Sustainable Humanity Sustainable Nature Our Responsibility

Transcript

THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Joint Workshop
Sustainable Humanity
Sustainable Nature
Our Responsibility
2-6 May 2014 • Casina Pio IV
VatICan CIty 2014
today no one in our world feels responsible; we have lost a sense of responsibility
for our brothers and sisters. We have fallen into the hypocrisy of the priest and the
levite whom Jesus described in the parable of the Good Samaritan: we see our brother half dead on the side of the road, and perhaps we say to ourselves: “poor soul…
!”, and then go on our way. It’s not our responsibility, and with that we feel reassured, assuaged. the culture of comfort, which makes us think only of ourselves,
makes us insensitive to the cries of other people, makes us live in soap bubbles
which, however lovely, are insubstantial; they offer a fleeting and empty illusion
which results in indifference to others; indeed, it even leads to the globalization of
indifference. … “adam, where are you?” “Where is your brother?” these are the
two questions which God asks at the dawn of human history, and which he also
asks each man and woman in our own day. today too, Lord, we hear you asking:
“adam, where are you?” “Where is the blood of your brother?”.
Homily of Holy Father Francis during his visit to Lampedusa, “arena” sports camp,
Salina Quarter, Monday, 8 July 2013.
Sustainable Humanity
Sustainable Nature
Our Responsibility
INTRODUCTION
a
re Humanity's dealings with nature sustainable? What is the status of the Human
Person in a world where science predominates? How should we perceive nature and what
is a good relationship between Humanity and
nature? Should one expect the global economic
growth that has been experienced over the past
six decades to continue for the foreseeable future?
Should we be confident that knowledge and skills
will increase in such ways as to lessen Humanity's
reliance on nature despite our increasing economic
activity and growing numbers? Is the growing
gap between the world's rich and world's poor in
their reliance on natural resources a consequence
of those growths?
lems” and “future prospects” present themselves
in different ways to different people. Some identify
environmental problems with population growth,
while others identify them with wrong sorts of
economic growth, involving, for example, excessive consumption in rich countries. there are
those who see environmental problems as urban
pollution in emerging economies, while others
view them through the spectacle of poverty in
the world's poorest countries. Some allude to
“sustainable development” only when considering
economic development in the global economy,
while others see it in terms of the development
prospects of villages in sub-Saharan africa.
Each of the visions is correct. We now know,
for example, that what begins as urban pollution
becomes in time layers of atmospheric brown
clouds (aBCs), containing black carbon particles
and ozone, that annually destroy some 2 million
lives and over 100 million tons of crops, disrupts
the Monsoon circulation and contributes to the
melting of arctic ice and the Himalayan snow.
there is no single environmental problem, there
is a large collection of interrelated problems. Some
are presenting themselves today, while others are
threats to the future. and they manifest themselves
at different spatial scales and operate at different
speed. although growth in industrial and agricultural pollutants has accompanied economic
development, neither preventive nor curative
measures have kept pace with their production
in industrialized countries. that neglect is now
prominent in the rapidly growing regions in Brazil,
Russia, India, China, and South africa (BRICS).
Moreover, the scale of the human enterprise, both
by virtue of unprecedented increases in the size
of the world's population and the level of economic
activity, has so stretched the capabilities of ecosystems, that Humanity is today Earth's dominant
species. During the 20th century world population
grew by a factor of four (to more than 6 billion)
and world output by 14, industrial output increased
by a multiple of 40 and the use of energy by 16,
methane-producing cattle population grew in
pace with human population, fish catch increased
by a multiple of 35, and carbon and sulfur dioxide
emissions by more than 10. the application of
nitrogen to the terrestrial environment from the
Human-Nature Interchanges
Contemporary discussions on the questions
are now several decades old. If they have remained
alive and are frequently shrill, it is because two
opposing empirical perspectives shape them. On
the one hand, if we look at specific examples of
what one may call natural capital (aquifers; ocean
fisheries; tropical forests; estuaries; wetlands; the
atmosphere as a sink for carbon, brown clouds,
and other pollutants), there is convincing evidence
that at the rates at which we currently exploit
them, they are very likely to change character
dramatically for the worse with little advance notice. the melting of glaciers and sea-ice are recent
symptoms, but the Millennium Ecosystem assessment reported in 2005 that 15 of the 24 ecosystem
services that the assessment had investigated
world-wide were either degraded or being exploited
at unsustainable rates (MEa, 2005a-d).
On the other hand, if we study trends in food
consumption, life expectancy, and recorded incomes
in regions that are currently rich and in those that
are on the way to becoming rich, resource scarcities
wouldn't appear to have bitten so far.
those conflicting intuitions are also not unrelated to an intellectual tension between the
concerns people share about carbon emissions
and biodiversity loss that sweep across regions,
nations and continents; and about declines in
the availability of firewood, fresh water, coastal
resources, and forest products in as small a locality
as a village. that is why “environmental prob-
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Sustainable Humanity, Sustainable Nature: Our Responsibility • Introduction
the rogue word in GDP is “gross”. GDP, being
the market value of all final goods and services,
ignores the degradation of natural capital. If fish
harvests rise, GDP increases even if the stock declines. If logging intensifies, GDP increases even
if the forests are denuded. and so on. the moral
is significant though banal: GDP is impervious
to nature’s constraints. there should be no question that Humanity needs urgently to redirect
our relationship with nature so as to promote a
sustainable pattern of economic and social development.
use of fertilizers, fossil fuels, and leguminous crops
is now at least as great as that from all natural
sources combined. about 45 per cent of the 4560 billion metric tons of carbon that are harnessed
annually by terrestrial photosynthesis (net primary
production of the biosphere) is currently being
appropriated for human use. these are rough estimates, but the figures do put the scale of the
human presence on the planet in perspective. Humanity is hitting against nature's constraints both
locally and globally. It is not without cause that
our current era, starting some 200 years ago, has
been named the anthropocene.
On the other hand, economic growth has
brought with it improvements in the quality of
a number of environmental resources. the largescale availability of potable water and the increased protection of human populations against
both water- and air-borne diseases in advanced
industrial countries have come allied to the economic growth those countries have enjoyed over
the past 200 years. Moreover, the physical environment inside the home has improved beyond
measure (cooking in asia and africa, involving
the burning of solid biomass and coal, continues
to be a central cause of respiratory illnesses
among women). Increases in scientific knowledge,
investment in public infrastructure, and universal
education in advanced industrial countries have
meant that citizens there have far greater knowledge of environmental hazards than their counterparts in poor regions. they also have resources
to avoid them. these examples reflect positive
links between economic growth and environmental quality.
Despite the conflicting intuitions, many people
are convinced that scientific and technological
advances, the accumulation of reproducible capital
(machinery, equipments, buildings, roads), growth
in human capital (education, skills), and improvements in the economy's institutions can overcome
diminutions in natural capital. Otherwise it is
hard to explain why so much of the social sciences
in the twentieth century has been detached from
the environmental sciences. nature is all too often
seen as a backdrop from which resources and
services can be drawn in isolation. Macroeconomic
forecasts routinely exclude natural capital. accounting for nature, if it comes into the calculus
at all, is usually an afterthought. the rhetoric has
been so successful, that if someone exclaims, “Economic growth!”, one does not need to ask, “Growth
in what?” – we all know they mean growth in
gross domestic product (GDP).
A proposal
Rio+20 Summit on biodiversity preservation
was convened to provide a resolution to the problems Humanity faces in our interchanges with
nature. In practical terms though, it is widely
acknowledged to have been a failure. nevertheless, the occasion provided an opportunity for
concerned people to air their views on the various
types of biodiversity losses the world has been
experiencing in recent decades. Concomitantly,
the Summit offered a platform for people to
review the character of both global and local resource stresses.
Looking through the Summit's programme of
events, however, it is hard to detect an overarching
intellectual framework that was used to identify
nature’s constraints. the lacuna was inevitable.
the engagements that took place alongside the
Summit were ones where citizens brought their
particular concerns to the table; they weren't an
occasion for a collective endeavour among natural
and social scientists. that is why we are proposing
a joint PaS-PaSS workshop on Sustainable Humanity, Sustainable nature.
Our idea is not to catalogue environmental
problems. that has been done at many other
gatherings. We propose instead to view Humanity’s interchanges with nature through a triplet
of fundamental, but inter-related Human needs –
Food, Health, and Energy – and ask our respective
academies to work together to invite experts to
speak to the various pathways that both serve
those needs and reveal constraints on nature's
ability to meet them. that requires a collaborative
effort of natural and social scientists. We would
hope some of the sessions would consist of presentations by a pair of experts from the natural
and social sciences, respectively.
4
Umanità sostenibile
Natura sostenibile
La nostra responsabilità
INTRODUZIONE
I
rapporti che l’Umanità intrattiene con la natura sono sostenibili? Qual è lo status della
Persona Umana in un mondo in cui predomina la scienza? Come va intesa la natura e
come si valuta se il rapporto che l’Uomo ha con
essa è buono? Possiamo attenderci che, anche
in un prossimo futuro, continui la crescita economica globale che si è avuta negli ultimi sei
decenni? Possiamo contare sul fatto che le conoscenze e le competenze aumentino in modo
tale da ridurre la dipendenza dell’Uomo sulla
natura, nonostante la crescita esponenziale delle
nostre attività economiche e della popolazione?
Il divario sempre maggiore tra i ricchi e i poveri
del mondo, in termini di dipendenza dalle risorse
naturali, è la conseguenza di questo sviluppo?
Il dibattito contemporaneo su tali questioni
dura ormai da decenni. Se va avanti, spesso in
modo dissonante, è perché è plasmato da due
punti di vista opposti ed empirici. Da una parte,
se consideriamo gli esempi specifici di ciò che si
può chiamare capitale naturale (falde acquifere;
zone di pesca oceaniche; foreste tropicali; estuari;
acquitrini; l’atmosfera come luogo di smaltimento
del carbonio; le nuvole marroni e altri inquinanti),
vi sono prove convincenti che, ai tassi di sfruttamento attuali, le caratteristiche di questo capitale
molto probabilmente muteranno in peggio con
poco preavviso. Lo scioglimento dei ghiacciai e
del ghiaccio marino sono sintomi recenti, ma già
nel 2005 il Millennium Ecosystem assessment
aveva rilevato che 15 dei 24 ecosistemi che aveva
valutato nel mondo erano degradati o venivano
sfruttati a tassi insostenibili (MEa, 2005a-d).
D’altra parte, se studiamo le tendenze del consumo di cibo, dell’aspettativa di vita, e del reddito
registrato nelle regioni attualmente ricche e in
quelle che stanno per diventarlo, la scarsità di risorse non sembra ancora aver colpito.
Queste intuizioni contrastanti non sono scollegate da una certa tensione intellettuale prodotta
dalle preoccupazioni condivise dalla gente riguardo
alle emissioni di carbonio e alla perdita di biodiversità che coinvolgono regioni, nazioni e continenti; e anche riguardo alla riduzione della disponibilità di legna da ardere, acqua potabile, risorse costiere e prodotti boschivi, persino in località
molto piccole, a livello di singoli villaggi. Ecco
perché “i problemi ambientali” e “le prospettive
future” vengono intesi in maniera diversa a seconda delle persone. alcuni identificano i problemi
ambientali con la crescita della popolazione, altri
con forme errate di crescita economica. Ci sono
coloro che ritengono un problema ambientale
l’inquinamento urbano nelle economie emergenti;
altri si riferiscono alle condizioni di povertà in
cui si vive nei paesi più poveri del mondo. alcuni
parlano di “sviluppo sostenibile” solo quando alludono allo sviluppo economico dell’economia
globale, mentre altri lo considerano in termini di
prospettive di sviluppo dei villaggi nell’africa subsahariana.
