirebuli kombaini an traqtori
erT weliwadSi gamova mwyobridan.
Casatarebelia miwebis rekultivacia, mosawyobia produqciis
Sesanaxi sasawyobo da samacivro
meurneoba, Tundac mosavlianobis gansazRvris mizniT Casatarebelia miwis bonitireba, Sesamcirebelia da zogan gasauqmebelia
miwis gadasaxadi, sarwyavi wylisa
da trasaze cxvris farebis gadarekvis mosakrebeli da sxva.
daqceul soflis meurneobaSi
kap-dabandebis Cadebis da daxmarebis nacvlad, nacmoZraobam sagadasaxado wnexiTa da sxvadasxva
fandebiT finansebis gamowurva
daiwyo, Tumca agralur seqtors
wurbelebi manamdec ar aklda.
1996 wlidan — 2012 wlamde saqarTveloSi miwis gadasaxadebiT asobiT milioni laria amoRebuli. es
Tanxa saqarTvelos prezidentis
1996 w. 11 Tebervlis 166-e brZanebulebiT soflis meurneobasve
unda moxmareboda, Tumca dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 15
wlis ganmavlobaSi respublikaSi
miwis gadasaxadiT Segrovili asobiT milioni lari, miwebis dacvisa da nayofierebis amaRlebis
RonisZiebebisa nacvlad: pensiebs,
xelfasebs, gamgeobis sxva xarjebs
xmardeboda. mouvlelobiT ki nayofieri savargulebi unayofo savargulebad iqca.
viTarebis Sesacvlelad saqarTvelos „nacionalur“ mTavrobasac araferi gaukeTebia, piriqiT,
cecxls navTi daasxa: imis magivთებერვალი, 2013
rad rom mTel qveyanaSi (savargulebis gamofitvis gamo) miwis gadasaxadi Seemcirebina an saerTod
gaeuqmebina ( rasac axla gvpirdeba
saqarTvelos premier ministri batoni biZina ivaniSvili), 2010 wlis
23 dekembris 394-e dadgenilebiT,
soflis mosaxleobas saaxalwlo
saCuqari miarTva da sruliad dausabuTeblad sasoflo sameurneo
miwaze qonebis gadasaxadi 300-400
% -iT gauzarda, saxnav farTobebze saSualod heqtarze 30 laridan
-100 laramde, xolo saZovarze,
2- 3 laridan — 16 laramde, anu —
500% -ze metad. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac rom 2005-2012 wlebSi
dizelis sawvavze fasi 0,80-dan,2,5 laramde gaizarda, xolo sasuqebisa (50 kg. tomara) — 20 laridan
— 40-80 laramde, naTeli iqneba ra
dReSi Cavarda glexi — fermeri.
miwis damuSavebisa da mosavlis
movla-moyvanis xarjebis zrdas,
marcvleulze fasebis mniSvnelovani mateba ar gamouwvevia. (magaliTad 2005 wels xorblis Sesasyidi fasi mosavlis aRebis periodSi
28-30 TeTris, 2011-2012 wels — 3537 farglebSi meryeobda, anu fasi
mxolod 25 %-iT gaizarda, maSin
roca danaxarjebma 200-300 %-iT
moimata. samagierod mkveTrad
gaizarda puris, xorcis da sxva
produqtis fasi, anu Semosavalma
warmoebis sferodan mkveTrad gadamuSavebisa da realizaciis seqtorSi gadainacvla. am sferos ki
mTlianad saxelisuflebo klani
akontrolebda.
mmarTvelma gundma yvelaferi
iRona, raTa am RonisZiebebiT ad-
gilobrivi glexi, fermeri miwis,
rogorc uZravi qonebis mflobeli
procesidan mTlianad gamoeTiSa,
raTa qoneba ucxoelebze advilad
mieyida, kompaqturad daesaxlebina isini regionebSi, mieca maTTvis
moqalaqeoba da im raionebidan saarCevno xmebis samudamod Tavis
sasargeblod gaenaRdebina.
dRes saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
winaSe uaRresad mniSvnelovani amocana dgas. unda SemuSavdes
qveynis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis
koncefcia, ganisazRvros sursaTze moTxovnisa da Cveni agroseqtoris mier misi dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobis parametrebi.
maqsimaluri Zalisxmevaa saWiro, raTa marcvleulsa da sxva
ZiriTadi produqtebiT nawilobriv mainc daakmayofilos qveynis moTxovna, radgan msoflio
sasursaTo bazarze problemebis
warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi, misaReb
fasad, Siga bazris sursaTiT uzrunvelyofa moxerxdes.
saxelmwifom unda izrunos qveyanaSi Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da masTan mibmuli komponentebis danergvisTvis, Cveni axalgazrdobis ganaTlebis donis, maT
Soris sazRvargareTis universitetebSi, amaRlebisTvis, da ara im
sursaTis SemotanisTvis, ris warmoebis saSualebas Cveni miwa-wyali iZleva. unda gauqmdes saeqsporto gadasaxadi. yvela danarCeni ZiriTadi produqciis warmoeba
dafinansdes qveynis sasursaTo
usafrTxoebis programis farglebSi, rogorc amas ganviTarebuli qveynebi akeTeben.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
25
პრაქტიკ ოს ის ა
პრაქტიკოსის
აზრით
ზრ ით
evrokavSirSi soflis meurneobis subsidirebam 1992 wlidan biujetis 49% Seadgina. aq fermerebis
warmoebuli sasaqonlo produqciis 45-50%-s faqtobrivad biujeti afinansebs.
zogierT qveyanaSi soflis meurneobis subsidireba (naklebad
daculi qveynebis bazarze SeRwevisa da sawyis etapze dabalfasiani produqciiT damkvidrebis
mizniT) qveyanaSi warmoebuli sasoflo-sameurneo
produqciis
sabazro Rirebulebas 1,5-2- jer
aRemateba. es sakiTxi saxelmwifosgan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs!
amgvarad, unda daveTanxmoT mosazrebas, rom im qveynebSi, romlebic dRes msoflio agrarul
bazarze ZiriTadi mimwodeblebi
arian (a S S, kanada, evrokavSiri),
saxelmwifo mxardaWeris programebma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula.
dedamiwis mosaxleobis globaluri zrda, biosawvavze gadasvla, savargulebis degradacia da
sxva uaryofiTi faqtorebi marcvleuli kulturebis warmoebas amcirebs da mTel msoflioSi sursaTze fasebis matebas iwvevs. es
procesi kidev ufro gamwvavdeba,
radgan dedamiwaze 2007-2009 wlebis monacemebiT, eroziis, daWaobebisa da damlaSebis gamo 8 milioni ha. savarguli gamousadegari
gaxda. marto Crdilo CineTSi bolo wlebSi sarwyavi farTobebis
gaudabnovebis mizeziT yofili
26
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
marcvlis mwarmoebeli raionebidan 24 aTasi sofeli aiyara. igive
tendenciaa mravalmilionian indoeTSi. hidrologiuri reJimebis
gauaresebis Sedegad, bevr qveyanaSi (saudis arabeTi, siria, erayi,
iemeni), sadac melioracia miwisqveSa Wa-burRilebze iyo damyarebuli, wylis done mkveTrad daeca.
