Allegato

Ciclo Seminari DICA
18.01.2016
The uneasy modelling of historic masonry structures:
art and craft.
A sight on the stone masonry structures and relative issues
Giuliana Cardani
Assistant Professor in Restoration
Dept. of Environmental and Civil Engineering - DICA
DISCLAIMER
This presentation will not give you answer for
the structural analysis of masonry construction,
only
rise questions to be focused before starting the
analysis.
1
TOPICS
1. Masonry wall
2. Masonry construction
3. Masonry damage
4. Diagnostic investigation
The “KNOWLEDGE” of a building:
1
Historic buildings with a masonry structure could
be part of typologies very different, compared one to
each other, according to their original function.
temples
churches
convents
houses
castles
arenas
bridges e aqueducts….
Recognize the
BUILDING
TYPOLOGY
2
The “KNOWLEDGE” of a building:
1
Structures can be simple or very complex with
peculiar problems strictly connected to their function.
The necessity to fulfill a specific function influenced
the different constructive solutions as well as will
influence the structural analysis (support conditions
and constitutive laws) and the intervention technique
(different investigation levels and modeling).
Different typologies have different damage
mechanisms.
The “KNOWLEDGE” of a building:
Same period of
construction, same
materials, same
constructive
technique but
different behaviour
3
The “KNOWLEDGE” of a building:
Stanza Orologio
Quota = +26.75 m da terra
Pianta, prospetti e
sezione del
Torrazzo di
Cremona
The “KNOWLEDGE” of a building:
Investigation aimed to the knowledge can interess
not only a single construction but a group of them
or a historical center. The historical centers are
characterized by a complex texture of buildings
usually “non-monumental” but not less important
and that constitute a fundamental historical
artistic and cultural proof.
4
A METHODOLOGY for diagnosis
Representative typologies of the buildings should be
recognized as a first step when dealing with historic centers
A METHODOLOGY for diagnosis
Building typologies
1. Simple Row Rural Buildings
2. Row Residential Buildings
PIANTA PIANO SECONDO
U.M.I.5
U.M.I.6
5
A METHODOLOGY for diagnosis
Building typologies
3. Complex Residential Buildings
Original
boundary
walls
6
TOPICS
1. Masonry wall
“BRICK MASONRY”
Masonry is a COMPOSITE MATERIAL
made of mortar and stones or bricks.
In modern masonry different materials
can be used as hollow blocks made of
clay, concrete, calcium silicate, etc.
More in general these components are
called masonry elements/units.
As it happens for all the porous
materials the compressive strength is
much higher than the tensile strength
7
“BRICK MASONRY”
DI COLTELLO
(shiner)
DI FASCIA
DI TESTA
(stretchers)
(headers)
“BRICK MASONRY”
ONE HEADER
MASONRY
TWO HEADERS
MASONRY
FOUR
HEADERS
MASONRY
THREE HEADERS MASONRY
8
“BRICK MASONRY”
«A SACCO»
MASONRY (rubble
masonry inside)
BRICK MASONRY WITH
STONE EXTREMITIES
THREE-LEAF
STONE MASONRY
“BRICK MASONRY”
Masonry section of the Civic Tower of Pavia
9
“BRICK MASONRY”
(A. Giuffrè)
“BRICK MASONRY”
Breymann G. A., Trattato generale di costruzioni civili , 1885
10
“BRICK MASONRY”
“BRICK MASONRY”
Basilica di Santa
Maria e San
Sigismondo
Rivolta d’Adda
(CR)
XI cent.
Herringbone
pattern
11
“BRICK MASONRY”
D2 - muratura stalla
(1834-1836)
D3 - sottotetto
(dopoguerra)
D11- lesena stalla D14 - pilastro portico
(1834-1836)
(1834-1836)
SURVEY OF MASONRY TEXTURES
12
Survey of masonry texture
2
“VERTICAL STRUCTURES: STONE MASONRY
AND ITS QUALITY EVALUATION”
Masonry is a non-homogenous material made of
mortar and stones or bricks. As it is a composite
material, its structural behaviour depends both on the
characteristics of the single components and on their
interaction.