Ognuno di questi punti di vista è corretto.
Sappiamo che ciò che inizia come inquinamento
urbano si andrà a stratificare formando le atmospheric Brown Cloud (aBC), nuvole marroni
contenenti particelle di carbonio nero e ozono,
che ogni anno distruggono circa 2 milioni di vite
umane e oltre 100 milioni di tonnellate di colture,
perturbano la circolazione dei monsoni e contribuiscono allo scioglimento dei ghiacci e della
neve dell’Himalaya. non esistono problemi ambientali individuali, ma una vasta serie di problemi interconnessi. alcuni si stanno presentando
oggi, mentre altri sono potenziali rischi per il futuro. Si manifestano su diverse scale e procedono
a velocità diverse. Sebbene lo sviluppo economico
sia andato di pari passo con la crescita degli inquinanti industriali e agricoli, né le misure preventive né quelle curative hanno tenuto il passo
con la loro produzione nei paesi industrializzati.
Questa negligenza è diventata evidente nelle regioni in rapida crescita quali Brasile, Russia,
India, Cina e Sud africa (BRICS). L’entità dell’impresa umana ha inoltre messo a dura prova
le capacità degli ecosistemi, cosicché l’Uomo è
arrivato ad essere la specie dominante sulla terra.
nel ventesimo secolo la popolazione mondiale
è cresciuta di 4 volte (raggiungendo gli oltre 6
miliardi), la produzione mondiale di 14 volte,
la produzione industriale è aumentata di 40 volte
e l’utilizzo dell’energia di 16, la popolazione bovina che produce metano è cresciuta di pari
passo con la popolazione umana, la quantità
di pesce pescato è aumentata di 35 volte, le emissioni di carbonio e biossido di zolfo di 10 volte.
5
Umanità sostenibile, natura sostenibile: la nostra responsabilità • Introduzione
che cosa?” Lo sappiamo tutti che si intende la
crescita del prodotto interno lordo (PIL).
tuttavia, la parola trabocchetto all’interno del
PIL è l’aggettivo “lordo”. Il PIL, essendo il valore
di mercato di tutti i beni e servizi finali, ignora il
degrado del capitale naturale. Se aumenta la pesca, aumenta il PIL, anche se le riserve di pesce
diminuiscono. Se si intensifica l’abbattimento di
legname, il PIL aumenta, anche se le foreste vengono disboscate. E così via. La morale è significativa anche se banale: il PIL è indifferente ai vincoli
della natura, mentre non si dovrebbe assolutamente mettere in dubbio l’urgente bisogno che
l’Umanità ha di reimpostare il proprio rapporto
con essa per promuovere un modello sostenibile
di sviluppo economico e sociale.
L’apporto di azoto nell’ambiente terrestre derivato
dall’impiego di fertilizzanti, combustibili fossili
e piantagioni di leguminose è grande almeno
quanto quello derivante dalla somma di tutte le
fonti naturali. Il 45% circa delle 45-60 tonnellate
di carbonio che sono trattenute annualmente
dalla fotosintesi terrestre (produzione primaria
netta della biosfera) vengono attualmente destinate ad uso umano. Sono stime approssimative,
ma questi numeri fanno comprendere le proporzioni della presenza umana sulla terra. L’umanità
si scontra contro i vincoli della natura sia localmente, che a livello globale. non è un caso che
la nostra epoca attuale sia stata denominata
Antropocene.
D’altra parte, la crescita economica ha portato
al miglioramento di un certo numero di risorse
ambientali in termini di qualità. La disponibilità
capillare di acqua potabile e la maggiore protezione delle popolazioni umane dei paesi industriali avanzati nei confronti delle malattie trasmesse via acqua e via aria hanno permesso la
crescita economica di cui questi paesi hanno beneficiato nel corso degli ultimi 200 anni. anche
l’ambiente fisico all’interno delle abitazioni è oltremodo migliorato (in asia e in africa i metodi
tradizionali di cuocere il cibo bruciando biomassa
solida e carbone continuano a essere la causa
principale delle malattie respiratorie tra le donne).
Il miglioramento delle conoscenze scientifiche,
gli investimenti in infrastrutture pubbliche e
l’istruzione universale nei paesi industriali avanzati hanno fatto sì che i loro cittadini siano molto
più consapevoli dei rischi ambientali rispetto
alle loro controparti nelle regioni povere, avendo
inoltre le risorse per evitarli. Questi esempi riflettono legami positivi tra crescita economica e
qualità ambientale.
nonostante le intuizioni contraddittorie, molti
sono convinti che i progressi scientifici e tecnologici,
l’accumulazione di capitale riproducibile (macchinari, attrezzatura, palazzi, strade), la crescita
del capitale umano (istruzione, competenze), e il
miglioramento delle istituzioni dell’economia possano supplire alle minusvalenze del capitale naturale. altrimenti è difficile spiegare il motivo per
cui le scienze sociali nel ventesimo secolo si siano
in gran parte distaccate dalle scienze ambientali.
La natura è vista troppo spesso come un contesto
dal quale ricavare servizi e risorse in isolamento.
Le previsioni macroeconomiche solitamente escludono il capitale naturale. In quei rari casi in cui
la natura viene tenuta in conto e inserita nell’equazione, si tratta di solito di una considerazione
dell’ultimo minuto. Questa retorica ha avuto tanto
successo che quando si parla di “crescita economica”, non c’è bisogno di chiedere, “crescita di
Una proposta
Il vertice Rio+20 sulla conservazione della biodiversità è stato convocato per fornire una soluzione ai problemi che l’Umanità si trova ad affrontare nei suoi interscambi con la natura: nella
pratica, tuttavia, è stato ritenuto, in generale, un
fallimento. Ciononostante è stata un’occasione
per dare l’opportunità alle persone interessate di
esprimere le proprie opinioni sui vari tipi di perdite
che il mondo subisce negli ultimi decenni a livello
di biodiversità.
Il vertice ha inoltre offerto una piattaforma
per esaminare le caratteristiche delle pressioni
sulle risorse sia a livello globale che locale.
analizzandone il programma è difficile rilevare
il quadro complessivo utilizzato per individuare i
vincoli della natura. La lacuna era inevitabile.
Gli appuntamenti che hanno avuto luogo a margine del vertice hanno permesso ai cittadini di
mettere a tavolino specifiche preoccupazioni; non
sono stati un’occasione di sforzo collettivo tra
scienziati naturali e sociali. È proprio per questo
che abbiamo proposto questo gruppo di lavoro
congiunto PaS-PaSS su Umanità sostenibile, natura
sostenibile.
Il nostro obiettivo non è quello di presentare
un catalogo di problemi ambientali. Questo è già
avvenuto in altri incontri. Ci proponiamo invece
di rapportare gli interscambi dell’Umanità con
la natura a tre bisogni umani fondamentali tra
loro collegati – alimentazione, salute e energia –
e chiediamo alle nostre rispettive accademie di
collaborare, invitando esperti delle scienze naturali
e delle scienze sociali a parlare dei vari percorsi
che possano soddisfare queste esigenze, sottolineando gli ostacoli che la natura si trova ad affrontare. tutto ciò richiede lo sforzo collaborativo
degli scienziati, sia delle scienze naturali che delle
scienze sociali.
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PROGRAMME
Friday 2 May 2014
9:00
Word of Welcome
PASS President Margaret S. Archer and PAS President Werner Arber
9:15
Opening Address
H.Em. Cardinal Oscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga
Chair: Margaret S. Archer
I. THE BROADER CONTEXT
9:50
Human-Nature Co-evolution
Werner Arber
10:10
Discussion
10:30
The Emergence of Humans: Brains (Bodies and Hands), Mind and Soul
Yves Coppens
10:50
Discussion
11:10
Coffee Break
11:40
General Discussion
THE NEW ERA OF HUMAN-NATURE INTERACTIONS
II. FUNDAMENTAL DRIVERS OF FOOD, HEALTH, AND ENERGY NEEDS
Chair: Paul J. Crutzen
12:10
Externalities, or the Unaccounted for Consequences of Our Actions that Undermine Nature
Partha S. Dasgupta
12:30
Discussion
12:50
Lunch at the Casina Pio IV
15:00
Population
Gérard-François Dumont
15:20
Discussion
15:40
Food Demand
Joachim von Braun
16:00
Discussion
16:20
Coffee Break
16:50
The World’s Quest for Sustainable Development Goals
Jeffrey D. Sachs
17:10
Discussion
17:30
General Discussion
III. ANTHROPOCENE: GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
18:00
Food Production in the Anthropocene
Paul J. Crutzen
18:20
Discussion
18:40
Dinner at the Casina Pio IV
7
Chair: Walter H. Munk
Sustainable Humanity, Sustainable Nature: Our Responsibility • Programme
Saturday 3 May 2014
8:30
Tipping Points and Extreme Weather Events
Hans Joachim Schellnhuber
8:50
Discussion
9:10
Ocean Climate: Changes in the North Atlantic Circulation
Walter H. Munk
9:30
Discussion
9:50
General Discussion
10:20
Coffee Break
IV. COMPETING DEMANDS ON NATURE AS A SOURCE
10:50
The Oceans
Nancy Knowlton
11:10
Discussion
11:30
Tropical Forests
Jeffrey R. Vincent
11:50
Discussion
12:10
14:10
The Mega-Cities Challenge
Janice E. Perlman
14:30
Discussion
14:50
General Discussion
V. COMPETING DEMANDS ON THE CRYOSPHERE
15:20
Glaciers as Sources of Water
Anil V. Kulkarni
15:40
Discussion
16:00
The Polar Regions
Peter Wadhams
16:20
Discussion
16:40
General Discussion
17:10
Coffee Break
Chair: Partha S. Dasgupta
Chair: Hans Joachim Schellnhuber
VI. COMPETING DEMANDS ON THE BIOSPHERE
17:40
Green Fields: Feeding the Hungry, Raising the Poor and Protecting Nature in Africa
Robert E. Scholes
18:00
Discussion
18:20
Stability of Coastal Zones
Marcia K. McNutt
18:40
Discussion
19:00
General Discussion
19:30
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Chair: Naomi Oreskes
Sunday 4 May 2014
SPECIAL SESSION FOR THE 20TH ANNIVERSARY
OF THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
16:00
Holy Mass in the Casina’s Chapel
16:45
Closed Session of the Pontifical academy of Social Sciences
18:15
Coffee Break
18:45
History of the PASS
Herbert Schambeck
19:30
In the interest of sustainability and the environment, instead of printing each
paper we have stored them in this shared folder:
http://goo.gl/UjjpTJ
a limited number of copies will be printed and made available in the conference
hall just for those who prefer a hard copy.
9
Monday 5 May 2014
VII. SOCIETY’S RESPONSE TO CURRENT UNSUSTAINABLE GROWTH
9:00
Why Have Climate Negotiations Proved So Disappointing?