arabeTs he-ze 60 centneri marcvali mohyavda. qveyana marcvleulis warmoebas, zemoT mocemuli
mizezebis gamo, saerTod wyvets.
es msoflio bazarze damatebiT 10
milioni (xorbali 3 milioni, qeri
7 milioni) tona marcvlis moTxovnas warmoSobs. ganviTarebul qveynebSi rezervi TiTqmis aRar arsebobs. iaponiaSi brinjis mosavali
2005 wlidan erT donezea da ha-ze
52 centners Seadgens. evropaSic
marcvlis warmoebis mxriv aseTive
mdgomareobaa. safrangeTSi ha-ze
mosavlianoba Seadgens 70-72 centners. germaniaSi — 58 centners.
zeda zRvari miRweulia rZis warmoebaSic (10000 litri erT Zroxaze), Rorebis wonamatSi, qaTmebis kvercxdebaSi... es niSnavs rom
ganviTarebul qveynebSi sasoflo
sameurneo produqciis warmoebis gafarTovebas veRar SeZleben, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi am dones
SeinarCuneben. mosavlis zrdis
potenciali aqvT Cvennair ganviTarebad qveynebs, magram dRemde
Cvens mTavrobas es sakiTxi ar ainteresebda.
zemoaRniSnuli globaluri safrTxeebi, ris Sedegadac SeiZleba
mosavlianoba mkveTrad Semcirdes
da qveynis sasursaTo usafrTxoeba riskis winaSe dadges, (romelic
aranakleb saSiSia vidre samxedro
agresia), aiZulebs ganviTarebul
qveynebs soflis meurneobis dasafinanseblad didi xarjebi gaiRon. evrokavSiris erTiani sasoflo sameurneo politika [Common
Agricyltural Polici] pirdapir subsidirebis, fasebis mxardaWeris Tu
sxva saSualebiT, im miwebis aTvisebasac iTvaliswinebs, romelTa
damuSavebac SesaZlebelia. evrokavSiris biujetSi soflis meurneobaze 40-45 miliardi evroa
gaTvaliswinebuli, romlis didi
nawili, 11 milioni fermeris dotaciaze ixarjeba. faqtobrivad
evrokavSiri Tavis Zvel qveynebs
erT Zroxaze dReSi 2 evros uxdis.
11 miliardi evroTi subsidirdeba marcvlis warmoeba, 2 miliardi
evroTi — zeiTunisa da sxva.
erTiani evropis sasoflo-sameurneo politika amaTu im fermers
garkveviT avalebs ra da ramdeni unda awarmoon.zogierTi saxis saqonelze moTxovna miwodebis balansis darRvevisa da fasis
mkveTri Semcirebis Tavidan asacileblad (Warbwarmoeba) jer kidev 90- ian wlebSi, fermers marto
warmoebul produqciaze ki ara,
im saqonelzec dauweses anazRaureba, romelic ar uwarmoebia: Tu
fermerma miwa daasvena an saqonlis suladoba Seamcira,-saxelmwifodan iRebs kompensacias.
garkveuli kulturebis: pomidvris, Jolos, ludis warmoebisaTvis vargisi qeris, mecxoveleobisaTvis saWiro sakvebi balaxebis
da sxva warmoebis gazrdas EC-i
programebiT axalisebs. programaSi monawileobis miReba SeuZlia
yvela fermers. igi avsebs martivi
tipis ganacxads, romelic biznes
gegmas waagavs, sadac CamoiTvleba
finansuri da teqnikuri saSualebebi, warmoebis moculobis monacemebi. rogorc wesi 100%-ian dafinansebas veravin ver iRebs. fermeri valdebulia 40-50% TviTon
daafinansos proeqti.
aRsaniSnavia, rom evrokavSiris
qveynebSi fermeruli meurneobebi
10-20 heqtar farTobzea ganTavsebuli. 50 heqtrian meurneobebi
თებერვალი, 2013
პრაქტიკოს ის აზრით
პრაქტიკოსის
mxolod 10%-s Seadgens, maSin roca amerikuli fermebis naxevars 50
ha-ze meti miwa aqvs.
meurneobis efeqtianobis mxriv
sasoflo-sameurneo miwis farTobi (optimalur sididemde) mniSvnelovan rols ar asrulebs,
mTavaria maRali energoaRWurviloba, Tanamedrove teqnologiebi
da warmoebuli produqtis realizacia, raSic saxelmwifos gadamwyveti roli uWiravs, radgan
gafarTovebuli kvlavwarmoebis
procesis marTva garedan daxmarebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
agrarulad ganviTarebul qveynebSi moqmedebs, rogorc pirdapiri saxelmwifo kompensacia-danamati, rac gamoixateba stiqiuri
ubedurebiT miyenebuli zianis
anazRaurebiT, saTesi farTobebis SemcirebiT, saqonlis iZulebiT dakvliT da aS., ise arapirdapiri saxelmwifo regulireba, rac
iTvaliswinebs sursaTis bazarze
kvotebis tarifebSi Carevas, eqsport-importze gadasaxadebis dawesebas, danaxarjebis: sasuqebis,
Sxamqimikatebis, cxovelis sakvebis, kreditebis procentis, dazRvevis gadaxdis kompensacias, produqciis Senaxvisa da transportirebis subsidirebas da sxva;
saxelmwifo mxars uWers sawarmoo infrastruqturis ganviTarebas, maT Soris xangrZliv subsidirebas, romelic gamoiyeneba
sairigacio proeqtebis dasafinanseblad, miwebis rekultivaciis Casatareblad, fermerTa gaerTianebebis Sesaqmnelad.
saxelmwifo, subsidiebis sistemaSi, did adgils ikavebs fasebis
mxardaWeris programebi.
amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi
saxelmwifo mxardaWeriT fasebis, gasaRebis dakreditebis, miwis dacvis, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis, uaRresad qmediTi mobiluri
programebi moqmedebs, romlebic
agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis yvela monawilis, gansakuTrebiT ki
mwarmoeblis, mZlavr materialur
dainteresebas uzrunvelyofs.
am saqmes aSS-Si oTxi uwyeba uZRveba, romelSic umTavresi roli
soflis meurneobis departaments
ekisreba. aq soflis meurneobis
produqciaze ori saxis fasebi
თებერვალი, 2013
arsebobs: miznobrivi garantebi,
romelic yvela mniSvnelovan sasoflo sameurneo produqciaze
vrceldeba. igi isea gaTvlili,
rom saSualo da dabal Semosavliani fermis TviTdafinanseba
uzrunvelyos. am dros fermeris
produqciis realizacia xorcieldeba sabazro fasiT, romelic
SeiZleba iyos maRali, dabali an
miznobrivi fasis toli. wlis bolos an sxva dros fermeri miznobriv fassa da sarealizacio fass
Soris sxvaobas iRebs. Tu sarealizacio fasi dabalia, am SemTxvevaSi, fermeri saxelmwifosagan
miznobriv (garantirebul) fass
iRebs.