The MASONRY term describes an extremely
diversified system not only in terms of the different
component materials but of the constructive
technique according to the different historical and
territorial realities: local masonry materials, ease of
retrieval and the ability of local workers.
13
“THE STONE MASORNY”
The study of the structural behavior of the stone
masonry is different and more complex than the brick
masonry. The standards in fact are generally able to
provide semi-empirical formulas for estimating the
strength only to the brickwork of new production
based on the mechanical properties of its
components.
There is a great variety of types of masonry
construction in Italy and this makes it even more
complicated their study.
“THE STONE MASORNY”
Description of the geometry and morphology of the
masonry texture: the stone units.
14
manufactoring
lavorazione
15
ABACUS OF THE
MASONRY TEXTURE
HORIZONTALITY OF
THE COURSES
ABACUS OF THE MASONRY TEXTURE
16
Levelling
ABACUS OF THE
MASONRY TEXTURE
Wedges
ABACUS OF THE
MASONRY TEXTURE
STAGGER OF THE
VERTICAL JOINTS
17
manufactoring
Corner details (Ferrini, 2003).
The stone block at the
corner could be (a)
only decorative
elements or (b) only
superficial, (Doglioni,
2007)
18
SCHEDA DI RILIEVO
Tabella C8A.2.1
(NTC del 14.01.08).
19
Tabella C8A.2.1
(NTC del 14.01.08).
Codice
Muratura in pietrame
(ciottoli, pietre erratiche,
ecc.), disordinata per
forma, dimensione e tipo
di materiale degli
elementi. Muratura a lisca
pesce
100 cm
Muratura in pietrame
disordinata (ciottoli, pietre
erratiche e irregolari)
Esempi di tessiture murarie
100 cm
A
Definizione contenuta
nell'ordinanza 3274/2005, Proposta di modifica della
nella tabella 11.D.1 e in
definizione di tipologia
tabella C8B.1 della NTC
(RELUIS)
14.01.08).
0cm
100 cm
0cm
100 cm
100 cm
100 cm
Muratura a conci sbozzati,
di dimensioni variabili e
con prevalenza di filari
orizzontali
B
Muratura a conci sbozzati,
con paramento di limitato
spessore e nucleo interno
C
Muratura in pietre a
spacco (anche di forma
Muratura in pietre a spacco
irregolare) con buona
con buona tessitura
tessitura (pietre ben
ammorsate)
0cm
0cm
100 cm
100 cm
100 cm
100 cm
0cm
100 c m
0cm
Proposta di modifica di
alcune definizioni di
tipologia muraria, relative
solo agli edifici storici, con
schema grafico
identificativo.
Tabella C8A.2.1
(NTC del 14.01.08).
100 cm
100 cm
D
Muratura a conci di pietra
tenera (tufo, calcarenite,
ecc.)
Muratura a blocchi
squadrati di pietra tenera
(tufo, calcarenite, ecc.)
0cm
100 cm
100 cm
100 cm
E
Muratura a blocchi lapidei
squadrati
Muratura a blocchi
squadrati di pietra non
tenera
0cm
Muratura in mattoni pieni e
malta di calce
100 cm
100 cm
100 cm
F
0cm
100 cm
Nessuna modifica
0cm
100 cm
0cm
100 cm
20
Analysis of a masonry
The masonry texture
enough.
is
Masonry with
single lief
not
ABACUS OF THE
MASONRY CROSS
SECTION
More than
2/3 of the
section
Masonry with
two lieves
diaton
Non interlocked
50 cm
30
10
0
Masonry with
three lieves
10
50 cm
Partially interlocked
0
Well interlocked
21
90,00
80,00
70,00
60,00
50,00
40,00
30,00
20,00
10,00
0
50cm
0,00
Ar ea Pi etr e
Ar ea Malta
Ar ea Vuoti
Borri 2006
22
Example of deformation
and subsequent collapse
of a masonry stone
(A. Giuffrè)
23
(A.Giuffrè)
24
Dismemberment of the masonry in its thickness
A
b1
b2
A) DUE TO LOCAL FAILURE
B)
DUE TO INSTABILITY OR FLEXURAL STRESSES
SMEMBRAMENTO DELLA MURATURA NEL SUO SPESSORE
(A. Borri)
25
(A.Giuffrè)
0 cm
50 cm
Hypothetical mechanical behaviour scheme for different
masonry cress-section typologies
0 cm
50 cm
(A.Giuffrè)
Hypothetical mechanical behaviour scheme for different
masonry cress-section typologies
26
Diaton
ABACUS OF THE
MASONRY CROSS
SECTION
Levelling
(laying)
0
Voids
10
50cm
Dimension and
distribution
Knowledge of the masonry
structure: from the façades
it is not enough.