Scott Barrett
9:20
9:40
Chair: Timothy E. Wirth
Discussion
Transitions Towards an Inclusive “Green Economy”: Achieving Food and Energy Security in a World of
Growing Demand
Achim Steiner
10:00
Discussion
10:20
The Two Worlds Approach: The Top 4 Billion and the Bottom 3 Billion
Veerabhadran Ramanathan
10:40
Discussion
11:00
Coffee Break
11:15
Mainstreaming the Values of Nature into Decision-Making
Gretchen Daily
11:35
Discussion
11:55
Energy for Sustainable and Equitable Development
Daniel M. Kammen
12:15
Discussion
12:35
Global Knowledge Action Network for Adaption to Climate Change, 2
Charles F. Kennel
12:55
Discussion
13:15
15:00
Valuing Nature: Getting the Trade-offs Right
Karl-Goran Maler and Charles Perrings
15:20
Discussion
15:40
Sustainable Transformation of Human Society in Asia
Yuan Tseh Lee
16:00
Discussion
16:20
General Discussion
16:50
Coffee Break
Chair: Herbert Schambeck
VIII. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
17:10
The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers our Future
Joseph E. Stiglitz
17:30
17:50
Discussion
Human Natural Law as a Basis for the Safeguarding of Human Life and Nature in a Globalised World
H.E. Msgr. Roland Minnerath
Discussion
18:10
18:30
Nature and the Law: Ownership of the Global Commons
Edith Brown Weiss
18:50
Discussion
19:10
General Discussion
19:40
10
Tuesday 6 May 2014
Chair: Werner Arber
IX. SOCIAL INCLUSION
9:00
Globalization: A Social Balance
Juan José Llach
9:20
Discussion
9:40
Ensuring Learning for All Children and Youth
Antonio M. Battro
10:00
Discussion
10:20
Coffee Break
10:50
Being Trafficked to Work
Margaret S. Archer
11:10
Discussion
11:30
Labour Precarity, Social Exclusion and People’s Economy
Juan Grabois
11:50
Discussion
12:10
The Influence of Virtuous Human Life in Sustaining Nature
Stefano Zamagni
12:30
Discussion
12:50
14:30
Good Governance, Including Peace
Wilfrido V. Villacorta
14:50
Discussion
15:10
Intergenerational Solidarity
Pierpaolo Donati
15:30
Discussion
15:50
General Discussion
X. CLOSING SESSION: MOTIVATING SOCIETIES
16:20 Scientific Consensus and the Role and Character of Scientific Dissent
Naomi Oreskes
16:40 Discussion
17:00
17:30
17:50
18:10
18:30
Coffee Break
Existential Risks
Martin J. Rees
Discussion
Social Ethics: Humanity’s Responsibility Toward Nature
Enrico Berti
Discussion
18:50
Conference Summary
Andy Revkin
19:05
Conference Statement
Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo
19:20
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Chair: Veerabhadran Ramanathan
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Speakers
Prof. Werner Arber
President of the Pontifical academy of Sciences;
Biozentrum, Department of Microbiology,
University of Basel
Basel (Switzerland)
Prof. Gérard-François Dumont
Université de Paris-Sorbonne
Paris (France)
Prof. Margaret S. Archer
President of the Pontifical academy of Social Sciences
Centre for Social Ontology
University of Warwick
Coventry (UK)
Juan Grabois
Co-founder of the Excluded Workers Movement
and Confederation of Popular Economy Workers
Buenos aires (argentina)
Prof. Scott Barrett
Lenfest-Earth Institute Professor
of natural Resource Economics
Columbia University
new york, ny (USa)
Prof. Daniel M. Kammen
Energy and Resources Group, Dept. of nuclear
Engineering; Founding Director of Renewable and
appropriate Energy Laboratory (RaEL)
University of California, Berkeley (USa)
Prof. Antonio M. Battro
academia nacional de Educación
Dr. Charles F. Kennel
Chair of national academies Space Studies Board
Director and Distinguished Professor,
Emeritus at Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
University of California, San Diego (USa)
Prof. Enrico Berti
University of Padova
Dept. of Philosophy
Padova (Italy)
Dr. Nancy Knowlton
Sloan Research Fellowship in Ocean Sciences
Committee and the national Board the Coral Reef
alliance aldo Leopold Leadership Fellow
Washington, DC (USa)
Prof. Joachim von Braun
Director, Center for Development Research (ZEF)
University of Bonn;
Professor, Economics and technological Change
Bonn (Germany)
Dr. Anil V. Kulkarni
Distinguished Visiting Scientist, Divecha Center for
Climate Change, Center for atmospheric & Oceanic
Sciences, Indian Institute of Sciences
Bangalore (India)
Prof. Edith Brown Weiss
Francis Cabell Brown Professor of International Law
Georgetown University Law Center
Prof. Yuan-Tseh Lee
President of International Council for Science
President Emeritus, academia Sinica
DRF, Institute of atomic and Molecular Sciences
taipei (taiwan)
Prof. Yves Coppens
Collège de France
Paris (France)
Prof. Juan José Llach
Director, GESE (Centro de Estudios de Gobierno,
Empresa, Sociedad y Economía)
IaE-Universidad austral
Prof. Paul J. Crutzen
Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry
Dept. of atmospheric Chemistry
Mainz (Germany)
Prof. Marcia K. McNutt
Editor-in-Chief of Science
Prof. Gretchen Daily, Ph.D.
Professor of Biology, Senior Fellow,
Woods Institute for the Environment,
Stanford University, Stanford, Ca (USa)
Prof. Karl-Göran Mäler
Professor Emeritus, Researcher, former Director,
the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics,
the Royal Swedish academy of Sciences
Stockholm (Sweden)
Prof. Partha S. Dasgupta
Frank Ramsey Professor Emeritus of Economics
University of Cambridge
Cambridge (UK)
H.E. Msgr. Prof. Roland Minnerath
archbishop of Dijon
Dijon (France)
Prof. Pierpaolo Donati
University of Bologna
Dept. of Sociology
Bologna (Italy)
Prof. Walter H. Munk
Professor Emeritus, Institute of Geophysics and
Planetary Physics
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC
San Diego, Ca (USa)
12
Sustainable Humanity, Sustainable Nature • List of Participants
Prof. Naomi Oreskes
Department of the History of Science
Harvard University
Cambridge, Ma (USa)
Prof. Hans Joachim Schellnhuber
Founding Director of the Potsdam Institute
for Climate Impact Research (PIK)
Potsdam (Germany)
Dr. Janice E. Perlman
Founder & President of the Mega-Cities Project
nyack, ny (USa)
Prof. Robert E. Scholes
Brown University, Dept. of Modern Culture and Media
Providence (USa)
Prof. Charles Perrings
Professor of Environmental Economics
School of Life Sciences
arizona State University
tempe, aZ (USa)
Mr. Achim Steiner
UnEP Executive Director
and Under-Secretary-General of the United nations
nairobi (Kenya)
Prof. Veerabhadran Ramanathan
Distinguished Professor of Climate
and atmospheric Science Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California
San Diego, Ca (USa)
Prof. Joseph E. Stiglitz
Columbia University
Graduate School of Business
new york, ny (USa)
Prof. Martin J. Rees
Institute of astronomy
Cambridge (UK)
Prof. Wilfrido V. Villacorta
Professor Emeritus
De La Salle University
Manila (Philippines)
H.Em. Óscar Andrés Card. Rodríguez Maradiaga
archbishop of tegucigalpa
President of Caritas Internationalis
tegucigalpa (Honduras)
Prof. Jeffrey R. Vincent
Korstian Professor in Forest Economics and
Management, nicholas School of the Environment
and Earth Sciences, Duke University
Durham, nC (USa)
Prof. Jeffrey D. Sachs
Director, the Earth Institute
Columbia University
new york, ny (USa)
Prof. Peter Wadhams
Head of the Polar Ocean Physics Group
Dept. of applied Mathematics and theoretical Physics
Cambridge (UK)
H.E. Msgr. Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo
Chancellor of the Pontifical academy of Sciences and
of Social Sciences
(Vatican City)
Prof. Stefano Zamagni
Vice director of the Bologna Center
Senior adjunct Prof. of International Economics
Professor of Economics, University of Bologna
Bologna (Italy)
Prof. Herbert Schambeck
Professor Emeritus
University of Linz
Institute for Public Law and Political Sciences
Linz-auhof (austria)
13
Sustainable Humanity, Sustainable Nature • List of Participants
Outside Observers
ALPIZAR Francisco
Ecological Economist from america Latina, Costa Rica
BRASESCO M. Veronica
Researcher
CASAZZA Marco
Researcher
CHITIGA Margaret
Director of the Economic Performance and Development research programme at the Human Sciences Research Council
CZERNY Michael
Office of the President, Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
DASGUPTA Aisha
Research Student at the London School of Hygiene and tropical Medicine
DUKE Luly
Founder and President, Fundación amistad, ny, USa
DURAIAPPAH Anantha
International Human Dimensions Programme
GARDNER Gary T.
Senior Fellow, Worldwatch Institute
GHATAK Amrita
India, GIDR
KAPELLARI H.E. Msgr. Egon
Representative of the Holy See to the academy
KELLY Emily
Scripps Grad Student, nominated by Grad Dept
LIEBSCH Martina
Caritas Internationalis
McKENZIE Curtis
Intern at the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
MISLEH Dan
Director, Catholic Coalition on Climate Change
MUNOZ Pablo
International Human Dimensions Programme
PINHEIRO FRANCO João Luiz
neurosurgeon, São Paulo, Brazil
RABBANI Atonu
Bangladesh, Dhaka University
REVKIN Andy
ny times Reporter
RICHTER Daniel
Legislative Director for the Citizens Climate Lobby (CCL). Former grad student at Scripps-UCSD
ROSS Courtney
Founder and Chair, Ross Institute, ny, USa
ROY Michel
Caritas Internationalis
SHYAMSUNDAR Priya
Executive Director Sandee Kathmandu
SIEGFRIED Matthew
Scripps-UCSD grad student, nominated by Dept Interests: Greenland and Water antartic Glacier melt
TEAVAI-MURPHY Hinano
associate Director - administration & Outreach, UC Berkeley Gump Research Center
VERGA Daniele
Retired ambassador
VINCIGUERRA Tebaldo
Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
WARRIAN Peter
Chair of the Lupina Foundation
WEISS Charles
Distinguished Professor of Science, technology and International affairs at Georgetown University
WIRTH Timothy E.
Vice Chairman and former President, United nations Foundation, Washington, DC, USa
WOLNICKI Mateusz
Senior Project Officer, Regional Sustainability Planning Section a, Strategic approaches Branch, Environment assessment & Compliance Division, Dept of the Environment, Canberra
Academicians Participants
BUTTIGLIONE Rocco
LÉNA Pierre J.
SUCHOCKA Hanna
FUMAGALLI CARULLI Ombretta
MATLARY Janne
TIETMEYER Hans
GLENDON Mary Ann
MITTELSTRASS Jürgen
VICUÑA Rafael
HERTZKE Allen
MLČOCH Lubomír
ZACHER Hans
HÖSLE Vittorio
POSSENTI Vittorio
ZULU Paulus
KUAN Hsin-Chi
RAGA José T.
LE DOUARIN Nicole M.
RAMIREZ Mina M.
14
BIOGRAPHIES OF PARTICIPANTS
Scott Barrett is the Lenfest-Earth Institute Professor of natural
Resource Economics at Columbia University in new york City,
where he holds a joint appointment in the School of International and Public affairs and the Earth Institute. He is also a research fellow with the Beijer Institute (Stockholm), CESifo
(Munich), and the Institute of World Economics (Kiel). He is currently chairman of the advisory board to the Beijer Institute and
a member of the Scientific Council of the Institut du Developpement Durable et des Relations Internationales (Paris). He was
previously on the faculties of the Johns Hopkins University
School of advanced International Studies in Washington, DC
and the London Business School, and has also been a visiting
scholar at Princeton and yale. He received his PhD in economics
from the London School of Economics. His research focuses on
institutional remedies to global collective action problems such
as climate change, disease eradication, and high seas overfishing. He is the author of Environment and Statecraft: The Strategy
of Environmental Treaty-Making and Why Cooperate? The Incentive
to Supply Global Public Goods, both published by Oxford University Press. For more information, see http://www.globalpublicgoods.com.