sagiravno fasi: am (fiqsirebuli) fasiT fermeri moweul produqcias mTlianad sasaqonlo sakredito korporacias giraoSi abarebs. im SemTxvevaSi Tu sabazro
fasebi sagiravno fasze dabalia,
fermers 9 Tvis ganmavlobaSi Tavisi produqciis gamosyidva SeuZlia, Tu ar gamoisyida igi gadadis
korporaciis sakuTrebaSi, xolo
fermeri sagiravno fasis farglebSi, Senaxvis xarjebis gamoklebiT, fulad kompensacias iRebs,
evropis qveynebSi garantirebuli fasebis meqanizmi yvela sasoflo sameurneo produqciaze moqmedebs. fineTSi sami saxis fasia:
miznobrivi, dotaciuri da damatebiTi. yovelwliurad fineTis
soflis meurneobisa da satyeo saministro ( erTi sistemaa) miznobriv fasebs sazRvravs da sasoflo
sameurneo saqonlis mwarmoebelTa centralur organizaciasTan
aTanxmebs. es fasi wlis ganmavlobaSi inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT
SeiZleba Seicvalos. miznobrivi
fasis bazisad aRebulia modeli,
romelic damuSavebulia samxreTis raionebis (ukeTesi sawarmoo
pirobebis) warmoebis TviTRirebulebis modelidan. cudi pirobebis mqone raionebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia dotaciuri fasebi. Tu produqciis Rirebuleba
dotaciur fass gadaaWarbebs,
zarals fermers ar unazRaureben. dotaciuri fasebi aseve gaTvaliswinebulia saeqsporto produqciaze.
akademikos nodar WiTanavas gamokvlevebiT saqarTvelos samomavlod sasursaTo produqtebis
didi deficiti Seeqmneba da romlis Sesavsebad mniSvnelovani savaluto resursi gaxdeba saWiro,
es dro ukve dadga Cveni qveyana
saarsebo produqtis did nawils
sazRvargareT yidulobs.
agrarul sferoSi msoflio
qveynebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda SemuSavdes saqarTvelos sasursaTo usafrTxoebis koncefcia.
saxelmwifo daxmarebebis programebidan unda aviRoT Cveni qveynisaTvis gamosadegi modeli da
daviwyoT brZola qveynis gadasarCenad.
Tamaz burdulaZe
soflis meurneobis
mecnierebaTa doqtori
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
27
საკვე ბწარ მო ებ ა
საკვებწარმოება
cxo vel Ta sa Zov ru li Se nax vis
per s peq ti ve bi sa qar T ve lo Si
adamianis srulfasovani cxovrebis gamsazRvrel faqtorTa Soris
mecxoveleobis produqtebiT uzrunvelyofas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.
mecxoveleobis aRmavlobis erT-erT ZiriTad da gadamwyvet materialur
safuZvels sakvebi warmoadgens. saqarTveloSi, sadac sakvebi kulturebisaTvis saxnavi miwebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba SezRudulia, sakvebis
warmoebis ZiriTad saSualebad bunebriv sakveb savargulebi rCeba.
Tanamedrove msoflios ganviTarebuli mecxoveleobis qveynebSi
farTod gamoiyeneba mTeli wlis
manZilze msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis baguri an saZovrul-baguri Senaxvis sistema. saZovrulbaguri Senaxvis sistemis dros
zafxulis periodSi sakvebis ZiriTad wyaros bunebrivi, an naTesi saZovrebi warmoadgens. magram
mecxoveleobis intensifikaciis,
rZisa da xorcis warmoebis samrewvelo safuZvlebze gadasvlis
principebidan gamomdinare, xSirad
uars amboben naxiris saZovrul Senaxvaze, ris erT-erT mizezad safuraJe marcvleulis SedarebiT
dabal fasebs da sakvebi kulturebis mosavlianobis gadidebis SesaZleblobebs asaxeleben. am SemTxvevaSi merZeuli da suqebaze myofi
cxovelis standartuli ulufis
safuZvels warmoadgens marcvleuli, wvniani da uxeSi sakvebi.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom cxovelTa saZovruli Senaxvis pirobebSi kulturul sarwyav saZovrebs,
ganoyierebisa da racionaluri
gamoyenebis Sedegad, warmatebiT
SeuZlia konkurencia gauwios sakvebwarmoebis sxva mimarTulebebs.
Tanamedrove moTxovnaTa pirobebSi fermers gamocdileba un-
28
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
da qondes da uaxloes meTodebs
flobdes, rom Tavisi warmoeba
ukeT marTos. saZovruli meurneobis gaZRolis meTodebi Rrma
codnis garda ufro moqnili unda
iyos da uaxloesi teqnologiebis
danergvaze droulad reagirebdes vidre es sakvebi kulturebis
moTibuli masiT cxovelis kvebas
gulisxmobs.
saZovruli Senaxvis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan upiratesobas saZovarze cxovelTa sufTa haerze
yofna, SeuzRudavi moZraoba warmoadgens, rac mastimulireblad
moqmedebs cxovelis organizmis
fiziologiur funqciebze, xels
uwyobs maT normalur zrda-ganviTarebas, cxovelmoqmedebis gaZlierebas, sasicocxlo procesebis
regulacias da mis mimdinareobas,
aaqtiurebs sisxlis mimoqcevas,
nivTierebaTa cvlas, curis kvebas,
sxvadasxva daavadebebis mimarT
organizmis gamZleobas, amaRlebs
saerTo rezistentobas, ukeT amJRavnebs da iyenebs genetikur potencials. yovelive aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare mcirdeba berwianoba
da Sesabamisad matulobs namatis
miReba, izrdeba jansaRi mozardi,
iqmneba yvela piroba misi intensiuri zrdisa da maRali produqtiu-
lobis misaRebad. saZovarze namyofi pirutyvi SemdgomSi ukeT itans
zamTris baguri Senaxvis dros mwiri kvebis pirobebs.
cnobilia, rom saZovarze miRebuli 1 kg 4% cximianobis rZis
warmoebaze gacilebiT naklebi
sakvebi erTeuli ixarjeba (0,7-dan
1,5-mde), vidre baguri kvebisas
(1,1-1,9-mde). furis saZovrul Senaxvaze gadasvlisas rZeSi 20-22
mg-dan 34-36 mg-mde izrdeba aminomJavebis raodenoba, aseve sisxlSi matulobs hemoglobinisa da
kalciumis moculoba.
saZovruli balaxnaris normaluri movla-moyvanisa da gamoyenebis pirobebSi xasiaTdeba maRali yuaTianobiT. ase mag. 100
kg. saSualo xarisxis bunebrivi
saZovris balaxi (mSral masaze gadayvaniT) 65 sakveb erTeuls da 6,5
kg monelebad proteins Seicavs.
mwvane balaxi 10-jer met karotins Seicavs, vidre Tiva. didi raodenobiTaa masSi Д vitamini, romelsac antiraqituli TvisebebiT
gamoirCeva, vitamini C suravandis
(cingis) sawinaaRmdego moxmedebiT, xolo E vitamini gamravlebis
ywyobs xels da a.S.
saZovrul periodSi mkveTrad
mcirdeba kombinirebul sakvebze
moTxovnileba, an umetes SemTxvevaSi saerTod aRaraa saWiro. aseve
gamoTiSulia danaxarjebi mwvane
masis moTibvaze, transportirebaze, sakvebis darigebaze, nakelis
gatanaze, rac cxadia, amcirebs
produqciis
TviTRirebulebas.