Masonry texture with
horizontal courses
Regular texture
Masonry texture with
irregular courses
Irregular texture
27
Saint Paul ex-hospital, Savona
Saint Paul ex-hospital, Savona
28
Dismantling of a masonry portions
masonry texture
masonry section
29
Coring of a masonry portions
Schema di un carotaggio praticato in un pilastro
Calcarenite
Malta
disgregata
Travertino
Giunto di malta
Vuoti
0
20
40
60
0
Boroscope analysis
A
4
2
0
3
0
42 44
A
'
30
2500
2000
1500
m/ s
Velocità sonica ( m/sec)
Sonic Pulse Velocity test
1000
500
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
2000
1500
m /sec
Vel ocità sonica (m/sec)
0
2500
1000
500
5
6
8
13
9
14
19
10
15
20
11
16
21
12
17
22
2200
2100
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
18
23
1000
500
0
2500
Velocità sonica
(m/sec)
7
1500
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
2000
1500
m/sec
4
Vel ocità sonica ( m/sec)
3
1000
500
0
Velocità sonica ( m/sec)
2
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Velocità sonica (m/sec)
1
2000
m/ sec
Velocità soniche (m/sec)
0
2500
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Church S.Andrea
– external wall
Church S.Andrea
– Tower
1
1
2
3
Civil Building UI199
– south façade
2
4
3 4
1
5
2.0
2.0
LVDT 5 orizzontale
LVDT 5 orizzontale
media LVDT 1,2,3,4 vert.
media LVDT 1,2,3,4 vert.
1.5
LVDT 5 orizzontale
media LVDT 1234 vert.
1.5
1.0
Stato di sforzo
locale
0.72 [N/mm2]
0.5
Sf orzi [N/mm
1.5
Sforzi [N/mm
Sf orzi [N/mm2]
5
5
2.0
1.0
Flat Jack tests
1.0
0.5
0.5
Stato di sforzo
locale
0.22 [N/mm2]
0.0
εl
-0.5
εv
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
εl
0.0
-0.5
3.0
εv
0.0
22
23
24
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0
25
26
27
28
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Stato di sforzo
locale
0.15 [N/mm2] ε
εl
-0.5
3.0
0.0
19
29
30
20
21
22
23
19
24
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0
25
26
27
28
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
v
3.0
Deformazioni [µm/mm]
Velocità sonica (m/sec)
21
2400
Velocità sonica (m/sec)
Velocità sonica (m/sec)
20
0.5
0.0
Deformazioni [µm/mm]
Def ormazioni [µm/mm]
19
Complementarity
of NDTs
4
3
2
29
30
20
21
22
23
24
2400
2000
1600
Sonic tests
1200
800
400
0
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
FLAT JACK TESTS
Displacement [micron]
800
2
3
4 5
4
600
3
400
2
5
200
0
0.00
0.50
Placing the flat jack
1.00
1.50
2.00
Single flat-jack
test (detection
of the local
state
of
compression
stress)
Stress [MPa]
4.0
Double flat-jack
test
(stressstrain
behaviour)
Stress [N/mm 2]
3.0
2.0
1.0
Local stress
εv
εl
0.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
Strain [µm/mm]
6.0
8.0
Double flat-jack test
32
1.6
1.2
1.6
LVDT 1, 2, 3
SA-C-J1D
LVDT 2, 3
LVDT 4
LV DT 3
LVDT 4
LV DT 4
0.8
0.4
1.2
2
Stress [ N /mm ]
Stress [N /mm 2 ]
Stress [N/m m 2 ]
Local st ate of st ress
0.8
0.4
Local state of stress
1.2
0.8
0.4
Local State of Stress
0.0
εv
εl
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
-1.0
8.0
Strain [µm/mm]
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
0
-1.0
0.0
Strain [mm]
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Strain [mm]
Velocità sonica
(m/sec)
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
St. Antonio in
Morgnaga, rectory
(75x75cm)
2200
2100
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
St. Giovanni B. In
Pavone, church
(75x75cm)
St. Michele in
Sabbio C., church
(75x75cm)
Sonic and radar Tomography
8.9 m
Horizontal section of
a stone masonry
Pillar
7.6 m
4.9 m
3.8 m
Net of measurements in many different
horizontal paths, so to build a map of the hoe
horizontal section of the pillar.