Edith Brown Weiss is Francis Cabell Brown Professor of International Law, Georgetown University Law, where she specializes
in international environmental law. She is a Judge on the International Monetary Fund’s administrative tribunal and member
of UnEP’s International advisory Council for advancement of
Justice, Governance and Law. From 2003 – 2007, she was Chairperson (Vice President level) of the World Bank’s Inspection
Panel, which gives voice to poor communities, and formerly associate General Counsel for International, U.S. Environmental
Protection agency. Prof. Brown Weiss served as President of the
american Society of International Law (aSIL). She is on many
international editorial boards, including american Journal International Law, asian Journal International Law, Journal International Economic Law, and Max Planck Encyclopedia of
Public International Law, She received the aSIL’s Manley O.
Hudson Medal, Elizabeth Haub Medal for Environmental Law
(International Union for Conservation of nature (IUCn) and
Free University of Brussels), american Bar association award
for Environmental Law and Policy, and aSIL Certificate of Merit
for outstanding scholarship for her book In Fairness to Future
Generations. Her most recent book is International Law for a Water-Scarce World. She will deliver the general course on public international law for the Hague academy of International Law.
She holds a B.a. degree, Stanford University, with Great Distinction, LL.B. (J.D.), Harvard Law School, Ph.D political science,
University of California Berkeley, and doctorate honoris causa ,
Heidelberg University, Germany.
Yves Coppens was born in 1934 in Brittany. He has been trained
in geology, zoology, botany (University of Rennes) and paleontology (doctoral degrees University of Paris, Sorbonne). His
career, starting in 1956, has been conducted in different institutions, all of them in Paris, successively at the national Scientific
Research Center (in the department of Vertebrate Paleontology
and Human Paleontology of the Sorbonne and in the Institute
of Paleontology of the national Museum of natural History),
at the Museum of Man (professor and deputy director in 1969,
Director in 1979) before being appointed Chair of anthropology
of the national Museum of natural History in 1980 and Chair
of Paleoanthropology and Prehistory of the College de France
in 1983. yves Coppens is a member of many scientific institutions
all over the world, the French academy of Sciences, the French
academy of Medicine, the Royal academy of Sciences, Literature
and Fine arts of Belgium, the Royal academy of Medicine of
Belgium, the academia Europaea, the national academy of
Sciences of Rome, the Royal anthropological Institute of Great
Britain and Ireland (honorary fellow), the Royal Society of South
africa (foreign associate), the academy of Malagacy (associate)
etc. yves Coppens received numerous scientific awards from
France (prix Edmond Hébert 1963 of the academy of Sciences,
prix andré C. Bonnet 1969 of the academy of Sciences, Grand
prix Jaffé 1974 of the academy of Sciences, Grand prix scientifique 1975 of the Foundation of France, silver medal 1982 of
the Scientific Research Center, andré Duveyrier medal 1989 of
the society of Geography, prix 2008 of the Georges Pompidou
Foundation, prix agrippa d’aubigné 2010), from Belgium (the
Fourmarier medal 1975 of the Geological Society of Belgium,
the Vandenbroeck medal 1987 of the Belgian society of geology,
paleontology and hydrology, the Chaos award 2009 of the University of Liege), from Italy (the Fabio Frasseto prize 2005 of
the academia dei Lincei, the nonino prize 2007, the andersen
prize 2008), from Sweden (the Carl Gustaf Bernhard medal
1997 of the royal academy of Sciences), from UnESCO (the
Kalinga prize 1984) and so on. He received honorary doctorates
from the Universities of Chicago, Bologne, Liège, Mons, and
honorary citizenships of 29 towns (France and Marocco). His
name has been given to an asteroid, and to institutions, universities, colleges, school, libraries, labs, promotion, streets and
a Chair at the University of Recife (Brazil). He is Commandeur
de la Légion d’Honneur, Grand Officier du Mérite, Commandeur
des Palmes académiques, Commandeur des arts et des Lettres,
Commandeur de l’Ordre du Mérite de la Principauté de Monaco,
Officier de l’Ordre national du tchad, etc. yves Coppens is a
field paleontologist; he has organized, led or co-led many expeditions in tropical africa (4 campaigns in Chad, 1960-1966,
10 campaigns in the lower Omo valley in Ethiopia, 1967-1976,
5 campaigns in the afar desert in Ethiopia, 1972-1977), in asia
(Indonesia, the Philippines, China, Siberia, Mongolia), and
many surveys in north and south africa, the Middle East, south
america as well as excavations in France etc. as a result of this
field research, he collected tons of fossil vertebrates, hundreds
of Hominids (he signed or co-signed 6 new Hominid taxa) and
of course an impressive amount of data. His research focused
on Vertebrate Paleontology (Proboscidians, Hippos), their assemblages and their meaning in paleoenvironments, climates
and biochronology, as well as on Paleoanthropology. He is
renowned for his hypotheses showing the correlations between
hominid evolution and the evolution of the environments (the
East side story 10 million years ago was not geographically confirmed but the (H) Omo event, 2.7 million years ago was adopted
worldwide). His lab has also pioneered important research on
the functional anatomy of early hominid (demonstration of
early double locomotion, bipedal and arboreal, of some of
them, Australopithecus afarensis and Orrorin tugenensis). He authored or co-authored over a thousand of scientific papers and
books. Professor yves Coppens took part in workshops at the
PaS in 1981 and 2010.
Gretchen Daily is Bing Professor of Environmental Science at
Stanford University, where she also serves as Senior Fellow in the
Woods Institute; Director of the Center for Conservation Biology;
and co-founder and faculty director of the natural Capital Project,
an international partnership whose goal is to improve the wellbeing of people and the environment by mainstreaming the
values of nature into important resource decisions globally. an
ecologist by training, Daily’s scientific research is on harmonizing
biodiversity conservation, agriculture, and livelihoods; quantifying
the production and value of ecosystem services; and new policy
and finance mechanisms for integrating conservation and human
development. Her efforts span fundamental research and policyoriented demonstrations in over 30 nations worldwide. Daily currently serves on the boards of the Stockholm Resilience Centre
and the nature Conservancy. Her recent books include The Power
of Trees (2012), Natural Capital: Theory & Practice of Mapping
15
Sustainable Humanity, Sustainable Nature • Biographies
Ecosystem Services (2011), and The New Economy of Nature: The
Quest to Make Conservation Profitable (2002). For more information,
please see www.naturalcapitalproject.org.
Juan Grabois, co-founder of the Excluded Workers Movement
and Confederation of Popular Economy Workers. Graduated both
as lawyer (UBa) and as social scientist (UnQ). teaches State theory
at Buenos aires University (UBa) and Professional Practice at the
argentine Catholic University (UCa). He serves on a voluntary
basis as advocate and counsellor for labour cooperatives, waste
picker organizations, recovered factories, street vendor associations,
slum dwellers, peasant communities, social movements and
workers’ unions. He is married with three children.
Daniel M. Kammen is the Class of 1935 Distinguished Professor
of Energy with appointments in the Energy and Resources Group,
the Goldman School of Public Policy, and the Department of nuclear Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. Kammen
directs the Renewable and appropriate Energy Laboratory (RaEL)
and the transportation Sustainability Research Center (tSRC) at
the University of California, Berkeley. During 2010 – 2011 Kammen
served as the first Chief technical Specialist for Renewable Energy
and Energy Efficiency. Kammen is the author of over 300 peer-reviewed papers, 50 government reports, and has testified in front
of the US House and Senate more than 40 times. He now serves
as a Fellow of the U. S. State Department’s Energy and Climate
Partnership for the americas (ECPa) and the Lead Scholar for
the Fulbright nEXUS Program. Kammen is a coordinating lead
author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
that shared the 2007 nobel Peace Prize. Kammen’s work is focused
on developing the tools and implementing projects to design lowcarbon energy, food, and land-use systems globally. He conducts
field research on sustainable energy systems with native american/First Peoples in north america, in East africa, Central america,
and in Southeast asia. URL: http://rael.berkeley.edu & http://kammen.berkeley.edu
Charles F. Kennel is Distinguished Professor, Vice-Chancellor,
and Director emeritus at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography
at the University of California, San Diego. He was educated in
astronomy and astrophysics at Harvard and Princeton. after a
year at the International Centre for theoretical Physics, trieste,
he joined UCLa’s Department of Physics and its Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics. there he pursued research and
teaching in theoretical space plasma physics and astrophysics,
eventually chairing the Physics Department. He served as UCLa’s
Executive Vice Chancellor, its chief academic officer, from 1996
to 1998. From 1994 to 1996, Kennel was associate administrator
at naSa and Director of it global Earth science satellite program.
Kennel’s experiences at naSa influenced him to go into Earth
science, and he became the ninth Director of Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, serving from 1998 to 2006. During winter
terms 2007, 2010, 2012, and 2014, he was a Distinguished Visiting
Fellow at Christ’s College, Cambridge. He had visiting appointments with the Cambridge Department of Engineering in 2007,
the Centre for Energy Studies of the Judge Business School in
2010, and with the Centre for Science and Policy in 2014.
Nancy Knowlton holds the Sant Chair in Marine Science at the
Smithsonian’s national Museum of natural History. Her research
centers on the diversity and conservation of life in the ocean,
with a special focus on coral reefs. She received her Ba at Harvard
University summa cum laude, her PhD at the University of California at Berkeley, and was a natO postdoctoral fellow at the
University of Liverpool and Cambridge University. Later, she
was a professor at yale University, a scientist at the Smithsonian
tropical Research Institute in Panama, and Professor and founding Director of the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Past service
included advisory positions with the national Geographic Society,
the World Bank, the Cosmos Prize, and the Census of Marine
Life. She was a past member of the editorial board of the annual
Review of Marine Science, the national Board of the american
association for the advancement of Science, the Pew Marine
Fellows advisory Committee, and the Savannah Ocean Exchange
Board of Governors. She currently serves on the Sloan Research
Fellowship in Ocean Sciences committee and the national board
the Coral Reef alliance. She is an aldo Leopold Leadership
Fellow, winner of the Peter Benchley Prize and the Heinz award,
and author of Citizens of the Sea. In 2013 she was elected to the
american academy of arts and Sciences and to the U.S. national
academy of Sciences.
Anil V. Kulkarni is working as Distinguished Visiting Scientist
at Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore. He received his M. tech. in applied Geology from
Indian Institute of technology-Roorkee, MS in Geography from
McGill University, Montreal, Canada and Ph. D. from Shivaji
University, Kolhapur, India. He has worked for 30 years at Space
applications Center, ahmedabad. His research interest are Snow
and glacier investigations using remote sensing methods, glacier
mass balance modeling, modeling influence of climate change
on distribution of Himalayan snow and glacier extent and snow
and glacier melt runoff modeling. Dr. Kulkarni has authored
more than 130 peer-reviewed papers and scientific reports on
reflectance of snow and ice, glacier inventory, mass balance,
snow cover monitoring and runoff modeling. Dr. Kulkarni lead
numerous expeditions to Himalayan glaciers and used modern
techniques such as Ground Penetrating Radar, Laser Range
Finder, GPS and Spectral radiometer for glacial studies. He lead
a major investigation to map retreat of more than 2000 glaciers
in Indian Himalaya. this investigation provided, for the first
time, information about fragmentation of glaciers, loss in glacial
area and about the impact of climate change on Himalayan
cryosphere.