თებერვალი, 2013
საკვებწ არმოე ბა
საკვებწარმოება
saZovruli sakvebis maRali yuaTianoba, srulfasovneba da umetes
SemTxvevaSi cxovelis maqsimaluri
produqtiulobis miRwevisaTvis
saWiro nivTierebebiT dabalanseba saZovruli Senaxvis dros maRal
wveladobas da wonamats, mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebis matebas ganapirobebs. SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom saZovrul periodSi rZis
wliuri warmoebis 60-70% miiReba,
mxvilfexa saqonlisa da cxvris suqebaze CveulebrivTan SedarebiT
naklebi ixarjeba.
cxovelis saZovruli Senaxvis
uaryofiT mxared balaxnaris nawilis gadaTelvisa da nakeliT
dabinZurebis gamo saZovris produqtiulobis ramdenadme Semcireba SeiZleba CaiTvalos. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi cxovelis mier
saZovarze gadaadgilebis, morekva-garekvasa da gadarekvaze gaweuli SedarebiT gazrdili energetikuli danaxarjebi, romlebic
bagurs mniSvnelovnad aRemateba.
energiis es danaxarji, 500 kg wonis furis SemTxvevaSi, erT km. manZilze gadarekvis dros 1 kg. rZis
warmosaqmnelad gaweuli energiis
eqvivalenturia. garkveul xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli cxovelis
saZovarze SenaxvisaTvis saWiro nagebobis, fardulebis mSenebloba,
sarwyulebeli adgilebis mowyoba.
cxovelis kulturul saZovarze
Senaxva sakmaod did SromiT da materialur danaxarjebs moiTxovs.
regulirebuli Zovebis organizaciisaTvis (nakveTebis SeRobva,
eleqtromwyemsis gadatana, gzebis
gayvana da movla, gaZovebis Semdeg
darCenili balaxis waTibva, nakelis gafantva da sxv.).
baguri Senaxvis erT-erT mTavar
upiratesobas saZovrulTan SedarebiT warmoadgens misi organizaciis ramdenadme ufro simartive,
Tanamedrove meqanizaciis pirobebSi. Senaxvis am istemis dros
mecxoveleobis produqciis gamosavali sakvebi farTobis erTeulze gadaangariSebiT aRemateba saZovris, Tumca es mateba ver faravs
mwvane masis moTibva-transportireba-darigebis da nakelis utilizaciis xarjebs. gaadvilebulia
veterinaruli momsaxureoba, TiTqmis gamoricxulia cxovelis daavadeba timpanitiT da sxv. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom msxvilfexa rqosani cxovelis maRali
koncentraciis dros Senaxvis mxolod baguri sistemis gamoyenebaa
თებერვალი, 2013
mizanSewonili, radgan saZovruli
Senaxva am SemTxvevaSi praqtikulad metad gaZnelebulia. magram
aseve unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom
merZeul meZroxeobaSi da gansakuTrebiT sanaSene meurneobebSi
(fermebSi), sadac ki amis SesaZlebloba arsebobs, zafxulSi saZovarze naxiris Tundac ramdenime saaTiT gayvanas uaRresad dadebiTi
Sedegebi aqvs. amisaTvis sakmarisia
0,1 ha-ze naklebi kulturuli saZovari erT furze, anu 200 sulian
fermaSi 20 ha maRalproduqtiuli
saZovari balaxnaris racionaluri
gamoyenebis wesebis zusti dacviT.
saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom cxovelisa
ra bunebriv pirobebSi Senaxvis Soreuli Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba
aucilebels xdis sanaSeno muSaobaSi, aseve merZeul fermebSi, baris zonaSic ki zafxulis periodSi
naxiris da pirvel rigSi make furebis cota xniT mainc saZovarze
yofnis da mocionis did mizanSewonilobas.
baguri Senaxvis naklovan mxareebs Soris unda aRiniSnos mecxoveleobis produqciis ufro maRali TviTRirebuleba da erT sul
cxovelze gadaangariSebiT maTi
ramdenadme mcire warmoeba, vidre
saZovruli Senaxvisas. baguri Senaxvis efeqturoba mTlianad damokidebulia mwvane sakvebis sakveburamde (moTibva-transportirebadarigebis) mitanis yvela procesi
skompleqsur meqanizaciaze, misi
Semadgeneli rgolis urTierTSeTanxmebul da Seuferxebel muSaobaze, rac xSirad (uamindoba, sameurneo xasiaTis sxvadasxva Seferxebebi da a.S.) gaZnelebulia. bagaze cxovelis kvebisas saZovarze
yofnasTan SedarebiT ramdenadme
rTul problemas warmoadgens sakvebis dabalanseba da optimaluri
ulufis Sedgena.
cxovelTa calkeuli saxeobis
baguri da saZovruli Senaxvis SedarebiTi efeqturobis Seswavlis
Sedegebi ar iZleva erTmniSvnelovan pasuxs. amasTan erTad, ufro
aSkara d aris gamoxatuli furebis
da cxvris Senaxvis, agreTve Zroxeulis mozardis suqebis ekonomikuri upiratesoba mTis bunebriv saZovrebze. baris zonaSi msxvilfexa
rqosani pirutyvis mozardis suqebisas am sakiTxs ar aqvs principuli mniSvneloba da misi gadawyveta
unda ganisazRvros iseTi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa sakvebis warmoebis, Semzadebis da sxva sawarmoo
procesebis meqanizaciis doniT,
sakvebwarmoebis sameurneo, ekonomikuri da organizaciuli pirobebiT, suladobis koncentraciiT.
baris zonaSi zafxulSi msxvilfexa rqosani cxovelisaTvis fermis
axlos aucilebelia Seiqmnas naTesi maRalproduqtiuli sakvebi
savargulebi, xolo maTi saZovrad
Tu saTibad gamoyenebis da mwvane masiT cxovelis kvebis sakiTxi
unda gadawydes sakvebwarmoebis
kvalificirebuli specialistis
mier adgilobrivi pirobebis Sesabamisad da detaluri analizis
safuZvelze. amasTan metad sasurvelia baguri Senaxvis pirobebSic
ki gamoyenebuli iyos cxoveli ssaZovarze yofnis minimaluri saSualebac. cdebiT dadgenilia, rom
furis saSualo dRe-Ramuri wveladoba saZovarze, koncentrirebuli sakvebis gareSe Seadgens 18,6
kg rZes, bagaze TiviT kvebisas 14
kg; mcire raodenobiT koncentratis micemisas es maCveneblebi iz-
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
29
საკვე ბ წარმოება
საკვებ
წარ მოე ბა
rdeba-saZovarze 22 da bagaze kvebisas 18 kg-mde. baguri Senaxvisas
rZis monawveli ramdenadme metia
saZovrulTan SedarebiT mxolod
koncentrirebuli sakvebis gazrdili micemisas.
ekonomikuri da zogad-biologiuri xasiaTis argumentebi aSkarad mowmobs merZeuli da suqebaze
myofi msxvilfexa rqosani cxovelis saZovruli Senaxvis sasargeblod, Tumca ar gamoricxavs mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovelis
baguri Senaxvis pirobebSi rZisa
da xorcis efeqturi warmoebis SesaZleblobas.
saZovruli Senaxva da masTan dakavSirebuli saZovris racionaluri gamoyeneba cxovelis dadebiT
moqmedebasTan erTad ganapirobebs
aseve balaxnaris optimalur ganviTarebas da maRalproduqtiulobas. swored cxovelis da balaxis
moTxovnaTa sruli gaTvaliswinebiT aris SesaZlebeli saZovris
swori gamoyenebis safuZvlebis
damkvidreba. es ki Tavis mxriv balaxnaris maqsimaluri mosavlianobis miRebisa da mecxoveleobis
yvela dargis maRali produqtiulobis miRwevis mTavar pirobas
warmoadgens.
ioseb sarjvelaZe
ekologiur mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosi, sof. meur.
mecn. doqt. prof, agraruli
universitetis mecxoveleobisa
da sakvebwarmoebis institutis
mTavari mecn. TanamSromeli.