1.8 m
33
Indagini Soniche
7
6
2
5
1
2
3
4
9
4
8
3
5
6
7
8
9
12
13
14
15
16
10
17
11
10
2
11
1
19
20
21
22
23
24
12
20
26
27
28
29
30
31
34 35
36
37
38 39 33
40
41
42
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
32
Velocità sonica
[m/s]
19
18
13
14
Griglie di punti regolari sono state riportate
su 6 livelli per ciascun pilastro. Dalle
mappature di superficie (distribuzione delle
velocità rappresentata in verticale), si è poi
passati alla detrminazione della velocità
18
media per ciascun punto d’intersezione tra
25
3 le traiettorie di prova.
2100
2000
1900
15
16
1800
17
1700
1600
1500
Sonic direct test
Sonic tomography
1400
4
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
2
700
600
500
400
300
Direzione 1-3
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
Velocità sonica
[m/s]
1
3
2100
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
4
Pillar B
500
400
300
Direzione 2-4
(a cura di L. Cantini)
A METHODOLOGY for diagnosis
Characterisation of sampled materials: MORTAR
50
50
45
Tower mortar
45
Rural Builiding mortar
40
40
Tower mortar
Rural builiding mortar
35
35
Civil Building mortar
30
Civil Building mortar
30
[%] 25
[%] 25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
SiO2
Al2O3 Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K2O
SO3
Loss of
ign.
0
CO2
Insol.residue
Soluble Silica
Chlorides
Rural Building
Church Tower
Civil Building
1st Int.Conf. on Restoration of Heritage Masonry Structures - Cairo, 24-27/4/2006
34
A METHODOLOGY for diagnosis
Characterisation of sampled materials: STONE
1
Water absorption by capillary rise
Calcareous stone (Breccia)
0.9
Calcareous stone (Pietra Maiolica)
Uniaxial compression test on cylindric
specimens (d=50mm h=100mm)
Calcareous stone (Scaglia Bianca)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Stress [N/m m 2]
Water absorption (g/cm2)
0.8
0.2
0.1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Time (h 1/2)
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Calcareous stone (Pietra Maiolica)
Calcareous stone (Sc aglia Bianca)
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
Strain
0
2
4
6
8
10
m/mm
1st Int.Conf. on Restoration of Heritage Masonry Structures - Cairo, 24-27/4/2006
TOPICS
1. Masonry wall
2. Masonry construction
35
A METHODOLOGY for diagnosis
Survey of complex buildings and of their evolution in time and study
of their vulnerability. As the building becomes more complex, the
detection of its vulnerability can be more difficult
36
XIV secolo
XV secolo
XVI secolo
XVIII secolo
XVI secolo
XX secolo
Evoluzione costruttiva della chiesa di S. Antonio Abate, Morgnaga di Gardone Riviera (BS).
73
How to define the MASONRY QUALITY
Thermovision
Giuliana Cardani
37
“Indagini diagnostiche su edifici storici in muratura per lo studio della vulnerabilità sismica”
arch. Giuliana Cardani
What is a crack?:
Continuity Interruption
Relative displacemente of two parts
RIGID MOVEMENT OR DEFORMATION
38
What is a crack?:
Continuity Interruption
Relative displacemente of two parts
RIGID MOVEMENT OR DEFORMATION
TOPICS
1. Masonry wall
2. Masonry construction
3. Masonry damage
39
Giuliana Cardani
Giuliana Cardani
40
Giuliana Cardani
Isolated or diffused cracks
Giuliana Cardani
The CRACKS arise due to states of stress that the wall
structure is not able to withstand.