Marcia K. McNutt is a geophysicist who became the 19th Editor-in-Chief of Science in June 2013. From 2009 to 2013, Dr.
Mcnutt was the Director of the U.S. Geological Survey, which
responded to a number of major disasters during her tenure, including the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. For her work to help
contain that spill, Dr. Mcnutt was awarded the U.S. Coast Guard’s
Meritorious Service Medal. She is a fellow of aGU, the Geological
Society of america, aaaS and the International association of
Geodesy. Her honors and awards include membership in the
national academy of Sciences, the american Philosophical
Society and the american academy of arts and Sciences, as well
as honorary doctoral degrees from Colorado College, the University of Minnesota, Monmouth University and the Colorado
School of Mines. Dr. Mcnutt was awarded the Macelwane Medal
by aGU in 1988 for research accomplishments by a young
scientist and the Maurice Ewing Medal in 2007 for her significant
contributions to deep-sea exploration.
Naomi Oreskes is Professor of History and Science Studies at the
University of California, San Diego, adjunct Professor of Geosciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and an internationally renowned historian of science and author. Having
started her career as a geologist, received her B.S. (1st class Honours) from the Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, and then worked for three years as an exploration geologist
in the australian outback. She returned to the United States to
receive an inter-disciplinary Ph.D. in geological research and
history of science from Stanford University, in 1990. Professor
Oreskes has lectured widely in diverse venues ranging from the
Madison, Wisconsin Civics Club to the air Force Research Laboratory, and has won numerous prizes, including, most recently
the 2011 Climate Change Communicator of the year. Professor
Oreskes has a long-standing interest in understanding the establishment of scientific consensus and the role and character
of scientific dissent. Her early work examined the 20th century
transformation of earth science, in The Rejection Continental Drift:
Theory and Method in American Earth Science (Oxford, 1999) andPlate Tectonics: An Insider’s History of the Modern Theory of the
16
Earth (Westview, 2001). She has also written on the under-acknowledged role of women in science, discussed in the prize-winning paper “Objectivity or heroism? On the invisibility of
women in science” (OSIRIS 11 (1996): 87-113); and on the role
of numerical simulation models in establishing knowledge
about inaccessible natural phenomena (Verification, validation,
and confirmation of numerical models in the earth
sciences,” Science 263 (1994): 641-646). For the past decade, Professor Oreskes has primarily been interested in the problem of
anthropogenic climate change. Her 2004 essay “the Scientific
Consensus on Climate Change” (Science 306: 1686) has been
widely cited, both in the United States and abroad, including in
the Royal Society’s publication, “a Guide to Facts and Fictions
about Climate Change,” in the academy-award winning
film, An Inconvenient Truth, and in Ian McEwan’s novel, Solar.
Her opinion pieces have appeared in the times (London), the
Washington Post, the Los angeles times, nature, Science, the
new Statesman, Frankfuter allegemeine, and elsewhere. Her
2010 book, Merchants of Doubt, How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco to Global Warming, co-authored with Erik M. Conway, was shortlisted for the Los angeles
time Book Prize. Her current research projects include completion of a book on the history of Cold War Oceanography, Science
on a Mission: American Oceanography in the Cold War and Beyond (Chicago, forthcoming), and Assessing Assessments: A Historical and Philosophical Study of Scientific Assessments for
Environmental Policy in the Late 20th Century, funded by the national Science Foundation.
Janice E. Perlman is an independent consultant, researcher and
program evaluator. Her areas of expertise include urbanization,
informal communities and the inclusion of marginalized groups
in the creation of diverse, vibrant and sustainable cities. Her
most recent book, Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio
de Janeiro (Oxford University Press, 2010; paperback, 2011) won
the 2010 PROSE award for best book of the year in two categories: “Excellence in the Social Sciences” and “Outstanding
Contribution to the Field of Sociology and Social Work”. the
book is based on a longitudinal panel study (1968-2008) of migrants and squatters over four generations. the Foreword is by
former Brazilian President, Fernando Henrique Cardoso. For her
work on this research, Dr. Perlman received a Guggenheim, two
consecutive Fulbright Fellowships, and grants from the World
Bank, the tinker Foundation, the Ford Foundation and several
bi-lateral agencies. Her earlier book, The Myth of Marginality
(University of California Press, Berkeley, 1976) won the won the
C. Wright Mills award and changed thinking about informal
communities worldwide. It was the first to show an insider’s view
of life in these stigmatized communities. Published in Brazil as
O Mito da Marginalidade (Editora Paz e terra,1977), it has been
translated into over a dozen other languages. In 1987 Prof. Perlman founded the Mega-Cities Project; a global non-profit designed to shorten the lag time between ideas and implementation in
urban problem solving. now in its 25th year, Mega-Cities has identified, nurtured and transferred hundreds of scalable innovations among communities in the world’s largest cities. Perlman
received the Global Citizens award for this work. Its new initiative, Mega-Cities/Mega-Change (MC2) makes the transition to
the next generation of urban leaders and technologies. Perlman’s interest in linking global sustainability with urban environmental regeneration, poverty alleviation and social
inclusion led her to serve as Coordinator of the neighborhoods
task Force of national Urban Policy; Director of Strategic Planning for the nyC Partnership; Director of Science, technology
and Public Policy at the new york academy of Sciences; external
evaluator for the Gates and Kellogg Foundations and board
member on many organizations. She is a longstanding member
of the Council on Foreign Relations and consults for the World
Bank, Un-Habitat, CHF International and many foundations
and non-profit organizations. In her academic career, Perlman
was a tenured professor in the Department of City and Regional
Planning at the University of California, Berkeley. Since then
she has taught at Columbia University, new york University,
trinity College, the University of Paris, the Federal University of
Rio de Janeiro, the Getulio Vargas Foundation and the Brazilian
Institute of Public administration. among her most quoted publications are: “Misconceptions about the Urban Poor and the
Dynamics of Housing Policy Evolution” (JPER, first winner of the
Chester Rapkin award), “a Dual Strategy for Deliberate Social
Change in Cities” (International Journal of Urban Policy Planning) and “Grassrooting the System” (Social Policy). Perlman
holds a Ba in anthropology and Latin american Studies from
Cornell University and a PhD in Political Science and Urban
Studies from MIt.
Charles Perrings is a Professor of Environmental Economics at
arizona State University, where he directs the Ecoservices Group—
a research (and research training) group that focuses on ecosystem
services. Previous appointments include professorships at the
University of york and the University of California, Riverside. He
was for several years vice-chair of the international biodiversity
science research program, DIVERSItaS, and more recently represented the International Council of Science in negotiations
with national governments to establish the Intergovernmental
Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
(IPBES). He was also a member of the US Presidents Council of
advisors on Science and technology (PCaSt) working group on
biodiversity and ecosystem services. He was the founding editor
of the Cambridge University Press journal, Environment and Development Economics, and is Past President of the International
Society for Ecological Economics. He has published 13 books and
edited volumes and around 150 scientific papers in this field.
Óscar Andrés Cardinal Rodríguez Maradiaga, SDB (born December 29, 1942) is a Honduran Cardinal of the Roman Catholic
Church. He is the current archbishop of tegucigalpa, President of
Caritas Internationalis and was President of the Latin american
Episcopal Conference (CELaM) from 1995 to 1999. Rodríguez was
elevated to the cardinalate in 2001. He entered the religious life,
and joined the Salesians on May 3, 1961. He was ordained a
priest on July 28, 1970. On October 28, 1978, Rodríguez was
named auxiliary bishop of tegucigalpa and titular bishop of Pudentiana. archbishop Rodríguez was created Cardinal Priest of S.
Maria della Speranza by Pope John Paul II in the consistory of February 21, 2001. He is the first cardinal from Honduras. He is currently the President of the Episcopal Conference of Honduras.
Rodríguez was one of the cardinal electors who participated in
the 2005 papal conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI. Cardinal Rodríguez was elected on 5 June 2007 as the new Caritas Internationalis President by the Caritas Confederation members at
their 18th General assembly in Vatican City. as its President, he
is the global representative of the Caritas Confederation for the
next four years.
Jeffrey D. Sachs is the Director of the Earth Institute, Quetelet
Professor of Sustainable Development, and Professor of Health
Policy and Management at Columbia University. He is Special
advisor to United nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on
the Millennium Development Goals, having held the same
position under former Un Secretary-General Kofi annan. He is
Director of the Un Sustainable Development Solutions network.
He is co-founder and Chief Strategist of Millennium Promise alliance, and is director of the Millennium Villages Project. Sachs
is also one of the Secretary-General’s MDG advocates, and a
Commissioner of the ItU/UnESCO Broadband Commission for
Development. He has been named one of time Magazine’s “100
Most Influential People in the World” twice, in 2004 and 2005
and has authored three new york times bestsellers in the past
seven years: the End of Poverty (2005), Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet (2008), and the Price of Civilization
(2011). His most recent book is to Move the World: JFK’s Quest
for Peace (2013). Professor Sachs is widely considered to be one
of the world’s leading experts on economic development and
the fight against poverty. His work on ending poverty, promoting
17
economic growth, fighting hunger and disease, and promoting
sustainable environmental practices, has taken him to more
than 125 countries with more than 90 percent of the world’s
population. For more than a quarter century he has advised
dozens of heads of state and governments on economic strategy,
in the americas, Europe, asia, africa, and the Middle East. Sachs
is the recipient of many awards and honors, including membership
in the Institute of Medicine, the american academy of arts and
Sciences, Harvard Society of Fellows, and the Fellows of the World
Econometric Society. Professor Sachs is also a frequent contributor
to major publications such as the Financial times of London,
the International Herald tribune, Scientific american, and time
magazine. Prior to joining Columbia, Sachs spent over twenty
years at Harvard University, most recently as Director of the
Center for International Development and the Galen L. Stone
Professor of International trade. a native of Detroit, Michigan,
Sachs received his B.a., M.a., and Ph.D. degrees at Harvard.
Hans Joachim Schellnhuber is director of PIK since the institute’s
foundation in1991 and Professor for theoretical Physics at Potsdam University since 1993. He is a member of numerous national
and international panels for scientific strategies and policy
advice on environment & development matters like the German
national academy of Sciences (Leopoldina), the US national
academy of Sciences and the Max Planck Society and of the Editorial Boards of several scientific journals like “Proceedings of
the national academy of Sciences”. Schellnhuber is Chairman
of the German advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU)
and also a longstanding member of the IPCC. as a member of
the High Level Expert Group he also advises the President of the
European Commission, José Manuel Barroso, on energy and climate change issues. He authored and co-authored about 210
articles and more than 40 books in the fields of condensed matter
physics, complex systems dynamics, climate change research,
Earth System analysis, and sustainability science. In 2004, he
was awarded the title ‘Commander of the Most Excellent Order
of the British Empire’ (CBE) by Queen Elizabeth II. In 2007, he
received the German Environment Prize for his scientific work
in the field of climate impact research and its dissemination to
politicians and the public and in 2008 he was awarded the
Order of Merit of the State of Brandenburg.
Robert E. Scholes is a systems ecologist, employed at the Council
for Scientific and Industrial Research in South africa, where he
is Research Group Leader for Global Change and Ecosystem Dynamics. He has worked on various aspects of Global Change –
particularly on how african savannas interact with the global
carbon cycle – for over two decades. He has been a Lead author
for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its third,
fourth and current (fifth) assessments, and was co-chair of the
Conditions and trends Working Group of the Millennium Ecosystem assessment. He is on the board of the South african national
Space agency and is a former board member of the South african
national Parks and the World agroforestry Centre. He was one
of the designers of the Global Earth Observation System of
Systems, the chair of the GEO Biodiversity Observation network,
and a member of the Commission on Sustainable agriculture
and Climate Change.