მეფუ ტკრეო ბა
მეფუტკრეობა
kandis naWerma SeiZleba futkris ojaxi ixsnas
kandi naturaluri Taflis, an inversirebuli sirofisa da Saqris pudrisgan momzadebuli comia,
romelsac, misi Tvisebebis gasaumjobeseblad, sxvadasxva minarevebs umateben. ukanasknel xans, mefutkreebi did yuradRebas aqceven kandis momzadebas,
rac futkris Txevad sakvebTan SedarebiT, misi mravali upiratesobiTaa ganpirobebuli.
— kandis micema futkrisTvis dRe-Ramis an sezonis nebismier dros SeiZleba, radgan is ar iwvevs
futkris aRelvebas, qurdobas da sxva uaryofiT Sedegebs, rac Txevadi sakvebis — Saqris sirofis micemas axasiaTebs;
— kands futkari mTlianad iyenebs sakuTar sakvebad da maragad ar inaxavs;
— futkrisTvis kandis micema ar moiTxovs Sromisa
da drois did danaxarjs;
— kandSi advilia sakvebdanamatebis, vitaminebis,
fermentebis, stimulatorebis, samkurnalo preparatebis CarTva;
— momzadebuli kandi vargisia ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi, maSin roca Saqris sirofi mxolod 3-4
dRis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT.
kandis gamoyenebas specialistebi urCeven Semdeg
SemTxvevebSi:
— roca raime mizezis gamo ver xerxdeba futkris
maRalxarisxovani TafliT momarageba sazamTrod,
sirofis micema ki dagvianebulia;
— sazamTrod, normalurad momaragebuli futkris
ojaxebis SemTxvevaSic ki, roca Semodgoma-zamTris
pirveli naxevari Tbilia, futkari aqtiuria, met sak-
30
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
vebs xarjavs, CarCoebze deda futkari intensiurad
debs kvercxs. zamTris meore naxevari civia, futkari
kravs gundas uTaflo CarCoebze, dabali temperaturis gamo ki gverdiT, Taflian CarCoze gadasvla ar
SeuZlia da iRupeba; maSin, roca skaSi Taflis maragi
SeiZleba sakmao iyos. aseT pirobebSi 0,5-1 kg kandis
naWerma SeiZleba kargi ojaxi daRupvisgan ixsnas;
— deda futkrebis gamoyvanisas, ZiriTad sakvebad
mcirezomian nukleusebSi, roca sakvebis damoukideblad Sevseba mcire ojaxs ar SeuZlia, Saqris sirofi ki
provocirebas uwevs qurdobis ganviTarebas;
— deda futkris gadagzavnisas galiebiT, aseve,
uCarCoo paketebiT futkris ojaxebis gadagzavnisas;
— futkris sakvebad wlis nebismier dros;
— futkris samkurnalod aqtiur da, gansakuTrebiT, mosvenebis periodSi, roca daavadebuli ojaxi
aRmoaCineT; gvian, roca sirofSi Sereuli preparatebis micema ukve aRar SeiZleba — am SemTxvevaSi iyeneben samkurnalo kands, romelSic Sereulia Sesabamisi samkurnalo preparati;
rogorc xedavT, Txevad sakvebTan SedarebiT, kands
mravali upiratesoba gaaCnia, magram arsebobs garkveuli siZneleebic 1-2 kg-ze meti raodenobisas misi
momzadeba xeliT (mozela) Zalian Sromatevadia; naturalur Taflze momzadebuli kandi Zviria, Tanac
yovelTvis ar arsebobs daavadebebisgan garantirebulad Tavisufali Taflis sakmao raodenoba.
pirveli siZnelis gadasaWrelad, did safutkreebSi da samrewvelo sawarmoebSi iyeneben eleqtrocomsazel agregatebs. meore siZnelis gadasaWrelad ki,
Tafls Caanacvleben inversirebuli sirofiT. inversirebuli sirofi — Saqris sirofia, romelSic rTuli
Saqrebi daSlilia. aseT sirofs futkari iseve advilad inelebs, rogorc Tafls. garda amisa, inversirebuli sirofi Tavisufalia sxvadasxva daavadebis gamomwveebisgan. Saqris sirofis invertirebis mraval
meTodTagan, kandis dasamzadeblad saukeTeso gamodga melniCukis meTodi, romelic dabal temperaturaze naturaluri Taflis fermentebis saSualebiT Saqrebis inversias iTvaliswinebs. am meTodiT damzadebuli inversirebuli sirofi ar Seicavs futkrisTvis
damRupvel SenaerTebs, rac, damaxasiaTebelia Saqris
organuli mJavebiT inversiis dros.
თებერვალი, 2013
მეფ რინ ველეობა
მეფრინველეობა
pe ki nu ri
ix vi
msoflioSi, amJamad, cnobilia ixvis mravali jiSi, romelic sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da gansxvavebul klimatur pirobebSia gamoyvanili. ixvis
gamoyvanili, kulturuli jiSebi maRali aRwarmoebis unariT, adreulobiT da kargi kvercxmdeblobiT xasiaTdebian. sameurneo Tvisebebis mixedviT ixvis jiSebi iyofian: mexorcul, mexorcul-mekvercxul,
mekvercxul da dekoratiul jiSebad. dasaxelebuli jiSebidan gansakuTrebiT didi gavrceleba mexorculi mimarTulebis pekinurma ixvma hpova. es jiSi Cvens qveyanaSic farTod aris gavrcelebuli. 70-ian
80-ian wlebSi pekinur ixvs saqarTveloSi samrewvelo safuZvlebze
specialur ixvis fermebSi aSenebdnen. Semdeg ganviTarebuli cnobili
movlenebis Sedegad es fermebi mTlianad daixura da amJamad am jiSis
moSeneba warmatebiT aris SesaZlebeli sakarmidamo tipis fermerul
meurneobebSi.
pekinuri ixvi Cinuri warmoSobisaa. istoriuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad igi, rogorc jiSi, sami saukunis winaT, pekinis samxreT nawilSi
gamoiyvanes. evropasa da amerikaSi
XIX saukuneSi gadaiyvanes. yvelgan
Camoyalibda rogorc saukeTeso
mexorculi jiSi, romelsac axasiaTebs didi malmwifadoba da xorcis maRali xaarisxi. saqarTveloSi gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi Semoiyvanes.
pekinuri ixvi TeTri ferisaa,
damaxasiaTebelia farTe, grZeli
da Rrma sxeuli, kargad ganviTarebuli mkerdiT; farTe, brtyeli, saSualo sigrZis Tavi, kiseri
xorciani; ganieri da grZeli zurgi; niskarti moyviTalo-narinjisferi, saSualo sigrZis, odnav
CaRunuli;
mowiTalo-narinjisferi, saSualo simaRlis fexebi;
sxeulze mkvrivad ganlagebuli
patara zomis frTebi. zrdasruli
ixvis cocxali masa dedlis 3,0-3,6
kg-ia; mamlis 3,5-4,0 kg. erT ciklze kvercxmdebloba 100-140 calia.