The cracks appear where the state of stress is
higher than the material strength.
High compressive stress = CRUSHING cracks.
- Cracks parallel to stress.
- Bulging
- Horizontal cracks
- Collapse
41
Giuliana Cardani
Morphology of a crack:
Position and shape
Differences in opening
venter
Direction of the tensile
stresses
cusp
Giuliana Cardani
LEGENDA QUADRO FESSURATIVO.
CRACK
PATTERN LEGEND
Tipologia lesione:
Crack Tipology
Lesioni passanti
Passing
through cracks
Lesioni non passanti
Non-passing
through cracks
Lesioni risarcite
Repaired
cracks
Lesioni risarcite
e nuovamente
Repaired
cracks
re-opened
fessurate
again
42
Giuliana Cardani
Crack pattern survey (on the plane view)
1
1
Giuliana Cardani
Crack pattern survey (on the elevations)
43
Giuliana Cardani
Crack = alarm that something is changed and does not
work.
Local: if the problem regards only a structural element
and it is not present in the others.
Global: if the problem regards a group of structural
elements.
The causes could be different from a building to
another.
The relation cause/effect is not always clear, but logic
connections between cracks could be detect.
Giuliana Cardani
The whole building should always be observed and
the volumes forming it:
- 1 volume
- 2 or more volumes
- complex building
- Symmetry of plan, vertical walls and openings
(ripetition of the phenomenon)
..and having observed all the cracks present.
The building could be devided in structural elements
and macro-elements.
44
89
Giuliana Cardani
IMPORTANT NATURAL EXTRAORDINARY EVENTS AS EARTHQUAKES
CAUSE DIFFERENT KINEMATICS MECHANISMS, THAT USUALLY
INVOLVE ONLY PART OF A BUILDING.
Recurrent mechanisms could
be detected from the analysis
of the crack pattern. So they
could be previewed in
advance.
Giuliana Cardani
A METHODOLOGY for evaluation
Collapse mechanisms
With traditional intervention techniques
With modern intervention techniques
45
Cardani
FIRST LEVEL SURVEY FORM FOR Giuliana
C.H. BUILDINGS
CHURCHES
PALACES
THEY PERMIT TO:
• Identify and quantify damage
• Economical estimation of
damage
> 91
• Certify (or not) fit for habitation
• Propose emergency
Giuliana Cardani
46
Giuliana Cardani
DAMAGE SURVEY FORM FOR CHURCHES
-1
Santa Gemma, Goriano Sicoli (AQ)
San Biagio D’Amiterno, L’Aquila
> 93
Giuliana Cardani
DAMAGE SURVEY FORM FOR CHURCHES
-2
Santa Margherita
(dei Gesuiti),
L’Aquila
Santa Gemma,
Goriano Sicoli
(AQ)
> 94
47
Giuliana Cardani
DAMAGE SURVEY FORM FOR CHURCHES
-6
Chiesa di San Michele & Chiesa Parrocchiale, Villa Sant’Angelo (AQ)
> 95
Giuliana Cardani
DAMAGE SURVEY FORM FOR CHURCHES
-7
Chiesa di San Michele & Chiesa Parrocchiale, Villa Sant’Angelo (AQ)
> 96
48
Giuliana Cardani
DAMAGE SURVEY FORM FOR CHURCHES
-8
Santa Margherita (dei Gesuiti), L’Aquila
> 97
Giuliana Cardani
DAMAGE SURVEY FORM FOR PALACES
-2
Ex Santa Teresa Monastery, L’Aquila
Palace in Piazza San Pietro, L’Aquila
> 98
49
Giuliana Cardani
DAMAGE SURVEY FORM FOR PALACES
-3
Palace in Via Roma & Palace in
Piazza San Domenico, L’Aquila
Ex Santa Teresa Monastery,
L’Aquila
> 99
Giuliana Cardani
EMERGENCY INTERVENTIONS
> 100
50
A METHODOLOGY for evaluation
c)
Collapse mechanisms
The most diffused damage mechanism observed
was the overturning of the façades…