(IUCn) from 2001 to 2006, and prior to that as Secretary General
of the World Commission on Dams. His professional career has
included assignments with governmental, non-governmental
and international organizations in different parts of the world
including India, Pakistan, Germany, Zimbabwe, USa, Vietnam,
South africa, Switzerland and Kenya. He worked both at grassroots
level as well as at the highest levels of international policymaking to address the interface between environmental sustainability, social equity and economic development. Mr. Steiner,
a German and Brazilian national, was born in Brazil in 1961.
His educational background includes a Ba from the University
of Oxford as well as an Ma from the University of London with
specialization in development economics, regional planning,
and international development and environment policy. He
also studied at the German Development Institute in Berlin as
well as the Harvard Business School.
Jeffrey R. Vincent is the Clarence F. Korstian Professor of Forest
Economics and Management in the nicholas School of the Environment and Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University.
Prior to joining Duke, he held positions in the Graduate School
of International Relations & Pacific Studies at the University of
California, San Diego; the Institute for International Development
at Harvard University; and the Department of Forestry at Michigan State University. Vincent’s research focuses on the economics
of natural resources and the environment in developing countries,
with a primary focus on asia. He received the 2006 Cozzarelli
Prize for the best article in applied biological, agricultural, and
environmental sciences published in the Proceedings of the U.S.
National Academy of Sciences and the 2003 McKinsey award for
the most significant article published in the Harvard Business Review. He has a Ph.D. from yale University, an M.S. from Michigan
State University, and an a.B. from Harvard University.
Peter Wadhams is head of the Polar Ocean Physics Group and
is UK’s most experienced sea ice scientist, with 40 years of research
in sea ice and ocean processes in the arctic and the antarctic.
He is Professor of Ocean Physics and is the author of numerous
publications on dynamics and thermodynamics of sea ice, sea
ice thickness, waves in ice, icebergs, ocean convection and
kindred topics. the current main topics of research in histhe
group are sea ice properties, dynamics and distributions in thickness and concentration. He has led 462 research expeditions to
the polar seas and has worked extensively from arctic submarines,
most recently, in 2007 on board of HMS tireless, using multibeam
sonar to measure ice topography. He was a pioneer in the use
of autonomous underwater vehiclesaUVs under sea ice, with
successful missions using Maridan, autosub II and Gavia vehicles.
He was coordinator of the EU FP5 GreenICE and COnVECtIOn
projects and is currently on the Steering Committee of EU FP7
aCCESS and a new project called ICE-aRC dealing with the economic impact of arctic climate change. 6 DaMOCLES Until
andthe end of 2012 he was on the Scientific Committee of the
European Environment agency. In 1990 he received the Italgas
Prize for Environmental Sciences, and he has also been awarded
the Polar Medal (UK) and the Bruce Prize of the Royal Society of
Edinburgh. as well as being Professor at Cambridge he is an
associate Professor at the Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, run by Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris.
Achim Steiner is Executive Director of the United nations Environment Programme. From March 2009 to May 2011, he was
also Director-General of the United nations Office at nairobi
(UnOn). Before joining UnEP, Mr. Steiner served as Director
General of the International Union for Conservation of nature
18
For the biographies of the other Academicians
of the PAS and PASS see www.pas.va and www.pass.va
Sustainable Humanity, Sustainable Nature • Holy Masses/Memorandum
HOLY MASSES (4-5-6 May 2014)
Sunday 4 May 2014
h. 16:00
Monday 5 May 2014
h. 8:00 a.m.
tuesday 6 May 2014
h. 8:00 a.m.
Casina’s Chapel
altar tomb of St Peter
St Stephen of the abyssinians
H.E. Msgr.
Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo
Cardinal
Beniamino Stella
H.E. Msgr.
Egon Kapellari
MEMORANDUM
1) From 2 to 6 May the buses for the Academicians and the Speakers will leave the hotels as follows:
Domus Sanctae Marthae-Casina Pio IV-Domus Sanctae Marthae
Friday 2 May
h. 8.45 a.m.
h. 8.00 p.m.
Saturday 3 May
h. 8.15 a.m.
h. 9.30 p.m.
Sunday 4 May
h. 3.45 p.m.
h. 8.30 p.m.
Monday 5 May
h. 8.45 a.m.
h. 9.30 p.m.
Tuesday 6 May
h. 8.45 a.m.
h. 8.30 p.m.
Hotel Columbus-Casina Pio IV-Hotel Columbus
Friday 2 May
h. 8.30 a.m.
h. 8.00 p.m.
Saturday 3 May
h. 8.00 a.m.
h. 9.30 p.m.
Sunday 4 May
h. 3.30 p.m.
h. 8.30 p.m.
Monday 5 May
h. 8.30 a.m.
h. 9.30 p.m.
Tuesday 6 May
h. 8.30 a.m.
h. 8.30 p.m.
Casa per Ferie i Cappuccini-Casina Pio IV-Casa per Ferie i Cappuccini
Friday 2 May
h. 8.30 a.m.
h. 8.00 p.m.
Saturday 3 May
h. 8.00 a.m.
h. 9.30 p.m.
Sunday 4 May
h. 3.30 p.m.
h. 8.30 p.m.
Monday 5 May
h. 7.30 a.m. (for those who wish to attend the Holy Mass)
h. 8.30 a.m.
Tuesday 6 May
h. 7.30 a.m. (for those who wish to attend the Holy Mass)
h. 8.30 a.m.
h. 8.30 p.m.
2) Lunch and dinner for the Speakers and Academicians will be served at the academy. If you are a vegetarian, please let us know as soon as possible.
3) Lunch for the Observers. Observers may have lunch at the Vatican canteen, for 15,00 euros per meal.
those who are interested are kindly requested to purchase their tickets from the Secretariat on 2 May during
the first coffee break. a bus will accompany them to the canteen and back.
4) Wifi is available in the Casina Pio IV’s Conference Hall. Please log in to the network called WLan_PaDS
using “guest” as the username and “password” as the password.
5) Cable internet access is available at the Domus Sanctae Marthae for 3,00 euros per day.
Note for the Speakers/Academicians:
Please give your form for the refunding of expenses to the Secretariat as soon as possible so that you can
be refunded immediately.
19
Declaración final del Workshop PAS y PASS sobre “Humanidad
y naturaleza sostenibles: nuestra responsabilidad”
Estabilizar el clima y brindar acceso a la energía para todos
en el marco de una economía inclusiva
La humanidad ha ingresado en una nueva era en la que el poderío tecnológico nos pone en una encrucijada. Somos los herederos de dos siglos de enormes olas de cambio en materia técnica: el motor a
vapor, el ferrocarril, el telégrafo, la electricidad, el automóvil, el avión, las industrias químicas, la medicina moderna, la informática y, más recientemente, la revolución digital, la robótica, las biotecnologías
y las nanotecnologías. tales avances han modificado la economía mundial haciéndola cada vez más
urbana y globalmente interconectada, aunque también cada vez más desigual.
Sin embargo, de la misma manera en que la humanidad se enfrentó a un «cambio revolucionario»
(Rerum Novarum) durante la Era Industrial iniciada en el siglo XIX, hoy hemos alterado nuestro entorno
natural a tal punto que los científicos definen la época actual como la Era del antropoceno, es decir,
una época en que la mano del hombre, a través de la utilización de los combustibles fósiles, está causando un impacto decisivo en el planeta. Si la actual tendencia continúa, este siglo será testigo de cambios climáticos inauditos y de una destrucción sin precedentes de los ecosistemas, con graves
consecuencias para todos nosotros.
Cuando la acción humana no es respetuosa de la naturaleza, se convierte en un búmeran que genera
desigualdades y exacerba lo que el Papa Francisco ha denominado «la globalización de la indiferencia»
y «la economía de la exclusión» (Evangelii Gaudium), fenómenos estos que hacen peligrar la solidaridad
para con las generaciones tanto presentes como futuras.
Los avances en la productividad registrada en todos los sectores —la agricultura, la industria y los
servicios— nos permiten vislumbrar el fin de la pobreza, la distribución equitativa de la prosperidad y
una mayor extensión de la expectativa de vida. Sin embargo, las estructuras sociales injustas (Evangelii
Gaudium) se han convertido en obstáculos contra una organización adecuada y sostenible de la producción y una distribución justa de sus frutos, ambas condiciones necesarias para alcanzar esos objetivos.
La relación del hombre con la naturaleza está colmada de las consecuencias que, sin explicación alguna,
producimos cada uno de nosotros con nuestras acciones en detrimento de las generaciones tanto presentes como futuras. Los procesos socioambientales no se corrigen por sí solos. Si están reñidas con la
ética y la acción colectiva, las fuerzas del mercado no son capaces de resolver por sí mismas las crisis interrelacionadas de la pobreza, la exclusión y el medioambiente. además, el fracaso del mercado ha ido
de la mano con el fracaso de las instituciones, que no siempre han tenido por objeto el bien común.
Estos problemas se han visto exacerbados por el hecho de que en la actualidad la actividad económica
es medida únicamente en términos del producto bruto interno (PBI), algo que hace caso omiso de la
concomitante degradación de la tierra y de las abyectas desigualdades entre los países y dentro de cada
país. El crecimiento del PBI ha venido acompañado de brechas inaceptables entre los ricos y los pobres,
quienes siguen sin tener acceso a la mayor parte de los avances de la época actual. Por ejemplo, alrededor
del 50% de toda la energía disponible es utilizada por tan solo mil millones de personas; sin embargo,
los impactos negativos en el ambiente están afectando a los tres mil millones que carecen de acceso a
dicha energía. Estos tres mil millones tienen un acceso tan limitado a la energía moderna que deben cocinar su alimento y calentar e iluminar sus hogares con métodos que son peligrosos para la salud.
La utilización masiva de los combustibles fósiles, que hace al corazón del sistema energético mundial,
causa profundas perturbaciones en el clima del planeta y acidifica nuestros océanos. El calentamiento
global y los extremos climáticos a él asociados habrán de alcanzar niveles inauditos cuando nuestros
hijos hereden el planeta; en tanto, el 40% de los pobres del mundo, que juegan un papel ínfimo como
generadores de contaminación, son los que más habrán de sufrir. Llevadas a escala industrial, las prácticas agrícolas están transformando el paisaje en todo el mundo, y el grado en el que alteran los ecosistemas y amenazan la diversidad y la supervivencia de muchas especies ha adquirido dimensiones
planetarias. Sin embargo, incluso con la escala y la intensidad inusitadas que ha adquirido la utilización
del suelo, la inseguridad alimentaria sigue acechando, ya que mil millones de habitantes sufren de hambre crónica y un número similar es víctima del hambre oculta que provocan las deficiencias de micronutrientes. Es una tragedia que se desperdicie un tercio de los alimentos producidos para el consumo
humano, lo que en palabras del Papa Francisco «es como robar de la mesa de quienes son pobres y
tienen hambre».
En vista de la persistencia de la pobreza, de las crecientes desigualdades sociales y económicas y de la
incesante destrucción del medioambiente, los gobiernos del mundo han hecho un llamado a adoptar los
Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), una serie de nuevas metas universales destinadas a guiar las medidas que habrán de tomarse a nivel planetario a partir de 2015. Para cumplir tales objetivos será necesaria
20
Sustainable Humanity, Sustainable Nature • Statement of the Joint PAS/PASS Workshop
la cooperación a nivel mundial, además de innovaciones tecnológicas accesibles y el respaldo de las políticas
socioeconómicas a nivel nacional y regional, siendo algunos ejemplos la aplicación de impuestos, la legislación contra los abusos ambientales, la imposición de límites al enorme poderío de las transnacionales y
una redistribución justa de la riqueza. no cabe la menor duda de que la relación del Hombre con la naturaleza debe ser abordada mediante la acción solidaria y colectiva a nivel local, regional y global.