Seswavlilia, rom kargi kveba-movlis pirobebSi meore wels kvercxთებერვალი, 2013
mdebloba ar mcirdeba da zogierTi egzemplari wlis ganmavlobaSi
200 cal kvercxs iZleva. kvercxis
saSualo masa 85 g-ia. WuWuls axasiaTebs zrdis siswrafe da 50-55
dRis asakSi, aRweven 2,7-3,0 kg-mde.
xorci maRali xarisxisaa. pekinuri
ixvi amtania, ar saWiroebs wyalsatevebs da amitom advilad egueba
intensiur gamozrdasa da Senaxvas.
ixvebi gamoirCevian malmwifadobiT, sakvebisadmi naklebi momTxovnelobiT da gamZleobiT. isini TavianT cocxal masas 7 kviris
asakisTvis zrdian 55-60-jer da 1
kg wonamatze 2,7-2,9 kg sakvebs xarjaven. ixvis gamozrda SesaZlebelia rogorc intensiuri, aseve
eqstensiuri Senaxvis pirobebSi.
fermeruli meurneobis pirobebSi ixvis Senaxva umjobesia msubuqi
tipis safrinveleSi tbis, wyalsacavis, an mdinaris napirze. kargi adaptaciis unari xels uwyobs
ixvis moSenebas sxvadasxva klimatur zonaSi. zrdis maRali tempi
ganpirobebulia
gaZlierebuli
nivTierebaTa cvliT da Jangbadze
didi momTxovnelobiT.
ixvi maRali aRwarmoebis unariT
gamoirCeva — es aris xangrZlivi
da intensiuri kvercxmdebloba.
normaluri kveba-movlis pirobebSi misgan wlis mTeli periodis
ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia miviRoT mozardi.
ixvs sxva frinvelebisgan gansxvavebiT, gaaCnia SedarebiT mokle
nawlavi, amitom sakvebi saWmlis
momnelebel traqtSi advilad gadis da yovndeba SedarebiT mcire
xniT — daaxloebiT 1,5-2 sT-is ganmavlobaSi. maT sakvebis monelebadoba ufro maRali aqvT, vidre
sxva frinvelebs.
ixvis mozardis gamozrda yvelaze sapasuxismgebloa, radganac
ixvs aqvs midrekileba gadasuqebisken, an naadrevi sqesobrivi
momwifebisken. sanaSene mozardis
miReba sasurvelia moxdes 8 Tvis
asakis sadede gundidan, rodesac sainkubacio kvercxis masa ar
iqneba 75 g-ze naklebi. erTdRian
asakSi awarmoeben sqesze gadarCevas, romlis teqnikac Semdegia:
ixvs iyvanen marcxena xelisgulze
zurgiT xelis gulisken da frTxilad xsnian kloakas. Tu mamrobiTi
sqesia kloakis lorwovan garsze
SeiniSneba patara borcvaki, rac
mdedrobiT sqess ar axasiaTebs.
daxarisxebis sizuste 98%-ia. sanaSene mozards zrdian 26 kviris
asakamde, Semdeg gadahyavT mSobelTa gundSi. muSkiani ixvis saremonto mozardis gamozrdas
awarmoeben 10-11 kviris asakamde.
pekinuri ixvis sanaSene mozardis mamali 6 kviris asakSi unda
iwonides 3,0 kg-s, xolo dedali —
2,8 kg-s. muSkiani ixvis mamali 11
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
31
მეფრინ ვ ელეობა
მეფრინველეობა
kviris asakSi unda iwonides 3,6-3,9
kg-s, dedali — 2,8-3,0 kg-s. sakvebi fronti 1 frTaze 9 sm-ia, xolo
darwyulebis fronti — 7 sm. sanaSene mozardis gamosazrdelad
safrinveleSi daculi unda iyos
Semdegi mikroklimati: optimaluri temperatura +18-200C, SefardebiTi tenianoba 70 %, zamTarSi
80%. aucilebelia kontroli gaewios mavne airebis Semcvelobas
haerSi. dasmis simWidrove unda
Seadgendes 2,5 frTas 1 m2-ze. ganaTebis reJimi ki Semdegia: pirveli
1 kvira 24 saaTiani ganaTeba, 6 kviris asakamde xangrZlioba mcirdeba 9 sT-mde, 7 kviridan 25 kviramde
hyavT stabilur 8 sT-ian ganaTebaze.
gamozrdisas gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba kvebas eniWeba. sasurvelia Semdegi sakvebis struqtura
(%): marcvlovani sakvebi-58,3, qato-14, koptoni-4, cxoveluri sakvebi, an premiqsi-5, balaxis fqvili-15, mineraluri sakvebi-3,7.
saxorced gamozrdac Rrma qveSsafenze warmoebs.
erTdRian ixvebs gamosazrdelad
svaven gamoCekidan araumetes 12 sTis ganmavlobaSi. axalgamoCekili
ixvi unda iyos moZravi, reagirebdes xmaurze, muceli unda hqondes
akruli, bumbuli sufTa da Tanabari; cocxali masa aranakleb 45
g-isa. muSkiani ixvis gamozrda 10-11
kviris asakamde awarmoeben. pekinuri ixvi ufro swrafad izrdeba,
amitom maTi dakvla mizanSewonilia
6-7 kviris asakSi. temperaturuli
reJimi mozardis gamozrdis dros
unda iyos Semdegi: pirveli 1 kviris ganmavlobaSi iatakTan +33-34
0C, Semdeg temperaturas TandaTan
amcireben da V kvirisTvis dahyavT
+16-180C-ze. SenobaSi fardobiTi
tenianoba unda iyos 65-75%.
3 kviris asakamde sakvebis fronti unda Seadgendes 1,5-2 sm-s, Semdeg 2-4 sm-s, darwyulebis fronti
Sesabamisad 1 da 2 sm-s. sasurvelia saixveSi dReSi orjer moxdes
wylis gamocvla. 1-7 kviramde ixvs
darwyulebisTvis esaWiroeba 1,1
l wyali erT frTaze dReSi. wylis
nakleboba amcirebs zrdas. 24 saaTi uwyloba amcirebs wonamatis
zrdas, romlis kompensirebas esaWiroeba 10 dRe.
kidev ufro rentabeluria ixvebis gamozrda wyalsatevTan axlos. mag., meTevzeobis wyalsacavTan axlos gamozrda sakvebis danaxarjs amcirebs 30-40%-iT. 1 ha
farTobis mqone wyalsatevze ixvis
raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes
120-150 frTas. aseTi optimaluri
datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi nakelis
gamoyofis xarjze izrdeba wylis
biomasa da ixvi warmatebiT iyenebs
masSi arsebul wyalmcenareebs.