a)
Damage mechanisms: overturning of the façades, in civil
buildings (a) and in old (b) and renewed (c) stables
b)
1st Int.Conf. on Restoration of Heritage Masonry Structures - Cairo, 24-27/4/2006
Comportamento a taglio delle murature
OUT OF PLANE MECHANISM
IN PLANE MECHANISM
(A. Giuffrè)
51
Giuliana Cardani
General main causes:
Constructive typology (defects or anomalies that
cause different stress concentrations, materials, lack
of interlocking, etc…)
- Single structural elements or soil settlements
- Interaction among adjacent buildings
- Past interventions
- Incompatible materials that cause water infiltrations
- Fire
- Earthquake
- Impacts
STRUCTURAL CONTROL THROUGH A STATIC
MONITORING
There are three type of monitoring:
- visual inspection
- Continuos monitoring (with constant readings
manual or authomatic)
- Short time monitoring (during a special event)
52
A METHODOLOGY for evaluation
2.64
pilastro
Pillar 11
1.71
2.10
3A
1A
2.36
0.80
2
1
2.70
2A
1.50
The analysis of the
surveyed Crack pattern
should consider the
surveys of the past
5
2.40
2.13
4
1.35
3
1D1
1B1
Cracks 2002
Cracks 2003
lato a
lato b
lato c
lato d
Cracks 2002
Cracks 2003
0
50
100
pilastro
Pillar 22
1
1.46
1.15
0.90
0.70
3C2
2C2
1.10
0.90
1C2
6D2
7D2
2
5B2
4C2
lato a
lato b
lato c
lato d
0
50
100
SPIE
53
FESSURIMETRI
Per rilevazioni su superfici piane di movimenti
verticali od orizzontali anche simultanei.
Per misurare cedimenti od assestamenti di
pavimenti rispetto a murature, pilastri, etc.
Per rilevare lesioni agli angoli soggetti a
movimenti bidirezionali anche simultanei.
Per misurare la differenza di planarità di
qualsiasi superficie lesionata
54
BASI DEFORMOMETRICHE
MECCANICHE
55
BASI DEFORMOMETRICHE
ELETTRONICHE
56
57
Variaz io n i d i d istan z a tra le b asi d i m isu ra
(m icro n )
200
150
3-11-05
9-11-05
8-03-06
10-04-06
09-05-06
13 6
118
1 14
107
100
7 168
49
50
25
10
2
-3
0 -1
36
29
26
23
16
15
10
6
3
35
18
28
20
16
10 1 2
1
61
57
50
54
47
41
33
32 30
42
39
19
10
16
43
39
33
32
28
21
18
4238
36
26
21
19
13
11
1
4 3
-3
0
-4
-10
-4
-10
-7
-16
- 26
-2 9
-37
-42
-50
-18
-29
-30
-1 1
-16
-2 9
-19
-43
-57
-61
-69
-100
-150
-200
NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
S.LORENZO (CR) - Monitoraggio della navata laterale B
300
NA 1
NB 2
NB 3
NB 4
NB 5
NB 6
NB 7
NB 8
NB 9
NB10
NB 11
Variazone di distanza tra le basi di misura (micron)
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
62
60
52
44
30
0
43
32
33
27
20
0
-30
-60
-90
Autunno
05
-120
-150
Inverno 06
Primavera 06
Estate 06
-180
Autunno 06
-210
-240
-270
-300
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Numero mesi di monitoraggio
1: Novembre 2005
58
ZONA ABSIDALE A EST
Escursione giornaliera max 0,15mm di S14
Indoor
Outdoor
Inverno
59
Inverno
Estate
60
CONCLUSIONS
Some problems related to the study of historic
masonry structures have been discussed.
The real geometry + the historic evolution and
repairs + the materials structures + the
damages + the diagnostic investigation
a more representative model
______________________________________
PhD Course May 2016 G. Cardani + D. Coronelli
“The mechanical behaviour of historic masonry
structures”
Thank you
for your attention
61