Lejos de ser inalcanzables, las bases tecnológicas y operativas de un genuino desarrollo sostenible ya
están disponibles o bien son de fácil acceso. Es posible poner fin a la pobreza extrema a través de inversiones específicas en educación, salud, vivienda e infraestructura social, así como en el acceso a energías
sostenibles y el fomento del sustento entre los más pobres. Las desigualdades sociales pueden reducirse
mediante la protección de los derechos humanos, el Estado de derecho, la democracia participativa, el
acceso universal a los servicios públicos, el reconocimiento de la dignidad personal, la optimización de
la eficacia de las políticas sociales y fiscales, las reformas financieras basadas en la ética, las políticas de
creación de empleo digno a gran escala, la integración de los sectores económicos informales y populares,
y la colaboración a nivel nacional e internacional con miras a erradicar las nuevas formas de esclavitud,
como lo son el trabajo forzado y la explotación sexual. Los sistemas energéticos pueden volverse mucho
más eficientes y menos dependientes del carbón, el petróleo y el gas natural: así se evitaría el cambio
climático, se protegerían los océanos y se limpiaría el aire, liberándolo de las sustancias contaminantes
producidas por el uso del carbón. Podemos hacer que el sector alimentario se torne mucho más productivo y eficiente en la utilización del suelo y del agua, y sea menos contaminante y más respetuoso de los
campesinos y de los pueblos indígenas. El despilfarro de comida puede reducirse notablemente, lo que
se traduciría en beneficios tanto sociales como ecológicos.
Quizás el mayor desafío resida en el terreno de los valores humanos. Los principales obstáculos a la
sostenibilidad y la inclusión son la desigualdad, la injusticia, la corrupción y el tráfico de personas. nuestras economías, nuestras democracias, nuestras sociedades y nuestras culturas pagan un precio muy
alto por esta creciente brecha que se está abriendo entre los ricos y los pobres en el seno de las naciones
y entre ellas. y tal vez el aspecto más nocivo del creciente abismo en materia de ingresos y riqueza que
se observa en tantos países es que está profundizando la desigualdad de oportunidades. Es más, la desigualdad, la injusticia a nivel global y la corrupción están socavando nuestros valores éticos, nuestra
dignidad como personas y nuestros derechos humanos. necesitamos, ante todo, cambiar nuestras convicciones y nuestras actitudes, y combatir la globalización de la indiferencia y su cultura del despilfarro
y la idolatría del dinero. Debemos insistir en la opción preferencial por los pobres; fortalecer la familia
y la comunidad; y honrar y proteger a la Creación como responsabilidad imperativa de la humanidad
ante las generaciones futuras. Contamos con la capacidad tecnológica y de innovación necesarias para
ser buenos custodios de la Creación. La humanidad necesita con suma urgencia corregir el rumbo en su
relación con la naturaleza mediante la adopción de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, los que permitirán promover un patrón sustentable de desarrollo económico e inclusión social. Una ecología humana sana en materia de virtudes éticas contribuye a la concreción de una naturaleza sostenible y un
medioambiente en equilibrio. Hoy día necesitamos construir un vínculo que encierre beneficios mutuos:
los valores genuinos deberían impregnar la economía, y el respeto por la Creación debería promover la
dignidad y el bienestar humanos.
Estos son temas en torno a las cuales se puede esperar un consenso entre todas las religiones y las personas de buena voluntad. Son cuestiones que los jóvenes de todo el mundo harán suyas, pues constituyen
una manera de construir un mundo mejor. nuestro mensaje encierra una advertencia urgente, ya que los
peligros del antropoceno son reales, y la injusticia de la globalización de la indiferencia es grave. Sin embargo, nuestro mensaje es también un mensaje de esperanza y de alegría. Un mundo más sano, más seguro,
más justo, más próspero y más sostenible está a nuestro alcance. Quienes somos creyentes pidamos al Señor
que nos dé a todos nuestro pan de cada día, que es alimento para el cuerpo y el espíritu.
Firmantes
Prof. Vanderlei S. Bagnato
Marco Casazza
Prof. Paul Crutzen
Prof. Sir Partha Dasgupta
Prof. Gretchen Daily
Prof. Ombretta Fumagalli Carulli
Juan Grabois
Prof. Vittorio Hösle
Prof. Daniel Kammen
Prof. Charles Kennel
Prof. Yuan T. Lee
Prof. Pierre Léna
Dr. Marcia McNutt
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Mittelstrass
Prof. Walter Munk
Prof. Vittorio Possenti
Prof. Ingo Potrykus
Prof. V. Ramanathan
21
Prof. Ignacio Rodríguez-Iturbe
Prof. Louis Sabourin
Prof. Jeffrey Sachs
Msgr. Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo
Prof. Bob Scholes
Prof. Govind Swarup
Prof. Rafael Vicuña
Prof. Peter Wadhams
Statement of the Joint PAS/PASS Workshop on
Sustainable Humanity, Sustainable Nature: Our Responsibility
Stabilizing the Climate and Giving Energy Access to All
with an Inclusive Economy
H
umanity has entered a new era. Our technological prowess has brought humanity to a crossroads.
We are the inheritors of two centuries of remarkable waves of technological change: steam power,
railroads, the telegraph, electrification, automotive transport, aviation, industrial chemistry,
modern medicine, computing, and now the digital revolution, biotechnologies and nanotechnologies.
these advances have reshaped the world economy into one that is increasingly urban and globally connected, but also more and more unequal.
However, just as humanity confronted “Revolutionary Change” (Rerum Novarum) in the age of Industrialization in the 19th century, today we have changed our natural environment to such an extent
that scientists are redefining the current period as the age of the anthropocene, that is to say an age
when human action, through the use of fossil fuels, is having a decisive impact on the planet. If current
trends continue, this century will witness unprecedented climate changes and ecosystem destruction
that will severely impact us all.
Human action which is not respectful of nature becomes a boomerang for human beings that creates
inequality and extends what Pope Francis has termed “the globalization of indifference” and the
“economy of exclusion” (Evangelii Gaudium), which themselves endanger solidarity with present and
future generations.
the advances in measured productivity in all sectors – agriculture, industry and services – enable us
to envision the end of poverty, the sharing of prosperity, and the further extensions of life spans. However,
unfair social structures (Evangelii Gaudium) have become obstacles to an appropriate and sustainable
organization of production and a fair distribution of its fruits, which are both necessary to achieve those
goals. Humanity’s relationship with nature is riddled with unaccounted for consequences of the actions
each of us take for both present and future generations. Socio-environmental processes are not selfcorrecting. Market forces alone, bereft of ethics and collective action, cannot solve the intertwined crises
of poverty, exclusion, and the environment. However, the failure of the market has been accompanied
by the failure of institutions, which have not always aimed at the common good.
Problems have been exacerbated by the fact that economic activity is currently measured solely in
terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and therefore does not record the degradation of Earth that accompanies it nor the abject inequalities between countries and within each country. the growth in GDP
has been accompanied by unacceptable gaps between the rich and the poor, who still have no access to
most of the advancement of the Era. For example, about fifty-percent of available energy is accessed by
just one billion people, yet the negative impacts on the environment are being felt by the three billion
who have no access to that energy. three billion have so little access to modern energy that they are
forced to cook, heat and light their homes with methods dangerous to their health.
the massive fossil fuel use at the heart of the global energy system deeply disrupts the Earth’s climate
and acidifies the world’s oceans. the warming and associated extreme weather will reach unprecedented
levels in our children’s life times and 40% of the world’s poor, who have a minimal role in generating
global pollution, are likely to suffer the most. Industrial-scale agricultural practices are transforming
landscapes around the world, disrupting ecosystems and threatening the diversity and survival of species
on a planetary scale. yet even with the unprecedented scale and intensity of land use, food insecurity
still stalks the planet, with one billion people suffering from chronic hunger and another billion or so
suffering from the hidden hunger of micronutrient deficiencies. tragically, a third of the produced food
is wasted, which as Pope Francis said is “like stealing from the table of the poor and the hungry”.
In view of the persistence of poverty, the widening of economic and social inequalities, and the
continued destruction of the environment, the world’s governments called for the adoption by 2015 of
new universal goals, to be called Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to guide planetary-scale actions
after 2015. to achieve these goals will require global cooperation, technological innovations that are
within reach, and supportive economic and social policies at the national and regional levels, such as
the taxation and regulation of environmental abuses, limits to the enormous power of transnational
corporations and a fair redistribution of wealth. It has become abundantly clear that Humanity’s
relationship with nature needs to be undertaken by cooperative, collective action at all levels – local,
regional, and global.
22
the technological and operational bases for a true sustainable development are available or within
reach. Extreme poverty can be ended through targeted investments in sustainable energy access,
education, health, housing, social infrastructure and livelihoods for the poor. Social inequalities can be
reduced through the defense of human rights, the rule of law, participatory democracy, universal access
to public services, the recognition of personal dignity, a significant improvement in the effectiveness of
fiscal and social policies, an ethical finance reform, large scale decent work creation policies, integration
of the informal and popular economic sectors, and national and international collaboration to eradicate
the new forms of slavery such as forced labor and sexual exploitation. Energy systems can be made
much more efficient and much less dependent on coal, petrol and natural gas to avoid climate change,
protect the oceans, and clean the air of coal-based pollutants. Food production can be made far more
fruitful and less wasteful of land and water, more respectful of peasants and indigenous people and less
polluting. Food wastage can be cut significantly, with both social and ecological benefits.
Perhaps the greatest challenge lies in the sphere of human values. the main obstacles to achieving
sustainability and human inclusion are inequality, unfairness, corruption and human trafficking. Our
economies, our democracies, our societies and our cultures pay a high price for the growing gap between
the rich and the poor within and between nations. and perhaps the most deleterious aspect of the
widening income and wealth gap in so many countries is that it is deepening inequality of opportunity.
Most importantly, inequality, global injustice, and corruption are undermining our ethical values,
personal dignity and human rights. We need, above all, to change our convictions and attitudes, and
combat the globalization of indifference with its culture of waste and idolatry of money. We should
insist upon the preferential option for the poor; strengthen the family and community; and honor and
protect Creation as humanity’s imperative responsibility to future generations. We have the innovative
and technological capability to be good stewards of Creation. Humanity needs urgently to redirect our
relationship with nature by adopting the Sustainable Development Goals so as to promote a sustainable
pattern of economic development and social inclusion. a human ecology that is healthy in terms of
ethical virtues contributes to the achievement of sustainable nature and a balanced environment. today
we need a relationship of mutual benefit: true values should permeate the economy and respect for
Creation should promote human dignity and wellbeing.
these are matters on which all religions and individuals of goodwill can agree. these are matters
that today’s young people around the world will embrace, as a way to shape a better world. Our message
is one of urgent warning, for the dangers of the anthropocene are real and the injustice of globalization
of indifference is serious. yet our message is also one of hope and joy. a healthier, safer, more just, more
prosperous, and sustainable world is within reach. the believers among us ask the Lord to give us all
our daily bread, which is food for the body and the spirit.