ixvebisTvis saxorced gamozrdis
SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia srulfasovani kveba, radgan, ixvis biologiuri Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, misTvis damaxasiaTebelia
zrdis maRali tempi da sakvebis
kargi aTvisebis unari. pirvel kviras aucilebelia sakvebSi iyos
proteinis maRali done (21%) da
samimocvlo energia 1, 26 mjouli.
ixvis suqebis periodi grZeldeba
55 dRemde. amis Semdeg organizmSi
mcirdeba zrdis intensivoba.
amrigad, pekinuri ixvis gamozrda maRalrentabeluria sakarmidamo tipis fermeruli (glexuri)
meurneobis pirobebSi, radgan ixvs
axasiaTebs swrafi zrdis tempi,
erT kilogram wonamatze naklebi sakvebis danaxarjiT da drois
mokle SualedSi iZleva saukeTeso sagemovno Tvisebebis mqone maRali xarisxis xorcs.
koba nacvalaZe
sofl. meurn. mecnierebaTa
doqtori, saqarTvelos
agraruli universitetis
mix. rCeuliSvilis mecxoveleobis
biologiuri safuZvlebis
institutis direqtori
მეც ხოვ ე ლეობა
მეცხოველეობა
qarTuli Zroxis jiSebi
qarTuli mTis Zroxa uZvelesi, unikaluri jiSia.
am jiSma didi roli Seasrula qarTveli xalxis materialuri kulturis ganviTarebaSi. sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoTa Sesasruleblad mas saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi, rogorc erTaderT gamwev Zalas iyenebdnen.
winaT qarTuli mTis jiSis Zroxa mTel saqarTveloSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, amJamad ki qveyanaSi maTi suladobis 8-10%-s Seadgens, is mxolod
maRali mTis soflebSia SemorCenili (xevsureTSi,
svaneTSi, aWaris mTian nawilSi da sxva). Zlier da-
32
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
ferdebuli mTis saZovris gamoyenebis unari, SimSilobisa da sxva cudi pirobebis mimarT amtanoba
da magari konstitucia am jiSis Zvirfasi Tvisebebia.
gaumjobesebuli kvebisa da movlis pirobebSi (saqarTvelos mecxoveleobis yofil sacdel sadgurSi) am jiSis furebis saSualo wliuri wveladoba
1900-2000 kg-mde gaizarda. ufro karg pirobebSi gadayvanili calkeuli furebis wveladoba 4100 kg-s
da mets aRwevs, cximianoba ki 4.8-4.9% Seadgens. rogorc vxedavT, am Zroxis rZis cximrZianoba maRalia da wveladobis gazrdasTan erTad cximianobac
თებერვალი, 2013
მეცხოვე ლე ობა
მეცხოველეობა
imatebs. am TvisebiT qarTuli mTis Zroxa mkveTrad
gansxvavdeba kulturuli jiSebisagan, romelTa
wveladobasa da cximianobas Soris korelacia uaryofiTia.
kulturuli jiSis didtanian furebs 1500-2000 kg
saSualo wveladobisas 1 kg rZis warmoebisaTvis daaxloebiT orjer meti sakvebi sWirdeba, vidre qarTuli mTis Zroxas, rac garkveul pirobebSi adgilobrivi jiSis moSenebis upiratesobas gviCvenebs.
intensiuri suqebisas qarTuli mTis jiSis mozvrebis dReRamuri wonamati 650-700 g-s ar aRemateba da
saboloo masa dabalia, magram xorcis kulinaruli
Tvisebebi metad maRalia, rac agreTve jiSis dadebiT Tvisebad unda miviCnioT. qarTuli mTis jiSis
Zroxis mTavari naklia xangrZlivi cudi kvebisa da
Senaxvis gamo daknineba, dabali cocxali masa, sxeulis calkeuli nakveTebis aradamakmayofilebeli eqsterieri, rac kargi kvebis da seleqciis saSualebiT
SeiZleba gamoswordes.
Zroxis megruli wiTeli jiSi gamoyvanilia gasuli
saukunis samocian wlebSi megreli mejogeebis mier
(Zmebi kvaracxeliebi da sxvebi); mas ZiriTadad igive
specifikuri niSnebi axasiaTebs, rac qarTuli mTis
Zroxas, im gansxvavebiT, rom pirutyvs aqvs wiTeli
feri, zemoT aziduli grZeli rqebi, Seguebulia momTabareobas, naklebad aris cudi pirobebis gavleniT
dakninebuli, xasiaTdeba simkvircxliTa da gaumjobesebuli samuSao TvisebebiT, riTac ganTqmuli iyo
dasavleT saqarTveloSi. dadgenilia, rom am jiSis
xari gamwevunarianobiT didad aRemateba qarTuli
mTisa da sxva Seswavlil jiSebs. is imdenad muxlmouRleli da Cliqmagaria, rom Cvili xboc ki momTabareobis dros 90-100 km qviani gzis gavlisas ar koWldeba. megruli wiTeli jiSis Zroxebi mTeli wlis
ganmavlobaSi iseT daWaobebul saZovrebs iyeneben,
sadac sxva kulturuli jiSis pirutyvs gavlac ki gauWirdeboda.
muSa pirutyvis jiSebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
uxeSi konstitucia, megruli wiTeli jiSi ki am
mxriv unikaluria, mas aqvs metad nazi, amave dros
Zlier magari konstitucia, rac merZeuli ZroxisaTvis aris sasurveli. araCveulebrivad intensiur nivTierebaTa cvlasTan dakavSirebiT yovel kilogram cocxal masaze maT 20%-iT meti aqvT sisxlis raodenoba, vidre Sesadarebel kulturul jiSebs, aseve gazrdili aqvT sisxlSi eriTrocitebisa da hemoglobinis Semcveloba, meti aqvT pulsi,
sunTqva, Zvlebis simagre, Semcirebulia kunTebis
boWkoTa diametri da Sinagani organoebis ujredTa sidide.
es jiSi moSenebuli yavdaT rogorc samegrelos,
ise mis mosazRvre guriis, leCxumis, imereTis, afxazeTis da aWaris raionebSi. mTel weliwads saZovarze, binebisa da damatebiTi sakvebis micemis gareSe
Senaxvis eqstremalur pirobebSi kuros cocxli masa aRwevs 450-550 kg-s furisa 260-300 kg-s, wliuri
wveladoba 900-1000 kg-s, cximrZianoba 4.5%. furebis saSualo wveladoba 2000 kg-mde gazardes, xolo
sakmaod karg kvebaze gadayvanili furebis sacdeli
თებერვალი, 2013
jgufis wveladoba 3000 kg-s miaRwia, maTi rZianobis
koeficienti 8,3-s udrida. rekorduli wveladoba
4315 kg-s aRwevda. intensiuri suqebisas mozvris
dReRamuri wonamati 700-750 g-s aRwevs. saqarTveloSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamo megruli wiTeli
jiSis Zroxis suladoba bolo periodSi 1800 sulamde Semcirda. aucilebelia sagangebo zomebis miReba,
raTa jiSi ar moispos da ar daikargos misi unikaluri genofondi.
Zroxis kavkasiuri wabla jiSi adgilobrivia, igi
Sejvarebis gziT aris gamoyvanili da jiSad 1960
wels iqna aRiarebuli. masSi xelsayrelad aris Sexamebuli qarTuli Zroxis uZvelesi jiSebis gamZleoba
da cximianoba Semoyvanili kulturuli jiSebis maRal cocxal masasa da wveladobasTan. amis gamo
axalma jiSma mosaxleobaSi mowoneba daimsaxura da
mokle xanSi iseTi farTo gavrceleba moipova, rom
misi suladoba saqarTveloSi 2-jer da metad aRemateba Zroxis yvela sxva jiSisas.
amJamad, kavkasiuri wabla jiSze sanaSene muSaobis
done saqarTveloSi imdenad dabalia, rom saWiro xarisxis kuros-mwarmoeblebis gamozrdac ki SeuZlebelia. Tu ase gagrZelda, jiSi sabolood gadagvardeba da moispoba, rac daabrkolebs respublikaSi
meZroxeobis produqciis warmoebas.
suliko beriZe
aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis soflis
meurneobis ministris modgile
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
33
მავ ნე ბლებ ი
მავნებლები
kar to fi lis ki bo
kartofilis kibo yvelaze seriozul da saSinel daavadebad iTvleba. misi gamomwvevia soko - SYNCHYTRIUM ENDOBIOTICUM.
CUM
pirvelad kibo ungreTSi 1896 wels
aRweres, Tumca parazitis samSoblo jer kidev ucnobia. daavadeba
swrafad gavrcelda mTel dasavleT evropaSi, xolo 1918 wels aSSSi. amJamad igi gvxvdeba evropaSi,
iaponiaSi, CrdiloeT da samxreT
amerikaSi, samxreT afrikaSi. 19391940 wlebSi daavadebis calkeuli
kerebi gamoCnda dasavleT ukrainisa da belorusiis teritoriaze.
Semdgom daavadeba gavrcelda aRmosavleTiT.
aRniSnuli sokoTi SeiZleba daavaddes ZaRlyurZenasebrTa ojaxis sxva mcenareebic: pamidoris
zogierTi jiSi, lencofa, ZaRlyurZena, xebalaxa da sxva. bunebriv pirobebSi SesaZlebelia kartofilis kibos mimRebi da gamavrceleblebi iyos zemoT CamoTvlili ZaRlyurZenasebrTa ojaxis
warmomadgenlebi.
kartofilis kiboTi, fesvebis
garda, avaddeba mcenaris yvela
organo, foTlebisa da yvavilebis
CaTvliT. avadmyofoba vlindeba
qsovilebis warmoqmniT, rac korZisebri warmonaqmnebis ganviTarebaSi gamoixateba. isini Rrubels
an axalgazrda yvavilovan kombostos mogvagoneben. korZebis
warmoqmna iwyeba bolqvis TvlebTan. dasawyisSi isini patarebia, —
simindis marcvlisodena, Semdeg
TandaTan izrdeba da xSirad iseT
zomas aRwevs, rom korZi mkvebav
bolqvebze ufro didia. igi jer
TeTria, rac xani gadis, korZi
TandaTan fers icvlis da bolos,
TiTqmis mTlad Savdeba. rac imis
maCvenebelia, rom bolqvebis qsovilebis daSla daiwyo. korZi lpeba da bolqvi mTlad fuWdeba.
korZebi bolqvebis garda warmoiqmneba fesvurebsa da fesvis yelze.
Zlieri daavadebis SemTxvevaSi aseTi korZebi Reroebze, foTlebsa da
yvavilebzec ki viTardeba. korZebi
SeiZleba miwisqveSa Reroze da, saerTod zeda nawilebzec ganviTardes. daavadebuli adgilis zeviT
34
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
moTavsebuli Reros nawili xmeba.
fesvebi ar avaddeba, radgan daavadebis gamomwvevi mxolod axalgazrda, mzard qsovilSi iWreba. korZebis zoma- mcire zomidan TviT bolqvis zomamde gansxvavebulia.
kartofilis kibos gamomwvevi soko ujredSiga parazitad iTvleba.
parazitis moqmedebiT ujredi izrdeba, amasTan mezobeli epidermisis ujredebi da bolqvis rbilobis
ujredebi swrafad iyofa. araxelsayreli pirobebisadmi maRali gamZleobis gamo infeqciis gamomwvevi
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, 10-15
wlis, zogjer ki 30 wlamdec, niadagSi inaxeba, inarCunebs cxovelmyofelobas da kartofilisaTvis
es niadagi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
gamousadegari xdeba.
bolqvebis infeqcia SeiZleba
sxvadasxva temperaturis dros
12-140C-mde; optimalurad 210C
iTvleba.
kartofilis kulturis daavadebisas mosavlianoba mcirdeba.
kibos Zlieri ganviTarebisas
mosavlis danakargebma SeiZleba 40-60% miaRwios. saTesle masalis xarisxic ecema da Senaxvis
unars kargavs. sokos mavneobis
da maRali sicocxlisunarianobis gaTvaliswinebiT kartofilis kibo bevr qveyanaSi, maT Soris
CvenTanac, sakarantino mavneblad
iTvleba. kartofilis kibos winaaRmdeg brZolis dros mTavari sakarantino RonisZiebebia. im qvey-
nebidan, sadac kiboa gavrcelebuli, saTesle da sameurneo masalis
Semotana sastikad akrZalulia.
kibos winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad
radikalur RonisZiebad gamZle
jiSebis SerCeva iTvleba. daavadebuli bolqvebi, Rero-foCebi unda
Segrovdes da daiwvas. Tu nakveTze erTidan xuTamde daavadebuli
bolqvia, mosavlis aRebis dros,
daavadebuli Reroebi da gorglebi unda daiwvas nakveTze. Zlier
daavadebisas erTi metris siRrmis
ormoSi unda Caiyaros inficirebuli mcenaris narCenebi, damuSavdes qloriani nazaviT an 5%-iani
bordos xsnariT (20l.m3 narCenze)
da ormo kvlav miwiT daifaros.
inficirebuli niadagi ki unda
damuSavdes preparat nemasoliT
(xarjvis norma 60-120 g/m2). preparati kartofilis Tesvamde 30
dRiT adre niadagSi 20 sm. siRrmeze meqanizebuli wesiT SeaqvT
da niadags celofnis firiT. preparati gamoyeneba rogorc Ria,
aseve daxurul gruntSi. daxurul
gruntSi SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT preparati „bazamidi“ (xarjvis norma 40-60 g/m2). preparati
kartofilis dargvamde 30 dRiT
adre 20 sm. siRrmeze meqanizebulad SeaqvT niadagSi da afareben
polieTilenis safars.
unda aRiniSnos, rom kartofili
gansakuTrebiT Zlierad avaddeba erT da imave adgilze mudmivad
Tesvis dros, amitom swori Teslbrunvis SerCeva daavadebis winaaRmdeg brZolis efeqtiani saSualebaa.
aseve rekomendebulia damuSavebuli saTesle masalis gamoyeneba.
Tesvis win bolqvebs Teslis Sesawamli preparatebiT - „prestiJiT“
(xarjvis norma 1 l. 1 t. Teslze),
„premiumiT“ (1-1,3 l. 1t.), „selest
topiT“ (sargavi masala unda Seiwamlos uSualod dargvamde an
dargvis dros - 10 l. 1t Teslze)
unda damuSavdes.
sursaTis erovnuli saagento
თებერვალი, 2013