Signatories
Marco Casazza
Prof. Paul Crutzen
Juan Grabois
Prof. Daniel Kammen
Prof. Yuan T. Lee
Prof. Pierre Léna
Dr. Marcia McNutt
Prof. Walter Munk
Prof. Ingo Potrykus
Prof. V. Ramanathan
23
Prof. Jeffrey Sachs
Prof. Bob Scholes
Prof. Govind Swarup
Prof. Peter Wadhams
Statement finale del Workshop PAS e PASS su “Umanità
Sostenibile, Natura Sostenibile: La Nostra Responsabilità”
Stabilizzare il clima e dare accesso a tutti all’energia
con un’economia inclusiva
L’
umanità ha varcato la soglia di una nuova era. La nostra abilità in campo tecnologico ha condotto l’umanità a un bivio. Siamo gli eredi di due secoli di cambiamenti tecnologici considerevoli:
la macchina a vapore, la ferrovia, il telegrafo, l’elettrificazione, il trasporto su strada, l’aviazione,
la chimica industriale, la medicina moderna, l’informatica e ora la rivoluzione digitale, la robotica, le
biotecnologie e le nanotecnologie. Questi progressi hanno ridisegnato l’economia mondiale rendendola
sempre più urbana e interconnessa a livello globale, ma anche sempre più disuguale.
tuttavia, proprio come l’umanità ha affrontato “un cambiamento rivoluzionario” (Rerum Novarum)
nel XIX secolo all’epoca dell’Industrializzazione, oggi abbiamo modificato a tal punto l’ambiente naturale che gli scienziati tendono a definire la nostra era come Età dell’antropocene, vale a dire un periodo
in cui l’azione umana, attraverso l’uso di combustibili fossili, ha un impatto decisivo sul pianeta. Se continuano le tendenze attuali, questo secolo sarà testimone di cambiamenti climatici senza precedenti e
della distruzione dell’ecosistema, con conseguenze drammatiche per noi tutti.
L’azione umana che non rispetta la natura diventa un boomerang per gli esseri umani, creando disuguaglianza ed estendendo quelle che Papa Francesco ha definito “la globalizzazione dell’indifferenza”
e l’”economia dell’esclusione” (Evangelii Gaudium), che mettono a repentaglio la solidarietà con le generazioni presenti e future.
I progressi nella produttività misurata in tutti i settori – agricoltura, industria e servizi – ci permettono
di immaginare la fine della povertà, la condivisione della prosperità, e un aumento ulteriore dell’aspettativa di vita. tuttavia, le strutture sociali ingiuste (Evangelii Gaudium) sono diventate un ostacolo all’organizzazione appropriata e sostenibile della produzione e all’equa distribuzione dei suoi frutti, che sono
entrambi necessari per raggiungere tali obiettivi. Il rapporto dell’umanità con la natura è pervaso da
conseguenze impreviste delle azioni compiute da ognuno di noi a scapito delle generazioni presenti e
future. I processi socio-ambientali non sono autocorrettivi. Le sole forze di mercato, prive di etica e di
azione collettiva, non possono risolvere le crisi interdipendenti di povertà, esclusione e ambiente. tuttavia, il fallimento del mercato è andato di pari passo con quello delle istituzioni, che non hanno sempre
puntato al bene comune.
I problemi sono stati esacerbati dal fatto che, attualmente, l’attività economica è misurata solo in
termini di prodotto interno lordo (PIL) e non tiene conto del degrado della terra che ne consegue, né
delle disuguaglianze ingiuste tra paesi e all’interno di ciascun paese. La crescita del PIL è stata accompagnata da divari inaccettabili tra ricchi e poveri. Questi ultimi, infatti, non hanno ancora accesso alla
maggior parte dei progressi avvenuti nella nostra epoca. ad esempio, il cinquanta per cento circa dell’energia disponibile è fruibile da un miliardo scarso di persone, mentre gli impatti negativi sull’ambiente
colpiscono i tre miliardi di persone che non ne hanno accesso. Questi tre miliardi, infatti, hanno così
scarso accesso all’energia moderna da essere costrette a cucinare, riscaldarsi e illuminare le proprie case
usando metodi dannosi per la loro salute.
Il massiccio uso di combustibili fossili su cui è incentrato il sistema energetico globale sconvolge profondamente il clima della terra e provoca l’acidificazione degli oceani del globo. Il riscaldamento e le
condizioni meteorologiche estreme che esso comporta raggiungeranno livelli senza precedenti durante
la vita dei nostri figli e il 40% dei poveri del mondo, il cui ruolo nell’inquinamento mondiale è minimo,
rischiano di soffrirne di più. Le pratiche agricole su scala industriale stanno trasformando il territorio in
tutto il mondo, distruggendo ecosistemi e minacciando la diversità e la sopravvivenza delle specie su
scala planetaria. Eppure, nonostante la portata e l’intensità di questo sfruttamento del suolo senza precedenti, l’insicurezza alimentare è ancora una minaccia globale. Infatti, un miliardo di persone soffre
di fame cronica e un altro miliardo circa soffre della fame cosiddetta nascosta, causata dalla carenza di
micronutrienti. Questo è ancora più tragico se si considera che un terzo del cibo prodotto nel mondo
viene sprecato, il che, come ha detto Papa Francesco, equivale a “rubare dalla tavola dei poveri e degli
affamati”.
In considerazione della povertà persistente, dell’ampliamento delle disuguaglianze economiche e sociali, e della distruzione continuativa dell’ambiente, i governi del mondo hanno chiesto l’adozione, entro
il 2015, di nuovi obiettivi universali, denominati Obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile (OSS), che servano a
guidare le azioni su scala planetaria dopo il 2015. Il raggiungimento di questi obiettivi richiederà una
cooperazione a livello globale, innovazioni tecnologiche (la maggior parte delle quali già esistenti) e, a
livello nazionale e regionale, politiche economiche e sociali di sostegno, quali la tassazione e la regolamentazione degli abusi ambientali, l’imposizione di vincoli all’enorme potere delle imprese transnazio-
nali e un’equa ridistribuzione della ricchezza. È ormai più che evidente che il rapporto dell’Umanità con
la natura debba essere gestito tramite azioni di cooperazione collettiva a tutti i livelli – locale, regionale
e globale.
Le basi tecnologiche e operative per ottenere un vero sviluppo sostenibile sono già disponibili o alla
nostra portata. Si può mettere fine alla povertà estrema con investimenti mirati a favorire l’accesso all’energia sostenibile, all’istruzione, alla sanità, agli alloggi, alle infrastrutture sociali e ai mezzi di sostentamento per i poveri. Le disuguaglianze sociali possono essere ridotte grazie a misure volte a
difendere i diritti umani, lo stato di diritto, la democrazia partecipativa, l’accesso universale ai servizi
pubblici, il riconoscimento della dignità personale, il miglioramento significativo dell’efficacia delle politiche fiscali e sociali, una riforma etica della finanza, politiche di creazione di lavoro dignitoso su vasta
scala, l’integrazione dei settori economici informali e popolari, e una collaborazione nazionale e internazionale per debellare le nuove forme di schiavitù quali il lavoro forzato e lo sfruttamento sessuale. I
sistemi energetici possono essere resi molto più efficienti e molto meno dipendenti dal carbone, dal petrolio e dal gas naturale, in modo da evitare cambiamenti climatici, proteggere gli oceani, ed eliminare
dall’aria le sostanze inquinanti generate dal carbone. La produzione alimentare può essere resa molto
più proficua e meno dispendiosa in termini di consumo di acqua e di suolo, più rispettosa dei contadini
e delle popolazioni indigene e meno inquinante. Lo spreco di alimenti può essere drasticamente ridotto,
con vantaggi sia sociali che ecologici.
La sfida più grande risiede forse nella sfera dei valori umani. I principali ostacoli al raggiungimento
della sostenibilità e dell’inclusione umana sono la disuguaglianza, l’ingiustizia, la corruzione e la tratta
di esseri umani. Le nostre economie, democrazie, società e culture pagano un prezzo elevato per il divario
crescente tra ricchi e poveri all’interno di ciascuna nazione e tra di esse. E forse l’aspetto più deleterio
dell’ampliamento del divario tra reddito e ricchezza in così tanti paesi è l’aggravarsi della disparità di
opportunità. anzi, quel che è ancora più importante è che la disuguaglianza, l’ingiustizia globale, e la
corruzione stanno minando i nostri valori etici, la dignità personale e i diritti umani. Vi è una forte necessità, innanzitutto, di cambiare convinzioni e atteggiamenti, e di combattere la globalizzazione dell’indifferenza con la sua cultura dello scarto e l’idolatria del denaro. Dobbiamo insistere sull’opzione
preferenziale per i poveri; rafforzare la famiglia e la comunità; e onorare e proteggere il Creato come responsabilità fondamentale dell’umanità nei confronti delle generazioni future. L’umanità ha urgente
bisogno di correggere il proprio rapporto con la natura, adottando gli Obiettivi di Sviluppo sopraindicati
in modo da promuovere un modello sostenibile di sviluppo economico e di inclusione sociale. Un’ecologia
umana sana in termini di virtù etiche contribuisce al raggiungimento della sostenibilità naturale e di
un ambiente equilibrato. Occorre oggi instaurare un rapporto di reciproco beneficio: l’economia ha necessità di essere permeata dai veri valori, mentre il rispetto per il Creato dovrebbe promuovere la dignità
umana e il benessere.
Su questi temi tutte le religioni e tutti gli individui di buona volontà possono essere d’accordo. I giovani di oggi li abbracceranno per creare un mondo migliore. Il nostro messaggio è un avvertimento urgente, perché i pericoli dell’antropocene sono reali e l’ingiustizia della globalizzazione dell’indifferenza
è una questione seria. Eppure, il nostro messaggio è anche di speranza e di gioia. Un mondo più sano,
più sicuro, più giusto, più prospero e più sostenibile è alla nostra portata. I credenti tra noi chiedono al
Signore di darci il nostro pane quotidiano, in quanto cibo per il corpo e per lo spirito.
Firmatari
Marco Casazza
Prof. Paul Crutzen
Juan Grabois
Prof. Daniel Kammen
Prof. Yuan T. Lee
Prof. Pierre Léna
Dr. Marcia McNutt
Prof. Walter Munk
Prof. Ingo Potrykus
Prof. V. Ramanathan
25
Prof. Jeffrey Sachs
Prof. Bob Scholes
Prof. Govind Swarup
Prof. Peter Wadhams
vers. 64.5+statement (15-05-2014)
Sede della Pontificia
Accademia delle Scienze e della Pontificia
Accademia delle Scienze Sociali
Seat of the Pontifical
Academy of Sciences and
the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
(CASINA PIO IV)
Chiesa di Santo Stefano
degli Abissini
St Stephen
of the Abyssinians Church
Ingresso
Musei Vaticani
Entrance gate
to the Vatican Museum
Ingresso del Perugino
The ‘Perugino’ gate
Domus
Sanctae Marthae
Ingresso Sant’Uffizio
The ‘Sant’Uffizio’ gate
Altare Tomba S. Pietro
Altar of St Peter’s Tomb
Ingresso Sant’Anna
The ‘Sant’Anna’ gate
THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
AND
THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
CASINA PIO IV • V-00120 VATICAN CITY
Tel: +39 0669883451 • Fax: +39 0669885218 • Email: [email protected] - [email protected]
For further information please visit:
www.pas.va • www.pass.va
Accreditation is required for media representatives.
Please apply to [email protected] by sending your complete name, position and media organization.
Ai rappresentanti dei media è richiesto l’accreditamento tramite email,
inviando nome, cognome, funzione e testata a [email protected]
28

Sustainable Humanity Sustainable Nature Our Responsibility

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